,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 7,P>T #b7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 
0,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY0 ,COMMONWEAL1  ,VOLUME #f1 ,NUMB] #b#c#g1 #bf ,JULY1 P4 #b#c#g2 ! SECOND ( FIVE P>TS4 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,T$ ,CRAW=D4 

,PRO(+ & ,H,T,M,L3 ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN 

,B,U,T FUR!R1 Y\ MU/ NOT FAIL TO REMEMB] ?AT ! ASPIRATIONS & 
NOBILITY ( SACRIFICE ( ! ANCI5T CITY LIFE W]E = .<A.> LIMIT$ CLASS 
ONLY4 ,9 ! OLD TRIBAL LIFE ! SLAVES W]E NOT AN IMPORTANT CLASS1 & ALSO 
HAD EASEM5TS1 & EV5 A K9D ( POSITION :I* WE DO NOT ASSOCIATE ) 
SLAVE LIFE1 SC>CELY EV5 ) S]FDOM2 AS ONE MAY SEE 9 ,HOM]1 :O1 WRIT+ 
AT A TIME :5 ! TRIBAL SOCIETY WAS RAPIDLY M]G+ 9TO CITY-LIFE1 GIVES 
US1 = EXAMPLE1 SU* A PICTURE ( A SLAVE AS ,EUMOEUS.<,A.>1 :O HAD AT ANY RATE 
PL5TY ( PIGS TO EAT1 & ALSO HAD A SLAVE ( HIS [N 0B\<T ) HIS [N 
WEAL?40 ,BUT AS ! P[] ( PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ & COMM]CE ) IT1 SU* 
LAZ9ESS & PIECES ( UN?RIFT W5T \T ( FA%ION1 & ?\< :5 A SLAVE 
WAS VALUABLE AS A GRAMM>IAN1 A S*OOLMA/]1 AN A/RONOM]1 OR :AT NOT1 HIS 
POSITION WAS NOT 9TOL]ABLE2 YET ! G5]AL CONDITION ( SLAVES IS BE/ 
9DICAT$ BY SU* FACTS AS ?AT !Y C\LD NOT CONTRACT M>RIAGE1 !IR 
EVID5CE 9 A LAW CASE C\LD ONLY BE TAK5 UND] TORTURE1 & SO =?4 ,AMONG 
! ,ROMANS ! IDEA ( SLAV]Y WAS UND]/OOD ACCORD+ TO ! PITILESS LOGIC 
*>ACT]I/IC ( ?AT PEOPLE1 E4G41 ! DEBTOR :5 DELIV]$ OV] TO HIS 
CR$ITORS AS A SLAVE1 C\LD BE DIVID$ AMONG !M 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL MANN]2 
!Y C\LD CUT HIM UP 9 PIECES & C>RY AWAY EA* HIS DIVID5D TO DO :AT 
!Y PLEAS$ )4 

,! EQUALITY1 !RE=E1 ( ! CLASSICAL P]IOD1 ?AT SPL5DID IDEAL ( 
EQUALITY ( DUTIES & RI<TS1 ONLY APPLI$ TO ! FREEM5 ( ! CLAN AS 9 
! E>LI] TIMES2 BUT1 AS A=ESAID1 ?OSE \TSIDE ! PALE ( ?AT EQUALITY 
W]E ( MU* MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN !Y HAD BE54 ,AT FIR/1 BO? 9 ,GREECE & 
,ROME1 A GREAT DEAL ( ! FIELD-WORK WAS DONE BY ! FREEM52 ! FAMILY W]E 
ONLY HELP$ 9 IT BY ! SLAVES4 ,ALSO A GREAT DEAL ( ! H&ICRAFT WAS DONE 
EI!R BY POOR FREE CITIZ5S1 :O C\LD NOT AF=D TO POSSESS SLAVES1 OR BY 
! /RANG]S 7METOECI71 :O HAD NO POLITICAL RI<TS1 BUT W]E NOBODY'S 
PROP]TY2 ?\< EV5 !N ! GREAT MASS ( PRODUCTION WAS P]=M$ BY ! 
MAN OR WOMAN \T ( ! LABOR-M>KET1 9 :I* ! SELL+ ( A HUMAN BE+ 
WAS MORE OBVI\S ?AN IT IS AT PRES5T4 ,BUT AS SOCIETY 9 G5]AL GREW RI*]1 
& ! OCCUPATIONS FELL MORE & MORE UND] ! DIVISION ( LABOR SY/EM1 
SLAVE LABOR 9CREAS$ V]Y MU*1 TILL 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC 
! PROPORTIONS ( SLAVE TO FREE LABOR RELATIVELY TO ! H&ICRAFTS & 
AGRICULTURE HAD QUITE *ANG$4 ,! L&1 ! [N]%IP ( :I* HAD BE5 
COMMON 9 ! E>LY DAYS1 & ! USE DIVID$ AMONG ! CITIZ5S1 HAD N[ GOT 
9TO ! H&S ( BIG & V]Y BIG L&LORDS1 :O CULTIVAT$ !M :OLLY BY 
SLAVE-LABOR1 SUP]9T5D5CE & ALL1 ! LIVELIHOOD BE+ DOL$ \T TO !SE 
POOR DEVILS ON /RICT COMM]CIAL PR9CIPLES1 SU* AS REGULATE ! FE$ ( A 
HORSE OR C[1 OR AN ,5GLI% LABOR+ MAN4 ,! DESPAIR ( M5 SO TREAT$ %OOK 
! ,ROMAN ,/ATE 9 ONE TREM5D\S SLAVE-MUT9Y1 ?AT ( ,SP>TACUS1 & 
TORM5T$ SOCIETY = C5TURIES 9 C\NTLESS M9OR MUT9IES BY SEA & L&1 
TILL 9 ! NOVELS ( ! LAT] ,GRAECO-,ROMAN CIVILIZATION 7:I* >E D\BTLESS 
M]E IMITATIONS ( E>LI] WORKS71 ADV5TURES ) ORGANIZ$ B&S ( BRIG&S 
& PIRATES =M ! /OCK 9CID5TS ( ! TALE4 

,ALL ?IS HAD BE5 DEVELOP+ FROM ! HEY-DAY ( ,GREEK CIVILIZATION1 BUT IT 
DID NOT BLOSSOM FULLY TILL ! RISE & GR[? ( A MONEY$ MIDDLE-CLASS 9 
,ROME HAD EXAGG]AT$ & CONFIRM$ ALL ! EVILS ?AT W]E SURE TO BE BORN \T 
( A SY/EM ( PRIVILEG$ FREEM51 :O AS !Y GOT RI*] GOT IDL] & MORE 
CORRUPT1 & *ATTEL-SLAVES1 :O AS !IR MA/]S GOT MORE CORRUPT1 LO/ MORE 
& MORE ( ! ALLEVIATIONS ( !IR LOT :I* !Y HAD 9 E>LI] TIMES2 
PROBABLY BECAUSE !IR MA/]S WORK$ ) !M & LIV$ PRETTY H>DLY LIKE 
!MSELVES1 & C\LD FEEL ?AT 9/9CTIVE SYMPA?Y :I* FELL[%IP 9 
LABOR 9/ILLS 9TO A MAN4 ,9DE$1 ?AT LOOSE EASY-GO+ G5]OSITY1 ?AT 
GOOD-NATURE1 9 A WORD1 ( :I* !RE >E 9DICATIONS 9 ! ,HOM]IC POEMS1 
& :I* IS F\ND 9 FULL] MEASURE ?\< 9 A MORE BRUTAL =M 9 ! OLD 
,5GLI% ,TORY SQUIRE IDEAL1 Y\ MU/ NOT EXPECT TO F9D 9 ! HI<LY 
CULTIVAT$ ,GREEK CITIZ51 :O WAS MO/LY A PRIG2 OR 9 ! 5]GETIC 
PUBLIC-SPIRIT$ ,ROMAN1 :O WAS MA9LY A JAIL]4 

,BY ! TIME ,I HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ (1 ,ROMAN CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY HAD COME TO BE 
COMPOS$ 9 ! MA9 ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( V]Y RI* M51 :OSE BUS9ESS 
WAS W>1 POLITICS & PLEASURE2 & MONEY-MAK+ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( !SE 
5JOYM5TS2 ( !IR HANG]S-ON =M+ A VA/ P>ASITICAL >MY2 ( A HUGE 
POPULATION ( MIS]ABLE SLAVES2 & ( ANO!R POPULATION ( FREE M5 
7SO-CALL$7 KEPT ALIVE BY DOLES ( FOOD1 & CONT5T$ ) PEOPLES PALACES 9 
! =M ( !ATRICAL & GLADIATORIAL %[S4 ,?AT IS1 ! FREE CITIZ5 HAD 
BECOME AN IDL]1 EI!R A RI* LUXURI\S ONE1 OR A PAUP]1 & ! WORK WAS 
DONE BY M5 UND] ! MO/ OBVI\S =M ( COMPULSION4 

,?US WAS CLASSICAL SOCIETY1 F\ND$ ON ! CORRUPTION ( ! SOCIETY ( ! 
TRIBES BY ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BR\<T TO A DEAD-LOCK1 ! 
HI/ORY ( :I* IS 9DE$ A DRE>Y PAGE ( ! WORLD'S /ORY4 ,>T & 
LIT]ATURE >E NOT =GOTT51 NOT BURI$1 BUT = WANT ( C\RAGE & 
9V5TION >E ALL[$ TO WALK AB\T LIKE GALVANIZ$ CORPSES ( :AT WAS ONCE 
SO GLORI\SLY ALIVE4 ,VIRTUE8 ,DOES IT EXI/ AT ALL8 ,9 HI< PLACES !RE IS 
NONE ( IT1 NAY1 NOT EV5 A S5SE ( ! LACK ( IT4 ,VIRTUE IS TO BE F\ND 
ONLY 9 SU* PLACES AS ! RANKS ( WILD SECT>IES1 \TCA/S FROM SOCIETY4 
,W>LIKE H]OISM8 ,TIME WAS :5 ,HANNIBAL A CONQU]OR BESET ! CITY1 & ! 
/\!>T$ CITIZ5S COOLLY B\<T & SOLD ! USE ( ! L& HE 5CAMP$ 
ON1 & ! GREATE/ G5]AL ?AT ! WORLD HAS SE5 DREW (F HOPELESS4 ,TIME 
WAS AGA9 & A ,GO?IC *IEF LAY BE=E ,ROME PREP>+ = ITS /ORM1 & HIS 
E/IMATE ( ! VALOR ( ! ,ROMAN CITIZ5S :5 ! 5VOYS APPEAL$ TO HIS 
PRUD5CE & ASK$ HIM NOT TO DRIVE SU* A HUGE POPULATION TO DESPAIR1 WAS 
GIV5 9 ! WORDS 0,! ?ICK] ! HAY1 ! EASI] TO M[40 ,9 %ORT1 VIRTUE 
HAD BE5 US$ = ACQUIR+ P[] & RI*ES2 ! B>GA9 HAD BE5 MADE1 ! 
RI*ES SP5T1 & ! VIRTUE GONE2 NO?+ WAS LEFT4 ,SO IT HAS BE51 SO IT 
WILL BE1 :ILE VIOL5CE & GRE$ >E ! F\NDATIONS ( PROSP]ITY4 

,SU* WAS ! RESULT ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ,ROME4 ,IF ! ANCI5T 
CIVILIZATION HAD BE5 ALONE 9 ! WORLD !N1 IF !RE HAD BE5 NO?+ 
/RONG & PROGRESSIVE \TSIDE ! WORLD ( CIVILIZATION1 AS IS N[ ! CASE1 
:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$8 ,:O CAN SAY8 ,PROBABLY A MORE COMPLETE BREAK UP ?AN 
?AT :I* FOLL[$ ON ! D[NFALL ( ,ROME4 ,AS IT WAS ! WORLD WAS DELIV]$ 
FROM ITS DEADLOCK BY ! ADV5T ( ! TRIBES ( ! ,NOR? & ! ,EA/1 :O 
W]E1 :5 ! ,ROMANS FIR/ %[$ CONSCI\SNESS ( !M O!R ?AN BY MEET+ 
!M 9 BATTLE1 AS SPECIALLY 9 ! PAGES ( ,TACITUS1 9 A CONDITION NOT 
DIFF]+ MU* FROM ?AT ( ! ,LAT9S !MSELVES :5 !Y FIR/ BEGAN TO 
WALL R\ND ! HILLS BESIDE ! ,TIB]4 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 9 !IR LAT] DAYS 
( TRIBAL SOCIETY4 ,! /ORY ( ! WAY 9 :I* !Y OV]-RAN ! EMPIRE & 
FURNI%$ FRE% BLOOD TO ITS WORN-\T POPULATION IS WELL KN[N 5\<4 ,I CAN 
ONLY WI% ?AT WE HAD ! /ORY AS TOLD BY ! CONQU]ORS TO SET BESIDE ! 
NATURALLY QU]UL\S ONE ( ! CONQU]$1 :O1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT LIKE ! 
PROCESS ( !IR BE+ IMPROV$ \T ( EXI/5CE4 ,! /ORY W\LD !N HAVE 
BE5 LESS EMPTY ( LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/ ?AN IT IS N[4 ,9 ANY CASE1 
H[EV]1 ! BROAD FACTS REMA91 :I* RESOLVE !MSELVES AT LA/ 9 ! 
F\NDATION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM2 :I* WAS1 9 ! MA91 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
! CU/OMS ( ! ,CELTIC1 ,TEUTONIC1 & ,GO?IC TRIBES1 CU/OMS :I* DIFF]$ 
LITTLE FROM EA* O!R1 & NOT MU* FROM ?OSE ( ! CLASSICAL PEOPLES 
BE=E !IR DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY & ITS LIFE4 ,9 ALL P>TS ( ,EUROPE 
REMOTE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ,ROME ?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS SIMPLE & TRACEABLE 
5\<1 BUT :]E ! ,G]MANIC & ,CELTIC RACES TOOK ! PLACE ( ! ,ROMAN 
DOM9ION & COLONIES1 IT WAS NATURAL 5\< ?AT !Y %\LD WE> ! DRESS1 
SO TO SAY1 ( ! OLD] 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* 9 MANY CASES !Y NEV] QUITE 
%OOK (F1 ?\< 9 ESS5CE !Y W]E EV]Y:]E ! SAME4 

,! ,TEUTONIC & ,GO?IC 9VAD]S ( ! EMPIRE HAD NOT GOT TO ! /AGE ( 
CITY LIFE1 & DID 9 FACT MISS ?AT /AGE ALTOGE!R4 ,! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS 
BAS$ NOT ON ! CITY & ITS W>DS1 URBAN & RURAL1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 
ANCI5T SOCIETY1 BUT ON ! C\NTRY DI/RICT1 ! MANOR & ITS T[N%IPS4 
,:5 \R ,ANGLO-,SAXON =EFA!RS FIR/ CONQU]$ ,ROMANIZ$ ,BRITA91 !Y DID 
NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ! CITIES !Y WON2 !Y LET !M LIE 9 RU9S1 & 
W5T TO LIVE D[N ! DALES ON ! BORD]S ( ! /REAMS 9 !IR HOME/EADS1 
JU/ AS !IR ANCE/ORS HAD DONE 9 ! CLE>+S ( ! GREAT C5TRAL =E/ 
( ,EUROPE4 

,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,M,O,R,R,I,S 

     

7 ,TO BE CONT9U$47 

7,A7,! TYPESETT] SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 MISS+ ! *>ACT] AE & 9 ?IS & ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS ( ?IS ESSAY HAS US$ V>I\S %IFTS TO MAKE UP = IT4 ,FROM H]E ON ,I HAVE CORRECT$ !SE SIL5TLY4 ,G,S4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #bba 3 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 7,P>T #b7 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY 7,P>T #b7 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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