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,BE=E ,MAY #a3 ,! ,=CES 9 ,PLAY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I4 ,BE=E ,MAY #a3 ! ,=CES 9 ,PLAY 

  

,DURRUTI MAIL$ HIS FIR/ LETT] TO HIS FAMILY S9CE RETURN+ TO ,SPA9 ON ,MAY #f1 #a#i#c#a4 ,HE WROTE3  
  

,PLEASE EXCUSE ME = NOT WRIT+ E>LI]1 BUT ,I'VE HAD A LOT ( WORK TO DO4 ,&1 ON TOP ( EV]Y?+1 ,I'VE HAD TO LOOK AFT] TWO ,FR5* COMRADES :O HAVE COME TO ,B>CELONA TO REPORT ON \R MOVEM5T4 ,I HAVE A D\BLE RESPONSIBILITY1 AS !IR FRI5D & COMRADE .<HE IS REF]R+ TO ,L\IS ,LECO9 & ,ODEON1 REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION.>4 

,I SPOKE AT A RALLY ?AT WE ORGANIZ$ ON ,MAY #a4 ,:5 ,I GOT (F ! PLAT=M1 A FELL[ FROM ,LEON 9TRODUC$ HIMSELF TO ME & TOLD ME ?AT HE'S ?9K+ ( HEAD+ !RE4 ,I PLEAD$ ) HIM TO GO SEE Y\ & TELL Y\ ! DETAILS ( MY LIFE H]E4 

,) REG>D TO Y\R TRIP TO ,B>CELONA1 ,I HAVE TO TELL Y\ SOME?+3 MY LIFE IS COMPLETELY ABNORMAL & IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO ATT5D TO Y\ 9 ! WAY ?AT Y\ DES]VE4 ,IT'S BETT] ?AT Y\ WAIT4 ,ON ,MONDAY ,MIMI .<,EMILI5NE.> WILL >RIVE FROM ,P>IS & :5 %E'S H]E & WE GET A H\SE1 WE'LL TELL Y\ TO COME & SP5D SOME TIME ) US4.<#b#e.>  
  

,AS WE WILL SEE1 ! *ANGE 9 ! POLITICAL REGIME CREAT$ PROBLEMS ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD TO CONFRONT IMM$IATELY1 AS E>LY AS ,APRIL #a#e4 ,ONE DILEMMA WAS ! ISSUE ( ! PRISON]S4 ,!Y W]E FRE$ QUICKLY 9 PLACES LIKE ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! WORK]S !MSELVES OP5$ ! JAIL DOORS1 BUT IT WAS MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ ) ! CONVICTS 9 ! P5IT5TI>IES4 ,! PROVISIONAL ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T GAVE AMNE/Y TO POLITICAL & SOCIAL PRISON]S &1 9 ?AT CATEGORY1 HAD 9CLUD$ POLITICAL P>TY MILITANTS & RADICAL WORK]S IMPRISON$ = CRIMES D]IV+ FROM !IR ACTIVISM4 ,BUT ! SITUATION WAS DIFF]5T = ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I4 ,MANY ( !IR M5 HAD BE5 LOCK$ UP UND] ! DISCRIM9ATORY POLICIES ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 :I* CLASSIFI$ !IR (F5SES AS COMMON CRIMES 7!Y W]E IMPRISON$ = ?+S LIKE KILL+ AU?ORITIES1 SETT+ (F BOMBS1 %OOT-\TS ) ! POLICE1 ATTACKS ON EMPLOY]S1 SABOTAGE1 ETC47 ,:AT POLICY W\LD ! NEW GOV]NM5T ADOPT T[>D !SE PRISON]S8 ,W\LD IT TREAT !M AS SOCIAL PRISON]S & GIVE !M AMNE/Y8 ,! NEW GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO S5D SIGNALS 9DICAT+ ?AT IT WANT$ TO REVIEW EA* TRIAL1 :I* W\LD AM\NT TO LEAV+ A L>GE NUMB]S ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS 9 PRISON4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A QUICKLY D5\NC$ ! NEW GOV]NM5T'S POSITION ON ! PRISON]S & DEM&$ !IR IMM$IATE RELEASE4 ,IT ALSO DREW ! GOV]NM5T'S ATT5TION TO ! PEASANT QUE/ION3 0,WE >E UNAW>E ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T'S 9T5TIONS RELATIVE TO ?IS DI/RESS+ PROBLEM1 BUT WE >E SURE ?AT IT WILL CONT9UE IF ! ,REPUBLIC KEEPS EMPLOY+ ! ,MON>*Y'S ME?ODS4 ,?AT IS SOME?+ ?AT \R PEASANT COMRADES WILL NOT TOL]ATE40 .<#b#e#a.> 

,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I W]E V]Y PREOCCUPI$ BY ! MATT] ( ! PRISON]S4 ,?IS WAS ALSO AN IMPORTANT CONC]N = ! FRE$ ,SOLID>IOS1 :O HAD A NUMB] ( COMRADES WA/+ AWAY 9 ! P5IT5TI>IES3 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ WAS 9 ,C>TAG5A1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS 9 ,BURGOS1 & ,RAFAEL ,TORRES ,ESC>T91 ,E/EBAN ,EUT]IO ,SALAM]O1 & ,JULIANA ,LOPEZ W]E 9 ! ,DUESO P5IT5TI>Y4 ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO BEGAN WORK+ ASSIDU\SLY TO >RANGE ! IMM$IATE RELEASE ( !SE MILITANTS AS WELL AS MANY O!RS4 ,BUT1 9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 !RE WAS ALSO ! COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA & ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,RALLIES & PUBLIC LECTURES TOOK PLACE ALMO/ )\T 9T]RUPTION 9 UNION HALLS OR O!R R5T$ SITES4 ,DURRUTI SOON %[$ HIMSELF TO BE A POPUL> ORATOR & EXCELL5T AGITATOR4 ,HE WAS ASK$ TO SPEAK ) SU* FREQU5CY ?AT SOMETIMES HE HAD TO P>TICIPATE 9 TWO DIFF]5T EV5TS ON ! SAME DAY4 

,:5 ,DURRUTI >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 HE /AY$ ) ,LUIS ,RI]A 7,M>IA ,ASCASO'S COMPAN]O7 AT HIS HOME AT #ab ,PASAJE ,MONTAL 9 ! ,SANT ,M>TI DE ,PROV5CALS DI/RICT4 ,DURRUTI REMA9$ ) ,RI]A UNTIL ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS F\ND HIM H\S+ AT #aag ,TAULAT ,/REET 9 ,POBLE ,N\4 ,?IS H\SE WAS R5T$ 9 ! NAME ( ,EMILIA ,ABADIA1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ,ASCASO'S MO!R WAS 9 ,B>CELONA AT ! TIME4 

,TIMES W]E H>D = EV]YONE4 ,NEI!R ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS NOR ,DURRUTI HAD F\ND WORK3 0,I CAN'T GO TO ,LEON RI<T N[10 ,DURRUTI WROTE4 0,! ECONOMIC SITUATION IS NOT V]Y BRI<T4444 ,I ALSO HAVE A LOT ( RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ,B>CELONA &1 S9CE ! POLITICAL SITUATION ISN'T V]Y CLE>1 ,I CAN'T AF=D TO WA/E ANY TIME40 .<#b#e#b.> 

,HE S5T ANO!R LETT] TO HIS FAMILY ON ,MAY #a#a1 9 :I* HE SAID ?AT ,MIMI HAD JU/ COME FROM ,P>IS4 ,HE ALSO TOLD !M NOT TO WRITE AGA9 UNTIL HE S5T !M A NEW ADDRESS1 BECAUSE 0,I'M ?9K+ ( GO+ TO LIVE 9 ANO!R H\SE40 ,HE ALSO ADD$3 0,I />T$ WORK+ TODAY & HOPE ?AT ,I CAN LIVE COM=TABLY 9 ,B>CELONA4444 ,POLITICAL LIFE H]E IS SOME:AT COMPLICAT$4 ,WE .<! ,C,N,T.> >E FI<T+ H>D & HOPE ?AT \R EF=TS WILL BE CR[N$ ) GOOD SUCCESS40 .<#b#e#c.> 

,DURRUTI'S ALLUSIONS TO ! POLITICAL SITUATION MAKE S5SE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ACTIVITIES UND]TAK5 BY ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA DE ,CATALUNYA .<,CATALAN ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT.>4 ,H\RS BE=E ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,FRANCESC ,MACIA DECID$ ?AT ! TIME HAD COME TO PROCLAIM ! ,FREE ,CATALAN ,REPUBLIC4 ,HE DID EXACTLY ?AT1 )\T WAIT+ = ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T TO CALL ELECTIONS OR APPROVE A CON/ITUTION CONC$+ SU* AUTONOMY TO ! REGION4 ,?IS UPSET ! NEW LEAD]S 9 ,MADRID & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA CAME TO ,B>CELONA TO CONV9CE 0,AVI0 7GR&FA!R7 ?AT HE %\LD WAIT4 ,H[EV]1 ! REAL S\RCE ( ! ,C,N,T'S DIFFICULTIES LAY 9 ! ,ESQU]RA'S DESP]ATE EF=T TO GET ,C,N,T MILITANTS TO AB&ON AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & JO9 !IR P>TY4 ,!IR PROPAG&A DID 9FLU5CE SOME ,C,N,T MEMB]S4 

,!RE W]E ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS AS WELL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,M9I/] ,L>GO ,CABALL]O US$ HIS M9I/]IAL POSITION TO PRIVILEGE ! ,U,G,T 7HIS ORGANIZATION7 OV] ! ,C,N,T 7ITS RIVAL74 ,AS A :OLE1 HIS LABOR POLICIES SIMPLY MIRROR$ ?OSE ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 C\NTRIES :]E !Y HAD SOME DEGREE ( GOV]NM5TAL P[]3 !IR GOAL WAS TO IMPROVE WORK]S' CONDITIONS ?R\< LEGISLATION1 :I* NATURALLY L$ TO CLASS COLLABORATION NOT CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS SOCIAL RE=MISM WAS 9APPLICABLE 9 ,SPA91 BECAUSE A B\RGEOISIE DID NOT EXI/ AS A POLITICAL =CE1 9DU/RY WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$1 & ! /ATE LACK$ ! NECESS>Y 9/ITUTIONAL COH]5CE TO APPLY ! RE=MS4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE HAD TO TAKE PLACE 9 ITS PURE/ /ATE 9 ,SPA91 AL?\< ?AT DID NOT /OP ,L>GO ,CABALL]O FROM P]SEV]+ ) HIS RE=MI/ TACTICS :I*1 9 TURN1 PROMPT$ ! RADICALIZATION ( ,C,N,T /RATEGIES4 

,WE WILL EXAM9E ALL ( ?IS BEL[ & ONLY M5TION IT H]E = ! SAKE ( BACKGR\ND4 ,BUT WE %\LD ADD ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,S,O,E7 WAS NOT AN 5TIRELY HOMOG5E\S BODY & ?AT RIVALRIES AMONG ITS LEAD+ CADRE HAD GR[N MORE ACUTE S9CE ! ,PACT ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN4 ,!SE DIVISIONS REVEAL$ DEEPLY ROOT$ DIFF]5CES )9 ! ,S,P4 ,JULIAN ,BE/EIRO1 ,TRIFON ,GOMEZ1 ,&RES ,SABORIT1 & O!RS ?\<T ! P>TY %\LD NOT JO9 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T &1 9/EAD1 TO WAIT TO COMPETE 9 ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO BELIEV$ ?AT IT %\LD JO9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! OPPORTUNI/IC /ANCE ( ! LATT] TWO PREVAIL$ )9 ! ,S,P4 ,JO9+ ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y >GU$1 W\LD BE ! BE/ WAY TO CONSOLIDATE ! P>TY4 ,! EASIE/ WAY TO W9 ELECTIONS IS FROM P[]4 

,WE %\LD ALSO NOTE ! PRES5CE ( ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9'S ,BLOC ,OBR] I ,CAMP]OL 7,PEASANT ,WORK] ,BLOCK71 :I* WAS ALWAYS 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,!RE WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AS WELL1 AN ALI5 =CE :OSE LIFE SUPPORT CAME FROM ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVE ,HUMB]T ,DROZ1 :O CONTROLL$ ! F9ANCES US$ TO PUBLI% ,MUNDO ,OBR]O & ALSO CRAFT$ ! POLITICAL SLOGANS /E]+ ! 0,SPANI% CADRE40 

,C5TRI/ P>TIES USUALLY HAVE SOME IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 BUT ?AT WASN'T ! CASE 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,RADICAL ,P>TY OCCUPI$ ! C5T] & ITS LEAD]1 ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X1 WAS ! PROTOTYPE ( ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIAN4 ,HIS DISCIPLES1 :O FREQU5TLY EXCE$$ !IR MA/] 9 ! >TS ( OPPORTUNISM1 MADE UP HIS G5]AL /AFF4 ,SPEAK+ ( HIS Y\?FUL ACTIVITY 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ,L]R\XI/ ,DIEGO ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO .<#b#e#d.> ONCE SAID ?AT HE HAD DECID$ ?AT HE FELT MORE COM=TABLE 9 P>LIAM5T ?AN PRISON4 ,?IS P>TY'S ELECTORATE WAS A MI%MA% ( ?OSE NO/ALGIC = ! ANTI-CL]ICALISM ( E>LY ,L]R\XISM1 TO BUREAUCRATS1 TO ?OSE LIV+ (F 9VE/M5TS & LOOK+ = ! BE/ PLACE TO 9VE/ !IR CAPITAL4 

,! LEFT1 9CLUD+ ,MANUEL ,AZANA & HIS ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 L9$ UP ALONG ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT DREW ITS MEMB]S FROM ! SMALL POPULATION ( LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE ) 9TELLECTUAL 9CL9ATIONS1 BUT DID LITTLE MORE ?AN PONTIFICATE AB\T ! E>?LY & DIV9E 9 CAFE DISCUSSION CIRCLES1 (T5 ) DEEP IGNORANCE ( BO?4 

,WE WILL 5D ?IS LI/ BY M5TION+ ,M>CEL9O ,DOM+O'S ,RADICAL ,SOCIALI/S1 :O NAVIGAT$ ! EV5TS )\T RADICALISM 9 ! SOCIALI/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,! ,RI<T1 :I* TOOK REFUGE UND] ,MAURA & ,NICETO ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA'S FLAG1 WAS L>GELY 9ACTIVE1 EXCEPT :5 ITS MEMB]S W]E %IPP+ !IR CAPITAL ABROAD OR /OPP+ ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& ON !IR L>GE E/ATES4 

,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A CONT9U$ W>N+ ! WORK+ CLASS AB\T ! C\NTRY'S UNRESOLV$ PROBLEMS & ! NE$ TO ADDRESS !M AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 S9CE IT'S BE/ TO 0/RIKE ! IRON :5 IT'S HOT40 ,= !IR P>T1 ! WORK]S P\R$ 9TO ,C,N,T UNIONS 5 MASSE & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! NI<TLY MEET+S ORGANIZ$ ?R\<\T ,B>CELONA4 ,ORATORS AT ALL !SE EV5TS URG$ ! WORK]S NOT TO TRU/ ! NEW LEAD]S3 ( C\RSE !Y W]E NOT REVOLUTION>IES & IF !Y DID 9/ITUTE SOME RE=MS1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( PROLET>IAN PRESSURE4 ,MASSIVE ACTIVI/ GA!R+S FOLL[$ ONE ANO!R ALMO/ )\T 9T]RUPTION4 ,!RE WAS A LOT ( WORK & LITTLE DISCUSSION1 AS PROPAG&I/S W]E S5T ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA TO SUPPORT ! ,C,N,T'S REORGANIZATION4 ,NEWS FROM ! RE/ ( ,SPA9 WAS POSITIVE3 ! ,C,N,T WAS BE+ REBORN FROM ITS A%ES4 ,MILITANTS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T C\LD PLAY A ROLE ( ! FIR/ MAGNITUDE 9 ! C\NTRY'S POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE & ?AT ITS 9FLU5CE C\LD EXCE$ ?AT ( ! ,U,G,T1 :I* W\LD NATURALLY ACCEPT ! SOCIAL TRUCE ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ M9I/]S W]E ASK+ FROM ! WORK]S4 ,! ,C,N,T NE$$ TO GO BEYOND ! ,SOCIALI/'S RE=MISM & DRAW ! ,U,G,T WORK]S 9TO !IR RANKS1 SO ?AT TOGE!R !Y C\LD IMPOSE GRASSROOTS SOLUTIONS TO ! C\NTRY'S PROBLEMS4 ,! ,C,N,T'S ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE CALL$ A MEET+ ON ,SATURDAY1 ,APRIL #ah TO DRAW UP PLANS = AN AGITATION CAMPAIGN 9 ,CATALONIA ?AT W\LD LAY ! F\NDATION = ! COMPLETE RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! REGION4 

,! FOLL[+ DAY !RE W]E SCORES ( WORK]S' RALLIES 9 ,B>CELONA & O!R MAJOR ,CATALAN CITIES & T[NS4 ,! C5TRAL TOPICS W]E3 FRE$OM = ! PRISON]S2 WORK] & PEASANT DEM&S1 9CLUD+ AN IMM$IATE 9CREASE 9 SAL>IES1 IMPROVEM5TS 9 WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & A =TY H\R WORKWEEK )\T A DECREASE 9 SAL>IES2 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D2 CLEANS+ ! >MY & ELIM9AT+ ! /ATI/ BUREAUCRACY2 REAL $UCATIONAL RE=M1 ) SEP>ATION ( ! *UR* & /ATE2 & NUM]\S O!R CLOSELY RELAT$ ISSUES4 

,! HALLS W]E SO PACK$ ?AT ,SUNDAY MORN+ ?AT !Y W]E UNABLE TO HOLD ALL ?OSE :O CAME TO HE> ! VOICE ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I4 ,TEATRO ,PROYECCIONES 9 ! ,MONTJUI* ,P>K WAS OV]FL[+ ) PEOPLE1 :O P\R$ \T ONTO ! /REET & MILL$ >\ND \TSIDE4 ,! SAME ?+ OCCURR$ 9 ! ,TEATRO ,ROMEA 9 ! ,SANTS DI/RICT1 9 ,GRACIA1 9 ,EL ,CLOT'S ,C9E ,M]IDIANA1 :]E ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y SPOKE = ! FIR/ TIME1 9 ,POBLE ,N\1 & 9 ! ,TEATRO ,TRIUNFO4 

,DURRUTI SPOKE ON ! RO/RUM ( ! ,TEATRO ,PROYECCIONES = ! FIR/ TIME ?AT DAY4 ,HE TOLD ! CR[D3 0,IF WE W]E ,REPUBLICANS1 WE W\LD SAY ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS 9CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ ! VICTORY ?AT ! PEOPLE GAVE IT4 ,BUT WE >5'T ,REPUBLICANS2 WE >E AU!NTIC WORK]S & 9 !IR NAME WE CALL ! GOV]NM5T'S ATT5TION TO ! DANG]\S R\TE ?AT IT HAS EMB>K$ UPON & :I*1 IF UN*ANG$1 WILL BR+ ! C\NTRY TO ! BR9K ( CIVIL W>4 ,! ,REPUBLIC DOESN'T 9T]E/ US AS A POLITICAL REGIME4 ,IF WE'VE ACCEPT$ IT = N[1 IT'S M]ELY AS A />T+ PO9T = A PROCESS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,BUT1 NATURALLY1 ?IS HAPP5S ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT IT 5SURES ?AT LIB]TY & JU/ICE >E NOT R$UC$ TO EMPTY WORDS4 ,IF ! ,REPUBLIC =GETS ALL ?IS & DISREG>DS ! WORK]S & PEASANTS' DEM&S1 !N IT WILL NOT SATISFY ! HOPES ?AT ! WORK]S 9VE/$ 9 IT ON ,APRIL #ad & :AT LITTLE 9T]E/ WE HAVE 9 IT WILL BE LO/40 .<#b#e#e.> 

,! SUBJECT WAS ! SAME 9 ! RE/ ( ! RALLIES & ! WORK]S' REPLY MADE IT CLE> ?AT IF ! GOV]NM5T DIDN'T RAPIDLY 9/ITUTE SOCIAL & POLITICAL RE=MS1 ! PEOPLE W\LD SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS ON !IR [N4 0,AS AN>*I/S10 A SPEAK] SAID AT ANO!R ASSEMBLY1 0\R ACTIVITIES HAVE NOT BE5 & WILL NEV] BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! POLITICAL L9E ( ANY CAB9ET1 POLITICAL P>TY1 OR /ATE4 ,WE AN>*I/S & MILITANT ,C,N,T WORK]S--REVOLUTION>IES1 ALL ( US--HAVE TO APPLY PRESSURE FROM ! /REET TO =CE ! M5 9 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T TO C>RY \T !IR PROMISES40 .<#b#e#f.> 

,= ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS1 ?IS CONTACT ) ! WORK+ MASSES WAS DECISIVELY IMPORTANT = ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,FROM A P]SONAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO REVEAL$ HIMSELF TO BE AN EXCELL5T SPEAK]1 SIMULTANE\SLY S]5E & DYNAMIC4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 7REC5TLY FRE$ FROM ! ,BURGOS PRISON7 ALSO %[$ A NOTABLE MA/]Y ( ! RO/RUM & W\LD BECOME ONE ( ! FI]CE/ TRIBUNES ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS = ,DURRUTI1 A LI/5] ( HIS (F]$ ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT3 0,HE IMPROVIS$ %ORT S5T5CES1 :I* W]E MORE LIKE AX BL[S ?AN WORDS4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ HE E/ABLI%$ A CONNECTION ) ! AUDI5CE ?AT REMA9$ UNBROK5 ?R\<\T ! DURATION ( HIS TALK4 ,IT SEEM$ AS IF HE & HIS LI/5]S =M$ ONE BODY4 

,HIS P[]FUL VOICE & PHYSICAL PRES5CE--GE/UR+ R\<LY ) A CLOS$ FI/--MADE HIM A DEVA/AT+ SPEAK]4 ,!SE QUALITIES W]E COMPLEM5T$ BY HIS P]SONAL MODE/Y4 ,HE OCCUPI$ ! /AGE ONLY :ILE SPEAK+ &1 AS SOON AS HE F9I%$1 LEFT TO MIX ) ?OSE PRES5T4 ,:ILE /&+ \TSIDE AFT] ! C]EMONY1 HE CONT9U$ TALK+ ) ! GR\PS ( COMRADES ON ! SIDEWALKS OR 9 ! PLAZA4 ,HE TREAT$ ! WORK]S LIKE HE HAD KN[N !M = HIS 5TIRE LIFE40 .<#b#e#g.> 

,! NEXT WEEK WAS ALSO V]Y 9T5SE4 ,! ,C,N,T PLANN$ TO CELEBRATE ,MAY #a ) A L>GE WORK]S' RALLY4 ,IT WANT$ TO MOBILIZE ! C\NTRY'S PROLET>IAT & W>N ! GOV]NM5T ?AT IT C\LDN'T DO AS IT PLEAS$ )\T TAK+ ! WORK+ CLASS'S NE$S 9TO ACC\NT4 ,?AT GE/URE WAS EXTREMELY OPPORTUNE1 GIV5 IMPORTANT POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ?AT W]E UNFOLD+ AT ! TIME4 ,9DE$1 ?REE MOM5T\S EV5TS HAD JU/ OCCURR$4 ,FRANCESC ,MACIA HAD PROCLAIM$ ! ,FREE ,CATALAN ,REPUBLIC1 )\T WAIT+ = ! APPROVAL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,HE ?US RESOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( ,CATALAN NATIONALISM 9 RADICAL T]MS1 TO ! GREAT SATISFACTION ( MO/ ,CATALANS4 ,FROM A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,C,N,T C\LD /& ALO( FROM ?IS MATT] BUT1 TACTICALLY SPEAK+1 ,CATALONIA'S 9DEP5D5CE B5EFIT$ ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE IT WEAK5$ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

,ANO!R DEVELOPM5T P]TA9$ TO ,MANUEL ,AZANA'S NEW MILIT>Y POLICY4 ,AZANA HAD /UDI$ H[ TO RE=M ! ,SPANI% >MY = YE>S & CONCLUD$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO READJU/ IT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT W\LD ALL[ MOD]NIZATION ?R\< SPECIALIZATION & SIGNIFICANTLY R$UCE ! MILIT>Y HI< COMM&4 ,?IS W\LD 5D ! DISPROPORTIONS 9 ! ,>MY1 :I* HAD ALMO/ AS MANY (FIC]S AS SOLDI]S4 ,AZANA WAS CORRECT1 TE*NICALLY SPEAK+1 BUT W\LD FAIL :ILE ATTEMPT+ TO 9/ITUTE HIS POLICY4 ,HIS RE=M IMM$IATELY PUT HIM AT ODDS ) HIS [N GOV]NM5T COMRADES1 P>TICUL>LY ,MIGUEL ,MAURA & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA4 ,H[ W\LD ,MANUEL ,AZANA APPLY HIS PLAN )\T RUPTUR+ ! GOV]NM5T'S UNITY8 ,?R\< 0WI%Y-WA%Y0 POLITICS1 AS WE WILL SEE4 ,SPA9 N[ HAD A NEW REGIME & MILIT>Y LEAD]S \<T TO SWE> !IR FIDELITY TO IT1 ?\<T ,AZANA4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,REPUBLIC %\LDN'T ASK = A DECL>ATION ( LOYALTY FROM ?OSE :O DO NOT SUPPORT IT & ?US >MY HI<]-UPS :O DO NOT EMBRACE ! NEW GOV]NM5T %\LD LEAVE ! >MY4 ,9 COMP5SATION1 !Y W\LD RECEIVE !IR FULL SAL>IES = LIFE4 ,?IS SECOND P>T ( ! MEASURE DID NOT RESOLVE ANY?+ &1 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 CONTRADICT$ ! PRIM>Y PURPOSE ( ! RE=M4 ,! POLICY'S IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES W]E ! OPPOSITE ( :AT ,AZANA HAD WANT$3 G5U9ELY ,REPUBLICAN (FIC]S LEFT ! ,>M$ ,=CES & D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO POLITICAL ACTIVITIES1 :]EAS ?OSE :O W]E /ILL MON>*I/S 7MORE ?AN #a1 AMONG ! (FIC]S & HI< COMM&7 REJECT$ ! ,REPUBLICAN OA?1 REFUS$ TO LEAVE ! >MY1 & IMM$IATELY =M$ ! ,NATIONAL ,ACTION P>TY4 ,SPA9'S MO/ REACTION>Y CIVILIANS--L>GE PROP]TY [N]S1 9DU/RIALI/S1 F9ANCI]S1 >I/OCRATS1 & RETIR$ SOLDI]S--ALSO JO9$ ! P>TY4 ,ANGEL ,H]R]A1 ! $ITOR ( ! CA?OLIC NEWSPAP] ,EL ,DEBATE1 DIRECT$ IT POLITICALLY4 

,9T]IOR ,M9I/] ,MIGUEL ,MAURA C>RI$ \T ! ?IRD IMPORTANT ACT ( ! P]IOD BY LEGALLY RECOGNIZ+ ! ,NATIONAL ,ACTION P>TY4 ,N[ (FICIALLY SANCTION$1 ! P>TY BEGAN A SL&] CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC & ORD]$ ITS SUPPORT]S TO )DRAW !IR CAPITAL FROM ! C\NTRY 9 ORD] TO CRIPPLE 9DU/RY & /OP ! L& FROM BE+ CULTIVAT$4 ,!Y ALSO ORGANIZ$ PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS DEM&+ 0,DEA? TO ! ,REPUBLIC0 & 0,VIVA ,*RI/ ! ,K+40 ,!RE W]E NO CASUALTIES AT !IR RALLIES 9 ,MADRID1 BUT !RE W]E DEA?S AT ?OSE HELD 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,! DEEPLY MON>*I/ ,CIVIL ,GU>D %OT AT ! PROLET>IAN C\NT]-DEMON/RATORS & ! NUMB] ( VICTIMS BEGAN TO GR[4 ,! ,REPUBLIC WAS N[ FIR+ ON ,REPUBLICANS & PROTECT+ MON>*I/S3 ! UNITY PACT SEAL$ 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN BEGAN TO BE> FRUIT4 ,!SE >E1 SUCC9CTLY1 ! EV5TS ?AT OCCURR$ ON ! EVE ( ,MAY ,DAY #a#i#c#a1 JU/ FIFTE5 DAYS AFT] ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 ADDITION TO MULTIPLE ORGANIZATIONAL & PROPAG&A TASKS1 ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO ALSO HAD TO ACCOMPANY ! GR\PS ( =EIGN AN>*I/S S5T TO ,B>CELONA = ! ,MAY #a CELEBRATION4 ,! FOLL[+ =EIGN MILITANTS ATT5D$3 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y1 = ! ,G]MAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION2 ,VOL9E & ,IDA ,METT1 = ! EXIL$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S2 ,CAMILO ,B]N]I1 = ! EXIL$ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S2 ,RUDIG]1 = ! ,S,A,C 7,SW$I% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S72 ,ALB]TO DE ,JONG1 = ! ,DUT* AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S2 ,HEM ,DAY1 = ! ,BELGIAN AN>*I/S2 & ,L\IS ,LECO9 & ,PI]RET 7,ODEON7 = ! ,FR5* ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,UNION4 

,AN IMPORTANT MEET+ ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS & AN>*I/ GR\PS OCCURR$ ON ,MONDAY1 ,APRIL #bg 9 ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S ,UNION AT #be ,M]CAD]S ,/REET4 ,ITS PURPOSE WAS TO PLAN ! ,MAY ,DAY EV5TS4 ,ONE ISSUE ?AT !Y HAD TO ADDRESS WAS UND] :AT FLAG TO M>*4 ,?IS WAS NOT M]ELY A SYMBOLIC QUE/ION3 IT ALSO HAD !ORETICAL ROOTS 9 A #aiai DEBATE BETWE5 ! 0,R$ ,FLAG0 & 0,BLACK ,FLAG0 AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,! =M] W]E AN>*I/S--! IDEA ( =M+ AN ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION WAS FIR/ ADVANC$ 9 !IR NEWSPAP] 9 #a#i#a#i--BUT PUT GREAT] EMPHASIS ON LABOR ISSUES2 ! SECOND GR\P1 9 :I* ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS ACTIVE1 WAS PURELY AN>*I/ & !RE=E MORE DI/ANT 7AT ! TIME7 FROM ECONOMIC QUE/IONS4 ,!RE WAS A /R5U\S DEBATE BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS1 :I* LA/$ ALMO/ UNTIL #a#i#c4 ,! ISSUE WAS MEAN+LESS N[1 ) ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! TREM5D\S OPPORTUNITIES = MASS MOBILIZATION4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PUT A MUTUAL AGREEM5T ON RECORD4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PROPOS$ ?AT !Y GIVE MAT]IAL EXPRESSION TO ! ACCORD BY MAK+ ! TWO FLAGS 9TO ONE3 ! BLACK & R$ FLAG4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY ! R$ & BLACK FLAG FLEW OV] A ,C,N,T-,F,A,I RALLY4 .<#b#e#h.> 

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