,P>T #b 
,= A ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,B]RY 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIT*ELL ,ABIDOR 

,TEXT 3 

,= A ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM 

  
,:Y 0,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/08 

  

,MY $UCATION WAS ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/4 ,BUT = A GOOD LONG :ILE ,I HAVE BE5 FOOLH>DY 5\< TO DRAW HEAVILY ON ! TREASURE *E/ ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T1 EV] RELEVANT & ALIVE ON CONDITION ?AT IT IS FIR/ /RIPP$ ( A NOT 9SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( *ILDI%1 UTOPIAN1 & ROMANTIC NOTIONS AS LITTLE USEFUL AS !Y >E \T ( DATE4 

,H5CE A MISUND]/&+ ?AT IS ALL BUT 9EVITABLE BUT EMBITT]$ BY A C]TA9 BAD FAI? ON ! P>T ( MY OPPON5TS3 ! ,M>XI/S HAVE TURN$ !IR BACKS ON ME AS AN AN>*I/1 & ! AN>*I/S1 BECAUSE ( MY ,M>XISM1 HAVE NOT ALWAYS WANT$ TO VIEW ME AS ONE ( !M4 

,A Y\NG1 NEOPHYTE--& H5CE SECT>IAN--,M>XI/ EV5 ?\<T HE SAW 9 MY WRIT+S ! ASSUAG+ ( A CONSCI\SNESS ?AT WAS 0TORN0 BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM & TOSS$ DESP]ATELY BACK & =? BETWE5 ! TWO1 :5 9 FACT IT IS )\T ! LEA/ SU* VACILLATION OR ANY CONC]N = MY P]SONAL 9TELLECTUAL COM=T ?AT ,I BELIEVE 9 BO? ! NE$ = & ! PRACTICABILITY ( A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 

,REC5TLY A WORK+-CLASS NEWSPAP] ( ,TROTSKYI/ B5T &1 LET IT BE SAID 9 PASS+1 ( HI< QUALITY1 ASSUR$ ITS READ]S ?AT ,I HAD GONE OV] FROM ,M>XISM TO AN>*ISM4 ,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! RI<T TO RESPOND ?AT WAS DEMOCRATICALLY AF=D$ ME1 ,I RESPOND$ TO ?IS 9ACCURATE /ATEM5T1 ! FRUIT ( A BASIC NE$ TO CATALOG EV]YONE1 ?AT ,I WAS MAK+ 0A CONTRIBUTION TO ! SE>* = A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM40 0,A SYN!SIS10 ,I ADD$1 0?AT S9CE ,MAY '#f#h HAS MOV$ FROM ! REALM ( IDEAS TO ?AT ( ACTION40 

,BUT ,I WAS /ILL SEEK+ A D5OM9ATION1 S9CE 9 ORD] TO COMMUNICATE WE ALL NE$ A LABEL4 ,! ONE ,I HAD DECID$ ON T5 YE>S AGO1 ?AT ( 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/10 NO LONG] SEEM$ TO ME APPROPRIATE1 = !RE >E MANY K9DS ( SOCIALISM1 FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM TO 0REVISIONI/ COMMUNISM0 & AN ADULT]AT$ HUMANISM4 ,9 %ORT1 ! WORD 0SOCIALISM0 BELONGS TO ! CATEGORY ( DEBAS$ WORDS4 

.<,ITALIAN /UD5TS ) :OM ,I HAD DEBAT$ ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 9 G5]AL & SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 P>TICUL>1 PROVID$ ME ) ! LABEL3 !SE Y\NG PEOPLE CALL !MSELVES LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/S4 ,9 TRU? ?IS IS NOT A DISCOV]Y3 ! PROTE/]S ( ,MAY 9 ,FRANCE1 R$ & BLACK FLAGS MIX$ TOGE!R1 W]E LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/S1 )\T BE+ AW>E ( IT OR CALL+ !MSELVES SU*4.> 

,H5CE ! TITLE ( ?IS BOOK4 ,ASSEMBL$ H]E >E A C]TA9 NUMB] ( TEXTS1 V>I$ 9 !IR SUBJECT MATT] & ! P]IODS 9 :I* !Y W]E WRITT51 BUT :I* ALL CONV]GE FROM V>I\S ROADS ON ! APPROA* TO A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,! %ORT BOOK PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE ,AN>*ISM MI<T HAVE CREAT$ A D\BLE MISUND]/&+3 ?AT ,I ESP\S$ ALL ! IDEAS LAID \T 9 IT = 9=MATION PURPOSES1 & ALSO ?AT ,I %[$ MYSELF UNABLE TO DRAW FROM ?IS DIGE/ A SYN!SIS ( MY [N DEVIS+1 :I* W\LD BE VALID 9 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4.<#a#h.> ,?IS SUPPOSITION WAS D\BLY 9EXACT1 = ,I WILL+LY EFFAC$ MYSELF BE=E ! SUBJECT4 ,9 ! PRES5T COLLECTION ,I ATTEMPT TO FLY ) MY [N W+S4 ,AT MY [N RISK4 

.<,! MAT]IALS PRES5T$ H]E >E FOLL[$ BY ! DATE !Y W]E WRITT51 ?\< SOME RET\*+ WAS DONE 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! /YLE & CONT5T UP TO DATE4.> 

,! REVOLUTION ?AT IS RIS+ BE=E US WILL BE--ALREADY IS--LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/4  
  

.<,MAY #a#i#f#i.> 

,NOTE3 ,! P>AGRAPHS 9 SQU>E BRACKETS W]E PRES5T 9 ! ORIG9AL #aifi V]SION ( ?IS >TICLE 7',P\RQUOI 0M>XI/E LIB]TAIRE08'71 BUT OMITT$ FROM SUBSEQU5T $ITIONS4 

,! ,REHABILITATION ( ,AN>*ISM 

  

,AN>*ISM HAS LONG BE5 A VICTIM ( AN UNDES]V$ DISCR$IT1 ( AN 9JU/ICE ?AT HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ?REE WAYS4 

,FIR/1 ITS DEFAM]S 9SI/ ?AT AN>*ISM IS DEAD1 ?AT IT HAS NOT RESI/$ ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y TE/S ( \R TIME3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,?AT IT NO LONG] HAS A PLACE 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 *>ACT]IZ$ AS ?IS IS BY C5TRALIZATION1 L>GE-SCALE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC UNITS1 & ! TOTALIT>IAN CONCEPT4 ,ALL ?AT IS LEFT TO ! AN>*I/S1 AS ,VICTOR ,S]GE SAID1 IS1 0BY ! =CE ( EV5TS TO GO OV] TO REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM40.<#a#i.> 

,SECOND1 ITS DETRACTORS1 9 ORD] TO BETT] DISCR$IT IT1 PROPOSE AN ABSOLUTELY T5D5TI\S VISION ( ITS DOCTR9E4 ,AN>*ISM IS SAID TO BE ESS5TIALLY 9DIVIDUALI/1 P>TICUL>I/1 & RESI/ANT TO ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT AIMS AT FRACTUR+ & ATOMIZ+1 AT ! RETREAT 9TO !MSELVES ( LOCAL UNITS ( ADM9I/RATION & PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS SAID TO BE 9CAPABLE ( UNITY1 C5TRALIZATION1 & PLANN+4 ,IT'S NO/ALGIC = 0! ,GOLD5 ,AGE40 ,IT AIMS = ! REVIV+ ( \TMOD$ =MS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT S9S BY A *ILDI% OPTIMISM2 ITS 0IDEALISM0 FAILS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! SOLID REALITY ( ! MAT]IAL 9FRA/RUCTURE4 

,F9ALLY1 C]TA9 COMM5TATORS >E 9T]E/$ SOLELY 9 WRE/+ FROM OBLIVION & PUBLICIZ+ ONLY ITS MO/ CONTROV]SIAL DEVIATIONS1 LIKE 9DIVIDUAL ASSASS9ATIONS & PROPAG&A BY ! DE$4 

,9 REVISIT+ ! QUE/ION ,I'M NOT SIMPLY TRY+ TO RETROSPECTIVELY REPAIR A TRIPLE 9JU/ICE OR TRY+ TO WRITE A WORK ( ]UDITION4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME1 9 FACT1 ?AT AN>*ISM'S CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS >E /ILL ALIVE2 ?AT !Y CAN1 ON CONDITION !Y BE REEXAM9$ & CLOSELY SCRUT9IZ$1 ASSI/ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/ ?\<T 9 MAK+ A NEW />T4 

,N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*ISM IS CLE>LY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN>*ISM4 ,N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*ISM WAS ESS5TIALLY DOCTR9AL4 ,?\< ,PR\DHON HAD PLAY$ A MORE OR LESS C5TRAL ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 & ! DISCIPLES ( ,BAKUN9 W]E NOT TOTALLY =EIGN TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 !SE TWO N9ETE5?-C5TURY REVOLUTIONS 9 !IR ESS5CE W]E NOT LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 BUT TO A C]TA9 EXT5T RA!R 0,JACOB90 REVOLUTIONS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS1 = ! AN>*I/S1 ONE ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,!Y PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! TWO ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS &1 EV5 MORE1 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,! /UDY ( ! AU!NTIC AN>*I/ DOCTR9E1 AS IT WAS =M$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 %[S ?AT AN>*Y IS NEI!R DISORGANIZATION1 DISORD]1 NOR ATOMIZATION1 BUT ! SE>* = TRUE ORGANIZATION1 TRUE UNITY1 TRUE ORD]1 & TRUE C5TRALIZATION1 :I* CAN ONLY RESIDE1 NOT 9 AU?ORITY1 CO]CION1 OR COMPULSION EX]CIS$ FROM ! TOP D[N1 BUT 9 FREE1 SPONTANE\S1 F$]ALI/ ASSOCIATION FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,AS = ! /UDY ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS & ! ROLE PLAY$ 9 !M BY ! AN>*I/S1 IT %[S ?AT CONTR>Y TO ! FALSE LEG5D BELIEV$ BY SOME1 !SE GREAT & TRAGIC EXP]I5CES %[ ?AT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM WAS L>GELY 9 ! RI<T AGA9/ ! SOCIALISM ,I'LL CALL 0AU?ORIT>IAN40 ,?R\<\T ! WORLD1 SOCIALI/ ?\<T OV] ! C\RSE ( ! FIFTY YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ( ! ?IRTY YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 HAS REMA9$ OBSESS$ ) A C>ICATURE ( ,M>XISM1 BUR/+ ) ITS DOGMAS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! 9T]NEC9E QU>REL BETWE5 ,TROTSKY & ,/AL91 :I* IS ! ONE BE/ KN[N TO ! ADVANC$ READ]1 IF IT CONTRIBUT$ TO WRE/+ ,M>XISM-,L59ISM FROM A /]ILIZ+ CON=MISM1 DID NOT TRULY CA/ COMPLETE LI<T ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE IT DID NOT ADDRESS--C\LD NOT ADDRESS--! HE>T ( ! PROBLEM4 

,= ,VOL9E1 AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TO SPEAK ( A 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! REVOLUTION1 AS ,TROTSKY DOES1 IS 9SUFFICI5T AS AN EXPLANATION3 0,H[ WAS ?AT BETRAYAL POSSIBLE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( SO BEAUTIFUL & TOTAL A REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY8 ,?IS IS ! REAL QUE/ION 4444 ,:AT ,TROTSKY CALLS BETRAYAL WAS1 9 FACT1 ! 9ELUCTABLE EFFECT ( A SL[ DEG5]ATION DUE TO 9CORRECT ME?ODS 4444 ,IT WAS ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION 444 ?AT L$ TO ,/AL91 & NOT ,/AL9 :O CAUS$ ! REVOLUTION TO DEG5]40 ,VOL9E ASKS3 0,C\LD ,TROTSKY REALLY 'EXPLA9' ! DRAMA S9CE1 ALONG ) ,L591 HE HIMSELF CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DIS>M+ ( ! MASSES40.<#a#a.> 

,! ASS]TION ( ! LATE1 LAM5T$ ,ISAAC ,DEUTS*]1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,TROTSKY-,/AL9 CONTROV]SY W\LD 0CONT9UE & REV]B]ATE = ! RE/ ( ! C5TURY0 IS DEBATABLE4.<#a#a#a.> ,! DEBATE ?AT %\LD BE REOP5$ & CONT9U$ IS P]HAPS LESS ?AT BETWE5 ,L59'S SUCCESSORS1 :I* IS ALREADY \TDAT$1 BUT RA!R ?AT BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,9 REC5T TIME AN>*ISM HAS COME \T ( ! %AD[ TO :I* IT WAS RELEGAT$ BY ITS 5EMIES4 

,MAT]IALS = A FRE% EXAM9ATION ( AN>*ISM >E TODAY AVAILABLE TO ?OSE :O >E IMPASSION$ AB\T SOCIAL EMANCIPATION & 9 SE>* ( ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE =MS4 ,& ALSO1 P]HAPS1 ! MAT]IALS = A SYN!SIS1 ONE BO? POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y1 BETWE5 ! TWO EQUALLY F]TILE S*OOLS ( ?\<T3 ?AT ( ,M>X & ,5GELS & ?AT ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,IDEAS1 IT %\LD BE SAID1 CONTEMPOR>Y 9 !IR FL[]+ & LESS DI/ANT FROM EA* O!R ?AN MI<T BE ?\<T4 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ! GREAT ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 OBS]V$ ?AT ALL ! AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 0WAS IMPREGNAT$ ) ,M>XISM40.<#a#a#b.> ,& 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1 ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 CONTRIBUT$ 9 NO SMALL DEGREE TO 5RI*+ ,M>XISM4  
  

.<#a#i#f#e.> 

 ,PR\DHON & ,WORK]S' ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T 

  

,! PROBLEM IS ONE ) A C]TA9 TOPICALITY4 ,9 EFFECT1 IT REVOLVES >\ND ! QUE/ION ALREADY T\*$ ON BY ! SOCIAL RE=M]S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & POS$ ) EV5 MORE P]PLEXITY BY ! M5 ( TODAY3 :O %\LD MANAGE ! ECONOMY8 ,IS IT PRIVATE CAPITALISM8 ,IS IT ! /ATE8 ,IS IT ! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ?REE OPTIONS EXI/$ & CONT9UE TO EXI/3 FREE 5T]PRISE1 NATIONALIZATION1 & SOCIALIZATION1 I4E41 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,FROM #ahdh ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON WAS ! >D5T ADVOCATE ( ! ?IRD SOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS HE SET HIMSELF AP>T FROM ! SOCIALI/S ( HIS TIME1 SUPPORT]S ( AT LEA/ TRANSITIONAL /ATE MANAGEM5T4 ,!IR SPOKESMAN WAS ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 HIS PAMPHLET ON ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR 7#a#h#d74.<#a#a#c.> ,IT WAS ,L\IS ,BLANC :O WAS ,PR\DHON'S BETE NOIRE1 RA!R ?AN ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :OSE ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 WRITT5 9 ,G]MAN 9 #a#h#d#g1 HE WAS NOT AW>E (4 ,L\IS ,BLANC'S 9FLU5CE MAKES ITSELF FELT 9 ! ,MANIFE/O1 :]E IT WAS A QUE/ION ( 0C5TRALIZ+ ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE40 ,/ATE C5TRALIZATION CROPS UP CON/ANTLY 9 IT1 LIKE A LITANY3 0,C5TRALIZATION ( CR$IT 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE ) /ATE CAPITAL & ITS EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY40 0,C5TRALIZATION 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE ( ALL MEANS ( TRANSPORT40 0,! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL >MIES1 P>TICUL>LY = AGRICULTURE40 

,IT'S TRUE ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! ,MANIFE/O1 /ILL FOLL[+ ,L\IS ,BLANC1 5VISAG$ A LAT] /AGE1 NO LONG] /ATI/ BUT CLE>LY LIB]T>IAN1 FROM :I*1 ! PROLET>IAT HAV+ DE/ROY$ CLASSES & ?US CLASS ANTAGONISM1 ! /ATE W\LD DISAPPE> & PRODUCTION W\LD--F9ALLY--BE MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S4 

,BUT ! 5D ( ! TRANSITIONAL /ATI/ P]IOD WAS RELEGAT$ TO A DI/ANT FUTURE1 WAS MORE OR LESS CONSID]$ UTOPIAN &1 BECAUSE ( ?IS1 IT WAS FELT UNNECESS>Y TO LAY \T ! PROBLEMS ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T BE=E ITS TIME4 ,:5 ONE READS ,M>X ONE IS SURPRIS$ AT ! R>ITY1 ! BREVITY1 & ! SUMM>Y NATURE ( ! PASSAGES CONC]N+ ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S4 ,ON ! O!R H& ,PR\DHON :O1 BECAUSE HE WAS ( WORK+-CLASS ORIG9S & UPBR++1 CONSID]$ SELF-MANAGEM5T A CONCRETE1 IMM$IATE PROBLEM1 /UDI$ ITS FUNCTION+ 9 DEP? & 9 DETAIL4 ,?IS IS :Y ?OSE ( \R CONTEMPOR>IES :O CONSID] ! PROBLEM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T OR :O TRY TO PUT IT 9TO PRACTICE GA9 F> MORE FROM ! WORKS ( ,PR\DHON ?AN FROM ?OSE ( ,M>X4 ,BE=E TRY+ TO LAY \T ! ,PR\DHONIAN CONCEPTION ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T IT IS NECESS>Y TO BRIEFLY RECALL1 9 CONTRA/1 HIS REJECTION ( 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,S9CE HE C\LD NOT HAVE READ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & C\LD ONLY HAVE HAD IMP]FECT KN[L$GE ( ,M>XI/ ?\<T1 NOTABLY ?R\< ! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 WRITT5 9 ,FR5*1 IT IS PR9CIPALLY AGA9/ ,L\IS ,BLANC1 HIS COMPATRIOT & DIRECT ADV]S>Y1 ?AT ,PR\DHON MULTIPLI$ HIS ATTACKS3  
  

,! /ATE IS ! PATRIMONY1 IT'S ! BLOOD & ! LIFE ( ,L\IS ,BLANC4 ,HIT \T AT ! /ATE & ,L\IS ,BLANC IS A DEAD MAN4 

,ONCE ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION IS ACCOMPLI%$1 MU/ ! /ATE & ! GOV]NM5T REMA98 ,) ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 444 ! /ATE %\LD COMPLETELY DISAPPE>4.<#a#a#d.>  
  

0,! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE %\LD NOT BE 5TRU/$ TO ! /ATE4 ,BE+ TO ! WORK]S :AT ! HIVE IS TO BEES1 !IR MANAGEM5T %\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS40.<#a#a#e.> ,ONLY ?US 0L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY :I*1 ?R\< ! ALI5ATION ( POPUL> P[]1 L[]S ! WAGE E>N] TO A /ATE WORSE ?AN SLAV]Y1 BECOMES ONE ( ! MA9 ORGANS ( FRE$OM & PUBLIC HAPP9ESS40.<#a#a#f.> 0,WE ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S OR ?OSE ON ! PA? ( ASSOCIATION40 ,PR\DHON PROCLAIMS 9 ! /YLE ( A MANIFE/O1 0HAVE NO NE$ ( ! /ATE 4444 ,EXPLOITATION BY ! /ATE IS /ILL MON>*Y1 /ILL WAGE LABOR 444 ,WE NO MORE WANT GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN ?AN EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,SOCIALISM IS ! OPPOSITE ( GOV]NM5TALISM 4444 ,WE WANT !SE ASSOCIATIONS TO BE 444 ! FIR/ NUCLEUS ( A VA/ F$]ATION ( COMPANIES & 5T]PRISES1 UNIT$ BY ! COMMON BOND ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC40.<#a#a#g.> 

,LET US N[ SEE :AT ! WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* ,PR\DHON OPPOS$ TO ! TRANSITIONAL /ATE MANAGEM5T DE> TO BO? ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,K>L ,M>X CONSI/$ (4 

,! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #ahdh SAW A SPONTANE\S BLOSSOM+ ( WORK]S' PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS BORN 9 ,P>IS & ,LYON4 ,IT WAS ?IS NASC5T SELF-MANAGEM5T1 RA!R ?AN ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS1 = ! ,PR\DHON ( #a#h#d#h1 0! REVOLUTION>Y FACT40 ,IT HAD NOT BE5 9V5T$ BY A !ORETICIAN OR PREA*$ BY DOCTR9AIRES4 ,IT WAS NOT GIV5 ITS 9ITIAL IMPETUS BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT CAME FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,& ,PR\DHON IMPLOR$ ! WORK]S ?R\<\T ! REPUBLIC TO ORGANIZE 9 ! SAME WAY2 ?AT !Y DRAW TO !M1 FIR/ SMALL PROP]TY1 SMALL M]*ANTS1 & SMALL 9DU/RY1 !N L>GE PROP]TY & L>GE 5T]PRISES1 & !N ! MO/ EXT5SIVE OP]ATIONS 7M9ES1 CANALS1 RAILROADS1 ETC471 & 9 SO DO+ 0BECOME ! MA/]S ( EV]Y?+40.<#a#a#h.> 

,!RE'S A T5D5CY TODAY TO ONLY RECALL ,PR\DHON'S DESIRE1 NAIVE TO BE SURE1 & D\BTLESS ANTI-ECONOMIC1 TO 5SURE ! SURVIVAL ( SMALL-SCALE >TISANAL & COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISE4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY NO LACK ( TEXTS :]E ,PR\DHON TAKES ! SIDE ( SMALL PRODUC]S4 ,GEORGES ,GURVIT* OBS]V$ 9 ! RI* LITTLE BOOK HE D$ICAT$ TO ,PR\DHON ?AT ! WRIT] HAD 5TITL$ A PO/SCRIPT TO HIS ,CONFESSIONS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y 7#a#h#e#a73 0,APO!OSIS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS10 & ?AT HE'D 0DREAM$ ( A RECONCILIATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! MIDDLE CLASS40.<#a#a#i.> ,9 HIS PO/HUM\S BOOK1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,PROP]TY1 ,PR\DHON MADE ! FOLL[+ CL>IFICATION3  
  

,! OBJECT ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS IS NOT TO REPLACE 9DIVIDUAL ACTION BY COLLECTIVE ACTION1 AS WAS MADLY BELIEV$ 9 #a#h#d#h1 BUT RA!R ?AT ( 5SUR+ ALL ! 5TREPR5EURS ( SMALL & MIDDLE 9DU/RY ! B5EFIT ( ! DISCOV]IES1 MA*9ES1 IMPROVEM5TS & PROC$URES O!RWISE UNAVAILABLE TO MODE/ 5T]PRISES & =TUNES4  
  

,BUT ,PR\DHONIAN ?\<T IS AMBIVAL5T ON ?IS PO9T4 ,PR\DHON WAS A LIV+ CONTRADICTION4 ,HE RAIL$ AGA9/ PROP]TY1 ! S\RCE ( 9JU/ICE & EXPLOITATION1 & CELEBRAT$ IT TO ! EXT5T ?AT HE SAW 9 IT A GU>ANTEE ( P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,:AT IS MORE1 WE TOO (T5 HAVE ! T5D5CY TO CONFUSE ,PR\DHON ) ! T9Y SO-CALL$ ,PR\DHONIAN COT]IE ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 =M$ >\ND HIM 9 ! F9AL YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 ,?IS FAIRLY REACTION>Y COT]IE WAS1 HE SAID1 0/ILLBORN40.<#a#b.> ,)9 ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL IT VA9LY ATTEMPT$ TO OPPOSE PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO COLLECTIVISM4 ,& IF IT DID NOT LIVE LONG IT WAS MA9LY BECAUSE MO/ ( ITS FOLL[]S1 EASILY CONV9C$ BY ,BAKUN9'S >GUM5TS1 DID NOT HESITATE TO AB&ON !IR SUPPOS$LY ,PR\DHONIAN CONCEPTS 9 FAVOR ( COLLECTIVISM4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! LA/ ,MUTUALI/S1 AS !Y CALL$ !MSELVES1 ONLY P>TIALLY REJECT$ COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,!Y ONLY F\<T AGA9/ IT 9 AGRICULTURE1 GIV5 ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! ,FR5* F>M]1 BUT !Y ACCEPT$ IT 9 TRANSPORT1 & 9 ! CASE ( 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T !Y CALL$ = ! ?+ :ILE REJECT+ ! NAME4.<#a#b#a.> ,IF !Y W]E SO AFRAID ( ! NAME IT WAS MA9LY BECAUSE ! TEMPOR>Y UNIT$ FRONT =M$ AGA9/ !M BY ,BAKUN9'S COLLECTIVI/ DISCIPLES & C]TA9 AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S1 B>ELY DISGUIS$ SUPPORT]S ( /ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY--LIKE ,LUCRAFT AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS.<#a#b#b.>--DID NO?+ TO REASSURE !M4 ,M>XI/ DEFAMATION DID ! RE/1 ATTRIBUT+ TO ,PR\DHON ! SOME:AT REACTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW ( HIS EPIGONES4 

,9 FACT1 ,PR\DHON WAS 9 /EP ) HIS TIME4 ,AS ,PI]RE ,HAUBTMANN PO9T$ \T 9 HIS MAGI/]IAL !SIS1 0,HE HAS (T5 BE5 9CORRECTLY PRES5T$ AS HO/ILE TO ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT AT ! SI<T ( ! ,MOLO* FACTORY--LIKE ! T5TACUL> /ATE--HE REFLEXIVELY RECOILS 9 FE>1 :I* LEADS HIM1 9 REACTION1 TO LEAN T[>DS SMALL BUS9ESSES & DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,BUT AS CONC]NS ECONOMIC LIFE1 IT W\LD BE A S]I\S ]ROR TO ?9K ?AT HE WAS HO/ILE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE SPEAKS TO US AT L5G? & 5?USIA/ICALLY ( ! NE$ = P[]FUL WORK]S' PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS4 ,( !IR ROLE & !IR GR&IOSE FUTURE4 ,HE ?US ACCEPTS & EV5 DESIRES L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY 4444 ,BUT HE WANTS TO HUMANIZE IT1 TO EXORCIZE ITS EVIL P[]1 TO SOCIALIZE IT BY H&+ ITS FATE OV] TO A COMMUNITY ( WORK]S1 EQUAL1 FREE1 & RESPONSIBLE40.<#a#b#c.> ,PR\DHON UND]/&S IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GO BACKW>DS4 ,HE IS REALI/IC 5\< TO SEE1 AS HE WRITES 9 HIS ,NOTEBOOKS1 ?AT 0SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY IS AS FOOLI% AS SMALL-SCALE CULTURE40.<#a#b#d.> 

,AS = L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY1 DEM&+ A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( WORK]S1 HE IS DECISIVELY COLLECTIVI/3 0,9 ! FUTURE L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE MU/ BE BORN ( ASSOCIATION40.<#a#b#e.> 

,9 ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 7#a#h#e#a7 ,PR\DHON SEV]AL TIMES RETURN$ TO ?IS MOD]NI/ &1 ,I MI<T SAY1 FUTURI/ CONCEPT3 0,! WORK]S' COMPANIES1 A PROTE/ AGA9/ WAGE LABOR1 >E CALL$ ON TO PLAY A CONSID]ABLE ROLE 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,?IS ROLE WILL ABOVE ALL CONSI/ 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! GREAT 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR & ( C]TA9 TASKS1 :I* 0DEM&' BO? A GREAT DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS & A GREAT COLLECTIVE =CE40.<#a#b#f.> 

,9 HIS ,JU/ICE 7#a#h#e#h7 ,PR\DHON WAXES 9DIGNANT ?AT PEOPLE HAVE D>$ TO PRES5T HIM AS AN 5EMY ( TE*NICAL PROGRESS4.<#a#b#g.> ,9 HIS F9AL WORK1 :I* APPE>$ %ORTLY AFT] HIS DEA?1 ,ON ! ,POLITICAL ,CAPACITY ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 HE AGA9 CONFIRMS3 0,! CON/RUCTION ( RAILROADS %\LD HAVE BE5 5TRU/$ TO WORK]S' COMPANIES4 ,IF IT'S A MATT] ( L>GE-SCALE MANUFACTUR+1 EXTRACTIVE1 M>ITIME OR /EEL 9DU/RIES1 IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE IS PLACE = ASSOCIATION4 ,NO ONE ANY LONG] CONTE/S ?IS40.<#a#b#h.> 

,9 MY BOOK ,AN>*ISM ,I ALREADY LI/$ ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T3  

,EV]Y ASSOCIAT$ 9DIVIDUAL HAS AN UNDIVID$ %>E 9 ! PROP]TY ( ! COMPANY4  

,EV]Y WORK] MU/ ASSUME HIS %>E ( UNPLEASANT & DIFFICULT TASKS4  

,HE MU/ PASS ?R\< A V>IETY ( WORK & 9/RUCTION & POSITIONS 9 ! COMPANY ?AT 5SURE HIM AN 5CYCLOP$IC $UCATION4 ,PR\DHON 9SI/S ABSOLUTELY ON 0HAV+ ! WORK] GO ?R\< ! S]IES ( 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS TO :I* HE IS CONNECT$4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! DIVISION ( LABOR CAN NO LONG] BE A CAUSE ( DEGRADATION = ! WORK]2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! 9/RUM5T ( HIS $UCATION & ! GU>ANTOR ( HIS SECURITY40.<#a#b#i.>  
  

,PI]RE ,HAUBTMANN1 COMM5T+ ON ,PR\DHON1 REM>K$ ?AT = ,M>X IT'S ! 0AUTOMATIC WORK%OP0--WE W\LD SAY AUTOMATION--:I*1 ?R\< ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS1 BO? PU%$ TO ! EXTREME1 WILL ALL[ EV]Y MAN TO A*IEVE 0TOTAL DEVELOPM5T40 ,MA*9]Y EXT5D+ MAN1 DISALI5ATION WILL 5T] 9TO PLAY1 NOT 9 WORK1 BUT 9 LEISURE4 ,PR\DHON IS H>DLY S$UC$ BY SU* A P]SPECTIVE4 ,= HIM1 MAN IS ESS5TIALLY A PRODUC]4 ,HE WANTS HIM TO CON/ANTLY BE AT WORK4 ,WE'RE AT ANTIPODES FROM ! EXUB]ANT ,RI<T TO BE ,LAZY BY ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE4.<#a#c.> ,= ! F]OCI\S ,PURITAN1 = ! 0,SA9T ,PAUL ( SOCIALISM0 ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS1 LEISURE IS NOT F> FROM BE+ A SYNONYM = LU/4.<#a#c#a.> ,HE EXPECTS 0DISALI5ATION0 FROM A MODE ( PRODUCTION ?AT W\LD GIVE ! WORK] A SYN!TIC VISION ( ! LABOR PROCESS4.<#a#c#b.> 

,GURVIT*1 CONTRA/+ ,M>X & ,PR\DHON1 UND]L9ES ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE FROM ,JU/ICE3 0,! SPIRIT IS NO LONG] 9 ! WORK]2 IT HAS PASS$ OV] TO ! MA*9E4 ,:AT %\LD BE ! VIRTUE ( ! WORK] HAS BECOME HIS DEGRADATION40 ,?IS EVIL CAN ONLY BE CORRECT$ 0IF ! COLLECTIVE =CES ALI5AT$ = ! PR(IT ( A FEW EXPLOIT]S >E RETURN$ TO LABOR AS A :OLE40.<#a#c#c.> 

,PR\DHON C\NTS ON AN 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T1 ?ANKS TO ! JOY ( DISALI5AT$ LABOR4 

,AFT] ?IS DIGRESSION1 ACCORD+ TO ,PR\DHON ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T >E3  

,FUNCTIONS >E ELECTIVE & ! RULES >E SUBMITT$ = ! APPROVAL ( ! ASSOCIATES4  

,REMUN]ATION IS PROPORTIONAL TO ! NATURE ( ! FUNCTION1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! TAL5T1 & ! BREAD? ( ! RESPONSIBILITY4 ,EA* ASSOCIATE P>TICIPATES 9 ! PR(ITS 9 PROPORTION TO HIS S]VICES4  

,EV]YONE IS FREE TO QUIT ! ASSOCIATION AT WILL1 TO REGULATE HIS H\RS1 & LIQUIDATE HIS %>E4  

,! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S SELECT !IR LEAD]S1 !IR 5G9E]S1 !IR >*ITECTS1 & !IR ACC\NTANTS4 ,PR\DHON 9SI/S ON ! FACT ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS /ILL LACK+ 9 C]TA9 ABILITIES4 ,IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 0DUE TO ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( ITS 9SI<TS & ITS LACK ( BUS9ESS EXP]TIZE ! WORK+ CLASS IS /ILL 9CAPABLE ( MANAG+ 9T]E/S AS L>GE AS ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 COMM]CE & L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 & CONSEQU5TLY FALLS %ORT ( A*IEV+ ITS DE/9Y4 ,M5 >E LACK+ AMONG ! PROLET>IAT40.<#a#c#d.>  
  

,H5CE ! NE$ TO JO9 TO WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T 09DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL NOTABLES0 :O WILL 9ITIATE ! WORK]S 9 ! DISCIPL9ES ( BUS9ESS & :O WILL BE PAID A FIX$ WAGE3 0,!RE IS ROOM = EV]YONE UND] ! SUN ( ! REVOLUTION40.<#a#c#e.> 

,LET US NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT ?IS LIB]T>IAN UND]/&+ ( SELF-MANAGEM5T IS AT ANTIPODES FROM ! PAT]NALI/IC & /ATI/ 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 LAID \T BY ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 A DECREE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 #a#h#d#i4.<#a#c#f.> ,! AU?OR ( ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,LABOR WANT$ TO CREATE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS UND] ! EGIS ( & SPONSOR$ BY ! /ATE4 ,HE 5VISION$ AN AU?ORIT>IAN DIVISION ( PR(ITS3 #be P]C5T = ! AMORTIZATION ( CAPITAL1 #be P]C5T = SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE FUNDS1 #be P]C5T = RES]VE FUNDS2 #be P]C5T TO BE %>$ AMONG ! WORK]S4 

,PR\DHON WANT$ NO?+ TO DO ) A 0SELF-MANAGEM5T0 ( ?IS K9D4 ,NO COMPROMISE WAS POSSIBLE = AN 9TRANSIG5T 9DIVIDUAL LIKE HIM4 ,! ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S W]E NOT 0TO SUBMIT TO ! /ATE0 BUT 0TO BE ! /ATE ITSELF40.<#a#c#g.> 0,! ASSOCIATION 444 CAN DO EV]Y?+1 RE=M EV]Y?+ )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! AU?ORITIES1 CONQU] & =CE AU?ORITY ITSELF TO SUBMIT40 

,PR\DHON WANT$ 0TO M>* TO GOV]NM5T ?R\< ASSOCIATION & NOT TO ASSOCIATION ?R\< GOV]NM5T40.<#a#c#h.> 

,HE W>N$ AGA9/ ! ILLUSION ?AT ! /ATE1 AS DREAM$ ( BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S1 C\LD TOL]ATE FREE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,H[ 0C\LD IT ACCEPT1 ALONGSIDE A C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 ! =MATION ( 5EMY C5T]S80 ,FROM :I* ?IS W>N+1 :OSE 9TRANSIG5CE BECOMES PROPHETIC3 0,NO?+ IS DOABLE ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE1 SPONTANEITY1 & 9DEP5D5T ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS & COLLECTIVITIES AS LONG AS !Y FACE ! COLOSSAL =CE ) :I* ! /ATE IS 9VE/$ BY C5TRALIZATION40.<#a#c#i.> 

,9 FACT1 ,PR\DHON ANTICIPATES H]E ! TRAG$Y ( CONTEMPOR>Y SELF-MANAGEM5T1 AS EXP]I5C$ 9 BO? ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,ALG]IA )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DICTATORIAL /ATE4 

,9 FACT1 IT IS ! LIB]T>IAN & NOT ! /ATI/ CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT PREVAIL$ AT ! CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AT ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS 7#a#h#f#g7 ! RAPPORTEUR1 ! ,BELGIAN ,CES> DE ,PAEPE1 HAV+ PROPOS$ MAK+ ! /ATE ! [N] ( ! 5T]PRISES TO BE NATIONALIZ$1 ,*>LES ,LONGUET1 AT ! TIME A LIB]T>IAN1 ADD$3 0,AGRE$1 ON ! CONDITION ?AT IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT WE DEF9E ! /ATE AS ! COLLECTIVE ( CITIZ5S 444 & ALSO ?AT !SE S]VICES WILL NOT BE ADM9I/]$ BY /ATE FUNCTION>IES BUT BY WORK]S' COMPANIES40 ,! DEBATE WAS PICK$ UP AGA9 ! FOLL[+ YE> 7#a#h#f#h7 AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS & ! SAME RAPPORTEUR WAS C>EFUL TO MAKE ! REQUE/$ RECTIFICATION3 0,COLLECTIVE PROP]TY WILL BELONG TO ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 BUT IT WILL BE CONC$$ TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! /ATE WILL N[ BE ONLY ! F$]ATION ( V>I\S GR\PS ( WORK]S40 ,! PROPOSAL1 ?US1 REF9$1 WAS ADOPT$4.<#a#d.> 

,! OPTIMISM ,PR\DHON DEMON/RAT$ 9 #ahdh RELAT+ TO SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS SOME:AT BELI$ BY ! LESSON ( FACTS4 ,A FEW YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#h#e#g1 HE SUBJECT$ ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS /ILL 9 EXI/5CE TO A H>% CRITIQUE4 ,!IR 9SPIRATION HAD BE5 NAIVE1 ILLUSORY1 & UTOPIAN4 ,!Y HAD PAID ! PRICE = 9EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y HAD FALL5 9TO P>TICUL>ISM & EXCLUSIVISM4 ,!Y HAD FUNCTION$ LIKE A COLLECTIVE MANAG]IAL CLASS & BE5 SWEPT ALONG BY ! IDEAS ( HI]>*Y & SUPREMACY4 ,ALL ! ABUSES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES 0W]E EXAGG]AT$ 9 !SE SO-CALL$ FRAT]NAL COMPANIES40 ,!Y HAD BE5 TORN BY DISCORD1 RIVALRIES1 DEFECTIONS1 & BETRAYALS4 ,!IR MANAG]S1 ONCE !Y HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! BUS9ESS1 HAD )DRAWN 0TO SET !MSELVES UP AS BOSSES & B\RGEOIS40 ,ELSE:]E1 IT WAS ! ASSOCIATES :O HAD CALL$ = ! %>+ \T ( PRODUCTS4 ,( ! SEV]AL HUNDR$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS CREAT$ 9 #a#h#d#h1 TW5TY REMA9$ N9E YE>S LAT]4 ,& ,PR\DHON OPPOS$ A NOTION ( 0UNIV]SAL0 & 0SYN!TIC0 SELF-MANAGEM5T TO ?AT N>R[ & P>TICUL>I/ M5TALITY4 ,! TASK = ! FUTURE WAS F> MORE ?AN ! 0ASSEMBL+ 9TO SOCIETIES ( A FEW HUNDR$ WORK]S20 IT WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN 0! ECONOMIC RECON/ITUT+ ( A NATION ( ?IRTY-SIX MILLION S\LS40 ,! FUTURE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 09/EAD ( ACT+ = ! PR(IT ( A FEW10 MU/ WORK = ALL4.<#a#d#a.> ,SELF-MANAGEM5T ?US DEM&$ 0A C]TA9 $UCATION0 ( ! SELF-MANAG]S4 0,ONE IS NOT BORN AN ASSOCIATE2 ONE BECOMES ONE40 ,! MO/ DIFFICULT TASK ( ! ASSOCIATIONS WAS ?AT ( 0CIVILIZ+ ! ASSOCIATES40 ,:AT !Y HAD LACK$--& H]E ,PR\DHON R5EW$ HIS W>N+ ( #a#h#e#a--WAS 0M5 ISSU$ FROM ! WORK+ MASSES :O HAD LE>N$ AT ! S*OOL ( ! EXPLOIT]S TO DO )\T !M10 ,IT WAS LESS A MATT] ( =M+ 0A MASS ( CAPITAL0 ?AN A 0FUND ( M540.<#a#d#b.> 

,ON ! LEGAL PLANE ,PR\DHON HAD 9ITIALLY 5VISAG$ 5TRU/+ ! PROP]TY ( !IR 5T]PRISES TO ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,N[1 AS ,GEORGES ,GURVIT* PO9TS \T1 HE REJECT$ HIS ORIG9AL NOTION 0( [N]%IP BY GR\PS ( PRODUC]S40.<#a#d#c.> ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS HE DI/+UI%$1 9 A PO/HUM\S WORK1 BETWE5 POSSESSION & PROP]TY4.<#a#d#d.> ,PROP]TY IS ABSOLUTI/1 >I/OCRATIC1 FEUDAL1 DESPOTIC2 POSSESSION IS DEMOCRATIC1 REPUBLICAN1 EGALIT>IAN3 IT CONSI/S 9 ! USUFRUCTU>Y 5JOYM5T ( A NON-C$ABLE1 9DIVISIBLE & 9ALI5ABLE CONCESSION4 ,! PRODUC]S W\LD RECEIVE1 AS 0ALLODS10 LIKE ! ANCI5T ,G]MANS1 !IR 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y W\LD NOT BE ! [N]S4 ,?IS 0HI<] =MULATION0 ( [N]%IP W\LD UNITE ALL ! ADVANTAGES ( PROP]TY & ASSOCIATION )\T ANY ( ! DRAWBACKS4 ,:AT W\LD SUCCE$ PROP]TY W\LD BE1 AS ,GURVIT* SAYS1 F$]ATIVE CO-PROP]TY ATTRIBUT$ NOT TO ! /ATE1 BUT TO ALL ! PRODUC]S1 UNIT$ 9 A VA/ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION4 ,! ECONOMIC F$]ATION W\LD COME TO 0C\NT]BALANCE0 ! /ATE1 A /ATE ?IS TIME NOT ]AS$ FROM ! ,PR\DHONIAN MAP1 BUT TRANS=M$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 

,& ,PR\DHON SEES A REVIS$ & CORRECT$ SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ! FUTURE3 0,IT'S NO LONG] VA9 RHETORIC ?AT PROCLAIMS IT3 IT'S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ,! MOM5T APPROA*ES :5 WE'LL ONLY BE ABLE TO ADVANCE UND] !SE NEW CONDITIONS 4444 ,! CLASSES 444 MU/ BE RESOLV$ 9TO ONE SOLE ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S40.<#a#d#e.> 

,ON :AT BASES WILL ! EX*ANGES BETWE5 ! V>I\S WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BE 5SUR$8 ,PR\DHON 9ITIALLY MA9TA9$ ?AT ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( ALL M]*&ISE C\LD BE MEASUR$ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y = ITS PRODUCTION4 ,! V>I\S PRODUCTION ASSOCIATIONS W\LD SELL !IR GOODS AT CO/4 ,! WORK]S1 PAID ) 0LABOR BONDS10 W\LD PUR*ASE M]*&ISE AT EX*ANGE PO/S OR 9 SOCIAL /ORES AT CO/4 

,?IS SO-CALL$ ,MUTUALI/ CONCEPTION WAS A TAD UTOPIAN1 9 ANY CASE DIFFICULT TO APPLY UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK1 F\ND$ BY ,PR\DHON 9 E>LY #a#h#d#i1 SUCCE$$ 9 OBTA9+ SOME #b1 MEMB]S 9 SIX WEEKS1 BUT ITS EXI/5CE WAS TO BE BRIEF4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! SUDD5 RISE TO P[] ( ,PR9CE-,PRESID5T ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ?IS4 ,BUT IT WAS ILLUSORY TO ?9K ?AT ,MUTUALISM W\LD SPREAD & TO EXCLAIM AS ,PR\DHON DID ?AT 0IT WAS TRULY ! NEW WORLD1 ! SOCIETY ( 0PROMISE' :I*1 GRAFT$ ONTO ! OLD WORLD1 GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ IT60 

,IT APPE>S ?AT ,PI]RE ,HAUBTMANN WAS CORRECT 9 /RESS+ 9 HIS !SIS ! ILLUSORY *>ACT] ( ! ,MUTUALISM ( ! YE>S #a#h#d#f-#a#h#d#h4 ,BUT HE P]HAPS ATTACK$ ,PR\DHON TOO VIGOR\SLY 9 ! WAY ?AT HE 9VOKES ! S9S ( HIS Y\?1 :I* W\LD QUICKLY BE CORRECT$ BY HIS CONCRETE & MORE POSITIVE VISIONS ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,REMUN]ATION BAS$ ON ! EVALUATION ( WORK+ H\RS WAS DEBATABLE = V>I\S REASONS4 ,>\ND #ahh ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S 7OR 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S07 ( ! S*OOL ( ,KROPOTK91 ,MALATE/A1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O & O!RS DID NOT FAIL TO CRITICIZE IT4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 !IR EYES IT WAS UNJU/3 0,?REE H\RS ( ,PET]'S LABOR10 ,CAFI]O OBJECT$1 0>E (T5 WOR? FIVE H\RS ( ,PAUL'S40 ,FACTORS O!R ?AN DURATION 9T]V5E 9 ! DET]M9ATION ( ! VALUE ( LABOR3 ! 9T5SITY1 ! PR(ESSIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL $UCATION REQUIR$1 ETC4 ,WE MU/ ALSO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WORK]'S FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,ONE F9DS ! SAME OBJECTIONS 9 ! ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM1 WRITT5 BY ,K>L ,M>X 9 #a#h#g#e1 BUT HU%$ UP BY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY UNTIL #a#h#i#a4 & :I* ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ?US W]E NOT AW>E ( :5 !Y >GU$ AGA9/ ,PR\DHON4 

,:AT IS MORE1 MA9TA9S ! S*OOL ( ,KROPOTK91 UND] A COLLECTIVI/ REGIME ! WORK] REMA9S A WAGE E>N]1 A SLAVE TO ! COMMUNITY ?AT PUR*ASES & KEEPS AN EYE ON ! QUANTITY ( HIS LABOR4 ,REMUN]ATION PROPORTIONATE TO ! H\RS ( LABOR FURNI%$ BY EA* CANNOT BE AN IDEAL1 BUT AT BE/ A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T4 ,WE MU/ HAVE DONE ) MORALITY BAS$ ON ACC\NT+ L$G]S1 ) ! PHILOSOPHY ( 0MU/ & HAVE TO40 

,?IS MODE ( REMUN]ATION PROCE$S FROM A WAT]$ D[N 9DIVIDUALISM 9 CONTRADICTION ) COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS 9CAPABLE ( IMPLEM5T+ A PR(\ND & REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( MAN4 ,IT'S 9COMPATIBLE ) AN>*ISM4 ,A NEW =M ( [N]%IP DEM&S A NEW =M ( REMUN]ATION3 ! S]VICES R5D]$ SOCIETY CANNOT BE EVALUAT$ 9 MONET>Y UNITS4 ,NE$S MU/ BE PLAC$ ABOVE S]VICES4 ,ALL ! PRODUCTS PRODUC$ BY ! LABOR ( ALL %\LD BELONG TO ALL1 & EA* %\LD FREELY TAKE HIS %>E4 ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S2 ?IS MU/ BE ! MOTTO ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4.<#a#d#f.> 

,BUT ,MALATE/A1 ,KROPOTK91 & !IR FRI5DS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 UNAW>E ?AT ,PR\DHON HIMSELF AT LEA/ P>TIALLY =ESAW !IR OBJECTIONS & 9 ! 5D REVIS$ HIS ORIG9AL CONCEPTION4 ,HIS ,!ORY ( ,PROP]TY1 PUBLI%$ PO/HUM\SLY1 EXPLA9$ ?AT IT WAS ONLY 9 HIS ,FIR/ ,MEMOR&UM ON ,PROP]TY1 ?AT ( #a#h#d1 ?AT HE SUPPORT$ ! EQUALITY ( SAL>IES TO ! EQUALITY ( LABOR4 0,I HAD =GOTT5 TO SAY TWO ?+S2 FIR/ ?AT LABOR IS MEASUR$ BY A COMPOSITE ( DURATION & 9T5SITY2 SECOND1 ?AT !RE %\LD NOT BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! WORK]'S WAGE EI!R ! AMORTIZATION ( HIS $UCATIONAL CO/S & ! WORK HE UND]TOOK ON HIS [N AS A NON-PAID APPR5TICE1 OR ! 9SURANCE PREMIUMS AGA9/ ! RISKS HE RUNS1 & :I* >E F> FROM BE+ ! SAME 9 ALL PR(ESSIONS40 

,PR\DHON ASS]T$ HE HAD 0REPAIR$0 ?IS 0OMISSION0 9 HIS SUBSEQU5T WRIT+S1 :]E HE HAD ! UNEQUAL CO/S & RISKS PAID = BY ! MUTUAL 9SURANCE COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4.<#a#d#g.> ,WE NOTE H]E ?AT ,PR\DHON 9 NO WAY CONSID]$ ! REMUN]ATION ( ASSOCIATION MEMB]S A SAL>Y1 BUT RA!R A DI/RIBUTION ( PR(ITS1 FREELY DECID$ BY ASSOCIAT$ WORK]S & ?OSE JO9TLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,IF NOT1 AS ,PI]RE ,HAUBTMANN NOTES1 SELF-MANAGEM5T MAKES NO S5SE4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ALSO REPROA*$ ,PR\DHON'S ,MUTUALISM & ! MORE CONSI/5T COLLECTIVISM ( ,BAKUN9 = NOT HAV+ WANT$ TO PREJUDGE ! =M ?AT ! REMUN]ATION ( LABOR W\LD TAKE UND] A SOCIALI/ REGIME4 ,!SE CRITICS SEEM TO LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! TWO F\ND]S ( AN>*ISM W]E C>EFUL NOT TO PREMATURELY IMPRISON SOCIETY 9 A RIGID FRAMEWORK4 ,ON ?IS PO9T !Y WANT$ TO PRES]VE ! GREATE/ LATITUDE = ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,= ,BAKUN9 COLLECTIVISM HAD TO BE PRACTIC$ 0UND] V>I$ =MS & CONDITIONS1 :I* WILL BE DET]M9$ 9 EA* LOCALE1 9 EA* REGION1 & EA* COMMUNE BY ITS DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION & ! WILL ( ! POPULATION40.<#a#d#h.> 

,BUT ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S !MSELVES PROVIDE ! JU/IFICATION = ?IS FLEXIBILITY1 = ?IS REFUSAL ( PREMATURE SOLUTIONS :51 CONTR>Y TO !IR IMPATI5T EXPECTATIONS1 !Y 9SI/ ?AT 9 ! IDEAL REGIME ( !IR *OICE 0LABOR WILL PRODUCE MU* MORE ?AN IS NE$$ = ALL40 ,9 FACT1 IT IS ONLY :5 ! ]A ( ABUNDANCE >RIVES ?AT 0B\RGEOIS0 NORMS ( REMUN]ATION CAN GIVE WAY TO SPECIFICALLY 0COMMUNI/0 NORMS4 ,& NOT BE=E ?IS1 AS ,M>X & ,L59 SAW ) A C]TA9 LUCIDITY1 ?\< NOT )\T /ATI/ PREJUDICE4.<#a#d#i.> 

,9 #a#h#h#d1 WRIT+ ! PROGRAM ( AN AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL /ILL 9 A /ATE ( LIMBO1 ,MALATE/A ADMITT$ ?AT COMMUNISM W\LD ONLY BE IMM$IATELY REALIZABLE 9 EXTREMELY LIMIT$ SECTORS & ?AT 0= ! RE/0 ONE MU/ 0TRANSITIONALLY0 ACCEPT COLLECTIVISM4 0,9 ORD] TO BE REALIZABLE1 COMMUNISM REQUIRES A GREAT MORAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 AN ELEVAT$ & PR(\ND FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y \TBUR/ WILL P]HAPS NOT SUFFICE 9 PRODUC+1 :I* IS EV5 MORE LIKELY 9 ?AT AT ! BEG9N+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS FAVOR+ SU* A DEVELOPM5T WILL BE LACK+40.<#a#e.> 

,AFT] ,MALATE/A1 ! AN>*I/ ,F]N& ,PELL\TI]1 HAV+ BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/1 W\LD BE EV5 MORE CATEGORICAL3 0,NO ONE BELIEVES 444 ?AT ! IMM95T REVOLUTION WILL REALIZE PURE COMMUNISM4 ,S9CE IT WILL 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD BREAK \T BE=E AN>*I/ $UCATION HAS BE5 COMPLET$1 M5 WILL NOT BE MATURE 5\< TO ABSOLUTELY RULE !MSELVES4 ,WE MU/ TAKE M5 AS !Y >E1 AS ! OLD SOCIETY LEFT !M TO US40.<#a#e#a.> 

,AMONG ! NORMS 9H]IT$ FROM B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS1 !RE IS ONE :OSE MA9T5ANCE UND] COLLECTIVISM OR SELF-MANAGEM5T RAISES ?ORNY PROBLEMS1 TO WIT1 COMPETITION4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,PR\DHON'S EYES PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR CON/ITUTES A GU>ANTEE = ! PRODUC] ( !IR P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 COMPETITION IS 0! EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL SPONTANEITY10 ! GU>ANTOR ( ! 0FRE$OM0 ( ASSOCIATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION1 IT CON/ITUTES1 = A LONG TIME TO COME1 AN IRREPLACEABLE /IMULANT )\T :I* 0AN IMM5SE RELAXATION W\LD SUCCE$ ! >D5T T5SION ( 9DU/RY40 0,REMOVE COMPETITION 444 & SOCIETY1 DEPRIV$ ( ITS MOTIVE =CE1 W\LD /OP LIKE A P5DULUM :OSE SPR+ IS LOOSE40.<#a#e#b.> ,PR\DHON PROPOS$ PRACTICAL RECIPES3 0,VIS-A-VIS SOCIETY1 ! WORK]S' COMPANY COMMITS TO ALWAYS PROVID+ ! PRODUCTS & S]VICES REQUE/$ ( IT AT A PRICE CLOSE TO CO/4444 ,TO ?IS EFFECT ! WORK]S' COMPANY =BIDS ITSELF ANY .<MONOPOLI/IC.> COALITIONS1 ACCEPTS ! LAW ( COMPETITION1 & PLACES ITS BOOKS & >*IVES AT ! DISPOSAL ( SOCIETY1 :I*1 AS ! SANCTION ( ITS RI<T ( CONTROL1 PRES]VES ! ABILITY TO DISSOLVE IT40.<#a#e#c.> 0,COMPETITION & ASSOCIATION MUTUALLY SUPPORT EA* O!R 4444 ,! MO/ DEPLORABLE ]ROR ( SOCIALISM IS ?AT ( HAV+ REG>D$ .<COMPETITION.> AS ! OV]TURN+ ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( DE/ROY+ COMPETITION 4444 ,IT'S A QUE/ION ( F9D+ ITS EQUILIBRIUM1 ,I W\LD EV5 SAY ITS ORGANIZATION40.<#a#e#d.> 

,?IS ATTA*M5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPETITION E>N$ ,PR\DHON ! S>CASM ( ,L\IS ,BLANC4 0,WE >E UNABLE TO UND]/& ?OSE :O IMAG9$ SOME /RANGE C\PL+ ( TWO OPPOS+ PR9CIPLES4 ,GRAFT+ ASSOCIATION ONTO COMPETITION IS A POOR IDEA4 ,IT MEANS REPLAC+ EUNU*S ) H]MAPHRODITES40.<#a#e#e.> 

,L\IS ,BLANC WANT$ TO 0>RIVE AT A UNI=M PRICE0 FIX$ BY ! /ATE & TO PREV5T ANY COMPETITION BETWE5 ! WORK%OPS ( ONE 9DU/RY4 ,PR\DHON REPLI$ ?AT PRICES 0>E ONLY SETTL$ BY COMPETITION10 ?AT IS1 BY ! CONSUM]'S ABILITY TO 0TO DO )\T ! S]VICES ( ?OSE :O OV]/ATE !M40.<#a#e#f.> 

,TO BE SURE1 ,PR\DHON DID NOT HIDE ! EVILS ( COMPETITION1 :I* HE HAD ABUNDANTLY DESCRIB$ 9 HIS ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POV]TY4 ,HE KNEW IT WAS A S\RCE ( 9EQUALITY4 ,HE ADMITT$ ?AT 09 COMPETITION VICTORY IS ASSUR$ TO ! L>GE/ BATTALIONS40 ,AS LONG AS IT IS 0AN>*IC0 79 ! PEJORATIVE S5SE ( ! T]M71 AS IT ONLY EXI/S = ! PR(IT ( PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 IT NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S CIVIL W> &1 9 ! 5D1 OLIG>*Y4 0,COMPETITION KILLS COMPETITION40.<#a#e#g.> 

,BUT 9 ,PR\DHON'S OP9ION ! ABS5CE ( COMPETITION W\LD BE NO LESS P]NICI\S4 ,HE CIT$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! /ATE-RUN TOBACCO (FICE4 ,?IS MONOPOLY1 FROM ! V]Y FACT ?AT IT IS FREE ( COMPETITION1 IS TOO DE> A S]VICE & ITS PRODUCTIVITY IS 9SUFFICI5T4 ,IF ALL 9DU/RIES W]E SUBJECT TO SU* A REGIME1 ! NATION1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 W\LD NO LONG] BE ABLE TO BALANCE ITS RECEIPTS & EXP5SES4.<#a#e#h.> 

,H[EV] ! COMPETITION DREAM$ ( BY ,PR\DHON IS NOT ! UNFETT]$ COMPETITION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 BUT A COMPETITION 5D[$ ) A HI<] PR9CIPLE ?AT 0SOCIALIZES0 IT2 A COMPETITION ?AT OP]ATES ON ! BASIS ( AN HONE/ EX*ANGE 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY2 A COMPETITION :I*1 :ILE SAFEGU>D+ 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 WILL RETURN ! WEAL? CURR5TLY DIV]T$ BY CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATION TO ! COLLECTIVE4.<#a#e#i.> 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ UTOPIAN 9 ?IS CONCEPTION4 ,COMPETITION & ! SO-CALL$ M>KET ECONOMY 9EVITABLY PRODUCE 9EQUALITY & EXPLOITATION1 EV5 IF ! DEP>TURE PO9T IS A SITUATION ( P]FECT EQUALITY4 ,!Y CAN ONLY BE JO9$ TO WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T TRANSITIONALLY1 AS A NECESS>Y LESS] EVIL :ILE WAIT+ = ! DEVELOPM5T )9 ! SELF-MANAG]S ( A M5TALITY ( 0S9C]ITY ( EX*ANGE10 AS ,PR\DHON CALL$ IT.<#a#f.> & ABOVE ALL1 :5 SOCIETY HAS PASS$ FROM ! /AGE ( P5URY TO ?AT ( ABUNDANCE & COMPETITION LOSES ITS 5TIRE RAISON D'ETRE4 

,BUT 9 ?IS TRANSITIONAL P]IOD IT SEEMS DESIRABLE ?AT COMPETITION %\LD BE LIMIT$1 AS IS ! CASE TODAY 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 TO ! SPH]E ( ! MEANS ( CONSUMPTION1 :]E IT AT LEA/ HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! CONSUM]4.<#a#f#a.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA COMPETITION TOO (T5 LEADS TO EXCESSES & IRRATIONALITIES :I* ! AU?ORIT>IAN ADV]S>IES ( ! M>KET ECONOMY TAKE PLEASURE 9 D5\NC+4 ,USEFUL BO? AS A /IMULANT TO ! SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE & AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+1 IT TOO (T5 SU/A9S AMONG ! ,YUGOSLAVIAN SELF-MANAG]S A SELFI% & QUASI-CAPITALI/ M5TALITY FROM :I* CONC]N = ! G5]AL 9T]E/ IS ABS5T4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA IS CRITICIZ$ BY ! ,CUBANS & ! ,*9ESE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS 9ABILITY TO RECONCILE COMPETITION & SOCIALISM4 

,WELL BE=E ! AU?ORIT>IAN 0COMMUNI/S0 ( TODAY D5\NC$ ! C\PL+ ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & COMPETITION1 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ( ! #a#h#hS ATTACK$ ! ,PR\DHONIAN COLLECTIVI/ ECONOMY BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( /RUGGLE1 :]E ALL ?AT W\LD BE DONE W\LD BE REE/ABLI%+ AMONG ! COMPETITORS EQUALITY AT ! />T+ PO9T 9 ORD] TO !N CA/ !M 9TO A BATTLE NECESS>ILY RESULT+ 9 VICTORS & VANQUI%$1 :]E ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS W\LD 5D BY BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 ACCORDANCE ) SUPPLY & DEM&1 0:I* W\LD MEAN DESC5D+ 9TO COMPETITION1 9TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD40 ,?IS LANGUAGE V]Y MU* RESEMBLES ?AT ( C]TA9 DETRACTORS ( ! ,YUGOSLAV EXP]I5CE 9 ! COMMUNI/ WORLD4 ,!Y ?9K IT NECESS>Y TO DIRECT AT SELF-MANAGEM5T ! HO/ILITY 9SPIR$ 9 !M BY ! COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY1 AS IF ! TWO NOTIONS W]E 9SEP>ABLE FROM EA* O!R4 ,?IS WAS--& ,I SPEAK ( HIM 9 ! PA/ T5SE--! CASE ( ,*E ,GUEV>A1 = EXAMPLE1 :O MI/RU/$ SELF-MANAGEM5T BECAUSE HE ?\<T IT SYNONYM\S ) COMPETITION4.<#a#f#b.> 

,PR\DHON1 TO RETURN TO HIM1 SEES QUITE CLE>LY ?AT MANAGEM5T BY WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS CAN ONLY BE UNIT>Y4 ,HE 9SI/S ON 0! NE$ = C5TRALIZATION & UNITY40 ,I DO NOT F9D 9 HIM 0?AT PROV9CIALISM CLOS$ TO ! WIDE WORLD0 ?AT SOME ?9K !Y SAW4 ,HE ASKS ! QUE/ION3 0,>5'T ! WORK]S' COMPANIES = ! EXPLOITATION ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIES AN EXPRESSION ( UNITY8 ,:AT WE PUT 9 PLACE ( GOV]NM5T IS 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT WE PUT 9 PLACE ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION IS ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION40 

,= ,PR\DHON1 SELF-MANAGEM5T IS SOCIETY F9ALLY 0ALIVE1 ORGANIZ$20 0! HI<E/ DEGREE ( FRE$OM & ORD] :I* HUMANITY CAN A*IEVE40 ,& 9 A BUR/ ( 5?USIASM HE EXCLAIMS1 0,H]E WE >E FREE1 EMANCIPAT$ FROM \R EMBRYONIC %ELL4 ,ALL RELATIONS HAVE BE5 9V]T$4 ,YE/]DAY WE WALK$ UPSIDE D[N4 ,WE >E *ANG+ \R EXI/5CE4 ,?IS1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IS ! REVOLUTION40.<#a#f#c.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 DESPITE HIS CONC]N = UNITY1 ,PR\DHON DREADS AU?ORIT>IAN PLANN+1 :I* IS :Y HE 9/9CTIVELY PREF]S TO IT COMPETITION ( SOLID>I/IC 9SPIRATION4 ,BUT1 9 A MORE CONSI/5T FA%ION1 AN>*ISM HAS S9CE MADE ITSELF ! ADVOCATE = DEMOCRATIC & LIB]T>IAN PLANN+1 ELABORAT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP BY ! CONF$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ,BAKUN9 GLIMPS$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( A PLANN+ ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE :I* OP5 UP TO SELF-MANAGEM5T3 0,! WORK]S' COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATIONS >E A NEW FACT 9 HI/ORY4 ,WE >E WITNESS+ !IR BIR? & WE CAN ONLY S5SE BUT NOT DET]M9E AT ?IS TIME ! IMM5SE DEVELOPM5T ?AT )\T ANY D\BT WILL 5SUE & ! NEW POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?AT WILL >ISE 9 ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE & EV5 QUITE PROBABLE ?AT ONE DAY1 GO+ BEYOND ! LIMITS ( COMMUNES1 PROV9CES1 & EV5 CURR5T /ATES1 !Y WILL PROVIDE ALL ( HUMAN SOCIETY ) A NEW CON/ITUTION1 DIVID$ NOT 9TO NATIONS1 BUT 9TO 9DU/RIAL GR\PS40 ,!Y WILL ?US =M 0AN IMM5SE ECONOMIC F$]ATION0 )1 AT ITS SUMMIT1 A SUPREME ASSEMBLY4 ,9 LI<T ( 0DATA AS BROAD AS IT IS PRECISE & DETAIL$1 ( WORLDWIDE /ATI/ICS1 !Y WILL COMB9E SUPPLY & DEM& 9 ORD] TO GUIDE1 DET]M9E1 & DI/RIBUTE AMONG ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES ! PRODUCTION ( 9T]NATIONAL 9DU/RY 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !RE WILL NO LONG] BE1 OR ALMO/ NO LONG] BE1 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 =C$ /AGNATION1 & ANY WA/$ EF=T OR CAPITAL40.<#a#f#d.> 

,! ,PR\DHONIAN CONCEPTION ( MANAGEM5T BY WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BORE )9 IT AN AMBIGUITY4 ,IT WAS NOT ALWAYS SPECIFI$ IF SELF-MANAG$ GR\PS W\LD REMA9 9 COMPETITION ) CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES1 IF1 AS IS TODAY SAID 9 ,ALG]IA1 ! SOCIALI/ SECTOR W\LD CO-EXI/ ) ! PRIVATE SECTOR OR IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 PRODUCTION AS A :OLE W\LD BE SOCIALIZ$ & PLAC$ UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,BAKUN91 UNLIKE HIS TEA*] ,PR\DHON1 :OSE IDEAS >E HESITANT ON ?IS PO9T1 IS A CONSI/5T COLLECTIVI/4 ,HE CLE>LY SEES ! DANG]S ( ! COEXI/5CE ( !SE TWO SECTORS4 ,! WORK]S1 EV5 ASSOCIAT$1 CANNOT ASSEMBLE ! CAPITAL CAPABLE ( FI<T+ AGA9/ BIG B\RGEOIS CAPITAL4 ,& :AT IS MORE1 ! DANG] EXI/S ?AT )9 ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATION !RE WILL >ISE1 FROM ! CONTAGION ( ! CAPITALI/ 5VIRONM5T1 0A NEW CLASS ( EXPLOIT]S ( ! LABOR ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTA9S )9 IT ALL ! SE$S ( ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 BUT IT CAN ONLY DEVELOP ALL !SE SE$S :5 0CAPITAL1 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 PRIM>Y MAT]IALS1 & TOOLS 444 WILL BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 BO? 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL1 FREELY ORGANIZ$ & F$]AT$ AMONG !MSELVES40 0,! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION CAN ONLY OCCUR 9 A RADICAL & DEF9ITIVE FA%ION BY ME?ODS ACT+ UPON ALL ( SOCIETY10 ?AT IS1 BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION TRANS=M+ PRIVATE PROP]TY 9TO COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,9 SU* A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ! WORK]S WILL COLLECTIVELY BE !IR [N CAPITALI/S1 !IR [N BOSSES4 ,! ONLY ?+S LEFT TO PRIVATE PROP]TY WILL BE 0?OSE ?+S ?AT >E TRULY = P]SONAL USE40.<#a#f#e.> 

,AS LONG AS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS NOT BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ ,BAKUN91 :ILE ADMITT+ ?AT PRODUCTIVE COOP]ATIVES HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( ACCU/OM+ WORK]S TO MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS1 ?AT !Y CREATE ! FIR/ SE$S ( COLLECTIVE WORK]S' ACTION1 ?\<T ?AT !SE ISL&S )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY C\LD ONLY HAVE LIMIT$ EFFECTIV5ESS1 & HE 9CIT$ WORK]S 0TO OCCUPY !MSELVES LESS ) COOP]ATION ?AN ) /RIKES40.<#a#f#f.> ,AS ,GURVIT* NOTES1 ?IS IS ! OPPOSITE POSITION FROM ,PR\DHON'S1 :O N\RI%$ ILLUSIONS AB\T ! RAPID ABSORPTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BY WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 UND]E/IMAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( UNIONS & MADE TOO LITTLE ( ! RI<T TO /RIKE4.<#a#f#g.> 

,BY ,WAY ( A ,CONCLUSION 

  

,PR\DHON'S IDEAS ON SELF-MANAGEM5T DO NOT =M A BODY ( HOMOG5E\S DOCTR9E1 P]FECTLY ADJU/$1 FREE ( ANY HESITATION OR AMBIGUITY4 ,F> FROM IT4 ,CONTRADICTIONS AB\ND 9 IT4 

,!RE IS A ,MUTUALI/ ,PR\DHON :O DEF5DS1 EXALTS1 & ATTEMPTS TO SAVE ! 9DEP5D5T SMALL PRODUC] FROM ! IMPLACABLE :EEL ( PROGRESS & !RE IS A RESOLUTELY COLLECTIVI/ ,PR\DHON :O DOES NOT HESITATE TO M>* ) HIS TIME1 ) TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 ) TE*NOLOGY1 ) L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 

,!RE IS AN OPTIMI/IC ,PR\DHON :O 9 #ahdh COV]S 9 FL[]S ! SPONTANE\SLY BORN WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 & !RE IS A PESSIMI/IC ,PR\DHON :O1 A FEW YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#h#e#g1 WILL DRAW UP A SEV]E BALANCE %EET ( ! FAILURE ( !SE ASSOCIATIONS4 

,!RE IS A DREAM] ,PR\DHON :O IMAG9ES ,MUTUALISM SUSCEPTIBLE ( P>TIAL APPLICATION )9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME & :O P]SUADES HIMSELF ?AT ! SOCIALI/ SECTOR1 FROM ITS [N DYNAMISM1 WILL SPREAD1 & !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O IS MU* MORE REALI/IC1 & AS A RESULT RETIC5T ON ?IS PO9T4 

,!RE IS1 AS CONC]NS ! LEGAL /ATUS ( PROP]TY UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T1 A DIS9TEGRATIONI/ ,PR\DHON :O1 AT FIR/1 5VISAGES 5TRU/+ IT TO ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS !MSELVES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PR9CIPLE 0! FACTORIES TO ! WORK]S10 & !RE IS AN 9TEGRATIONI/ ,PR\DHON :O WILL LAT] PREF] PLAC+ ALL PRODUC]S 9 ONE VA/ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION4 

,!RE IS A SIMPLI/IC ,PR\DHON :O PROPOSES AN EXTREMELY >GUABLE DEF9ITION ( LABOR VALUE1 & !RE IS A SUBTL] ,PR\DHON :O !N ADMITS ?AT ! DURATION ( LABOR CANNOT BE ! SOLE BASIS = ?IS CALCULATION & :O /RIVES TO REPAIR :AT HE CALLS HIS 0OMISSIONS40 

,!RE IS ! ,PR\DHON :O PUTS PRIVATE PROP]TY ON TRIAL1 & !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O PRAISES IT1 JU/ AS !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O CELEBRATES ! VIRTUES ( COMPETITION & !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O 9SI/S ON ITS EVILS4 ,IT'S ONLY QUITE R>ELY ?AT HE SUCCE$S 9 CON/RUCT+ A TRUE SYN!SIS ( CONTRADICTORY NOTIONS1 & ?IS IS :Y HE HIDES HIS FAILURES :ILE FLATT]+ HIMSELF ONLY = HAV+ 0BALANC$0 ! ANT9OMIES4 

,!RE IS A DEC5TRALIZ+ & F$]ALI/ ,PR\DHON1 :O MI/RU/S ALL PLANN+ = FE> ( REVIV+ AU?ORITY1 & !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O DOES NOT HESITATE TO PRESCRIBE ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION & /RESSES ! UNIT>Y *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION4 

,!RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O1 BY AFFIRM+ ! CAPACITIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ITS DUTY TO RADICALLY SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS1 OP5S ! WAY TO MOD]N WORK+-CLASS SYNDICALISM1 & !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O UND]E/IMATES /RUGGLES = SPECIFIC DEM&S1 HAUNT$ AS HE IS BY ! =MATION ( WORK]S' PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES4 

,H]E WE T\* ON :AT IS P]HAPS ! MO/ S]I\S OMISSION 9 ! ,PR\DHONIAN CONCEPTION ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT FAILS TO BE >TICULAT$ & COORD9AT$ BY AN AN>*O-SYNDICALISM OR A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ( ! TYPE ?AT MADE POSSIBLE ! ADMIRABLE EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVIZATIONS ( #a#i#c#f4 ,:5 ,PR\DHON ALLUDES TO 0A VA/ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION10 HE FAILS TO DIG DEEP] 9 ! SYNDICALI/ MANN] 9TO ?AT NOTION :I*1 UND] HIS P51 REMA9S UN>TICULAT$ & VAGUE4 

,!RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O1 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( HIS MILITANT LIFE1 WAS /RICTLY CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 :O MI/RU/$ EV]Y?+ HAV+ TO DO ) POLITICS1 & !RE IS A SECOND ,PR\DHON :O WILL CEASE NEGLECT+ ! PROBLEM ( T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION1 :O WILL BASE IT ON ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNE1.<#a#f#h.> ?\< FAIL+ TO CONNECT 9 A SUFFICI5TLY PRECISE & COH]5T MANN] COMMUNAL P[] ON ONE SIDE & WORK]S' PRODUCTION ASSOCIATIONS ON ! O!R4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE IS A ,PR\DHON :O CATEGORICALLY REFUSES ANY =M ( /ATE--TO ! PO9T ?AT HE ISSU$ A SECT>IAN REJECTION ( ! SPONSOR+ ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BY A SOCIALI/-LEAN+ /ATE--& !RE IS ALSO A ,PR\DHON :O NO LONG] CONSID]S HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ BUT RA!R A F$]ALI/1 & :O P>TICIPATES 9 ! /ATE4 

,!SE1 BRIEFLY RECALL$1 >E SOME ( ! OMISSIONS & FAIL+S CONC]N+ WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ,PR\DHONIAN ?\<T4 

,BUT ALONGSIDE !SE WEAKNESSES1 H[ MANY LUCID PO9TS ( VIEW1 H[ MANY PROPHETIC 9SI<TS6 ,! READ] ( ,PR\DHON1 IF HE IS UP TO DATE ON ! CONCRETE PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! PRACTICE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA .<9 ! #a#i#eS & ! E>LY '#fS.>1 & 9 ,ALG]IA .<FROM 9DEP5D5CE UNTIL ,B\M$I5NE'S C\P D'ETAT1 #a#i#f#b-#a#i#f#e.>1 CON/ANTLY F9DS HIMSELF ON FAMILI> GR\ND4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT =M ! DRAMA ( CONTEMPOR>Y SELF-MANAGEM5T CAN BE F\ND ANN\NC$ & DESCRIB$ 9 ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S4 ,9 IT !Y >E ! OBJECT ( HE>T-R5D+ W>N+S1 :E!R IT'S ON ! QUE/ION ( ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! T5TACUL> /ATE & FREE SELF-MANAGEM5T1 OR ( ! LACK ( M5 PREP>$ = SELF-MANAGEM5T1 OR ( ! LACK ( TE*NICAL CADRES1 OR ( ! UNAVOIDABILITY--AT LEA/ DUR+ A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD--( A M>KET ECONOMY CONTA9+ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( COMPETITION1 &1 F9ALLY1 ON ! DIFFICULTY ( E/ABLI%+ TOTAL COMMUNISM PREMATURELY1 :I* WILL ONLY BE PRACTICABLE :5 ABUNDANCE REIGNS & ! CONSUM] WILL ONLY HAVE TO DRAW FROM ! PILE4 ,ON ALL !SE PO9TS ,PR\DHON ILLUM9ATES ! FUTURE ) A P[]FUL SPOTLI<T4 

,BUT EV5 :5 HE HESITATES1 :5 HE CONTRADICTS HIMSELF1 :5 HE *ANGES HIS M9D1 HE PROVIDES HIS READ] ) A PRECI\S LESSON 9 RELATIVISM4 

,IT IS ?RILL+ TO WITNESS ! FL[]+ ( A CREATIVE M9D EV] 9 MOVEM5T1 =EV] SEEK+1 NEV] FIX$1 NEV] DOGMATIC1 TUMULTU\S TO BE SURE1 SOMETIMES ALL[+ HIMSELF TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY A QUIP1 BY IMPROVIZATION1 BY FAILURE TO REFLECT1 BUT CAPABLE ( CORRECT+ HIMSELF1 REVIS+ HIMSELF1 ( ACCEPT+ LESSONS FROM ! FACTS1 ( EVOLV+ 9 ! LI<T ( EXP]I5CE4 

,& 9 ANY CASE ,PR\DHON HAD HIS EXCUSES4 ,FIR/1 9 LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 HE 5T]$ A DOMA9 SO VIRG9 & NEW ?AT NO ONE C\LD S]VE AS HIS GUIDE4 ,SECOND1 ! CONTRADICTIONS W]E LESS 9 HIS IDEAS ?AN 9 ! OBJECT !Y REFLECT$4 ,WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 IS CONTRADICTORY4 ,IT IS CONDEMN$ TO WAV] BETWE5 TWO POLES3 ON ONE SIDE ! AUTONOMY ( PRODUCTION GR\PS1 NECESS>Y SO ?AT EA* MEMB] FEELS TRULY FREE & 0DISALI5AT$40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! NE$ = COORD9ATION 9 ORD] TO HAVE ! G5]AL 9T]E/ PREVAIL OV] SELFI% ONES4 

,?IS COORD9ATION1 ,I ?9K1 CAN BE 5SUR$ UND] OPTIMAL CONDITIONS BY REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS BE/ QUALIFI$ TO PLAY SU* A ROLE1 S9CE IT IS ! DIRECT & AU!NTIC EMANATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT :]E IT IS LACK+1 :]E IT IS DEG5]AT$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$1 :]E IT IS 9SUFFICI5TLY /RUCTUR$1 :]E IT IS UND]E/IMAT$1 TAM$1 REG>D$ AS A POOR RELATION1 LIKE A FIF? :EEL1 ! ROLE ( COORD9ATOR 9EVITABLY FALLS TO ! /ATE1 A /ATE :I*1 BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 WANTS ABOVE ALL TO P]PETUATE ITSELF1 TO CON/ANTLY EXT5D ITS REMIT1 TO 9FR+E ON ANY =MS ( AUTONOMY1 TO NIBBLE AWAY AT FRE$OM4 

,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS ! MO/ PR(\ND CONTRADICTION ?AT R5DS WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T SPR+S FROM ! HI/ORICAL BACKW>DNESS ( ! $UCATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! CAPITALI/ REGIME1 AS WELL AS ! UNIONISM ( IMM$IATE DEM&S ?AT IS ITS COROLL>Y1 DID NOT PREP>E ! WORK]S1 OR PREP>$ !M POORLY1 = !IR SELF-MANAGEM5T FUNCTIONS4 

,= AN 5TIRE P]IOD !Y >E ?US OBLIG$ TO SEEK \TSIDE !IR RANKS ! EXP]TS1 TE*NICAL CADRES1 ACC\NTANTS1 ETC4 ,:]E ! CADRES B>ELY EXI/1 AS 9 ,ALG]IA1 ! FUNCTION+ ( SELF-MANAGEM5T IS S]I\SLY H9D]$3 SOMEONE REC5TLY OBS]V$ ?AT ,ALG]IAN SELF-MANAGEM5T REQUIRES TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& ACC\NTANTS & ! C\NTRY'S GOV]NM5T 5VISAGES ! ACCEL]AT$ $UCATION ( TW5TY ?\S&4 ,BUT :]E !SE EXP]TS EXI/1 AT LEA/ P>TIALLY1 !IR 9TRUSION FROM )\T SUBORD9ATES SELF-MANAGEM5T4 0,GU>DIAN%IP ORGANIZATIONS10 :5 !Y PROVIDE TE*NICAL ASSI/ANCE TO SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 T5D TO SUB/ITUTE !MSELVES = ! SELF-MANAG]S & TO BECOME MANAG]S 9 !IR /EAD4 

,!SE S]I\S DRAWBACKS CAN ONLY BE ELIM9AT$ :5 ! FUSION 0( SCI5CE & ! WORK+ CLASS0 DREAM$ ( BY ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE &1 AFT] HIM1 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WILL ALL[ ! ABOLITION ( GU>DIAN%IP4 ,AS ! MASSES GRADUALLY $UCATE !MSELVES ! SOCIAL BASE UPON :I* ! GU>DIANS RE/ WILL FADE AWAY4 ,!Y WILL ONLY BE 0EXECUTIVE ORGANS10 CONTROLLABLE & REVOCABLE BY ! 0CONSCI\S ACTIONS0 ( ! WORK]S4.<#a#f#i.> 

,SOCIALISM IS FAT$ TO REMA9 A VA9 WORD1 A DEMAGOGIC & HOLL[ OPTION1 AS LONG AS ! WORK]S >E NOT ABLE TO MANAGE PRODUCTION = !MSELVES1 AS LONG AS !Y >E 5SLAV$1 OR ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE 5SLAV$1 BY A P>ASITIC BUREAUCRACY IMITAT+ ! BOSSES :OSE PLACE !Y CANNOT WAIT TO TAKE4 

,9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,ALG]IA1 :]E SELF-MANAGEM5T /ILL SUFF]S FROM MANY VICES 9 ITS FUNCTION+1 IT AT LEA/ HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL[+ ! MASSES TO DO !IR APPR5TICE%IP BO? 9 DEMOCRACY & MANAGEM5T1 ( /IMULAT+ !IR 5?USIASM AT WORK 7ON ! CONDITION1 ( C\RSE1 ( 5SUR+ !M-:I* IS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE-EQUITABLE REMUN]ATION74 ,IT 9CULCATES 9 !M ! S5SE ( !IR RESPONSIBILITIES1 9/EAD ( MA9TA9+1 AS IS ! CASE UND] ! YOKE ( ! OMNIPOT5T /ATE1 MILL5NIAL HABITS ( PASSIVITY1 SUBMISSION1 & ! 9F]IORITY COMPLEX LEFT TO !M BY A SLAVI% PA/4 

,AT ! 5D ( SU* AN APPR5TICE%IP SELF-MANAGEM5T IS1 9 A WAY1 CONDEMN$ TO SUCCE$4 ,= IF ?IS IS NOT ! CASE SOCIALISM WILL HAVE FAIL$ 9 ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION4 ,AS ,PR\DHON OBS]V$3 0,UPON ! RESPONSE ?AT WILL BE GIV5 444 DEP5DS ! 5TIRE FUTURE ( ! WORK]S4 ,IF ?AT RESPONSE IS 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE A NEW WORLD OP5S BE=E HUMANITY4 ,IF IT IS 9 ! NEGATIVE1 ! PROLET>IAT CAN GIVE UP ALL HOPE 444 3 ,9 ?IS WORLD !RE IS NO HOPE = !M40.<#a#g.>  
  

.<#a#i#f#e1 9 ,P\R UN ,M>XISME LIB]TAIRE.> 

,?REE ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

  

,VOL9E1 LIB]T>IAN HI/ORIAN ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AFT] HAV+ BE5 AN ACTOR & WITNESS1 WROTE1 0,A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM WAS LEFT TO US BY ! PREC$+ REVOLUTIONS3 ABOVE ALL ,I MEAN ?OSE ( #a<i & #a#i#a#g4 ,>IS+ 9 L>GE P>T AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 ANIMAT$ BY A P[]FUL SURGE ( FRE$OM1 & PROCLAIM+ FRE$OM AS !IR ESS5TIAL GOAL1 :Y DID !SE REVOLUTIONS DESC5D 9TO NEW DICTATOR%IPS C>RI$ \T BY O!R DOM9AT+ & PRIVILEG$ /RATA1 9TO A NEW SLAV]Y ( ! POPUL> MASSES8 ,:AT W\LD ! CONDITIONS BE ?AT W\LD ALL[ A REVOLUTION TO AVOID ?IS SAD 5D8 ,IS ?IS 5D DUE TO PASS+ FACTORS1 TO ]RORS OR MI/AKES ?AT C\LD BE AVOID$ 9 ! FUTURE8 ,& 9 ! LATT] CASE1 :AT W\LD BE ! MEANS TO ELIM9ATE ! DANG] ?AT ?REAT5S ! IMM95T REVOLUTIONS80.<#a#g#a.> 

,) ,VOL9E1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! TWO GREAT HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS >E 9DISSOLUBLY CONNECT$4 ,DESPITE ! DIFF]5CES 9 P]IODS1 5VIRONM5T1 & 0CLASS CONT5T10 ! PROBLEMS !Y RAISE1 ! PITFALLS !Y RAN UP AGA9/1 W]E FUNDAM5TALLY ! SAME4 ,AT ! V]Y MO/1 9 ! FIR/ REVOLUTION !Y MANIFE/$ !MSELVES 9 A MORE EMBRYONIC =M ?AN 9 ! LAT] ONE4 ,& SO ! M5 ( TODAY CAN ONLY HOPE TO F9D ! PA? TO !IR FUTURE DEF9ITIVE EMANCIPATION IF !Y >E ABLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 :AT WAS PROGRESS & :AT WAS FAILURE 9 !SE TWO EXP]I5CES 9 ORD] TO DRAW ! LESSONS = ! FUTURE4 

,9 MY OP9ION ! BASIC CAUSE = ! RELATIVE FAILURE ( ! TWO GREATE/ REVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY RESIDES NOT1 TO BORR[ AGA9 FROM ,VOL9E1 9 0HI/ORIC 9EVITABILITY10 OR SIMPLY 9 ! SUBJECTIVE 0]RORS0 ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTORS4 ,! REVOLUTION BE>S )9 ITSELF A S]I\S CONTRADICTION 7A CONTRADICTION :I* =TUNATELY--& WE WILL RETURN TO ! SUBJECT--IS NOT IRREM$IABLE & IS ATT5UAT$ ) TIME73 IT CAN ONLY >ISE1 IT CAN ONLY VANQUI% IF IT ISSUES FROM ! DEP?S ( ! POPUL> MASSES1 FROM !IR IRRESI/IBLE SPONTANE\S UPRIS+2 BUT AL?\< ! CLASS 9/9CT DRIVES ! POPUL> MASSES TO BREAK !IR *A9S1 !Y >E YET LACK+ 9 $UCATION & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,& S9CE1 9 !IR =MIDABLE BUT TUMULTU\S & BL9D DRIVE T[>DS LIB]TY1 !Y RUN UP AGA9/ PRIVILEG$1 CONSCI\S1 $UCAT$1 ORGANIZ$1 & TE/$ SOCIAL CLASSES1 !Y CAN ONLY VANQUI% ! RESI/ANCE !Y MEET IF !Y SUCCE$ 9 OBTA9+ 9 ! HEAT ( ! /RUGGLE1 ! CONSCI\SNESS1 ! SCI5CE1 ! ORGANIZATION1 & ! EXP]I5CE !Y LACK4 ,BUT ! V]Y FACT ( =G+ ! WEAPONS ,I HAVE JU/ LI/$ SUMM>ILY1 & :I* ALONE CAN 5SURE !IR SUP]IORITY OV] ! 5EMY1 BE>S AN IMM5SE P]IL )9 IT3 ?AT ( KILL+ ! SPONTANEITY ?AT IS ! V]Y SPIRIT ( ! REVOLUTION2 ?AT ( COMPROMIS+ FRE$OM ?R\< ORGANIZATION2 ?AT ( ALL[+ ! MOVEM5T TO BE CONFISCAT$ BY AN ELITE M9ORITY ( MORE $UCAT$1 MORE CONSCI\S1 MORE EXP]I5C$ MILITANTS :O1 TO BEG9 )1 (F] !MSELVES AS GUIDES 9 ORD]1 9 ! 5D1 TO IMPOSE !MSELVES AS *IEFS & TO SUBJECT ! MASSES TO NEW =MS ( ! OPPRESSION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,= AS LONG AS SOCIALISM HAS BE5 CAPABLE ( REFLECT+ ON ?IS PROBLEM1 = AS LONG AS IT HAS BE5 AW>E ( ?IS CONTRADICTION1 MORE OR LESS S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 SOCIALISM HAS NOT CEAS$ TO /RUGGLE ) IT1 TO WAV] BETWE5 ! TWO OPPOS+ POLES ( FRE$OM & ORD]4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ITS ?9K]S & ACTORS HAS LABORI\SLY & /UMBL+LY /RIV51 AT ! PRICE ( MANY HESITATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS1 TO RESOLVE ! FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMA ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,PR\DHON1 9 HIS FAM\S ,MEMOIRE SUR LA ,PROPRIETE 7#a#h#d71 ?\<T HE HAD F\ND ! SYN!SIS :5 HE OPTIMI/ICALLY WROTE3 0! HI<E/ P]FECTION ( SOCIETY IS F\ND 9 ! UNITY ( ORD] & AN>*Y40 ,BUT A QU>T] ( A C5TURY LAT] HE MELAN*OLICALLY NOT$3 0,!SE TWO IDEAS1 FRE$OM 444 & ORD]1 /& TOGE!R 4444 ,!Y CANNOT BE SEP>AT$1 NOR CAN ONE BE ABSORB$ 9 ! O!R2 WE MU/ RESIGN \RSELVES TO LIV+ ) BO?1 ) KEEP+ !M 9 BALANCE 4444 ,NO POLITICAL =CE HAS YET PROVID$ ! TRUE SOLUTION TO ! H>MONY ( FRE$OM & ORD]40.<#a#g#b.> 

,TODAY AN IMM5SE EMPIRE1 CON/RUCT$ UND] ! SIGN ( 0SOCIALISM0 7& ( 0COMMUNISM071 SEEKS PA9FULLY1 )\T DESIGN1 & SOMETIMES CONVULSIVELY TO ESCAPE ! IRON %ACKLES ( AN 0ORD]0 F\ND$ ON CO]CION 9 ORD] TO F9D ! ROAD TO FRE$OM :I* ITS MILLIONS ( SUBJECTS1 DAILY MORE EXP]I5C$ & CONSCI\S1 ASPIRE TO4 ,! PROBLEM HAS BE5 POS$ 9 AN EV]-MORE-BURN+ FA%ION1 & ! F9AL WORD HAS NOT BE5 SPOK54 

,IF WE LOOK AT IT MORE CLOSELY1 ! PROBLEM HAS ?REE RELATIVELY DI/9CT ASPECTS1 ?\< !Y >E 9TIMATELY CONNECT$4  

,9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 :AT P>TS %\LD SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS1 ! MASSES & ! LEAD]S1 PLAY8  

,ONCE ! OLD OPPRESSIVE REGIME HAS BE5 OV]?R[N1 :AT =M ( POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANIZATION MU/ BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! ONE JU/ DEFEAT$8  

,F9ALLY1 :O %\LD ADM9I/] ! ECONOMY & H[ %\LD IT BE ADM9I/]$ AFT] ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 7A PROBLEM ?AT IS POS$ 9 ALL ITS MAGNITUDE = ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BUT :I* WAS POS$ ONLY EMBRYONICALLY = ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION78  
  

,ON EA* ( !SE ?REE QUE/IONS1 ! SOCIALI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HESITAT$1 %ILLY-%ALLI$1 CONTRADICT$ !MSELVES1 & CONFRONT$ EA* O!R4 ,:I* SOCIALI/S8 

,BROADLY SPEAK+1 ?REE MA9 CURR5TS CAN BE DI/+UI%$3  

,?OSE ,I WILL CALL AU?ORIT>IAN1 ! /ATI/S & C5TRALI/S1 SOME ! HEIRS ( ! ,JACOB9 & ,BLANQUI/ TRADITION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 O!RS ( ! ,G]MAN 7OR MORE PRECISELY1 ,PRUSSIAN7 TRADITION ( ! MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E ( ! ,/ATE ) A CAPITAL 0,S0.<#a#g#c.>  

,?OSE ,I WILL CALL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 ! LIB]T>IANS1 SOME ( !M HEIRS ( ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( #a#g#i#c1 ( ! COMMUNALI/ & F$]ALI/ IDEA1 & O!RS ( ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN APOLITICISM ASPIR+ TO SUB/ITUTE 0! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S0 = POLITICAL GOV]NM5T4  

,F9ALLY1 ! SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALI/S 7,M>X & ,5GELS71 LABORI\SLY /RIV+1 NOT ALWAYS COH]5TLY OR SUCCESSFULLY1 & (T5 = PURELY TACTICAL REASONS 7= !Y HAD TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! TWO W+S ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T7 TO RECONCILE ! TWO A=EM5TION$ CURR5TS1 TO F9D A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4  
  

,LET US TRY TO BRIEFLY SUMM>IZE ! ATTEMPTS MADE BY !SE ?REE CURR5TS ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T TO RESOLVE ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,SPONTANEITY & ,CONSCI\SNESS 

  

,! AU?ORIT>IANS DO NOT HAVE FAI? 9 ! CAPACITY ( ! MASSES TO A*IEVE CONSCI\SNESS ON !IR [N &1 EV5 :5 !Y CLAIM ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HAVE A PANIC FE> ( ! MASSES4 ,IF !Y >E TO BE BELIEV$1 ! MASSES >E /ILL DEGRAD$ BY C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION4 ,!Y NE$ TO BE GUID$ & L$4 ,A SMALL ELITE ( LEAD]S MU/ BE SUB/ITUT$ = !M TO TEA* !M REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY & LEAD !M TO VICTORY4 

,! LIB]T>IANS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 MA9TA9 ?AT ! REVOLUTION MU/ BE ! WORK ( ! MASSES !MSELVES1 ( !IR SPONTANEITY1 ( !IR FREE 9ITIATIVE1 ( !IR CREATIVE FACULTIES1 AS UNSUSPECT$ AS !Y >E =MIDABLE4 ,!Y PUT PEOPLE ON GU>D AGA9/ ! *IEFS :O1 9 ! NAME ( GREAT] CONSCI\SNESS1 ASPIRE TO IMPOSE !MSELVES ON ! MASSES 9 ORD] TO !N DESPOIL !M ( ! FRUITS ( !IR VICTORY4 

,AS = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !Y AT TIMES PLAC$ ! ACC5T ON SPONTANEITY & AT O!RS ON CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT !IR SYN!SIS REMA9S A %AKY1 UNC]TA91 & CONTRADICTORY ONE4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! LIB]T>IANS DO NOT ALWAYS ESCAPE ! SAME REPROA*4 ,WE F9D 9 ,PR\DHON1 JUXTAPOS$ TO ! OPTIMI/IC EXALTATION ( 0! POLITICAL CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASSES10 PESSIMI/IC PASSAGES 9 :I* HE CA/S D\BT ON SAID CAPACITY & JO9S ! AU?ORIT>IANS 9 !IR SUGGE/ION ?AT ! MASSES MU/ BE L$ FROM ABOVE4.<#a#g#d.> ,9 ! SAME WAY ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 DOES NOT ALWAYS SUCCE$ 9 RIDD+ HIMSELF ( ! 0#d#h]0 CONSPIRATORIALISM ( HIS Y\? &1 IMM$IATELY AFT] RELY+ ON ! IRRESI/IBLE PRIMAL 9/9CTS ( ! MASSES1 HE TURNS >\ND & CALLS = ! 9VISIBLE 09FILTRATION0 ( ! LATT] BY CONSCI\S LEAD]S ORGANIZ$ 9 SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,FROM :I* ?IS /RANGE BACK & =?3 ?OSE HE ACCUSES1 AT TIMES NOT )\T BASIS1 ( AU?ORIT>IANISM1 CAT* HIM 9 ! ACT ( AU?ORIT>IAN ,MA*IAVELLIANISM4 

,! TWO ANTAGONI/IC T5D5CIES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL MUTUALLY CONDEMN$ EA* O!R1 EA* ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( REASON1 = BACK/AGE MANEUV]S TO 5SURE CONTROL ( ! MOVEM5T4.<#a#g#e.> ,WE HAD TO WAIT = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG = A MORE OR LESS VIABLE SYN!SIS TO BE PROPOS$ BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,BUT ,TROTSKY COMPROMIS$ ?IS LABORI\SLY OBTA9$ EQUILIBRIUM 9 ORD] TO TAKE ! CONTRADICTION TO ITS EXTREME4 ,AT C]TA9 MOM5TS HE IS 0,LUXEMBURGI/40 ,AS CAN BE SE5 9 HIS #aie 7#a#i#g7 & HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c71 HE HAS A FEEL+ & AN 9/9CT = REVOLUTION FROM BEL[2 HE PLACES ! ACC5T ON ! AUTONOM\S ACTIONS ( ! MASSES1 BUT 9 ! 5D1 AFT] HAV+ BRILLIANTLY COMBAT$ !M1 HE RALLIES TO ,L59'S ,BLANQUI/ CONCEPTION ( ORGANIZATION.<#a#g#f.> &1 ONCE 9 P[]1 HE W\LD ACT 9 A MORE AU?ORIT>IAN FA%ION ?AN ! LEAD] ( ! S*OOL4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! H>% COMBAT ( HIS EXILE1 HE W\LD %ELT] BEH9D A N[ SANCTIFI$ ,L59 9 ORD] TO PUT ,/AL9 ON TRIAL1 & ?IS ID5TIFICATION W\LD PREV5T HIM UNTIL HIS F9AL DAY FROM SETT+ FREE ! ELEM5T ( ,LUXEMBURGISM )9 HIM4 

,! ,QUE/ION ( ,P[] 

  

,! AU?ORIT>IANS MA9TA9 ?AT ! POPUL> MASSES1 L$ BY !IR *IEFS1 MU/ SUB/ITUTE = ! B\RGEOIS /ATE !IR [N /ATE ADORN$ ) ! EPI!T 0PROLET>IAN10 & ?AT1 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ! P]MAN5CE ( ! LATT]1 !Y MU/ PU% TO ! EXTREME ! MEANS ( CO]CION US$ BY ! =M] 7C5TRALIZATION1 DISCIPL9E1 HI]>*Y1 POLICE74 ,?IS S*EMA DRAWS FROM LIB]T>IANS--& ?IS = MORE ?AN A C5TURY--CRIES ( FRI<T & HORROR4 ,:AT IS ! USE1 !Y ASK1 ( A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) REPLAC+ ONE REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS = ANO!R8 ,UNCOMPROMIS+ 5EMIES ( ! /ATE1 ( EV]Y =M ( /ATE1 !Y EXPECT FROM ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ! COMPLETE & DEF9ITIVE ABOLITION ( /ATE CO]CION4 ,!Y WANT TO SUB/ITUTE ! FREE F$]ATION ( ASSOCIAT$ COMMUNES & BOTTOM-UP DIRECT DEMOCRACY = ! OLD OPPRESSIVE /ATE4 

,M>X & ,5GELS S\<T !IR WAY BETWE5 ! EXTREMES ( !SE TWO T5D5CIES4 ,!Y BORE ! ,JACOB9 IMPR9T1 BUT ON ONE H& CONTACT ) ,PR\DHON >\ND #ahdd & ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MOSES ,HESS1.<#a#g#g.> & ON ! O!R ! CRITIQUE ( ,HEGELIANISM & ! DISCOV]Y ( 0ALI5ATION0 R5D]$ !M SOME:AT LIB]T>IAN4 ,!Y REJECT$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATISM ( ! ,FR5*MAN ,L\IS ,BLANC AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN ,LASSALLE4.<#a#g#h.> ,!Y DECL>$ !MSELVES SUPPORT]S ( ! ABROGATION ( ! /ATE4 ,BUT ONLY 9 ! LONG RUN4 ,! /ATE1 0! GOV]NM5TAL HODGEPODGE10 MU/ CONT9UE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY = A TIME4 ,AS SOON AS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS >E REALIZ$ ?AT WILL ALL[ = IT TO BE DONE AWAY ) IT WILL 0WI!R AWAY40 ,& :ILE WAIT+ = ?AT DAY1 WE MU/ /RIVE TO 0IMM$IATELY ATT5UATE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ITS MO/ H>MFUL EFF ECTS40.<#a#g#i.> ,?IS IMM$IATE P]SPECTIVE JU/LY WORRIES ! LIB]T>IANS4 ,! SURVIVAL1 EV5 0PROVISIONAL10 ( ! /ATE SAYS NO?+ GOOD TO !M1 & !Y PROPHETICALLY ANN\NCE ?AT ONCE REE/ABLI%$ ! ,LEVIA?AN WILL OB/9ATELY REFUSE TO RESIGN4.<#a#h.> ,! LIB]T>IANS' DOGG$ CRITICISM PLAC$ ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 AN EMB>RASS+ POSITION1 & !RE W]E TIMES :5 !Y MADE SO MANY CONCESSIONS TO !IR IDEOLOGICAL ADV]S>IES ?AT AT A C]TA9 MOM5T ! DEBATE OV] ! /ATE BETWE5 SOCIALI/S SEEM$ TO HAVE NO PO9T OR TO BE NO?+ BUT A SIMPLE QUIBBLE OV] WORDS4 ,ALAS1 ?IS BEAUTIFUL H>MONY LA/$ BUT A MORN+4 

,BUT ! ,BOL%EVISM ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY REVEALS ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A SIMPLY V]BAL DISPUTE4 ,M>X & ,5GELS' TRANSITORY /ATE BECOMES1 ALREADY 9 ITS EMBRYONIC =M ) ,L59 & EV5 MORE ) ,L59'S SUCCESSORS1 A T5TACUL> MON/]1 :I* 9 NO UNC]TA9 T]MS PROCLAIMS ITS REFUSAL TO WI!R AWAY4 

,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY 

  

,F9ALLY1 :AT =M ( PROP]TY %\LD REPLACE PRIVATE CAPITALISM8 

,! AU?ORIT>IANS HAVE NO HESITATION 9 RESPOND+4 ,S9CE !IR MA9 DEFECT IS A LACK ( IMAG9ATION1 & S9CE !Y FE> ! UNKN[N1 !Y FALL BACK ON =MS ( ADM9I/RATION & MANAGEM5T PLAGI>IZ$ FROM ! PA/4 ,! /ATE WILL SWOOP UP 9 ITS IMM5SE NET ALL ( PRODUCTION1 ALL ( EX*ANGE1 ALL ( F9ANCE4 0,/ATE CAPITALISM0 WILL SURVIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! BUREAUCRACY1 ALREADY GIGANTIC UND] ,NAPOLEON1 UND] ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA1 & UND] ! ,CZ>1 WILL NO LONG] BE SATISFI$ UND] A SOCIALI/ REGIME ) LEVY+ TAXES & RAIS+ >MIES & 9CREAS+ ! POLICE =CE3 IT WILL EXT5D ITS T5TACLES OV] ! FACTORIES1 ! M9ES1 ! BANKS1 & ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT4 ,! LIB]T>IANS ISSUE A CRY ( FRI<T4 ,?IS EXORBITANT EXPANSION ( ! P[]S ( ! /ATE LOOKS TO !M TO BE ! GRAVE ( LIB]TY4 ,MAX ,/IRN] WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO RISE UP AGA9/ ! /ATISM ( ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4.<#a#h#a.> ,PR\DHON %\T$ NO LESS L\DLY1 & ,BAKUN9 FOLL[$ HIM3 0,I DETE/ COMMUNISM10 HE DECL>$ 9 A SPEE*1 0BECAUSE IT NECESS>ILY >RIVES AT ! C5TRALIZATION ( PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 :ILE ,I 444 WANT ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & COLLECTIVE & SOCIAL PROP]TY FROM ! BOTTOM UP BY WAY ( FREE ASSOCIATION1 & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N BY MEANS ( SOME =M ( AU?ORITY40.<#a#h#b.> 

,BUT ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS >E NOT UNANIM\S 9 =MULAT+ !IR C\NT]-PROPOSAL4 ,/IRN] SUGGE/S A 0FREE ASSOCIATION0 ( 0EGOI/S10 TOO PHILOSOPHICAL 9 9SPIRATION & ALSO TOO UN/ABLE4 ,PR\DHON1 MORE CONCRETELY1 SUGGE/S A COMB9ATION--:I* 9 SOME WAYS IS RETROGRADE1 PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! ALREADY \TMOD$ /ATE ( SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY--( SMALL-SCALE COMM]CE1 ( >TISANAL PRODUCTION3 PRIVATE PROP]TY MU/ BE SAFE-GU>D$4 ,SMALL PRODUC]S1 REMA9+ 9DEP5D5T1 MU/ (F] EA* O!R MUTUAL AID4 ,AT ! V]Y MO/ HE ACCEPTS COLLECTIVE PROP]TY 9 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( SECTORS1 :I* HE AGREES HAVE ALREADY BE5 CONQU]$ BY L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY3 TRANSPORT1 M9ES1 ETC4 ,BUT BO? ,/IRN] & ,PR\DHON1 EA* 9 HIS [N FA%ION1 LEAVE !MSELVES OP5 TO ! BLI/]+ CRITIQUE ADM9I/]$ !M--A LITTLE UNJU/LY1 IT MU/ BE SAID--BY ,M>XISM4 

,BAKUN9 = HIS P>T SEP>ATES HIMSELF DELIB]ATELY FROM ,PR\DHON4 ,= A BRIEF TIME1 HE CON/ITUT$ A UNIT$ FRONT ) ,M>X )9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ HIS =M] TEA*]4 ,HE REJECTS PO/-,PR\DHONIAN 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,HE LE>NS ! LESSONS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,HE CALLS = COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,HE PRES5TS HIMSELF AS NEI!R A COMMUNI/ NOR A ,MUTUALI/ BUT A COLLECTIVI/4 ,PRODUCTION %\LD BE MANAG$1 BO? ON A LOCAL BASIS BY 0! SOLID>IZATION ( COMMUNES0 & ON AN OCCUPATIONAL BASIS BY GR\PS OR ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,BAKUN9I/S ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ahfi DECID$ ?AT 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY 0! GOV]NM5T WILL BE REPLAC$ BY C\NCILS ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS40.<#a#h#c.> ,M>X & ,5GELS WAV] & H$GE4 ,9 !  
,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#h1 9SPIR$ BY ,L\IS ,BLANC1 !Y'D ADOPT$ ! EASY OMNI-/ATI/ SOLUTION4 ,BUT LAT]1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! PRESSURE ( ! AN>*I/S1 !Y W\LD TEMP] ?IS /ATISM & SPEAK ( 0! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PRODUC]S40.<#a#h#d.> ,BUT !SE H9TS AT AN>*ISM W\LD NOT LA/ LONG & ,M>X & ,5GELS W\LD ALMO/ IMM$IATELY RETURN1 9 !IR FI<T TO ! DEA? ) ,BAKUN9 & HIS DISCIPLES1 TO A MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ PHRASEOLOGY4 

,SO IT IS NOT TOTALLY )\T REASON 7?\< NOT ALWAYS ) TOTAL GOOD FAI?7 ?AT ,BAKUN9 ACCUS$ ! ,M>XI/S ( CONC5TRAT+ ALL ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ,L59 ! /ATI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES1 SUP]-IMPOS$ ON AN AN>*ISM !Y CONTRADICT & ANNIHILATE1 ALREADY EXI/ 9 G]M1 & UND] ,/AL91 0QUANTITY0 BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO 0QUALITY10 !Y DEG5]ATE 9TO AN OPPRESSIVE /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT ,BAKUN91 9 HIS OCCASIONALLY UNFAIR CRITICISM ( ,M>X1 SEEMS TO HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 

,?IS BRIEF HI/ORICAL REM9D] IS ONLY ( 9T]E/ 9S(> AS IT CAN ASSI/ US 9 ORI5T+ \RSELVES 9 ! PRES5T4 ,! LESSONS WE WILL DRAW FROM !M ALL[ US TO UND]/&1 9 A /RIK+ & DRAMATIC WAY1 ?AT DESPITE MANY CONCEPTIONS ?AT SEEM TODAY TO BE \TMOD$1 *ILDI%1 OR PROV$ WRONG BY EXP]I5CE 7= EXAMPLE !IR 0APOLITICISM01 ON ! ESS5TIAL QUE/IONS ! LIB]T>IANS W]E 9 ! RI<T AGA9/ ! AU?ORIT>IANS4 ,! LATT] LET LOOSE RIV]S ( 9SULTS ON ! =M]1 CALL+ !IR PROGRAM 0A JUMBLE ( IDEAS FROM BEYOND ! GRAVE10 REACTION>Y UTOPIAS1 \TDAT$ & DECAD5T4.<#a#h#e.> ,BUT IT CAN BE SE5 TODAY1 AS ,VOL9E /RESSES1 ?AT IT IS ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEA ?AT1 F> FROM BELONG+ TO ! FUTURE1 IS NO?+ BUT A SURVIVAL FROM ! OLD1 B\RGEOIS WORLD1 WORN \T & MORIBUND4.<#a#h#f.> ,IF !RE IS A UTOPIA1 IT IS ?AT ( SO-CALL$ /ATE COMMUNISM1 :OSE BANKRUPTCY IS SO PAT5T ?AT ITS [N B5EFICI>IES 7CONC]N$ ABOVE ALL ) SAFEGU>D+ !IR 9T]E/S AS A PRIVILEG$ CA/E7 SEEK TODAY1 LABORI\SLY & /UMBL+LY1 ! MEANS TO AM5D IT & EVADE IT4 

,! FUTURE BELONGS NEI!R TO CLASSICAL CAPITALISM NOR1 AS ! LATE ,M]LEAU-,PONTY TRI$ TO P]SUADE US1 TO A CAPITALISM REVIS$ & CORRECT$ BY A 0NEOLIB]ALISM0 OR BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MISM4.<#a#h#g.> ,!IR DUAL BANKRUPTCY IS NO LESS RES\ND+ ?AN ?AT ( /ATE COMMUNISM4 ,! FUTURE /ILL BELONGS1 MORE ?AN EV] BELONGS1 TO COMMUNISM1 BUT A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 PROPHETICALLY ANN\NC$ 9 #a#h#i#f1 \R ]A 0WILL BE> ! EFFECTS ( ! REAWAK5+ ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 4444 ,! NEXT REVOLUTION WILL NO LONG] BE ! ,JACOB9 REVOLUTION40.<#a#h#h.> 

,! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT WE \TL9$ ABOVE CAN & MU/ F9ALLY F9D !IR SOLUTION4 ,WE >E NO LONG] 9 ! ]A ( ! /AMM]+1 /UMBL+ SOCIALI/ ?9K]S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! PROBLEMS >E NO LONG] POS$ AB/RACTLY1 BUT RA!R CONCRETELY4 ,TODAY WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL AN ABUNDANT H>VE/ ( PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES4 ,! TE*NIQUE ( ,REVOLUTION HAS BE5 IMM5SELY 5RI*$4 ,! LIB]T>IAN IDEA IS NO LONG] 9SCRIB$ 9 ! CL\DS1 BUT EM]GES FROM ! FACTS !MSELVES1 FROM ! MO/ PR(\ND & AU!NTIC ASPIRATIONS1 EV5 :5 !Y >E REPRESS$1 ( ! POPUL> MASSES4 

,! PROBLEM ( SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS IS EASI] TO RESOLVE TODAY ?AN A C5TURY AGO4 ,IF ! MASSES1 AS A RESULT ( ! OPPRESSION !Y SUFF]1 >E /ILL A BIT BEH9DH& 9 UND]/&+ ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 IF !Y >E /ILL LACK+ 9 $UCATION & POLITICAL LUCIDITY1 !Y HAVE MADE UP A L>GE P>T ( ! HI/ORIC DELAY4 ,EV]Y:]E1 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES & ?OSE SUBJECT TO SO-CALL$ COMMUNISM1 !Y HAVE MADE A GREAT LEAP =W>D4 ,!Y >E MU* H>D] TO DUPE4 ,!Y KN[ ! FULL EXT5T ( !IR RI<TS4 ,!IR KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD & !IR [N DE/9Y HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLY 5RI*$4 ,IF ! DEFICI5CIES ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT PRIOR TO #a#h#d1 BECAUSE ( ITS 9EXP]I5CE & SMALL NUMB]S1 GAVE BIR? TO ,BLANQUISM1 IF ?AT ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT BE=E #aiag GAVE BIR? TO ,L59ISM1 & ?AT ( ! NEW1 EXHAU/$ PROLET>IAT BROK5 UP FOLL[+ ! CIVIL W> ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b & ?OSE NEWLY UPROOT$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE GAVE BIR? TO ,/AL9ISM1 TODAY ! LABOR+ MASSES HAVE LESS NE$ TO ABDICATE !IR P[] 9TO ! H&S ( AU?ORIT>IAN & SUPPOS$LY 9FALLIBLE TUTORS4 

,:AT IS MORE1 ?ANKS NOTABLY TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ! IDEA HAS P5ETRAT$ SOCIALI/ ?\<T ?AT EV5 IF ! MASSES >E NOT YET COMPLETELY MATURE1 EV5 IF ! FUSION ( SCI5CE & ! WORK+ CLASS DREAM$ ( BY ,LASSALLE HAS NOT YET TAK5 PLACE1 ! ONLY WAY TO CAT* UP & TO REM$Y ?IS DEFICI5CY IS TO ASSI/ ! MASSES 9 DO+ !IR APPR5TICE%IP 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY FROM ! BOTTOM UP4.<#a#h#i.> ,IT IS 9 DEVELOP+1 5C\RAG+1 & /IMULAT+ !IR FREE 9ITIATIVES2 IT IS 9 9CULCAT+ 9 !M ! S5SE ( !IR RESPONSIBILITIES 9/EAD ( MA9TA9+ 9 !M1 AS /ATE 0COMMUNISM0 DOES 7:E!R 9 P[] OR 9 OPPOSITION71 ! AGE-OLD HABITS ( PASSIVITY1 SUBMISSION1 & FEEL+ ( 9F]IORITY PASS$ ON TO !M BY A PA/ ( OPPRESSION4 ,EV5 IF ?IS APPR5TICE%IP IS AT TIMES DIFFICULT1 EV5 IF ! RHY?M IS AT TIMES SL[1 EV5 IF IT CRIPPLES SOCIETY ) SUPPLEM5T>Y CO/S1 EV5 IF IT CAN ONLY BE EFFECT$ AT ! CO/ ( SOME 0DISORD]10 !SE DIFFICULTIES1 !SE DELAYS1 !SE SUPPLEM5T>Y CO/S1 !SE GR[+ PA9S1 >E 9F9ITELY LESS H>MFUL ?AN ! FALSE ORD]1 ! FALSE BRILLIANCE1 ! FALSE 0EFFICI5CY0 ( /ATE 0COMMUNISM10 :I* OBLIT]ATE MAN1 KILL POPUL> 9ITIATIVE1 & F9ALLY DI%ONOR ! V]Y IDEA ( COMMUNISM4.<#a#i.> 

,AS CONC]NS ! PROBLEM ( ! /ATE1 ! LESSONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION >E CLE>LY WRITT5 ON ! WALL4 ,LIQUIDAT+ ! P[] ( ! MASSES1 AS WAS DONE 9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 RECON/RUCT+ OV] ! RU9S ( ! =M] /ATE MA*9E A NEW OPPRESSIVE APP>ATUS EV5 MORE P]FECT$ ?AN ! PREVI\S ONE1 ONE FRAUDUL5TLY BAPTIZ$ 0P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT10 (T5 BY ABSORB+ 9TO ! NEW REGIME ! 0EXP]TS0 ( ! DEFUNCT REGIME 7/ILL IMBU$ ) !IR =M] AU?ORITY72 ALL[+ ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS :I* CONSID]S ITS [N SURVIVAL AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF & :I* P]PETUATES ! /ATE ?AT 5SURES ?AT SURVIVAL1 IS NOT ! MODEL TO BE FOLL[$4 ,:AT IS MORE1 IF WE TAKE LIT]ALLY ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! 0WI!R+ AWAY0 ( ! /ATE1 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT HAD PROVOK$ &1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,M>XI/S1 LEGITIMIZ$ ! RECON/RUCTION ( A /ATE APP>ATUS1 %\LD ALL[ US TODAY TO DO )\T ?AT CUMB]SOME G5D>ME SO EAG] TO REMA9 9 PLACE ?AT IS ! /ATE4 

,9DU/RIALIZATION1 ?\< DEVELOP+ UNEV5LY 9 EA* C\NTRY1 IS TAK+ GIANT /EPS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( NEW S\RCES ( 5]GY ) UNLIMIT$ POSSIBILITIES IS 5ORM\SLY ACCEL]AT+ ?IS EVOLUTION4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE 5G5D]$ BY POV]TY & :I* JU/IFIES ITSELF BY ?IS POV]TY1 DAILY BECOMES EV] MORE SUP]FLU\S4 ,AS = ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 ALL ! EXP]IM5TS C>RI$ \T1 BO? 9 ! QU9TESS5TIAL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS WELL AS ?OSE 9 ! C\NTRIES SUBJECT$ TO /ATE 0COMMUNISM10 DEMON/RATE ?AT ! FUTURE1 AT LEA/ = L>GE SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 NO LONG] BELONGS TO GIGANTIC PRODUCTION UNITS4 ,GIGANTISM1 :I* DAZZL$ ! LATE ,YANKEE CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY AS WELL AS ! COMMUNI/ ,L591 BELONGS TO ! PA/4 ,TOO ,BIG3 ?IS IS ! NAME ( A BOOK ON ! EVILS ( ?IS PLAGUE ON ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY4.<#a#i#a.> ,= HIS P>T ,KHRU%*EV1 ?AT WILY BOOR1 F9ALLY GRASP$1 ?\< LATE & TIMIDLY1 ! NE$ = 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,IT WAS LONG BELIEV$ ?AT ! SACROSANCT IMP]ATIVES ( ! PLANN$ ECONOMY DEM&$ /ATE MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,TODAY IT IS REALIZ$ ?AT TOP-D[N PLANN+1 BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 IS A FRI<TFUL S\RCE ( DISORD] & WA/E &1 AS ,M]LEAU-,PONTY SAID1 0,IT DOES NOT PLAN40.<#a#i#b.> ,*>LES ,BETTELHEIM %[$ US1 9 A BOOK ?AT WAS TOO (T5 CON=MI/ AT ! TIME IT WAS WRITT51 ?AT IT C\LD ONLY FUNCTION EFFICI5TLY IF IT WAS MANAG$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP & NOT FROM ! TOP D[N1 IF IT EMANAT$ FROM ! L[] E*ELONS ( PRODUCTION & WAS CON/ANTLY SUBJECT TO !IR CONTROL--:ILE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R ?IS CONTROL BY ! MASSES %9ES BY ITS ABS5CE4 ,)\T ANY D\BT1 ! FUTURE BELONGS TO ! AUTONOM\S MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES BY ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S4 ,:AT REMA9S TO BE WORK$ \T IS ! ME*ANISM1 DELICATE TO BE SURE1 ( !IR F$]ATION1 ( ! H>MONIZ+ ( V>I$ 9T]E/S 9 A FREE ORD]4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ! ATTEMPT AT A SYN!SIS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & /ATISM PROMOT$ BY ! N[ UNDES]V$LY =GOTT5 ,BELGIAN SOCIALI/ ,CES> DE ,PAEPE DES]VES EXHUMATION4.<#a#i#c.> 

,ON O!R LEVELS ! EVOLUTION ( TE*NOLOGY & ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR OP5 ! ROAD TO A SOCIALISM FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,! MO/ REC5T RESE>* 9 ! FIELD ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( WORK LEADS TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT PRODUCTION IS ONLY 0EFFICI5T0 IF IT DOES NOT CRU% MAN1 IF IT ASSOCIATES 9/EAD ( ALI5AT+ HIM1 IF IT APPEALS TO HIS 9ITIATIVE1 HIS FULL COOP]ATION1 & IF IT TRANSMUTES HIS DRUDG]Y 9TO JOYFUL LABOR1 A CONDITION ?AT IS NOT FULLY REALIZABLE EI!R 9 ! 9DU/RIAL B>RACKS ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM OR ?OSE ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! ACCEL]ATION ( ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT FACILITATES 5ORM\SLY ! EX]CISE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,= EXAMPLE3 ?ANKS TO AIRPLANES1 9 A FEW H\RS ! DELEGATES ( LOCAL BRAN*ES ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR UNIONS--! MO/ MOD]N ( :I*1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ! AUTOMOBILE WORK]S1 >E DISP]S$ ACROSS A :OLE CONT95T--CAN BE EASILY ASSEMBL$4 

,BUT IF WE WANT TO REG5]ATE SOCIALISM1 TURN$ UPSIDE D[N BY ! AU?ORIT>IANS1 & PUT IT BACK ON ITS FEET1 WE MU/ ACT QUICKLY4 ,9 #ahif ,KROPOTK9 =CEFULLY SAID ?AT AS LONG AS SOCIALISM HAS AN AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ FACE IT WILL 9SPIRE A C]TA9 MI/RU/ 9 ! WORK]S &1 BECAUSE ( ?IS1 IT WILL SEE ITS EF=TS COMPROMIS$ & ITS LAT] DEVELOPM5T P>ALYZ$4.<#a#i#d.> ,PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 HI/ORICALLY CONDEMN$1 ONLY SURVIVES TODAY BECAUSE ( ! >MS RACE ON ! ONE H& & ! BANKRUPTCY ( /ATE 0COMMUNISM0 ON ! O!R4 ,WE CANNOT IDEOLOGICALLY DEFEAT BIG BUS9ESS & ITS SO-CALL$ FREE 5T]PRISE1 UND] COV] ( :I* A H&FUL ( MONOPOLIES DOM9ATE1 WE CANNOT SEE (F NATIONALISM & FASCISM1 EV] READY TO RISE FROM ! A%ES1 UNLESS WE >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ 9 PRACTICE A CONCRETE SUB/ITUTE = /ATE PSEUDO-COMMUNISM4 ,AS = ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES1 !Y WILL ONLY ESCAPE !IR CURR5T IMPASSE IF WE ASSI/ !M1 NOT 9 LIQUIDAT+1 BUT 9 COMPLETELY REBUILD+ !IR SOCIALISM4 ,KHRU%*EV CAME CRA%+ D[N = HAV+ HESITAT$ TOO LONG BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE4 ,! ,GOMULKAS1 ,TITOS1 & ,DUBCEKS--DESPITE !IR GOOD WILL1 !IR DESIRE = DE-,/AL9IZATION1 & !IR ANTI/ATI/ T5D5CIES--RISK GR9D+ TO A HALT1 WOBBL+ ON ! TI<TROPE :]E !Y /& 9 AN UN/ABLE EQUILIBRIUM &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 WILL FAIL IF !Y DO NOT ACQUIRE ! AUDACITY & CLE>-SI<T$NESS ?AT WILL ALL[ !M TO DEF9E ! ESS5TIAL BASES = A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4.<#a#i#e.> 

,! ,REVOLUTION ( \R TIME WILL BE MADE FROM ! BOTTOM UP--OR IT WILL NOT BE MADE AT ALL4  
  

.<#a#i#e#h1 9 ,JEUNESSE DU ,SOCIALISME ,LIB]TAIRE.> 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ,DE-,JACOB9IZ$ 

  

,TODAY1 WE >E SURR\ND$ BY NO?+ BUT RU9S4 ,! IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E DRUMM$ 9TO US1 ! POLITICAL REGIMES ?AT WE W]E MADE TO SUBMIT TO OR W]E HELD UP AS MODELS >E ALL FALL+ TO PIECES4 ,AS ,$G> ,QU9ET SAID1 WE HAVE LO/ ALL \R BAGGAGE4.<#a#i#f.> 

,FASCISM1 ! ULTIMATE & B>B>\S =M ( MAN'S DOM9ATION ( MAN1 COLLAPS$ A QU>T] C5TURY AGO 9 A BLOODBA?4 ,& ! V]Y PEOPLE :O CLUNG TO IT LIKE A LIFE RAFT1 :O HAD CALL$ IT TO ! RESCUE AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS1 EV5 AT ! PO9T ( =EIGN BAYONETS1 GOT SK9N$ 9 ! ADV5TURE & >E =C$1 EV5 ?\< !Y /ILL SECRETLY PREF] IT1 TO (F] !IR M]*&ISE 9 A CAM\FLAG$ =M4 

,! LEA/ ?AT CAN BE SAID IS ?AT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY WAS NOT RE9VIGORAT$ BY ! CRU%+ DEFEAT ( FASCISM4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT HAD MADE ! LATT]'S B$ & %[$ ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( /&+ 9 ITS WAY4 ,IT NO LONG] HAS A DOCTR9E OR ANY FAI? 9 ITSELF4 ,IT HAS NOT SUCCE$$ 9 RE/OR+ ITS IMAGE BY CAPTUR+ = ITS B5EFIT ! F]VOR ( ! ,FR5* POPUL> MASSES AGA9/ ,HITL]ISM4 ,! ,RESI/ANCE LO/ ITS RAISON D'ETRE ON ! DAY ITS 5EMY DISAPPE>$4 ,ITS FALSE UNITY IMM$IATELY DIS9TEGRAT$4 ,ITS MY? WAS DEFLAT$4 ,! POLITICIANS ( ! PO/W> P]IOD W]E ! MO/ PITIFUL WE HAVE EV] 5DUR$4 ,!Y !MSELVES VAPORIZ$ ! OV]LY CR$UL\S CONFID5CE ( ?OSE :O1 = WANT ( ANY?+ BETT]1 TURN$ TO ,LONDON AGA9/ ,VI*Y4.<#a#i#g.> ,B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY %[$ ITSELF TO BE TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( RESOLV+ ! PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! PO/W> P]IOD1 CONTRADICTIONS EV5 MORE 9SOLUBLE ?AN !Y W]E BE=E ! SO-CALL$ CRUSADE UND]TAK5 TO F9D A SOLUTION TO !M4 ,IT WAS ONLY ABLE TO SURVIVE AT HOME ?R\< A %AMEFUL & HYPOCRITICAL C>ICATURE ( FASCI/ ME?ODS1 & ABROAD ?R\< COLONIAL W>S & EV5 W>S ( AGGRESSION4 ,IT HAS CAPITULAT$4 ,ITS SUCCESSION IS OP54 ,& ! ANA*RONI/IC ,FIF? ,REPUBLIC WAS ONLY ABLE TO PUT AN 9EFFECTIVE B&-AID ON ! W\ND1 ONE MORE H>MFUL ?AN ! PREVI\S M$IC9ES &1 :AT IS MORE1 EPHEM]AL4.<#a#i#h.> 

,& !N ,/AL9ISM1 :I* CLAIM$ & :I* MANY BELIEV$ TO BE MADE ( /]N] /UFF & TO BE HI/ORICALLY DE/9$ TO SUB/ITUTE ITSELF = ! MORIBUND 7FASCI/ OR 0DEMOCRATIC07 =MS ( B\RGEOIS DOM9ATION1 COLLAPS$ 9 ITS TURN 9 ! SC&AL ( ! IGNOM9IES REVEAL$ 9 ,KHRU%*EV'S SECRET REPORT1 9 ! HORRORS ( ! ,HUNG>IAN REPRESSION1 & ! 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4.<#a#i#i.> 

,BUT A WORLD ?AT IS COLLAPS+ IS ALSO A WORLD BE+ REBORN4 ,F> FROM ALL[+ \RSELVES TO FALL 9TO D\BT1 9ACTION1 CONFUSION OR DESPAIR1 ! TIME HAS COME = ! ,FR5* WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T TO />T AGA9 FROM Z]O1 TO RE?9K ! V]Y BASES ( ITS PROBLEMS1 TO REMAKE1 AS ,QU9ET SAID1 ALL ( ITS BAGGAGE ( IDEAS4 

,IT WAS A CONC]N ( ?AT ORD] ?AT1 9 ! DAYS FOLL[+ ! ,LIB]ATION1 L$ ME TO GO BACK TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4.<#b.> ,IF MY 9T5TIONS W]E NOT CLE> 5\< & IF AS A RESULT & ?R\< MY FAULT1 !Y ESCAP$ MANY ( MY READ]S & OPPON5TS1 A ,BRITI% CRITIC NEV]!LESS UND]/OOD3 0,EA* G5]ATION MU/ RE-WRITE HI/ORY = ITSELF4 ,IF ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS ! C5TURY ( ,LIB]TY1 ! PRES5T C5TURY IS ?AT ( ,EQUALITY4 ,! TW9 IDEALS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 SO LONG SEP>AT$ BY ! POLITICAL ASC5DANCY ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,LIB]ALISM1 >E COM+ TOGE!R AGA94 ,?IS RAPPRO*EM5T1 DICTAT$ BY ! C\RSE ( EV5TS & ! DIRECTION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS ITSELF1 MAKES NEW DEM&S ON ALL :O ASPIRE TO DESCRIBE & 9T]PRET ?AT PROCESS4 ,IF ! TW9 IDEALS :I* ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION [ES SO L>GELY TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION >E TO BE AGA9 RECONCIL$ 9 ACTION1 !Y MU/ SURELY BE ALSO--& P]HAPS FIR/--RECONCIL$ 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( !IR EVOLUTION BY HI/ORIANS40 ,& ?IS ANONYM\S CRITIC F\ND IT 0NATURAL ?AT :5 ,FRANCE IS PASS+ ?R\< A PHASE ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION 444 %E %\LD SEEK GUIDANCE FROM A MORE MANY-SID$ SOCIAL 9T]PRETATION ( H] HI/ORY40 .<#b#a.> 

,BUT 9 MY OP9ION1 ! NECESS>Y SYN!SIS ( ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY ?AT ?IS CRITIC RECOMM5D$ 9 F> TOO VAGUE & CONFUS$ A FA%ION CANNOT & MU/ NOT BE ATTEMPT$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK & = ! B5EFIT ( A BANKRUPT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,IT CAN & %\LD BE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( SOCIALI/ 7& COMMUNI/7 ?\<T1 :I* REMA9S1 DESPITE IT ALL1 ! SOLE SOLID VALUE ( \R EPO*4 ,! DUAL FAILURES ( RE=MISM & ,/AL9ISM PLACE BE=E US ! URG5T DUTY ( RECONCIL+ PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM1 FRE$OM & ,REVOLUTION4 

,& IT WAS PRECISELY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ?AT FIR/ PROVID$ US ) ! MAT]IAL = ?IS SYN!SIS4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY ! ANTAGONI/IC NOTIONS ( FRE$OM & CO]CION1 ( /ATE P[] & ! P[] ( ! MASSES CONFRONT$ EA* O!R1 CLE>LY IF NOT FULLY1 9 ITS IMM5SE CRUCIBLE4 ,FROM ?IS F]TILE EXP]I5CE1 AS ,KROPOTK9 SAW1 EM]G$ ! TWO GREAT CURR5TS ( MOD]N SOCIALI/ ?\<T ON ! BASIS ( :I* WE CAN REMAKE \R IDEOLOGICAL 0BAGGAGE0 ONLY IF WE F9ALLY SUCCE$ 9 F9D+ ! CORRECT SYN!SIS4.<#b#b.> 

,! RETURN TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAS1 UNTIL TODAY1 BE5 RELATIVELY FRUITLESS1 BECAUSE MOD]N REVOLUTION>IES1 ALL ( :OM HAVE NEV]!LESS /UDI$ IT CLOSELY & PASSIONATELY1 HAVE ONLY BE5 CONC]N$ ) SUP]FICIAL ANALOGIES1 ) =MAL PO9TS ( RESEMBLANCE ) ?IS SITUATION1 OR ?AT POLITICAL GR\P1 OR SOME O!R P]SONALITY ( !IR TIME4 ,IT W\LD BE QUITE AMUS+ TO RECAPITULATE ALL !SE FANTASIES1 SOMETIMES BRILLIANT1 SOMETIMES SIMPLY ABSURD1 AB\T :I* HI/ORIANS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION LIKE ,BORIS ,S\V>9E1 ,]I* ,WOLL5B]G1 & ,ISAAC ,DEUTS*] W]E RI<T TO HAVE RES]VATIONS4.<#b#c.> ,BUT WE W\LD NE$ PAGES & PAGES TO DO ?IS1 & WE HAVE BETT] ?+S TO DO4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE AB&ON ! LITTLE GAME ( ANALOGIES & ATTEMPT TO GET TO ! HE>T ( ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ANALYZE ITS 9T]NAL ME*ANISM1 WE C\LD DRAW LESSONS FROM IT :I* W\LD BE EXTREMELY USEFUL = UND]/&+ ! PRES5T4 

,! ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRATIZATION ( #agic 

  

,! FIR/ ?+ TO EMPHASIZE IS ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ! FIR/ COH]5T1 WIDE-SCALE1 HI/ORICAL MANIFE/ATION ( A NEW TYPE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT SIMPLY1 AS TOO MANY REPUBLICAN HI/ORIANS BELIEV$1 ! CRADLE ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY3 BECAUSE AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT WAS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION IT WAS ALSO ! EMBRYO ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 IT BORE )9 ITSELF ! SE$ ( A NEW =M ( REVOLUTION>Y P[] :OSE FEATURES W\LD BECOME MORE DI/9CT OV] ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! LATE N9ETE5? & ! TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,! ?READ ?AT RUNS FROM ! ,COMMUNE ( #agic TO ?AT ( #a#h#g#a1 & FROM ?AT TO ! SOVIETS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g1 IS CLE>4 

,I W\LD H]E LIKE TO LIMIT MYSELF TO BRIEFLY SUMM>IZ+ SOME ( ! G5]AL FEATURES ( ! 0DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 ( #a#g#i#c4 ,IF WE /EP 9TO ! 0SECTIONS10 ! POPUL> SOCIETIES ( ! ,YE> ,I,I1.<#b#d.> WE HAVE ! FEEL+ ( A RE9VIGORAT+ IMM]SION 9 DEMOCRACY4 ,! P]IODIC SELF-PURG+ ( EA* 0POPUL> SOCIETY10 EA* C&IDATE M\NT+ ! PODIUM TO (F] HIM OR H]SELF TO ! SCRUT9Y ( ALL2 ! CONC]N TO 5SURE ! MO/ P]FECT POSSIBLE EXPRESSION ( ! POPUL> WILL1 TO PREV5T ITS /IFL+ BY ! GOLD5-TONGU$ OR BY IDL]S2 P]MITT+ ! WORK+ PEOPLE TO LAY D[N !IR TOOLS )\T ANY F9ANCIAL SACRIFICE & SO TO FULLY P>TICIPATE 9 PUBLIC LIFE2 5SUR+ P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! REPRES5TATIVES BY ! REPRES5T$2 & ! PLAC+ ( ! TWO SEXES ON A LEVEL ( COMPLETE EQUALITY 9 DELIB]ATIONS4.<#b#e.> 444 ,!SE >E SOME ( ! FEATURES ( A DEMOCRACY TRULY PROPELL$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 

,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#g#i#c1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! DECAPITATION ( ITS MAGI/RATES BY ! B\RGEOIS C5TRAL P[]1 ALSO (F]S US A REM>KABLE EXAMPLE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL W]E ! DELEGATES ( !IR RESPECTIVE SECTIONS1 CON/ANTLY 9 CONTACT ) !M & UND] ! CONTROL ( ?OSE :O GAVE !M !IR M&ATES1 ALWAYS UP TO DATE ON ! WILL ( ! BASE ?R\< ! ADMISSION ( POPUL> DELEGATIONS TO ! SITT+S ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,AT ! ,COMMUNE !RE WAS NO SU* ?+ AS ! 0SEP>ATION ( P[]S0 BETWE5 ! EXECUTIVE & ! LEGISLATIVE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL W]E BO? ADM9I/RATORS & LEGISLATORS4 ,!SE MODE/ SANS-CULOTTES DID NOT BECOME PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS2 !Y REMA9$ ! M5 ( !IR PR(ESSIONS OR TRADES1 /ILL EX]CIS+ !M TO ! EXT5T ?AT !IR FUNCTIONS ON ! ,COMMUNE ALL[$ ?IS1 & READY TO EX]CISE !M AGA9 AT ! 5D ( !IR M&ATES4.<#b#f.> 

,BUT ( ALL !SE FEATURES ! MO/ ADMIRABLE ONE IS D\BTLESS ! MATURITY ( A DIRECT DEMOCRACY EXP]IM5T$ ) = ! FIR/ TIME 9 A RELATIVELY BACKW>D C\NTRY1 B>ELY \T ( ! NI<T ( FEUDALISM & ABSOLUTISM1 /ILL PLUNG$ 9 ILLIT]ACY & AGE-OLD HABITS ( SUBMISSION4 ,NO 0AN>*Y10 NO CONFUSION 9 ?IS UNPREC$5T$ & IMPROVIS$ MANAGEM5T BY ! PEOPLE4 ,TO CONV9CE ONESELF ( ?IS IT IS 5\< TO LEAF ?R\< ! M9UTES ( ! POPUL> SOCIETIES1 ( ! SITT+S ( ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,!RE ONE CAN SEE ! MASSES1 AS IF AW>E ( !IR NATURAL T5D5CY TO 9DISCIPL9E1 ANIMAT$ BY AN EV] PRES5T CONC]N = SELF-DISCIPL9E4 ,!Y ORGANIZE !IR DELIB]ATIONS & !Y IMPOSE ORD] ON ?OSE :O MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO PROVOKE DISORD]4 ,EV5 ?\< 9 #agic !IR EXP]I5CE ( PUBLIC LIFE WAS RELATIVELY REC5T1 EV5 ?\< MO/ ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1 GUID$ IT IS TRUE BY $UCAT$ PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 DID NOT YET KN[ H[ TO READ OR WRITE1 !Y ALREADY DEMON/RAT$ A CAPACITY = SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT EV5 TODAY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ANXI\S TO PRES]VE ITS MONOPOLY OV] PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 P]SI/S AGA9/ ALL ! EVID5CE 9 D5Y+4 ,& C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y !ORETICIANS1 FULL ( A S5SE ( 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORITY1 SOMETIMES ALSO T5D TO UND]E/IMATE ?IS CAPACITY ( ! MASSES = SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY & ,VANGU>D 

  

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! DIFFICULTIES & CONTRADICTIONS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T MADE !IR APPE>ANCE4 ,! LACK ( $UCATION & ! RELATIVE BACKW>DNESS ( !IR POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS W]E OB/ACLES TO ! MASSES' FULL P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,NOT ALL ( ! PEOPLE HAVE A S5SE ( !IR TRUE 9T]E/S4 ,:ILE SOME DEMON/RAT$ EXTRAORD9>Y LUCIDITY = ! P]IOD1 O!RS ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE L$ A/RAY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! PRE/IGE IT E>N$ 9 ITS UNCOMPROMIS+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REMNANTS ( ! ANCI5 REGIME TO 9CULCATE 9 ! SANS-CULOTTES A S$UCTIVE BUT FALSE IDEOLOGY :I* 9 FACT W5T AGA9/ !IR ASPIRATIONS = FULL EQUALITY4 ,IF WE FLICK ?R\< ! VOLUM9\S COLLECTION ( REPORTS FROM ! SECRET AG5TS ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR1 WE CAN SEE ?AT 9=M]S REPORT$ COMM5TS MADE ON ! /REETS BY M5 ( ! PEOPLE1 ! CONT5TS ( :I* >E SOMETIMES REVOLUTION>Y1 SOMETIMES C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4.<#b#g.> ,& !SE REM>KS >E ALL LUMP$ TOGE!R & CONSID]$ TO BE ! EXPRESSIONS ( !  
VOX POPULI )\T ANY ATTEMPT TO DISCRIM9ATE AMONG !M OR TO ANALYZE !IR OBVI\S CONTRADICTIONS4 

,! RELATIVE CONFUSION ( ! PEOPLE1 NOTABLY ( MANUAL WORK]S DEPRIV$ ( $UCATION1 LEFT ! FIELD OP5 TO BETT] $UCAT$ OR MORE CONSCI\S M9ORITIES4 ,?IS WAS H[ ! ,MAISON ,COMMUNE ,SECTION1 MADE UP L>GELY ( MASONS1 A SMALL CORE GR\P 0GOT IT TO DO :ATEV] !Y WANT$40.<#b#h.> ,9 MANY POPUL> SOCIETIES1 DESPITE ALL ! C>E TAK5 & ! CONC]N TO 5SURE ! MO/ P]FECT FUNCTION+ ( DEMOCRACY1 FACTIONS L$ ! DANCE 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ! O!R1 & !Y SOMETIMES EV5 OPPOS$ EA* O!R4 

,! GREAT LESSON ( #agic IS NOT JU/ ?AT DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS VIABLE1 IT IS ALSO ?AT ! VANGU>D ( A SOCIETY1 :5 IT IS /ILL A M9ORITY 9 RELATION TO ! MASS ( ! C\NTRY ?AT IT C>RIES ALONG ) IT1 CANNOT AVOID1 9 ?AT LIFE-OR-DEA? BATTLE ?AT IS A REVOLUTION1 IMPOS+ ITS WILL ON ! MAJORITY1 FIR/ & PREF]5TIALLY ?R\< P]SUASION1 &1 IF P]SUASION FAILS1 BY =CE4 

,IT WAS 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS F\ND ! S\RCE = !IR FAM\S NOTION ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP0 ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT WAS NEV] TRULY ELABORAT$ BY ITS AU?ORS4 ,)\T CLAIM+1 LIKE ,KAUTSKY 9 ! P]IOD :5 HE WAS A RE=MI/1 ?AT 9 !IR WORK IT IS NO?+ BUT A  
,WORT*51 A LITTLE WORD OCCASIONALLY US$ BUT ( NO IMPORTANCE1.<#b#i.> ONE IS =C$ TO SAY ?AT !Y ONLY EV] US$ IT TOO BRIEFLY & TOO VAGUELY 9 !IR WRIT+S4 ,& :5 9 P>TICUL> !Y DISCOV] IT 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! T]MS !Y EMPLOY >E F> FROM CLE> & >E DEBATABLE4.<#b#a.> ,9 FACT1 ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ! ,YE> ,I,I1 CONV9C$ ?\< !Y W]E ( ! NE$ = EXCEPTIONAL MEASURES1 = HAV+ REC\RSE TO =CE1 HAD A HORROR ( US+ ! WORD DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( #a#g#i#c1 LIKE ITS HEIR ( #a#h#g#a1 WANT$ TO GUIDE & NOT 0IMPOSE ITS SUPREMACY40 ,M>AT HIMSELF1 ! SOLE REVOLUTION>Y ( HIS TIME :O CALL$ = A DICTATOR%IP1 WAS =C$ TO RESORT TO C>EFUL LANGUAGE3 HE ASK$ = A GUIDE & NOT A MA/]4 ,BUT EV5 9 ?IS VEIL$ =M HE SC&ALIZ$ HIS BRO!RS 9 >MS & E>N$ !IR L\D PROTE/S4 

,LET IT BE UND]/OOD3 DEMOCRACY HAD JU/ ISSU$ ITS FIR/ CRY4 ,! TYRANT HAD JU/ BE5 OV]?R[N & ! ,BA/ILLE RAZ$4 ,! WORD 0DICTATOR%IP0 HAD A BAD R+ TO IT4 ,IT EVOK$ ! IDEA ( A DESC5T ONCE AGA9 9TO TYRANNY1 9TO P]SONAL P[]4 ,9 FACT1 = ! M5 ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 N\RI%$ ON MEMORIES ( ANTIQUITY1 DICTATOR%IP HAD A PRECISE & =MIDABLE MEAN+4 ,!Y RECALL$--& ! ,5CYCLOP$IA WAS !RE TO REM9D !M--?AT ! ,ROMANS1 0HAV+ DRIV5 \T !IR K+S SAW !MSELVES OBLIG$1 9 DIFFICULT TIMES1 TO TEMPOR>ILY CREATE A DICTATOR 5JOY+ GREAT] P[] ?AN ANY 5JOY$ BY ! ANCI5T K+S40 ,!Y RECALL$ ?AT LAT]1 ! 9/ITUTION HAV+ DEG5]AT$1 ,SULLA & ,CES> PROCLAIM$ !MSELVES P]PETUAL DICTATORS & EX]CIS$ ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNTY1 9 ! LATT] CASE GO+ AS F> AS BE+ SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ MON>*I/ AIMS4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT EI!R A NEW MON>* OR A NEW ,CES>4 

,! M5 ( #agic HAD AN EV5 CLE>] MEMORY ( ,5GL&4 ,H[ C\LD !Y =GET ?AT A C5TURY E>LI] ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL HAD OV]?R[N AN ABSOLUTE MON>*1 USURP$ POPUL> P[]1 E/ABLI%$ A DICTATOR%IP1 & EV5 ATTEMPT$ TO HAVE HIMSELF CR[N$ K+8 ,!Y FE>$ A NEW ,CROMWELL LIKE ! PLAGUE1 & ?IS WAS ONE ( !IR COMPLA9TS AGA9/ ,ROBESPI]RE ON ! EVE ( ,!RMIDOR4.<#b#a#a.> 

,F9ALLY1 ! RANK-&-FILE SANS-CULOTTES1 ! M5 & WOM5 ( ! POPUL> SOCIETIES1 9/9CTIVELY DI/RU/$ ! WORD DICTATOR%IP1 = IT W\LD HAVE REPRES5T$ ONLY A PORTION ( REVOLUTION>Y REALITY3 !Y FIR/ ( ALL WANT$ TO CONV9CE1 TO OP5 TO EV]YONE ! DOORS TO ! NASC5T DEMOCRACY1 & !Y ONLY RESORT$ TO =CE :5 ?OSE !Y WANT$ TO CONV9CE & ADMIT 9TO DEMOCRACY ANSW]$ !M ) LEAD4 

,P]HAPS !Y 9TUIT$ ?AT IT IS ALWAYS AN ]ROR TO BORR[ WORDS FROM ! 5EMY'S VOCABUL>Y4 0,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE10 AS ,H5RI DE ,SA9T-,SIMON PO9T$ \T1 IS ONE ( ?OSE UN=TUNATE BORR[+S4 ,FROM ! DAY !Y ADM9I/] !MSELVES ! PEOPLE >E ! SOV]EIGNS ( NO ONE4 0,! ,DESPOTISM ( LIB]TY0 7A PHRASE ! M5 ( '#i#c SOMETIMES US$ 9 PREF]5CE TO 0DICTATOR%IP0 = IT HAS A MORE COLLECTIVE RESONANCE7 & 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 >E NO LESS ANTONYMIC4 ,! =M ( CO]CION ?AT ! PROLET>IAN VANGU>D F9DS ITSELF =C$ TO EX]CISE AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES IS ( SO FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T A NATURE FROM ! PA/ =MS ( OPPRESSION1 & IT IS COMP5SAT$ = BY SO ADVANC$ A DEGREE ( DEMOCRACY = ! =M]LY OPPRESS$1 ?AT ! WORD DICTATOR%IP CLA%ES ) ?AT ( PROLET>IAT4 

,SU* WAS ! OP9ION ( ! LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVI/S LIKE ,BAKUN91 :O W]E ( C\RSE AW>E ?AT ! POSSESS+ CLASSES W\LD NOT VOLUNT>ILY R5\NCE !IR PRIVILEGES & ?AT !Y MU/ BE =C$ TO DO SO1 & :O W]E DET]M9$ TO 0ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y =CE CAPABLE ( TRIUMPH+ OV] REACTION02 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y CATEGORICALLY REJECT$ ANY SLOGAN ( 0SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 AS A REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION10 EV5 IF IT IS 0REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! ,JACOB9 MANN]40.<#b#a#b.> ,AS = RE=MI/S1 !Y NOT ONLY REJECT ! WORDS 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 BUT ALSO :AT WE HAVE JU/ SE5 DEF9$ AS VALID1 NAMELY ! IDEA ( REVOLUTION>Y CON/RA9T OR CO]CION4 ,& SO1 = TOO LONG1 ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>IES HAVE NOT D>$ TO EXPRESS ANY RES]VATIONS CONC]N+ ! WORDS US$1 = FE> ( BE+ SUSPECT$ ( 0OPPORTUNISM0 REG>D+ !IR ESS5CE4.<#b#a#c.> 

,! 9APPROPRIAT5ESS ( ! T]MS APPE>S /ILL MORE CLE>LY IF WE GO BACK TO ! S\RCES4 ,! ,BAB\VI/S 7FOLL[]S ( ,BABEUF7 W]E ! FIR/ TO SPEAK ( REVOLUTION>Y 0DICTATOR%IP40.<#b#a#d.> ,AL?\< !Y HAD ! M]IT ( DRAW+ A CLE> LESSON FROM ! B\RGEOISIE'S !FT ( ! REVOLUTION1 WE KN[ ?AT !Y APPE>$ TOO LATE1 AT A MOM5T :5 ! MASSES HAD SURR5D]$4 ,A M9USCULE & ISOLAT$ M9ORITY1 !Y D\BT$ ! PEOPLE'S CAPACITY TO LEAD !MSELVES1 AT LEA/ 9 ! NE> T]M1 & !Y CALL$ = A DICTATOR%IP1 EI!R ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE MAN OR ?AT ( 0H&S WISELY & RESOLUTELY REVOLUTION>Y40.<#b#a#e.> 

,! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ ,WEITL+ & ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y ,BLANQUI BORR[$ ?IS CONCEPT ( DICTATOR%IP FROM ! ,BAB\VI/S4.<#b#a#f.> ,9CAPABLE ( JO9+ UP ) A MASS MOVEM5T ?AT WAS /ILL EMBRYONIC1 ) A PROLET>IAT /ILL TOO IGNORANT & DEMORALIZ$ TO GOV]N ITSELF1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT SMALL1 BOLD M9ORITIES C\LD SEIZE P[] BY SURPRISE & E/ABLI% SOCIALISM FROM ABOVE BY MEANS ( ! MO/ RIGOR\S DICTATORIAL C5TRALIZATION1 :ILE WAIT+ = ! PEOPLE TO BE MATURE 5\< TO %>E P[] ) !IR LEAD]S4 ,:ILE ! IDEALI/ ,WEITL+ 5VISAG$ A P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP1 ?AT ( 0A NEW MESSIAH10 ,BLANQUI1 MORE REALI/IC1 CLOS] TO ! NASC5T WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 SPOKE ( A 0,P>ISIAN DICTATOR%IP10 ?AT IS1 A DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT1 ?\< 9 HIS M9D ! PROLET>IAT WAS ONLY CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ ?IS 0DICTATOR%IP0 9 ! P]SON ( ONE MAN1 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ITS $UCAT$ ELITE1 ( ,BLANQUI & HIS SECRET SOCIETY4.<#b#a#g.> 

,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?\< OPPOS$ TO ! ,BLANQUI/S' M9ORIT>IAN & VOLUNT>I/ CONCEPTS1 9 #ahe MADE !M ! CONCESSION ( ADOPT+ ! FAM\S =MULA1.<#b#a#h.> GO+ AS F> AS ID5TIFY+ COMMUNISM & ,BLANQUISM4.<#b#a#i.> ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9 ! M9DS ( ! F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 REVOLUTION>Y CO]CION SEEM$ TO BE EX]CIS$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS & NOT1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,BLANQUI/S1 BY A VANGU>D DETA*$ FROM ! CLASS4.<#b#b.> ,BUT !Y DID NOT DIFF]5TIATE SU* AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 CLE>LY 5\< FROM ?AT ( ! ,BLANQUI/S4 ,LAT] ,L591 CLAIM+ TO ADH]E BO? TO ,JACOB9ISM & ,M>XISM1 W\LD 9V5T ! CONCEPT ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! WORK+ CLASS & ACT+ 9 ITS NAME4.<#b#b#a.> ,& HIS DISCIPLES 9 ! ,URALS1 TAK+ HIS LOGIC TO ITS ULTIMATE CONCLUSION1 FRANKLY PROCLAIM$1 )\T BE+ DISAV[$1 ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE A DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT4.<#b#b#b.> 

,FROM #aiba ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/ ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 NOT+ ! 0BANKRUPTCY ( /ATE 'COMMUNISM0' 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD MA9TA9 ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE CLASS 9 & ( ITSELF IS 0ABSOLUTELY UN?9KABLE40 & ?AT 9 REALITY IT IS A MATT] ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE P>TY CLAIM+ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( A CLASS4 ,& HE W\LD =CEFULLY RISE UP AGA9/ ! ILLUSION ( TRANS=M+ ! /ATE1 AN ORGAN ( OPPRESSION1 9TO AN ORGAN = ! LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$1 BAPTIZ$ 0DICTATOR%IP0 ( ! PROLET>IAT4 0,! /ATE10 HE WROTE1 0CAN ONLY BE :AT IT IS1 ! DEF5D] ( PRIVILEGE & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES1 ! CREATOR ( NEW CLASSES & MONOPOLIES4 ,:OEV] DOES NOT KN[ ! ROLE ( ! /ATE DOES NOT GRASP ! ESS5CE ( ! CURR5T SOCIAL ORD] & IS 9CAPABLE ( %[+ HUMANITY ! NEW HORIZONS ( ITS EVOLUTION40.<#b#b#c.> 

,! ,RECON/ITUT+ ( ! ,/ATE 

  

,! DUAL EXP]I5CES ( ! ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS TEA* US ?AT WE >E T\*+ UPON ! C5TRAL PO9T ( A ME*ANISM AT ! 5D ( :I* DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 PEOPLE'S SELF-MANAGEM5T1 GRADUALLY MUTATES1 ?R\< ! E/ABLI%+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 0DICTATOR%IP10 9TO ! RECON/ITUTION ( AN APP>ATUS = ! OPPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! PROCESS WAS NOT EXACTLY ID5TICAL 9 ! TWO REVOLUTIONS4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ( AN ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ?\< ALREADY CONTA9+ ! EMBRYO ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! SECOND WAS AN ESS5TIALLY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?\< HAV+ AT ! SAME TIME TO FULFILL ! TASKS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE IT WAS NOT ! 0DICTATOR%IP0 FROM BEL[1 :I* HAD H[EV] ALREADY MADE AN APPE>ANCE1 IT WAS ! DICTATOR%IP FROM ABOVE1 ?AT ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 :I* PROVID$ ! />T+ PO9T = A NEW OPPRESSIVE APP>ATUS4 ,9 ! SECOND CASE IT WAS FROM ! 0DICTATOR%IP FROM BEL[10 ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 >MS1 = :OM ! P>TY ALMO/ IMM$IATELY SUB/ITUT$ ITSELF1 ?AT ! OPPRESSIVE APP>ATUS WAS F9ALLY RECON/ITUT$4 ,BUT 9 ! TWO CASES1 DESPITE ?IS IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE1 AN ANALOGY CAN BE SE53 ! CONC5TRATION ( P[]1 ! 0DICTATOR%IP10 IS PRES5T$ AS ! PRODUCT ( NECESSITY4.<#b#b#d.> ,! REVOLUTION IS 9 DANG] FROM BO? )9 & )\T4 ,! RECON/ITUT+ ( ! OPPRESSIVE APP>ATUS IS 9VOK$ AS 9DISP5SABLE = ! CRU%+ ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,WAS ! 0NECESSITY0--! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DANG]--REALLY ! ONLY REASON = ?IS ABRUPT TURNAB\T8 ,?IS IS :AT MO/ LEFT-W+ HI/ORIANS CLAIM4 ,GEORGES ,LEFEBVRE ASSURES US ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE SAV$ IF ! PEOPLE W]E 0ORGANIZ$ & L$ BY B\RGEOIS CADRES10 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BR+ TOGE!R ALL ! NATION'S =CES = ! B5EFIT ( ! >MY4 ,?IS C\LD ONLY OCCUR BY MEANS ( A /RONG & C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 ,DICTATOR%IP FROM BEL[ C\LD NOT SUCCE$ 9 ?IS1 S9CE AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT IT LACK$ ! NE$$ ABILITIES1 IT C\LD NOT =EGO AN OV]ALL PLAN & A C5T] ( EXECUTION4.<#b#b#e.> ,ALB]T ,SOB\L CONSID]S ?AT ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ! SANS-CULOTTES WAS1 DUE TO ITS 0WEAKNESS10 IMPRACTICABLE 9 ! CRISIS ?R\< :I* ! REPUBLIC WAS PASS+4.<#b#b#f.> ,BE=E !M1 ,GEORGES ,GUY-,GR&1 M9IMIZ+ ! POLITICAL CAPACITY ( ! POPUL> VANGU>D1 MA9TA9$ ?AT 0! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) !IR RIOTS4 ,! RIOTS W]E VALID MEANS ( DE/ROY+1 & DE/RUCTION MU/ SOMETIMES BE DONE4 ,BUT DEMOLI%+ ,BA/ILLES1 MASSACR+ PRISON]S1 AIM+ CANNONS AT ! ,CONV5TION >E NOT 5\< TO MAKE A C\NTRY LIVE4 ,:5 CADRES NE$$ TO BE RECON/ITUT$1 :5 9DU/RIES & ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO BE MADE TO FUNCTION1 !RE WAS NO *OICE BUT TO RELY ON ! SOLE ELEM5TS AVAILABLE1 :I* W]E B\RGEOIS40.<#b#b#g.> 

,BUT IT IS NOT C]TA9 ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE SAV$ BY !SE TE*NIQUES & FROM ABOVE4 ,A RELATIVELY EFFECTIVE COLLABORATION HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ AT ! BASE BETWE5 ! ADM9I/RATION ( /APLE GOODS & ! POPUL> SOCIETIES1 BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES4 ,! RE9=CEM5T ( C5TRAL P[] /IFL$ & KILL$ ! 9ITIATIVE FROM BEL[ ?AT HAD BE5 ! HE>T ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,B\RGEOIS ABILITY WAS SUB/ITUT$ = POPUL> 5?USIASM4 ,! ,REVOLUTION LO/ ITS ESS5TIAL /R5G?1 ITS 9T]NAL DYNAMIC4 

,:AT IS MORE1 WE MU/ BE W>Y ( ?OSE :O 9VOKE ! PRETEXT ( 0COMPET5CE0 TO LEGITIMIZE ! EXCLUSIVE & ABUSIVE USE ( B\RGEOIS EXP]TIZE DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE M5 ( ! PEOPLE >E LESS IGNORANT1 LESS 9COMPET5T ?AN SOME PEOPLE CLAIM 9 ORD] TO MAKE !IR CASE4 ,SECOND1 BECAUSE ! PLEBEIANS ( #a#g#i#c1 :5 !Y W]E LACK+ 9 TE*NICAL ABILITIES1 OV]CAME ?AT DEFICI5CY BY !IR S5SE ( DEMOCRACY & !IR HI<] AW>5ESS ( !IR OBLIGATIONS TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,F9ALLY1 BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS TE*NICIANS1 REPUT$ TO BE 9DISP5SABLE & IRREPLACEABLE1 TOO (T5 PR(IT$ BY !IR SITUATION1 :I* WAS CONSID]$ IMPREGNABLE1 TO 9TRIGUE AGA9/ ! PEOPLE & TO EV5 DEVELOP SUSPICI\S TIES ) C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,PEOPLE LIKE ,C>NOT1 ,CAMBON1 ,L9DET1 & ,B>]E W]E ! AG5TS ( ! GREAT B\RGEOISIE & ! SWORN 5EMIES ( ! SANS-CULOTTES4 ,DUR+ A REVOLUTION A MAN LACK+ 9 COMPET5CY BUT DEVOT$ BODY & S\L TO ! PEOPLE'S CAUSE1 :5 HE ASSUMES CIVIL OR MILIT>Y RESPONSIBILITIES IS WOR? MORE ?AN A COMPET5T 9DIVIDUAL READY TO BETRAY4 

,DUR+ ! SIX MON?S OR SO ( ! FL\RI%+ ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY ! PEOPLE DEMON/RAT$ !IR CREATIVE G5IUS2 !Y REVEAL$1 ?\< 9 A /ILL EMBRYONIC =M1 ?AT !RE EXI/ O!R REVOLUTION>Y TE*NIQUES ?AN ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AN ONE ?AT IS TOPD[N4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS ! LATT] ?AT PREVAIL$ AT ! TIME1 = ! B\RGEOISIE HAD A MATURITY & AN EXP]I5CE ?AT CONF]R$ ON IT AN 5ORM\S ADVANTAGE OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ,YE> ,I,I ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 IF ONE KN[S H[ TO DECIPH] ITS MESSAGE1 =ETELLS ?AT ! F]TILE POT5TIAL ( REVOLUTION>Y TE*NIQUES FROM BEL[ WILL ONE DAY W9 \T 9 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION OV] ! TE*NIQUES 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,JACOB9 B\RGEOISIE4 ,ALB]T ,MA?IEZ1 ACCU/OM$1 AS ,GEORGES ,LEFEBVRE ADMITS1 TO 0CONSID]+ ! ,REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE40.<#b#b#h.> FELT ?AT HE NE$$ TO DRAW AN 5?USIA/IC P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! 0H>%0 DICTATOR%IP ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY ( #agic & ?AT ( #aib 9 ,RUSSIA4.<#b#b#i.> 

,BUT EV5 DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ,MA?IEZ WAS 9VOK+ ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOIS DICTATOR%IP ( #agic 9 AN ATTEMPT TO LEGITIMIZE ,L59'S ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP1 ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/ ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] SUPPORT$ ! CONTR>Y !SIS3 0,REF]R+ TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION TO JU/IFY ! TACTICS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA10 HE SAID1 DEMON/RATES 0A TOTAL MISUND]/&+ ( HI/ORICAL FACTS 4444 ,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE DEMON/RATES ! EXACT OPPOSITE3 AT EV]Y DECISIVE MOM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! TRUE 9ITIATIVE 9 ACTION ROSE DIRECTLY FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,! SECRET ( ! ,REVOLUTION RESIDES 9 ?IS CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT WAS :5 ,ROBESPI]RE DEPRIV$ ! POPUL> MOVEM5T ( ITS AUTONOMY & MADE IT SUBMIT TO C5TRAL P[]1 :5 HE P]SECUT$ ! AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES & CRU%$ ! ,LEFT OPPOSITION1 ?AT ! 0EBB+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 PREFACE TO #i ,!RMIDOR &1 LAT]1 TO ! ,NAPOLEONIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! SWORD40 BEGAN4.<#b#c.> ,ROCK] CONCLUD$ ) BITT]NESS 9 #a#i#b#a3 0,9 ,RUSSIA !Y >E REPEAT+ TODAY :AT OCCURR$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 ,M>* #a#g#i#d40 

,! ,EMBRYO ( A ,PLEBEIAN ,BUREAUCRACY 

  

,BECAUSE ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT ONLY B\RGEOIS BUT WAS ALSO ACCOMPANI$ BY AN EMBRYONIC PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ONE SEES 9 IT ! G]M ( A PH5OM5ON ?AT WILL ONLY ASSUME ITS FULL SCOPE 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,ALREADY1 9 #a#g#i#c1 DEMOCRACY FROM BEL[ GAVE BIR? TO A CA/E ( P>V5US DIFF]5TIAT+ !MSELVES FROM ! MASSES & ASPIR+ TO COMM&E] ! POPUL> REVOLUTION TO !IR PR(IT4 ,9 ! AMBIVAL5T M5TALITY ( !SE PLEBEIANS1 REVOLUTION>Y FAI? & MAT]IAL APPETITES W]E CLOSELY 9T]TW9$4 ,AS ,JAURES PHRAS$ IT1 ! ,REVOLUTION LOOK$ TO !M TO BE 0BO? AN IDEAL & A C>E]40.<#b#c#a.> ,!Y S]V$ ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y US$ IT4 ,ROBESPI]RE & ,SA9T-,JU/1 LIKE ,L59 9 HIS TIME1 D5\NC$ ! APPETITE ( ?IS NASC5T & ALREADY 9VASIVE BUREAUCRACY4 

,A C]TA9 NUMB] ( !M 5T]$ 9TO OP5 CONFLICT ) ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY4 ,IF !IR ATTA*M5T TO B\RGEOIS LAW & PROP]TY FL[$ FROM !IR GRE$1 !Y NEV]!LESS HAD 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S TO DEF5D AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE4 ,! LATT]1 9 FACT1 ONLY WANT$ TO LEAVE !M AS SMALL A PIECE ( ! PIE AS POSSIBLE1 FIR/ BECAUSE ?AT 5ORM\S BUDGET-DEV\R+ PLEBS WAS EXP5SIVE2 SECOND1 BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE DI/RU/$ ITS ORIG9S AMONG & ITS L9KS TO ! PEOPLE &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! SUPPORT FROM ! WORK+-CLASS QU>T]S :I* IT HAD OBTA9$ DEMAGOGICALLY ) A VIEW TO OCCUPY+ ALL PO/S2 & F9ALLY BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE 9T5D$ TO KEEP ! CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T 9 ! H&S ( ITS TRI$ & TE/$ EXP]TS4 

,! /RUGGLE = P[] ?AT OPPOS$ ! PLEBEIANS TO ! EXP]TS WAS A %>P ONE &1 9 ! 5D1 IT WAS SETTL$ BY ! GUILLOT9E4 ,C]TA9 IMPORTANT SECTORS SU* AS ! ,M9I/RY ( ,W>1 ! SECRET FUNDS1.<#b#c#b.> & ! W> 9DU/RIES W]E ! /AKES 9 ?IS RIVALRY4 ,! BATTLE OV] ! W> 9DU/RY WAS P>TICUL>LY REVEAL+1 = IT WAS H]E ?AT TWO MODES ( ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T CONFRONT$ EA* O!R3 FREE 5T]PRISE & :AT IS TODAY CALL$ /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,IF ! PLEBEIANS HAD A*IEV$ !IR GOALS & IF ! W> 9DU/RY HAD BE5 NATIONALIZ$ AS !Y DEM&$1 A PORTION ( ! PR(ITS COVET$ & F9ALLY SEIZ$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE W\LD HAVE GONE 9TO !IR POCKETS4 

,TROTSKY1 9COMPLETELY 9=M$1 IS NOT TOTALLY CORRECT :5 HE ASS]TS ?AT ,/AL9ISM 0HAD NO PREHI/ORY10 ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION KNEW NO?+ ?AT RESEMBL$ ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY1 D]IV$ FROM A S+LE REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & HAV+ ITS ROOTS 9 ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4.<#b#c#c.> ,I ?9K1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! ,HEB]TI/ PLEBEIANS W]E1 9 MORE WAYS ?AN ONE1 A =E%AD[+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRATS ( ! ,/AL9I/ ]A4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ONCE ! G5]ALS ( ! ANCI5 REGIME1 TRAITORS TO ! REVOLUTION1 W]E ELIM9AT$1 !RE >OSE ALONGSIDE ! DEVOT$ BUT 9COMPET5T SANS-CULOTTE G5]ALS A NEW TYPE ( Y\NG *IEFS RIS5 FROM ! RANKS1 CAPABLE BUT CONSUM$ BY AMBITION & :O W\LD LAT] BE ! 9/RUM5TS ( REACTION & MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 !SE FUTURE ,M>%ALS ( ! ,EMPIRE W]E ! PREFIGURATION ( ,SOVIET M>%ALS4 

0,AN>*Y0 ,D$UC$ FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 

  

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAD H>DLY 5D$ BE=E 0!ORETICIANS0 PLUNG$ 9TO ! ANALYSIS ( ITS ME*ANISMS & ! SE>* = ITS LESSONS ) PASSIONATE >DOR & AN (T5 REM>KABLE LUCIDITY4 ,!IR ATT5TION WAS CONC5TRAT$ ESS5TIALLY ON TWO GREAT PROBLEMS3 ?AT ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION & ?AT ( ! /ATE4 ,:AT !Y DISCOV]$ FIR/ WAS ?AT ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 ONLY B\RGEOIS1 HAD BETRAY$ POPUL> ASPIRATIONS & HAD TO BE CONT9U$ UNTIL ! COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( MAN4 ,:AT !Y ALL D$UC$ FROM ?IS WAS SOCIALISM4.<#b#c#d.> ,SOME ( !M ALSO DISCOV]$ ?AT )9 ! ,REVOLUTION A NEW TYPE ( PEOPLE P[]1 ORI5T$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 HAD MADE ITS APPE>ANCE ON ! HI/ORICAL /AGE & ?AT IT HAD F9ALLY BE5 SUPPLANT$ BY A P[]FULLY RECON/ITUT$ TOP-D[N OPPRESSIVE APP>ATUS4 ,& !Y WOND]$ ) FRI<T H[ ! PEOPLE C\LD AVOID SEE+ !IR REVOLUTION COMM&E]$ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,FROM ?IS !Y D$UC$ AN>*ISM4 

,! FIR/ P]SON :O SAW ?IS1 9 #a#g#i#d1 WAS ! ,5RAGE ,V>LET4.<#b#c#e.> ,9 A %ORT PAMPHLET WRITT5 RI<T AFT] ,!RMIDOR HE WROTE ?IS PROPHETIC S5T5CE3 0,= ANY REASON+ BE+1 GOV]NM5T & REVOLUTION >E 9COMPATIBLE40 ,& HE ACCUS$ ! 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 ( HAV+1 9 ! NAME ( PUBLIC SAFETY1 E/ABLI%$ A DICTATOR%IP4.<#b#c#f.> 0,?IS IS ! CONCLUSION10 WROTE TWO HI/ORIANS ( AN>*ISM1 0?AT ! FIR/ ( ! ,5RAGES DREW FROM #a#g#i#c1 & ?AT CONCLUSION IS AN>*I/40.<#b#c#g.> ,V>LET'S PAMPHLET CONTA9$ A PR(\ND IDEA3 A REVOLUTION L$ BY ! MASSES & A /RONG AU?ORITY 7AGA9/ ! MASSES7 >E TWO 9COMPATIBLE ?+S4 

,! ,BAB\VI/S DREW ?IS CONCLUSION 9 !IR TURN4 0,! RUL]S10 WROTE ,BABEUF1 0ONLY MAKE REVOLUTIONS 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE GOV]N+4 ,WE WANT TO MAKE ONE TO ET]NALLY 5SURE ! PEOPLE'S HAPP9ESS ?R\< REAL DEMOCRACY40 ,& ,BUON>OTTI1 HIS DISCIPLE1 =ESEE+ ! COMM&E]+ ( FUTURE REVOLUTIONS BY NEW ELITES ADD$1 0,IF !RE WAS =M$ )9 ! /ATE A CLASS EXCLUSIVELY KN[L$GEABLE AB\T ! PR9CIPLES ( ! SOCIAL >T1 LAWS1 & ADM9I/RATION1 IT W\LD SOON DISCOV] ! SECRET ( CREAT+ DI/9CTIONS & PRIVILEGES = ITSELF40.<#b#c#h.> ,BUON>OTTI D$UC$ FROM ?IS ?AT ONLY ! RADICAL SUPPRESSION ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES1 ?AT ONLY COMMUNISM W\LD ALL[ SOCIETY TO BE RID ( ! SC\RGE ( ! /ATE3 0,A PEOPLE )\T PROP]TY & )\T ! VICES & CRIMES IT 5G5D]S W\LD NOT FEEL ! NE$ = ! GREAT NUMB] ( LAWS UND] :I* ! CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES ( ,EUROPE GROAN40.<#b#c#i.> 

,BUT ! ,BAB\VI/S W]E NOT ABLE TO DRAW ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS DISCOV]Y4 ,ISOLAT$ FROM ! MASSES1 !Y CONTRADICT$ !MSELVES1 AS WE SAW1 BY CALL+ = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE MAN OR ( A 0WISE0 ELITE1 :I* W\LD LAT] LEAD ,PR\DHON TO WRITE ?AT 0! NEGATION ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* %ONE BRIEFLY ?R\< ! ,5RAGES & ! ,HEB]TI/S BE=E BE+ SNUFF$ \T1 W\LD HAVE ISSU$ FROM ,BABEUF'S DOCTR9ES1 IF ,BABEUF HAD BE5 ABLE TO ?9K ?R\< ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( HIS [N PREMISE40.<#b#d.> 

,IT IS ,PR\DHON :O1 9 #a#h#e#a1 HAD ! M]IT ( HAV+ DRAWN FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION A TRULY PR(\ND ANALYSIS ( ! PROBLEM ( ! /ATE4 ,! AU?OR ( ,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY />T$ ) A CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS & P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 ( DEMOCRACY FROM ABOVE1 & ( DEMOCRACY BY DECREE4.<#b#d#a.> ,HE D5\NC$ ITS FRAUDUL5T NATURE4 ,HE ATTACK$ ,ROBESPI]RE1 AN OP5 5EMY ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,HE /RESS$ ! FAIL+S ( ! DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#c1 A DEP>TURE PO9T1 TO BE SURE1 BUT A BA/>D COMPROMISE BETWE5 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :I* PROMIS$ ! PEOPLE EV]Y?+ & GAVE !M NO?+ & :I*1 9 ANY CASE1 WAS NO SOON] PROMULGAT$ ?AN ITS IMPLEM5TATION WAS 9DEF9ITELY PUT (F4 

,GETT+ TO ! HE>T ( ! PROBLEM1 ,PR\DHON DECL>$1 AFT] ,V>LET1 ?AT 09 PROCLAIM+ FRE$OM ( OP9ION1 EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 & ! SUBORD9ATION ( AU?ORITY TO ! C\NTRY1 ! ,REVOLUTION MADE TWO 9COMPATIBLE ?+S ( SOCIETY & ! GOV]NM5T40 ,HE AFFIRMS 0! ABSOLUTE 9COMPATIBILITY ( AU?ORITY ) FRE$OM40 ,& HE PRON\NC$ A FI]Y CONDEMNATION ( ! /ATE3 0,NO AU?ORITY1 NO GOV]NM5T1 NOT EV5 A PEOPLE'S GOV]NM5T3 ! ,REVOLUTION RESIDES 9 ?IS 4444 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS BE ! SW9DL+ ( ! PEOPLE 4444 ,IF ! ,REVOLUTION ALL[S GOV]NM5T .<! /ATE.> TO SURVIVE SOME:]E1 IT WILL RETURN EV]Y:]E40 ,& HE ATTACKS ! BOLDE/ ( ?9K]S1 ! 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 SOCIALI/S :O1 :ILE ADMITT+ ! MISDE$S ( ! /ATE 0/ILL SAID ?AT :ILE GOV]NM5T IS D\BTLESS A SC\RGE 444 IT WAS /ILL A NECESS>Y EVIL4 0,?IS IS :Y10 HE ADDS1 0! MO/ EMANCIPATORY REVOLUTIONS HAVE ALWAYS 5D$ 9 AN ACT ( FAI? & SUBMISSION TO AU?ORITY1 :Y ALL REVOLUTIONS HAVE ONLY S]V$ TO RECON/ITUTE TYRANNY40 0,! PEOPLE GAVE !MSELVES A TYRANT 9/EAD ( A PROTECTOR4 ,EV]Y:]E & AT ALL TIMES ! GOV]NM5T1 H[EV] POPUL> IT WAS AT ITS ORIG91 AFT] HAV+ %[N ITSELF TO BE LIB]AL = A C]TA9 TIME1 GRADUALLY BECAME EXCEPTIONAL & EXCLUSIVE40 

,HE H>%LY CONDEMN$ ! C5TRALIZATION C>RI$ \T ?R\< ! DECREE ( ,DECEMB] #d1 #a#g#i#c4.<#b#d#b.> ,?IS C5TRALIZATION WAS UND]/&ABLE UND] ! =M] MON>*Y1 BUT 0UND] ! PRETEXT ( A ,ONE & ,9DIVISIBLE ,REPUBLIC1 TO REMOVE FROM ! PEOPLE ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( !IR =CES1 TO CALL ?OSE :O SPEAK 9 FAVOR ( LIB]TY & LOCAL SOV]EIGNTY 'F$]ALI/S' :O >E TO BE PROSCRIB$1 MEANS PUTT+ ! LIE TO ! TRUE SPIRIT ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 TO ITS MO/ AU!NTIC T5D5CIES4 ,! SY/EM ( C5TRALIZATION ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 '#i#c WAS NO?+ BUT A TRANS=M$ FEUDALISM4 ,NAPOLEON1 :O PUT ! F9AL T\*ES TO IT1 TE/IFI$ TO ?IS40 ,LAT]1 ,BAKUN91 A DISCIPLE ( ,PR\DHON1 W\LD E*O HIM3 0,A /RANGE ?+1 ?AT GREAT REVOLUTION :I*1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 PROCLAIM$ ! FRE$OM1 NOT ONLY ( ! CITIZ51 BUT ( MAN2 BUT 9 MAK+ ITSELF ! HEIR ( ! MON>*Y IT KILL$1 IT AT ! SAME TIME REVIV$ ! NEGATION ( ALL FRE$OM3 ! C5TRALIZATION & OMNIPOT5CE ( ! /ATE40.<#b#d#c.> 

,BUT ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T GOES F>!R & DEEP]4 ,HE FE>S ?AT ! EX]CISE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ?AT ! MO/ +5I\S =MULAS AIM$ AT PROMOT+ AN AU!NTIC GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 BY ! PEOPLE--! FUS+ ( ! LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE P[]S1 ! ELECTION & REVOCABILITY ( FUNCTION>IES RECRUIT$ BY ! PEOPLE FROM )9 !IR NUMB]1 & P]MAN5T POPUL> CONTROL--?AT ?IS SY/EM1 :I* MAY BE 0IRREPROA*ABLE0 9 !ORY1 09 PRACTICE 5C\NT]S AN 9SURM\NTABLE DIFFICULTY40 ,9 FACT1 EV5 9 ?IS OPTIMAL HYPO!SIS ! RISK REMA9S ( ! 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 SOCIETY & AU?ORITY4 0,IF ! 5TIRE PEOPLE1 AS SOV]EIGNS1 BECOMES ! GOV]NM5T1 ONE SEEKS 9 VA9 :]E ! GOV]N$ W\LD BE 4444 ,IF ! PEOPLE1 ORGANIZ$ AS ! AU?ORITY1 HAS NO?+ ABOVE !M1 ,I ASK :O IS BEL[80 ,!RE IS NO MIDDLE WAY1 ONE MU/ 0EI!R WORK OR RULE40 0,! PEOPLE PASS+ 5 MASSE OV] TO ! /ATE1 ! /ATE NO LONG] HAS ! LEA/ REASON TO EXI/1 S9CE !RE NO LONG] EXI/S A PEOPLE3 ! RESULT ( ! GOV]NM5TAL EQUATION IS Z]O40 

,H[ TO ESCAPE ?IS CONTRADICTION1 ?IS 0VICI\S CIRCLE08 ,PR\DHON ANSW]S ?AT ! GOV]NM5T MU/ BE DISSOLV$ 9 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 0,! GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTION 444 HAS ITS RAISON D'ETRE 9 ECONOMIC AN>*Y4 ,S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION PUTS AN 5D TO ?IS AN>*Y & ORGANIZES ! 9DU/RIAL =CES1 !RE IS NO LONG] A PRETEXT = POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION40 

,! 0,JACOB90 ,TRADITION 

  

,BAKUN9 9 TURN /RESSES ?AT S9CE !IR ?\<T WAS 0N\RI%$0 BY A C]TA9 !ORY1 :I* 0WAS NO?+ BUT ! ,JACOB9 POLITICAL SY/EM MORE OR LESS MODIFI$ = ! USE ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S ( ,FRANCE NEV] WANT$ TO UND]/& .<?AT.> :51 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 Y\ WANT TO BUILD A /ATE1 EV5 IF ONLY A TRANSITORY /ATE1 IT IS A REACTION>Y /EP & Y\ >E WORK+ = DESPOTISM40.<#b#d#d.> ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S FL[S FROM ! FACT ?AT ! =M] DO NOT ALWAYS VIEW ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! LATT]4 ,DEUTS*] SAW ?AT )9 ,BOL%EVISM !RE W]E TWO SPIRITS1 ! ,M>XI/ & ! ,JACOB91 A CONFLICT ?AT W\LD NEV] BE RESOLV$1 NEI!R 9 ,L59 NOR 9 ,TROTSKY4.<#b#d#e.> ,AS WE WILL SEE1 !RE CAN BE F\ND )9 ,BOL%EVISM HOLDOV]S FROM ,JACOB9ISM MORE ACC5TUAT$ ?AN 9 ! ORIG9AL ,M>XISM4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ?AT ,M>XISM ITSELF NEV] COMPLETELY OV]CAME AN ANALOG\S CONTRADICTION4 ,!RE IS )9 IT A LIB]T>IAN FRAME ( M9D AS WELL AS A ,JACOB9 & AU?ORIT>IAN FRAME ( M9D4 

,9 MY OP9ION1 ! ORIG9 ( ?IS DUALITY CAN MA9LY BE F\ND 9 AN AT TIMES CORRECT1 BUT ALSO AT TIMES ]RONE\S APPRECIATION ( ! REAL CONT5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,M>XI/S SEE ?AT ! LATT] BETRAY$ POPUL> ASPIRATIONS BECAUSE IT WAS1 OBJECTIVELY & 9 ITS IMM$IATE RESULTS1 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E BL9D$ BY AN ABUSIVE APPLICATION ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPT ( HI/ORY1 :I* SOMETIMES LEADS !M TO CONSID] IT ONLY FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW & )9 ! LIMITS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,( C\RSE !Y >E RI<T TO /RESS ?OSE RELATIVELY & 9>GUABLY PROGRESSIVE FEATURES ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 BUT !RE >E MOM5TS :5 !Y PRES5T !SE FEATURES1 :I* EV5 AN>*I/S LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 IF NOT ,PR\DHON1 EXALT$ 9 A UNILAT]AL FA%ION1 OV]E/IMAT+ & IDEALIZ+ !M4 

,BECAUSE HE WAS A ,M5%EVIK1 ,BORIS ,NICOLAEVSKY EXAGG]AT$LY /RESSES ?IS T5D5CY ( ,M>XISM4 ,BUT !RE IS SOME?+ TRUE AB\T HIS ANALYSIS4 ,& ! ,G]MAN ULTRA-LEFTI/ ( #a#h#d#h1 ,GOTTS*ALK1 WAS NOT COMPLETELY WRONG 9 BALK+ AT ! ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE ( 0ESCAP+ ! HELL ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES0 ONLY TO 0VOLUNT>ILY LEAP 9TO ! PURGATORY0 ( CAPITALISM4.<#b#d#f.> ,:AT ,ISAAC ,DEUTS*] SAYS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S PRIOR TO #a#i#a#g--=1 P>ADOXICALLY1 !RE WAS MU* 0,M5%EVISM0 9 !SE 0,BOL%EVIKS0--IS ALSO1 ,I ?9K1 VALID TO A C]TA9 EXT5T = ! F\ND]S ( ,M>XISM3 0,S9CE !Y SAW 9 CAPITALISM AN 9DISP5SABLE HALFWAY H\SE ON ! ROAD FROM FEUDALISM TO SOCIALISM1 !Y /RESS$ ! ADVANTAGES ( ?AT HALFWAY H\SE1 ITS PROGRESSIVE FEATURES1 ITS CIVILIZ+ 9FLU5CE1 ITS ATTRACTIVE ATMOSPH]E & SO ON40.<#b#d#g.> 

,IF WE EXAM9E ! MANY PASSAGES 9 ,M>X & ,5GELS CONC]N+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IT HAS TO BE SAID ?AT SOMETIMES !Y SEE & SOMETIMES !Y LOSE SI<T ( ITS *>ACT] AS A 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION40 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y DO SEE ! REVOLUTION FROM BEL[1 BUT ONLY OCCASIONALLY4 ,TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE1 ,M>X DOES NOT HESITATE TO PRES5T ! HUMBLE SUPPORT]S 9 ! WORK+-CLASS QU>T]S ( ,JACQUES ,R\X & ,V>LET AS ! 0MA9 REPRES5TATIVES0 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BUT ,5GELS NEV]!LESS WRITES ?AT TO ! 0PROLET>IAT0 ( #agic 09 ITS 9CAPACITY TO HELP ITSELF1 HELP C\LD1 AT BE/1 BE BR\<T 9 FROM )\T OR D[N FROM ABOVE40.<#b#d#h.> 

,& SO WE CAN ALREADY UND]/& BETT] :AT ,DEUTS*] MEANS BY ,JACOB9 SPIRIT1 NAMELY ! TRADITION ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & DICTATOR%IP FROM ABOVE ( #a#g#i#c1 SOME:AT IDEALIZ$ & 9SUFFICI5TLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM COMPULSION FROM BEL[4 ,& BY EXT5SION1 WE CAN UND]/& ! TRADITION ( ,BAB\VI/ & ,BLANQUI/ CONSPIRATORIALISM :I* BORR[S ! DICTATORIAL & M9ORIT>IAN TE*NIQUES ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO PUT !M AT ! S]VICE ( A NEW REVOLUTION4 

,ONE CAN SEE :Y ! AN>*I/S DISC]N 9 ! SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY A C]TA9 0,JACOB910 0AU?ORIT>IAN10 0GOV]NM5TALI/0 T5D5CY2 A PROP5SITY T[>DS ! 0CULT ( /ATE DISCIPL9E0 9H]IT$ FROM ,ROBESPI]RE & ! ,JACOB9S2 ?AT !Y DEF9E A 0B\RGEOIS FRAME ( M9D10 0A POLITICAL LEGACY ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONISM0 TO :I* !Y OPPOSE ! AFFIRMATION ?AT ! 0SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS ( \R DAY HAVE NO?+ OR ALMO/ NO?+ TO IMITATE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS ( ! ,JACOB9S ( #a#g#i#c40.<#b#d#i.> 

,M>X & ,5GELS DES]VE ?IS REPROA* F> LESS ?AN O!R AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ SOCIALI/ CURR5TS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,BUT !Y HAD SOME DIFFICULTY 9 FREE+ !MSELVES ( ! ,JACOB9 TRADITION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y W]E SL[ 9 RIDD+ !MSELVES ( ! ,JACOB9 MY? ( ! 0RIGOR\S C5TRALIZATION (F]$ AS A MODEL BY ! ,FRANCE ( #a#g#i#c40 ,!Y F9ALLY REJECT$ IT1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! AN>*I/S1 BUT NOT BE=E HAV+ /UMBL$1 HESITAT$1 & MODIFI$ !IR ANALYSIS &1 EV5 AFT] ALL !SE CORRECTIVE MEASURES1 !Y /ILL W5T D[N ! WRONG ROAD4.<#b#e.> ,?IS WAV]+ W\LD ALL[ ,L59 TO =GET ! ANTI-C5TRALI/ PASSAGES 9 !IR WRIT+S--NOTABLY A CL>IFICATION BY ,5GELS 9 #a#h#h#e.<#b#e#a.>--& TO RETA9 ONLY 0! FACTS CIT$ BY ,5GELS CONC]N+ ! C5TRALIZ$ ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC FROM #agib TO #a#g#i#i10 & TO BAPTIZE ,M>X A 0C5TRALI/40.<#b#e#b.> 

,9DE$1 ! ,JACOB9 HOLD WAS MU* /RONG] ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS ?AN IT WAS ON ! F\ND]S ( ,M>XISM4 ,& 9 L>GE P>T ?IS DEVIATION HAS ITS ORIG9 9 AN OCCASIONALLY 9CORRECT & ONE-SID$ 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,L591 IT IS TRUE1 CLE>LY SAW ITS P]MAN5T REVOLUTION ASPECTS4 ,HE DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! POPUL> MOVEM5T1 :I* HE 9CORRECTLY CALL$ A 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION10 WAS F> FROM REA*+ ITS OBJECTIVES 9 #a#g#i#d1 & ?AT IT W\LD ONLY SUCCE$ 9 DO+ SO 9 #a#h#g#a4.<#b#e#c.> ,IF TOTAL VICTORY WAS NOT WON AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 IT WAS BECAUSE 0! MAT]IAL BASES = SOCIALISM0 W]E /ILL LACK+4.<#b#e#d.> ,! B\RGEOIS REGIME IS ONLY PROGRESSIVE 9 RELATION TO ! AUTOCRACY ?AT PREC$ES IT1 AS ! F9AL =M ( DOM9ATION & 0! MO/ FITT+ >5A = ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE40.<#b#e#e.> ,ONLY ! PROLET>IAT IS CAPABLE ( PU%+ ! REVOLUTION TO ITS F9AL 5D1 0= IT GOES MU* FUR!R ?AN ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION40.<#b#e#f.> 

,BUT ,L59 LONG REJECT$ ! CONCEPT ( P]MAN5T REVOLUTION & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 HAD TO VOLUNT>ILY LIMIT ITSELF TO ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REGIME4 ,?IS IS :Y HE (T5 T5DS TO OV]E/IMATE ! H]ITAGE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AFFIRM+ ?AT IT WILL REMA9 0P]HAPS = ALL TIME ! MODEL = C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS10 & ?AT ! HI/ORIANS ( ! PROLET>IAT %\LD SEE 9 ,JACOB9ISM 0ONE ( ! CULM9AT+ PO9TS ?AT ! OPPRESS$ CLASS REA*$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = ITS EMANCIPATION1 .<ONE ( !.> BE/ EXAMPLES ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION40.<#b#e#g.> ,?IS IS :Y HE IDEALIZ$ ,DANTON.<#b#e#h.> & DID NOT HESITATE TO PROCLAIM HIMSELF 0,JACOB940.<#b#e#i.> ,?IS IS :Y1 ) MU* EXAGG]ATION1 HE ATTRIBUTES TO B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES RADICAL MEASURES AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S & CLAIM$ TO ACT1 LIKE !M1 ) 0,JACOB9 9FLEXIBILITY40.<#b#f.> 

,L59'S ,JACOB9 ATTITUDES BR\<T HIM A %>P REPLY FROM ,TROTSKY 9 #a#i#d4 ,= ! LATT]1 :O HAD NOT YET BECOME A ,BOL%EVIK1 ,JACOB9ISM 0IS ! MAXIMUM DEGREE ( RADICALISM ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CAN PROVIDE40 ,MOD]N REVOLUTION>IES MU/ PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ,JACOB9ISM AS MU* AS FROM RE=MISM4 ,JACOB9ISM & PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM >E 0TWO MOLDS1 TWO DOCTR9ES1 TWO TACTICS1 TWO PSY*OLOGIES SEP>AT$ BY AN ABYSS40 ,IF BO? >E 9TRANSIG5T1 !IR 9TRANSIG5CE IS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T4 ,! ATTEMPT TO 9TRODUCE ,JACOB9 ME?ODS 9TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS NO?+ BUT OPPORTUNISM4 ,JU/ LIKE RE=MISM1 IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( 0A T5D5CY TO TIE ! PROLET>IAT TO AN IDEOLOGY1 A TACTIC1 & F9ALLY A PSY*OLOGY =EIGN & HO/ILE TO ITS CLASS 9T]E/S40.<#b#f#a.> 

,T[>DS A ,SYN!SIS 

  

,9 CONCLUSION1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ! S\RCE ( TWO GREAT CURR5TS ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T :I*1 ACROSS ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 HAVE LA/$ UNTIL TODAY3 AN AU?ORIT>IAN ,JACOB9 CURR5T & A LIB]T>IAN CURR5T4 ,ONE1 ( A 0B\RGEOIS DISPOSITION10 ORI5T$ FROM ! TOP D[N1 IS ABOVE ALL CONC]N$ ) REVOLUTION>Y EFFECTIV5ESS & CLAIMS TO BE TAK+ ACC\NT ( 0NECESSITIES40 ,! O!R1 ( AN ESS5TIALLY PROLET>IAN SPIRIT1 IS ORI5T$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 & PLACES ! SAFEGU>D+ ( FRE$OM TO ! =E4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO CURR5TS NUM]\S MORE OR LESS %AKY COMPROMISES HAVE ALREADY BE5 ELABORAT$4 

,BAKUN9'S AN>*I/ COLLECTIVISM ATTEMPT$ TO RECONCILE ,PR\DHON & ,M>X4 ,)9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,M>XISM S\<T A MIDDLE WAY BETWE5 ,BLANQUI & ,BAKUN94 ,! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga WAS AN EMPIRICAL SYN!SIS ( ,JACOB9ISM & F$]ALISM4 ,L59 HIMSELF1 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 WAS TOM BETWE5 AN>*ISM & /ATE 0COMMUNISM10 BETWE5 MASS SPONTANEITY & ,JACOB9 IRON DISCIPL9E4 ,YET ! REAL SYN!SIS ( !SE TWO CURR5TS IS /ILL TO BE EFFECT$4 ,AS ,H4,E4 ,KAM9SKI WROTE1 IT IS NOT ONLY NECESS>Y1 IT IS 9EVITABLE3 0,HI/ORY ITSELF CON/RUCTS ITS COMPROMISES40.<#b#f#b.> ,! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! COLLAPSE & HI/ORICAL BANKRUPTCY ( ,/AL9ISM PLACES IT MORE ?AN EV] ON ! AG5DA4 ,IT ALONE WILL ALL[ US TO REMAKE \R 0BAGGAGE ( IDEAS0 & TO =EV] PREV5T \R REVOLUTIONS BE+ COMM&E]$ BY NEW ,JACOB9S UTILIZ+ TANKS1 9 COMP>ISON ) :I* ! GUILLOT9E ( #agic WILL LOOK LIKE A TOY4  
  

.<#a#i#e#f1 9 ,JEUNESSE DU ,SOCIALISME ,LIB]TAIRE.> 

,TWO ,9DICTM5TS ( ,COMMUNISM 

  

,TWO BOOKS ?AT APPE>$ SIMULTANE\SLY1 ?OSE ( ,TITO'S PRISON] ,MILOVAN ,DJILAS & ,MI*EL ,COLL9ET1.<#b#f#c.> HAVE L$ US TO RE?9K ! IDEOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,EV5 ?\< PRODUC$ BY TWO M5 ( DIFF]5T TEMP]AM5TS & ORIG9S & US+ QUITE DIV]G5T ME?ODS1 !Y REA* MORE OR LESS ! SAME CONCLUSIONS & PRES5T MORE OR LESS ! SAME QUALITIES1 AS WELL AS ! SAME DEFECTS4 

,ONE ( !IR M]ITS IS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! ,BLANQUI/ CONCEPT ( ! P>TY =MULAT$ BY ,L59 FROM #aia CONTA9$ AT LEA/ 9 G]M ! TOTALIT>IAN COMMUNISM ( ! ,/AL9I/ ]A4 ,DJILAS & ,COLL9ET /RESS ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! P>TY1 9 ?IS CASE ,L59 HIMSELF1 CLAIM+ TO EMBODY ! OBJECTIVE ASPIRATIONS ( SOCIETY1.<#b#f#d.> WAS 9 FACT AN IDEALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY ?AT W\LD LAT] RESULT 9 ! TOTAL MONOPOLIZATION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS OV] ?AT SOCIETY4.<#b#f#e.> 

,:]E ! TWO WRIT]S DIV]GE IS ON ! HI/ORICAL EXCUSE ( 0NECESSITY40 ,DJILAS1 /ILL 9COMPLETELY FRE$ ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTS HE WAS BR\<T UP ON1 BELIEVES ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD TO DEF5D ITS V]Y EXI/5CE & ! 9DISP5SABLE 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 REQUIR$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A TYRANNY4 ,COLL9ET1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CONDEMNS ,L59 = HAV+ MADE A VIRTUE ( NECESSITY1 & DOES NOT ?9K TOTALIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP NECESS>ILY FL[$ FROM ! TRAGIC CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4.<#b#f#f.> 

,:ILE E/ABLI%+ A DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM1 ! TWO AU?ORS /RESS1 CORRECTLY1 ?AT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAN ! TWO REGIMES BE CONFUS$ & ?AT DIFF]5CES ( AN IMPORTANT NATURE DI/+UI% !M1 & NOT SIMPLE 0NUANCES10 AS ,COLL9ET ONCE LETS SLIP4 ,=MS ?AT W]E /ILL REVOLUTION>Y DUR+ ,L59'S TIME W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO REACTION>Y ONES UND] ,/AL94 

,COLL9ET & ,DJILAS1 9 ! MO/ SOLID P>T ( !IR WORK1 PROVIDE BO? BRILLIANT & IMPLACABLE DESCRIPTIONS ( ! PRIVILEG$ 0NEW CLASS10 ( ! FEUDAL BUREAUCRACY ?AT SEIZ$ P[] 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,= ,COLL9ET TODAY'S ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY REALIZES 0! MO/ P]FECT ABSORPTION ( SOCIETY BY ! /ATE ?AT HI/ORY HAS EV] SE510 & = ,DJILAS MOD]N HI/ORY HAS NEV] RECORD$ A REGIME OPPRESS+ ! MASSES 9 SO BRUTAL1 9HUMANE1 & ILLEGAL A FA%ION4 ,! ME?ODS IT EMPLOY$ CON/ITUTE 0ONE ( ! MO/ %AMEFUL PAGES ( HUMAN HI/ORY40 ,& 9 A FLI<T ( 9SPIRATION1 HE OPPOSES ! IDEALISM1 DEVOTION1 & SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE ( COMMUNISM ( ITS E>LY DAYS TO ! 9TOL]ANCE1 CORRUPTION1 /AGNATION1 & 9TELLECTUAL DECAD5CE ( CONTEMPOR>Y COMMUNISM4 ,! ANALYSIS ( ! 0NEW CLASS10 ( ! WAY IT EXPLOITS ! WORK+ CLASS & ITS POOR ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 IS MORE ACUTE 9 ,DJILAS ?AN IT IS 9 ,COLL9ET3 ,DJILAS--& ?IS IS ! MA9 9T]E/ ( HIS BOOK--IS A WITNESS :O LIV$ ! EVIL FROM )94 

,! TWO AU?ORS >E 9 AGREEM5T 9 D5\NC+ ! ?IR/ = & OBSESSION ) P[] ( ! COMMUNI/ OLIG>*S1 AS WELL AS 9 /IGMATIZ+ ! TRANS=MATION ( ,M>XISM 9TO A DOGMATISM1 9TO AN ESS5TIALLY /]ILE & CONS]VATIVE S*OLA/ICISM4 

,BO? ,COLL9ET & ,DJILAS REPROA* ,TROTSKY1 NOT )\T REASON & ALMO/ 9 ! SAME T]MS1 = HAV+ %[N HIMSELF 9CAPABLE1 DESPITE ! GREAT M]IT ( HIS 9DICTM5T ( ,/AL9ISM1 ( DEF9+ SOCIOLOGICALLY & FULLY EXPOS+ ! MEAN+ ( CONTEMPOR>Y COMMUNISM4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE HE LACK$ P]SPECTIVE1 ACCORD+ TO ,DJILAS2 BECAUSE HE P]SI/$ UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 NOT QUE/ION+ ,L59I/ IDEAS ( ORGANIZATION ACCORD+ TO ,COLL9ET4 ,!RE IS PROBABLY SOME?+ ( ! TRU? 9 BO? ( !SE EXPLANATIONS4 

,BUT TO MY M9D BO? BOOKS >E M>R$ BY A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ]RORS ,I W\LD LIKE TO PO9T \T4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !Y BO? %[ A TOTAL LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT ( 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION40 ,COLL9ET MAKES ! MI/AKE ( CONSID]+ ,M>X'S FAM\S TEXT ( ,M>* #ahe AN UNIMPORTANT ACCID5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XI/ ?\<T1 AN EPHEM]AL 0,BLANQUI/0 CRISIS FROM :I* ! AU?OR QUICKLY RECOV]$4.<#b#f#g.> ,HE & ,DJILAS DRAW ]RONE\S CONCLUSIONS FROM A CORRECT OBS]VATION1 :I* IS ?AT ! 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION0 IS MORE ACUTELY MANIFE/$ 9 BACKW>D C\NTRIES :]E IT IS EASI] TO DIRECTLY LEAP OV] ! CAPITALI/ /AGE FROM FEUDALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,BUT !Y >E WRONG 9 CONCLUD+ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM IS ONLY APPLICABLE TO UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES & ?AT IT HAS NO *ANCE 9 HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS4 ,MA9TA9+1 = EXAMPLE1 AS ,DJILAS DOES1 ?AT 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,G]MANY ONLY RE=MISM CAN C>RY ! DAY MEANS =GETT+ ?AT FROM #aiah TO #aicc ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT WAS ON ! BR9K ( VICTORY ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS & ?AT )\T ! ]RORS CAUS$ BY ITS BE+ A SATELLITE ( ,MOSC[1 IT W\LD PROBABLY HAVE ABOLI%$ ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALISM ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,MAY '#f#h DID WE NOT SEE ! WORK+-CLASS REVOLT 9 ,FRANCE A HAIR'S BREAD? FROM OV]?R[+ AN ADVANC$ CAPITALISM8 

,:AT IS MORE1 ! TWO BOOKS 9SI/ 9SUFFICI5TLY UPON ! RELATIVELY PROGRESSIVE ASPECTS ( COMMUNISM 9 P[]1 AL?\< BO? M5TION SOME ( !M4 ,COLL9ET ACCEPTS ?AT ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIES HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ! POOR PEASANTS LIB]AT$ FROM ! YOKE ( BIG L&[N]S & USUR]S1 & ?AT 9DU/RIALIZATION HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T2 ,DJILAS ?AT ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HAS ALL[$ = ! REALIZATION ( RAPID PROGRESS 9 C]TA9 SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,BUT ! ,YUGOSLAV CONTRADICTS HIMSELF BY CLAIM+ AGA9/ ALL EVID5CE ?AT NO GREAT SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES HAVE BE5 MADE UND] ! ,SOVIET REGIME & ?AT 9 ?IS DOMA9 ! ,U,S,S,R PROBABLY TRAILS CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,& 9 ! F9AL CONCLUSIONS ( !SE TWO BOOKS ! PROGRESSIVE ASPECT IS =GOTT5 & ! BALANCE %EET PRES5T$ IS TOO NEGATIVE4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 CONC]N+ ! POSSIBILITIES = ! EVOLUTION ( ! PO/-,/AL9I/ REGIME ! TWO AU?ORS DEMON/RATE A PESSIMISM ?AT 9 MY EYES IS EXCESSIVE4 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y >E RI<T 9 MA9TA9+ ?AT ! ,KHRU%*EV REGIME WAS ?AT ( A CONS]VATIVE PRAGMATISM LACK+ 9 IDEAS4 ,!Y >E ALSO RI<T 9 /RESS+ ! RELATIVELY N>R[ LIMITS ( DE-,/AL9IZATION & 9 BE+ SKEPTICAL AB\T ! DEMOCRATIZATION & ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! REGIME1 BE IT 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 OR ,POL&4 ,BUT AT TIMES :5 READ+ !M IT SEEMS ?AT 0DIALECTICAL0 EVOLUTION IS BLOCK$1 ?AT IT =BIDS ALL HOPE4 ,& YET1 9 O!R PASSAGES ! TWO AU?ORS ADMIT ?AT ! BREAK ) ! ,/AL9I/ PA/ IS PR(\ND1 ?AT SOME?+ HAS TRULY *ANG$1 ?AT ! DOM9ATION ( ! 0NEW CLASS0 HAS BE5 %AK51 ?AT LIB]ATION IS ON ! M>*1 & ?AT ! RELEASE ( POPUL> DISCONT5T IS IRREV]SIBLE4 ,BUT !Y CONCLUDE ?AT ! \TCOME WILL BE IRREM$IABLE RU9 & ! COLLAPSE ( 0COMMUNISM0 )\T 9DICAT+ ) :AT ! 0MON/]0 WILL BE REPLAC$4 

,AN AMBIGUITY ALL ! MORE WORRISOME 9 ?AT ONE S5SES 9 !IR ANALYSIS A S+UL> 9DULG5CE T[>DS ,WE/]N B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 CONSID]$ ! SOLE ALT]NATIVE TO 0COMMUNI/ TYRANNY40 

,IT SEEMS ?AT = BO? ,COLL9ET & ,DJILAS ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME ALONE IS RESPONSIBLE = ! ,COLD ,W> & ! DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO TWO BLOCS4 ,! CAPITALI/ & IMP]IALI/ *>ACT] ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES IS BLURR$4 ,= ,COLL9ET F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM IS A 0MY?ICAL MON/]10 & EV5 ,DJILAS :O HAS SP5T TIME 9 ! ,U4,S41 CONTE/S ! IDEA ?AT ! ,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS >E CONTROLL$ BY A H&FUL ( MONOPOLI/S4 ,COLL9ET CLAIMS ) A /RAI<T FACE ?AT !RE EXI/ ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES 0UNTA9T$ BY ANY VE/IGES ( IMP]IALISM10 & ,DJILAS ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES T5D T[>DS AN 9CREAS+LY /ATI/ REGIME4 ,! DANG]S ?AT ,AM]ICAN BIG BUS9ESS & ITS CLAIM TO WORLD LEAD]%IP PRES5T >E CONJUR$ AWAY4 ,COLL9ET GOES EV5 FUR!R :5 HE ATTACKS ! ,B&UNG ,ACCORDS :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 >E 0NO?+ BUT A WEAPON AGA9/ ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES10 & :5 HE PRES5TS ,MOSSADE< & ,NASS] AS 9/RUM5TS 9 ! S]VICE ( ,RUSSIAN EXPANSIONISM4.<#b#f#h.> ,! IMPACT ( ! 9DICTM5T ( ,/AL9I/ TOTALIT>IANISM & ! EXECUTION]S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN PEOPLE IS CONSID]ABLY WEAK5$ BY ! BLANK *ECK ISSU$ ! AGGRESSORS ( ,SUEZ & ,WE/]N COLONIALISM4 

,:Y DO ,COLL9ET & ,DJILAS BO? GO (F ! RAILS AT ! 5D ( !IR ANALYSIS8 ,9 MY OP9ION ! REAL REASON = !IR ]ROR IS !IR 9ABILITY TO F9D A ?IRD WAY \TSIDE ( ?OSE ( ,/AL9ISM & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,& ! S\RCE ( ?IS 9ABILITY IS ! REFUSAL TO RALLY TO LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/ IDEAS4 

,!Y MAKE ONLY VAGUE & 9SUFFICI5T ALLUSIONS TO ! GREAT CONFLICT BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM & AN>*I/ SOCIALISM ?AT SO DEEPLY DIVID$ ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,!Y SEEM TO BE IGNORANT ( ! FACT ?AT ! TOTALIT>IAN COMMUNISM !Y D5\NCE WAS CONDEMN$ A C5TURY BE=E !M 9 PROPHETIC T]MS BY ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 ,= ,COLL9ET & EV5 MORE = ,DJILAS AU?ORITY DIRECTLY EX]CIS$ BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY /ATE CO]CION IS AN 0ILLUSION0 & A 0UTOPIA40 ,& YET ! TWO AU?ORS OCCASIONALLY CONTRADICT !MSELVES & EXPRESS UNCONSCI\S LIB]T>IAN ASPIRATIONS4 ,COLL9ET LETS SLIP ?AT 0! LOGIC ( DEMOCRACY WAS NOT ! ,JACOB9 /ATE1 EV5 ANIMAT$ BY GOOD 9T5TIONS1 BUT ! /ATE1 WI!R+ AWAY & TRANSF]R+ ITS FUNCTIONS TO ! 5TIRE SOCIAL BODY40 ,& ,DJILAS1 AFT] HAV+ D5\NC$ ! ,JACOB9-/YLE 9TOL]ANCE ( CONTEMPOR>Y COMMUNI/S1 EXALTS 0MAN'S IMP]I%ABLE ASPIRATION = FRE$OM10 & ANN\NCES AS IMM95T ! MOM5T :5 9DU/RIALIZATION WILL R5D] COMMUNISM 0SUP]FLU\S40 ,ANALYZ+ ! DEM&S ( ! UND]GR\ND OPPOSITION CURR5TLY MATUR+ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,COLL9ET--:O IS MORE PRECISE ?AN ,DJILAS ON ?IS MATT] AL?\<1 ALAS1 HE DOES NOT GO AS F> AS HE %\LD--SAYS ?AT 0!Y DO NOT APPE> TO BE DEM&+ ,WE/]N P>LIAM5T>ISM2 RA!R !IR ESS5CE IS ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEOPLE & !IR ECONOMIC & CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 RELATION TO ! P>TY & /ATE APP>ATUSES40 

,IF ,COLL9ET & ,DJILAS HAD MORE CLE>LY D$UC$ !SE LIB]T>IAN CONCLUSIONS FROM !IR ANALYZES !Y W\LD HAVE AVOID$ GETT+ BOGG$ D[N1 DUE TO !IR FAILURE TO CLE>LY GLIMPSE A ?IRD WAY1 9 A PRO-,WE/]N ,M5%EVISM ?AT DEPRIVES !IR >GUM5T ( MU* ( ITS =CE & P]SUASIVE P[]4 ,NONE ( ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 JU/IFIES ! PRISON S5T5CE 9FLICT$ ON ! ,YUGOSLAV1 :I* DOES NO HONOR TO ,TITO'S REGIME4 

,! LESSON3 A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ :O FREES HIMSELF ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ ,JACOB9ISM IS 9 GREAT DANG] ( FALL+ 9TO PETITB\RGEOIS & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE HEAL?Y & C]TA9 WAY TO 0DE-,JACOB9IZE10 TO DI/ANCE ONESELF FROM AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM1 & ?AT IS TO GO OV] TO LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM1 ! ONLY RELIABLE VALUE ( \R TIME1 ! ONLY SOCIALISM ?AT HAS REMA9$ Y\NG1 ! ONLY AU!NTIC SOCIALISM4  
  

.<#a#i#e#g1 9 ,JEUNESSE DU SOCIALISME LIB]TAIRE.> 

,MAY1 A ,CONT9UITY1 A ,R5EWAL 

  

,) ! EXCEPTION ( ?AT BY ,COHN-,B5DIT1 :AT IS /RIK+ AB\T SOME ( ! C\NTLESS BOOKS WRITT5 A TAD TOO HA/ILY AB\T ,MAY '#f#h IS ! RELATIVE ABS5CE ( REF]5CES OR 9SUFFICI5T REF]5CES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PA/4.<#b#f#i.> ,! BOOKS 9 :I* ?IS OMISSION CAN BE F\ND W]E WRITT5 9 G5]AL BY Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,! Y\NG W]E ! 9ITIATORS ( ,MAY & FEEL A LEGITIMATE PRIDE 9 IT4 ,?R\< ,MAY1 MANY DISCOV]$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 A ,REVOLUTION ?AT NOT ALL ( !M KNEW BE=EH& FROM BOOKS1 OR ONLY KNEW IT POORLY DUE TO ! FALSIFI$ V]SIONS ?AT HAD BE5 PRES5T$ TO !M4 ,FROM :I* A /RANGE PO9T ( VIEW DEVELOPS :I* LEADS !M TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 ,FRANCE EV]Y?+ BEGAN ) ,MAY '#f#h1 ?AT ,MAY WAS AN ABSOLUTELY ORIG9AL CREATION )\T ANY DIRECT TIES TO ,FR5* WORK+-CLASS & REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS4 

,CLAUDE ,LE=T DISPLAY$ AN ILLUSION ( ?IS K9D :5 9 AN >TICLE 9 ,LE ,MONDE1.<#b#g.> HE BOLDLY ASS]T$ ?AT 0) ! ,MAY MOVEM5T 444 SOME?+ NEW IS BE+ ANN\NC$ 444 AN OPPOSITION ?AT DOES NOT YET KN[ :AT TO CALL ITSELF1 BUT :I* *ALL5GES ! P[] /RUCTURE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT CANNOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/40 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,LE=T 9 ?IS CASE WAS C>RI$ AWAY BY ! >DOR ( A POLEMIC AGA9/ ! V>I\S ,TROTSKYI/ GR\PS HE REPROA*ES1 NOT )\T REASON1 ) SEEK+ TO RECUP]ATE & MONOPOLIZE ! ,MAY MOVEM5T AT ! RISK ( FOSSILIZ+ IT4 ,BUT 9 MAK+ HIS CASE HE EXAGG]AT$LY TIPS ! BALANCE 9 A DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO ?AT ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITION1 & ,I DO NOT %>E HIS OP9ION ?AT ,MAY IS SO RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/4 

,TO BE SURE1 :AT IS NEW1 :AT IS ABSOLUTELY NOVEL 9 ,MAY IS ?AT WE WITNESS$ ! FIR/ ACT ( AN EXT5D$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION :OSE DETONATOR WAS CON/ITUT$ NOT BY WORK]S1 AS 9 ! PA/1 BUT = ! FIR/ TIME BY /UD5TS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?IS PECULI>ITY ( ,MAY ONLY CONC]NS ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ( ! FAM\S MON?1 :5 IT WAS ! /UD5TS :O BUILT ! B>RICADES & HELD ! /REETS4 ,! SECOND PHASE ( ! 0,MAY REVOLUTION10 ! F> MORE IMPORTANT ONE1 ?AT :I* MORE PR(\NDLY %OOK ! POLITICAL P[] & ! BOSSES1 :I* GAVE RISE TO ! AL>M ( ! PROP]TY-[N+ CLASS & ! FLI<T ( !IR CAPITAL1 WAS A REVOLUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! /YLE & AT ! LEVEL ( ! GREAT SOCIAL CRISES ( ! PA/4 

,ONE WOND]S :E!R ! REASON C]TA9 PEOPLE T5D TO OV]E/IMATE ! ORIG9ALITY ( ! ,MAY REVOLUTION IS ?AT IT >OSE DUR+ A HI/ORICAL /AGE :5 ! ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 EMPTI$ ( ALL CONT5T 9 ,FRANCE2 :5 IT HAD BE5 BETRAY$1 P]V]T$1 ]AS$ FROM ! MAP BY TWO P[]FUL POLITICAL /EAM-ROLL]S1 TWO /]ILIZ]S ( CRITICAL ?9K+3 ,/AL9ISM & ,GAULLISM4 ,IF ,MAY LOOK$ BOLDLY ANTI-E/ABLI%M5T1 IF IT SEEM$ TO BR+ 9TO QUE/ION ALL E/ABLI%$ VALUES & AU?ORITIES AS ,CLAUDE ,LE=T SEEMS TO ?9K1 IS IT NOT BECAUSE ,/AL9ISM = ! LA/ =TY YE>S & ,GAULLISM = ! PA/ T5 HAD CAUS$ ! ,FR5* TO LOSE ! HABIT ( RADICAL CONTE/ATION1 ( LIB]T>IAN PROTE/8 ,A HABIT1 A TA/E1 A TRADITION ?AT HAD BE5 !IRS = ALMO/ #ae YE>S4 

,LET US TAKE ! TIME TO TRAVEL 9TO \R PA/ & R$ISCOV] ! C\NTLESS ,MAY '#f#hS ( \R NATIONAL & SOCIAL HI/ORY4 

,= MY P>T1 SCRAT*+ & DIGG+ BEH9D ! MISLEAD+ FACADE CON/RUCT$ BY B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS1 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO REVIVE ! MASS MOVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION ( #a#g#i#c1 EXTRAORD9>Y & UNBELIEVABLE BECAUSE IT OCCURR$ 9 A ,FRANCE /ILL MORE OR LESS PLUNG$ 9 ! D>KNESS ( ABSOLUTISM1 >I/OCRACY1 & CL]ICALISM4 ,I FOLL[$ /EP BY /EP ! BOLD 9CURSIONS 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! FUTURE D>$ BY ! SANS-CULOTTE VANGU>D1 SO F> 9 ADVANCE ( ITS TIME3 ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! P[] ( ! /REET4 ,I COMP>$1 & H[ C\LD ONE NOT1 ! ,5RAGES ( #agic & ?OSE ( #aifh BY /RESS+ ?IS PHRASE ( ,JACQUE ,R\X1 PRECURSOR ( ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT3 0,ONLY ! Y\NG >E CAPABLE ( ! DEGREE ( >DOR NECESS>Y TO MAKE A REVOLUTION40 

,:5 ,I HAD TO DESCRIBE ! BUR/ ( VITALITY1 ( GOOD S5SE1 ( GOOD HUMOR1 MORE GOOD-NATUR$ ?AN CRUEL1 ?AT CA/ ! PEOPLE 9TO ! GREAT ADV5TURE ( DE-,*RI/IANIZATION 9 #agic & L$ TO ! OV]TURN+ ( IDOLS1 ,I GAVE ! *APT] D$ICAT$ TO ?IS SUBJECT AN EXPRESSION BORR[$ FROM ,MAY '#f#h3 0,ALL P[] TO ! IMAG9ATION40 ,= :AT WE HAVE H]E IS ! SAME CREATIVE G5IUS4 

,ALL ! SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE ?AT FOLL[$ ?AT ( #agic & W]E BORN ( ITS TRADITIONS W]E1 LIKE !IR PR$ECESSOR1 AN EXUB]ANT FE/IVAL ( RECOV]$ FRE$OM & AN 5ORM\S COLLECTIVE RELEASE4 

,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ?AT WAS ! CASE ) ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM WAS BORN 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS4 ,?IS G5]AL /RIKE IS TOO LITTLE KN[N1 = H]E1 TOO1 ! B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,OCTAVE ,FE/Y1 W]E NO D\BT SUP]FICIAL & NEGLIG5T BY DESIGN4 

,& :AT %\LD WE SAY AB\T ! TUMULTU\S1 F]TILE REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 :I* BR$ SO MANY IDEAS ?AT EM]G$ OV] SEV]AL MON?S FROM A POPUL> CRUCIBLE 9 TURMOIL1 :5 SO MANY PUBLIC MEET+S & VA/ ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE :]E HELD1 :5 SO MANY NEWSPAP]S1 PAMPHLETS1 & TRACTS W]E BORN4 

,! LIB]T>IAN EXPLOSION ?AT WAS ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ! DIRECT HEIR ( ?AT ( #a#g#i#c1 WAS ( ! SAME K9D4 ,IT IS (T5 HIDD5 FROM US1 OR RELEGAT$ TO SECOND PLACE1 BY AU?ORS :O HAVE !IR EYES ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY FIX$ ON ITS CIVIL W> ASPECTS4 ,BUT DUR+ ! %ORT SPAN ( TIME :5 REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS WAS ABLE TO BLOSSOM DUR+ A RELATIVE RESPITE BE=E IT WAS SUBJECT$ TO ! FATAL AGGRESSION ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 :AT A FL[]+1 :AT AN OV]FL[+ ( JOY & LIB]TY6 ,>M& ,GATTI1 9 ! BEAUTIFUL TEXT HE WROTE 9 ,MAY '#f#h TO COMM5T ON ! PROJECTION ( SLIDES ON ! WALLS1 P]FECTLY GRASP$ ! P>ALLELS BETWE5 0,MAY '#f#h0 & ! ,COMMUNE4.<#b#g#a.> ,LIKEWISE1 IT W\LD BE GIV+ A ONE-SID$ VISION ( ! ,MAY REVOLUTION TO R$UCE IT TO A S]IES ( /REET BATTLES & TO M9IMIZE ! G5]AL CONTE/ATION & ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,! CONFRONTATION ) ! ,C,R,S WAS ! PRICE ?AT HAD TO BE PAID TO OP5 ! FE/IVAL ( FRE$OM AT ! ,SORBONNE4.<#b#g#b.> 

,! SAME LIB]T>IAN IMPULSE CAN BE F\ND 9 ! GREAT /RIKE ?AT FOLL[$ ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I 9 ,FRANCE JU/ FIFTY YE>S AGO1 COMB9$ ) ! MUT9IES ( ,FR5* SAILORS REFUS+ TO GO TO W> ) ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS4 ,DO PEOPLE KN[ ?AT ON ,JUNE #h1 #a#i#a#i1 ,T\LON WAS ! !AT] ( A G5U9E 9SURRECTION1 :]E SAILORS1 SOLDI]S1 & WORK]S F\<T %\LD] TO %\LD] 9 ! /REETS1 /ONES 9 H&1 AGA9/ ! G5D>MES8.<#b#g#c.> 

,= MY P>T1 ,I WAS =TUNATE 5\<1 ALONG ) MILLIONS ( O!R MILITANTS1 TO LIVE ?R\< ,JUNE '#c#f1 ! IMM$IATE PRECURSOR TO ! WORK]S' ,MAY '#f#h4 ,& ALONG ) ALL ( !M ,I CAN TE/IFY ?AT ,FRANCE1 P>ALYZ$ BY ! G5]AL /RIKE & ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 & ) ! P[] ( ! MASSES MA/] ( ! C\NTRY1 WAS ON A P> ) ! WORK]S' UPRIS+ WE LIV$ ?R\< A YE> AGO4 ,LIKE ! PREC$+ EXPLOSIONS1 ! 0REVOLUTION0 ( #aicf WAS AN IMPRESSIVE FE/IVAL ( POPUL> JOY4 ,P>ADES ( MILLIONS ( DEMON/RATORS FILL$ ! /REETS1 JU/ AS ON ,MAY #a#c1 #a#i#f#h4 ,& 9 ! FACTORIES1 ( :I* ! WORK]S HAD BECOME MA/]S1 WE P>TICIPAT$ 9 AN IMM5SE POPUL> FE/IVAL1 AN 5ORM\S ,BA/ILLE ,DAY1 ONE F> MORE SPONTANE\S ?AN ! ONE CELEBRAT$ EV]Y YE> BY ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICAN TRADITION4.<#b#g#d.> 

,HAV+ P>TICIPAT$ 9 MANY DEBATES 9 ! LECTURE HALLS ( ! OCCUPI$ UNIV]SITY BUILD+S 9 ,MAY1 ,I CAN ATTE/ TO ! FACT ?AT ! PASSIONATE & VIBRANT CR[DS ?AT SQUEEZ$ 9TO !M1 F> FROM TURN+ !IR BACKS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y PA/1 W]E EAG] TO F9D A CONT9UITY 9 IT1 TO QU5* !IR ?IR/ AT ?AT ET]NAL SPR+ ( LIB]T>IAN 5]GY1 :I* MANY ( !M HAD JU/ DISCOV]$4 

,! REBIR? ( AN>*ISM DUR+ ,MAY '#f#h MI<T HAVE SEEM$ SURPRIS+4 ,BUT LOOK$ AT MORE CLOSELY1 ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS1 & BY EXT5SION ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 HAS ALWAYS RETA9$ AN AN>*I/--OR RA!R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/--SUB/RATUM4 ,CONTR>Y TO APPE>ANCES1 ! ,C,G,T'S TRADITION ( CLASS /RUGGLE & DIRECT ACTION :I* FL\RI%$ FROM #ahie TO #aiad NEV] DI$4 ,MANY MILITANTS1 & EV5 LEAD]S1 :O HAVE S9CE BECOME ,/AL9I/ 0,COMMUNI/S10 HAVE NOT COMPLETELY SUCCE$$ 9 KILL+ )9 !MSELVES A REPRESS$ NO/ALGIA = AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,! UNION SPLIT ( #a#i#b#a1 ! CREATION ( ! ,C,G,T,U & !N ITS ,BOL%EVIZATION DID NOT CAUSE ! OLD SYNDICALI/ F]M5T TO VANI% FROM ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S4.<#b#g#e.> 

,! G5]AL /RIKES ( #aicf & #a#i#f#h1 BO? ( :I* W]E ACCOMPANI$ BY A WAVE ( OCCUPATIONS1 W]E SPONTANE\S MASS MOBILIZATIONS ( ! RANK & FILE1 & W]E AU!NTICALLY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 

,DESPITE ! MANEUV]S ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRATS LIKE ,GEORGES ,SEGUY1.<#b#g#f.> ! ,C,G,T ( TODAY 9 L>GE MEASURE REMA9S1 DEEP 9 ITS HE>T1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 & ?AT IS :AT 9FURIATES ! A=EM5TION$ 9DIVIDUAL4 

,F9ALLY1 IF AN>*ISM WAS R$ISCOV]$ 9 ,MAY1 OR RA!R 5T]$ 9TO SYMBIOSIS ) ,M>XISM1 !RE IS NO NE$ TO GO F> TO F9D ! CAUSE3 IT IS QUITE SIMPLY BECAUSE AT ! MOM5T ?AT IT BLOOMS EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE LIB]T>IAN4 

,ONLY AFT]W>DS DO ! RECUP]ATORS1 ! LEAD]S :O LAY !IR PAWS ON ! ,REVOLUTION1 DISFIGURE IT & /IFLE IT4 

,! REVOLUTION ( ,MAY WAS AW>E ( ?IS DANG]4 ,UP TILL N[ IT HAS NOT SUCCUMB$4 ,BUT BEW>E6  
  

.<#a#i#f#i1 9 ,P\R UN ,M>XISME LIB]TAIRE.> 

,SELF-,MANAGEM5T 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g 

  

,SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA9 IS RELATIVELY LITTLE KN[N4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,REPUBLICAN CAMP IT WAS MORE OR LESS PASS$ OV] 9 SIL5CE OR DISP>AG$4 ,! HORRIBLE CIVIL W> SUBM]G$ IT1 & /ILL SUBM]GES IT TODAY 9 PEOPLE'S MEMORIES4 ,IT IS NOT M5TION$ AT ALL 9 ! FILM ,TO ,DIE 9 ,MADRID4.<#b#g#g.> ,& YET1 IT WAS P]HAPS ! MO/ POSITIVE LEGACY ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION3 ! ATTEMPT AT AN ORIG9AL =M ( SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! SWIFT POPUL> RESPONSE TO ! ,FRANCOI/ C\P D'ETAT1 MANY AGRICULTURAL E/ATES & FACTORIES HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY !IR [N]S4 ,AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S W]E ! FIR/ TO DECIDE TO CONT9UE CULTIVAT+ ! L&4 ,!IR SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 EV5 HI<] ?AN ?AT ( ! URBAN WORK]S4 ,!Y SPONTANE\SLY ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO COLLECTIVES4 ,9 ,AUGU/ A UNION CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA REPRES5T+ SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & SMALL F>M]S4 ,! LEGAL BLESS+ ONLY OCCURR$ %ORTLY AFT]W>DS3 ON ,OCTOB] #g1 #a#i#c#f1 ! C5TRAL ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T NATIONALIZ$ ! L&S ( 0P]SONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! FASCI/ REBELLION40 

,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES GAVE !MSELVES DUAL MANAGEM5T1 BO? UNION & COMMUNAL1 ) ! COMMUNALI/ SPIRIT PR$OM9AT+4 ,AT G5]AL ASSEMBLIES PEASANTS ELECT$ A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE ( ELEV5 MEMB]S 9 EA* VILLAGE4 ,ASIDE FROM ! SECRET>Y1 ALL ( ! MEMB]S CONT9U$ TO WORK ) !IR H&S4 ,LABOR WAS M&ATORY = ALL HEAL?Y M5 BETWE5 EI<TE5 & SIXTY4 ,! PEASANTS W]E DIVID$ 9TO GR\PS ( T5 OR MORE1 ) A DELEGATE AT !IR HEAD4 ,EA* GR\P WAS ASSIGN$ A ZONE ( CULTIVATION OR A FUNCTION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! AGE ( ITS MEMB]S & ! NATURE ( ! TASK4 ,EV]Y EV5+ ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE RECEIV$ ! DELEGATES ( ! GR\PS4 ,!Y FREQU5TLY 9VIT$ ! RESID5TS TO A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! NEI<BORHOOD = AN ACC\NT ( !IR ACTIVITY4 

,EV]Y?+ WAS HELD 9 COMMON1 EXCEPT P]SONAL SAV+S1 & LIVE/OCK & F[L DE/9$ = FAMILY CONSUMPTION4 ,! >TISANS1 HAIRDRESS]S1 & COBBL]S W]E GR\P$ 9 COLLECTIVES4 ,! %EEP ( ! COMMUNITY1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 GR\PS ( ?REE TO F\R HUNDR$1 5TRU/$ TO TWO %EPH]DS & ME?ODICALLY DI/RIBUT$ ACROSS ! M\NTA94 

,WAGE LABOR &1 P>TIALLY AT LEA/1 MONEY W]E ABOLI%$4 ,EA* WORK] OR FAMILY RECEIV$ 9 REMUN]ATION = HIS LABOR A BOND D5OM9AT$ 9 PESETAS ?AT C\LD ONLY BE EX*ANG$ = CONSUM] GOODS 9 COMMUNAL /ORES1 (T5 LOCAT$ 9 *UR*ES OR !IR \T-BUILD+S4 ,! UNUS$ SUM WAS CR$IT$ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RES]VE ACC\NT4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE TO )DRAW POCKET MONEY FROM ?IS SUM 9 LIMIT$ AM\NTS4 ,R5T1 ELECTRICITY1 M$ICAL C>E1 PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS1 & OLD AGE ASSI/ANCE W]E FREE1 AS WAS S*OOL1 :I* WAS (T5 LOCAT$ 9 A =M] CONV5T & M&ATORY = ALL *ILDR5 BEL[ F\RTE51 = :OM MANUAL LABOR WAS PROHIBIT$4 

,MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVE WAS VOLUNT>Y4 ,NO PRESSURE WAS EX]CIS$ ON SMALL L&[N]S4 ,!Y C\LD1 IF !Y WI%$1 P>TICIPATE 9 COMMON TASKS & PLACE !IR PRODUCTS 9 ! COMMUNAL /ORES4 ,!Y W]E ADMITT$ TO G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 B5EFIT+ FROM MO/ ( ! ADVANTAGES ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,!Y W]E ONLY PREV5T$ FROM [N+ MORE L& ?AN !Y C\LD CULTIVATE & ONE CONDITION WAS POS$3 ?AT !IR P]SON OR PROP]TY NOT DI/URB ! COLLECTIVE ORD]4 ,9 MO/ SOCIALIZ$ VILLAGES ! NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS :O /OOD ON !IR [N1 PEASANTS OR M]*ANTS1 GREW EV] SMALL]4 

,! COMMUNAL COLLECTIVES W]E UNIT$ 9 CANTONAL F$]ATIONS1 ABOVE :I* W]E PROV9CIAL F$]ATIONS4 ,! L& ( A CANTONAL F$]ATION =M$ ONE HOLD+1 )\T B\ND>Y M>K+S4 ,SOLID>ITY BETWE5 VILLAGES WAS PU%$ TO ! EXTREME4 ,COMP5SATION FUNDS ALL[$ = ! ASSI/+ ( ! LEA/ FAVOR$ COLLECTIVES4 

,FROM ,ONE ,PROV9CE TO ,ANO!R 

  

,RURAL SOCIALIZATION V>I$ 9 IMPORTANCE FROM ONE PROV9CE TO ANO!R4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 A L& ( SMALL & MID-SIZ$ PROP]TY1 :]E F>M]S HAD /RONG 9DIVIDUALI/ TRADITIONS1 IT WAS R$UC$ TO A FEW T9Y ISL&S1 ! PEASANT UNION CONF$]ATION WISELY PREF]R+ TO FIR/ CONV9CE L&[N]S BY ! EXEMPL>Y SUCCESS ( A FEW PILOT COLLECTIVES4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ,>AGON MORE ?AN ?REE QU>T]S ( ! L&S W]E SOCIALIZ$4 ,! PASSAGE ( A ,CATALAN MILITIA1 ! FAM\S ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 5 R\TE = ! NOR? TO FI<T ! ,FRANCOI/S1 & ! SUBSEQU5T CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P[] ISSU$ FROM ! RANK & FILE1 ! ONLY ONE ( ITS K9D 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 /IMULAT$ ! CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S4 ,>\ND #de COLLECTIVES W]E =M$1 BR++ TOGE!R #f1 MEMB]S4 ,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,LEVANTE 7ITS CAPITAL ,VAL5CIA71 ! RI*E/ 9 ,SPA91 SOME #f COLLECTIVES >OSE4 ,!Y TOOK 9 #dc P]C5T ( ALL LOCALITIES1 #e P]C5T ( CITRUS PRODUCTION & #g P]C5T ( ITS DI/RIBUTION4 ,9 ,CA/ILE #c COLLECTIVES W]E =M$ ) #a1 MEMB]S ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( #a1 VOLUNTE]S S5T AS EXP]TS 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T BY ,LEVANTE4 ,SOCIALIZATION ALSO T\*$ ,EXTREMADURA & A PORTION ( ,&ALUCIA4 ,!RE W]E A FEW ATTEMPTS AT IT 9 ,A/URIAS1 BUT !Y W]E QUICKLY REPRESS$4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ?IS SOCIALISM FROM ! BASE WAS NOT1 AS SOME BELIEVE1 ! WORK ( ! AN>*I/S ALONE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GU/AVE ,LEVAL'S TE/IMONY1 ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T W]E (T5 0AN>*I/S )\T KN[+ IT40.<#b#g#h.> ,AMONG ! LATT] PROV9CES 5UM]AT$ ABOVE1 IT WAS ! SOCIALI/1 ,CA?OLIC1 & 9 ,A/URIAS EV5 ,COMMUNI/ PEASANTS :O TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,:5 IT WAS NOT SABOTAG$ BY ITS 5EMIES OR H9D]$ BY ! W>1 AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS AN UNQUE/IONABLE SUCCESS4 ,! L& WAS UNIT$ 9TO ONE HOLD+ & CULTIVAT$ OV] GREAT EXPANSES ACCORD+ TO A G5]AL PLAN & ! DIRECTIVES ( AGRONOMI/S4 ,SMALL L&[N]S 9TEGRAT$ !IR PLOTS ) ?OSE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,SOCIALIZATION DEMON/RAT$ ITS SUP]IORITY BO? OV] L>GE ABS5TEE L&HOLD+S1 :I* LEFT A P>T ( ! L& UNPLANT$1 & OV] SMALLHOLD+S1 CULTIVAT$ ) ! USE ( RUDIM5T>Y TE*NIQUES1 9ADEQUATE SE$+1 & )\T F]TILIZ]4 ,PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ BY #c-#e P]C5T4 ,! AM\NT ( CULTIVAT$ L& 9CREAS$1 WORK+ ME?ODS W]E IMPROV$1 & HUMAN1 ANIMAL1 & ME*ANICAL 5]GY US$ MORE RATIONALLY4 ,F>M+ WAS DIV]SIFI$1 IRRIGATION DEVELOP$1 ! C\NTRYSIDE P>TIALLY RE=E/$1 NURS]IES OP5$1 PIG/IES CON/RUCT$1 RURAL TE*NICAL S*OOLS CREAT$1 PILOT F>MS SET UP1 LIVE/OCK SELECT$ & 9CREAS$1 & AUXILI>Y 9DU/RIES SET 9 MOTION1 ETC4 

,9 ,LEVANTE1 ! 9ITIATIVES TAK5 = ! M>KET+ ( AGRICULTURAL GOODS DES]VE M5TION4 ,! W> HAV+ CAUS$ A TEMPOR>Y CLOS+ ( =EIGN M>KETS & ( ! P>T ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET CONTROLL$ BY ,FRANCO1 ! ORANGES W]E DRI$2 & :]EV] A GREAT] QUANTITY ?AN PREVI\SLY WAS OBTA9$1 ESS5CE WAS EXTRACT$ FROM ! PEEL & ORANGE HONEY1 ORANGE W9E1 M$ICAL ALCOHOL1 & PULP = ! SAV+ ( BLOOD FROM SLAU<T]H\SES = USE TO FE$ F[L WAS PRODUC$4 ,FACTORIES CONC5TRAT$ ORANGE JUICE4 ,:5 ! PEASANT F$]ATION SUCCE$$ 9 REE/ABLI%+ RELATIONS ) ,FR5* PORTS IT 5SUR$ ! M>KET+ ( AGRICULTURAL GOODS ?R\< ITS W>EH\SES1 ITS TRUCKS1 ITS C>GOS1 & ITS SALES \TLETS 9 ,FRANCE4 

,!SE SUCCESSES W]E DUE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 TO ! PEOPLE'S 9ITIATIVE & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,?\< A MAJORITY W]E ILLIT]ATE1 ! PEASANTS DEMON/RAT$ A SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS1 PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE1 & A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & SACRIFICE ?AT 9SPIR$ ADMIRATION 9 =EIGN VISITORS4 ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY1 AFT] A VISIT TO ! COLLECTIVE ( ,SEGORBE1 TE/IFI$ TO ?IS3 0,! MOOD ( ! PEASANTS1 !IR 5?USIASM1 ! WAY 9 :I* !Y MADE !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! COMMON EF=T1 !IR PRIDE 9 IT1 ALL ( ?IS IS ADMIRABLE40 

,! ,SABOTAGE ( ,SELF-MANAGEM5T 

  

,H[EV]1 !RE WAS NO LACK ( DIFFICULTIES4 ,CR$IT & =EIGN COMM]CE1 BY ! WILL ( ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! /ATE CONTROLL$ ! BANKS1 BUT IT AVOID$ PUTT+ !M AT ! S]VICE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,LACK+ CIRCULAT+ FUNDS1 MANY COLLECTIVES LIV$ ON :AT !Y HAD SEIZ$ AT ! TIME ( ! ,JULY #aicf REVOLUTION4 ,AFT]W>DS !Y HAD TO RESORT TO MAKE%IFT ME?ODS1 LIKE SEIZ+ JEWELRY & PRECI\S OBJECTS BELONG+ TO ! *UR*ES1 CONV5TS1 ,FRANCOI/S1 ETC4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T ALSO SUFF]$ FROM A LACK ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y &1 TO A LESS] DEGREE1 A LACK ( TE*NICAL CADRES4 

,BUT ! MO/ S]I\S OB/ACLE WAS ! HO/ILITY1 AT FIR/ HIDD5 & !N OP51 ( ! V>I\S POLITICAL G5]AL /AFFS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,EV5 A P>TY ( ! ,F> ,LEFT SU* AS ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P,\,M7 WAS NOT ALWAYS WELL DISPOS$ T[>DS ! COLLECTIVES4.<#b#g#i.> ,?IS AU!NTICALLY POPUL> MOVEM5T1 ! H]ALD ( A NEW ORD]1 SPONTANE\S & IMPROVIS$1 & JEAL\S ( ITS AUTONOMY1 (F5D$ ! MA*9E ( ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE AS MU* AS IT DID PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,IT UNIT$ AGA9/ IT BO? ! PROP]TY-[N+ CLASS & ! APP>ATUSES ( ! P>TIES ( ! ,LEFT 9 P[]4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS ACCUS$ ( BREAK+ ! 0UNITY ( ! FRONT0 BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE & ?US ( PLAY+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,FRANCOI/ 5EMY4 ,:I* DID NOT PREV5T ! DETRACTORS FROM REFUS+ WEAPONS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D1 R$UC$1 9 ,>AGON1 TO CONFRONT+ ! FASCI/ MA*9EGUNS B>EH&$1 & !N TO BE ATTACK$ = 09]TIA40 

,ON ! RADIO ! NEW ,CATALONIAN M9I/] ( ! ECONOMY1 ,COMOR]A1 A ,/AL9I/1 9CIT$ PEASANTS NOT TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES1 SUGGE/$ TO ! SMALL L&[N]S ?AT !Y COMBAT !M1 & AT ! SAME TIME TOOK RESUPPLY+ FROM ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' UNIONS & FAVOR$ PRIVATE COMM]CE4 ,?US 5C\RAG$ FROM ABOVE1 ! D>K =CES ( REACTION 9CREAS+LY SABOTAG$ ! EXP]IM5T 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,9 ! 5D1 ! GOV]NM5T COALITION1 AFT] ! CRU%+ ( ! 0,B>CELONA ,COMMUNE0 9 ,MAY #aicg & ! \TLAW+ ( ! ,P,\,M1 DID NOT HESITATE TO LIQUIDATE AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y4 ,A DECREE DAT$ ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#c#g1 PRON\NC$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITY 9 ,>AGON ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT 0REMA9$ \TSIDE ! C5TRALIZ+ CURR5T40 ,ONE ( ITS MA9 9SPIRATIONS1 ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO1 WAS 9DICT$ = 0SALE ( JEWELRY0 DE/9$1 9 REALITY1 = PROCUR+ FUNDS = ! COLLECTIVES4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS1 ! N? ,DIVISION ( ,COMM&ANT ,LI/] 7A ,/AL9I/71 SUPPORT$ BY TANKS1 W5T 9TO ACTION AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! LEAD]S W]E >RE/$1 !IR (FICES OCCUPI$ & !N %UT D[N1 ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES DISSOLV$1 ! COMMUNAL /ORES ROBB$1 ! FURNITURE SMA%$1 & ! FLOCKS DISP]S$4 ,>\ND #c P]C5T ( ! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON W]E COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 

,9 ,LEVANTE1 9 ,CA/ILE1 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,HUESCA & ,T]UEL1 >M$ ATTACKS ( ! SAME K9D W]E P]PETRAT$--BY ,REPUBLICANS--AGA9/ AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT SURVIV$--B>ELY--9 C]TA9 REGIONS ?AT HAD NOT YET FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,FRANCOI/S1 NOTABLY 9 ,LEVANTE4 

,9DU/RIAL ,SELF-MANAGEM5T 

  

,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ REGION ( ,SPA91 SELF-MANAGEM5T ALSO DEMON/RAT$ ITS WOR? 9 9DU/RY4 ,WORK]S :OSE EMPLOY]S HAD FL$ SPONTANE\SLY SET TO KEEP+ !IR FACTORIES WORK+4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #aicf A UNION CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA REPRES5T+ #f1 WORK]S ) ! OBJECT ( SOCIALIZ+ 9DU/RY4 ,! WORK]S' 9ITIATIVE WAS RATIFI$ BY A DECREE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f4 ,TWO SECTORS W]E CREAT$1 ONE SOCIALI/1 ! O!R PRIVATE4 ,! SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES W]E ?OSE ) MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ WORK]S 7?OSE ) BETWE5 FIFTY & A HUNDR$ C\LD BE SOCIALIZ$ AT ! REQUE/ ( ?REE QU>T]S ( ! WORK]S71 ?OSE :OSE [N]S HAD BE5 DECL>$ 0S$ITI\S0 BY A POPUL> TRIBUNAL OR :O HAD AB&ON$ ITS RUNN+1 & F9ALLY ?OSE :OSE IMPORTANCE TO ! NATIONAL ECONOMY JU/IFI$ !IR BE+ REMOV$ FROM ! PRIVATE SECTOR 79 FACT1 A NUMB] ( 5T]PRISES 9 DEBT W]E SOCIALIZ$74 

,! SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES W]E L$ BY A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE ) BETWE5 FIVE & ?IRTE5 MEMB]S1 REPRES5T+ ! V>I\S S]VICES1 ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S 9 A G5]AL ASSEMBLY1 ) A TWO-YE> T]M1 HALF ( !M TO BE R5EW$ EV]Y YE>4 ,! COMMITTEE SELECT$ A DIRECTOR TO :OM IT DELEGAT$ ALL OR P>T ( ITS P[]S4 ,9 ! KEY FACTORIES ! SELECTION ( ! DIRECTOR HAD TO BE APPROV$ BY ! REGULATORY BODY4 ,9 ADDITION1 A GOV]NM5T 9SPECTOR WAS PLAC$ ON EV]Y MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE4 

,! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE C\LD BE REVOK$ EI!R BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY OR BY A G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! BRAN* ( 9DU/RY 7COMPOS$ ( F\R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES1 EI<T FROM ! WORK]S' UNIONS1 & F\R TE*NICIANS NAM$ BY ! REGULATORY BODY74 ,?IS G5]AL C\NCIL PLANN$ ! WORK & DET]M9$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( PR(ITS4 ,ITS DECISIONS W]E LEGALLY B9D+4 

,9 ?OSE 5T]PRISES ?AT REMA9$ 9 PRIVATE H&S1 AN ELECT$ WORK]S' COMMITTEE CONTROLL$ ! WORK+ CONDITIONS 09 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) ! EMPLOY]40 

,! DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! ASPIRATION = AUTONOM\S MANAGEM5T & ! T5D5CY T[>DS /ATE OV]SI<T & PLANN+1 AS WELL AS A TRANSITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 BY AN AN>*I/ M9I/] & ACCEPT$ BY ! ,C,N,T 7,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR71 ! AN>*I/ UNION1 BECAUSE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 

,9 PRACTICE1 DESPITE ! CONSID]ABLE P[]S GRANT$ ! G5]AL C\NCILS ( ! BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 WORK] SELF-MANAGEM5T RISK$ LEAD+ TO A SELFI% P>TICUL>ISM1 EA* PRODUCTION UNIT CONC]N$ ONLY AB\T ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,?IS WAS REM$I$ BY ! CREATION ( A C5TRAL EQUALIZATION FUND1 ALL[+ = ! EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! SURPLUS ( ! ,B>CELONA BUS COMPANY WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! LESS PR(ITABLE TRAM COMPANY4 

,EX*ANGES OCCURR$ BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & PEASANT COLLECTIVES1 ! =M] EX*ANG+ UND]WE> OR CLO?+ = ! OLIVE OIL ( ! LATT]4 

,9 ! SUBURBS ( ,B>CELONA1 9 ! COMMUNE ( ,HOSPITALITET1 ON :OSE BORD]S F>M]S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! PLANT+ ( CROPS1 ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL 7METALS1 TEXTILE1 ETC47 SELF-MANAG$ ORGANIZATIONS JO9$ TOGE!R 9 ONE COMMUNAL AU?ORITY ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 :I* 5SUR$ ! PROVISION+ ( ! CITY4 

,\TSIDE ( ,CATALONIA1 NOTABLY 9 ,LEVANTE1 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS EXP]IM5T$ ) 9 A FEW LOCATIONS4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE 9 ,ALCOY1 NE> ,ALICANTE1 :]E #b1 TEXTILE WORK]S & /EEL WORK]S MANAG$ ! SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES & CREAT$ CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES1 AS WELL AS 9 ,CLA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 :]E ! /EEL FACTORIES W]E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO L>G] UNITS UND] ! IMPETUS ( A TE*NICAL COMMISSION 9 DAILY CONTACT ) EA* ( ITS MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES4 

,BUT LIKE AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T1 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T FAC$ ! HO/ILITY ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRACY1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! C5TRAL ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T REFUS$ IT ANY CR$ITS1 EV5 :5 ! ,CATALAN M9I/] ( ! ECONOMY1 ! AN>*I/ ,FABREGAS1 (F]$ ! BILLIONS ON DEPOSIT 9 ! SAV+S BANKS AS A GU>ANTEE = ! ADVANCES TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,:5 HE WAS REPLAC$ 9 #aicg BY ,COMOR]A ! LATT] DEPRIV$ ! SELF-MANAG$ FACTORIES ( ! PRIM>Y MAT]IAL !Y LAVI%$ ON ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,IT ALSO NEGLECT$ TO 5SURE ! DELIV]IES ORD]$ BY ! ,CATALAN ADM9I/RATION TO ! SOCIALIZ$ 5T]PRISES4 

,9DU/RIAL ,SELF-MANAGEM5T ,DISMANTL$ 

  

,LAT]1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T US$ ! PRETEXT ( ! NE$S ( NATIONAL DEF5SE TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! W> 9DU/RIES4 ,BY A DECREE ( ,AUGU/ #b#c1 #a#i#c#g1 IT SUSP5D$ ! APPLICATION ( ! ,CATALAN SOCIALIZATION DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #aicf 9 ! /EEL & M9+ 9DU/RIES1 SAID TO BE 0CONTR>Y TO ! SPIRIT ( ! CON/ITUTION40 ,! =M] SUP]VISORS & ! DIRECTORS REMOV$ UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 :O HAD NOT WANT$ TO ACCEPT PO/S AS TE*NICIANS 9 SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 RESUM$ !IR PO/S1 ) REV5GE 9 !IR HE>TS4 

,CATALAN 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T NEV]!LESS SURVIV$ 9 O!R BRAN*ES UNTIL ! CRU%+ ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#i4 ,BUT 9DU/RY HAV+ LO/ ITS MA9 \TLETS & LACK+ 9 PRIM>Y MAT]IALS ! FACTORIES ?AT DID NOT WORK = NATIONAL DEF5SE W]E ONLY ABLE TO OP]ATE ) SEV]ELY R$UC$ /AFF & H\RS4 

,9 %ORT1 ,SPANI% SELF-MANAGEM5T1 H>DLY BORN1 WAS RE/RA9$ )9 ! /RICT FRAMEWORK ( A W> F\<T ) CLASSIC MILIT>Y ME?ODS 9 ! NAME 7OR UND] COV]7 ( :I* ! REPUBLIC CLIPP$ ! W+S ( ITS VANGU>D & COMPROMIS$ ) 9T]NAL REACTION4 ,DESPITE ! UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS UND] :I* IT TOOK PLACE & ! BREVITY ( ITS EXI/5CE1 :I* PROHIBITS AN EVALUATION & ACC\NT+ ( ITS RESULTS1 ! EXP]IM5T OP5$ NEW P]SPECTIVES = SOCIALISM1 = AN AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 ANIMAT$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ! DIRECT EMANATION ( ! WORK]S ( ! C\NTRY & ! CITIES4.<#b#h.>  
  

.<#a#i#h#d1 9 ,A LA RE*]*E D'UN COMMUNISME LIB]TAIRE.> 

,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM1 ! ,ONLY ,REAL ,COMMUNISM 

  

,IT IS TIME TO \TL9E A SYN!SIS ( ALL MY WORK & ATTEMPT TO SKET* A PROGRAM1 AT ! RISK ( SEE+ MYSELF ACCUS$ ( 5GAG+ 9 0METAPOLITICS40 

,IT W\LD BE FUTILE TO 5GAGE 9 A SORT ( REPLA/]+ ( AN $IFICE ( CRACK$ & WORM-EAT5 SOCIALI/ DOCTR9ES1 TO /RUGGLE TO PAT* TOGE!R SOME ( ! SURVIV+ SOLID FRAGM5TS ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 TO 9DULGE 9 ,M>XI/ OR ,BAKUN9I/ S*OL>%IP1 TO SEEK TO TRACE1 M]ELY ON PAP]1 TORTU\S CONNECTIONS4 

,IF 9 ?IS BOOK WE HAVE (T5 TURN$ TO ! PA/ IT WAS ( C\RSE NOT1 AS ! READ] WILL HAVE UND]/OOD1 TO DWELL ON IT SELF-9DULG5TLY4 ,TO LE>N FROM IT1 TO DRAW FROM IT1 YES1 = PREVI\S EXP]I5CE IS RI* 9 TEA*+S1 BUT ) AN EYE TO ! FUTURE4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ( \R TIME1 :I* BLOSSOM$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,MAY '#f#h1 GOES F> BEYOND COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM4 

,CALL+ ONESELF A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ TODAY DOES NOT MEAN LOOK+ BACKW>DS1 BUT RA!R DRAFT+ A SKET* ( ! FUTURE4 ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S >E NOT EXEGETES1 !Y >E MILITANTS4 ,!Y UND]/& ?AT IT IS 9CUMB5T UPON !M TO *ANGE ! FUTURE1 NO MORE1 NO LESS4 ,HI/ORY HAS BACK$ !M AGA9/ ! WALL4 ,! H\R ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION HAS RUNG EV]Y:]E4 ,LIKE ! MOON L&+1 IT HAS 5T]$ ! REALM ( ! IMM$IATE & ! POSSIBLE4 ,! PRECISE DEF9ITION ( ! =MS ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY NO LONG] BELONG TO ! REALM ( UTOPIA4 ,! ONLY PEOPLE LACK+ 9 REALISM >E ?OSE :O CLOSE !IR EYES TO !SE TRU?S4 

,:AT WILL BE ! GUID+ L9ES ?AT WE >E GO+ TO FOLL[ TO ACCOMPLI% ! ,REVOLUTION :I*1 AS ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF SAID1 WILL BE ! F9AL ONE8 

,TO />T )1 BE=E GO+ 9TO ACTION1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ASSESS ! EXACT NATURE ( OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS2 !Y ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE ACCURATELY ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 EV]Y SITUATION4 ,H]E ! ME?OD ELABORAT$ BY ,K>L ,M>X & :I* HAS NOT AG$1 NAMELY HI/ORICAL & DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 REMA9S ! SURE/ ( COMPASSES1 AN 9EXHAU/IBLE M9E ( MODELS & GUIDEPO/S4 ,ON CONDITION1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT BE TREAT$ AS ,M>X DID HIMSELF1 ?AT IS1 )\T DOCTR9AL RIGIDITY1 & ?AT IT AVOID ME*ANI/IC 9FLEXIBILITY2 ON CONDITION ?AT1 %ELT]+ B5EA? ITS W+1 ONE DOES NOT ET]NALLY 9V5T POOR PRETEXTS & PSEUDO-OBJECTIVE REASONS TO EXCUSE ONESELF FROM PU%+ ?+S TO ! LIMIT1 TO S[ CONFUSION1 TO MISS ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPORTUNITY EV]Y TIME IT PRES5TS ITSELF4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS A COMMUNISM ?AT REJECTS DET]M9ISM & FATALISM1 :I* GIVES SPACE TO 9DIVIDUAL WILL1 9TUITION1 IMAG9ATION1 ! RAPIDITY ( REFLEXES1 ! PR(\ND 9/9CT ( ! L>GE MASSES1 :O >E WIS] AT MOM5TS ( CRISIS ?AN ! REASON+S ( ! 0ELITE10 :O BELIEVE 9 ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE & PROVOCATION1 9 ! VALUE ( AUDACITY1 :O DO NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE 5CUMB]$ & P>ALYZ$ BY A WEI<TY1 SUPPOS$LY 0SCI5TIFIC0 IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUS1 :O DO NOT PREV>ICATE OR BLUFF1 :O AVOID BO? ADV5TURISM & FE> ( ! UNKN[N4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S HAVE LE>N$ FROM EXP]I5CE H[ TO SET AB\T ?+S3 !Y HOLD 9 CONTEMPT ! IMPOT5T %AMBLES ( DISORGANIZATION AS MU* AS ! BUREAUCRATIC BALL & *A9 ( OV]-ORGANIZATION4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S1 FAI?FUL ON ?IS PO9T TO BO? ,M>X & ,BAKUN91 REJECT ! FETI%ISM ( ! S+LE1 MONOLI?IC1 & TOTALIT>IAN P>TY1 JU/ AS !Y AVOID ! TRAPS ( A FRAUDUL5T & DEMOBILIZ+ ELECTORALISM4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S >E1 9 !IR ESS5CE1 9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,!Y CONSID] ! GLOBAL /RUGGLES ( ! EXPLOIT$ AS A :OLE4 ,BUT !Y NONE!LESS TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! SPECIFICITY & ! ORIG9AL =MS ( SOCIALISM 9 EA* C\NTRY4 ,!Y ONLY CONCEIVE 9T]NATIONALISM TO BE PROLET>IAN IF IT IS 9SPIR$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ON A LEVEL ( COMPLETE EQUALITY1 )\T ANY =M ( SUBORD9ATION TO A 0BIG BRO!R0 :O ?9KS HIMSELF /RONG] & CLEV]]4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S NEV] SACRIFICE ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE TO ! DIPLOMATIC IMP]ATIVES ( ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ EMPIRES &1 LIKE ,*E ,GUEV>A1 DO NOT HESITATE TO S5D !M BO? PACK+ IF !IR AB]RANT FRATRICIDAL QU>RELS CAUSE MORTAL H>M TO ! CAUSE ( UNIV]SAL SOCIALISM4 

,:5 ! MOM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TE/ ( /R5G? >RIVES1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S WILL ATTACK AT BO? ! C5T] & ! P]IPH]Y1 9 ! POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE FIELDS AS WELL AS ! ECONOMIC4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y WILL DEAL M]CILESSLY1 ) ALL !IR MI<T1 & IF NECESS>Y BY MEANS ( >M$ /RUGGLE1 ) ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & ! 5TIRE COMPLEX MA*9]Y ( P[]1 BE IT AT ! LEVEL ( ! CAPITAL1 ! REGIONS1 ! DEP>TM5TS1 OR ! MUNICIPALITIES2 !Y WILL NEV] MAKE ! MI/AKE1 ON ! PRETEXT ( 0APOLITICISM10 ( NEGLECT+1 UND]E/IMAT+1 OR AB/A9+ FROM DISMANTL+ ! CITADELS1 ! POLITICAL C5T]S1 FROM :I* ! 5EMY'S RESI/ANCE IS DIRECT$4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 COMB9+ ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 !Y WILL AT !IR WORKPLACES TAKE CONTROL ( ALL PO/S HELD BY ! BOSSES & WRE/ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ?OSE :O MONOPOLIZE !M1 9 ORD] TO H& !M OV] TO !IR REAL1 RI<TFUL [N]S3 ! SELF-MANAG+ WORK]S & TE*NICIANS4 

,ONCE ?AT REVOLUTION IS VICTORI\SLY & COMPLETELY ACCOMPLI%$1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S DO NOT SMA% ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% IT 9 ANO!R EV5 MORE OPPRESSIVE =M ?R\< ! COLOSSAL EXPANSION ( ITS CAPACITIES4 ,RA!R1 !Y WANT ! TRANSMISSION ( ALL P[] TO A CONF$]ATION ( F$]ATIONS1 ?AT IS1 TO A CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES1 !MSELVES F$]AT$ 9 REGIONS1 A CONF$]ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' UNIONS PREEXI/+ ! REVOLUTION OR1 FAIL+ ?AT1 ! CONF$]ATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS BORN ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! EV5TUALITY ( A M]G] ( ! LATT] TWO4 ,ELECT$ = A %ORT M&ATE & NOT ELIGIBLE = REELECTION1 ! DELEGATES TO !SE V>I\S BODIES >E CONTROLLABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S %UN ANY P>TICUL>I/ ATOMIZATION 9TO SMALL UNITS1 COMMUNES1 & WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & ASPIRE TO A F$]ALI/ COORD9ATION1 ONE :I* IS BO? CLOSE-KNIT & FREELY CONS5T$ TO4 ,REJECT+ BUREAUCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN PLANN+1 !Y BELIEVE 9 ! NE$ = COH]5T & DEMOCRATIC PLANN+1 9SPIR$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 

,BECAUSE !Y >E ( !IR TIME1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S WANT TO WRE/ ! M$IA1 AUTOMATION1 & COMPUT]S FROM ! MALEFIC5T MONOPOLI/S & PLACE !M AT ! S]VICE ( LIB]ATION4 

,H>D5$ AU?ORIT>IANS & SKEPTICS MA9TA9 ?AT ! IMP]ATIVES ( CONTEMPOR>Y TE*NOLOGY >E 9COMPATIBLE ) A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S 9T5D TO UNLEA% A NEW TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION1 ?IS TIME ORI5T$ T[>DS BO? HI<] PRODUCTIVITY & A %ORT] WORK DAY1 T[>DS DEC5TRALIZATION1 DECONGE/ION1 DE-BUREAUCRATIZATION1 DIS-ALI5ATION1 & A RETURN TO NATURE4 ,!Y CONDEMN ! DEGRAD+ M5TALITY ( ! SO-CALL$ CONSUM] SOCIETY :ILE PREP>+ TO RAISE CONSUMPTION TO ITS HI<E/ LEVEL EV]4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S C>RY \T ?IS GIGANTIC OV]TURN+ AT ! PRICE ( ! LEA/ POSSIBLE DISORD]1 NEI!R TOO SL[LY NOR TOO SOON4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT A WAVE ( ! MAGIC W& CANNOT 9/ANTLY EFFECT ! MO/ PR(\ND SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( ALL TIME4 ,!Y DO NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ) ! HOM9ID DI/ORT$ BY MILL5NIA ( OPPRESSION1 OBSCURANTISM1 & EGOISM1 TIME WILL BE NE$$ TO =M A SOCIALI/ MAN OR SOCIALI/ WOMAN4 ,!Y AGREE TO TRANSITIONS :ILE REFUS+ TO SEE !M P]PETUAT$4 ,& SO IT IS ?AT :ILE ASSIGN+ AS ! ULTIMATE GOAL1 TO BE REA*$ BY /AGES1 ! WI!R+ AWAY ( COMPETITION1 ! FREE PROVISION ( PUBLIC & SOCIAL S]VICES1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( MONEY1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ABUNDANCE ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( EA*2 ?AT :ILE AIM+ AT ASSOCIATION )9 SELF-MANAGEM5T ( AGRICULTURALI/S & >TISANS1 AT ! COOP]ATIVE REORGANIZATION ( COMM]CE1 IT IS NOT !IR PLAN TO ABOLI% OV]NI<T COMPETITION & ! LAWS ( ! M>KETPLACE1 REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO LABOR ACCOMPLI%$1 SMALL F>M+1 & >TISANAL & COMM]CIAL PROP]TY4 

,!Y DO NOT ?9K SUP]FLU\S ! TEMPOR>Y ASSI/ANCE ( ACTIVE M9ORITIES :O >E MORE $UCAT$ & CONSCI\S1 :ATEV] NAME !Y MI<T GIVE !MSELVES1 M9ORITIES :OSE CONTRIBUTION IS UNAVOIDABLE 9 BR++ ! RE>GU>D TO FULL SOCIALI/ MATURITY1 BUT :O WILL NOT /AY ON /AGE ONE DAY LONG] ?AN NECESS>Y & WILL M]GE AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE 9TO ! EGALIT>IAN ASSOCIATION ( PRODUC]S4 

,! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S DO NOT (F] US YET ANO!R 0GR\PUSCULE40 ,= !M ! GUID+ L9ES ?AT WE HAVE JU/ LAID \T CO9CIDE ) ! BASIC CLASS 9/9CT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,9 MY OP9ION--& LONG1 >DU\S1 & PA9FUL EXP]I5CE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?IS--AP>T FROM LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM !RE IS NO REAL COMMUNISM4  
  

.<#a#i#f#i1 9 ,P\R UN ,M>XISME LIB]TAIRE.>  

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