,F9L&3 ,A ,RIS+ ,NATIONALITY 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 F9NI% LANGUAGE1 RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 F9NI% PEASANT1 SW$I% RULE1 RUSSIAN RULE1 NATIONAL FEEL+1 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 L[] CLASSES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,BLUE ,POL>N1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,NATIONAL QUE/IONS >E NOT 9 VOGUE N[ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,AFT] HAV+ SO MU* EX]CIS$ ! G5]ATION ( '#d#h1 !Y SEEM TO BE N[ 9 NEGLECT4 ,! POOR RESULTS ( A MOVEM5T :I* CAUS$ SO MANY ILLUSIONS2 ! NEW PROBLEMS ?AT >E COM+ TO ! FRONT -- ! SOCIAL PROBLEM TAK+ ! PREC$5CE ( ALL2 ! PROM95CE REC5TLY GIV5 TO ! IDEAS ( UNIFICATION & C5TRALIZATION ABOVE ?OSE ( T]RITORIAL 9DEP5D5CE & F$]ALISM1 BY ! SUDD5 GR[? ( A P[]FUL MILIT>Y ,/ATE 9 MIDDLE ,EUROPE1 -- ALL !SE HAVE HELP$ TO REPEL 9TO ! BACKGR\ND ?OSE QUE/IONS ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE :I* SEEM$ TO CON/ITUTE ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( \R C5TURY4 ,FAI? 9 NATIONAL PROGRAMS1 =M]LY SO FIRM1 HAS BE5 MU* %AK5 BY ! EV5TS ( ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,ITALIAN UNITY HAS NOT IMPROV$ ! LOT ( ! L[] CLASSES ( ! ,P59SULA1 & !Y HAVE N[ TO BE> ! BURD5 ( A ,/ATE 5DEAVOR+ TO CONQU] A PLACE AMONG TILE GREAT ,P[]S4 ,! =M]LY OPPRESS$ ,HUNG>Y IS OPPRESS+ 9 H] TURN ! ,SELAVONIC POPULATIONS ORD] H] RULE4 ,! LA/ ,POLI% 9SURRECTION WAS CRU%$ RA!R BY ! AGR>IAN MEASURES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T ?AN BY ITS >MICS & SCAFFOLDS2 & ! H]OIC UPRIS+S ( ! SMALL NATIONALITIES ( ! ,BALKAN ,P59SULA HAVE M]ELY MADE !M TOOLS 9 ! H&S ( ! DIPLOMACY ( !IR P[]FUL NEI<BORS4  ,MOREOV]1 ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS :I* >E /ILL 9 PROGRESS 9 ,EUROPE1 >E MO/LY CONF9$ TO ! REMOT] BORD]S ( ! ,CONT95T1 TO POPULATIONS :I* >E ALMO/ UNKN[N TO OLD ,EUROPE1 ALL :I* CANNOT BE REALIZ$ BY ! G5]AL PUBLIC O!RWISE ?AN 9 ! %APE ( LOOSE AGGLOM]ATIONS ( %EPH]DS1 OR ROBB]S1 UNUS$ TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y CANNOT !RE=E EXCITE ! SAME 9T]E/ NOR AWAKE ! SAME SYMPA?IES AS ! =M] UPRIS+S ( ,GREECE1 ( ,ITALY1 ( ,HUNG>Y4  

,NOT)/&+ ALL ?IS1 NATIONAL QUE/IONS >E AS REAL 9 ,EUROPE AS EV]1 & IT W\LD BE AS UNWISE TO %UT \R EYES TO !M AS TO D5Y !IR IMPORTANCE4 ,( C\RSE WE KN[ N[ ?AT NATIONAL PROBLEMS >E NOT ID5TICAL ) ! 0PEOPLE'S PROBLEMS20 ?AT ! ACQUISITION ( POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE /ILL LEAVES UNA*IEV$ ! ECONOMICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LABOR+ & WEAL?-PRODUC+ CLASSES4 ,WE CAN EV5 SAY ?AT A NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 :I* DOES NOT 9CLUDE 9 ITS PLAT=M ! DEM& = AN ECONOMICAL *ANGE ADVANTAGE\S TO ! MASSES HAS NO *ANCE ( SUCCESS UNLESS SUPPORT$ BY =EIGN AID4 ,BUT BO? !SE PROBLEMS >E SO CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ONE ANO!R ?AT WE >E B\ND TO RECOGNIZE ?AT NO S]I\S ECONOMICAL PROGRESS CAN BE WON1 NOR IS ANY PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T POSSIBLE1 UNTIL ! AWAK5$ ASPIRATIONS = AUTONOMY HAVE BE5 SATISFI$4 ,?\< RELEGAT$ N[ FROM ! C5T] TO ! P]IPH]Y1 ,EUROPE HAS /ILL TO RECKON ) NATIONAL MOVEM5TS4 ,IRI% 0,HOME ,RULE1' ! ,S*LESWIG 0DIFFICULTY10 & ,NORWEGIAN 0SEP>ATISM0 >E PROBLEMS :I* MU/ BE RESOLV$2 AS ALSO ! NATIONAL AGITATION ?AT IS /EADILY UND]M9+ ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 7TO USE ! WORDS ( A REC5T ,5GLI% WRIT]7 0,NOT ONLY A ?OR\< DISCONT5T1 BUT A *RONIC 9SURRECTION>Y AGITATION0 IS GO+ ON AMONG ! ,S]BO-,CROATS1 :O >E 5DEAVOR+ TO %AKE (F ! YOKE ( ,HUNG>Y4 ,! ,CZE*S1 ! ,SLOVAKS1 ! ,POLES ( ,AU/RIA >E /RUGGL+1 TOO1 = SELF-GOV]NM5T2 AS ALSO1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! ,SLOV5ES1 OR ,W5DS1 & ! ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS ( ,EA/]N ,GALICIA2 :ILE NEI!R PEACE NOR REGUL> DEVELOPM5T IS POSSIBLE ON ! ,BALKAN ,P59SULA UNTIL ! ,BOSNIANS1 ! ,H]ZEGOV9IANS1 ! ,S]BS1 ! ,BULG>IANS1 & O!RS1 HAVE FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ,TURKI% RULE1 ,RUSSIAN 0PROTECTION10 & ,AU/RIAN 0OCCUPATION10 & HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 CON/ITUT+ A FREE ,S\?-,SLAVONIAN ,F$]ATION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 TOO1 HAS TO RECKON ) ! AUTONOMI/ T5D5CIES ( SEV]AL ( ITS P>TS4 ,H[EV] FEEBLE N[1 ! ,UKRA9IAN AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5T CANNOT BUT TAKE A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS TO ,POL&1 %E CANNOT MU* LONG] SUBMIT TO ! D5ATIONALIZ+ POLICY ( H] ,RUSSIAN MA/]S2 ! OLD ,POL& ( ! SZLA*TA IS BROK5 D[N2 BUT A NEW ,POL& -- ?AT ( ! PEASANTS & WORK+ M5-IS GR[+ UP1 ) ALL ! /R5G? IT HAS DRAWN FROM ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM4 ,IT WILL RESUME ! /RUGGLE1 & 9 ! 9T]E/S ( H] [N PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ,RUSSIA WILL BE COMPELL$1 ONE DAY OR ! O!R1 TO AB&ON ! REPUT$LY RA!R ?AN REALLY /RONG 0DEF5SIVE L9E ( ! ,VI/ULA40 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! ,NOR?-EA/ WE HAVE ,F9L&1 :]E1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5TS ( \R TIME HAS BE5 /EADILY GO+ ON = MORE ?AN SIXTY YE>S4  

,ONE H>DLY HE>S ( IT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,) ! P]SEV]ANCE1 H[EV]1 ?AT *>ACT]IZES ! M5 ( ! ,NOR?1 & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ,F9L&1 ?IS SMALL YET RIS+ NATIONALITY HAS )9 A %ORT TIME A*IEV$ RESULTS SO REM>KABLE ?AT IT HAS CEAS$ TO BE A ,SW$I% OR A ,RUSSIAN PROV9CE MORE OR LESS DIFF]+ FROM ITS NEI<BORS3 IT IS A NATION4 ,DISCUSS+ ONCE ?IS QUE/ION1 0,:AT IS A NATION80 ,]NE/ ,R5AN GET =? 9 HIS VIVID & GRAPHIC /YLE ?AT A NATION IS NOT AN AGGLOM]ATION ( PEOPLE SPEAK+ ! SAME LANGUAGE -- A LANGUAGE MAY DISAPPE>2 NOT EV5 AN AGGREGATION ) DI/9CT AN?ROPOLOGICAL FEATURES1 ALL NATIONS BE+ PRODUCTS ( HET]OG5E\S ASSIMILATIONS2 /ILL LESS A UNION ( ECONOMICAL 9T]E/S :I* MAY BE A ,ZOLLV]E94 ,NATIONAL UNITY1 HE SAID1 IS ! COMMON 9H]ITANCE ( TRADITIONS1 ( HOPES & REGRETS1 ( COMMON ASPIRATIONS & COMMON CONCEPTIONS1 :I* MAKE ( A NATION A TRUE ORGANISM 9/EAD ( A LOOSE AGGREGATION4 ,! NATURALI/ W\LD ADD TO !SE ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( A NATION ! NECESS>Y DIFF]5TIATION FROM O!R SURR\ND+ ORGANISMS1 & ! GEOGRAPH]1 A K9D ( UNION BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! T]RITORY IT OCCUPIES1 FROM :I* T]RITORY IT RECEIVES ITS NATIONAL *>ACT] & ON :I* IT IMPRESSES ITS [N /AMP1 SO AS TO MAKE AN 9DIVISIBLE :OLE BO? ( M5 & T]RITORY4 

,NONE ( !SE FEATURES IS MISS+ 9 ,F9L&4 ,ITS PEOPLE HAVE !IR [N LANGUAGE1 !IR [N AN?ROPOLOGICAL FEATURES1 !IR [N ECONOMICAL 9T]E/S2 !Y >E /RONGLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM !IR NEI<BORS2 M5 & T]RITORY CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ ONE FROM ANO!R4 ,& = ! LA/ SIXTY YE>S ! BE/ M5 ( ,F9L& HAVE BE5 WORK+ ) GREAT SUCCESS 9 SPREAD+ ?AT PRECI\S 9H]ITANCE ( COMMON HOPES & REGRETS1 ( COMMON ASPIRATIONS & CONCEPTIONS1 ( :I* ,R5AN SPOKE4 0,YKSI KIELI1 YKSI MIELI0 70,ONE LANGUAGE1 ONE SPIRIT073 -- SU* IS PRECISELY ! WAT*WORD ( ! 0,F5NOMANES40 ,COMP>ATIVE PHILOLOGY & AN?ROPOLOGY MAY TELL US ?AT ! ,F9NS HAVE BUT LATELY OCCUPI$ ! C\NTRY !Y 9HABIT1 & ?AT DUR+ !IR LONG MIGRATIONS FROM ! ,ALTAIC ,/EPPES !Y HAVE UND]GONE MU* ADMIXTURE ) O!R RACES4 ,NONE ! LESS DO ! PRES5T 9HABITANTS ( ,F9L& APPE> AS A QUITE SEP>ATE WORLD1 HAV+ !IR [N %>PLY DEF9$ AN?ROPOLOGICAL & E?NICAL *>ACT]S1 :I* DI/+UI% !M FROM ! POPULATIONS BY :OM !Y >E SURR\ND$4 ,!IR NE>E/ K9SFOLK >E F\ND ONLY ON ! O!R %ORE ( ! ,GULF ( ,F9L&1 AMONG ! ,E/ONIANS1 ON :OM !Y ALREADY EX]CISE A K9D ( ATTRACTION4 ,!IR S\!RN BRE?R51 ! ,MAGY>S1 >E TOO DI/ANT1 TOO SEP>AT$1 & TOO DI/9CT EV] TO EX]CISE ANY 9FLU5CE ON ,F9L&4 ,AS TO ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! SAME FAMILY SCATT]$ ?R\< ,EA/]N ,RUSSIA1 ! ,VOGULS .<,MANSI.>1 ! ,P]MIANS1 ! ,MORDOVIANS1 & SO ON1 SCI5CE MAY PROVE !IR COMMON ORIG92 BUT !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]S >E BE+ OBLIT]AT$ EV]Y DAY BY CONTACT ) ,RUSSIANS1 & NE>LY ALL ( !M HAVE ALREADY LO/ ANY *ANCE !Y MAY EV] HAVE HAD ( CON/ITUT+ SEP>ATE NATIONALITIES4 ,F9L& HAS ?US NO NE$ TO C>E AB\T !SE SCATT]$ MEMB]S ( H] FAMILY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT EV5 ! ORD9>Y TRAVEL] SOON DISCOV]S 9 ,F9L& TWO DIFF]5T TYPES -- ! ,TAWA/ES 9 ! WE/1 & ! ,K>ELIANS 9 ! EA/2 ! SQU>E FACE ( ! =M]1 !IR PALE EYES & YELL[ HAIR1 !IR HEAVY GAIT1 /RONGLY CONTRA/+ ) ! TALL] & MORE SL5D] ,K>ELIANS1 ) !IR ELONGAT$ FACES & D>K] HAIR1 !IR ANIMAT$ & D>K] EYES4 ,BUT ! 9HABITANTS ( ,C5TRAL ,F9L&1 ! ,SAWOS1 P>TAK+ ( ! PHYSICAL FEATURES ( BO? NEI<BORS1 >E AN 9T]M$IATE L9K BETWE5 ! TWO2 & ALL ?REE-,K>ELIANS1 ,SAWOS1 & ,TAWA/ES-SPEAK+ ! SAME LANGUAGE1 LIV+ ! SAME MANN] ( LIFE1 & HAV+ SO MU* 9 COMMON AS TO !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS -- MELT TOGE!R 9TO ONE E?NICAL TYPE -- ! ,F9NI%4 ,EV5 RELIGION DOES NOT SEP>ATE !M1 ! NE>LY #e1 ,OR?ODOX ,K>ELIANS BE+ AS GOOD ',F9NI%' AS !IR ,PROTE/ANT K9SFOLK4  

,EXCE$+LY LABORI\S !Y >E ALL ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY3 !Y C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE 9 !IR ,SUOM5MAN -- ! C\NTRY ( M>%ES-:]E ! >ABLE SOIL MU/ BE WON FROM ! =E/S1 MOORS1 & EV5 LIKES1 :I* /RET* OV] N9E-T5?S ( ! L&4 ,! P]SEV]ANCE & T5ACITY ?AT *>ACT]IZE ALL ,NOR!RN ,F9NI% /EMS >E ! NATURAL \TCOME ( !SE CONDITIONS1 TOGE!R ) A GRAVITY & A K9D ( MELAN*OLY :I* >E SO /RIK+ 9 ! FEATURES ( ! PEOPLE & =M ONE ( ! MO/ M>K$ PECULI>ITIES ( !IR FOLKLORE4 ,! DISA/]S1 ! W>S1 ! BAD CROPS1 ! FAM9ES1 FROM :I* ! ,F9NI% PEASANT HAS SO (T5 HAD TO SUFF]1 HAVE CREAT$ HIS CAPACITY ( GRAVE & UNCOMPLA9+ SUBMISSION TO FATE2 BUT ! RELATIVE LIB]TY BE HAS ALWAYS 5JOY$ HAS PREV5T$ HIM FROM DEVELOP+ ?AT SAD SPIRIT ( RESIGNATION1 ?AT DEEP SORR[ :I* TOO (T5 *>ACT]IZES HIS ,RUSSIAN BRO!R4 ,NEV] HAV+ BE5 A P]SONAL S]F1 HE IS NOT S]VILE2 HE ALWAYS MA9TA9S HIS P]SONAL DIGNITY & SPEAKS ) ! SAME GRAVE 9TONATION & SELF-RESPECT TO A ,RUSSIAN ,CZ> AS TO HIS NEI<BOR4 ,A LYMPHATIC TEMP]AM5T1 SL[NESS ( MOVEM5T & ( ?\<T1 & SULL5 9DIFF]5CE HAVE (T5 BE5 IMPUT$ TO HIM4 ,9 FACT1 :5 ,I HAVE 5T]$ ON A ,SUNDAY A PEASAN?\SE 9 ,EA/]N ,F9L&1 & F\ND SEV]AL M5 SITT+ ON ! BEA*ES R\ND ! WALL1 DROPP+ ONLY A FEW WORDS AT LONG 9T]VALS1 PLUNG$ 9 A MUTE REV]IE AS !Y 5JOY$ !IR 9SEP>ABLE PIPES1 ,I C\LD NOT HELP REMEMB]+1 ?IS REPROA* ADDRESS$ TO ! ,F9NI% PEASANT4 ,BUT ,I SOON P]CEIV$ ?AT ?\< ! ,F9N IS ALWAYS V]Y DELIB]ATE 9 HIS MOVEM5T1 SL[NESS ( ?\<T & 9DIFF]5CE >E PECULI> ONLY TO ?OSE1 UNHAPPILY TOO NUM]\S1 VILLAGE PAUP]S :OM LONG-CONT9U$ WANT & ! /RUGGLE = LIFE )\T HOPE ( IMPROVEM5T HAVE R5D]$ CALL\S4 ,/ILL1 A ,F9NI% PEASANT FAMILY MU/ BE R$UC$ TO V]Y GREAT DE/ITUTION BE=E ! WIFE LOSES H] HABITS ( CLEANL9ESS1 :I* >E NOT DEVOID ( A C]TA9 ES!TIC T9T4 ,! ?RIFT ( ! ,F9N IS /RIK+2 NOT ONLY AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE NO *OICE1 = !Y >E COMPELL$ TO LIVE UPON RYE-BREAD1 BAK$ F\R TIMES A YE> & CONTA9+ AN ADMIXTURE 0( ! B>K ( \R BLACK ,P9ES10 AS ,RUNEB]G SAYS4 ,SIMPLICITY ( LIFE IS ! RULE 9 ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY2 ! UNHEAL?Y LUXURY ( ! ,EUROPEAN CITIES IS YET UNKN[N TO ! ,F9NS2 & ! ,RUSSIAN T*9OVNIK CANNOT BUT WOND] H[ ! ,F9NI% (FICIAL LIVES1 )\T /EAL+1 ON ! SCANTY ALL[ANCE GRANT$ HIM BY ! ,/ATE4  

,CONTEMPLATIV5ESS -- IF ,I AM P]MITT$ TO USE ?IS UGLY WORD -- IS ANO!R DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ! ,F9NS3 ,TAWA/ES1 ,SAMOS1 & ,K>ELIANS >E ALIKE PRONE TO IT4 ,CONTEMPLATION ( NATURE1 A M$ITATIVE MUTE CONTEMPLATION1 :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION RA!R 9 A SONG ?AN 9 WORDS1 OR 9CITES TO ! REFLECTION AB\T NATURE'S MY/]IES RA!R ?AN AB\T ! FACTS1 IS *>ACT]I/IC AS WELL ( ! PEASANT AS ( ! SAVANT4 ,IT MAY BE AK9 TO1 )\T BE+ ID5TICAL )1 MY/ICAL REV]IE4 ,IT MAY1 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 GIVE RISE TO MY/ICISM1 AS IT DID AT ! BEG9N+ ( \R C5TURY2 IT PRODUC$ ?AT T5D5CY T[>DS SORC]Y & WIT*CRAFT = :I* ! ,F9NS W]E1 & >E /ILL1 R5[N$ AMONG & FE>$ BY !IR ,RUSSIAN NEI<BORS2 BUT ACTUALLY IT GIVES RISE AMONG ! 9/RUCT$ CLASSES TO A T5D5CY T[>DS A PHILOSOPHIC & PAN!I/IC CONCEPTION ( NATURE1 9/EAD ( ! *ILDI% WOND] ) :I* O!RS >E SATISFI$4 ,IT ALSO ORI5TS ! ,F9NI% FOLKLORE ) AN IDEALISM :I* MAKES IT SO /RONGLY CONTRA/ ) ! S5SUALISM ( ! FOLKLORE ( SO MANY O!R NATIONALITIES4 ,9 SCI5CE IT CAUSES SAVANTS TO DEVOTE !MSELVES RA!R TO AB/RACT MA!MATICS1 TO A/RONOMY1 TO ! GREAT PROBLEMS ( ! PHYSICS ( ! E>?1 ?AN TO ! M]ELY DESCRIPTIVE SCI5CES1 !SE LA/ BE+1 AS IT SEEMS1 RA!R 9H]IT$ FROM ! SCI5CE ( ,SW$54  

,EV]YBODY LOVES HIS [N C\NTRY3 ) ! ,F9NS ?IS LOVE BECOMES A PASSION1 AS P[]FUL AS ! PASSION ( ! ,SCOTTI% ,HI<L&] = HIS 0L& ( M\NTA9 & ( FLOOD20 & IT HAS ! SAME S\RCE4 ,WE CAN EASILY UND]/& ! NO/ALGY ( ! ,HI<L&] :O YE>NS = A GLIMPSE ( ! ROCKS 0:]E ! SN[FLAKE REPOSES10 = ! 'D>K FR[N+ BEAUTIES' ( HIS NATIVE M\NTA9S1 :I*1 9 !IR EV]-*ANG+ ASPECTS1 REFLECT ! MOODS & PHASES ( ! HUMAN M9D -- ( LIFE ITSELF4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( DWELL]S BY ! SEA2 IT IS TRUE AGA9 ( ! 9HABITANT ( LAKE REGIONS LIKE ,F9L&1 :]E WAT] & SOIL >E 9EXTRICABLY 9T]WOV5 EA* ) ! O!R2 !Y LIVE = HIM1 & >E EV] & ALWAYS ASSUM+ NEW MOODS & EXPRESSIONS4 ,F9L& IS A POOR C\NTRY1 BUT IT IS A F9E C\NTRY1 & HAS A /AMP ( ORIG9ALITY4 ,ITS LIKE MAY BE S\<T = 9 VA9 EV5 9 ! LAKE DI/RICT ( ,5GL& OR AMONG ! 9L& SEAS ( ,CANADA4 ,:]E ELSE1 9DE$1 CAN ! ,F9NS F9D ?IS NETWORK ( L& & WAT]1 ?IS TANGL$ SKE9 ( LAKE1 & SEA1 & %ORE1 SO FULL ( CONTRA/S1 & YET =M+ AN 9SEP>ABLE & 5*ANT+ :OLE8 ,:]E F9D !SE MILLIONS ( ISL&S -- ( LOVELY ROCKS GIV+ FOOT+ TO A FEW P9ES & BIR*ES :I* SEEM TO GR[ FROM B5EA? ! WAT]2 !SE ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( EV]-V>Y+ T9TS SPREAD+ OV] ! LAKES AS ! SUN SL[LY MOVES ALMO/ 9 ! HORIZON1 UNWILL+ TO GO D[N1 OR LEAV+ BEH9D IT ! %9+ TWILI<T :I* MEETS 9 ! NOR? ) ! AURORA ( ! MORN+8 ,NO:]E ELSE WILL ! ,F9N F9D A C\NTRY :I* BREA!S ! SAME MILD & SWEET H>MONY1 GRAVE & MELAN*OLY1 :I* MAT*ES SO WELL ) ! DREAMY P5SIV5ESS ( HIS *>ACT]4 

,F9L& HAS NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 AN EXCLUSIVELY ,F9NI% POPULATION4#a  ,! COA/S ( ! TWO GULFS :I* 5TANGLE IT >E PEOPL$ ) NE>LY #c1 ,SW$ES3 ?US ONE-SEV5? ( ITS POPULATION BELONGS TO ! ONCE DOM9ANT RACE4 ,9 ,O/]BOTT51 ON ! ISL&S ( ,AL&1 ! ,SW$ES MAKE #i P]C5T ( ! POPULATION1 & ! LABOR+ CLASSES CONSI/ ( BO? NATIONALITIES4 ,ON ! COA/ ( ! ,GULF ( ,F9L& ! ,SW$ES NUMB] FROM #e P] C5T1 ( ! POPULATION 9 ! WE/ TO #e P] C5T1 9 ! EA/4 ,BUT ELSE:]E1 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! C\NTRY1 !Y CON/ITUTE ONLY ! POPULATION ( ! T[NS1 ! L&-[N+ CLASS1 & ! P]SONNEL ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,! 9CONV5I5CES1 H[EV]1 :I* >ISE FROM ?IS D\BLE *>ACT] ( ! POPULATION >E MU* LESS E?NOGRAPHIC ?AN POLITICAL4 ,! FI%]M5 ( ,O/]BOTT5 >E NOT ON BAD T]MS ) !IR ,F9NI% C\NTRYM51 & >E AS MU* ATTA*$ TO !IR C\NTRY AS !SE LA/2 SO ALSO >E ! 9HABITANTS ( ! S\?-WE/]N CORN] ( ,F9L&4 ,AS TO ?OSE ,SW$I% F>M]S :O >E SCATT]$ 9 ! 9T]IOR1 & EV5 ON ! S\? COA/1 !Y REALLY >E MORE ,F9NI% ?AN ,SW$E3 ONE MU/ BE BORN 9 ! C\NTRY ITSELF TO DI/+UI% !M FROM ! ,F9NS1 ) :OM !Y MI<T BE CONF\ND$ BY A /RANG]4 ,!Y SPEAK ,SW$I% ( C\RSE1 BUT NEV]!LESS Y\ SOON F9D !M TO BE PASSIONATE 0,F9L& PATRIOTS10 :O SCORN Y\R ATTEMPTS TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ,SW$ES & ,F9NS 9 !IR LITTLE C\NTRY4 ,IT IS NOT SO ) ! ,SW$I% NOBILITY1 ,SW$I% TRADESM5 & ,SW$I% (FICIALS1 UNTIL N[ !Y HAVE CON/ITUT$ ! DOM9ANT ELEM5T 9 ,F9L&'S POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL LIFE2 !Y >E /ILL L&HOLD]S 9 A L>G] PROPORTION ?AN ! ,F9NS2 &1 BY MA9TA9+ ,SW$I% AS ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE 9 ! ,ADM9I/RATION1 !Y HAVE SY/EMATICALLY ELIM9AT$ FROM IT ! ,F9NI% ELEM5T1 :I* !Y /ILL REG>D ) CONTEMPT4 

,H5CE1 ALL ,F9L& IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO GREAT P>TIES1 ! ,SVEKOMANES & ! ,F5NOMANES1 CONT9UALLY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ONE ANO!R 9 ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATION1 9 ALL QUE/IONS ( LEGISLATION1 & 9 LIT]ATURE4 ,! ,F5NOMANES /RUGGLE = ! RECOGNITION ( !IR LANGUAGE AS ! EQUAL ( ,SW$I%1 & /RIVE TO 9TRODUCE IT 9TO ! ,ADM9I/RATION ( ALL ,F9NI%-SPEAK+ ,F9L&1 & ?AT ! HI<] & SECOND>Y 9/RUCTION BE GIV5 9 ,F9NI%2 ! ,SVEKOMANES1 9 !IR TURN1 /RIVE TO MA9TA9 ,SW$I% AS ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE ( ! C\NTRY1 ( ! UNIV]SITY1 & ( ! SECOND>Y S*OOL1 =ESEE+ ?AT !Y WILL BE ELIM9AT$ FROM ! ,ADM9I/RATION1 :I* IS N[ 9 !IR H&S1 SO SOON AS ,F9NI% %ALL BE R5D]$ OBLIGATORY = ! (FICIALS1 & ,F9NI% Y\?S HAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( RECEIV+ HI<] 9/RUCTION 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE4 ,?US ! /RUGGLE IS NOT ONE BETWE5 TWO RACES1 IT IS = ! MA9T5ANCE ( CLASS PRIVILEGES 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,SW$I% DOM9ATION4 ,ITS ISSUE CANNOT BE D\BTFUL4 ,! ,F5NOMANES OBTA9$ LA/ YE> ! RECOGNITION BY LAW ( ! EQUALITY ( BO? LANGUAGES2 & !Y WILL NOT FAIL TO EXPEL ! ,SW$ES FROM ! ,ADM9I/RATION SO SOON AS ! ,CON/ITUTION IS MODIFI$ 9 A DEMOCRATIC S5SE4#b ,IT IS ALSO MO/ SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( Y\NG M51 EV5 MANY ( ?OSE :O >E BORN ( ,SW$I% P>5TS1 ASSOCIATE !MSELVES RA!R ) ! ,F5NOMANIC ?AN ! ,SVEKOMANIC P>TY4 ,!Y SPEAK ONLY ,F9NI%1 & TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! CRUSADE ( ! ,F9NI% AGA9/ ! ,SW$I% TONGUE4 ,( C\RSE !RE >E /ILL PL5TY ( ,SW$I% NOBLEM5 :O SI< AFT] ! PA/ MILIT>Y GR&EUR ( ,SW$52 PL5TY ( TRADESM5 :O LOOK ACROSS ! ,BALTIC = BETT] BUS9ESS2 & 5\< ,SW$I% (FICIALS :O >E WRO? AT ! IDEA ( 0?OSE ,F9NI% PEASANTS0 P]=M+ ! FUNCTIONS ONCE P]=M$ BY !IR =EFA!RS4 ,BUT ?OSE ,SW$ES :O DO NOT C>E = RETA9+ A PRIVILEG$ POSITION -- & !Y >E NUM]\S -- FULLY RECOGNIZE ! RI<TS ( ! ,FIRMS4 ,!Y JO9 ! ,F9NI% NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 & ALL ! ,SW$ES ( :OSE NAMES ,F9L& IS PR\D HAVE BE51 & >E1 >D5T ,F9NI% PATRIOTS4 

,AS TO ! NE>LY #a#a1#b ,RUSSIANS :O LIVE 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! #g1 MILIT>Y ( C\RSE NE$ NOT BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT2 IF !IR /AY 9 ,F9L& IS %ORT -- & IT MO/LY IS1 = ONLY ,F9NI% CITIZ5S >E P]MITT$ TO OCCUPY (FICIAL POSITIONS 9 ! C\NTRY -- !Y REMA9 ,RUSSIANS4 ,BUT ! TRADESM51 OR F>M]S1 OR PEASANTS1 :O >E /AY+ 9 ,F9L& = A LONG] TIME1 >E QUICKLY 0,F5NICIZ$40 ,9 A FEW YE>S !Y CON=M TO ,F9NI% CU/OMS2 & AS Y\ SEE ONE ( !M SL[LY SMOK+ A PIPE & ROCK+ 9 ! ROCK+-*AIR 7AN 9EVITABLE PIECE ( FURNITURE 9 A ,F9NI% H\SEHOLD71 Y\ W\LD H>DLY GUESS ?AT HE IS A ,RUSSIAN IMMIGRANT4 ,HE SPEAKS LITTLE1 HE HAS BECOME RES]V$ & CONTEMPLATIVE4 ,UND] ! REGIME ( A LIB]TY HE NEV] KNEW AT HOME1 HE FEELS 9T]E/$ 9 ,F9L& & H] PROSP]ITY4 ,NAY1 EV5 HIS FACE HAS *ANG$4 ,AS TO BIG *ILDR51 !IR FAIR HEADS CAN H>DLY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! YELL[-HAIR$ HEADS ( ! SAME ,T*\KHNYS :OM !IR FA!R =M]LY REG>D$ ) SO GREAT CONTEMPT4 ,IT'S MO/ 9T]E/+ ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO A REM>K ( ,H]R .<,!ODORE.> ,MAX ,BU*1 EV5 ! ,G]MANS1 :O SO SELDOM LOSE !IR NATIONAL FEATURES1 >E RAPIDLY 0,SW$ICIZ$0 :5 !Y /AY = SOME TIME 9 ,F9L&4 

,F9L& HAS ?US ! E?NOGRAPHIC COHESION :I* IS ! FIR/ CONDITION = CON/ITUT+ A NATION4 ,ITS 9HABITANTS POSSESS ALSO ! HI/ORIC 9H]ITANCE ( COMMON /RUGGLES1 COMMON GLORY1 & COMMON MIS=TUNES1 & !Y HAVE A COMMON BO>D ( FOLKLORE & LIT]ATURE4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y HAVE SO M>K$ AN 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT !Y CAN NEI!R BE ASSIMILAT$ BY !IR ,SC&9AVIAN NEI<BORS ON ! ONE H&1 NOR BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE ON ! O!R4 ,EV5 AT ! TIME :5 ,F9L& WAS UND] ,SW$I% DOM9ION1 & ,SW$5 REG>D$ ! 0,O/L&E0 AS A M]E /RON<OLD AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 %E ALWAYS LOOK$ UPON ! ,FIRMS AS A SEP>ATE ',F9NI% NATION4' ,& DUR+ ! NE>LY SEV5TY YE>S :I* HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE !IR SEP>ATION1 ,F9L& HAS DONE SO MU* = ! DEVELOPM5T ( H] [N NATIONAL 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT %E CAN NEV] AGA9 BE A M]E ,SW$I% PROV9CE4 ,BESIDES1 ,SW$I% RULE HAS LEFT SU* A H]ITAGE ( UNPLEASANT MEMORIES1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! PEASANTS1 ?AT A UNION ( BO? ,/ATES HAS BE5 R5D]$ MO/ IMPROBABLE4 ,?OSE :O SUPPOSE O!RWISE \<T TO READ ,MR4 ,YRIO ,KOSK95'S ,HI/ORY ( ,F9L&4 ,!Y WILL !N LE>N ! DISLIKE 5T]TA9$ BY ! L[] CLASSES ( ,F9L& = ,SW$I% RULE1 & H[ ?AT RULE IS REG>D$ BY ! BE/ M5 ( ,F9L&4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT1 UNIT$ ) ! ,SW$5 ( \R TIMES1 ,F9L& W\LD 5JOY MU* MORE LIB]TY & PROBABLY W\LD BE HAPPI] ?AN UND] ,RUSSIAN RULE4  ,BUT HI/ORICAL SYMPA?IES & DISLIKE >E NOT EASILY DEALT )1 & ,F9L& N[ *]I%ES ! HOPE ( BECOM+ AN 9DEP5D5T ,/ATE H]SELF4 

,( C\RSE1 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ,F9L& HAD TO DEVELOP AT ! DAWN ( H] HI/ORY1 ,SW$I% DOM9ATION BR\<T IT SEV]AL ADVANTAGES4 ,ASSAIL$ AS !Y W]E ON ONE SIDE BY ! ,G]MANS1 & ON ! O!R BY ! ,RUSSIANS1 ! ,F9NI% /EMS C\LD NOT REMA9 FREE1 & W\LD HAVE HAD TO %>E ! FATE EI!R ( ! ,E/ONIANS CONQU]$ BY ,G]MANS1 OR ( ! ,K>ELIANS CONQU]$ BY ,NOVGOROD1 & LAT] ON BY ,MOSC[4 ,IT WAS UND] ,SW$I% RULE ?AT ! ,SUOMIS =M$ !MSELVES 9TO A POLITICAL BODY4 ,SW$I% RULE AGA9 SAV$ ,F9L& FROM S]FDOM -- AT LEA/ FROM ! DISGRACE ( P]SONAL S]VITUDE1 & IT ACCU/OM$ ! PEASANT TO ! S\ND ( HIS [N VOICE 9 ! ,/ATE'S REPRES5TATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,RE=MATION1 BY TRANSLAT+ ! ,BIBLE 9TO ,F9NI%1 SAV$ ! LANGUAGE ( ! C\NTRY FROM OBLIVION4 

,!SE W]E GREAT ADVANTAGES2 BUT !Y DO NOT SET (F ! 9CONV5I5CE & RU9 :I* RESULT$ FROM ! DOM9ATION ( ! >I/OCRACY4 ,F9L& WAS NOT ONLY1 AS ,SOR5 ,NORBY SAID1 0! BE/ P>T ( ! L& = LEVY+ TAXES10 IT BECAME ! PROV9CE MO/ COVET$ BY ! ,SW$I% >I/OCRACY4 ,:5 !RE W]E NOT 5\< RI* E/ATES 9 ,SW$5 TO SATISFY ALL ! ,SW$I% & ,F9NI% NOBLES :O GA!R$ AT ,C\RT1 !Y W]E S5T TO ,F9L&4 ,FREE PEASANTS W]E ASSIGN$ 9 ?\S&S TO ,SW$I% NOBLEM51 :O TREAT$ !M AS A L[] CONQU]$ RACE4 ,TWO-?IRDS ( ! C\NTRY1 ONE-?IRD ( ! TAXES1 BECAME ! PROP]TY ( NOBLEM5 :O EXACT$ FROM ! RU9$ PEASANTRY SU* SUMS1 5ORM\S = ?AT TIME1 AS #b1 ?AL]S 9 ANNUAL REV5UE RAIS$ BY ,C\NT ,BRAHE1 OR #a#h1 ?AL]S RAIS$ BY ,WASABORG4 ,F9L& WAS BECOM+ A POSSESSION ( ! ,SW$I% >I/OCRACY1 & ,F9NI% TRADE A MONOPOLY ( ! ,/OCKHOLM TRAD+ COMPANIES4 ,! GREAT 'R$UCTION' :I* BEGAN AB\T ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY C]TA9LY PUT A /OP TO ! FUR!R DEPR$ATIONS ( ! >I/OCRACY4 ,IT CREAT$ ?AT CLASS ( DISCONT5T$ NOBLES :OM WE SEE LAT] 9TRIGU+ = ,RUSSIA AGA9/ ,SW$54 ,BUT ! PEASANT GA9$ LITTLE !REBY1 IF ANY?+4 ,! ,/ATE APPROPRIAT$ ! 9COMES ( ! NOBLES & 9AUGURAT$ ! LONG S]IES ( W>S :I* R$UC$ ,F9L& TO />VATION2 :ILE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AUTOCRATIC P[] 9 ,SW$5 9TRODUC$ ! T5D5CY TO C5TRALIZATION CAUS$ ! ,F9NS TO BE CONSID]$ 0LIKE S]FS1 NOT P>TN]S AS BE=E10 & MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! ABSURD ATTEMPT 'TO ABOLI% ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE4' ,FAM9ES1 =M]LY UNKN[N1 & A COMPLETE RU9 ( ! POPULATION-SU* W]E ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS POLICY4 

,?\< BR\<T ?US TO A /ATE :I* R5D]$ SUCCESSFUL RESI/ANCE TO ,RUSSIAN CONQUE/ QUITE IMPOSSIBLE1 ,F9L& DID NOT ?R[ H]SELF 9TO ! >MS ( H] P[]FUL ,EA/]N NEI<BOR4 ,%E /RAGGL$ DESP]ATELY AGA9/ ! 9VASION1 & ?US CONQU]$ ! RI<T ( IMPOS+ CONDITIONS ON H] CONQU]OR4 ,DECIMAT$ BY FAM9E & PE/IL5CE1 ! ,F9NI% PEASANTS F\<T LIKE LIONS 9 #agba AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,& LAT] ON1 9 #a#g#i#i-#i1 :5 ! DISCONT5T$ ,F9NI% NOBLES ( ! ,ANJALA ,CONV5TION SURR5D]$ ,S\!RN ,F9L& TO ,RUSSIA1 ! PEASANTS ( ,SAWOLAKS F\<T ! DESP]ATE BATTLES ( ,PORASSALMI & ,UTTIS4 ,EV5 9 #a#h#h1 :5 ! /RUGGLE HAD BECOME HOPELESS1 :5 ! ,F9NI% TROOPS1 BADLY COMM&$1 W]E MELT+ AWAY LIKE SN[1 :5 ,SVEABORG1 ) A FLOTILLA ( #aa BOATS1 SURR5D]$ )\T DIS*>G+ ONE ( ITS #b1 GUNS1 EV5 !N ! ,SAWOLAKS PEASANTS RAIS$ ! BANN] ( ! NATIONAL & POPUL> W>1 & ?US SAV$ !IR C\NTRY FROM POLITICAL SLAV]Y4 ,ALEX&] ,I41 :OSE G5]ALS HAD ALREADY BEGAN TO TREAT ,F9L& AS A CONQU]$ PROV9CE1 WAS COMPELL$ TO GRANT SEV]AL LIB]TIES1 TO PROCLAIM ! 'UNION' ( ,F9L& ) ,RUSSIA1 9/EAD ( M]ELY REQUIR+ UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION4 

,MU* BLOOD%$ WAS PREV5T$ & MANY DI/URBANCES AVOID$ BY ! HAPPY CIRCUM/ANCE ( ,F9L& FALL+ UND] ! ,RUSSIAN DOM9ION AT A TIME :5 ,ALEX&] ,I4 HAD NOT YET AB&ON$ ! ,LIB]AL PR9CIPLES ( HIS Y\?4 ,NEGLECT+ ! C\NSELS ( HIS C\RTI]S1 HE FOLL[$ ! ADVICE ( ,SP]ANSKY1 :O UND]/OOD ?AT ',F9L& WAS A ,/ATE & NOT A ,RUSSIAN PROV9CE :I* MI<T BE ADM9I/]$ 9 COMMON ) O!R PROV9CES4' ,:ILE UNIT+ ! =M]LY CONQU]$ ,EA/]N ,PROV9CES ) ! NEWLY ANNEX$ ,WE/]N ,F9L&1 HE GRANT$ AT LEA/ A LIMIT$ AUTONOMY TO ! Y\NG ,/ATE4 ,HE ABOLI%$ ! DREADFUL RECRUIT+ = TW5TY-FIVE YE>S' MILIT>Y S]VICE1 ALREADY 9TRODUC$ 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VIBORG BY ,PAUL ,I41 & GRANT$ TO ,F9L& H] [N SEP>ATE >MY & SY/EM ( F9ANCES4  ,HE GRANT$ ?AT ONLY ,F9NI% CITIZ5S %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO OCCUPY (FICIAL POSITIONS 9 ! ,ADM9I/RATION ( ! C\NTRY2 & HE DID /ILL BETT] 9 PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! SO-CALL$ 'DONATIONS' ( E/ATES 9 ,EA/]N ,F9L& TO ,RUSSIAN (FICIALS -- A PRACTICE :I* HAD 5DUR$ S9CE ! FIR/ CONQUE/1 & WAS ESPECIALLY RIFE DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,CA!R9E ,I,I42 ! 5=CEM5T ( S]FDOM ON ,F9L& WAS ?US H9D]$4 ,& YET ,RUSSIAN RULE DID NOT BECOME POPUL> 9 ,F9L&4 ,ALEX&] ,I4 WAS !N1 AS ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS & T]GIV]SATIONS2 ?US1 :ILE ! REPRES5TATIVES OR ! SO-CALL$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! C\NTRY W]E ELABORAT+ ! ,CON/ITUTION AT ,BORGA1 NO DISCUSSION ( IT WAS P]MITT$ \TSIDE2 ! S+LE PAP] ( ! TIME1 ,M4 ,KOSK95 SAYS1 ?\< FREE TO FILL ITS COLUMNS ) NEWS AB\T ! ,9DIANS ( ,AM]ICA & '! ,ISL& ( ,SIR5ES1' WAS NOT ALL[$ TO PUBLI% ONE WORD ( ! DEBATES ON ! ,SEIM ( ,BORGA3 !Y HAVE NOT BE5 PUBLI%$ EV5 YET4  ,BESIDES1 ?\< ,ALEX&] ,I4 DID MU* TO W9 OV] ! NOBILITY & TRADESM51 ! PEOPLE W]E QUITE =GOTT54 ,IT IS EV5 D\BTFUL :E!R HE1 OR EV5 ,SP]ANSKY1 REMEMB]$ ?AT BEH9D ! NOBLES :O GA!R$ R\ND HIM AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 L\DLY PROTE/+ !IR LOYALTY1 !RE WAS A />V+ MULTITUDE ( RU9$ PEASANTS ON ! MOORS & 9 ! WOODS4 ,NO?+ WAS DONE = ! REVISION ( ! L& LAWS OR ! LI<T5+ ( ! TAXES ?AT OPPRESS$ ! LABOR]2 ! PEOPLE W]E =GOTT5 AMID ! BALLS & SOIREES1 & ( ?IS OBLIVION ! CO/ IS N[ BE+ PAID4 ,:ILE ! NOBILITY >E REALLY LOYAL TO ! ,CR[N -- F> MORE ?AN MI<T BE EXPECT$ FROM M5 :O HAVE SOME FEEL+ ( SELF-RESPECT -- ! PEOPLE RETA9 ! HATR$ = ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE :I* !IR =EFA!RS LE>N$ ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! LIB]TIES GRANT$ TO ,F9L& W]E CONSID]$ AS A MORE EXPRESSION ( ! GOOD-WILL ( ! RUL]1 :I*1 TOGE!R ) ALL HIS LIB]AL IDEAS1 VANI%$ ) 9CREAS+ AGE4 ,! ,SEIM WAS NOT AGA9 CONVOK$ AFT] IT ELABORAT$ ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#a1 & = FIFTY-?REE YE>S ! C\NTRY WAS GOV]N$ FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BY A ',F9NI% ,COMMITTEE4' ,! ,F9NI% ,S5ATE1 NOM9AT$ BY ! ,EMP]OR HAD BUT LITTLE P[] UND] ,ALEX&] ,I41 & /ILL LESS UND] ,NI*OLAS ,I4 ,IT C\LD NOT OPPOSE ! FANCIES ( ! MILIT>Y AUTOCRAT2 & EV]Y ATTEMPT AT SELF-GOV]NM5T OR EV5 AT NATIONAL REVIVAL D5\NC$ BY ! G5D>MES WAS RU?LESSLY REPRESS$4 ,TO SPEAK ( ,F9NI% NATIONALITY WAS CONSID]$ A CRIME4 ,ONLY 9 #ahdc WAS IT P]MITT$ TO TEA* ,F9NI% 9 S*OOLS2 BUT SOME YE>S A LAT] AN ,IMP]IAL DECREE PROHIBIT$ ! PUBLICATION 9 ,F9NI% LANGUAGE ( ANY?+ BUT PRAY]-BOOKS & ECONOMICAL WORKS4 ,! CIRCULAT+ LIBR>IES W]E %UT UP2 M5 LIKE ,A4 ,E4 ,NORD5SKJOLD W]E COMPELL$ TO SEEK A REFUGE 9 ,SW$54 ,EV5 SO 9(F5SIVE A *AIR AS ?AT ( COMP>ATIVE PHILOLOGY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HELS+=S WAS ABOLI%$4 ,! CO/ ( =TIFY+ ,BOM>SUND COMPELL$ ! Y\NG ,/ATE TO CONTRACT ITS FIR/ NATIONAL DEBT2 & ?\< ! CONV]SION ( CORVEES 9TO MONEY-R5TS 9 #ahd WAS1 9 PR9CIPLE1 A B5EFIT TO ! PEASANT1 IT WAS SO MADE AS TO BECOME A NEW BURD5 TO HIM2 :ILE 9 ! =M]LY ,RUSSIAN ,F9L&1 7,VIBORG7 ! PEASANTS W]E EXPELL$ FROM !IR HOMES IF !Y C\LD NOT PROVE ?AT !Y HAD BUILT !M BE=E #agf -- MEASURE :OSE EVIL EFFECTS MAY BE SE5 /ILL1 AS WELL 9 ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! PEASANTRY AS 9 !IR DISCONT5T ) ,RUSSIAN RULE4 

,S9CE #ahfc ! ,F9NI% REPRES5TATIVES HAVE BE5 REGUL>LY CALL$ TOGE!R EV]Y F\R OR FIVE YE>S1 & ! RI<TS RECEIV$ UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #aha HAVE NOT S9CE BE5 VIOLAT$4 ,!Y W]E EV5 SOME:AT 9CREAS$ 9 #a#h#h#b1 & ON ! :OLE ,ALEX&] ,I,I'S ,GOV]NM5T DID NOT M$DLE OV] MU* ) ! AFFAIRS ( ,F9L&4 ,ALL ! LAWS VOT$ BY ! ,S5ATE W]E SANCTION$ BY ! ,EMP]OR1 & ,F9L& ACQUIR$ ! FALL RI<T ( ADM9I/]+ H] [N F9ANCES & ( CO9+ H] [N MONEY1 !REBY ESCAP+ ! DISORD] ?AT REIGNS 9 ! FISCAL AFFAIRS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,%E WAS TO MA9TA9 H] [N >MY1 & WAS ALL[$ FREELY TO BUILD H] [N RAILWAYS1 TO SPREAD 9/RUCTION1 TO OP5 SEM9>IES = TEA*]S1 TO ADOPT ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE = (FICIAL PURPOSES1 & TO DEVELOP A POPUL> LIT]ATURE )\T BE+ GREATLY TR\BL$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN C5SOR%IP -- AS LONG AS ! WRIT]S SPEAK 9 HI< T]MS ( ! '9NUM]ABLE B5EFITS ( ! UNION ) ,RUSSIA40 ,BUT :AT GU>ANTEE IS !RE = ! CONT9UANCE ( !SE LIB]TIES1 9 REALITY1 SO LIMIT$8 -- ,SU* IS ! QUE/ION :I* ! ,F9NI% PATRIOTS >E ASK+ !MSELVES4 ,! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT EV5T -- A FI]Y SPEE* PRON\NC$ BY SOMEBODY-MAY ANY DAY *ANGE EV]Y?+ = ! WORSE4 ,:]E IS ! =CE1 MORAL & MAT]IAL1 TO OPPOSE ! ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ,F9L& TO ! RANK ( A ,RUSSIAN PROV9CE1 :I* IS QUITE POSSIBLE1 & :I* A C]TA9 P>TY ( ,RUSSIAN ,*AUV9I/S NEV] CEASE TO ADVOCATE8 ,! =CE NECESS>Y TO RESI/ SU* AN 5T]PRISE C\LD BE D]IV$ ONLY FROM A SPIRIT ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE P]VAD+ ALL CLASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 FROM ! MANSION TO ! HOVEL1 & P5ETRAT+ 9TO ! M9DS ( ALL ?OSE :OSE AFFECTIONS & 9CL9ATIONS W]E /ILL TURN$ 9 ! DIRECTION EI!R ( ,SW$5 OR ( ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PROVE TO ! 9DIFF]5T ?AT ! WAT*WORD1 ',F9L& = ! ,F9NS1' IS NOT AN EMPTY DREAM1 BUT MAY BECOME YET A REALITY4 ,SU* WAS ! IMM5SE TASK UND]TAK5 FIR/ BY A FEW M51 SO SOON AS !Y SAW 9TO :AT AN ABYSS !Y HAD NE>LY BE5 DRAWN BY ! DREAM ( MAK+ ! ,F9L& ( ! FIR/ YE>S ( \R C5TURY AN 9DEP5D5T ,/ATE UND] A ,RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE4 

,IT IS AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY ?AT ! FIR/ G]MS ( ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,F9L& MU/ BE S\<T4 ,! AWAK5+ ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE F\ND AN E*O 9 ! ,NOR?1 & MANIFE/$ ITSELF BY A F]M5TATION BO? 9 ! L[] & UPP] CLASSES ( SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD ?AT SOME?+ \<T BE DONE TO AMELIORATE ! LOT ( ! MASSES2 & :ILE ,COMMUNI/IC IDEAS SPREAD AMONG ! PEASANTS1 F9D+ LAT] ON 7#a#h#d-#a#h#h7 AN EXPRESSION 9 ! PROPAG&A ( ,ELIAS ,HANN951 ! UPP] CLASSES 5DEAVOR$ TO RAISE ! ECONOMICAL CONDITION ( ,F9L& BY ! EXT5SION ( AGRICULTURAL KN[L$GE1 ! 9CREASE ( 9DU/RY1 BY ! /UDY ( !IR [N C\NTRY1 & BY ! DEVELOPM5T AT NATIONAL CONSCI5CE4 ,POR?AN1 ,PR(ESSOR ( ,ROMAN ,ANTIQUITIES AT ! ,ACADEMY ( ,ABO1 WAS ! MAN :O DID ! MO/ TO PROMOTE ?IS ACTUAL YET VAGUE1 UNC]TA9 NATIONAL REVIVAL4 ,BY HIS VA/ ]UDITION1 & /ILL MORE BY BIG L>GE-M9D$ TEA*+ & PAT]NAL RELATIONS ) HIS /UD5TS1 HE EX]CIS$ A POT5T 9FLU5CE OV] HIS PUPILS & FRI5DS4 ,HE CREAT$ A :OLE S*OOL ( Y\NG M5 :O DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! /UDY ( ,F9NI% GEOGRAPHY1 ,F9NI% HI/ORY1 ,F9NI% ANTIQUITIES & LANGUAGE4 

,W>1 MORE ?AN ,POR?AN'S DEA?1 :I* OCCURR$ 9 #a#h#d1 *ECK$ ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS MOVEM5T4  ,BUT :5 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( CON/ITUT+ A FREE ,/ATE UND] ,RUSSIA'S PROTECTION WAS DULY DEMON/RAT$ EV5 TO ! FEW :O *]I%$ ?IS DREAM2 :5 ! NATIONAL FEEL+ WAS RAIS$ BY ! LA/ W>S1 UND\BT$LY GLORI\S = SO SMALL A NATIONALITY AS ,F9L&1 & IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT EV5 ! FEW VE/IGES ( AUTONOMY OBTA9$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMP]OR W]E DUE TO ! RESI/ANCE OPPOS$ TO ! CONQUE/ BY ! L[] CLASSES ( ! ,F9NI% PEASANTRY2 :51 F9ALLY1 BO? P>TS ( ,F9L&1 ,WE/]N & ,EA/]N1 SEP>AT$ BY =M] W>S1 W]E AGA9 UNIT$ TOGE!R1 ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T TOOK A NEW LIFE4 ,!1 DESIRE TO BUILD UP A ,F9NI% NATION1 9 ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ?IS WORD1 SPREAD WIDELY OV] ! L&2 & IT WAS 9 A PAMPHLET PUBLI%$ 9 #aha ?AT ! WORD ',F5NOMANY1' ALREADY POPUL> ) ! ,ABO /UD5TS1 MADE ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE4 ,TO HAVE ITS [N LANGUAGE -- ?AT ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ,F9L&-WAS OBVI\SLY ! FIR/ /EP T[>DS SUCCESS4 

,IT WAS D\BT$1 H[EV]1 AT ?AT TIME :E!R ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE -- 0A LANGUAGE ( LABOR]S & FI%]M50 -- W\LD BE SUFFICI5T = ! EXPRESSION ( ALL ! COMPLEX CONCEPTIONS DEVELOP$ BY ! V>IETY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ,EUROPEAN LIFE2 & SURELY MU* BOLDNESS WAS NECESS>Y 9 ! SON ( A ,F9NI% PEASANT1 ,JACOB ,JUD5 7:O DI$ 9 #a#h#e#f71 TO *AMPION ! LIT]>Y RI<TS ( '! LANGUAGE ( ! PLEBEIANS' BY MAK+ IT A VEHICLE = POETRY4 ,HIS ATTEMPTS PROV$ SO SUCCESSFUL ?AT A S]IES ( ,F9NI% POETS 7?OSE ( ! E>LI] EPO*7 FOLL[$ 9 HIS FOOT/EPS4 ,A /RANG]1 ! ,DANI% PHILOLOGUE ,RASMUS ,RASK1 TOOK UP ! DEF5SE ( ! POPUL> TONGUE & %[$ H[ READILY IT L5T ITSELF TO SCI5TIFIC ELABORATION4 ,! FIR/ ,F9NI% GRAMM> & ! GREAT DICTION>Y ( ,R5VALL SOON FOLL[$ 79 #ahbd & #a#h#b#f72 :ILE ,SJOGR51 ALSO A PEASANT'S SON1 UND]TOOK ! IMM5SE TASK1 ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( :I* IS ONE ( ! GLORIES ( \R C5TURY1 ! COMP>ATIVE PHILOLOGY ( ! ,ALTAIC LANGUAGES1 SO MAGNIFIC5TLY CR[N$ A FEW YE>S AGO BY ! GREAT WORK ( ,M4 ,DONN]1 :I* SUMS UP ! LONG LABORS ( ,SJOGR51 ,LONNROT1 ,S*LOTT1 ,BUD5Z1 ,AHLQVI/1 ,UJFALVI1 & SO MANY O!RS4 

,! DISCOV]Y ( ! ,KALEVALA -- ! GREAT ,F9NI% EPIC POEM -- WAS A MI<TY AID 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T3 IT GAVE TO IT A SOLID BASIS4 ,:5 ,DOCTOR ,LONNROT 7:OSE LOSS ,F9L& SO S9C]ELY DEPLOR$ LA/ YE>7 DISCOV]$ DUR+ HIS J\RNEYS 9 ,K>ELIA ! FRAGM5TS ( A GREAT EPIC POEM 9 ! RUNES ?AT >E SUNG 9 ! VILLAGES ON ,LAKE ,LADOGA2 :5 HE PUBLI%$ !M TOGE!R1 & ?US RECON/ITUT$ ONE ( ! F9E/ EPIC POEMS KN[N1 A G5]AL CRY ( ADMIRATION W5T UP FROM LIT]>Y ,EUROPE4 ,ANY LIT]ATURE1 H[EV] RI*1 MI<T WELL BE PR\D ( A POEM SO GR& 9 ITS COSMOGONIC CONCEPTION1 9SPIR$ ) SO PURE AN IDEAL 7! WORD1 ! SUNG WORD1 DOM9AT+ ?R\<\T ! POEM OV] BRUTAL =CE71 SO DEEPLY P5ETRAT$ ) BE/ HUMAN FEEL+S1 SO BEAUTIFUL 9 ITS SIMPLICITY4 ,= ,F9L& IT WAS A REVELATION4 ,DR4 ,LONNROT HAD OP5$ NEW & BRI<T HORIZONS1 & A PLEIAD ( Y\NG M5 MADE IT !IR WORK TO HUNT UP ! HO>DS ( POETRY CONCEAL$ = SO MANY C5TURIES 9 ! MEMORY ( ! ,F9NI% PEOPLE4 ,MORE & MORE TREASURES W]E DISCOV]$4 ,! ,KALEVALA WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ,KANTELET> -- ! EPIC POETRY BY ! MORE ACCESSIBLE LYRIC SONGS1 SO F9E ?AT MANY ( !M W\LD BE A GEM 9 ! GREATE/ POET'S CR[N4 ,9DE$1 ONE CANNOT READ !SE ,KAUTELET> )\T BE+ /RUCK BY ! ALWAYS IDEAL PURITY ( ! CONCEPTION1 ! F9E POETIC R5D]+ ( EV5 ! PLA9 CIRCUM/ANCES ( LIFE1 ! >TI/IC F9I% ( ! IMAGE1 ! DEEP 9SI<T 9TO ! SALI5T EMOTIONS ( ! S\L & ! WORK+S ( NATURE4 ,A LANGUAGE :I* PROV$ TO BE SO ADMIRABLY APPROPRIATE TO ! F9E/ ANALYSIS ( HUMAN FEEL+S & SO ES!TIC A REPRES5TATION ( NATURE -- ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,KALEVALA & ?AT ,KANTELET> -- :O W\LD D>E TO SAY ?AT IT WAS FIT ONLY TO EXPRESS ! R\< FEEL+S ( ! L[E/ BE+S8  ,IT WAS UNANIM\SLY ADMITT$ TO BE A LIT]>Y LANGUAGE4  

,! DISCOV]Y ( ! ,KALEVALA HAD ANO!R ADVANTAGE3 IT AWAK5$ ! NATIONAL SPIRIT ( ! ,E/ONIANS4  ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,GULF ( ,F9L& LIKE TREASURES ( POPUL> POETRY W]E BR\<T TO LI<T1 SUNG ALSO BY ! RUNOIAT 9 A LANGUAGE MO/ AK9 TO ?AT ( ! ,KALEVALA1 & SO SUGGE/IVE ( ! COMMON ORIG9 ( BO? /EMS1 N[ SEP>AT$ BY POLITICS1 BUT ONCE UNIT$ BY !IR COMMON CIVILIZATION4  ,9 FACT1 S9CE ,DR4 ,KREUZWALD 7SON ( AN ,E/ONIAN PEASANT1 ( A S]F7 HAD DISCOV]$ ! ,KALEVI-POEG1 AN EPIC POEM CELEBRAT+ ! EXPLOITS ( ,KALEVA'S SON1 ! FIR/ G]MS ( ',PAN-,F5NISM' W]E BR\<T TO LIFE2 :ILE ,CA/R5'S SCI5TIFIC RESE>*ES 9TO ,F9NI% MY?OLOGY EXT5D$ /ILL MORE WIDELY ! LIMITS ( ! ,F9NI% FA!RL& & %[$ ! ,F9NS & ,E/ONIANS ?AT !Y >E MEMB]S ( A RACE :I* PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 9 REMOTE TIMES & MAY PLAY IT AGA9 -- NOT BY W>F>E1 BUT BY L5D+ TO ,>YAN CIVILIZATION !IR [N IDEALS & PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CIES4 

,! GR\ND WAS ?US PREP>$ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( POETRY & F9E >TS 9 ,F9L&4  ,SW$ES BORN 9 ,F9L& & ,F9NS JO9$ TOGE!R 9 !IR WORK ( RAIS+ ! NATIONAL FEEL+ & ( DEVELOP+ ! NATIONAL LIT]ATURE4  ,:5 ,NI*OLAS ,I4 PROHIBIT$ WRIT+ 9 ,F9NI%1 ! CONQUE/ ( NATIONALITY WAS CONT9U$ 9 ,SW$I%4  ,IT WAS 9 ,SW$I% ?AT ,RUNEB]G1 ,N]V&]1 ,TOPELIUS1 ,CYGNAEUS1 SANG ! BEAUTIES ( !IR C\NTRY1 ! EXPLOITS ( H] *ILDR51 & PREA*$ ! LOVE ( ,F9L& & ITS PEOPLE4  ,ALL ,SW$I%-SPEAK+ ,F9L& KN[S BY HE>T ! BEAUTIFUL PATRIOTIC HYMN ( ,RUNEB]G1 ,V>T ,L&1 & W\LD TELL Y\ ! EFFECT IT PRODUC$ :5 IT WAS FIR/ SUNG AT ! ',MAY-GA!R+' ( #a#h#d#h4  ,?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 %$ TE>S ( HAPP9ESS2 PEOPLE :O HAD NEV] MET BE=E1 OV]COME BY PATRIOTIC EMTION1 FELL 9TO EA* O!R'S >MS AS ! CONCEPTION ( A FA!RL& AWAK5$ 9 !IR HE>TS4  ,?\< WRIT+ 9 ,SW$I%1 ?IS GREAT CONNOISSEUR ( ! HUMAN HE>T & LOV] ( BEAUTY HAS PICTUR$ ! ,F9NI% PEOPLE 9 !IR =E/S1 !IR HOMES1 & !IR /RUGGLES1 AS VIVIDLY AS IF HE W]E A TRUE ,F9N4  ,& HIS BALLAD1 ,! ,BRO!R ( ! ,CL\D1 :OSE H]O UND]/OOD 'MORE ?AN LIFE-LOVE1 & MORE ?AN LOVE1 = HE KNEW H[ TO DIE' = HIS C\NTRY1 IS SURELY ONE ( ! BE/ PATRIOTIC PIECES EV] WRITT5 9 ,F9L&4  ,SO ALSO ) ! V]SES ( ,J4 ,J4 ,WECKSELL1 :O US$ TO WRITE ALSO 9 ,SW$I% EV5 SU* PIECES AS ,SW$I% & ,F9NI%1 :]E ! Y\NG1 /RONG ,F9N PROVOKES HIS =M] RUL] 9 !SE WORDS3- 

,Y\NG ,I AM1 & ,I AM PR\D ( ?AT2 ALWAYS Y\NG1 W&]+ ?R\< =/S & FIELDS1 ,I S& MY DREAMS & ! WOND]S ( PA/ TIMES1 WAIT+ TILL MY H\R W\LD COME4  ,IT IS COME N[1 & ,I DEFY !E6  ,& SEE1 NOT )/&+ ALL ?Y FURY1 ?\ BLAN*E/ UND] ?Y VISOR4444,I /& 9 ! HE>T ( ! C\NTRY2 AS A Y\NG P9E ,I WAS ONCE =GOTT5 AMID ! SN[1 /ILL FULL ( GR[? ON ! B>R5 TRACT4  ,IT IS SPR+ N[6  ,! HE>TS ( MY PEOPLE FEEL FULL ( LOVE1 HOPE1 & LI<T4  ,?\ S9KE/ ?Y CR[N1 M9E WILL NOT B5D4 

,COMMON LOVE = ! MO!R-C\NTRY CONCLUDES ?IS L9E PIECE1 :I* EXPRESSES 9 POETRY ! FEEL+S ( AT LEA/ ! BE/ ,SW$ES 9 ,F9L&4 

,NONE ( !SE POETS D>$1 H[EV]1 TO RISE ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE1 SO SONOR\S & SO SUPPLE1 = WRIT+ 9 V]SE4 ,BUT !Y OP5$ ! WAY1 & SOON A Y\NG POET1 :O CONCEAL$ UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,OKSAN5 A NAME :I* LAT] BECAME WIDELY KN[N = PHILOLOGICAL RESE>* -- ,M4 ,AHLQVI/-TRI$ TO S+ 9 HIS [N TONGUE4 ,HE DID SO ) A V]Y GREAT SUCCESS1 & HIS POETRY FAI?FULLY REFLECTS ! FEEL+S ( HIS C\NTRYM54 ,O!R POETS1 ALL PEASANTS -- ,OLAF ,KYMALA951 ,PET] ,MAKKON51 ,&REAS ,PULAHKA -- FOLL[$ ,M4 ,AHLQVI/1 & N[ ,F9L& POSSESSES SOME ( ! F9E/ MOD]N POETRY WRITT5 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ITS PEOPLE4#c 

,F9NI% >T IS /ILL V]Y Y\NG1 BUT IT IS GO+ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION4 ,IT WILL NOT W&] AMONG DI/A/EFULLY MOD]NIZ$ ,GREEK OR ,ROMAN ANTIQUITIES3 IT SEEKS ITS 9SPIRATION 9 ,F9NI% FOLKLORE1 9 ,F9NI% NATURE2 & ?US ,EUROPE WILL F9D 9 IT A NEW & FRUITFULL S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION -- AU/]E BUT NOT ASCETIC1 SEV]E YET HI<LY IDEALI/IC1 & SOMETIMES GOOD-NATUR$LY WITTY4 ,! PICTURES ( ,ECKMAN & ,MAGNUS ,WRI<T 7BO? REC5TLY DEAD7 >E 9 GOOD /YLE1 AS ALSO ?OSE ( ,F]D9& ,WRI<T1 :O CONT9UES ! WORK ( HIS BRO!R4 ,BUT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 MUSIC ?AT ,F9NI% >T PROMISES TO BE RI* 9 NEW ELEM5TS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN COMPOS] ,GL9KA HAS ALREADY %[N 9 ,RUSLAN1 & ,LUDMILA :AT AN 9SPIRATION MAY BE DRAWN FROM ,F9NI% SONGS1 & ( :AT A RI* MUSICAL ELABORATION !Y >E SUSCEPTIBLE4 ,GL9KA DID NOT1 H[EV]1 KN[ ! F9E/ SONGS ( ! 9T]IOR P>TS ( ,F9L&4 ,TO REALLY APPRECIATE !M Y\ MU/ HAVE HE>D !M OCCASIONALLY DUR+ A WALK 9 ! =E/S1 OR ON ! %ORES ( A SYLVAN LAKE1 SUNG BY SOME PEASANT AS HE CONTEMPLATES ! WIDE SC5E BE=E HIM4 ,HE BEG9S1 !N1 9 A HI< & FULL T5OR1 ONE ( ?OSE VIGOR\S & BELOV$ ADAGIOS :I* LIFT ! HE>] HI<] & HI<] UP TO SOME UNKN[N SPH]E1 LIKE ONE ( ! BE/ MUSICAL PHRASES ( ,RI*>D ,WAGN]4 ,WE HAVE REC5TLY LE>N$ FROM ,M4 ,MELG\N(F :AT A RI*NESS ( QUITE NEW & BEAUTIFUL H>MONIZATION 79 ,SEBA/IAN ,BA*'S /YLE7 IS TO BE LE>N$ FROM ,RUSSIAN POPUL> MUSIC2 ! SAME ALSO FROM ! ,F9NI%1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO MELODY4 

,AS TO ,F9NI% SCI5CE1 EA* TIME ,I P]USE ITS SCI5TIFIC COLLECTIONS ,I ADMIRE ! AM\NT ( WORK P]=M$1 & ?IS ! MORE AS ,I KN[ ! MODE/ MEANS ! ,F9NI% SAVANTS HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! WORK DONE 9 PHILOLOGY1 :I* HAS SO WIDE A REPUTE3 ! SAME IS TRUE ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,F9L& IS UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! BE/ EXPLOR$ C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,NOT ?AT !RE >E NO BLANKS TO BE FILL$3 L>GE TRACTS REMA9 /ILL UNEXPLOR$2 BUT ALL EXPLORATIONS HAVE BE5 P]=M$ 9 ! TRUE SPIRIT ( MOD]N SCI5CE1 & >E IMBU$ ) A F]V5T LOVE ( ! MO!R-C\NTRY4 ,9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>* ,F9L& HAS MU* PR(IT$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! EXP]I5CE ( ,SW$51 & IMITAT$ IT1 & NE>LY ALL ,F9NI% SCI5TIFIC WORKS HAVE BE5 WRITT5 9 ,SW$54 ,BUT ALREADY ,LONNROT HAD BEGUN TO CULTIVATE ,F9NI% SO AS TO R5D] IT SUITABLE = ! PHILOSOPHICAL & SCI5TIFIC NE$S ( \R TIME1 HE TRANSLAT$ WORKS ( LAW & SCI5CE1 & DISCOV]$ ?AT HIS LANGUAGE (F]S REM>KABLE FACILITIES = CREAT+ NEW SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL T]MS4 ,HIS BULKY ,SW$I% & ,F9NI% DICTION>Y BECAME A P[]FUL AID 9 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5TIFIC T]M9OLOGY2 & ! T5D5CY IS N[ T[>DS WRIT+ SCI5TIFIC WORKS 9 ,F9NI%4 ,( C\RSE1 ! SAVANTS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL OBJECT1 BUT ! RESULT+ 9CONV5I5CE WILL BE EASILY OBVIAT$ BY ! GR[+ CU/OM 9 ,NORWAY1 ,SW$51 & ,F9L&1 ( GIV+ ,FR5* OR ,G]MAN RESUMES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT PAP]S2 :ILE ! GR[? ( A ,F9NI% SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE WILL UND\BT$LY BE AN IMM5SE GA9 = ! PEOPLE4 ,EUROPEAN SCI5CE MU/ RECOGNIZE ONCE = ALL ?AT EV]Y DECADE WILL BR+ )9 ITS CYCLE MORE & MORE IMPORTANT WORKS1 WRITT5 9 AN EV] 9CREAS+ V>IETY ( LANGUAGES4 ,! TRUE SCI5TIFIC MAN CAN NO MORE IGNORE ,SC&9AVIAN1 ,RUSSIAN1 ,POLI%1 ,CZE*IAN1 ,HUNG>IAN1 & ,F9NI% SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE2 & WE MU/ DEVISE ! MEANS ( SY/EMATICALLY BR++ ALL WORKS ( IMPORTANCE1 WRITT5 9 ANY LANGUAGE1 TO ! KN[L$GE1 ( ! :OLE ( ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD4 ,BE ?IS AS IT MAY1 ,F9NI% SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE IS GR[+ EV]Y DAY1 SO ALSO ,F9NI% HI/ORIC SCI5CE4 ,?US1 AFT] ! PREP>ATORY WORKS ( ,J4 ,J4 ,T5G/ROM1 ,W4 ,G4 ,LAGUS1 ,F4 ,W4 ,PIPP+1 ,GABRIEL ,RE91 & ,M4 ,AKI&]1 :O ALL WROTE 9 ,SW$I%1 & AFT] A FIR/ ATTEMPT1 MADE 9 #ahdf BY ,J4 ,F4 ,KAJAN1 TO WRITE ,F9NI% HI/ORY = ! ,F9NI%1 WE HAD TO GREET A FEW YE>S AGO ! APPE>ANCE ( ! REM>KABLE ,HI/ORY ( ,F9L&1 BY ,YRIO ,KOSK951 :I* IS A S]I\S ATTEMPT TO WRITE A HI/ORY ( ! NATION1 & NOT ALONE ( ITS RUL]S4 ,IT WAS IMM$IATELY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SW$I% & ,G]MAN4 

,! P]IODICAL PRESS DOES NOT LAG BEH9D1 & (F]S A W>M SUPPORT TO ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,! FIR/ PAP] PUBLI%$ 9 ,F9NI% 9 ! LA/ C5TURY FAIL$ = POLITICAL REASONS4 ,SO ALSO SEV]AL ULT]IOR ATTEMPTS1 ALL KILL$ 9 ! BUD BY ,NI*OLAS ,I'S C5SOR%IP4 ,IT WAS ONLY 9 #ahfc ?AT ! ,F9NI% ,PRESS TOOK A NEW />T1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T F9D+ IT USEFUL TO FAVOR ,F5NOMANES AGA9/ ,SVEKOMANES4 ,IT HAS RAPIDLY DEVELOP$ S9CE1 & N[ SUPPLIES ! MO/ REMOTE PITAYA 7F>M7 9 ! WOODS ) PLA9 & USEFUL READ+ 9 ,F9NI% AT A V]Y L[ PRICE4#d ,BUT EV5 YET ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T PURSUES ) REG>D TO ,ME ,F9NI% ,PRESS ITS UNWISE TRADITIONAL POLICY4 ,IT IS TOL]AT$ ON ! CONDITION ( NEV] CRITICIZ+ ! PROCE$+S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T2 & :51 LA/ YE>1 SOME Y\NG ,F5NOMANES1 :OSE AIM IS CLOS] UNION ( ! ,F9NI% PEOPLE ) ! ,RUSSIAN1 PROPOS$ TO />T A PAP] 9 BO? LANGUAGES1 ! ,C5SOR%IP REFUS$ P]MISSION4 ,IT C\LD NOT ALL[ A DISCUSSION ( CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS TO BE PR9T$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE4 

,FROM ALL ?AT PREC$ES IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ,EUROPE HAS ONLY TO GA9 FROM ! ADMISSION ( ,F9L& 9TO ITS FAMILY4 ,BUT TO ?IS 5D LIB]TY & 9DEP5D5CE >E BE=E ALL ?+S NE$FUL -- NOT ! EPHEM]AL LIB]TY :I* IS BE/[$ ON ! PEOPLE BY ! RULE ( ! RI*] CLASSES1 :ATEV] BE !IR NATIONALITY1 BUT ?AT FALL LIB]TY :I* W\LD RESULT FROM ! PEOPLE BE+ !IR [N RUL]S4 ,F9L& IS 9 A FAIR WAY TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS4 ,ITS NATIONAL MOVEM5T DOES NOT ASK A RETURN TO ! PA/1 AS HAS BE5 ! CASE ) ,POL&2 IT ASPIRES AFT] A QUITE NEW1 AUTONOM\S ,F9L&4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT = ! PRES5T ! NATIONAL QUE/ION OV]%AD[S ALL O!RS1 & EV5 ! EXTREMELY IMPORTANT L& QUE/ION 7= ,F9L& HAS ALSO ITS AGR>IAN QUE/ION7 IS NE>LY QUITE =GOTT54 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( !IR NATIONALITY BE+ M5AC$ FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 WILL ! ,F9NI% NATIONALI/S REPEAT ! ]ROR SO (T5 COMMITT$ ( =GETT+ ?AT UND] ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( L&$ PROP]TY1 ! PEASANT BE+ OV]:ELM$ ) R5TS1 TAXES1 & P]SONAL S]VICES1 NO NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE IS POSSIBLE1 & IF POLITICAL AUTONOMY BE EV5TUALLY REALIZ$ UND] SOME EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES IT WILL BE BUT A NEW BURD5 ON ! LABOR+ CLASSES8 ,! EM95TLY POPUL> *>ACT] ( ,F5NOMANISM LEADS TO ! BELIEF ?AT ?IS MI/AKE WILL NOT BE REPEAT$4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT UNTIL N[ ,F5NOMANISM HIS REMA9$ A M]ELY LIT]>Y MOVEM5T -- A MOVEM5T = A LANGUAGE1 & NOT A MOVEM5T = SOCIAL R$EMPTION4 ,NO MORE ?AN ! ,SVEKOMANES HAVE ! ,F5NAMONES A DI/9CT SOCIAL PROGRAM2 & IF ,F5NOMANISM IS1 ON ! :OLE1 MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN ITS ,SVEKOMANE RIVAL1 IT COMPRISES AT ! SAME TIME1 TOGE!R ) ! PEASANT'S SON :O LONGS AFT] ! FREE POSSESSION ( SOIL1 ! SON ( ! L&[N] :O HOLDS SACR$ ! RI<TS ACQUIR$ BY HIS =EFA!RS UND] ,SW$I% OR ,RUSSIAN RULE OV] ! PRODUCE ( ! PEASANT'S LABOR4 ,BO? UNITE = ! AWAK5+ ( A NATIONAL FEEL+ & ! CONQU]+ = ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE ( EQUAL RI<TS ) ! ,SW$I%2 BUT ! DAY WILL COME :5 IT WILL BE ASK$ :E!R ! L&[N]'S RI<TS >E REALLY SO SACR$ AS !Y HAVE BE5 CONSID]$1 & :AT WILL !N BECOME ( ! UNION8 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT SO LONG AS ALL ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URE IS CONDUCT$ 9 A L>GUAGE :I* IS =EIGN TO FIVE-SIX?S ( ! POPULATION1 & SO LONG AS ,F9NI% *ILDR5 CANNOT RECEIVE 9/RUCTION 9 !IR MO!R-TONGUE1 ! LANGUAGE QUE/ION WILL BE A BURN+ QUE/ION2 & ALL ! MORE SO1 AS TO TAKE ! ADM9I/RATION FROM ! BONDS ( ! ,SW$I%-SPEAK+ (FICIALS MEANS TO TAKE IT \T ( ! H&S ( ! ,SW$I% NOBILITY1 L&[N]S1 & BANK]S4 ,?IS FIR/ /EP WAS P>TIALLY REALIZ$ LAT YE>1 ! EQUALITY ( BO? LANGUAGES 9 ! ADM9I/RATION HAV+ BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY LAW4 ,AS TO ,F9NI% S*OOLS1 !Y HAVE /ILL TO BE CREAT$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY4 ,AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HELS+=S LECTURES >E /ILL MO/LY DELIV]$ 9 ,SW$I%1 ?\< ! /UD5TS G5]ALLY SPEAK ,F9NI%4 ,SO ALSO AT ! ,POLYTE*NIC ,S*OOL & 9 TWELVE LYCEUMS \T ( TW5TY-TWO4 ,AS TO PRIM>Y 9/RUCTION1 ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE >E /ILL DEPRIV$ ( P]MAN5T S*OOLS4 ,\T ( #c1 *ILDR5 ( S*OOL AGE 9 #a#h#h#a1 ONLY #b#f1#i RECEIV$ 9/RUCTION 9 #egf P]MAN5T S*OOLS1 ( :I* #acd W]E ,SW$I%4 ,! REMA9D] W]E TAU<T 9 AMBULATORY S*OOLS1 A TYPICAL FEATURE ( ! ,SC&9AVIAN NOR?4 ,:5 ,NI*OLAS ,I4 =BADE ,F9NI% S*OOLS1 AMBULATORY S*OOLS1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,NORWAY & ,SW$51 W]E 9TRODUC$4 ,ONCE A YE> ! TEA*] COMES 9TO ! VILLAGE1 /AYS !RE = SOME TIME1 & TEA*ES ! *ILDR54 ,SU* S*OOLS EV5 YET >E NOT ! EXCEPTION1 !Y >E ! RULE2 & :ILE LESS ?AN #b#g1 *ILDR5 W]E TAU<T 9 P]MAN5T S*OOLS1 ! REMA9D] RECEIV$ PRIM>Y 9/RUCTION EI!R FROM AMBULATORY MA/]S 7#a#a#f1#b#a *ILDR57 OR AT HOME 7#a#g#g1#i#b#e71 SO ?AT ONLY #f1#i#h#c *ILDR51 MO/LY FEEBLE OR ILL1 REMA9$ )\T 9/RUCTION4 7,I TAKE !SE FIGURES FROM ! WELL-9=M$ PAMPHLET1 BY ,MAX ,BU*1 ,F9L& UND SE9E ,NATIONALIITAT5FRAGE .<,F9L& & ,H] ,NATIONALITY ,QUE/ION.>47 ,BUT 9/RUCTION ?US GIV5 IS OBVI\SLY QUITE 9SUFFICI5T1 = ONLY EI<T P]C5T ( ! ,F9NS CAN WRITE1 ! REMA9D] >E ONLY ABLE TO READ4 

,F9NI% S*OOLS1 ,F9NI% ADM9I/RATION -- SU* IS ! PLAT=M ( ! ,F5NOMANES4 ,!Y DO NOT NEGLECT1 H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME T(REE! SOIL( ,F9L& AS MU* AS POSSIBLE FROM =EIGN L&HOLD]S1 & TO DEVELOP !IR 9DU/RY SO AS TO R5D] !IR C\NTRY ECONOMICALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ITS NEI<BORS4 ,A FEW YE>S AGO ,RUSSIAM MONA/]IES HAD /ILL L>GE E/ATES & FI%+ GR\NDS ON ! WE/]N %ORE ( ,LAKE ,LADOGA4 ,BUT >ABLE SOIL1 =E/S1 LAKES1 ALL HAVE N[ BE5 PUR*AS$ BY ,F9NS1 & >E SOLD 9 SMALL P>CELS TO ,F9NI% PEASANTS1 SO ?AT ! ',RUSSIANIS]S' ( TILE WOR/H>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS >E1 L\DLY CRY+ \T AGA9/ '! PRODIGI\SLY RAPID ,F]MISATION' ( ,KEXHOLM1 ,S]DOBOL1 & EV5 ( ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 

,AS TO ! ECONOMICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 IT HAS REALLY MADE A MAT]IAL PROGRESS DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 ,NOT)/&+ ! LOSS ( AS MU* AS #a#h1 PEOPLE DUR+ ! FAM9E ( #a#h#g#b1 ! POPULATION ( ,F9L& HAS 9CREAS$ BY MORE ?AN ONE-FIF? DUR+ ! LA/ QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 REA*+ #b1#f1#h DUR+ ! LA/ C5SUS ( #a#h#h#a4 ,! POPULATION ( ITS T[NS HAS D\BL$ DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 & ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 9CREAS$ 9 ! RATIO ( #c TO #b4 ,! HORN$ CATTLE HAVE 9CREAS$ BY #d1 HEAD 9 TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 & ! MAK+ ( BUTT]1 ) MORE P]FECT ME?ODS1 HAS SO EXT5D$ AS TO PRODUCE FROM ,RUSSIA AN ANNUAL TRIBUTE ( #a1#b1 RUBLES 7#a#b1L47 ,! PRODUCTION ( IRON HAS TREBL$ AT ! SAME TIME1 REA*+ ! FIGURE ( #c#e#a1 CWTS4 9 #a#h#g#i2 & ! AGGREGATE PRODUCE ( MANUFACTURES HAS D\BL$3 IT IS E/IMAT$ AT #d#i11 RUBLES1 AGA9/ ONLY #e11 9 #a#h#e#d4 ,NO LESS ?AN #ee MILES ( RAILWAY & FIFTY MILES ( C\NTS HAVE BE5 BUILT2 & ! EXPORTS REA*$ 9 #ahh #a#b#c11 ,F9NI% M>KS1 OR FRANCS1 AGA9/ #b#c112 :ILE ! IMPORTS W]E #a#c#h11 M>KS1 9/EAD ( #d#f114 ,NAVIGATION HAS EXP]I5C$ SU* A DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! COMM]CIAL FLEET ( ,F9L& 9 ! SAME YE> NUMB]$ #a1#h#e#g %IPS1 #b#h#h1#c TONS2 #i1#g#d#d %IPS1 #a1#e#d1#b TONS1 5T]$ ITS PORTS2 & A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! =EIGN M>ITIME COMM]CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS CONDUCT$ UND] ! ,F9NI% FLAG4 ,AS TO ! ROADS1 !Y >E MO/LY 9 SO GOOD A /ATE AS TO BE COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ,SWITZ]L&2 & ! J\RNEYS ON PO/-HORSES1 BY ROADS PROVID$ ) PLA9 BUT CLEAN HOTELS1 >E A TRUE PLEASURE4 ,! LAKES >E LIT]ALLY FURR[$ BY /EAM]S1 :I* P5ETRATE 9TO ! REMOTE/ 9LETS2 &1 ?ANKS TO A MA/]LY SY/EM ( CANALIZATION1 9 :I* ,F9NS EXCEL1 ! SMALLE/ HAMLETS & SAW-MILLS >E )9 EASY REA* ( ! GREAT LAKE-BAS9S1 :I*1 9 !IR TURN1 COMMUNICATE ) ! SEA BY ! MONUM5TAL ,SAIMA CANAL4 ,ALL ?IS HAS BE5 DONE AT SURPRIS+LY MOD]ATE EXP5SE1 EA* MILE ( ! ,F9NI% RAILWAYS HAV+ CO/1 ON ! AV]AGE1 ONLY ONE-?IRD ( ! AV]AGE CO/ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AS TO F9ANCES1 ?\< SUPPORT+ ! HEAVY BURD5 ( OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y S]VICE REC5TLY IMPOS$ ON ! C\NTRY1 !Y >E 9 AN EXCELL5T /ATE4 ,:5 ,RUSSIA F9DS IT IMPOSSIBLE TO RAISE MONEY AT LESS ?AN #f P]C5T1 ,F9L& EASILY OBTA9S LOANS AT #d4#e P]C5T1 & ITS PAP] MONEY CIRCULATES AT P>1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIAN PAP] RUBLE IS WOR? NO MORE ?AN SIX T5?S ( ITS NOM9AL VALUE4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! MORE NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS IS RAIS$ 9 ,F9L&1 & ! MORE $UCATION IS SPREAD AMONG ITS PEOPLE1 ! MORE WILL IT FEEL ! WEI<T ( ,RUSSIAN SOV]EIGNTY2 &1 :ILE ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT IS ALWAYS WELCOM$ BY HIS ,F9NI% BRO!R1 EV]Y ,RUSSIAN SUSPECT$ ( BE+ AN (FICIAL F9DS ONLY COOLNESS1 & (T5 HATR$1 AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,F9NI% NOBLES 9 ,RUSSIAN S]VICE MAY PROTE/ !IR LOYALTY AS MU* AS !Y PLEASE2 !Y >E NOT ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y MAY REF] ALSO TO ! GALLANT BEHAVIOR ( ,F9NI% TROOPS 9 ! LA/ ,BALKAN W>3 IT PROVES NO?+2 ! ,F9NS W]E EV] A GALLANT RACE1 & IT IS NOT !IR HABIT TO RECOIL BE=E DANG]1 ,BUT SURELY ! LA/ W> HAS NOT 9CREAS$ !IR ATTA*M5T TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE2 !Y HAVE SE5 :AT ,RUSSIAN ADM9I/RATION IS1 & ! W> IS CO/+ ,F9L& TOO DE>4 ,TRUE1 !RE >E PL5TY ( M5 9 ,F9L& READY TO SAY ?AT !IR C\NTRY IS ALREADY QUITE 9DEP5D5T1 BE+ ONLY 'UNIT$' ) ,RUSSIA 9 ! P]SON ( ! ,EMP]OR2 BUT ! MASSES UND]/& PRETTY WELL :AT A UNION MEANS ( :I* ! WEAK] P>TY IS UNPROTECT$ AGA9/ ! CAPRICES ( ! /RONG]4 ,IF !Y %\LD =GET IT1 ! ,REACTIONI/S N[ 9 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA DO NOT FAIL TO REMEMB] IT 9 ! MO/ BRUTAL WAY4 ,!SE PEOPLE DO NOT UND]/& H[ WISE ,SP]ANSKY WAS :5 HE PO9T$ \T ! DANG]S ( HAV+ A HO/ILE POPULATION AT ! V]Y DOORS ( ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL2 !Y SEEM TO HAVE SET !IR HE>TS ON R5D]+ IT HO/ILE4 ,! SMALL DOSE ( LIB]TY 5JOY$ BY ,F9L& IRRITATES !M4 ,A C\NTRY :]E PEOPLE TRAVEL )\T PASSPORTS1 & ! DVORNIKS 7PORT]S7 DO NOT LI/5 AT ! DOORS ( LODG]S1 APPE>S TO !M A HOTB$ ( REVOLUTION4 ,EV5 ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS SMALL C\NTRY R5D]S !M UNEASY4 ,!Y W\LD LIKE TO %UT ! DOORS ( ,RUSSIA AGA9/ ! LITTLE M]*&ISE ?AT 5T]S !RE94 ,= IT IS MO/ REM>KABLE ?AT EV5 ,F9L&1 POOR AS %E IS1 IMPORTS FROM ,RUSSIA ! FOOD :I* IS TAK5 FROM ! M\? ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT1 & EXPORTS ?I!R MANUFACTUR$ W>E2 S9CE #ahhb IT BEGUN EV5 TO EXPORT MORE ?AN TO IMPORT4 ,! $ITORS ( ! REACTION>Y ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PAP]S W\LD RA!R D\BLE ! PRICE ( ! PAP] ON :I* !Y PR9T !IR *EAP IDEAS ?AN TO HAVE IT FROM ,F9L&4 ,& ! ,MOSC[ ,PROTECTIONI/S1 AFT] HAV+ ATTRACT$1 BY ALMO/ PROHIBITORY DUTIES1 ,G]MAN CAPITAL1 ,G]MAN 5T]PRISE1 ,G]MAN MANUFACTUR]S1 & ,G]MAN WORKM5 9TO ,POL&1 DEM& N[ ! ]ECTION ( A ,*9ESE WALL AGA9/ ,POL&1 & EV5 AGA9/ LITTLE ,F9L&4 ,!Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 PREV5T+ ! 5TRANCE ( ,F9NI% CATTLE 9TO ,RUSSIA1 ?US RAIS+ ! ALREADY HI< PRICE ( MEAT AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 & !Y W\LD LIKE N[ TO IMPOSE /ILL MORE !IR [N DE> PRODUCE ON ,F9L&1 & NOT !IR PRODUCE ALONE1 BUT ALSO ! DISORD] ( !IR CO9 F9ANCES4 ,RETURN+ TO ,NI*OLAS ,I'S TIME1 !Y LONG TO 9TRODUCE 9TO ,F9L& ! OBLIGATORY CIRCULATION ( ,RUSSIAN PAP] RUBLES4 ,!Y >E NOT SATISFI$ ) IMPOS+ ON H] ! BURD5 ( A #g1-M5-/RONG >MY 9 W> TIME2 !Y W\LD LIKE TO GRASP 9 !IR [N BONDS H] POOR REV5UES1 & TO CONDUCT !M1 TO PILLAGE !M1 AS !Y HAVE CONDUCT$ & PILLAG$ ! F9ANCES ( ! ,EMPIRE4 

0,IS UNION POSSIBLE ON SU* CONDITIONS80 ,SU* IS ! QUE/ION :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REACTIONI/S >E MORE & MORE IMPRESS+ ON ! M9DS ( EV5 ! 0MO/ LOYAL0 ,F9NI% SUBJECTS2 & NOBODY CAN TELL :I!R ?IS BL9D POLICY MAY LEAD4 ,ONLY ONE ?+ IS C]TA93 ?AT ! >DOR ( ,F9NI% PATRIOTS = AWAK5+ AMONG !IR PEOPLE NATIONAL FEEL+ & ! LONG+ = A COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE WILL BE R$\BL$ BY ! ATTEMPTS1 REC5TLY R5EW$1 AGA9/ ,F9L&'S AUTONOMY4 ,! MAP ( ,EUROPE HAS ALREADY UND]GONE MANY *ANGES1 & IT IS NOT IMPROBABLE ?AT ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL COMPLICATIONS :I* ACCUMULATE ON ,OLD ,EUROPE'S HEAD MAY RESULT1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 9 ! RE/ORATION ( ,F9L& TO ! ,F9NS4 

,P4 ,KROPOTK9 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,POPULATION ( ,F9L& ON ! #c#a/ ( ,DECEMB] #ahh 7,SUOM5MAN ,VIRALL95 ,TILA/O1 SIX? S]IES1 FASC4 #i73- ,9 T[NS1 #a#g#c1#d#a2 9 ! C\NTRY1 #a1#h#h#g1#c#h#a ,( !SE3 ,F9NS1 #a1#g#e#f1#c#h#a 7#a1#c 9 T[NS72 #b#i#d1#h#g#f 7#f#e1#g#b#e 9 T[NS72 #d1#a#i#e 7#h#b#a 9 T[NS72 ,G]MANS #a1#g#b1 MO/LY 9 T[NS2 O!R NATIONALITIES1 #c1#f#a ( :OM #ifa >E ,LAPONIANS4 ,( ! ABOVE POPULATION1 #a#d1#e#b W]E BORN 9 O!R ?AN ,F9L&2 NAMELY1 #c1#f#i#c 9 ,SW$51 #g1#i#d#g 9 ,RUSSIA1 #ebb 9 ,G]MANY1 & SO ON4 ,EMIGRATION 9 #a#h#g#i1 #c#d1#h#a#b4 

#b,! ,CON/ITUTION ( ,F9L&1 FRAM$ 9 #aha & SLI<TLY MODIFI$ 9 #ahfi & #a#h#h#b1 IS V]Y 9DEF9ITE1 & LEAVES ! ,CR[N A WIDE FIELD = 9T]F]+ ) ! AFFAIRS ( ! C\NTRY4  ,! NATIONAL REPRES5TATION1 CONSI/+ ( F\R *AMB]S -- NOBILITY1 CL]GY1 T[NS1 & PEASANTS -- IS CONVOK$ BY ! ,EMP]OR EV]Y F\R OR FIVE YE>S1 BUT ONLY = F\R MON?S4  ,EA* *AMB] DISCUSSES ALL AFFAIRS SEP>ATELY4  ,!Y CAN DISCUSS ONLY ?OSE S*EMES ( LAWS :I* >E PROPOS$ BY ! ,EMP]OR1 TO :OM BELONGS ALSO ! RI<T ( VETO4  ,HE HAS1 MOREOV]1 ! RI<T ( ISSU+ DECREES1 ! LIMITS ( :I* >E NOT WELL DEF9$4  ,! *AMB]S CONSI/ N[ ( #aba NOBLES 7?IS NUMB] V>Y+ ) ! NUMB] ( SEP>ATE NOBLE FAMILIES72 #ce DEPUTIES ( ! CL]GY1 UNIV]SITY1 & PRIM>Y S*OOLS2 #dd REPRES5TATIVES ( T[NS2 & #ei = ! PEASANTS1 ELECT$ 9 TWO DEGREES4  ,! UNANIM\S ASS5T ( ALL F\R *AMB]ES IS NECESS>Y = ! RATIFICATION ( *ANGES 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION & = NEW TAXES4  ,IF UNANIMITY CANNOT BE >RIV$ AT = NEW TAXES1 A COMMITTEE ( SIXTY MEMB]S ELECT$ 9 EQUAL P>TS BY EA* *AMB] DECIDES4  ,IF NEW TAXES CANNOT BE LEVI$ ?US )\T ! APPROBATION ( ! ,SEIM1 ! EXP5DITURE IS APPORTION$ BY ! ,EMP]OR -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY ! ,F9NI% ,COMMITTEE1 :I* SITS AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 & CONSI/S ( ! ,/ATE'S ,SECRET>Y & F\R MEMB]S NOM9AT$ BY ! ,CR[N 7TWO ( !M BE+ PROPOS$ BY ! ,S5ATE74  ,! ,S5ATE IS NOM9AT$ ALSO BY ! ,CR[N1 & MEETS UND] ! PRESID5CY ( ! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL1 :O IS USUALLY A ,RUSSIAN SUBJECT4  ,IT IS ! SUP]IOR ADM9I/RATIVE P[] ( ,F9L&1 & CONSI/S ( TWO DEP>TM5TS1 ,JU/ICE & ,F9ANCE 7,ECONOMICAL71 :I* HAVE UND] !M ! ADM9I/RATION ( M$IC9E1 PO/S1 RAILWAYS1 CANALS1 CU/OM-H\SES1 & ! TRIBUNALS4  ,!IR P[]S W]E SLI<TLY 9CREAS$ 9 #a#h#h#b1 BUT !Y >E /ILL LIMIT$1 SEV]AL IMPORTANT BRAN*ES REMA9+ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,EMP]OR1 ?US1HE DECIDES AS TO ! CU/OMS DUTIES & MANY O!R QUE/IONS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 7$UCATIONAL1 ,*UR*1 & SO ON74  ,! MILIT>Y DEP>TM5T IS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 & ! ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 9 ?OSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,*ANCELLOR4  ,MILIT>Y S]VICE HAS BE5 OBLIGATORY S9CE #a#h#g#i1 & ,F9L& HAS TO KEEP ON FOOT1 9 TIME ( PEACE1 N9E BATTALIONS ( 9FANTRY1 & FROM #g1 TO #h1 M5 9 TIME ( W>4  ,! ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL IS ! *IEF COMM&] ( ! ,F9NI% >MY4  ,HAPPILY ! COMMUNAL & MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS >E LITTLE 9T]F]$ ) BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T2 & ! *IEF SAFEGU>D AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN 9T]LOP]S IS1 FIR/1 ?AT ,F9NI% CITIZ5S ALONE CAN 5T] ! S]VICE ( ! ,/ATE1 & ?AT ,F9L& CO9S ITS [N MONEY & RAISES ITS [N LOANS 7) ! ASS5T ( ! ,EMP]OR74  ,! HI<] (FICIALS1 H[EV]1 >E NOM9AT$ BY ! ,CR[N2 IT HAS ALSO ! RI<T ( DISMISS+ ! REMA9D]1 :O >E NOM9AT$ BY ! ,S5ATE4  ,IT WILL BE SE5 FROM ! ABOVE ?AT1 IF ,F9L& HAS OBTA9$ A C]TA9 MEASURE ( AUTONOMY1 IT IS MORE BY C>EFULLY AVOID+ ANY CONTE/ ) HE ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T1 & BY /EADILY WORK+ = ! 5L>GEM5T ( ITS RI<TS1 ?AN BY VIRTUE ( ! SCANTY GU>ANTEES ( ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW4 

#c,I DO NOT V5TURE1 ( C\RSE1 TO TRANSLATE 9TO ,5GLI% ANY ( !IR POETRY1 & CAN ONLY RECOMM5D TO ?OSE :O KN[ NEI!R ,SW$I% NOR ,F9NI% ! EXCELL5T SMALL COLLECTION ,AUS DEM ,NORD5 .<0,FROM ! ,NOR?0.>1 BY ,H]MANN ,PAUL1 :I* CONTA9S ,G]MAN TRANSLATIONS FROM ,M4,M4 ,AHLQVI/1 ,CYGNAEUS1 ,RUNEB]G1 ,TOPELIUS1 & ,WEEKSELL2 & /ILL MORE1 ! SAME AU?OR'S ,G]MAN TRANSLATIONS ( MANY ,KANTELET>1 :I* APPE>$ AT ,HELS+=S 9 #a#h#h#b4 

#d,9 #ahha ,F9L& HAD SIXTY-EI<T PAP]S1 \T ( :I* =TY-TWO W]E ,F9NI% & TW5TY-SIX ,SW$I%2 ( ! LATT]1 SEV5TE5 APPE>$ AT ,HELS+=S4  ,SU* SMALL T[NS AS ,JYWASKYLA & ,ULEABORG HAVE SIX ,F9NI% PAP]S EA*2 & EV5 ,KUOPIO ,TAMM]=S1 & ,WASA HAVE EA* ?REE PAP]S4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,P4 7#a#h#h#e74 0,F9L&3 A ,RIS+ ,NATIONALITY04 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4  ,M>*1 PP4 #e#b#g-#d#f47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #ahhe 3 ,F9L&3 ,A ,RIS+ ,NATIONALITY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,F9L&3 ,A ,RIS+ ,NATIONALITY -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,F9L&3 ,A ,RIS+ ,NATIONALITY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/