,CON/RUCTIVE AN>*ISM 
,! DEBATE ON ! ,PLAT=M 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GRIGORI ,PETROVIT* ,MAXIM(F 

,TEXT 3 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS ON WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION 
& ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = ! LIB]T>IAN RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY1 
FROM ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! #a#i#c'S4 

,A DEF5SE ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM AGA9/ ',PLAT=MISM' & ',SYN!TICAL' AN>*ISM4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,CONTR>Y TO :AT ONE MI<T HAVE EXPECT$ FROM ! KEY ROLE ( ,RUSSIANS 9 ! E>LY HI/ORY ( ! DOCTR9E ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM DISAPPE>$ FROM ! SC5E SOON AFT] ! DEA? ( ,BAKUN9 & DID NOT REAPPE> UNTIL ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,?US :5 AN>*ISM DID REAPPE> 9 ,RUSSIA !RE W]E =MIDABLE COMPETITORS ALREADY ON ! SC5E3 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ,BOL%EVIK1 ,M5%EVIK & 9T]M$IATE T5D5CIES & ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BO? ( !SE P>TIES HAD CONSOLIDAT$ !MSELVES SOME YE>S E>LI]1 \T ( MOVEM5TS & T5D5CIES :I* !MSELVES HAD ROOTS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! #a#h#g'S & #a#h#h'S4 ,BO? ( !M HAD NATURAL CON/ITU5CIES -- ! WORK]S 9 ! ONE CASE & ! PEASANTS 9 ! O!R 7AL?\< !SE W]E NOT COMPLETELY SEP>ATE GR\PS7 -- 9TO :I* REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM W\LD HAVE TO MAKE 9ROADS TO SUCCE$4 ,?US AN>*ISM HAD AN EV5 MORE UNFAVORABLE \TLOOK ?AN ?AT O!R UNSUCCESSFUL LATE />T]1 ,RUSSIAN LIB]ALISM1 :I* AT LEA/ C\LD LOOK TO AN 9FLU5TIAL1 IF N>R[1 NATURAL SUPPORT BASE AMONG ! BETT]-(F 9TELLIG5TSIA1 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL MIDDLE CLASSES & 5LI<T5$ NOBILITY4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T !N ?AT ! TWO BE/ KN[N AN>*I/ *RONICL]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION CAME TO AN>*ISM FROM O!R MOVEM5TS AFT] ! #aie REVOLUTION -- ,>%9(F FROM BOL%EVISM -- & ,VOL9E FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES -- & IT IS ALSO NO ACCID5T ?AT BO? ( !M CONCEIV$ REVOLUTION 9 ! MO/ EXTREME T]MS POSSIBLE4 ,) ITS NATURAL T]RA9 ALREADY OCCUPI$ BY O!R MOVEM5TS1 EXTREMISM WAS REALLY ALL ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM HAD TO (F]4 ,AT TIMES ( REVOLUTION>Y EXCITEM5T ?IS C\LD LEAD TO A RAPID GR[? 9 ! MOVEM5T BUT IF1 AS 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! L>G] & MORE E/ABLI%$ REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS ADAPT$ !IR [N AGITATION TO ! MOOD ( ! MASSES !IR RAPID GR[? W\LD SWAMP ! AN>*I/S4 

,BY !MSELVES !SE FACTORS W\LD HAVE 5SUR$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T REMA9$ SMALL -- 9 #a#i#a#g_/#a#h IT NUMB]$ P]HAPS #a1 ) ,SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES REPRES5T+ P]HAPS #g#e1 WORK]S AT TRADE UNION & FACTORY COMMITTEE CONF]5CES -- BUT O!R FACTORS W]E ALSO AT WORK TO MAKE IT WEAK] YET4 ,FROM ! />T !RE WAS A DIVISION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALI/S & COMMUNI/S )9 AN>*ISM BUT ?IS DIVISION HAD A RA!R DIFF]5T MEAN+ UND] ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS FROM :AT IT W\LD HAVE TODAY OR ELSE:]E !N4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S T5D$ T[>DS 0T]ROR )\T MOTIVE0 :IL/ ! LEFT-W+ ( ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S 5DORS$ EXPROPRIATION BY >M$ DETA*M5TS BUT ! DIFF]5CE WAS NOT GREAT & 9 ANTI-/ATE 9SURRECTION>Y PROPAG&A ! TWO C\LD EASILY RUN TOGE!R4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO WAS OV] ! ORGANIZATION 7OR LACK ( IT7 ( FUTURE SOCIETY BUT NOT NECESS>ILY 9 ! UND]/&+ ( REVOLUTION OR AT LEA/ ITS DE/RUCTIVE PHASE4 ,S9CE ALSO ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*O-COMMUNI/S REMA9$ AT ! LEVEL ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG ! MASSES RA!R ?AN RIS+ TO ! LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES 7,RUSSIA C\LD ONLY ACQUIRE A ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION7 ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM -- SMALL GR\PS & CIRCLES - DID NOT MAKE = DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM4 

,9 ?IS SITUATION ! IMPACT ( ! REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE TO FUR!R DIS9TEGRATE A MOVEM5T ?AT WAS NEV] 9TEGRAT$ OR COH]5T4 ,ONCE ! REVOLUTION WAS UND]WAY PROPAG&A = CON/RUCTION W\LD HAVE TO TAKE OV] FROM DEM&S = DE/RUCTION IF AN>*ISM WAS TO HAVE ANY 9FLU5CE AT ALL4 ,?IS NECESSITAT$ CLE>LY DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALISM & COMMUNISM4 ,H[EV] AT ! SAME TIME !RE >OSE -- = NON-9DIVIDUALI/S ! QUE/ION ( TACTICS & /RATEGIES 9 AN ONGO+ REVOLUTION4 ,?IS L$ TO A CLE> SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S ) !IR FOCUS ON ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZ+ ! CONSUMPTION ( ! 0MASSES10 & ! ,SYNDICALI/S ) !IR FOCUS ON ! PROBLEMS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FI<T+ & PO/-REVOLUTION>Y PRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATION ( ! 0WORK]S40 ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 LACK+ ANY CLE> TACTICAL OR /RATEGIC BASES1 !N SPLIT BETWE5 SIMPLE >M$ OPPOSITION TO EV]Y?+ 0/ATI/0 & COLLABORATION ) 7& SUBORD9ATION TO7 ! BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 MORE COH]5T 9 ITS ORGANIZATIONAL1 TACTICAL & PO/-REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ?AN ! O!R V>IANTS1 ALSO FAC$ PROBLEMS ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES :I* HAD NO PLACE 9 ! ORIG9AL SYNDICALI/ S*EME ( ?+S1 BUT !SE PROBLEMS W]E AT LEA/ SURM\NTABLE )9 ITS [N UNIV]SE ( IDEAS4 ,DESPITE ?IS SYNDICALISM WAS BORN & FAT$ TO REMA9 A M9ORITY T5D5CY 9 A TRADE UNION MOVEM5T DOM9AT$ BY ,M5%EVIKS & A FACTORY COMMITTEE MOVEM5T ) /RONG L9KS TO ! BOL%EVIKS4 

,)9 ! SAD *RONICLE ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM ONLY ONE EPISODE /&S \T3 ?AT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a74 ,! AN>*I/-L$ P>TISANS A*IEV$ BRILLIANT MILIT>Y SUCCESSES AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS1 ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S & ,:ITE >MIES & = A LONG P]IOD )/OOD ! ATTACKS ( ! ,R$ ,>MY :5 ! LATT] TURN$ ON !M4 ,BEH9D ! P>TISAN L9ES ! AN>*I/S TRI$ TO SP>K (F AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! LIB]AT$ >EAS & TO RE-ORGANIZE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 7ULTIMATELY BO? !SE ATTEMPTS W]E TO FALL3 ! W> ( MOVEM5T PREV5T$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( BASE >EAS & ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S REMA9$ ALO( FROM ! PROJECT$ UNIFICATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! 9SURRECTION>Y >MY REMA9$ ! DOM9ANT FACTOR 9 ! SITUATION47 

,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT REFLECTION ON ! COMPLETE POLITICAL FAILURE ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM 9 G5]AL & ! RELATIVE MILIT>Y SUCCESS ( ITS ,UKRA9IAN W+ 9 P>TICUL> %\LD HAVE L$ SOME AN>*I/S T[>DS A DEM& = TI<T] & MORE DISCIPL9$ ORGANIZATION4 ,NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT AMONG ! PROTAGONI/S ( SU* ORGANIZATION %\LD BE ! LEAD] & ! *RONICL] ( ! ,UKRA9IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! UN=TUNATE ?+ WAS ?AT FAC$ ) TWO SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES -- ! BOL%EVIK P>TY & ! AN>*I/ >MY -- ,>%9(F1 ,MAKHNO & !IR GR\P PRODUC$ AN ORGANIZATIONAL PLAT=M & POLITICS 9CORPORAT+ ! MA9 FEATURES ( BO?4 ,?IS ALI5AT$ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 :O W]E ORGANIZATIONALLY S]I\S BUT ) TOTALLY DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONAL & POLITICAL CONCEPTIONS1 & :O 9 ANY CASE HAD !IR [N 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,I4,W4,A4 7,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION7 & IT FAIL$ TO ATTRACT ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S :O C\LD NOT FAIL TO P]CEIVE ! BOL%EVISM IMPLICIT 9 ! ORGANIZATIONAL & POLITICAL PRESCRIPTIONS4 ,! DRAFT]S ( ! PLAT=M HAD FALL5 9TO ! ]ROR ( BELIEV+ ?AT ORGANIZATIONAL =MS W]E M]ELY A TE*NICAL MATT] & ?AT ! POLITICS ( AN ORGANIZATION W]E GOV]N$ BY ITS EXPLICIT AIMS1 (T5 !IR OPPON5TS FELL 9TO ! OBV]SE ]ROR ( BELIEV+ ?AT ALL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS 7I4E4 ALL =MAL ORGANIZATION7 W]E POLITICALLY /ATI/4 

,! MAJOR FOCUS ( CRITICISM ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ :AT WAS LABEL$ 0,SYN!TICISM40 ,! 0,SYN!SIS0 OR 0,SYN!TICAL ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES0 WAS COMMISSION$ FROM ,VOL9E BY ! ,NABAT 7,TOCS97 ,AN>*I/ ,CONF$]ATION ( ! ,UKRA9E 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b74 ,IT WAS AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK )9 :I* ! DIFF]5T TYPES ( AN>*I/ 7SYNDICALI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 9DIVIDUALI/S7 C\LD CO-OP]ATE4 

,9 ANSW] TO ! PUBLICATION ( ! 0,PLAT=M10 ,VOL9E1 ALONG ) O!R 0,NABAT0 MILITANTS :O SURVIV$ ! ,BOL%EVIK T]ROR1 BY GO+ 9TO EXILE1 PUBLI%$ 9 #aibg :AT BECAME KN[N AS 0,! ,REPLY40 ,?IS DOCUM5T REMA9S AS ! MAJOR ATTACK ON 0,PLAT=MISM0 BY ! 0,SYN!SIS0 AN>*I/S4 

,MEAN:ILE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O W5T 9TO EXILE1 DID NOT REMA9 ALO( FROM ?IS 0DEBATE40 ,! MO/ DETAIL$ CRITICISM ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 AS WELL AS ! DEFICI5CIES 9 ! 0,REPLY0 W]E MADE BY ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F 9 ! PAGES ( ',GOLOS ,TRUZH5IKA'4 ,IT WAS LAT] COLLECTIVELY PUBLI%$ ) ! TITLE 0,CON/RUCTIVE ,AN>*ISM40 ,?IS ?OR\< ANALYSIS BY ,MAXIM(F 7BESIDES CLE>LY /AT+ ! CLE> DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & PLAT=MISM IS ( VALUE ALSO = ITS ELABORATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM FROM )9 ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL UP TILL ! RE=MATION ( ! ,I4,W4,A4 9 #a#i#b#b4 

,! MA9 PURPOSE ( ?IS PAMPHLET IS TO REPUBLI% ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 ,MAXIM(F'S LONG >TICLE4 ,H[EV]1 SO ?AT A NEW G5]ATION CAN EXAM9E ALL SIDES ( ?IS CRITICAL DEBATE 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 WE HAVE DECID$ TO 9CLUDE ! O!R PRIM>Y DOCUM5TS3 0,! ,PLAT=M0 ITSELF & 0,! ,REPLY40 ,TO 9DICATE H[ ! DEBATE EXT5D$ BEYOND ! ,RUSSIAN EXILES4 ALSO 9CLUD$ IS ,MALATE/A'S IMPORTANT ANALYSIS ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & HIS SUBSEQU5T EX*ANGE ( VIEWS ) ,MAKHNO4 

,! DEBATE ON ! ,PLAT=M WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO !SE PRIM>Y DOCUM5TS PUBLI%$ TOGE!R H]E = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,5GLI%4 ,O!R WRIT+S ( IMPORTANCE W]E3- 

,! SUBSEQU5T !ORETICAL WRIT+S ( ,>%9(F 0,LA ,REPONSE AUX ,CONFUSIONI/ES DE L',AN>*ISME0 7,P>IS1 #a#i#b#g71 0,AN>KLIZM I ,DIKTATURA ,PROLET>IATA0 7,P>IS1 #a#i#c#a7 

,! S]IES ( >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ! ORGAN ( ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T 0,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A0 9 #aicb BY ,ALEX&] ,S*APIRO1 ! !N G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,I,W,A1 HIS POSITION AGA9/ ! ,PLAT=M WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,MAXIM(F4 

,O!R WRIT+S ( ,VOL9E3 0,LE S5S DE ,LA ,DE/RUCTION10 0,DE ,LA ,SYN!SE0 & 0,LE ,V]TABLE ,REVOLUTION ,SOCIALE40 

,BESIDES ,MALATE/A1 O!RS \TSIDE ! CIRCLES ( EXIL$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S WROTE IMPORTANT & 9FLU5TIAL >TICLES4 ,P>TICUL>LY WOR?Y ( REPUBLI%+ W\LD BE ?OSE ( ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ,MAX ,NETTLAU & ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,FAURE BECAME AFT] ,VOL9E ! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORETICIAN ( 0,SYN!TICAL0 AN>*ISM4 

,A USEFUL FOLL[ UP VOLUME TO ! DOCUM5TS PUBLI%$ H]E W\LD CONTA9 ! BE/ ( ! ABOVE4 ,REGRETTABLY NONE HAVE AS YET BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%4 ,ALSO USEFUL W\LD BE A HI/ORY ( ORGANIZATIONS F\ND$ ON 0,PLAT=MI/0 PR9CIPLES4 

#a4 ,9TRODUCTION 

,BE=E WE EXAM9E ! PR9CIPLES ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO SUMM>IZE BRIEFLY ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*ISM S9CE ! W>1.<#a.> & TO CONSID] ITS PRES5T SITUATION4 

,! ,IMP]IALI/ W>1 ! RISE & DECL9E ( ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! UPRIS+S 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 & ! 9T5SIFICATION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 O!R L&S1 OBLIG$ ,AN>*I/S TO 9VE/IGATE MORE ?OR\<LY ! TRUE *>ACT] ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! PRACTICAL MEANS NE$$ = ITS REALIZATION4 ,9 ! PAGES ( ,AN>*I/ & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ PUBLICATIONS 9 ALL C\NTRIES ! PROBLEMS ( CON/RUCTION1 TACTICS & ORGANIZATION W]E DISCUSS$ ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE PROBLEMS W]E ONLY /AT$2 !Y W]E NOT RESOLV$4 ,& ONLY RELATIVELY FEW ( ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS W]E ACTUALLY ANSW]$4 

,! FIR/ PRACTICAL ATTEMPT TO DEAL ) ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATIONAL =MS 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE F\ND 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION ( #aiba -- ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM BECAME AN ORGANIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL FACTOR4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION ADOPT$ ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 &1 9 ADDITION TO DEVOT+ ITSELF TO DAY TO-DAY EF=TS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 IT /ROVE1 FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ITS EXI/5CE1 TO F9D SOLUTIONS TO ALL ?OSE QUE/IONS :I* FACE1 BO? N[ & 9 ! FUTURE1 ! EXPLOIT$ MASSES 9 !IR /RUGGLE = FULL LIB]ATION4 

,NEV]!LESS1 DESPITE !SE CONSID]ATIONS & DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS A DIRECT HEIR ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 CONT9U+ ! WORK ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION & ( ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ITS EM]G5CE WAS NOT WELCOM$ UNANIM\SLY 9 ,AN>*I/ CIRCLES4 ,A GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ EMIGRES1 = 9/ANCE1 DECID$ TO E/ABLI%1 ALONG SIMIL> L9ES TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 A NEW ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! ,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AN>*I/S4 ,& ?REE YE>S AGO1 9 #a#i#b#g1 ! 0,GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S ,ABROAD0 SUBMITT$ TO ! 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T A 0,PROJECT = AN ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( A ,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AN>*I/S10 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO RESOLVE ! V>I\S PROBLEMS ON A DIFF]5T LEVEL FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS ATTEMPT >\S$ NATURAL 9T]E/ 9 ,AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 & IT IS /ILL BE+ PROPAGAT$ 9 ! PUBLICATIONS ( ?AT GR\P4 

,BE=E REVIEW+ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( \R [N PROGRAM1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DISCUSS ?IS 0,PLAT=M0 9 GREAT] DETAIL1 AS WELL AS ! 0,REPLY0 :I* WAS MADE TO IT BY 0SEV]AL ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S40 ,WE %ALL SCRUT9IZE !SE TWO PRON\NCEM5TS ( ,AN>*I/ ?\<T1 NOT FROM LOVE ( CONTROV]SY1 BUT ONLY 9 ORD] TO R5D] MORE PRECISE \R ATTITUDE T[>DS ?OSE POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL & TACTICAL ISSUES :I* TODAY OR ANY DAY MI<T >ISE 9 !IR FULL MAGNITUDE 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF & 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! 0,PLAT=M0 & ! 0,REPLY0 TO IT >E BO? FILL$ ) EV]Y K9D ( DI/ORTION ( ,AN>*I/ CONCEPTS1 & TO IGNORE !SE DI/ORTIONS W\LD AM\NT TO MORAL TRANSGRESSION AGA9/ ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS HOP$ ?AT ! CONSID]ABLE SPACE :I* WILL BE DEVOT$ 9 ?IS /UDY TO A CRITICISM ( !SE MATT]S WILL BE F\ND JU/IFI$ BY ! ABOVE CONSID]ATIONS4 

#b4 ,POSITIVE & ,NEGATIVE ,ASPECTS ( ,AN>*ISM 

,IT IS NOT )9 ! SCOPE ( ?IS /UDY TO EXAM9E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,MY TASK IS PRACTICAL4 ,AFT] ANALYZ+ ! LIV+ & CONCRETE ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM ! MOM5T ( ITS 9CEPTION TO ! PRES5T DAY1 ,I %ALL ATTEMPT TO DET]M9E ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ]RORS & AMBIGUITIES 9 !ORY & TACTICS4 ,& FUR!R1 ON ! BASIS ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 ,I %ALL PROPOSE = CONSID]ATION ME?ODS :I*1 9 MY VIEW1 C\LD HELP \R MOVEM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( ITS PROGRAM4 

,?\<T PREC$ES MOVEM5T4 ,EV]Y ACT & EV]Y MOVEM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 UNLESS IT IS EI!R ME*ANICAL OR 9/9CTIVE1 IS ! RESULT ( PREM$ITATION1 ( ?\<T4 ,BE=E HE ACTS1 MAN ?9KS AB\T ! ACT -- NO MATT] :E!R ! P]IOD ( ?\<T IS BRIEF OR LONG -- & ONLY AFT] ?IS LABOR ( ! M9D DOES HE TAKE /EPS TO TRANS=M ?\<T 9TO REALITY4 ,! SAME PROCESS CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 ! 9TRICATE ORGANISM ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,9 ?IS COMPLEX SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 AS WELL1 ! IDEA PREC$ES ! ACTION4 ,& = ?AT REASON ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS DOES NOT CO9CIDE 9 TIME ) ! HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5TS :I* S]VE !SE IDEAS4 ,?US1 ! HI/ORY ( ,AN>*I/ & ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ANTIQUITY1 BUT ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AN>*I/ & ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS BEG9S ONLY 9 ! SIXTIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S1 OR1 AS IT IS N[ COMMONLY CALL$1 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,TO ?AT TIME ,I ASCRIBE ! BEG9N+ ( ! MASS MOVEM5T ( ,AN>*I/ WORK]S1 & ) IT ,I BEG9 ! EXAM9ATION & ANALYSIS ( ! MOVEM5T :I* WE ALL S]VE ACCORD+ TO \R UND]/&+ & ABILITY4 

,A /UDY ( ! MI/AKES ( ! PA/ WILL HELP US TO AVOID REPEAT+ !M 9 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4 ,! C\RAGE TO ADMIT MI/AKES1 & ! ABILITY TO DISCOV] !IR REAL CAUSES >E SIGNS ( A LIV+ SPIRIT & A CLE>1 OP5 M9D4 ,IF A MOVEM5T %[S EVID5CE ( !SE VITAL QUALITIES1 IT IS 9DE$ HEAL?Y & /RONG1 & IT HAS A ROLE TO PLAY 9 ! FUTURE4 ,LET US TRY !N1 )9 ! LIMITS ( \R ABILITY1 TO S]VE ! MOVEM5T 9 ?IS WAY4 ,9SPIR$ BY ?IS PURPOSE1 LET US BEG9 ! EXAM9ATION ( \R MOVEM5T :I* GREW1 AS ALREADY 9DICAT$1 \T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK+ ,M5 7,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL74 

,:AT MANN] ( ,ASSOCIATION WAS ?AT8 ,:51 H[ & :Y DID IT EM]GE8 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ITSELF IS NOT MY SUBJECT1 & ,I %ALL SKET* ITS HI/ORY ONLY TO ! EXT5T NE$$ = ! CONSID]ATION ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :OSE E>LY DEVELOPM5T WAS 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ ) IT4 ,= ?IS REASON ,I %ALL LIMIT MY EXAM9ATION TO ONE FRACTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! GR\P KN[N AS ! 0,F$]ALI/S0 OR ! 0,BAKUN9I/S40 

,! CORN]/ONE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS LAID DUR+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXHIBITION ( #ahfb 9 ,LONDON1 & ! ,ASSOCIATION ITSELF WAS ACTUALLY F\ND$ AT ! FAM\S MEET+ 9 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,HALL 9 ,LONDON ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #a#h#f#d4 ,?AT MEET+ ELECT$ A PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* 9 TIME BECAME ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ELABORAT$ ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS PROVISIONAL /ATUTES4 ,!SE /ATUTES W]E $IT$ BY ,K>L ,M>X :O1 ?\< A MEMB] ( ! COMMITTEE1 PLAY$ A V]Y PASSIVE P>T 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( PROPAG&A1 SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E =M$ 9 SEV]AL ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,MANY ( !IR MEMB]S HAD ONLY ! VAGUE/ & MO/ CONFUS$ NOTIONS ( ! AIMS & PURPOSES ( ! ,ASSOCIATION4 ,&1 BECAUSE !Y 9CLUD$ CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( ! RADICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 !SE SECTIONS FREQU5TLY COOP]AT$ ) ! RADICAL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?US1 ! FIR/ ADH]5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,DR4 ,C\LL]Y1 PURSU$ A PROGRAM ( NEO-,*RI/IANITY & HIS NEWSPAP] HAD A FAIRLY EXT5SIVE READ]%IP4 ,A SIMIL> SITUATION >OSE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E1 IDEOLOGICALLY SPEAK+1 A MOTLEY & MUTUALLY CONTRADICTORY COLLECTION1 & ONLY 9 TIME W]E !Y MOLD$ 9TO A CONSCI\S & ACTIVE SOCIAL =CE4 

,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS S*$UL$ TO TAKE PLACE DUR+ #a#h#f#e1 9 ,BRUSSELS1 BUT IT WAS CALL$ (F BECAUSE ( A NEW ,BELGIAN LAW :I* DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ =EIGN]S4 ,9 ITS PLACE1 A CONF]5CE WAS CALL$ 9 ,LONDON = ! #b#e? TO #b#i? ( ,SEPTEMB] ( ! SAME YE>4 ,AT ?IS CONF]5CE ! DELEGATES FROM ,FRANCE W]E ALL ,PR\DHONI/S -- ,TOLA91 ,FRIBORG1 ,LIM\S9 & ,V>L9 -- LAT] A MEMB] ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,CES> DE ,PAEPE CAME FROM ,BELGIUM1 ,DUPLEIX & ,J4 ,P4 ,BECK]1 ONE-TIME P>TICIPANT 9 ! ,DRESD5 UPRIS+1 FROM ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN SPEAK+ P>TS ( ,SWITZ]L& RESPECTIVELY4 ,AMONG ! EMIGRANTS1 :O REPRES5T$ NO SPECIFIC SECTIONS1 !RE W]E ,DUPONT1 ,LE ,LUBEZ1 ,H]MAN ,JUNG & ,K>L ,M>X4 ,?IS CONF]5CE CONSID]$ LABOR PROBLEMS PRIM>ILY1 BUT IT ALSO T\*$ ON QUE/IONS CONC]N+ 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS1 & IT DECID$ TO CALL ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,G5EVA = ! FALL ( #a#h#f#f4 

,?IS ,CONGRESS TOOK PLACE FROM ,SEPTEMB] #cRD TO ! #h?1 & WAS ATT5D$ BY #fe DELEGATES -- SIXTY ( !M REPRES5T+ NATIONAL SECTIONS & FIVE FROM ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,MO/ ( !SE DELEGATES W]E ,SWISS & ,FR5*4 ,S9CE ?IS ,CONGRESS IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AN>*I/ & ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 ,I %ALL REVIEW ITS AG5DA & RESOLUTIONS4 

,! AG5DA IS MO/ 9T]E/+1 & TO ?IS DAY ! ISSUES PLAC$ BE=E ! CONSID]ATION ( ! ,CONGRESS HAVE NOT LO/ !IR CONCRETE SIGNIFICANCE1 NOT ONLY = ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T 9 G5]AL1 BUT = ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 P>TICUL>1 :OSE ATTITUDES ON !SE ISSUES W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! DIVISION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO DIV]G5T FACTIONS4 ,?IS AG5DA CONSI/$ ( ! FOLL[+ ITEMS3 

,UNIFICATION ( ! WORK+M5'S EF=TS 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITALISM BY ! ORGANIZATION ( UNIONS4 

,! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY4 

,FEMALE & *ILD LABOR 9 9DU/RY4 

,LABOR UNIONS1 !IR PA/4 PRES5T & FUTURE4 

,CO-OP]ATIVES4 

,DIRECT & 9DIRECT TAXATION4 

,ORGANIZATION ( 9T]NATIONAL CR$IT4 

,! NE$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REACTION>Y 9FLU5CE ( ,RUSSIA 9 ,EUROPE BY MEANS ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A S]IES ( SEP>ATE /ATES BAS$ ON SELF-DET]M9ATION4 7,! RECON/RUCTION ( ,POL& ON DEMOCRATIC F\NDATIONS74 

,! EXI/5CE ( /&+ >MIES4 

,RELIGION & ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION ( NATIONS4 

,MUTUAL ,AID SOCIETIES4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,CONGRESS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ! F9AL RATIFICATION ( ! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* WILL BE EXAM9$ BEL[4 ,FIR/1 H[EV]1 ,I %ALL EXAM9E ! RESOLUTIONS ON SEV]AL ISSUES :I*1 9 MY OP9ION1 CONT9UE TO BE VITAL = ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 

,!RE IS NO UNANIMITY AMONG ,AN>*I/S ON ! QUE/ION ( LABOR'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,!Y DIFF] 9 P>TICUL> ON ! ISSUE ( UNIFY+ ! EF=TS ( ! WORK+ M5 & !IR FI<T AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,& ?IS V>IATION 9 ATTITUDES T[>DS LABOR UNIONS IS ! MA9 ISSUE DIVID+ ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ CAMP 9TO TWO MAJOR FRACTIONS -- ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S PURE & SIMPLE & ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ,?OSE PRES5T-DAY ,AN>*I/S :O >E ,SYNDICALI/ DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT LABOR ASSOCIATIONS C\LD BE ! NUCLEUS ( A FUTURE SOCIETY BY DEVELOP+ 9TO F$]ATIONS ( PRODUC]S & /ATELESS COMMUNES4 ,! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 HOLD ?AT ONLY RANK-&-FILE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS >E CAPABLE ( PROVID+ ! 9ITIAL ELEM5T 9 ! /RUCTURE ( NEW SOCIETY1 9 :I* A F$]AL ,9T]NATIONAL ( PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( GOV]NM5T4 

,FUR!R1 MANY ,AN>*I/S CONSID] ! ,TRADE ,UNION FI<T = EV]YDAY 9T]E/S TO BE PETTY1 WOR?LESS & EV5 H>MFUL2 !Y CALL IT A NEGLIGIBLE1 P5NY-WISE POLICY :I* ONLY S]VES TO DEFLECT ! ATT5TION ( ! WORK]S FROM !IR MA9 TASK1 ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL & ! /ATE4 ,! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 VIEW ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES AS ( TREM5D\S IMPORTANCE4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ! R$UCTION ( H\RS ( WORK IS A GREAT BLESS+ S9CE1 AFT] A LONG WORK+ DAY1 ! WORK] IS SO WE>Y ?AT HE HAD NO TIME OR 5]GY = SOCIAL PROBLEMS OR COMMUNAL ISSUES2 HE KN[S ONLY ONE NE$ -- PHYSICAL RE/4 ,A LONG WORK+ DAY1 9DE$1 TRANS=MS HIM 9TO A TOIL+ ANIMAL4 ,! SAME IMPORTANCE IS ATTA*$ BY ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO ! 9CREASE ( WAGES4 ,:]EV] WAGES >E L[1 !RE IS DE/ITUTION2 :]E !RE IS DE/ITUTION1 !RE IS IGNORANCE1 & AN IGNORANT PAUP]IZ$ WORK] CANNOT BE A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 BECAUSE HE HAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO REALIZE OR APPRECIATE HIS HUMAN DIGNITY1 & BECAUSE HE CANNOT UND]/& ! /RUCTURE ( EXPLOITATION ?AT OPPRESSES HIM4 

,H[ DID ! ,AN>*I/S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL REACT TO !SE ISSUES8 ,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL PASS$ A RESOLUTION SAY+ ?AT 0AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( PRODUCTION WORK]S MU/ BE SUPPORT$ 9 !IR FI<T = PAY 9CREASES40 ,FUR!R1 ! ,CONGRESS NOT$ ?AT ! ULTIMATE AIM ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS 0DE/RUCTION ( ! SY/EM ( HIR$ LABOR0 & IT !RE=E RECOMM5D$ A S]I\S 0/UDY ( ECONOMIC WAYS & MEANS TO A*IEVE ?IS GOAL1 F\ND$ ON JU/ICE & MUTUAL AID40 

,! SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HELD 9 ,LAUSANNE 9 #a#h#f#g2 ACCEPT$ ! SAME RESOLUTION4 ,! ?IRD ,CONGRESS1 MEET+ 9 ,BRUSSELS1 FROM ,SEPTEMB] #f? TO #a#c?1 #a#h#f#h1 DEBAT$ ! QUE/ION ( /RIKES1 ( F$]ATION BETWE5 LABOR ASSOCIATIONS & ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SPECIAL ,COORD9ATION ,C\NCILS :OSE TASK IT W\LD BE TO DET]M9E :E!R A GIV5 /RIKE WAS EI!R LEGAL OR USEFUL4 ,! ,CONGRESS !N PASS$ A RESOLUTION SAY+3 

0,?IS ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT ! /RIKE IS NOT A WEAPON = ! FULL LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]1 BUT ?AT IT IS FREQU5TLY R5D]$ NECESS>Y 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL 9 MOD]N SOCIETY2 IT IS ESS5TIAL !RE=E TO SUBJECT /RIKES TO C]TA9 RULES SO ?AT !Y BE CALL$ AT PROPITI\S TIMES ONLY1 & ) ! ASSURANCE ( COMPET5T ORGANIZATION4 

0,AS TO ! ORGANIZATION ( /RIKES1 IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT LABOR UNIONS ( RESI/ANCE EXI/ 9 ALL TRADES1 & ?AT !SE UNIONS BE F$]AT$ ) ALL O!R LABOR UNIONS 9 ALL C\NTRIES 444 

0,TO DET]M9E ! TIMEL9ESS & LEGALITY ( /RIKES1 A SPECIAL COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( ,TRADE ,UNION DELEGATES %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ 9 EV]Y LOCALITY40 

,ON ! ISSUE ( ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS1 ! ,CONGRESS DECL>$ ?AT 0! R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS IS A PRIM>Y CONDITION = EV]Y IMPROVEM5T 9 ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S1 & = ?AT REASON ?IS ,CONGRESS HAS DECID$ TO BEG9 AGITATION 9 ALL C\NTRIES = ! REALIZATION ( ?IS AIM BY CON/ITUTIONAL MEANS40 

,AT ! F\R? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,BASEL DUR+ ,SEPTEMB] #ahfi -- IT WAS ! P5ULTIMATE ,CONGRESS -- ! ,FR5* DELEGATE1 ! C>P5T] ,P9DY1 READ A PAP] ON ! ISSUE ( LABOR UNIONS ( RESI/ANCE 7AS ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E CALL$ 9 ?OSE DAYS7 9 :I* HE 9CID5TALLY EXPRESS$ ?\<TS :I* LAT] BECAME BASIC TO ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM1 & :I* HAVE S9CE BE5 /RESS$ CONT9UALLY BY ?OSE ,AN>*I/S :O N[ CALL !MSELVES ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,P9DY SAID ?AT1 9 HIS VIEW1 LABOR UNIONS MU/ JO9 ) EA* O!R 9 LOCAL1 NATIONAL &1 F9ALLY1 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 TOO1 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS W\LD HAVE TO UNITE 9 FREE COMMUNES1 HEAD$ BY ,C\NCILS ( DEPUTIES FROM ! ,UNIONS4 ,!SE ,C\NCILS W\LD REGULATE RELATIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S TRADES & W\LD TAKE ! PLACE ( CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! ,CONGRESS C>RI$ A RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ,P9DY1 :I* /AT$ ?AT ! UNIONS MU/1 09 ! 9T]E/S ( !IR BRAN* ( 9DU/RY1 GA!R ALL ESS5TIAL 9=MATION1 CONSID] COMMON PROBLEMS1 CONDUCT /RIKES & CONC]N !MSELVES ) !IR SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! SY/EM ( HIR$ LABOR IS REPLAC$ BY ! ASSOCIATION ( FREE PRODUC]S40 ,SU*1 ACCORD+ TO ! RECORDS ( ALL ! ,CONGRESSES1 WAS ! IDEOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T ON ! LABOR ISSUE ( ! ,AN>*I/S :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,BUT ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS NOT AN ORGANIZATION DOM9AT$ BY ,AN>*I/S4 ,IT 9CLUD$ ,M>XI/S1 ,BLANQUI/S & ,PR\DHONI/-MUTUALI/S1 PLA9 ,SOCIALI/S & EV5 RADICAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,H[ !N CAN ONE ASCRIBE ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! ,AN>*I/S ( ?OSE DAYS8 ,! M]E FACT ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS NOT SUFFICI5T1 S9CE !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 9 ! M9ORITY & HAVE DISS5T$ FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! RESOLUTIONS :I* W]E ADOPT$4 ,! QUE/ION IS JU/IFI$1 AL?\< NOT COMPLETELY SO1 S9CE1 HAD ! ,AN>*I/S NOT AGRE$ ) RESOLUTIONS4 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 SOME EVID5CE ( !IR PROTE/ AT ! ,CONGRESSES !MSELVES & LAT] 9 !IR PRESS1 A ME?OD US$ BY !M :5EV] !Y DIFF]$ FROM ! OP9ION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON4 ,H[EV]1 !RE EXI/S A GREAT DEAL ( ADDITIONAL MAT]IAL :I* %[S ?AT1 UNTIL ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS1 ! ,AN>*I/S ACCEPT$ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 FULL4 

,ONE HAS ONLY TO REF] TO ! WORKS & LETT]S ( ,BAKUN94 ,HIS PAMPHLETS1 0,! ,POLICY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL10 0,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL10 0,UNIV]SAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION10 AS WELL AS A NUMB] ( O!RS1 PROVE ?IS CONT5TION CLE>LY & CONV9C+LY4 ,BUT1 TO MAKE ! MATT] MORE C]TA91 ONE %\LD NOT RELY ON ,BAKUN9'S PAMPHLETS ALONE1 BUT %\LD ALSO CONSID] ! FOLL[+ QUOTATIONS FROM ! DOCUM5TS ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 :I* !N HEAD$ ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 AS WELL AS SEV]AL QUOTATIONS FROM ! PROGRAM :I* ,BAKUN9 DREW UP = ! 0,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE40 

,H[ IS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE RELAT$ TO ! ISSUE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T UND] DISCUSSION H]E8 ,P>AGRAPH #aa /ATES ?AT L&1 LIKE ALL O!R CAPITAL1 IS A TOOL ( PRODUCTION :I* MU/ BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 TO BE UTILIZ$ ONLY BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 I4E4 ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS ( ! WORK]S40 ,P>AGRAPH ,V CONTA9S A !SIS :I* IS /ILL A P>T ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( MOD]N ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 BUT :I* IS D5I$ BY MANY ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S ,IT TAKES UP ! QUE/ION -- :AT IS TO REPLACE ! EXI/+ ,/ATE8 -- & MAKES ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION3 0,! ,ALLIANCE RECOGNIZES ?AT ALL MOD]N POLITICAL & AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES1 LIMIT$ 9CREAS+LY TO ! SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ESS5TIAL TO SOCIETY1 MU/ DISSOLVE 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL UNION ( FREE AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS40 

,! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,ROMANCE ,F$]ATION AT ,*AUX-,LE-,FONDS 9 #ahg PASS$ A RESOLUTION :I* HAS REMA9$ VALID TO ?IS DAY1 AT LEA/ = ! ,SYNDICALI/ FRACTION ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S1 & :I* DES]VES TO BE QUOT$ 9 FULL3 

0,CONSID]+ ! FACT ?AT ! FULL LIB]ATION ( LABOR IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 CONDITIONS ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ! EXI/+ POLITICAL /RUCTURE1 :I* IS SU/A9$ BY PRIVILEGE & P[]1 9TO AN ECONOMIC SOCIETY F\ND$ 9 EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 & ?AT EV]Y GOV]NM5T OR POLITICAL /ATE REPRES5TS ONLY ! ORGANIZATION ( B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION :OSE EXPRESSION IS JURIDICAL LAW1 & ?AT ANY P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TAL POLITICS CAN RESULT ONLY 9 ! /R5G!N+ ( ! EXI/+ /RUCTURE :I* 9 TURN W\LD P>ALYZE ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,ROMANCE ,F$]ATION RECOMM5DS TO EV]Y SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! REPUDIATION ( ALL ACTIVITIES SEEK+ SOCIAL REORGANIZATION BY MEANS ( POLITICAL RE=MS4 ,IT SUGGE/S 9/EAD ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL EF=TS ON ! CREATION ( F$]AT$ TRADE UNIONS AS ! ONLY WEAPON CAPABLE ( ASSUR+ ! SUCCESS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,SU* A F$]ATION W\LD BE LABOR'S TRUE REPRES5TATIVE1 ITS P>LIAM5T1 BUT IT W\LD BE 9DEP5D5T & COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL GOV]NM5T40 

,AS TO ! =MS ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 ! ,JURA SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL VISUALIZ$ !M 9 ! SAME LI<T AS DID ,BAKUN9 & AS ! PRES5T-DAY ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S /ILL DO4 ,9 ! NEWSPAP]1 0,SOLID>ITY0 ( ,AUGU/ #b1 #a#h#g1 9 AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,GEOGRAPHICAL ,UNIFICATION10 WE READ3 0,9 ! FUTURE ,EUROPE WILL NOT CONSI/ ( A F$]ATION ( DIFF]5T NATIONS1 POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 REPUBLICS1 BUT ( A SIMPLE F$]ATION ( LABOR UNION )\T ANY DI/9CTION ACCORD+ TO NATIONALITY40 ,?IS1 !N1 WAS ! LABOR PROGRAM ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL UNTIL ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION 9 #ahh :51 AT ITS LA/ ,CONGRESS1 ITS SECTIONS ACCEPT$ ! TITLE ( ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM4 

,AN ANALYSIS ( ! LABOR PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ONE FUNDAM5TAL FLAW :I* FATALLY AFFECT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS FLAW WAS ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD DECL>$ ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S TO BE ! GOAL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & ! LABOR UNIONS TO BE ITS BASIS4 ,! NATURAL & LOGICAL CONCLUSION W\LD HAVE BE5 = ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO BE CON/ITUT$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,UNIONS ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO TRADES4 ,9/EAD1 IT WAS F\ND$ ON ! ASSOCIATION ( SECTIONS COMPOS$ ( ALL K9DS ( DIFF]5T ELEM5TS4 ,! 5TIRE BLAME = ?IS CANNOT ( C\RSE BE PLAC$ ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL2 ! ABS5CE ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 & ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! ASSOCIATION WAS =C$ TO EXI/ & DEVELOP1 >E CLE>LY UND]/&ABLE REASONS4 ,YET ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ! SECTIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS = ! D[NFALL & DIS9TEGRATION ( ?AT MAGNIFIC5T ORGANIZATION4 ,! MODEM ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS B5EFIT$ FROM ITS HI/ORIC EXP]I5CE1 & ! SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 F\ND$ 9 ,B]L9 9 #a#i#b#b1 WAS BUILT ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! UNIFICATION1 NOT ( SECTIONS1 BUT ( ! 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES4 

,! SECTIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ( ITS F$]ATIONS FATALLY REACT$ ON ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ITS PURE =M4 ,:AT HAPP5$ WAS ?AT1 :5 ! ,AN>*I/S1 AFT] ! SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO A ,F$]ALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 !Y EX*ANG$ ! SECTIONS = GR\PS1 &1 BECAUSE ( ! DECL9E ( ! ORGANIZATION1 !Y DID NOT REALIZE ?AT 9 ?IS WAY !Y EX*ANG$ A MASS LABOR MOVEM5T1 P]MEAT$ ) ! ,AN>*I/ SPIRIT1 = A SIMPLE MOVEM5T ( ,AN>*I/ GR\PS :I* HAD LITTLE ORGANIC CONTACT ) ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,9 TIME ! E/RANGEM5T BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE EVID5T4 ,AN>*ISM BEGAN TO LOSE ITS PRACTICAL FOO?OLD & TURN$ MORE & MORE T[>DS !ORY4 ,AS A RESULT ! MOVEM5T WAS JO9$ BY PEOPLE :O W]E LITTLE1 OR NOT AT ALL1 CONNECT$ ) ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,!Y W]E IDEALI/S :O S9C]ELY S\<T ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT1 NOT HAV+ BE5 SEASON$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 & SEE+ ! DESIR$ LIB]ATION UNFULFILL$ DUR+ ! EXPECT$ P]IOD1 !Y BECAME DISILLUSION$ ) GR\P EF=TS1 US+ WEAPONS :I* MI<T MORE EFFECTIVELY HA/5 ! DESIR$ RESULTS4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS PSY*OLOGY ?AT WE MU/ SEEK ! ROOTS ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ATTITUDES :I*1 ,I AM DEEPLY CONV9C$1 HAVE DONE ,AN>*ISM A GREAT DEAL ( H>M & HAVE H9D]$ ITS PROGRESSIVE GR[? AS A MASS LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,I WILL CONT9UE N[ ! DISCUSSION ( O!R PROBLEMS :I* W]E UND] CON/ANT CONSID]ATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 G5]AL1 & ITS F$]ALI/ SECTIONS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,I HAVE NOT AVAILABLE ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS ON ALL ! ITEMS ( ITS AG5DA4 ,BUT1 S9CE ! MAJORITY ( !SE ISSUES W]E ALSO DISCUSS$ DUR+ SUBSEQU5T ,CONGRESSES1 IT IS POSSIBLE1 BY REF]5CE TO !IR RECORDS1 TO \TL9E ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CONC]N+ !SE QUE/IONS4 

,BE=E1 H[EV]1 BEG9N+ \R EXPOSITION ( ! PROGRAM1 ONE V]Y IMPORTANT QUE/ION ON ! AG5DA ( ! SECOND ,CONGRESS %\LD HE DEALT )1 P>TICUL>LY S9CE IT AMPLIFIES & CL>IFIES ! ,LABOR PROGRAM ALREADY DISCUSS$4 ,IT IS ! QUE/ION :I* HAS NOT ONLY RETA9$ ITS URG5CY = \R [N DAYS1 BUT :I* ALSO =MS ! BASIC OB/ACLE TO UNITY 9 ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 AS WELL AS A T>GET = SOCIALI/ ATTACKS 9 ! DISPUTE OV] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! QUE/ION WAS =MULAT$ 9 ?IS MANN]3 

0,W\LD NOT ! EF=TS ( ! ,LABOR ASSOCIATIONS = ! LIB]ATION ( ! F\R? E/ATE 7! PROLET>IAT7 LEAD TO ! CREATION ( A NEW CLASS -- ! FIF? E/ATE -- :OSE POSITION UND] ,SOCIALISM MI<T BE EV5 MORE T]RIBLE ?AN ! POSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT UND] ,CAPITALISM840 

,! FACT ?AT SU* A QUE/ION WAS RAIS$ AT ALL IS 9 ITSELF SIGNIFICANT4 ,IT %[S1 FIR/LY1 ! GREAT MATURITY 9 SOCIALI/ ?\<T ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL &1 SECONDLY1 IT PO9TS TO !IR S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY & CAUTION CONC]N+ ! SOLUTION ( COMPLEX SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,?IS QUE/ION1 ,I BELIEVE1 >OSE )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL P>TLY BECAUSE SOME MEMB]S W]E PROPAGAT+ ! IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ) :I* A MAJORITY DID NOT AGREE4 ,! PROPHETS ( DICTATOR%IP ?US MADE ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S AW>E ( ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! NEW SOCIETY1 CON/RUCT$ ON ! !SIS ( ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ,/ATE BY ,LABOR ,UNIONS1 MI<T CREATE CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BECOME ! RUL+ CLASS SUPPRESS+ O!R CLASSES -- = 9/ANCE1 ! PEASANTRY4 ,! ,CONGRESS DID NOT D5Y SU* A POSSIBILITY2 IT SEEM$ ACTUALLY TO ADMIT IT1 BUT1 HAV+ NO ALT]NATIVE1 IT C\LD ONLY RECOMM5D ME?ODS :I* MI<T MORE OR LESS C\NT]ACT ! POSSIBILITY ( RESULTS SO UNDESIRABLE FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( TRUE SOCIALISM4 ,! ,CONGRESS PASS$ A RESOLUTION 9 :I* IT /AT$ ?AT1 TO AVOID ! =MATION ( A NEW EXPLOIT+ HI]>*Y1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y = LABOR UNIONS TO BE P]MEAT$ ) ! IDEALS ( MUTUAL AID & SOLID>ITY & = ! PROLET>IAT TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL MU/ LEAD TO JU/ICE & NOT ! CREATION ( NEW PRIVILEGES1 EV5 = !IR [N CLASS4 

,AT A TIME :5 ,AN>*I/ ?\<T WAS BE+ MOLD$ BY LIV+ EXP]I5CE AS A MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 SU* D\BTS W]E NORMAL & FULLY JU/IFI$1 & ! DECISION ( ! ,CONGRESS WAS P]FECTLY NATURAL4 ,:5 ,CAPITALISM HAD NOT YET 5TIRELY MATUR$ & ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS HAD ONLY BEGUN TO FUNCTION ON A REVOLUTION>Y BASIS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,CONGRESS C\LD HAVE COME TO NO O!R DECISION ?AN TO ATTEMPT TO RAISE ! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,! NE$ = ?IS REMA9S1 TODAY1 AS /RONG AS EV]4 ,BUT IT IS NO LONG] ! ONLY NE$4 

,N[ ,AN>*I/ ?\<T HAS BECOME MATURE & IT MU/1 MOREOV]1 OP]ATE 9 CONDITIONS UTT]LY DIFF]5T FROM ! ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES ( ?OSE DAYS4 ,TODAY ! QUE/ION \TL9$ ABOVE CAN >ISE ONLY = ! ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S1 :O /RIVE TO E/ABLI% A CLASS DICTATOR%IP 9 ! =M ( A CLASS ,/ATE4 ,= ,AN>*I/S1 :O AIM AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE & ITS REPLACEM5T BY ! F$]ATIONS ( PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS1 ! QUE/ION IS RIDICUL\S4 ,IT IS RIDICUL\S BECAUSE ,AN>*ISM1 ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY 9 ?IS MANN]1 9VOLVES ! 5TIRE ADULT WORK+ POPULATION 9 ! PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS1 9DEP5D5T ( !IR =M] SOCIAL POSITIONS1 I4E4 ! CLASSES >E DE/ROY$ AT ONCE & H5CE !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( CLASS RULE4 ,H[EV]1 A DIFF]5T PROBLEM C\LD BE RAIS$ N[3 W\LD NOT ! ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY RESULT 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 A MORE SEV]E =M ?AN UND] ,CAPITALI/ 9DIVIDUALISM8 

,! QUE/ION IS JU/IFI$ & WE CANNOT D5Y SU* A POSSIBILITY 5TIRELY4 ,BUT SOCIETY WILL DISCOV]1 ,I BELIEVE1 SUFFICI5TLY EFFECTIVE MEANS TO PREV5T ! MAT]IALIZATION ( ?IS POSSIBILITY4 ,AS TO ! PROBLEM ( CLASS RULE1 ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S & ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S DIFF] %>PLY ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,! =M] 9SI/1 OBVI\SLY 9 ]ROR1 ?AT SYNDICALIZATION W\LD LEAD TO CLASS RULE1 I4E4 TO DICTATOR%IP4 ,YET !Y !MSELVES HAVE NO?+ TO (F] 9 PLACE ( ! DANG] !Y =ESEE4 

,TO TURN TO ! REMA9+ ISSUES1 AP>T FROM ! LABOR UNIONS1 COOP]ATION 9 ALL ITS =MS WAS A BURN+ ISSUE 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & AT ! V>I\S ,CONGRESSES A GOOD DEAL ( ATT5TION WAS PAID TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,! AG5DA ( EV]Y ,CONGRESS CONTA9$ ITEMS EI!R ON CO-OP]ATIVES 9 G5]AL OR ON SPECIFIC ASPECTS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! FOLL[+ ITEMS W]E DISCUSS$3 CO-OP]ATIVES1 ORGANIZATION ( 9T]NATIONAL CR$IT1 MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES4 ,AT ! SECOND ,CONGRESS3 H[ ! WORK+ CLASSES C\LD UTILIZE1 = ! PURPOSE ( !IR LIB]ATION1 ! SAV+S DEPOSIT$ 9 B\RGEOIS & GOV]NM5TAL F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AT ! ?IRD ,CONGRESS -- CR$IT4 

,SU* 9SI/5CE %[S ! EXT5T TO :I* ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT ( ?OSE DAYS WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ! ISSUE ( CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,9 \R TIMES BECAUSE ( ,AN>*I/ EF=TS TO DEVELOP POSITIVE & PRACTICAL PROGRAMS1 ?IS QUE/ION IS ONCE AGA9 ON ! AG5DA4 ,= ?AT REASON IT IS IMPORTANT TO LE>N H[ IT WAS RESOLV$ BY \R ILLU/RI\S PR$ECESSORS4 

,! DECISIONS ( ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS CONC]N+ ?IS QUE/ION >E NOT AVAILABLE4 ,AT ! SECOND ,CONGRESS1 ON ! QUE/ION ( WORK]S' SAV+S1 ,*>LES ,LONGUET REPORT$ 9 FAVOR ( ORGANIZ+ A ,PR\DHONIAN-,MUTUALI/ SY/EM ( CR$IT ) NATIONAL LABOR BANKS :I* W\LD PROVIDE 9T]E/-FREE LOANS TO ! WORK]S4 ,ECC>IUS SUGGE/$ ?AT ! WORK+ CO-OP]ATIVES ( >TISANS & ! LABOR UNIONS %\LD USE !IR CAPITAL = ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! ?IRD ,CONGRESS ACCEPT$ !SE PROPOSALS 9 RESOLUTIONS RECOMM5D+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PEOPLE'S BANKS :I* W\LD PROVIDE ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS ) CAPITAL4 

,! ,5GLI% SECTION REPORT$ ON CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,)\T D5Y+ ! USEFULNESS ( COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 IT 9DICAT$ A DANG]\S T5D5CY NOTICEABLE 9 A MAJORITY ( SU* BODIES 9 ,5GL&1 :I* W]E BEG9N+ TO DEVELOP 9TO PURELY COMM]CIAL & CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 ?US CREAT+ ! OPPORTUNITY = ! BIR? ( A NEW CLASS -- ! WORK+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS REPORT ! ,CONGRESS PASS$ A RESOLUTION RECOMM5D+ ?AT ! MA9 PURPOSE ( ! CO-OP]ATIVES %\LD BE KEPT CON/ANTLY ALIVE -- 0TO WR5* FROM ! H&S ( PRIVATE CAPITALI/S ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TO RETURN !M TO !IR LAWFUL [N]S1 ! PRODUCTIVE WORK]S40.<#b.> ,?IS1 !N1 WAS ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT PAID DUE RESPECT 9 ?IS MATT] TO ! ,PR\DHONIAN & ,[5ITE UTOPIAS1 :I* TO ?IS DAY >E ADVOCAT$ BY ! SOCIAL-COOP]ATORS & BY SOME ,AN>*I/S4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT CO-OP]ATIVES >E MO/ USEFUL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,= ,AN>*I/S TO WORK 9 MASS CO-OP]ATIVES IS AS NECESS>Y & AS USEFUL AS TO WORK 9 TRADE UNIONS4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT COOP]ATION IS ! MAGIC W& BY :I* ! ,CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE CAN BE *ANG$ 9TO ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 ,MANY ,9T]NATIONALI/S ACTUALLY BELIEV$ ?AT1 & H5CE >OSE !IR 5?USIA/IC ATTITUDE T[>DS COOP]ATION4 ,O!RS1 LIKE ,BAKUN91 W]E MORE F>-SI<T$1 REALIZ+ ! GREAT POSITIVE P>T ?AT CO-OP]ATIVES W\LD PLAY 9 ! FUTURE /RUCTURE ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 BUT LOOK+ UPON !M AT ! PRES5T /AGE ) 9DIFF]5CE1 0,! EXP]I5CE ( ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S10 ,BAKUN9 WROTE1 0A UNIQUE EXP]I5CE :I* REA*$ ITS WIDE/ SCOPE 9 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE1 HAS PROV$ CONCLUSIVELY ?AT ! COOP]ATIVE SY/EM1 :ILE UND\BT$LY CONTA9+ ! ESS5CE ( ! FUTURE ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 CANNOT1 AT ! PRES5T TIME UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 LIB]ATE OR EV5 IMPROVE TO ANY CONSID]ABLE EXT5T ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE40 ,! LATT] P>T ( ,BAKUN9'S /ATEM5T HAS BE5 V]IFI$ BY EXP]I5CE1 :ILE ! FIR/ IS JU/ BEG9N+ TO BE CONFIRM$4 

,MANY ,AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 TO ?IS DAY1 IF NOT ! MAJORITY H]E1 TAKE AN UNCOMPROMIS+LY HO/ILE ATTITUDE T[>DS CO-OP]ATIVES1 & !Y ?US COMMIT ! SAME UNP>DONABLE ]ROR AS DID ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 9 ! P]IOD ( #a#i#e-#f4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROPOSE SOME K9D ( ,AN>*O-,COOP]ATIVISM1 BUT ONE CANNOT D5Y ! USEFULNESS ( CO-OP]ATIVES TO ! WORK+ POPULATION4 ,& AP>T FROM ALL ?IS1 ONE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT CO-OP]ATIVES1 E4G4 ! ,*RI/IAN OR WORK]S' CO-OP]ATIVES1 >E MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 & H5CE PROVIDE A TREM5D\S FIELD = ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A & CULTURAL ACTIVITY4 ,WE %\LD ALSO REMEMB] ! VIEWPO9T ( ,BAKUN91 QUOT$ ABOVE1 ?AT CO-OP]ATIVES CONTA9 ! ESS5CE ( ! FUTURE ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,?AT IS UND\BT$LY SO &1 9 VIEW ( ?AT FACT ALONE1 IT IS NOT ADVISABLE TO REPEAT ! ]RORS ( ! PA/4 

,! PROBLEM ( $UCATION1 TOO1 WAS (T5 ON ! AG5DA ( ! ,CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ?IRD ,CONGRESS ADOPT$ A RESOLUTION ON ?IS ISSUE1 :ILE ! F\R? LEFT ! DISCUSSION ( ! PROBLEM TO ! FOLL[+ SESSION4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ?AT AT ! PRES5T TIME ! ORGANIZATION ( RATIONAL $UCATION WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 ! ,CONGRESS 09VIT$ ITS SECTIONS TO ORGANIZE PUBLIC C\RSES ) A PROGRAM ( SCI5TIFIC1 PR(ESSIONAL & 9TEGRAL $UCATION1 SO AS TO COMPLEM5T AT LEA/ P>TIALLY ! TOTALLY 9ADEQUATE $UCATION AVAILABLE TO WORK]S AT PRES5T40 ,! ,CONGRESS CONSID]$ ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS A PRELIM9>Y & ESS5TIAL CONDITION4 ,9 ONE ( HIS LAT] >TICLES1 0,COMPREH5SIVE ,$UCATION10 ,BAKUN9 AGRE$ FULLY ) ?IS RESOLUTION4 ,?IS >TICLE1 AS WELL AS V>I\S O!R PAP]S ON ?IS SUBJECT1 & P>TICUL>LY ! WORKS ( ,ROB91 LAID ! F\NDATION = ! !ORY ( FREE LABOR $UCATION :I* IS TODAY ACCEPT$ BY ALL CULTUR$ PEOPLE4 ,& = ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL DES]VES MU* CR$IT4 ,A RESOLUTION ( ! SECOND ,CONGRESS EXCLUD$ ! ,/ATE FROM ! SPH]E ( $UCATION & ASSUR$ FULL FRE$OM TO $UCATION1 & 9/RUCTION4 ,! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,/ATE WAS TO BE P]MITT$ ONLY :5 ! FA!R ( ! *ILD C\LD NOT PROVIDE ! FUNDS NE$$ = ITS $UCATION4 

,AS TO ,/ATEHOOD ITSELF1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL BEGAN TO REPUDIATE IT DEF9ITIVELY ONLY AFT] ! SEC$+ SECTIONS HAD ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO ! ,F$]ALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,UNTIL ?AT SECESSION1 IT C\LD NOT DECIDE F9ALLY TO DISSOCIATE ITSELF FROM ?IS P]NICI\S CONCEPT2 ?IS IRRESOLUTION1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MA9TA9$ )\T ! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>X1 AL?\< ! ,AN>*I/S !MSELVES W]E AT FIR/ NONE TOO CLE> ON ! SUBJECT1 IF NOT 9 PR9CIPLE1 AT LEA/ 9 =M4 

,AS = ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL -- RI<T UP TO ! SPLIT AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS 9 #ahgb -- /OOD AGA9/ ACTIVITY ON P>LIAM5T>Y & POLITICAL P>TY L9ES4 ,AT ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS IT ADOPT$ A RESOLUTION :I* SAID ?AT 0S9CE ! ABS5CE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 A C\NTRY PRES5TS AN OB/ACLE TO ! SOCIAL 5LI<T5M5T ( ! PEOPLE & ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! ,CONGRESS DECL>ES3 7#a7 ?AT ! SOCIAL LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS 9DIVISIBLE FROM !IR POLITICAL LIB]ATION & 7#b7 ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( POLITICAL FRE$OM IS ! FIR/1 & UNCONDITIONAL NECESSITY 9 EA* C\NTRY40 

,:ILE IT C>RI$ SU* A RESOLUTION1 ! ,CONGRESS NEV]!LESS REACT$ NEGATIVELY TO P>TICIPATION 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE2 9/EAD IT CONT9U$ TO FUNCTION ON AN ECONOMIC PLANE ALONE4 ,& :5 ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS DECID$ TO ADD TO ! /ATUTES A RESOLUTION CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ! SPLIT OCCURR$4 ,! ,AN>*I/S & !IR FOLL[]S PREF]R$ TO /& ON !IR OLD POSITION1 & TO ADVOCATE GA9+ POLITICAL FRE$OM BY MEANS ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 

,ONE FUR!R QUE/ION REMA9S TO BE DISCUSS$ -- ?AT ( L& [N]%IP4 ,!REAFT]1 WE %ALL BE ABLE TO TURN TO AN ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL !SES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS /ATEM5TS ( PR9CIPLE AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,PREAMBLE TO ! ,/ATUTES1 AS WELL AS TO AN EXAM9ATION ( ITS ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS4 ,! QUE/ION ( L& [N]%IP WAS CONSID]$ AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#f#i1 ! F\R? ,CONGRESS -- ! ONLY ONE AT :I* ,BAKUN9 WAS PRES5T4 ,9 FACE ( OPPOSITION BY ! ,M>XI/S1 ?IS ,CONGRESS C>RI$ A RESOLUTION ON ! SOCIALIZATION ( L& & ! ABOLITION ( ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE4 ,AS TO ! FIR/ QUE/ION1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL VOT$ = ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP 9 L&4 ,:51 H[EV]1 IT CAME TO CONSID]+ ! ME?ODS ( ORGANIZ+ AGRICULTURE1 ! ,CONGRESS HAD NO UNIFI$ VIEWS4 ,ON ?IS SECOND QUE/ION A MAJORITY ( ?IRTY-TWO1 AGA9/ TW5TY-?REE ,M>XI/S1 VOT$ = ,BAKUN9'S RESOLUTION :OSE CONCLUD+ S5T5CE READ3 0,! ,CONGRESS VOTES = ! COMPLETE & RADICAL ABOLITION ( ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE1 CONSID]+ ?IS TO BE ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS = ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR40 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ COLLISION ( ! TWO TR5DS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* W]E REPRES5T$ BY ! P]SONALITIES ( ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X4 

,N[ LET US EXAM9E ! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ITS 5TIRE PHILOSOPHY & ALL ITS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 ACCEPT$ AS >TICLES ( FAI? BY ALL CONV9C$ ,SOCIALI/S ( ! WORLD TO ?IS DAY1 >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,PREAMBLE TO !SE ,/ATUTES4 ,! DECL>ATIONS >E 9DISPUTABLE & !IR =MULATION IS CONCISE1 ADMIRABLE & EXPRESSIVE4 ,!Y >E3 

,! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES MU/ BE ! TASK ( ! WORK+ CLASSES !MSELVES4 

,! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ 9 NO CASE BE A /RUGGLE = CLASS PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES BUT = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( EQUAL RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS = ALL & = ! ABOLITION ( ALL CLASS RULE 

,! ECONOMIC SUBJUGATION ( WORK]S TO ! [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E ! S\RCE ( LIFE1 IS ! CAUSE ( S]FDOM 9 ALL ITS =MS1 ( SOCIAL MIS]Y1 SPIRITUAL DEG5]ATION & POLITICAL DEP5D5CY4 

,! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS ! GREAT GOAL TO :I* ALL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$4 

,ALL EF=TS UP TO ! PRES5T TO REALIZE ?IS GREAT TASK HAVE REMA9$ UNSUCCESSFUL BECAUSE ( A LACK ( SOLID>ITY AMONG ! WORK]S ( V>I\S TRADES 9 EA* C\NTRY1 & BECAUSE ( ! ABS5CE ( BRO!RLY UNITY & ORGANIZATION AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 

,! LIB]ATION ( LABOR IS NOT A LOCAL OR NATIONAL TASK1 BUT A SOCIAL PROBLEM 9VOLV+ ALL C\NTRIES :]E ! MOD]N /RUCTURE EXI/S1 & ITS SOLUTION DEP5DS ON PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL COOP]ATION AMONG ! MORE PROGRESSIVE C\NTRIES4 

,! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* IS >\S+ NEW HOPES 9 ITS TRUE REG5]ATION 9 ! MORE 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE1 ISSUES A SOLEMN W>N+ AGA9/ A FALL+ BACK 9TO ! OLD ]RORS & CALLS IMM$IATELY = ! UNIFICATION ( ALL MOVEM5TS :I*1 SO F>1 HAVE BE5 DIVID$4 

,ALL ORGANIZATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS1 :O >E MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 RECOGNIZE TRU?1 JU/ICE & MORALITY AS ! BASIC PR9CIPLES = !IR BEHAVIOR T[>DS EA* O!R & T[>DS ALL PEOPLES )\T DIFF]5CE ( RACE1 CRE$ OR NATIONALITY4 

,!Y CONSID] IT !IR DUTY TO DEM& ! RI<TS ( MAN & CITIZ5 NOT ONLY = !MSELVES BUT = ALL :O FULFILL !IR OBLIGATIONS4 ,!RE >E NO RI<TS )\T OBLIGATIONS2 !RE >E NO OBLIGATIONS )\T RI<TS4 

,SU* WAS ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL -- ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! MASS LABOR MOVEM5T :I* HAS NOT BE5 REJECT$ TO ?IS DAY BY A S+LE ,AN>*I/1 & :I* LIES AT ! ROOT ( ! TEA*+S ( ,BAKUN91 ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION & ( ,KROPOTK94 ,! SAME IS NOT TRUE ( ! ,M>XI/S1 :O SOON DEP>T$ FROM C]TA9 CONCEPTS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FIR/ TO DO SO WAS ,M>X HIMSELF1 & 9 ?AT WAY HE WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,:AT W]E ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL8 ,!IR EXAM9ATION WILL CONCLUDE ?IS \TL9E ( ITS PROGRAM1 & ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,AN>*I/-,COLLECTIVI/S1 I4E4 ! ,BAKUN9I/S4 ,! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ACCEPT$ AT ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS1 ASSIGN$ NO ADM9I/RATIVE RI<TS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,! ONLY RI<T ASSIGN$ TO IT WAS ?AT TO *ANGE ! LOCATION ( ! FOLL[+ ,CONGRESS1 BUT NOT ITS S*$ULE4 ,! ,C\NCIL1 !RE=E1 WAS NOT ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATIVE ORGAN BUT ONLY A LIAISON & CORRESPOND5CE BUREAU & ITS MEMB]S W]E ELECT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL SECTIONS W]E 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C\NCIL & HAD ! RI<T TO !IR [N PROGRAMS & CON/ITUTIONS1 AS LONG AS !SE W]E NOT 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( ! ADOPT$ /ATUTES4 ,EA* SECTION HAD ! RI<T TO ELECT1 FROM AMONG ITS MEMB]S1 CORRESPOND5TS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ORGANIZATION1 & IT PAID DUES ACCORD+ TO ITS MEMB]%IP TO COV] ! EXP5SES ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,F9ALLY1 EA* SECTION HAD ! RI<T TO S5D ONE DELEGATE TO ! ,CONGRESS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! NUMB] ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT SECTIONS C\NT+ MORE ?AN #e HAD ! RI<T TO S5D ADDITIONAL DELEGATES = EA* #e MEMB]S4 ,EA* DELEGATE TO ! ,CONGRESS1 H[EV] MANY SECTIONS HE MI<T REPRES5T1 HAD ONE VOTE4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT1 AT ! F\R? ,CONGRESS1 !RE WAS EVID5CE1 ON ! ONE H&1 ( A T5D5CY TO ADAPT ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! IMAG9$ /RUCTURE ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,CONGRESS1 UND] ,BAKUN9'S LEAD]%IP1 ASSIGN$ ADM9I/RATIVE AU?ORITY TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,IRONICALLY1 IT WAS BY US+ ?IS NEW AU?ORITY AT ! FOLL[+ ,CONGRESS ?AT ,M>X MANAG$ TO SETTLE ACC\NTS ) ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF & HIS FRI5DS4 

,ON ! QUE/ION ( P]MITT+ ! EXI/5CE ( *AIRM5 9 LABOR 9/ITUTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION3 

0,:]EAS IT IS UNWOR?Y = A LABOR ORGANIZATION TO RETA9 9 ITS MID/ A MON>*I/ & AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLE BY P]MITT+ ! EXI/5CE ( A *AIRMAN 7EV5 IF ! LATT] HAS NO P[]S71 ! ,CONGRESS 9VITES ALL SECTIONS & LABOR ORGANIZATIONS :O >E MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ABOLI% ! CONCEPT ( *AIRMAN%IP 9 !IR MID/40 

,AT ! SAME TIME ANO!R RESOLUTION1 = :I* ,BAKUN9 & HIS FRI5DS VOT$1 ASSIGN$ TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL GREAT ADM9I/RATIVE P[]S4 ,! ILLOGICALITY ( ! ,AN>*I/S ON ?IS PO9T CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ ! ,C\NCIL TO BE MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN MANY ( ! SECTIONS4 ,! P[]S GRANT$ BY ?IS RESOLUTION W]E AS FOLL[S3 

0,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HAS ! RI<T TO ACCEPT SECTIONS 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 OR TO REFUSE ACCEPTANCE UNTIL ! NEXT G5]AL ,CONGRESS4 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL HAS ALSO ! RI<T TO CLOSE D[N OR TO DISSOLVE OLD SECTIONS4 

0,9 CASE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL SECTIONS ( :ATEV] C\NTRY1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL IS APPO9T$ >BIT] UNTIL ! NEXT ,CONGRESS :I* ALONE HAS AU?ORITY TO MAKE A F9AL DECISION40 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ?REE YE>S1 ! ,C\NCIL ABUS$ !SE RI<TS TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT >\S$ /RONG PROTE/ ON ! P>T ( MANY SECTIONS :I* W]E PREP>$ TO ABOLI% ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 
ALTOGE!R4 ,SOME ( !M W5T EV5 FUR!R2 !Y D5I$ ! NE$ = ANY /ATUTES 9 ! ORGANIZATION AS A :OLE4 ,BAKUN9'S REACTION TO ?IS T5D5CY IS RA!R 9T]E/+4 ,9 A LETT] TO ,ALB]T ,RI*>D1 HE REM>K$3 

0,Y\ WRITE1 MY DE> FRI5D1 ?AT Y\ >E AN 5EMY ( ALL CON/ITUTIONS & Y\ MA9TA9 ?AT !Y >E GOOD = NO?+ BUT ! DIV]SION ( *ILDR54 ,I DO NOT FULLY %>E Y\R VIEWS ON ?IS PO9T4 ,SUP]FLU\S REGIM5TATION IS LOA?SOME 9DE$1 & ,I BELIEVE1 AS Y\ DO1 ?AT 'RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE' MU/ !MSELVES M>K \T A C\RSE = !IR BEHAVIOR & MU/ NOT DEVIATE FROM IT4 

0,H[EV]1 LET US AGREE ON ONE ?+4 ,TO ASSURE SOME UNITY ( ACTION1 9 MY VIEW ESS5TIAL EV5 AMONG ! MO/ RESPONSIBLE ( M5 :O /RIVE = ONE & ! SAME GOAL1 C]TA9 CONDITIONS & C]TA9 SPECIFIC RULES1 EQUALLY B9D+ ON ALL1 >E REQUIR$4 ,!RE MU/ BE AGREEM5TS & UND]/&+S1 FREQU5TLY R5EW$4 ,O!RWISE1 IF EV]YONE W]E TO ACT ONLY ACCORD+ TO HIS [N JUDGM5T1 EV5 ! MO/ E>NE/ M5 C\LD1 & SURELY W\LD1 COME TO A PO9T :51 ) ! BE/ ( 9T5TIONS1 !Y W\LD ACTUALLY H9D] & P>ALYZE EA* O!R4 ,! RESULT W\LD BE DI%>MONY 9/EAD ( ! H>MONY & CALM TO :I* WE ALL ASPIRE4 ,WE MU/ KN[ H[1 :5 & :]E TO F9D EA* O!R1 & TO :OM TO TURN SO ?AT WE MAY GET ! COOP]ATION ( ALL4 ,A SMALL UNIT1 WELL ORGANIZ$1 HAS GREAT] VALUE ?AN ONE ?AT IS L>G]1 BUT DISORGANIZ$ & ILL-ADAPT$40 

,?US1 ON ! ISSUE ( ORGANIZATION1 ,BAKUN9 & ! ,AN>*I/S COMMITT$1 & TOL]AT$1 AN UN=GIVABLE MI/AKE -- A RETREAT FROM FUNDAM5TAL F$]ALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,& ! SAD RESULTS W]E NOT SL[ 9 MAK+ !IR APPE>ANCE4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE PROVES ?AT ONE MU/ NOT SACRIFICE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES EV5 9 ! 9T]E/S ( REALIZ+ ! BE/ 9T5TIONS4 

,IF WE ADD TO ! EXPOSITION ALREADY GIV5 ! DECL>ATION ADOPT$ BY ! ,BAKUN9I/S :5 !Y E/ABLI%$ ! ,F$]ALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,/4 ,IMI]1 A FULL ACC\NT WILL HAVE BE5 GIV5 ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 BO? BE=E & AFT] ! CLEAVAGE 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION4 

,! TEXT ( ?IS DECL>ATION WILL BE QUOT$ BEL[4 ,FIR/1 H[EV]1 WE %\LD DISCUSS ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,?IS IS ESS5TIAL BECAUSE ! RESOLUTIONS & DECL>ATION TOGE!R =M ! PROGRAM ON :I* ! ,AN>*I/S CONDUCT$ !IR ACTIVITIES AFT] ! RIFT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & UNTIL ! DECL9E ( ITS ,F$]ALI/ SECTION1 I4E4 UNTIL #ahgi & A LITTLE BEYOND4 

,! FIR/ RESOLUTION WAS CONC]N$ ) ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES4 ,IT /AT$ ?AT ! AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE ( LABOR F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS WAS A FUNDAM5TAL CONDITION = ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,FUR!R1 ! RESOLUTION GRANT$ ! ,CONGRESS NO LAWGIV+ & EXECUTIVE RI<TS1 CONC$+ AN ADVISORY ROLE ONLY4 ,! RESOLUTION ALSO REJECT$ ! IDEA ?AT A M9ORITY MU/ SUBMIT TO ! VIEWS ( ! MAJORITY4 ,! SECOND RESOLUTION MA9TA9$ ?AT1 9 CASE ( AN ATTEMPT UPON ! FRE$OM ( A F$]ATION OR SECTION BY ! MAJORITY ( ANY ,CONGRESS1 OR BY A ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL E/ABLI%$ BY ?AT MAJORITY1 ALL O!R F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS MU/ DECL>E !MSELVES 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ATTACK$ ORGANIZATION4 

,! F\R? RESOLUTION DEALT ) ! FRAMEWORK = 0! RESI/ANCE ( LABOR10 I4E4 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS RESOLUTION PO/ULAT$ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ ANY SUB/ANTIAL IMPROVEM5T 9 ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! WORK]S UND] ,CAPITALISM2 IT CONSID]$ /RIKES IMPORTANT WEAPONS 9 ! /RUGGLE1 BUT HAD NO ILLUSIONS AB\T !IR ECONOMIC RESULTS4 

,/RIKES1 TO ! ,F$]ALI/S1 W]E A MEANS ( 9T5SIFY+ ! CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ?IRD RESOLUTION1 :I* ,I REG>D AS ! ,DECL>ATION4 REALLY REPRES5TS ! PROGRAM ( ! ORGANIZATION1 & = ?AT REASON IT WILL BE QUOT$ 9 FULL4 

0,:]EAS ! ATTEMPT TO =CE ON ! PROLET>IAT A UNI=M POLITICAL PROGRAM & TACTIC1 A S+LE WAY TO FULL SOCIAL LIB]ATION1 IS AS ABSURD AS ! CLAIMS ( REACTION2 :]EAS NO ONE HAS ! AU?ORITY TO D5Y ! AUTONOM\S F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS !IR UNQUE/IONABLE RI<T TO DECIDE 9DEP5D5TLY & TO EMPLOY ! POLITICAL TACTICS !Y CONSID] MO/ SUITABLE4 & BELIEV+ ?AT ANY SU* ATTEMPTS AT D5IAL W\LD LEAD TRAGICALLY TO ! MO/ \TRAGE\S DOGMATISM2 :]EAS ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN HAVE NO PURPOSE BUT ! CON/RUCTION ( UNCONDITIONALLY FREE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS & F$]ATIONS1 BAS$ ON EQUALITY & ! LABOR ( ALL & 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T ( ALL POLITICAL GOV]NM5T2 :]EAS !SE ORGANIZATIONS & F$]ATIONS CAN BE ! RESULT ONLY ( ! UNFL9*+ ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 ! TRADE UNIONS ( >TISANS & ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNES2 :]EAS EV]Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION CAN BE ! ORGAN ( DOM9ATION = ! B5EFIT ( ONE CLASS ONLY1 RA!R ?AN = ! MASSES AS A :OLE1 & :]EAS ! PROLET>IAT1 IF IT DECID$ TO SEIZE P[]1 MI<T ITSELF BECOME ! RUL+ & EXPLOIT+ CLASS1 ! ,CONGRESS1 MEET+ AT ,/4 ,IMI]1 DECL>ES3 

,?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL POLITICAL P[] IS ! FIR/ OBLIGATION ( ! PROLET>IAT2 

,?AT ! CREATION ( O/5SIBLY TEMPOR>Y1 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P[] = ! REALIZATION ( SU* DE/RUCTION CAN BE ONLY A NEW BETRAYAL & W\LD PROVE AS DANG]\S = ! PROLET>IAT AS ALL O!R GOV]NM5TS EXI/+ AT ! PRES5T TIME2 

,?AT1 REJECT+ ALL COMPROMISE 9 ! REALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 PROLET>IANS ( ALL L&S MU/ E/ABLI% ! SOLID>ITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION FREE FROM ALL B\RGEOIS POLITICS40 

,) ?IS RESOLUTION ,I AM CONCLUD+ MY EXAM9ATION & ANALYSIS ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ITS FIR/ P]IOD4 ,I TRU/ ?AT ,I HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 EMPHASIZ+1 NOT ALL1 BUT ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FEATURES1 A*IEVEM5TS & FAILURES ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT IS APP>5T ?AT ! G5]AL *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T IS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT CURR5T 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,AN>*ISM :I* HAS DEVELOP$ UND] ! NAME ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,MANY ( ITS BASIC PR9CIPLES LAY AT ! ROOT ( ! SO-CALL$ ,ROMANCE ,SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS UND\BT$LY ! IMM$IATE HEIR ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 AL?\<1 ( C\RSE1 IT GREW 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORIC & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 :I* RESULT$ 9 SOME 9EVITABLE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,WE/ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AN ANALOG\S MOVEM5T EM]G$ & UNFOLD$ AT ! OPPOSITE 5D ( ,EUROPE1 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT DIFF]$ FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS V>I$4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 [+ TO ! EVOLUTION ( ,CAPITALISM1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS ALREADY AN E/ABLI%$ FACT4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS !N ONLY 9 ITS 9FANCY1 & MANY OBS]V]S D\BT$ :E!R ,RUSSIA W\LD DEVELOP A PROLET>IAN CLASS AT ALL1 S9CE !Y SAW ! PA? ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T !RE AS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,RUSSIA 9 ?OSE DAYS WAS AN 5ORM\S PEASANT OCEAN1 & = ?AT REASON ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS BAS$ !IR ACTIVITIES PRIM>ILY ON ! PEASANTRY4 ,!Y GAVE ! PROLET>IAT LITTLE ?\<T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 POLITICAL CONDITIONS DIFF]$ %>PLY FROM ?OSE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,!RE POLITICAL LIB]TIES ALREADY EXI/$4 ,:]EAS 9 ,RUSSIA1 AFT] ! %ORT LIV$ 0LIB]ALISM0 ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I HAD COME A D>K1 OPPRESSIVE ]A ( ,ASIATIC DESPOTISM4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! PEASANTS !MSELVES HAD ONLY A FEW YE>S PREVI\SLY CEAS$ TO BE ACTUAL S]FS4 

,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION EM]G$ AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE :O HAD ORIG9ALLY B&$ TOGE!R 9 SMALL CULTURAL GR\PS1 & IT WAS !Y :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T & H]OIC EPO* ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,?IS MOVEM5T IS KN[N BY ! NAME ( 0,POPULISM0 7,N>ODI*E/VO -- ! MOVEM5T ( 0GO+ TO ! PEOPLE0 OR 0,ZEMLOVOL*I/VO0 -- COMB9+ ! WORDS 0,ZEMLYA0 7,L&7 & 0,VOLYA0 7,LIB]TY71 ! NAME ( !IR ORGANIZATION & PUBLICATION1 ,L& & ,LIB]TY4 ,LAT]1 ! MOVEM5T WAS ALSO CALL$ 0,N>ODNOVOL*I/VO0 7,POPULI/ ,SOCIALISM74 

,! HI/ORY ( ?IS MOVEM5T IS COMPLEX & COLORFUL1 BUT WE UN=TUNATELY CANNOT DWELL ON IT1 S9CE IT W\LD TAKE US TOO F> AFIELD FROM ! MA9 !ME4 ,= ?AT REASON WE %ALL RE/RICT \RSELVES ONLY TO AN EXAM9ATION ( ! PROGRAM & ! TACTICAL BASES ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 TWO T5D5CIES F\<T EA* O!R )9 ?IS MOVEM5T -- ! ,LAVROVI/S & ! ,BAKUN9I/S4 ,BUT ! /RUGGLE DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,! ,BAKUN9I/S SOON BECAME ! DOM9ANT ELEM5T1 & ,AN>*ISM BECAME ! PROGRAM4 ,IT IS ?IS ,AN>*ISM ?AT WE %ALL EXAM9E4 ,?IS IS NOT AN EASY TASK S9CE1 SO F>1 !RE EXI/ NO G5]AL REVIEWS1 NO HI/ORICAL RESE>*ES OR SUMM>IES ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO UTILIZE SCATT]$ & FRAGM5T>Y FACTS1 MEMOIRS & NEWSPAP]S ( ?AT P]IOD4 

,! FIR/ ,AN>*I/ ORGAN 9 ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#h1 NOT 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT ABROAD4 ,ITS NAME WAS 0,DIELO ,TRUDA10 & ITS $ITOR WAS ,BAKUN94 ,FROM ITS SECOND ISSUE1 H[EV]1 IT FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ,NI*OLAS ,UT91 & CEAS$ H5CE=? TO BE ,AN>*I/4 ,S9CE ?IS PUBLICATION WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT = ! ,RUSSIAN MOVEM5T1 :I* BEGAN ITS DEVELOPM5T SEV]AL YE>S LAT]1 WE %ALL NOT DISCUSS IT4 ,! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ORGAN ON ,RUSSIAN T]RITORY WAS ! MAGAZ9E 0,NAT*ALO0 7,BEG9N+7 :I* CEAS$ PUBLICATION ) ITS F\R? ISSUE4 ,IT WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PUBLICATION 0,ZEMLYA I ,VOLYA0 7,L& & ,LIB]TY71 :I* PLAY$ A TREM5D\SLY IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 & ?IS WE %ALL DISCUSS4 

,ALL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY 9 ! SEV5TIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY WAS BAS$ ON ONE -- 9 MY VIEW -- MI/AK5 VIEW ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE -- AN IDEA /ILL HELD TO ?IS DAY BY MANY ,AN>*I/S4 ,?IS IDEA WAS ?AT ,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES W]E NATURAL TO ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,9 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( 0,NAT*ALO0 WE READ3 0,! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 BECAUSE ( SPECIFIC HI/ORIC CONDITIONS1 >E ,AN>*I/-M9D$1 !Y HAVE NOT YET1 AS HAVE O!R NATIONS1 ADOPT$ /ATI/ IDEAS & B\RGEOIS 9/9CTS4 ,DESPITE ! PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* IS SANCTIFI$ BY LAW1 !Y DEM& A G5]AL R$I/RIBUTION ( L& &1 NOT)/&+ !IR AGE OLD ,T>T> YOKE ( /ATE & FEUDALISM1 !Y /ILL DREAM ( A LIFE FREE & UNFETT]$4 ,!IR PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE IS EXPRESS$ & REPRES5T$ BY ! =MULA ',L& & ,LIB]TY' -- A =MULA ?AT IS FUNDAM5TALLY SOCIALI/40 

,IT WAS ON ?IS PREMISE ?AT ! MOVEM5T BAS$ ITS 5TIRE PROGRAM & ITS TACTICAL EF=TS4 ,S9CE ! PEOPLE C\LD EXPECT NO?+ FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 0!Y HAD ONLY ONE ESCAPE FROM !IR S]F-LIKE DE/ITUTE EXI/5CE1 VIOL5T OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ ORD] 9 ! =M ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,! /RUGGLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE W\LD EXP& 9TO A :OLE S]IES ( REVOLTS1 BO? N[ & 9 ! FUTURE1 & ! ,REVOLUTION>IES W\LD DECIDE !IR [N ATTITUDE T[>DS ! REVOLTS4 ,!RE C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 BE NO O!R ATTITUDE ?AN1 ?AT ( APPROVAL4 ,& ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION WAS -- TO GO AMONG ! PEOPLE & >\SE & PREP>E !M = REBELLION4 ,LOCAL \TBREAKS1 MULTIPLY+ & SPREAD+1 W\LD GR[ 9TO ONE TREM5D\S REBELLION -- ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* W\LD MAKE POSSIBLE ! REALIZATION ( ! FOLL[+ PROGRAM3 

,! ,/ATE BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY F$]ATIONS E/ABLI%$ BY MEANS ( ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES )\T ANY CO]CION BY A C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 

,L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E ! PROP]TY ( ! 5TIRE PEOPLE4 

,! WORKMAN IS ! ONLY [N] ( ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR4 

,! EX*ANGE ( ! LATT] TO 5SURE EQUAL DI/RIBUTION IS ! DUTY ( ! F$]AT$ VILLAGE COMMUNES & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 

,COMPLETE SOCIAL & POLITICAL EQUALITY1 UNCONDITIONAL FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE1 SPEE*1 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*1 ASSOCIATION & MEET+S4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>IES BELIEV$ ?AT ! REALIZATION ( ?IS PROGRAM WAS )9 SI<T2 EV5TS W]E MOV+ QUICKLY & ,SOCIALI/S MU/ PREP>E !MSELVES = ! FUTURE4 ,LIKE ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 :I* CONSID]$ ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS TO BE ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS :I* W\LD TAKE ! PLACE ( GOV]NM5T1 ! ,RUSSIAN POPULI/S PUT =W>D ! VILLAGE COMMUNE1 ! ',OBS*T*9A'4 0,! VILLAGE COMMUNE10 !Y SAID1 0:I*1 IS A =M ( ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION EVOLV$ 9 ! PROCESS ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY1 CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! SE$S ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE & ! B\RGEOIS WORLD40 ,H5CE ! DEM& = A F$]ATION ( VILLAGE COMMUNES4 

,REVOLUTION>Y REALITY SOON L$ TO >M$ RESI/ANCE TO ! GOV]NM5T1 TO T]RORISM2 & ! GO+ TO ! PEOPLE TO DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE & ! PEASANTRY4 ,SOME REVOLUTION>IES1 9DE$1 BEGAN TO PU% ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 :ILE !Y EMPHASIZ$ CON/ITUTIONAL DEM&S4 

,! SAME ?+ ?AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PROPOSITION ( A POLITICAL PROGRAM & A TACTIC ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE L$ TO A CLEAVAGE1 :I* DE/ROY$ ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T DESPITE ! BRILLIANT & FASC9AT+ POLITICAL FIREWORKS TO :I* ! P>TY ( 0,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA0 7,! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL7 GAVE EXPRESSION 9 ITS TITANIC T]RORI/ /RUGGLE4 ,! SPLIT OCCURR$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( #a#h#g#i1 & BY #ahhb ! MOVEM5T WAS ALREADY CRU%$ & /RANGL$4 

#c4 ,! ,CON/RUCTIVE ,P]IOD ( ,AN>*ISM 

,! FIR/ TWO P]IODS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,SOCIALISM & ,AN>*ISM -- P]IODS ( 0UTOPIAN0 & 0SCI5TIFIC0 ,SOCIALISM -- W]E FOLL[$ AT ! 5D ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY BY ! ]A ( CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALISM4 ,UNTIL ?AT TIME ALL ATTEMPTS TO CONSID] ! =M ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 & ALL QUE/IONS RELAT$ TO ITS /RUCTURE1 HAD BE5 BR&$ S>CA/ICALLY AS PREMATURE & ,UTOPIAN4 

,IT IS1 H[EV]1 WOR? NOT+ ?AT ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF HAD BE5 CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEM ( CON/RUCTION1 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ONE MU/ NOT DE/ROY ! ,OLD )\T HAV+ AT LEA/ A BASIC PLAN = ! ,NEW4 ,! PR9CIPAL FACTORS 9 ! PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION1 9 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW1 W\LD BE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( 9DU/RIAL COMMUNES1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS4 

,! ADV5T ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE =C$ PEOPLE TO PAY EV5 MORE ATT5TION TO ! CON/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,&1 DUR+ ! 5TIRE P]IOD ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS AT WORK CL>IFY+ ! TASKS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,AT ITS ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#g#d1 ! DELEGATES DISCUSS$ REPORTS BY ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION & BY ,CES> ,DE ,PAEPE ON 0PUBLIC S]VICES 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY40 ,! REPORT ( ,CES> ,DE ,PAEPE EMBRAC$ NOT ONLY ALL ! ISSUES =MULAT$ 9 ! 0,PLAT=M0 -- FIFTY YE>S LAT] -- BUT ALSO A NUMB] ( O!RS :I* >E MISS+ 9 ! 0,PLAT=M10 YET :I* %\LD NOT BE IGNOR$4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM WAS BORN AT ! 5D ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,ITS APPE>ANCE 91 ! >5A ( HI/ORY M>KS A GREAT VICTORY = ! CON/RUCTIVE T5D5CIES ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,A NUMB] ( ,AN>*I/S1 :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 WELD$ TOGE!R ! FUTURES ( ! TWO MOVEM5TS1 & UND] !IR 9FLU5CE ,SYNDICALISM ABSORB$ 9CREAS+LY ! IDEAS ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM & ,F$]ALISM1 SO ?AT IT C\LD NO LONG] BE CALL$ ANY?+ BUT ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! BOOK BY ,PATAUD & ,P\GET1 0,H[ TO ,A*IEVE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION10 WAS WRITT5 FROM ! ,AN>*I/ VIEWPO9T -- AN OP9ION1 9CID5TALLY1 V]IFI$ BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S ACC\NT ( BOOK4.<#c.> 

,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 MO/ ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS ISSU$ ABROAD -- LIKE 0,BREAD & ,FRE$OM0 7,KHLIEB I ,VOLYA7 & ! PAMPHLETS CONNECT$ ) IT2 LIKE 0,! ,/ORMY ,PETREL0 7,BUREVE/NIK71 0,! ,WORLD ( ,LABOR0 7,RABOT*I ,MIR71 0,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR0 7,GOLOS ,TRUDA7 1 PAID A GOOD DEAL ( ATT5TION TO CON/RUCTIVE ,AN>*ISM4 

,) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 PROBLEMS ( CON/RUCTION BEGAN TO DOM9ATE ?\<T 9 ,AN>*I/ CIRCLES NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT EV]Y:]E ELSE 9 ! WORLD4 ,! FIR/ AMONG !M TO PURSUE ! L9E ( CON/RUCTIVE ,AN>*ISM W]E ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,! PAGES ( !IR PUBLICATIONS 70,VOICE ( ,LABOR10 0,FREE ,VOICE ( ,LABOR10 0,WORLD ( ,LABOR0 & O!RS7 W]E FILL$ ) >TICLES ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,!Y C>RI$ A BOLD CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! *AOTIC1 =MLESS1 DISORGANIZ$ & 9DIFF]5T ATTITUDE !N RAMPANT AMONG ! ,AN>*I/S -- A /&PO9T :I* >\S$ A GREAT DEAL ( HO/ILITY T[>DS !M4 

,! FIR/ TWO CONF]5CES ( ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 #aiah SET =? CLE>LY & 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! FIR/ /AGES ( ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE4.<#d.> ,! 0,NOR!RN ,REGIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,AN>*I/S :I* MET SOON AFT] ! FIR/ CONF]5CE ( ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 =MULAT$ ITS [N PROGRAM ON ?AT SUBJECT4.<#e.> ,&1 ! FIR/ CONF]5CE ( 0,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,UKRA9E0 7,N,A,B,A,T71 :I* MET 9 ! 9T]VAL BETWE5 ! FIR/ & SECOND CONF]5CES ( ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 CONSID]$ ALL ! PO9TS PO/ULAT$ ALMO/ T5 YE>S LAT] 9 ! 0,PLAT=M' ( #a#i#b#g4.<#f.> ,& 9 ! SAME YE> ( #a#i#a#h1 0,! ,FIR/ ,C5TRAL ,SOVIET ,TE*NICAL ,S*OOL0 ISSU$ A DECL>ATION COV]+ ! GR\ND ( ! QUE/ION'S :I* >E N[ /ILL UND] DISCUSSION4 ,! CONF]5CE ( ,N,A,B,A,T 9 #aiai AGA9 UND]TOOK ! ELABORATION ( ORGANIZATIONAL & /RUCTURAL QUE/IONS4.<#g.> ,& A PROCLAMATION ( ! 0,AN>*O-UNIV]SALI/S0 9 #aiba SUGGE/$ ANSW]S TO ALL FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( CON/RUCTION & ACTIVITIES 9 ! FIR/ /RUCTURAL P]IOD4.<#h.> 

,AP>T FROM !SE COLLECTIVE EF=TS TO SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( CON/RUCTION1 9DIVIDUALS LIKE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ATTEMPT$ TO VISUALIZE ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,DUR+ #a#i#a#h1 9 0,BREAD & FRE$OM40 ,KROPOTK9 DESCRIB$ ! *>ACT] ( A FUTURE CITY ,COMMUNE1 &1 AS A RESULT ( ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 HE RAIS$ A NUMB] ( VITAL QUE/IONS & !SES NEW TO ,AN>*I/S4.<#i.> ,HIS /ATEM5T 0,WE >E NOT SO RI* AS WE ?\<T0 TAKES ,AN>*ISM 9TO ! FIELD ( A 0COMPLEM5T>Y IDEA10 S9CE ! ISSUE IS NO LONG] ?AT 09 DE/ROY+ ,I %ALL CREATE10 BUT 09 CREAT+ ,I %ALL DE/ROY40 ,MOREOV]1 ,KROPOTK9'S 0,MOD]N ,AN>*ISM10.<#a.> WAS ( EQUALLY GREAT IMPORTANCE & PROVID$ A /IMULUS TO ?\<T 9 ! DIRECTION ( CON/RUCTIVE PLANN+4 

,?IS WORK ( CON/RUCTIVE PLANN+1 BEGUN 9 ,RUSSIA4 SOON SPREAD OV] ! FRONTI]S & FLOOD$ ! 5TIRE ,AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,! ,G]MAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S PAID & CONT9UE TO PAY A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! PROBLEMS ( CON/RUCTION4 ,!IR PUBLICATION 0,D] ,SYNDIKALI/0 C>RI$ MANY >TICLES DISCUSS+ ! CREATIVE TASKS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4.<#a#a.> ,! CONF]5CES & MEET+S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION CONC]N$ !MSELVES P>TICUL>LY ) ORGANIZATIONAL & /RUCTURAL PROBLEMS4 ,& AT ALMO/ ALL ! NATIONAL CONF]5CES ( ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 OR ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 !SE QUE/IONS W]E CONT9UALLY ON ! AG5DA4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AT ! ,B]NE CONF]5CE CALL$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#b#b1 TO COMMEMORATE ! FIFTIE? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,CONGRESS AT ,/4 ,IMI]1 ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS W]E DEBAT$3 

,H[ TO DEFEAT & DE/ROY ! OLD ORD]4 

,H[ TO PREV5T ! D[NFALL ( ! ,REVOLUTION AS A RESULT ( ! CREATION ( NEW AU?ORITY4 

,H[ TO ASSURE ! CONT9UANCE & RECON/RUCTION ( ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,B]TONI1 ,MALATE/A1 ,FABBRI & MANY O!R COMRADES P>TICIPAT$ 9 ?IS DISCUSSION4 

,!N !RE W]E ! EF=TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & ,AN>*I/S ABROAD4 ,! 0,RABOT*I ,PUT10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,B]L91 WAS DEVOT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! ISSUES ( CON/RUCTION4 ,9 ! PAGES ( 0,GOLOS ,TRUZH5IKA0 7,VOICE ( ! ,WORK+ ,MAN71 PUBLICATION ( ! ,I,R,M1 !SE ISSUES W]E DISCUSS$ BO? $ITORIALLY & BY CONTRIBUT+ ,AN>*I/ COMRADES4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! 0,>BEIT]FREUND0 7,FRI5D ( ,LABOR71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS4 

,MANY O!R PUBLICATIONS W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY CONC]N$ ) F9D+ SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS ( BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY AFT] ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!RE W]E ! J\RNAL 0,LA ,VOIX DU ,TRAVAIL0 7,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR7 9 ,P>IS1.<#a#b.> 0,SYNDICALISME10 ORGAN ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ( ,SW$51 UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,ALB]T ,J5S51 0,DIE ,9T]NATIONALE10 PUBLICATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 $IT$ BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y1 ! WEEKLY1 0,LA ,PROTE/A10 ( ! ,>G5T9E ,AN>*I/S1 & O!RS1 :ILE IT IS ( C\RSE IMPOSSIBLE TO 5UM]ATE ! MANY 9DIVIDUAL >TICLES COV]+ !SE PROBLEMS4 

,SU*1 !N1 WAS ! TEMP] ( ! TIMES4 ,! V]Y AIR WAS FILL$ ) IDEAS ( AN ORGANIZATIONAL & CON/RUCTIVE NATURE4 ,& ! 0,PLAT=M0 ISSU$ BY 0,A ,GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S ,ABROAD0 9 #aibg WAS !RE=E NOT A CAUSE1 BUT A RESULT ( ! AGITAT$ /ATE ( ,AN>*I/ M9DS4 ,IT IS ?US ALL ! MORE SURPRIS+ ?AT ?IS 0,PLAT=M0 %\LD HAVE BE5 CR$IT$ ) ALL K9DS ( A*IEVEM5TS = :I* IT WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE4.<#a#c.> 

#d4 ,! ,G5]AL ,SITUATION 

,! 0,PLAT=M0 WAS ?US ONE ( MANY PRODUCTS 9 ! ,AN>*I/ WORLD ( ! PROCESS ( 9TELLECTUAL F]M5TATION AFT] ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 & 9 P>TICUL> AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 POSSIBLE TO /ATE AT ONCE ?AT ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( ?IS PROCESS 9TO A 0,PLAT=M0 WAS ( A RA!R =MLESS K9D4 ,BO? BY ITS MANN] ( /AT+ ! QUE/IONS1 & BY ITS ME?OD ( SOLV+ !M1 ! 0,PLAT=M0 WAS 9CAPABLE ( PROVID+ A UNIFY+ LEAD]%IP EI!R = ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 G5]AL OR = ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ GR\PS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,EV5 IF ONE W]E TO ADMIT ?AT ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S C\LD HAVE BECOME UNIT$ ON SU* A PROGRAM1 ! UNITY W\LD HAVE BE5 BROK5 ON ! V]Y FIR/ ATTEMPT TO DEAL ) ! OMISSIONS 9 :I* ! 0,PLAT=M0 AB\NDS4 ,= ITS CON/RUCTIVE P>T IS SO PRIMITIVE ?AT IT ATTACKS ONLY SU* PROBLEMS AS PRODUCTION1 FOOD SUPPLY1 L& & ! PROTECTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & IT IGNORES ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSPORTATION 7P>TICUL>LY ! FREE MOVEM5T ( PEOPLE71 /ATI/ICS1 LIV+ CONDITIONS1 RELIGION1 $UCATION1 FAMILY1 M>RIAGE1 SANIT>Y & HYGI5IC S]VICES1 =E/RY1 ROADS & HI<WAYS1 %IPP+1 CRIME & PUNI%M5T1 LABOR & HEAL? 9SURANCE1 & MANY O!RS1 9CLUD+ QUE/IONS >IS+ \T ( ! G5]AL SITUATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y C\NTRY 5CIRCL$ BY 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM4 

,! 0,PLAT=M0 SUFF]$ FROM YET ANO!R IMPORTANT FAIL+3 CONFUSION4 ,TO TAKE ONE 9/ANCE1 ! AU?ORS1 REALIZ+ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! SIMULTANE\S COMMUNIZATIONS ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 & ! RET>D$NESS ( ! LATT] 9 COMP>ISON ) ! =M]1 DREW NO CONCLUSIONS FROM ?IS REALIZATION & MADE NO ATTEMPT TO DET]M9E ! RELATION%IP :I* MU/1 ( NECESSITY >ISE BETWE5 SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY & PRIVATE-CAPITALI/ L& MANAGEM5T4 ,YET A GOOD MANY PROBLEMS CONC]N+ TRADE1 F9ANCE1 BANKS1 ETC4 W\LD DEVELOP FROM ?IS ADMITT$ CO-EXI/5CE4 

,?IS CONFUSION BECOMES EV5 MORE APP>5T :5 ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 DECL>E3 0,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT1 DESPITE ! P[]1 LOGIC & IRREFUTABILITY ( ! ,AN>*I/ IDEA1 DESPITE ! SOLIDITY & 9TEGRITY ( ,AN>*I/ POSITIONS 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 444 DESPITE ALL ?IS ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS REMA9$ WEAK1 & 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE IT HAS BE5 BUT A TRIVIAL FACT1 AN 9CID5T1 NEV] A DOM9ANT FACTOR40 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ! 9CR$IBLE CONFUSION & ABSURDITY ( ?IS COLLECTION ( PR9CIPLES & >GUM5TS W5T UNNOTIC$ BY ?OSE ,AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS :I* W]E PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEMS & >GUM5TS PRES5T$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M40 ,YET1 EV5 ON FIR/ READ+1 ! 0TRU?S0 PROCLAIM$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M0 >E TRANSP>5T 9 !IR FOLLY & !IR ALMO/ COMICAL 9CONSI/5CIES4 ,LET US CLASSIFY !SE 0TRU?S0 UND] !IR MO/ IMPORTANT HEAD+S4 

,! ,P[] ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,! SYMBOL ( P[] ( A SOCIO-POLITICAL IDEA IS ! NUMB] ( ITS ADH]5TS1 ! DEP? & EXT5T ( SYMPA?Y IT COMM&S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! P[] ( AN IDEA IS 9DISSOLUBLY B\ND ) ! /R5G? ( ! MOVEM5T S]V+ ?IS IDEA4 ,:]E !RE IS /R5G? -- !RE CAN BE NO WEAKNESS4 ,IF ,AN>*ISM IS /RONG1 !N IT IS NOT WEAK4 ,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M40 H[EV]1 MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,AN>*ISM IS BO? /RONG & WEAK1 ?AT WAT] CAN AT ONCE BE HOT & COLD6 ,!Y CONFUS$ VITALITY ) P[]4 

,! ,IRREFUTABILITY ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,NO-ONE WILL D5Y ?AT TWO & TWO MAKE F\R4 ,IT IS AN ACCEPT$ TRU?4 ,H5CE1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( AN AXIOM IMPLIES G5]AL AGREEM5T4 ,S9CE1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! 0,PLAT=M10 ,AN>*ISM IS IRREFUTABLE1 IT IS ?US AUTOMATICALLY G5]ALLY ACCEPT$4 ,IF SO1 IT C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 JU/ A 0TRIVIAL FACT10 AS ! 0,PLAT=M0 9SI/S1 BUT A P[]FUL FACTOR6 

,SOLIDITY ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,IF ! TRU? ( ,AN>*ISM HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$1 ITS CONCEPTS MU/ P]=CE BE DEF9ITIVE & CLE>4 ,IS IT NOT !N TIME TO /OP *A/IS+ ,AN>*ISM = 09CESSANT VACILLATIONS 9 ! SPH]E ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y QUE/IONS ( !ORY & TACTICS08 ,IF1 H[EV]1 !SE VACILLATIONS >E A FACT1 !N ,AN>*ISM IS AS YET AMBIGU\S & NOT DI/+UI%$ EI!R BY LOGIC OR CL>ITY4 ,LOGIC & VACILLATIONS >E NOT CONSI/5T ) EA* O!R4 

,9TEGRITY ( ,AN>*I/ ,POSITIONS 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,AGA9 ?IS W\LD CONTRADICT ! SUPPOS$LY EXI/+ VACILLATIONS4 ,IF ,AN>*I/ POSITIONS 9 ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION >E M>K$ BY BO? 9TEGRITY & SOLIDITY1 !N :Y ALL ?IS HUE & CRY8 ,&1 ON ! O!R H&4 H[ C\LD 0SOLIDITY & 9TEGRITY0 CALL =? NOT ONE1 BUT SEV]AL PROGRAMS 9 :I* ! ,AN>*I/ !SES ( SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION >E NOT ID5TICAL &1 9 FACT1 (T5 DIFF] %>PLY8 ,BUT IF ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 EXPRESS SU* DEEP ANXIETY OV] ! NE$ = AN ORGANIZATION :I* MI<T 0DET]M9E A POLITICAL & TACTICAL C\RSE = ,AN>*ISM10 IT %[S1 9DE$1 !IR CONVICTION ?AT !RE DOES NOT YET EXI/ FULL 0SOLID>ITY & 9TEGRITY0 9 ! ,AN>*I/ PROGRAM4 ,:Y1 !N1 DO !Y /ATE ! OPPOSITE8 

,! REPUDIATION ( LOGIC & COMMON S5SE 9 ! 0,PLAT=M0 IS NO LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! PSEUDO TRU?S PROCLAIM$ BY ITS AU?ORS1 ,BUT ALL1 CONTRADICTIONS & REPUDIATIONS HAVE ONE COMMON ORIG93 IGNORANCE ( ! HI/ORY ( \R MOVEM5T1 OR1 MORE CORRECTLY1 ! NOTION ?AT ! HI/ORY ( \R MOVEM5T WAS U%]$ 9 BY ! 0,PLAT=M0 444 & ?AT *AOS & IGNORANCE REIGN$ BE=E ITS PROCLAMATION4 ,TO !SE SELF-PROCLAIM$ 0PIONE]S10 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :5 IT HAD CAPTUR$ ! LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES1 WAS ONLY A 0TRIVIAL FACT10 AN ACCID5TAL EPISODE4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 :]E = LONG YE>S ! ,AN>*I/ VIEWPO9T PREVAIL$1 WAS BUT AN 9CID5T1 )\T ANY SIGNIFICANCE4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS >E WELL DEVELOP$1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,AN>*I/ IDEAS1 IS NOT CONSID]$ BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 A WOR?:ILE FACTOR 9 ! GR[? ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 444 AGA91 IT IS ONLY A 0TRIVIAL FACT1 AN EPISODE40 

,?IS TYPE ( EVALUATION ( ALL PRE-0,PLAT=M0 ,AN>*ISM IS TOO N>R[ & LUDICR\S TO BE DISCUSS$ AT L5G?4 ,H[EV] PA9FUL IT MAY BE = ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M10 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EXI/$ LONG BE=E !Y HAD MADE !IR APPE>ANCE4 

#e4 ,DIAGNOSIS & ,TREATM5T 

,! 0,GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S ,ABROAD0 EM]G$ 9 ! ROLE ( PHYSICIAN TO ! AIL+ ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,NONE W\LD DISPUTE ! FACT ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS 9DE$ SUFF]+ FROM 0G5]AL *RONIC DISORGANIZATION40 ,ALL W]E AGRE$ ON ! SYMPTOMS2 BUT !RE W]E CONSID]ABLE DISAGREEM5TS AS TO ! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES ( ! AILM5T1 AS WELL AS ! CURES :I* W\LD LOGICALLY FOLL[ A DET]M9ATION ( !SE CAUSES4 

,! AU?ORS ( 0,PLAT=M10 = 9/ANCE1 CONSID]$ A NUMB] ( CAUSES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS ! 0ABS5CE 9 ! ,AN>*I/ WORLD ( ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES & ORGANIZATIONAL RELATION%IPS40 ,YET1 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! 0,PLAT=M10 !Y PO9T$ \T ?AT ?IS ABS5CE WAS NOT ITSELF A CAUSE1 BUT M]ELY ! RESULT ( ANO!R CAUSE6 ,!Y MA9TA9$ ?AT 0DISORGANIZATION ITSELF IS ROOT$ 9 DI/ORTIONS ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURE1 9 ! FALSIFI$ CONCEPT ( ! P]SONAL ELEM5T 9 ,AN>*ISM & ITS ID5TIFICATION .<:OSE -- ,AN>*ISM'S OR ?AT ( ! CONCEPT ( ! P]SONAL ELEM5T8.> ) IRRESPONSIBILITY40 ,:5 ONE ATTEMPTS TO UNRAVEL ! UNRULY MASS ( SYLLOGISMS ON CAUSE & EFFECT1 ! CONCLUSION IS 9EVITABLE1 D]IV+ AS IT DOES FROM ! POSITION ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 ITSELF1 ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT REASONS = ! DISORGANIZATION 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T >E ! 0DI/ORTIONS ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURE40 

,?IS CONCLUSION1 H[EV]1 TURNS \T TO BE QUITE 9CONCLUSIVE1 = ! 0,PLAT=M0 ALSO MA9TA9S ?AT 9 ,AN>*ISM !RE >E 09CESSANT VACILLATIONS 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ( !ORY & TACTICS40 ,IF ?AT IS TRUE1 H[ !N CAN ANY K9D ( 0ORGANIZATION0 OR 0ORGANIZATIONAL RELATION%IP0 BE EXPECT$8 ,!Y ONLY BECOME POSSIBLE :5 ! VACILLATIONS HAVE CEAS$ OR1 AT LEA/1 :5 !Y HAVE CEAS$ TO ACT ON A L>GE 7OR EV5 09CESSANT07 SCALE4 

,UNRAVEL+ FUR!R ! !SES ( ! 0,PLAT=M10 WE COME TO ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT ! REAL CAUSE ( 0! G5]AL *RONIC DISORGANIZATION0 IS 9DE$ ! 0VACILLATIONS 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ( !ORY & TACTICS10 & ?AT ALL O!R FAIL+S >E NO MORE ?AN CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS CAUSE4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 HAD 9T5D$ SOME:AT DIFF]5T RESULTS4 ,BUT1 HAV+ BE5 CAU<T 9 ! LABYR9? ( CONTRADICTIONS :]E CAUSE & EFFECT BECOME CONFUS$1 !Y CONCLUD$ ) A HOT*POT* ( WORDS ?AT CAN 9SPIRE LITTLE S]I\S ATT5TION4 

,& IF1 9 TURN1 ! 0SEV]AL ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S0 HAD ATTEMPT$ 9 !IR 0,REPLY0 TO CONDUCT A REALLY S]I\S ANALYSIS ( ! CAUSES ( ! DEFICI5CIES 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 !N !Y W\LD NOT HAVE RU%$ 9 ) !IR DECL>ATION ( 0DISAGREEM5T0 ) ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! 0,PLAT=M40 ,=1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 WE F9D ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL FAIL+ 9DICAT$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M10 NAMELY 0! 9CESSANT VACILLATIONS 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ( !ORY & TACTICS10 IS ALSO BR\<T =W>D BY ! 0,REPLY10 0,OBSCURITY 9 A NUMB] ( \R FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS10 IS ! WAY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY0 EXPRESS IT4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS 9 =MULATION1 NOT 9 ESS5CE4 ,=1 IF 9 ,AN>*ISM !RE >E 9DE$ 0VACILLATIONS0 OR 0OBSCURITY10 !N SURELY NEI!R PROGRAM1 TACTICS NOR ORGANIZATION CAN BE ]ECT$ ON SU* 9SECURE F\NDATIONS4 ,YET1 :ILE ! 0,PLAT=M0 SIMPLY IGNORES ! VACILLATIONS & ATTEMPTS TO BUILD ON ! %AKY F\NDATIONS1 ! 0,REPLY0 BELIEVES MORE LOGICALLY ?AT ! 0E/ABLI%M5T ( A S]I\S PROGRAM & ORGANIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T FIR/ A*IEV+ ! LIQUIDATION ( !ORETICAL VACILLATIONS40 7,PAGE #e74 

,9 ADDITION TO ! 0OBSCURITY ( \R FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS10 ! 0,REPLY0 LI/S A NUMB] ( O!R REASONS = ! DEFICI5CIES 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 0,DIFFICULTY ( GA9+ ACCEPTANCE = ,AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY10 0! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! PRES5T-DAY MASSES10 0CRUELTY & TOTAL REPRESSION10 0CONSCI\S ,AN>*I/ REJECTION ( DEMAGOG]Y10 0REFUSAL BY ,AN>*I/S TO USE >TIFICIALLY-]ECT$ ORGANIZATIONS & TO IMPOSE >TIFICIAL DISCIPL9E40 

,WE AGREE ?AT ! DEFICI5CIES 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T MAY BE CAUS$ BY ! ABOVE-M5TION$ 0FUNDAM5TAL0 CAUSES4 ,! FIR/ ?REE1 H[EV]1 >E EXT]NAL FACTORS2 !Y FUNCTION \TSIDE ! MOVEM5T & CAN ONLY TEMPOR>ILY RET>D ITS GR[?4 ,BUT IT SEEMS H>DLY POSSIBLE ?AT !RE >E GREAT] DIFFICULTIES TODAY 9 ! PA? ( DISSEM9AT+ \R IDEAS ?AN1 SAY1 FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,IT IS EQUALLY DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT ! 09TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! PRES5T-DAY MASSES0 CAN BE L[] ?AN 9 0PRE-W>0 TIME2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT SEEMS C]TA9 ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! MASSES HAS RIS5 CONSID]ABLY 9 COMP>ISON ) ! PA/4 ,OR CAN IT BE ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY0 BELIEVE ,AN>*ISM TO BE MORE EASILY ACCEPTABLE BY ! BACKW>D MASSES8 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 9 ANY CASE1 ALL !SE FACTORS REACT EQUALLY ON O!R ,SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES1 & YET AMONG !M ! PICTURE IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 9 \R MOVEM5T4 

,! SAME CAN BE SAID AB\T 0REPRESSION40 ,!RE W]E REPRESSIONS 9 E>LI] DAYS AS WELL1 & !Y W]E US$ NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,! ,G]MAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ALWAYS WALK$ A PA? ( ?ORNS1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! W>1 YET TODAY !Y >E 9COMP>ABLY /RONG] ?AN !Y W]E BE=E ! W>4 ,IT IS /RANGE TO MA9TA9 ?AT A /RUGGLE F\<T BY A CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & NECESS>ILY EVOK+ REPRESSION %\LD N[ BE CONSID]$ A REASON = ! WEAKNESS ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,TO CONSID] ! 0REJECTION ( DEMAGOG]Y0 A CAUSE ( WEAKNESS IS TO ADMIT 9DIRECTLY1 ?AT DEMAGOG]Y IS A REAL S\RCE ( P[]4 ,& IF ! 0,REPLY0 CONSID]S ! 0CONSCI\S REJECTION ( DEMAGOG]Y0 A S\RCE ( WEAKNESS1 !N 9DE$ !RE CAN BE ONLY ONE CONCLUSION3 TO TURN TO DEMAGOG]Y & ?US BECOME /RONG4 ,IT IS N[ H[EV] KN[N G5]ALLY ?AT1 ?\< DEMAGOG]Y MAY ASSURE TEMPOR>Y SUCCESSES1 IT HAS NEV] YET ASSUR$ P]MAN5T P[] = ?OSE :O USE IT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! F9AL RESULT HAS ALWAYS BE5 TRAGIC4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK EXP]I5CE ON ?IS SCORE %\LD BE CONCLUSIVE 5\<4 ,& EV5 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF1 ! 0CONSCI\S REJECTION ( DEMAGOG]Y0 HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 PR$OM9ANT4 ,! ,GORD9 MANIFE/OES 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#g-#a#h >E AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( DEMAGOG]Y4 ,! >TICLE 0,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,VI5NESE ,EV5TS0 7,DIELO ,TRUDA ,NO4 #b#h7 ALSO CONFUTES ! /ATEM5T ( ! 0,REPLY40 

,& AS = ! LA/ CAUSE ( ! WEAKNESS ( ! MOVEM5T SUGGE/$ BY ! 0,REPLY10 NAMELY1 ! 0REFUSAL BY ,AN>*I/S TO USE >TIFICIALLY ]ECT$ ORGANIZATIONS & TO IMPOSE >TIFICIAL DISCIPL9E10 SURELY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY0 C\LD NOT HAVE REALIZ$ :AT !Y W]E SAY+4 ,DID !Y NOT !MSELVES MA9TA9 ?AT ALL >TIFICIAL ME?ODS RESULT$ ONLY 09 ! TEMPOR>Y /R5G? ( POLITICAL P>TIES10 A =CE 0FUTILE 9 SUB/ANCE80 ,%\LD ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 !N1 D5Y ITS [N REJECTION1 BAS$ ON PR9CIPLE1 & TRY TO BECOME /RONG 9 ?IS MANN]8 ,BUT IF SU* >TIFICIAL MEANS >E ONLY 0TEMPOR>Y0 & 0FUTILE 9 SUB/ANCE10 !N !IR REJECTION %\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ A S\RCE ( WEAKNESS4 ,:5CE ALL ?IS CONFUSION8 

,?US ! CONCLUSION IS 9EVITABLE ?AT1 ( ALL ! CAUSES ADVANC$ BY ! 0,REPLY10 ONLY ONE REMA9S 9TACT -- ! SAME AS ?AT SUGGE/$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M0 -- 0OBSCURITY 9 A NUMB] ( \R FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS40 

#f4 ,ON ! ,WEAKNESS ( ! ,MOVEM5T 

,TO MA9TA91 AFT] ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 ?AT ,AN>*I/ IDEAS >E OBSCURE IS1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 NAIVE4 ,IF ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 & ! 0,REPLY0 HAD *A/IS$ ! VACILLATIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL ,AN>*I/S OR 9DIVIDUAL OBSCURE ,AN>*I/ M9DS1 ONE C\LD HAVE AGRE$ ) !M4 ,BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE -- BY ! EXP$I5T PROCESS ( %IFT+ ! BURD5 FROM SICK ON TO HEAL?Y %\LD]S -- TO CLAIM OBSCURITY = FUNDAM5TAL ,AN>*I/ IDEAS4 

,:AT IDEAS DOES ! 0,REPLY0 CONSID] OBSCURE8 

,FIR/LY !RE IS ! ,CONCEPTION ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,YET WE NE$ ONLY TURN TO ,BAKUN9 TO F9D 9 HIS WRIT+S A P]FECTLY CLE> & DEF9ITIVE EXPOSITION ( ! MEAN+ ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ITS MANIFE/ATIONS & ! ROAD IT MU/ TRAVEL4 ,:OEV] HAS READ HIS =MULATIONS1 CAN NO LONG] SPEAK ( OBSCURITY 9 ! ,AN>*I/ 0CONCEPTION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION40 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,BAKUN9 PROVID$ US ) A T]SE 9T]PRETATION ( ! PROBLEM ( VIOL5CE1 ! =MS IT CAN TAKE1 ITS USE & ITS LIMITATIONS4 

,EV5 MORE CONCLUSIVE IS ! EXI/+ EVID5CE ?AT !RE WAS NO OBSCURITY 9 ! ,AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( ,DICTATOR%IP1 AS CLAIM$ BY ! 0,REPLY40 ,9 FACT ?IS ISSUE WAS CL>IFI$ P>TICUL>LY BY ! DEBATES BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X3 & ! READ] MI<T DO WELL TO TAKE UP ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN91 P>TICUL>LY HIS ESSAYS ON 0,! ,/ATE & ,AN>*Y10 AS WELL AS 0,! ,KN\TO-,G]MANIC ,EMPIRE & ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION40 ,BAKUN9 ALSO WROTE AT GREAT L5G? ON ! QUE/ION ( 0,! ,CREATIVITY ( ,MASSES & ( ,ORGANIZATIONS40.<#a#d.> 

,! ONLY ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM ?AT REMA9$ UNCL>IFI$ WAS H[ TO PROCE$ DUR+ ! 0,TRANSITION ,P]IOD40 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS QUE/ION HAS NOT YET BE5 SETTL$ 9 ,AN>*I/ ?\<T1 EV5 ?\< ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF HAD RECOGNIZ$ ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT P>T ( ! !ORETICAL PROGRAM ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS1 RA!R1 A TE*NICAL1 ME?ODOLOGICAL QUE/ION CONNECT$ ) ! PRACTICAL PROC$URES TO BE UTILIZ$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 

,?US1 WE >E =C$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! REASONS = ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & = ITS DISORGANIZ$ CONDITION >E NEI!R ! 0OBSCURITY 9 A NUMB] ( \R FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS0 ON :I* ! 0,REPLY0 9SI/S1 NOR ! 09CESSANT VACILLATIONS 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS ( !ORY & TACTICS10 NOR ! 0DI/ORTIONS ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURE0 AS ! 0,PLAT=M0 MA9TA9S4 

,! WEAKNESS ( ! MOVEM5T1 9 %ORT1 IS NOT ! RESULT ( ! !ORETICAL AMBIGUITY ( ,AN>*ISM AS A SOCIO-POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL !ORY4 ,! CAUSES HAVE TO BE S\<T ON ANO!R LEVEL ALTOGE!R2 !Y HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS ( ,AN>*ISM4 

,SOCIALISM1 LIKE ,AN>*ISM1 PASS$ ?R\< A PHASE ( UNC]TA9TY1 DIVISION & =MLESSNESS4 ,?AT WAS DUR+ A P]IOD :5 ITS PROTAGONI/S /ROVE1 AS ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 N[ DO1 = COMPLETE UNITY & UNI=MITY 9 PROGRAM & TACTICS4 ,:5 SU* G5]AL UNI=MITY PROV$ IMPOSSIBLE & EV5 DANG]\S1 !RE BEGAN A PROCESS ( DIS9TEGRATION & A BREAKUP ( ,SOCIALISM 9TO DIFF]5T FACTIONS4 ,SEP>ATE P>TIES EM]G$1 ) DIV]G5T !ORIES1 TACTICS & ACTIVITIES4 ,& ?AT MOM5T U%]$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ,SOCIALISM AS A REAL =CE 9 ! PRACTICAL REALIZATION ( ITS IDEALS4 

,IT IS \R DEEP CONVICTION ?AT ,AN>*ISM1 TOO1 MU/ UND]GO A SIMIL> EVOLUTION4 ,! UNI=MITY = :I* BO? ! 0,PLAT=M0 & ! 0,REPLY0 /RIVE1 EA* 9 ITS [N WAY1 IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,! RESULT W\LD NOT BE ,AN>*ISM1 BUT ,ANA*RONISM4 

,! PROCESS ( ! DIVISION ( ,AN>*ISM 9TO FACTIONS HAS BE5 SL[4 ,SUFFICI5T TIME HAS NOT YET ELAPS$ = ! V>I\S SECTIONS TO CRY/ALLIZE 9TO L>GE & WELL-DEF9$ COLLECTIVE UNITS4 ,SU* IS ! CASE ) ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 :I* HAS ALREADY SPLIT 9TO ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,WE EXCLUDE DISCUSSION H]E ( ,AN>*O-9DIVIDUALISM1 :I* IS A TYPICALLY B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY & IS !RE=E BEYOND \R PURVIEW4 

,AN EXAMPLE ( LOGICAL UNIFICATION IS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION -- ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL :I* BECAME POSSIBLE AFT] ! =MATION 9 9DIVIDUAL C\NTRIES ( HOMOG5\S NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ ON ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL & TACTICAL CONCEPTS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,ALL ORGANIZATIONS1 ON JO9+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ACCEPT$ ! PROGRAM & ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ITS F$]ALI/ CONCEPT GAVE EA* 9DIVIDUAL ORGANIZATION ! OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP ITS [N PROGRAM1 9 CON=MITY ) ! SITUATION 9 ! C\NTRY 
CONC]N$4 ,= ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO LIVE & GR[ ?IS MU/ REMA9 ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION4 

,ONE ( ! REASONS = ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS TO BE F\ND1 !RE=E1 9 ! /ILL UNCOMPLET$ PROCESS ( ! DIVISION ( ,AN>*ISM 9TO CLE>LY DEF9$ FRACTIONS1 GR\PS OR 0P>TIES40 ,IF ?IS SEEMS P>ADOXICAL1 IT IS NEV]!LESS A REALITY4 

,! SECOND REASON = ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IS ITS 9ABILITY TO ADAPT ITSELF TO ! REALITIES ( LIFE1 :I* LIMITS ITS ACTIVITIES EXCLUSIVELY TO PROPAG&A4 ,SU* AN ACTIVITY CAN OCCUPY ONLY A FEW PEOPLE1 = ! MAJORITY1 P>TICUL>LY ! RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S1 SOON LOSE 9T]E/ 9 PURE PROPAG&A4 ,IT DEG5]ATES 9TO DIALECTICS1 9TO ! CON/ANT REPETITION ( =MULAS1 OR ELSE 9TO APA?Y1 DISILLUSIONM5T &1 F9ALLY1 DEFECTION4 

,MAN REQUIRES CONTACT ) REALITY2 HE CANNOT EXI/ LONG 9 MID AIR4 ,?IS NATURAL NE$ = ACTIVITY DRIVES DYNAMIC M5 TO ALL K9DS ( DE=M$ 0PRACTICAL0 ACTIVITIES2 TO BOMB-?R[+ 9 ,FRANCE OR UNMOTIVAT$ T]ROR & EXPROPRIATION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& H[ DOES ! RANK-&-FILE ,AN>*I/ KEEP ACTIVE8 ,HE REJECTS ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE2 HE REJECTS P>TICIPATION 9 MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS4 ,= MANY COMRADES ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY REVOLUTION>Y S9CE !Y CONC]N !MSELVES ) PETTY FI<TS1 & >E !RE=E A DANG] TO ,AN>*I/ 0PURITY10 :ILE 9 ! ,CO-OP]ATIVES !SE COMRADES SEE A B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTION ) EXPLOITATIVE T5D5CIES4 ,& ALL ! TIME ! ,AN>*I/ GR\PS REMA9 SMALL4 ,! ,AN>*I/ MU/ P]=CE ACT )9 A 0,TORRICELLIAN VACUUM02 HE MU/ BE SATISFI$ ) VOLUBLE DEBATES1 ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( PAMPHLETS1 NEWSPAP]S & LEAFLETS2 HE MU/ KEEP SIL5T ON DAILY ISSUES -- & KEEP HIS EYES1 :ILE REJECT+ ! WORLD AB\T HIM1 ON ! F9AL GOAL T[>DS :I* ! PA? IS /ILL ONLY AN AB/RACT CONCEPT4 ,9DE$1 :]EV] ! L>G] MASSES ?9K 9 CONCRETE T]MS1 ,AN>*I/S SEEM B5T ON 9/ILL+ AB/RACTIONS 9TO !M4 

,:AT IS MISS+ 9 \R MOVEM5T IS A BASIS ( REALISM1 ! ABILITY TO ADJU/ !ORY TO ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( ! WORK]S4 ,?AT LACK1 H[EV]1 IS BE+ MET BY ! ,SYNDICALI/ FRACTIONS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAS EXP&$ ! SPH]E ( ACTIVITY ( ITS MEMB]S2 IT HAS E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS CONC]N$ ) ! MAT]IAL /RUGGLE & ) EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES4 ,?AT IS ! EXPLANATION = ITS SUCCESS 9 COMP>ISON ) ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES :]E IT HAS TAK5 ROOT4 ,& IF ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WILL CONT9UE TO EXT5D ! HORIZONS ( PUBLIC ACTIVITY = ITS MEMB]S1 TO CREATE MORE ( ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS1 !N 
ITS SUCCESS WILL GR[ 9 ! SAME MEASURE4 

#g4 ,! ,!ORY 

,! !ORETICAL SECTION ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 CONTA9S NO?+ ORIG9AL4 ,DESPITE ! 09CESSANT VACILLATIONS0 & ! 0DI/ORTIONS ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURE10 ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 PRES5T ! SAME !ORY ( ,AN>*ISM ) ! S+LE DIFF]5CE ?AT A NUMB] ( 0DI/ORTIONS ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NATURE0 >E 9TRODUC$ BY ! AU?ORS !MSELVES4 

,?US1 UND] ! HEAD+ ,! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE1 ITS ,ROLE & ,SIGNIFICANCE1 !Y SAY ?AT 09 ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS ALWAYS PROV$ ! MA9 FACTOR 9 DET]M9+ !IR =M & /RUCTURE40 7PAGE #g74 ,?IS IS A G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ TRU? -- ONLY ! O!R WAY R\ND6 ,IT IS NOT ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* DET]M9ES ! =M ( A SOCIETY1 BUT ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( A SOCIETY :I* DET]M9ES ! =M ( ITS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SOCIETY IS NOT ! RESULT ( A CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ! OPPOSITE3 ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ! RESULT ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! O!R ASS]TION BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 ?AT ! 0SOCIO-POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( EV]Y C\NTRY IS FIR/ ( ALL ! PRODUCT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE0 7PAGE #h7 S\NDS RA!R RIDICUL\S1 S9CE -- EV5 ?\< ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9FLU5CES ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY -- IT C]TA9LY DOES NOT DET]M9E IT4 ,?IS !ORETICAL FOLLY1 BESIDES MISREPRES5T+ ,AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY1 BR+S ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 TO A NEW ABSURDITY :5 !Y TALK ( ! 0UNIV]SAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! LIFE ( CLASS SOCIETIES0 7PAGE #h7 -- A /ATEM5T D\BTLESS MOTIVAT$ BY A DESIRE TO DEF9E !IR OPPOSITION TO ?OSE T5D5CIES 9 ,AN>*ISM 
:I* REJECT OR M9IMIZE ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,IF1 9 ACTUAL FACT1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE W]E UNIV]SAL1 !N IT W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 NOT M]ELY ! MO/ VITAL1 BUT ! ONLY FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY4 ,AN>*ISM DOES NOT ADMIT SU* A MONI/IC PR9CIPLE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE 9FLU5CES MANY ASPECTS ( LIFE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT HAS ! UNIV]SAL SIGNIFICANCE ASCRIB$ TO IT BY ! 0,PLAT=M40 

,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M10 9DE$1 JUGGLE RA!R FOOLI%LY ) ?IS PHRASE1 0! CLASS /RUGGLE40 ,?US1 ON PAGE #i1 !Y DECL>E TRIUMPHANTLY ?AT 0! CLASS /RUGGLE1 SPR++ \T ( S]FDOM & ! AGE-OLD DESIRE ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE = LIB]TY1 IMBU$ ! RANKS ( ! OPPRESS$ ) ! IDEAL ( ,AN>*ISM40 ,PREVI\SLY IT HAD ALWAYS BE5 UND]/OOD ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS ! RESULT ( ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( MAT]IAL WEAL? :I* >OSE FROM ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM2 S]FDOM & ! DESIRE = LIB]TY >E C]TA9LY NOT RESPONSIBLE = A PH5OM5ON ( SU* COMP>ATIVELY REC5T APPE>ANCE AS ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 DO NOT TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION EI!R ! HI/ORICAL FACTS ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION OR ! AN>*I/ !ORY AS /AT$ BY ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 & !IR FOLL[]S4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! 0REVISIONS0 :I* ! ,PLAT=M PROPOSES >E DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE ) LOGIC4 ,?US1 UND] ! HEAD+ 0,! NECESSITY = ,VIOL5T ,REVOLUTION10 WE F9D ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3 0,PROGRESS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 NAMELY1 ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL & ! P]FECTION ( ITS POLITICAL SY/EM1 /R5G!NS ! POSITION ( ! RUL+ CLASSES & MAKES ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M MORE DIFFICULT4 ,?US PROGRESS PO/PONES ! DECISIVE MOM5T = ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR0 7PAGE #h74 ,SU* AN OBVI\SLY FOOLI% /ATEM5T %\LD LOGICALLY HAVE =C$ ! AU?ORS ( !SE ORIG9AL ?\<TS TO *ANGE ! HEAD+ ( ?IS *APT] TO3 0,! ,NECESSITY = ! ,VIOL5T ,HALT ( ,PROGRESS 9 ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY40 ,= !IR CONT5TION IS ?AT1 IF PROGRESS CONT9UES1 ! TIME = ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR IS AUTOMATICALLY PU%$ F>!R & F>!R AWAY4 ,& S9CE ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR IS \R GOAL1 WE MU/ DO AWAY ) PROGRESS4 

,KROPOTK9 VIEW$ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 PROGRESS & ! /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LI<T4 ,ANALYZ+ ! LIFE ( SOCIETY1 HE F\ND ?AT1 ) PROGRESS-TE*NICAL1 SPIRITUAL & O!RWISE -- COMMUNI/IC HABITS >ISE AMONG M5 & LIB]TY IS !RE=E BR\<T NE>]4 ,BUT IT W\LD APP>5TLY BE WRONG TO SEEK 9 ,KROPOTK9 AN EXPLANATION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS & ABSURDITIES ( ! 0,PLAT=MI/S10 :O APPE> TO BELIEVE ?AT ! REALIZATION ( ,AN>*ISM IS CLOSELY B\ND ) A RETURN TO ! MO/ PRIMITIVE SOCIAL ECONOMY4 ,WE %\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ TO !SE AU?ORS ?AT !Y WRITE (F ! TE*NICALLY DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES & MOVE -- ) !IR 0,PLAT=M0 AS BAGGAGE -- TO ,ABYSS9IA & ,BALU*I/AN4 

,! !ORETICAL LAPSES ( !SE HALF-BAK$ PHILOSOPH]S ( ,AN>*ISM >E NOT ABS5T FROM !IR O!R *APT]S4 ,:5 !Y DEF9E ,AN>*ISM ITSELF 7*APT] 5TITL$ 0,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM071 ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 SEE 9 IT ! ASPIRATION TO 0TRANS=M ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO ONE :I* W\LD ASSURE TO ! WORK+ PEOPLE !IR FRE$OM1 9DEP5D5CE1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL EQUALITY & ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR0 7PAGE #i74 ,H]E ! AU?ORS 9TRODUCE ANO!R 0REVISION0 9TO ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 REPLAC+ ! PR9CIPLE 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0 BY A NEW SLOGAN -- 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS LABOR40 ,:Y ?IS SUB/ITUTION8 ,=1 IF SOCIETY ASSURES ! WORK+ MAN ONLY ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR & NOT ! SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S1 !N 9EQUALITY WILL REMA94 ,ONE MAN MAY PRODUCE MORE ?AN HE NE$S & HO>D HIS SURPLUS1 :ILE ANO!R MAY NOT BE CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ 5\< = HIS MA9T5ANCE4 ,ONCE AGA9 !RE W\LD BE ! RI*1 [N+ CAPITAL1 & ! POOR :O HAVE LESS ?AN ! M9IMUM REQUIR$ = LIFE4 ,! RESULT W\LD BE ! SAME ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY AS WE KN[ TODAY4 ,&1 :]EV] !RE IS 9EQUALITY1 !RE CAN BE NO TALK ( FRE$OM1 ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL EQUALITY4 ,9DE$1 NONE ( !SE CAN POSSIBLY RESULT FROM ! SLOGAN 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS LABOR40 ,& EV5 ?\< ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 CALL ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ! SOCIETY !Y W\LD ]ECT ON ! PR9CIPLES !Y PROPOSE1 IT W\LD 9 REALITY BE NEI!R ,AN>*I/ NOR ,COMMUNI/4 

,TO BE SURE1 !Y CONCLUDE ! ABOVE-M5TION$ *APT] ) ! ELEM5T>Y TRU? ?AT ! GOAL ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM IS ACTUALLY 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,BUT !Y 9T]PRET ?IS TRU? 09 !IR [N WAY10 MEAN+1 ASSURANCE TO ! WORK+ MAN ( 0! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR40 ,TO EQUATE !SE TWO PROPOSITIONS -- ?AT AGA9 IS PRO( ( IGNORANCE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL T5ETS ( ,AN>*ISM4 

,BUT TO CONT9UE4 ,! *APT] 0,REJECTION ( ,DEMOCRACY0 OP5S ) ! FOLL[+ CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE3 0,DEMOCRACY IS ONE ( ! =MS ( B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY0 7PAGE #a#a74 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 HAVE LUMP$ TOGE!R CONTEMPOR>Y P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY & DEMOCRACY AS SU*4 ,AN>*ISM IS1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 NO?+ BUT DEMOCRACY 9 ITS PURE/ & MO/ EXTREME =M4 ,YET ! ,PLAT=MI/S CATEGORICALLY REJECT DEMOCRACY1 )\T UND]/&+ EI!R ITS NATURE OR ITS SUB/ANCE4 ,!Y /ATE1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT 0DEMOCRACY LEAVES UNT\*$ ! PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY40 ,PRES5T DAY DEMOCRACY8 ,YES4 ,AN>*I/ DEMOCRACY8 ,( C\RSE NOT4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO DET]M9E ! TRUE *>ACT] ( DEMOCRACY 9 CONTRA/ TO ITS P]V]SIONS -- A PROCESS :I* IS COMPLETELY IGNOR$ BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M10 AS A RESULT1 ONCE AGA91 ( !IR *RONIC IGNORANCE4 

,WE %ALL NOT DWELL ON ! LESS IMPORTANT 0REVISIONS0 ( !SE CONFUS$ 0!ORETICIANS40 ,!RE >E TOO MANY1 & IT W\LD BE BOR+ TO LI/ !M ALL4 ,LET US TURN 9/EAD TO ! PROCESS BY :I* ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 CLAIM TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE !IR FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT1 BE=E DO+ SO1 IT MI<T BE USEFUL TO PO9T \T ?AT ! COMRADES :O WROTE & SIGN$ ! 0,REPLY ( SOME ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S TO ! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M0 BELIEV$ ?AT !IR [N ATTITUDE T[>DS ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 0DOES NOT DIFF] FROM ! BRIEF EXPRESSION ( VIEWPO9T 9 ! 0,PLAT=M0 1 & ?AT SU* *APT]S ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 AS 0,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM10 0,REJECTION ( ,DEMOCRACY10 0,REJECTION ( ,/ATE & ,AU?ORITY10 0:I* >E NO MORE ?AN EXTREMELY CONCISE SUMM>IES ( ,AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ?AT HAVE LONG BE5 E/ABLI%$ & CL>IFI$1 DO NOT >\SE ANY SUB/ANTIAL OBJECTIONS ON \R P>T40 

,WE TAKE COGNIZANCE ( ?IS FRANK ADMISSION BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY40 ,! LEVEL ( IGNORANCE 9 \R RANKS IS EVID5TLY L[] ?AN WE HAD ASSUM$6 

#h4 ,! ,P>TY1 ,! ,9DIVIDUAL & ! ,MASSES 

,! 0,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AN>*I/S10 ! 0,IDEOLOGICAL ,COLLECTIVE0 :OSE NE$ IS /RESS$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M10 APPE>S 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 VIEW ( SUPPLEM5T>Y EXPLANATIONS :I* W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! PAGES ( 0,DIELO ,TRUDA10 TO BE NO?+ ELSE ?AN AN ,AN>*I/ ,P>TY -- & QUITE A C5TRALIZ$ ,P>TY AT ?AT4 ,! ROLE ( ?IS ,AN>*I/ ,P>TY1 :I* 9CID5TALLY DOES NOT DIFF] GREATLY 9 ! QUE/ION ( LEAD]%IP FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 IS DISGUIS$ 9 ! 0,PLAT=M0 UND] ! CONCEPT ( 0IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP40 

,!RE IS NO?+ ANTI-,AN>*I/ 9 A 0,P>TY0 ORGANIZATION AS SU*4 ,BO? ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 SPOKE FREQU5TLY ( ! NE$ = ORGANIZ+ AN ,AN>*I/ ,P>TY1 & TO ?IS DAY ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SC&9AVIAN ,AN>*I/S IS KN[N AS A ,P>TY4 ,P>TY DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN P[]1 OR ! AMBITION TO RUN ! ,/ATE4 ,! ISSUE IS NOT 9 ! NAME1 BUT 9 ITS CONT5T1 9 ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,P>TY1 9 ! PR9CIPLES ON :I* IT IS F\ND$4 

,:AT GOAL DOES ! 0,PLAT=M0 PLACE BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,P>TY8 ,! REALIZATION ( AN ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,& ?AT1 )\T A D\BT1 IS ,AN>*ISM TO ! FULL4 ,BUT :AT ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES >E LAID D[N TO DET]M9E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S & ! ,P>TY AS A :OLE1 BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! MASSES1 & MASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 P>TICUL>8 

,! 0,PLAT=M0 DECL>ES UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT ! MA9 PR9CIPLE IS ?AT ( ,F$]ALISM 7PAGE #c74 ,BUT1 AS ! 0,REPLY0 CORRECTLY PO9TS \T1 0! AU?ORS ( ! ',PLAT=M' TOO FREQU5TLY RESORT TO ,P>LIAM5T>Y 9T]PRETATIONS = A NUMB] ( FUNDAM5TAL ,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES :I*1 AS A RESULT ( !SE 9T]PRETATIONS1 RETA9 ONLY ! EXT]NAL %ELL1 HID+ AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONT5T40 ,& !SE P>LIAM5T>Y 9T]PRETATIONS EMPHASIZE ! C5TRALIZ$ *>ACT] ( ! 0,PLAT=M'S0 ,F$]ALISM4 ,NO?+1 9DE$1 REMA9S ( ,F$]ALISM BUT ! TITLE 9 ?IS DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM :I* W\LD BE *>ACT]I/IC ( ANY O!R POLITICAL ,P>TY4.<#a#e.> 

,! 0,PLAT=M0 /ATES ! G5]ALLY KN[N FACT ?AT 0,AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS ADVANC$ & DEF5D$ ,F$]ALISM1 :I* COMB9ES ! 9DEP5D5CE ( P]SONS & ORGANIZATIONS ) !IR 9ITIATIVE & S]VICE 9 ! COMMON CAUSE0 7PAGE #c74 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! 0,PLAT=M0 IS OBLIG$ TO DET]M9E ! 0F$]ALI/ *>ACT] ( ! ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION10 IT TRANSPIRES ?AT IT IS DEMON/RAT$ NOT BY ! AUTONOMY ( GR\PS & GR\P ASSOCIATIONS1 BUT ONLY BY AN 0ASSURANCE = EA* MEMB] ( ! ORGANIZATION 444 ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ! RI<T TO VOTE1 P]SONAL FRE$OM & 9ITIATIVE0 7PAGE #c#a74 

,IT SEEMS1 !N1 ?AT ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W\LD DESI/ FROM JAIL+ ANYONE :O JO9$ IT6 ,! PR]OGATIVES1 OBVI\SLY1 >E V]Y 5TIC+4 ,&1 9 FACT1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,ORGANIZATION >E GIV5 A *ANCE AT 9ITIATIVE -- BUT APP>5TLY ONLY MEMB]S1 NOT GR\PS OR ASSOCIATIONS4 ,YET EV5 ?IS 9ITIATIVE HAS A SPECIAL *>ACT] -- ! 0,PLAT=MI/0 *>ACT]4 ,EA* ORGANIZATION 7I4E4 ASSOCIATION ( MEMB]S ) ! RI<T TO 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE7 HAS ITS SECRET>IAT :I* FULFILLS & DIRECTS ! IDEOLOGICAL1 POLITICAL & TE*NICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! ORGANIZATION 70,PLAT=M10 PAGE #c#a74 ,9 :AT1 !N1 CONSI/ ! SELF RELIANT ACTIVITIES ( ! RANK &-FILE MEMB]S8 ,APP>5TLY 9 ONE ?+3 9ITIATIVE TO OBEY ! ,SECRET>IAT & TO C>RY \T ITS DIRECTIVES4 ,MOV+ UP ! 1HI]>*ICAL LADD]1 0= ! CO-ORD9ATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ALL ORGANIZATIONS10 7I4E4 ALL ! SECRET>IATS71 0A SPECIAL ORGAN KN[N AS ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,ORGANIZATION10 IS TO BE E/ABLI%$4 

,:AT IS ! TASK ( ?IS ,COMMITTEE8 0,! IDEOLOGICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL GUIDANCE ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ASSOCIATIONS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! COMMON IDEOLOGY & COMMON TACTICS ( ! ,ASSOCIATION0 7PAGE #c#a74 ,:]E1 9 ?IS PLAN1 DOES AUTONOMY APPE>8 ,MANY ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN PATRIOTIC ,P>TIES >E BAS$ ON A F> GREAT] FRE$OM = !IR COMPON5T SECTIONS ?AN ! PROJECT$ ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* SEEMS TO RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON ! ACTIVITIES ( A BUREAUCRATIC SECRET>IAT4 

,9 HIS OPPOSITIONI/ PROGRAM1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,SAPRONOV1 :ILE SPEAK+ ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 DESCRIB$ IT AS FOLL[S3 0,! CELL IS SUBORD9ATE TO ! SECRET>Y2 ! SECRET>IES ( ! CELLS >E SUBORD9ATE TO ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,P>TY ,COMMITTEE1 9 :OSE H&S IS ! CONTROL ( ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,! SECRET>IES ( LOCAL ,COMMITTEES >E SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y TO :OM1 9 FACT1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE IS RESPONSIBLE40 

,! READ] WILL HAVE LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 P]CEIV+ ?AT ! ,P>TY /RUCTURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS & ?AT ( ! SMALL H&FUL ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S ABROAD >E 9 FACT ! SAME4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! RESULTS W\LD ALSO BE ! SAME4 ,IF1 ACCORD+ TO ! /ATEM5TS ( ! 0,SAPRONOVITES10 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 0IS AT PRES5T MORE ?AN EV] DIVID$ 9TO ! 'LEAD]S' :O >E 9TIMATELY L9K$ ) ! APP>ATUS1 & ! 'RANKS' :O HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ALL ,P>TY RI<TS10 !N ! SAME DEVELOPM5T W\LD 9EVITABLY TAKE PLACE 9 ANY O!R ,P>TY1 9CLUD+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 IF IT W]E CON/RUCT$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 0APP>ATUS40 

,:AT1 !N1 WILL BE ! RELATION%IP ( ?IS ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* GRANTS P]SONAL FRE$OM TO ITS MEMB]S1 TO MASS MANIFE/ATIONS8 ,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 BELIEVE1 FIR/LY1 ?AT ! MASSES >E 9CAPABLE ( 0MA9TA9+ ! DIRECTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION10 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE 0JO9$ 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & LIVE BY PR(\NDLY ,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES & SLOGANS10 BECAUSE 0!SE T5D5CIES & SLOGANS >E FRAGM5T>Y1 UNASSEMBL$ 9TO A SPECIFIC SY/EM & LACK+ 9 AN ORGANIZ$ DIRECTIVE =CE 444 ,?IS DIRECTIVE =CE CAN BE F\ND ONLY 9 AN IDEOLOGICAL COLLECTIVE1 SPECIFICALLY ID5TIFI$ AS SU* BY ! MASSES .<TOO MU* EMPHASIS1 IT SEEMS1 IS PUT ON IDEOLOGY & ORGANIZATION6.>4 ,SU* A COLLECTIVE WILL BE ! ORGANIZ$ ,AN>*I/ GR\PS .<:Y NOT ! GR\PS ( ! MASSES !MSELVES :O1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 LIVE BY 'PR(\NDLY ,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES & SLOGANS8'.> & ! ORGANIZ$ ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T .<I4E4 ! ,P>TY.>40 ,! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ,ASSOCIATION 7I4E4 ! ,P>TY7 0WILL HAVE TO PROVIDE 9ITIATIVE & P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 EV]Y PHASE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 444 0 

,! ,AN>*I/S 7I4E4 ,P>TY7 WILL HAVE TO GIVE PRECISE ANSW]S TO ALL QUE/IONS1 TO L9K ! SOLUTION ( !SE QUE/IONS TO ! G5]AL IDEAS ( ,AN>*ISM1 & TO USE ALL !IR 5]GY 9 REALIZ+ !M4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! ,G5]AL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,AN>*I/S 7I4E4 ! ,P>TY7 & ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 0W\LD BE FULFILL+ !IR COMPLETE IDEOLOGICAL GUID+ ROLE 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION0 7PAGE #a#f74 

,IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT HE :O ACCEPTS ! PR9CIPLE ( FULL P>TICIPATION 9 ALL PHASES ( ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 & :O IS B5T ON ! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS IDEAL1 CANNOT -- & WILL NOT -- LIMIT HIMSELF TO IDEOLOGICAL GUIDANCE4 ,BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES HE WILL BE OBLIG$ TO ADM9I/] EV]Y K9D ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY AS WELL4 ,IT IS USELESS TO BL9D ONESELF OR O!R PEOPLE TO ?IS FACT3 ! 0,PLAT=M0 PLACES ITS ,P>TY ON ! SAME HEI<T AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DO1 I4E4 IT PLACES ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>TY ABOVE ! 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES1 S9CE ! ,P>TY HAS ! MONOPOLY ( UND]/&+ !SE 9T]E/S4 ,?IS ,BOL%EVIK-TYPE ATTITUDE IS REVEAL$ EV5 MORE CLE>LY 9 ! RELATION%IP ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 TO ,SYNDICALISM4 

#i4 ,! ,P>TY & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS 

,! NEW ,AN>*I/ EVANGELI/S BEG9 HI/ORY ) !MSELVES4 ,UNTIL !Y APPE>$ 9 ! >5A1 !RE WAS ONLY *AOS & NO SOLID GR\ND4 0,WE CONSID] ! 5TIRE P]IOD PREVI\S TO \R [N DAY1 :5 ,AN>*I/S JO9$ 9 ! MOVEM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM AS 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S & PREA*]S1 AS A 
TIME ( PRIMITIVE ATTITUDES TO ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,MOVEM5T0 7PAGE #a#i74 ,?IS IS S]I\SLY /AT$ :5 ! SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION IS ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE1 UNIT+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( REVOLUTION>Y & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ WORK]S 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 

,BUT H[ DOES ! 0,PLAT=M0 ITSELF EXPRESS ITS NON-PRIMITIVE RELATION%IP TO ! ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T8 ,! ANSW] IS SIMPLE2 IT IS A TYPICALLY ,BOL%EVIK ATTITUDE1 ( ! K9D :I* HAS BE5 F\<T BY ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL ,SYNDICALI/ & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T EV] S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COM9T]N4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS /RIVE = ! ,BOL%EVIZATION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T4 ,! 0,PLAT=MI/S0 /RIVE = ITS ,AN>*IZATION4 ,BO? CONSID] ?IS POSSIBLE ?R\< ! 9EVITABLE CONNECTION BETWE5 ! ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,AN>*I/ 7= ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- ! ,BOL%EVIK7 =CES \TSIDE ?AT MOVEM5T1 I4E4 ! ,P>TY4 ,BO? >E CONV9C$ ?AT 0ONLY BY ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS CONNECTION IS IT POSSIBLE TO PREV5T 9 IT .<I4E4 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM.> A DEVELOPM5T ( T5D5CIES T[>DS OPPORTUNISM40 ,!Y ?US BELIEVE ?AT ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS MU/ BE UND] ! GU>DIAN%IP ( ! ,P>TY1 :I* ITSELF CAN APP>5TLY NEV] BECOME OPPORTUNI/IC1 BUT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! 0,PLAT=MI/S0 HAVE EVID5TLY NOT YET LE>N$ ?AT ! FATE ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES IS TO BECOME OPPORTUNI/IC4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! 0,PLAT=MI/S0 BO? ADVOCATE ID5TICAL ME?ODS = CONQU]+ ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS2 I4E4 CELLS )9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 :OSE ACTIVITIES >E SUBORD9AT$ TO AN \TSIDE ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY4 0,AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 9DU/RIAL PLANTS1 ATTEMPT+ ! CREATION ( ,AN>*I/ SYNDICATES1 /RUGGL+ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICATES = ! PREPOND]ANCE & IDEOLOGICAL .<ONLY IDEOLOGICAL8.> GUIDANCE ( ,AN>*I/ ?\<T1 DIRECT$ 9 !IR ACTIVITIES BY ! G5]AL ,AN>*I/ ,ASSOCIATION .<READ ,P>TY.> TO :I* !Y BELONG -- ?AT IS ! REAL MEAN+ & =M ( ,AN>*I/ RELATIONS ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & ! ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T0 7PAGE #b74 ,IT IS NOT CLE> :Y ?IS MEAN+ & 0=M0 %\LD BE CALL$ ,AN>*I/1 :5 EV]Y WORK]1 EV5 
TODAY1 KN[S FULL WELL ?AT !Y >E REALLY ,BOL%EVIK6 ,9 CONFIRMATION1 ONE HAS ONLY TO ADD ! FOLL[+ EXTRACT3 

0,WE MU/ COME 9TO ! ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T AS AN ORGANIZ$ =CE .<I4E4 ,P>TY.>1 BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! G5]AL ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION .<I4E4 TO ! ,P>TY1 ,N,O,T ,! ,T,R,A,D,E ,U,N,I,O,N.> = ! WORK DONE 9 ! SYNDICATES1 & BE CONTROLL$ BY ?IS ORGANIZATION0 7PAGE #b74 

,! READ] WILL HAVE LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 P]CEIV+ ?AT ALL ?IS WAS COPI$ FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK PROGRAM4 ,& 9 RAIS+ ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,AN>*I/ ,ASSOCIATION & ! ,SYNDICATES1.<#a#f.> ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 REPLI$ 9 NO LESS ,BOL%EVIK /RA9S3 0,TO JO9 ! ,UNIONS 9 AN ORGANIZ$ WAY MEANS TO JO9 !M ) A DEF9ITE IDEOLOGY1 ) A DEF9ITE PLAN ( ACTION1 :I* ALL ,AN>*I/S1 WORK+ 9 ! ,SYNDICATES1 MU/ 
/RICTLY CON=M TO40 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ,AN>*I/S >E TO JO9 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS ) READYMADE RECIPES & >E TO C>RY \T !IR PLANS1 IF NECESS>Y1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! ,UNIONS !MSELVES4 ,ONCE AGA91 ?IS IS A FAI?FUL COPY ( ,BOL%EVIK TACTICS2 ! ,P>TY IS A HEGEMONY1 ! ,TRADE ,UNION IS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ORGANIZATION4 ,AS = ! CONT5TION ?AT ! FUTURE ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY W\LD LIMIT ITSELF TO IDEOLOGICAL GUIDANCE1 WE MU/ NEV] =GET ?AT BEH9D IDEAS !RE /&S A LIV+ REALITY -- ! M5 :O REPRES5T !SE IDEAS4 ,?US1 IDEOLOGICAL GUIDANCE WILL ALWAYS DEVELOP A PHYSICAL & CONCRETE =M4 ,!RE >E SEV]AL SU* =MS2 WE WILL PO9T \T ! MA9 ONES4 ,! ,P>TY =M1 :I* CAN V>Y1 LIKE /ATES1 FROM MON>*Y & UNLIMIT$ DICTATOR%IP TO A BROAD REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,=M1 ADOPT$ FULLY BY ! SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 I4E4 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S3 ?IS =M IS ! SKET* ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY :I*1 FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 W\LD BE FILL$ 9 ) SOLID DETAIL4 ,! 0,PLAT=MI/S0 *OSE ! FIR/ =M4 ,!Y W5T 9 A DIRECTION :I*1 AFT] \R EXP]I5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 %\LD HAVE BE5 REJECT$ BY ALL4 

,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY10 ON ! O!R H&1 W5T TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME3 !Y IGNOR$ COMPLETELY ! QUE/ION ( GUIDANCE & ?US PUT !MSELVES 9 AN UNNATURAL POSITION1 9 :I* NO-ONE CAN REMA9 = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 0,AN>*I/S EV]Y:]E MU/ BE FELL[ WORK]S & COMRADES TO ! MASSES & ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT NO?+ MORE40 7,REPLY1 PAGE #a#f74 ,?IS1 9 ITS TURN1 IS TOO NAIVE & *ILDI% AN 9T]PRETATION ( ! ROLE ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,IF ONE %IES AWAY FROM ALL GUIDANCE 9 ACTION & /RUGGLE1 = FE> ( /&+ \T FROM ! G5]AL MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 & IS SATISFI$ ALWAYS ) EQUALITY ON ! LEVEL ( M$IOCRITY1 !N LOGICALLY IT W\LD BE BETT] NOT TO M+LE ) ! MASSES AT ALL1 BUT TO WAIT UNTIL !SE MASSES -- ALL TOGE!R1 AS A 0MASS0 -- ASK = HELP4 ,& NO?+ LESS ?AN ! 0ALL TOGE!R0 WILL DO1 =1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY10 AN IMPASSABLE GULF EXI/S BETWE5 ! MASSES & ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! MASSES1 :I* SEEM TO BE REG>D$ AS SOME K9D ( MONOLI?IC BODY1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL >E E/ABLI%$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HE :O /&S \T1 :OEV] HE MAY BE1 COMMITS A CRIME4 

0,WE DO NOT *>GE ! ,AN>*I/S ) ! MISSION ( GUID+ ! MASSES1 BUT BELIEVE ?AT !IR CALL+ IS TO HELP ! MASSES1 9S(> AS ! LATT] >E 9 NE$ ( SU* HELP10 SAY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY0 7PAGE #a#c74 ,!SE >E EMPTY WORDS1 PLEAS+ TO ALL ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] BE5 ABLE TO %[ ANY SIGN ( 9ITIATIVE4 ,= IT IS CLE>1 AFT] ALL1 ?AT ! 0'MASSES0 WILL NEV] ASK ANYONE = HELP4 ,ONE MU/ GO 9TO ! MASSES ONESELF1 WORK ) !M1 /RUGGLE = !IR S\L1 & ATTEMPT TO W9 IT IDEOLOGICALLY & GIVE IT GUIDANCE4 

,9DE$1 ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY0 !MSELVES 9VOLUNT>ILY REA* ! CONCLUSION ( ! NECESSITY = ,AN>*I/ WORK AMONG ! MASSES )\T WAIT+ = !IR CALL TO HELP4 0,9 MASS ORGANIZATIONS ( A SOCIO-ECONOMIC *>ACT]1 ! ,AN>*I/S -- AS P>T ( ! MASSES -- WILL WORK1 BUILD & CREATE TOGE!R ) ! LATT]4 ,A TREM5D\S FIELD ( DIRECT IDEOLOGICAL & SOCIAL CREATIVE ACTIVITY OP5S UP = !M H]E & !Y MU/ DO ?IS WORK 9 COMRADELY FA%ION1 )\T PLAC+ !MSELVES 9TO POSITIONS ABOVE O!R MEMB]S ( ! FREE MASSES40 

,ALL ?IS IS SAID SO K9DLY ?AT ONE MU/ SE>* ) T5D]NESS = ! UNKN[N & NON-EXI/5T 0MASSES0 PA9T$ BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,REPLY40 ,OBVI\SLY ACCU/OM$ TO VIEW+ ,AN>*ISM 9 AN AB/RACT MANN]1 !Y CONT9UE TO LOOK AT EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,TO !M ! 0MASSES0 >E ( SOME UNI=M1 *EMICALLY PURE & B5EVOL5T SUB/ANCE4 ,SU* MASSES >E NO:]E TO BE F\ND4 ,! 0MASSES0 >E TOO V>I$ & DIFF]5T TO BE 
ASSESS$ ACCORD+ TO SOME EASY & SUP]FICIAL =MULA4 ,:ILE WORK+ 9 !IR MID/1 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT SOME M5 WILL RISE ABOVE !M2 9 FACT1 ! 0MASSES0 !MSELVES ELEVATE !IR LEAD]S1 & NOT BECAUSE ( !IR PASSIVITY4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 MU/ LIMIT !MSELVES TO 0FREE & NATURAL IDEOLOGICAL & MORAL 9FLU5CE ON !IR 5VIRONM5T40 ,BUT IF !Y DID ?AT1 !Y W\LD 9EVITABLY -- IF !Y W]E SUCCESSFUL 9 !IR WORK -- BECOME ! LEAD]S ( ! 0SURR\ND+ 5VIRONM5T10 I4E4 ! 0MASSES10 9 FREE1 NATURAL1 IDEOLOGICAL & MORAL LEAD]%IP4 

,! QUE/ION IS NOT ! REJECTION ( LEAD]%IP1 BUT MAK+ C]TA9 ?AT IT IS FREE & NATURAL4 ,EV5 9 AN ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 ! 0MASSES0 WILL ALWAYS BE L$ BY 0ONE OR O!R POLITICAL IDEOLOGICAL GR\P40 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 AS ! AU?ORS ( !0,REPLY0 BELIEVE1 ?AT ! MASSES MI<T HE UNABLE TO ACT FREELY & CREATIVELY UND] FAVORABLE CONDITIONS4 

#a4 ,! ,TRANSITION ,P]IOD 

,ONE ( ! PA9FUL QUE/IONS AMONG ,AN>*I/S IS ?AT ( ! 0,TRANSITION ,P]IOD40 ,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 ALSO CONSID]$ IT & DECL>$ ?AT IT IS A 0DEF9ITE PHASE 9 ! LIFE ( A PEOPLE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! BREAKUP ( ! OLD /RUCTURE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SY/EM :I*1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT YET 9VOLVE ! FULL LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE0 7P4 #a#g74 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS ATTITUDE1 ! 0,PLAT=M0 PASSES OV] ?IS ,TRANSITION ,P]IOD AS A NON-,AN>*I/ PH5OM5ON4 ,IT IS NON-,AN>*I/ BECAUSE IT IS 0NOT ! ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY :I* WILL EM]GE AS A RESULT ( ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 BUT SOME ',X'1 /ILL CONTA9+ ELEM5TS & REMNANTS ( ! OLD ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM40 7PAGE #a#g74 ,:AT ELEM5TS >E !SE8 0,! PR9CIPLE ( ,/ATE 5=CEM5T2 PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 TOOLS & MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! HIR+ ( LABOR1 ETC40 ,9/EAD ( ALL !SE EVILS1 ! 0,PLAT=M0 9SI/S ON A P]FECT SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION :I* W\LD E/ABLI% ) ONE BL[ A SOCIAL ORD] CONTA9+ NO SIGN ( ! SURVIVAL ( ELEM5TS FROM ! OLD SOCIETY4 

,>E !RE ACTUALLY PEOPLE 9 \R RANKS :O REG>D SU* A VISION AS PRACTICAL8 ,WE1 = ONE1 CONSID] IT 5TIRELY IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 !MSELVES CONT9UE1 ) !IR HABIT ( SAY+ ONE ?+ & MEAN+ ANO!R1 ?AT 0! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 ITS F9AL /AGE WILL NOT BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! =CE ( A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL ALONE0 7PAGE #b#a74 ,! LOGICAL ASSUMPTION FROM ?IS /ATEM5T W\LD BE ?AT1 = ! F9AL =MATION ( ! ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 A C]TA9 P]IOD ( TIME IS NE$$1 I4E4 A ,TRANSITION ,P]IOD4 ,& ! 0,PLAT=M0 DECL>ES ?IS DIRECTLY3 0,ITS REALIZATION 7SOCIETY'S7 WILL PRES5T A MORE OR LESS L5G?Y SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 DIRECT$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ =CES ( VICTORI\S LABOR ALONG DEF9ITE L9ES40 7PAGE #b#a74 

,A PROCESS IS A FUNCTION ( TIME1 & ! TIME DUR+ :I* ?IS PROCESS CONT9UES 0IS A TRANSITIONAL TIME10 *>ACT]IZ$ BY A S]IES ( CONCRETE TASKS DESIGN$ TO HELP ! NEW SOCIETY APPROA* ITS IDEAL >*ITECTURAL P]FECTION1 & TO IMBUE IT ) ,AN>*I/ LIFE4 ,!SE CONCRETE TASKS -- EV5 ?OSE PROPOS$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M0 -- AGA9 ASS]T ! 9EVITABILITY ( A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD1 :I* WAS PROPOS$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S AS F> BACK AS #a#i#a#h4 

0,ONLY ! WORK%OP ( PRODUC]S10 ! 0,PLAT=M0 SAYS1 0BELONG+ 9 ITS 5TIRETY TO ALL WORK+ PEOPLE & TO NONE 9DIVIDUALLY 444 ,! PRODUCTS =M A COMMON FOOD FUND = ! WORK]S1 FROM :I* EA* P>TICIPANT 9 ! NEW 9DU/RY WILL RECEIVE ALL HIS NECESSITIES ON ! BASIS ( FULL EQUALITY4 ,! NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION WILL DE/ROY COMPLETELY ! CONCEPTS ( HIR+ & EXPLOITATION 444 ,!RE WILL BE NO BOSSES 444 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ PRACTICAL /EP T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM0 7PAGES #b#b-#b#c74 ,& !Y CALL ?AT ! 0FIR/ /EP06 ,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 EVID5TLY CONFUSE ! N9? MON? ( PREGNANCY ) ! FIR/4 ,!Y !MSELVES HAD ALREADY /AT$ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0 W\LD BE PREC$$ BY A CONCEPT ( EXP$I5CY -- ONCE AGA9 A TRANSITIONAL MEASURE4 

,! 0,PLAT=M0 FAIL$ COMPLETELY 9 ! QUE/ION ( SOLV+ ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM4 ,9 9DU/RY IT PROPOS$ ,COMMUNISM1 & 9 AGRICULTURE AN 9DIVIDUAL ECONOMY ) RI<TS ( [N]%IP TO ! PRODUCTS ( ! ECONOMY2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! NE$ = AN EX*ANGE ( GOODS ) ! CITY W\LD CONT9UE UNTIL ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEASANTRY EMBRAC$ ,COMMUNISM 9 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 

,AGA91 ?IS PROCESS IS P]=CE L5G?Y2 A NUMB] ( MEASURES WILL HAVE TO BE TAK5 TO SPE$ ! PROCESS4 ,! OBJECTIONS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 & O!R ,AN>*I/S TO ! ,TRANSITIONAL P]IOD >E A TRIBUTE :I* \R COMRADES PAY TO ! RELICS ( ?OSE DAYS :5 ,AN>*I/S ?\<T LITTLE1 IF AT ALL1 AB\T ! NATURE1 MEAN+ & PROCESS ( SOCIAL UPHEAVALS4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ,AN>*I/S DESC5D$ FROM ! CL\DY HEI<TS TO ! S9FUL1 PRACTICAL1 MAT]IALI/IC E>?1 !Y HAD1 WILLY NILLY1 TO BE 9 FAVOR ( ! ,TRANSITIONAL P]IOD4 ,& ?OSE :O CONT9UE TO SPEAK & WRITE AGA9/ IT DO ?IS ONLY TO CLE> !IR H>D5$ CONSCI5CES4 

#a#a4 ,! ,CON/RUCTIVE ,PROGRAM ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 

,! CON/RUCTIVE SECTION ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 IS DI/+UI%$ BY ITS PRIMITIV5ESS4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( ! NEW ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS LIMIT$ TO PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 AS IF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION C\LD BE R$UC$ TO !SE FUNCTIONS ALONE4 ,SU* A BACKW>D CONCEPTION1 BORR[$ FROM ! 9FANCY ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM1 IS AN EVID5CE ( ! 9ABILITY ( ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 TO COME TO GRIPS ) A TRULY CON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM1 KN[N TODAY AS ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 HAS LONG S9CE ADVANC$ -- PRIM>ILY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! EXP]I5CES 9 ,RUSSIA -- FROM SU* A SIMPLIFI$ \TLOOK ON ! CON/RUCTION ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,YET ! ,GR\P ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S ,ABROAD1 :O CONCEIV$ ! 0,PLAT=M10 N[ EXP\ND ?IS PRIMITIVISM AS SOME?+ NEW4 ,H[EV]1 LET US SEE H[ ! 0,PLAT=M0 ATTEMPT$ TO SOLVE ! MA9 ISSUES >IS+ \T ( ! NEW /RUCTURE4 

,PRODUCTION3 ,! 0,PLAT=M0 IS CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( PRODUCTION1 RA!R ?AN ITS FUNCTION+4 ,& EV5 ! =M ( ADM9I/RATION IS SKET*$ RA!R *ILDI%LY3 FACTORY & PLANT ,COMMITTEES AS ! LOCAL SUBORD9ATE =M ( ADM9I/RATION2 UNIFICATION ( !SE COMMITTEES ON CITY1 PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL LEVELS4 ,& ?AT IS ALL4 

,SU* A S*EME ( ADM9I/]+ PRODUCTION 9 NO WAY RESEMBLES ! 0ONE WORK%OP0 7ADM9I/RATION BY 9DU/RY72 9/EAD IT ?R[S TOGE!R ALL ! FACTORIES1 PLANTS & WORK%OPS 9 V>I\S BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! 0,PLAT=M0 ALL FACTORY & PLANT ,COMMITTEES ( 9NUM]ABLE BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION 9 ANY CITY MU/ UNITE & E/ABLI% ! MA*9]Y = ADM9I/]+ ! PRODUCTION PROCESS 9 ! GIV5 CITY4 ,BUT LET !M TRY TO GET PRODUCTION 9TO WORK+ ORD]1 :5 ! 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S >E UNIT$ 9 ! T]RITORIAL PR9CIPLE & >E ?R[N TOGE!R )\T ANY CONNECTION BETWE5 !M ON ! 9DU/RIAL LEVEL6 ,IT WILL BE NO?+ LESS ?AN *AOS & DE/RUCTION6 ,& ?AT IS ! ONLY CONCRETE PROPOSAL MADE BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 9 ! SPH]E ( ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE COMES D[N TO ! USUAL L\D PHRASES :I* >E MEAN+LESS 9 REALITY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! 0,PLAT=M0 IS SIL5T ON MANY CONCRETE ISSUES RESULT+ FROM ! PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & PRODUCTION4 ,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 !Y DECL>E ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! B\RGEOISIE WILL HAVE TO P]=M PHYSICAL LABOR1 BUT !Y IGNORE ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION CAN AF=D TO 5TRU/ JOBS TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & TO ! PROLET>IAT 9 ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS & BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION :I* WILL BE DE/ROY$ BY ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS UNABLE TO COPE ) ?IS PROBLEM4 ,H[ C\LD ! K9D ( ,REVOLUTION PO/ULAT$ BY ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 COPE ) IT8 ,ON ?AT PO9T ! 0,PLAT=M0 IS SIL5T4 

,PROVISIONS4 ,H]E TOO !RE IS NO?+ NEW OR FRE%4 ,! 0,PLAT=M0 REPEATS ! OLD ,AN>*I/ & ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ VIEWS4 ,! ONLY NOVELTY IS ! PR9CIPLE ( EXP$I5CY 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD1 A PR9CIPLE TAK5 OV] FROM ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,PHYSICAL LABOR]S >E MANY2 ?OSE DO+ HI<LY QUALIFI$ 9TELLECTUAL WORK 7ADM9I/RATORS1 ORGANIZ]S1 SCI5TI/S1 POETS1 ETC47 >E FEW4 ,9 TIMES ( NE$ ! =M] CAN BE LIMIT$ TO ! NECESS>Y M9IMUM ( FOOD1 & EV5 LESS2 & ! LATT] -- GET HI<] RATIONS6 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS NOT ONLY IMMORAL1 BUT 9 PRACTICE IT IS F> FROM BE+ EXP$I5T1 S9CE IT E/ABLI%ES 9EQUALITY 9 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( LIFE & ?US CREATES DISCONT5T & HO/ILITY4 

,AS TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD1 IT HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T REPEAT$LY BY ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ,RUSSIA ?AT1 BO? DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,TRANSITION ,P]IOD1 ! COOP]ATIVES PROVIDE ! MO/ SUITABLE MEANS4 

,L&4 ,H]E ! 0,PLAT=M0 IS COMPLETELY BANKRUPT & SATISFI$ ) G5]AL PHRASEOLOGY4 ,IT REJECTS ! IMM$IATE COMMUNIZATION ( ! AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY & RETA9S ! PRES5T PEASANT /RUCTURE )\T ANY *ANGES4 ,IT NOTES CORRECTLY ?AT A 0PRIVATE AGR>IAN ECONOMY1 LIKE PRIVATE 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE1 LEADS TO TRADE1 TO ! ACCUMULATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! CREATION ( CAPITAL0 ,WELL SAID6 ,BUT TO SAY ?IS & !N CONSCI\SLY LEAVE PRIVATE F>M+ 9TACT IS TANTAM\NT TO DE/ROY+ ALL ,AN>*I/ CONCEPTS4 ,! 0,PLAT=MI/S0 /ATE ?AT 9 ?IS MANN] !Y >E CREAT+ SOME 0,X10 SOME 0UNKN[N QUANTITY10 & ! ID5TITY ( ?IS 0,X0 IS NOT DIFFICULT TO 5VISAGE3 IT WILL MEAN ! CREATION ( AN ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/ 0,N,E,P40 ,SU* A TRANSITORY /RUCTURE IS A F> CRY FROM ! ,TRANSITION ,P]IOD 5VISAG$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 & IS V]Y CLOSE TO ! /RUCTURE ( ,CAPITALISM4 ,& /ILL !Y CLAIM ?AT !Y >E OPPOS$ TO A ,TRANSITION ,P]IOD6 

,PROTECTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION3 ,ALL >E AGRE$ ?AT ! SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION WILL BE =C$ TO DEF5D ITSELF4 ,! QUE/ION IS3 H[ %\LD ONE ORGANIZE ?IS DEF5SE8 ,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 PICK \T !IR ANSW] FROM ! PRECEPTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! LATT] ORGANIZ$1 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 P>TISAN 7,R$ ,GU>D7 DETA*M5TS1 LAT] A VOLUNTE] ,>MY1 & !Y F9ALLY 5D$ UP ) A /&+ >MY & COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE = ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,! 0,PLAT=M0 GOES ?R\< ! SAME /AGES4 

,AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES B9D ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 TO VOLUNT>Y =MATIONS1 I4E4 ,P>TISAN DETA*M5TS4 ,BUT1 !Y SAY1 CIVIL W> W\LD DEM& ! 0UNIFICATION ( PLANS ( OP]ATIONS & UNIFICATION ( ! G5]AL COMM&40 ,& ?US1 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 AS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !RE >E TO BE ,P>TISANS4 ,9 ! SECOND P]IOD1 0:5 ! ,B\RGEOISIE WILL ATTACK ! ,REVOLUTION ) !IR REORGANIZ$ =CES10 !RE IS TO BE AN ,>MY1 AGA9 AS ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,APP>5TLY IT WILL HAVE ALL ! COLORS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK RA9B[3 BO? ITS CLASS *>ACT] & ITS VOLUNT>Y S]VICE1 ITS REVOLUTION>Y DISCIPL9E 7:I* 9 PRACTICE IS ALWAYS /RAI<T MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E71 F9ALLY SUBORD9ATION ( ! ,>MY TO A UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION = ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ALL ( :I* HAVE ALREADY BE5 DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ISSUE ( ! ,PROTECTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION IS RESOLV$ BY ! 0,PLAT=M0 9 A TYPICALLY ,/ATI/ MANN]2 TO HAVE A FREE H& T[>DS ! PEOPLE :OSE GU>DIANS !Y >E1 MA9TA9$ ) ! HELP ( ! ,>MY1 SUBORD9AT$ TO ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES ONLY4 

,! SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( ! PROTECTION ( ! ,REVOLUTION LIES ONLY 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! G5]AL MOBILIZATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 AS PROPOS$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 

,WE HAVE COME TO ! 5D ( \R CRITICISM ( ! 0,PLAT=M40 ,NO CONCLUSIONS WILL BE DRAWN4 ,LET ! READ]S1 :O HAVE /UDI$ ! 0,PLAT=M10 ! 0,REPLY0 & ! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S PROP\ND$ H]E1 DRAW !IR [N CONCLUSIONS4 

,NOTE ON TEXT 

,! PROGRAM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S REF]R$ TO AT ! V]Y 5D ( TEXT WAS PUBLI%$ AS ,P>T ,I,I 9 ! ORIG9AL 5GLI% $ITION4 ,?IS ',PROGRAM ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM' HAS ALREADY BE5 PUBLI%$ SEP>ATELY AS ,REBEL ,WORK] ,PAMPHLET _?#d BY ,MONTY ,MILL] ,PRESS4 

,PUBLICATIONS ,BY ,G4 ,P4 ,MAXIM(F 

,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK ,VOL #a ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS -- ,S&Y #a#i#g#i1 #c#fPP 

,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN9 $IT$ SELECTIONS ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S4 ,GL5COE #a#i#e#c4 #d#c#dPP 

,MY ,SOCIAL ,CR$O ,M,M,P -- ,SYDNEY #a#i#h#c1 #bPP 

,SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ,A,S,P -- ,LONDON #a#i#h#e4 #a#fPP 

,PROGRAM ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ,M,M,P -- ,SYDNEY #a#i#h#e1 #f#dPP 

,CON/RUCTIVE ,AN>*ISM ,M,M,P -- ,SYDNEY #a#i#h#g1 #d#dPP 

,LONG \T ( PR9T3 

,BOL%EVISM3 ,PROMISES @& ,REALITIES -- ,9 PREP>ATION = REPR9T BY ,M,M,P 

,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK ,VOL #b 

,ALSO MU* REMA9S TO BE TRANSLAT$ FROM HIS VOLUM9\S WRIT+S 9 ,RUSSIAN4 ,( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ >E ! FOLL[+ 3 

,9/EAD ( A ,PROGRAM 7#a#i#b#c7 ,AN ANALYSIS ( ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! TWO ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,CONGRESSES DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 & HIS ,TEA*+S 7#a#i#c#a7 ,AN EXTREMELY VALUABLE COLLECTION ( ESSAYS ON ,KROPOTK9 COMPIL$ BY ,MAXIM(F & CONTA9+ HIS IMPORTANT LONG ESSAY ',KROPOTK9 @& ,SYNDICALISM'4 

,CONV]SATIONS ) ,BAKUN9 AB\T ! ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#d7 

,A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY ( ,MAXIM(F BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F IS CONTA9$ 9 ! ,CI5FUEGOS $ITION ( ',! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK'4 ,SEE ALSO ',MY ,SOCIAL ,CR$O'4 

.<#a.> ,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ( #a#i#a#d-#a#h4 

.<#b.> ,! ,F\R? ,CONGRESS1 BECAUSE ( A LACK ( TIME1 DID NOT CONSID] ! QUE/ION 
( CR$IT 

.<#c.> ,=EWORD TO 0,BREAD & ,FRE$OM0 BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 

.<#d.> ,SEE 0,9/EAD ( A ,PROGRAM10 #a#i#b#b1 ,B]L91 ,PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,=EIGN ,BUREAU4 

.<#e.> ,SEE 0,RESOLUTIONS10 #a#i#a#h1 ,PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,SECRET>IAT4 

.<#f.> ,SEE 0,DECL>ATION & ,RESOLUTIONS'1 #a#i#b#b2 ,>G5T9A4 0,RESOLUTIONS ( ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS #a#i#a#i4 PUBLICATIONS ,N,A,B,A,T4 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,DECL>ATION1 #a#i#a#h1 PUBLICATION ( ,FIR/ ,C5TRAL ,SOVTE* ,S*OOL4 

.<#h.> ,SEE ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,MOSC[ ORGANIZATION ( ,AN>*O-UNIV]SALI/S1 TO ! #h? ,SESSION ( ! ,SOVIETS1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#b#a4 

.<#i.> ,SEE ,KROPOTK9'S =EWORD TO 0,BREAD & ,FRE$OM10 #a#i#a#i1 ,MOSC[1 ,PUBLICATION 0,GOLOS TRUDA40 

.<#a.> ,SEE ,LABOR'S ,PA? 7,RABOT*I ,PUT74 

.<#a#a.> ,SEE ALSO ! PAMPHLET BY ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] & ,B>VOTA4 

.<#a#b.> ,ORGAN ( ! ,ML,R1 LAT] ORGAN ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ,CONF$]ATION ( LABOR 9 ,FRANCE4 

.<#a#c.> ,P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS AN >TICLE BY ,M4 ,KORN 9 0,DIELO ,TRUDA0 7,NO4 #b#i1 #a#i#b#h7 EXTRAVAGANTLY PRAIS+ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! 0,PLAT=M40 ,9 ! OP9ION ( ,COMRADE ,KORN1 0! PROGRAM HAS 9SPIR$ \R GR\PS 4440 ,9 REALITY1 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS ! 9SPIRATION 9 \R GR\PS :I* CALL$ =? ! 0,PLAT=M40 ,FUR!R1 ,COMRADE ,KORN BELIEVES ?AT ! 0,PLAT=M03 0RAIS$ A NUMB] ( FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS4440 ,YET IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ALL ! QUE/IONS -- AS WELL AS MANY O!RS -- HAD BE5 =MULAT$ LONG BE=E ! 0,PLAT=M'S0 PROCLAMATION4 ,CONT9U+ HIS EXTRAORD9>Y S]IES ( DISCOV]IES1 ,COMRADE ,KORN CONSID]S ?AT ! 0,PLAT=M03 0PLAC$ SQU>ELY BE=E EV]Y ,AN>*I/ ! ISSUE ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! FATE ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! S5SE ( ITS PRACTICAL 9FLU5CE ON ! FUTURE PA? ( EV5TS 4440 ,IT IS NOT1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y DIFFICULT TO RAISE QUE/IONS )\T ANSW]+ !M4 ,& EV5 !SE QUE/IONS HAD ALREADY BE5 RAIS$ BY ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 9 ,RUSSIA & ABROAD AT A TIME :5 ! MO/ IMM95T AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 W]E EI!R 9DIFF]5T TO ! ISSUES 9VOLV$ OR HAD ONLY BEGUN TO LE>N1 AFT] !IR >RIVAL ABROAD1 ! FIR/ LESSONS ( P]SONAL & COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY TO ! MOVEM5T4 

.<#a#d.> ,COLLECTION ( ESSAYS BY ,BAKUN9 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE1 0,GOLOS ,TRUDA10 ,MOSC[ 7FIVE VOLUMES74 

.<#a#e.> ,SEE1 CONC]N+ !SE 0,9T]PRETATIONS10 ! ANSW]S ( ! 0,PLAT=MI/S0 TO ! QUE/IONS PUT !M BY ,M4 ,KORN 70,DIELO ,TRUDA0 ,NO4 #a#h74 ! >TICLE BY ,G4 ,GRAF 70,DIELO ,TRUDA1 ,NO'S #b#b-#b#d7 & ! 0,REPLY0 70,DIELO ,TRUDA07 ,NO4 #b#h7 PR(ESS+ AMAZEM5T ON ! P>T ( ! AU?ORS ( ! 0,PLAT=M0 ?AT NO-ONE UND]/&S !M4 

.<#a#f.> ,SEE >TICLE BY ,M4 ,KORN1 0,DIELO ,TRUDA10 ,NO4 #a#h4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,CON/RUCTIVE AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,CON/RUCTIVE AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/