,P>T #b 
,AGR>IAN ,SOCIALISATION 

#aigeaige 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

,TEXT 3 

,V3 ,! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES3 
,GRAUS 
,FRAGA 
,B9EF> 
,&ORRA 7,TEUREL7 
,ALCORISA 
,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS 
,ESPLUS 
,V,I3 ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,LEVANTE 
,G5]AL ,*>AT]I/ICS 
,C>CAG5TE 
,JATIVA 
,O!R ,ME?ODS ( ,OP]ATION 
,V,I,I3 ,! ,COLLECTIVES ( ,CA/ILE 
,V,I,I,I3 ,COLLECTIVI/ ,BOOK-,KEEP+ 
,I,X3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,DEMOCRACY 
,X3 ,! ,*>T]S 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V 

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,ON ,FEBRU>Y #ad & #a#e1 #aicg ! ,CON/ITUTIVE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES TOOK PLACE 9 ,CASPE1 A SMALL T[N 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,S>AGOSSA :I* HAD BE5 FRE$ ( ! FASCI/S BY =CES COM+ FROM ,CATALONIA4 7#a7 ,TW5TY-F\R CANTONAL F$]ATIONS W]E REPRES5T$4 ,! LI/ IS AS FOLL[S3 ,F$]ATION ( ! ,CANTON ( ,ANGUES1 ,ALFAMBRA1 ,A6NSA1 ,ALCORIZA1 ,ALCA0#aIZ1 ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA1 ,B>BA/RO1 ,B5AB>RE1 ,CASPE1 ,5JULVE1 ,ESCU*A1 ,GRAUS1 ,GRAN51 ,LEC]A1 ,MONZON1 ,MUNIESA1 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 ,MORA DE ,RUBIELOS1 ,PUEBLA DE ,HIJ>1 ,P9A DE ,EBRO1 ,PANCRUDO1 ,SA/AGO1 ,T>DI5TA1 ,VALD]ROBRES4 ,EA* ( !SE COM>CAL 7CANTONAL7 F$]ATIONS REPRES5T$ FROM #c TO #cf VILLAGES ( GREAT] OR LESS] IMPORTANCE4 ,WE HAVE ! COMPLETE LI/ ( !SE VILLAGES1 TOTAL+ #b#g#e4 ,! NUMB] ( MEMB] FAMILIES WAS #a#d#a1#d#c4 ,BUT AT ! TIME1 COLLECTIVISM WAS A REALITY & 9 FULL SW+4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT V]Y SOON AFT] MANY MORE COLLECTIVES ADD$ !IR NAMES TO ?IS FIR/ LI/4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! EXI/+ ONES WITNESS$ A RAPID 9CREASE 9 !IR RES\RCES4 ,= EXAMPLE AT ?AT CONGRESS ! CANTON ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS COMPRIS$ #ai VILLAGES ( :I* ONLY ! HEAD VILLAGE WAS COMPLETELY COLLECTIVIZ$1 BUT AT A PL5UM HELD ?REE MON?S LAT] ! O!R #ah W]E TOO4 ,! CANTON ( ,ANGUES ACC\NT$ = #cf COLLECTIVES AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,CASPE1 :]EAS AT ! FOLL[+ PL5UM ! NUMB] HAD RIS5 TO #g4 ,9 ! SAME P]IOD1 ! NUMB] ( F$]AT$ COLLECTIVES 9 ! CANTON ( ,B>BA/RO HAD GONE UP FROM #ca TO #e#h4 ,! DEVELOPM5T WAS SO RAPID ?AT 9 ! TIME NE$$ TO PR9T ! LATE/ /ATI/ICS1 ?OSE FIGURES HAD BE5 EXCE$$4 

,IT IS WOR? PO9T+ \T ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T WAS EXP&+ RAPIDLY 9 SPITE ( ! DIFFICULTIES CREAT$ BY ! W>3 9 SOME CASES1 SU* AS ,GRAN51 ,AMSA1 ,P9A DE ,EBRO1 ! ,FRONT WAS ONLY A FEW MILES AWAY1 & L>GE NUMB]S ( \R MILITANTS W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! >M$ =CES4 ,ONE CANNOT BUT ADMIRE ! S5SE ( ORGANIZATION & SOLID>ITY %[N BY ! ,>AGON LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,! FOLL[+ >E ! PRACTICAL DECISIONS ?AT W]E TAK5 AT ! 5D ( ! DISCUSSIONS1 ! RANGE ( :I* CAN WELL BE IMAG9$3 

7#a7 ,ABOLITION ( MONEY )9 ! ,COLLECTIVES & ! CON/ITUTION ( A COMMON FUND BY A G5]AL CONTRIBUTION ( GOODS & F9ANCIAL RES\RCES = USE 9 EX*ANGES ) O!R REGIONS & C\NTRIES4 ,A RATION BOOK TO BE ISSU$ :I* WILL BE VALID = ALL COLLECTIVI/S4 7#b7 

7#b7 ,! EXAM9ATION ( ! /RUCTURES ( ORGANIZATION GAVE RISE TO :AT CON/ITUT$ AN 9NOVATION1 BY ASSIGN+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE TO ! COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION3 0,WE ACCEPT ! COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION BECAUSE IT MAKES IT EASI] = US TO SUP]VISE ACTIVITIES AS A :OLE 9 ! VILLAGES40 

,!N ! TRADITIONAL GEOGRAPHIC-ADM9I/RATIVE LIMITS W]E MODIFI$ ON ! BASIS ( ! NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION & ! LOGIC ( A SOCIAL ECONOMY OPPOS$ TO ! >BITR>Y & CAPRICI\S C>V+ UP BY ! HI/ORIC ,/ATE4 

7#c7 ,! TEXT ADOPT$ ON ?IS SUBJECT SPECIFI$ ?AT3 0,9 CON/ITUT+ ! CANTONAL F$]ATIONS1 AS WELL AS ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO ELIM9ATE ! TRADITIONAL LIMITS BETWE5 ! VILLAGES !MSELVES2 ON ! O!R H&1 ALL WORK+ TOOLS WILL BE HELD 9 COMMON & RAW MAT]IALS PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ,COLLECTIVES REQUIR+ !M1 )\T ANY K9D ( DISCRIM9ATION40 

,?IS 9T]COLLECTIVE & 9T]COMMUNAL SOLID>ITY = EA* COLLECTIVE 9CLUD$1 IF NOT ! :OLE VILLAGE1 AT LEA/ ! MAJOR P>T ( EA* VILLAGE1 WAS COMPLET$ BY O!R PRACTICAL DECISIONS3 

0,9 ,COLLECTIVES ) A SURPLUS ( LABOR :I* !Y CANNOT USE AT C]TA9 TIMES ( ! YE> = AGRICULTURAL WORK1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,CANTONAL ,F$]ATIONS WILL COME TO AN AGREEM5T TO S5D ?OSE COMRADES :]EV] !RE IS NE$ ( !IR S]VICES40 

,?US :ILE MA9TA9+ ! SPIRIT & PRACTICE ( F$]ALISM1 :I* IMPLY AN 9T]NAL LIB]TY & ! AUTONOMY ( MANAGEM5T1 ONE IMM$IATELY GOES BEYOND ! SPIRIT ( TURN+ 9 ON ONE'S SELF1 OR ! AUT>*IC VISION ( ORGANIZATION /EMM+ FROM A N>R[ CONCEPT ( COMMUNALISM4 ,BUT IS ?IS NOT ! PRACTICAL & ALMO/ AUTOMATIC CONSEQU5CE ( CONCEPTS & PRACTICES ( SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION GUID+1 (T5 UNCONSCI\SLY1 ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! COLLECTIVES8 

,WE N[ PASS ON TO ! PROJECTS ( DEVELOPM5T & IMPROVEM5T 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,! RESOLUTION RECOMM5DS1 AS A FIR/ /EP1 ! ORGANIZATION ( EXP]IM5TAL F>MS & NURS]IES 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ON ! ONE H& ! LIVE/OCK - %EEP1 PIGS & CATTLE - & ON ! O!R VEGETABLE V>IETIES BY PLANT BRE$+ & SE$ SELECTION4 ,9 EV]Y DI/RICT1 ! RESOLUTION DECL>ES1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO RES]VE = SU* EXP]IM5TS 0AT ! V]Y LEA/ A /RIP ( L& = ! PURPOSE ( ACCLIMAT+ NEW =MS ( >BORICOL\S CULTIVATION04 

,LAT] A PROJECT WAS WORK$ \T TO DIVIDE ! T]RITORY ( ,>AGON 9TO ?REE ZONES :]E HUGE >EAS W\LD BE RES]V$ = ! PRODUCTION ( SE$S = ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 G5]AL 0EV5 IF !Y DID NOT BELONG TO ! ZONE RES]V$ = !IR PRODUCTION02 ?AT IS1 EV5 IF !Y >E NOT 9 ,>AGON4 ,?US HAV+ RIS5 ABOVE ! COMMUNALI/ M5TALITY1 ! NEXT ?+ WAS TO OV]COME !2 REGIONALI/ SPIRIT1 CONSID]$ AS A V]Y IMPORTANT /EP =W>D3 BY ?OSE :O KN[ H[ ! ,SPANI% M5TALITY HAS REMA9$' ATTA*$ TO ! TRADITIONS ( REGIONALISM4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 CREATIVE PRACTICE ALMO/ ALWAYS GOES BEYOND A TYPE ( !ORETICAL LIT]ATURE1 :I* WAS A LITTLE TOO WIDELY DI/RIBUT$4 

,! ,RESOLUTION SUGGE/S3 0,TAKE = EXAMPLE POTATOES4 ,! SE$ HAS TO BE PRODUC$ 9 ,UPP]-,>AGON & !N DELIV]$ TO ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! O!R ZONES1 = ?IS PLANT IS MORE ABLE TO RESI/ VIRUS DISEASES 9 ! M\NTA9\S >EAS ?AN 9 ! L[L&S :]E ! CLIMATE IS DAMP & W>M40 

,! ?REE L>GE SECTORS 9TO :I* ,>AGON IS SPECIALLY DIVID$ 0WILL EX*ANGE !IR SE$S ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S1 & ON ! BASIS ( ! RESULTS ( RESE>* AT ! EXP]IM5TAL /ATIONS :I* MU/ WORK 9 COMPLETE H>MONY & UND] ! DIRECTION ( TE*NICIANS C>RY+ \T ALL ! RESE>* DEEM$ NECESS>Y40 

,WE HAVE ?US REA*$ A PLANN+ CONCEPT ( AGR>IAN ECONOMY & !RE WAS NO PRACTICAL REASON :Y IT %\LD /OP AT POTATOES4 

,ONE CAN EASILY 5VISAGE ! MEET+ ( TE*NICIANS FROM ! DIFF]5T ZONES COMP>+ NOTES ON !IR RESPECTIVE EXP]IM5TS & DRAW+ LESSONS ! MORE USEFUL BY REASON ( ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E NO CLA%ES ( 9T]E/ TO PREV5T ! G5]ALIZ+ ( ! MO/ EFFICI5T ME?ODS ( WORK4 

,! ?IRD BIG !ME ON ! AG5DA WAS ?AT ( ! POSITION TO BE ADOPT$ T[>DS ! SMALL L&[N]S :O REFUS$ TO 5T] ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,A ,/UDY ,COMMISSION HAD BE5 NOM9AT$4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( ,F4 ,F]N&EZ ( ! ,CANTON ( ,ANGUES1 ,JULIO ,AYORO ( ,MONTONO1 ,R4 ,CA/RO ( ,AL=QUE1 ,R4 ,BAYO ( ,GUD>1 ,E4 ,AGUIL> ( ,P9A1 & ,M4 ,MIRO ( ,BALLOB>4 ,BY SIX VOTES TO ONE ! FOLL[+ ,RESOLUTION WAS PROPOS$ BY ! ,COMMISSION & ADOPT$ BY ! MAJORITY3 

7#a7 ,! SMALL L&[N]S :O WI% TO REMA9 \TSIDE ! ,COLLECTIVE MU/ !RE=E CONSID] !MSELVES ABLE TO BE SELF-SUFFICI5T BY !IR [N WORK2 !Y WILL !RE=E NOT BE ABLE TO B5EFIT FROM ! S]VICES ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,NEV]!LESS !IR RI<T TO ACT 9 ?IS WAY WILL BE RESPECT$ ON CONDITION ?AT !Y DO NOT 9T]F]E ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

7#b7 ,ALL AGR>IAN OR URBAN PROP]TIES AS WELL AS ! ASSETS ( FASCI/S :I* HAVE BE5 SEIZ$1 WILL BE HELD 9 USUFRUCT BY ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ?AT EXI/$ AT ! TIME ( ! SEIZURE1 O N CONDITION ?AT ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS ACCEPT ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

7#c7 ,ALL ! E/ATES ( L&[N]S :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 WORK$ BY F>M]S OR %>E-CROPP]S WILL BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

7#d7 ,ANY SMALLHOLD] :O HAS REMA9$ \TSIDE ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL ONLY RETA9 AS MU* L& AS HE CAN CULTIVATE BY HIS [N EF=TS2 ! EMPLOYM5T ( WORK]S IS ABSOLUTELY =BIDD54 

,TO C\NT]ACT ! SPIRIT ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY TYPICAL ( ! SMALLHOLD]S1 !IR PROP]TY WILL NOT BE 5T]$ 9 ! CADA/RAL REGI/]40 

,?IS LATT] MEASURE IS REM9ISC5T ( ! PROC$URE SUGGE/$ BY ,BAKUN9 REG>D+ ! ATTITUDE TO BE ADOPT$ BY ! REVOLUTION T[>DS ! SMALL L&[N]S4 ,ONE HAD TO AVOID A VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION1 & ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM SEEM$ TO HIM TO LIE 9 0! SUPPRESSION ( ! RI<T ( 9H]ITANCE04 ,HE CAME BACK TO IT ON MANY OCCASIONS 9 HIS WRIT+S4 ,& 9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD ,KROPOTK9 WROTE ?AT NOT ONLY W\LD ! REVOLUTION NOT DISPOSSESS ! SMALL L&[N]S :O SLAV$ TO CULTIVATE L& ?AT HAD BE5 ACQUIR$ BY SU* EF=TS1 BUT W\LD S5D ITS Y\NG PEOPLE TO HELP !M REAP ! CORN & BR+ HOME ! H>VE/4 ,?\< NOT =MULAT$ 9 SPECIFIC T]MS1 ?IS CONCEPT WAS G5]ALLY %>$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 G5]AL4 

,AS ONE WILL BE SEE+ ON MANY OCCASIONS1 NOT ONLY WAS ! RI<T ( SMALL L&[N]S RESPECT$ BUT 9 PRACTICE CONCILIATORY & EV5 FRAT]NAL FEEL+S W]E %[N TO !M4 

,! F\R? PO9T 9 ! ,AG5DA WAS ! =MULATION ( A G5]AL ,RULE :I* /IPULAT$ ! G5]AL DIRECTIVES ( ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES1 ! TEXT ( :I* IS AS FOLL[S3 

7#a7 ,UND] ! TITLE ,F$]ATION ( ,AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES AN #a ,ASSOCIATION IS CON/ITUT$ 9 ,>AGON ! OBJECT ( :I* IS TO DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( WORK]S COMPRIS+ !SE ,COLLECTIVES4 

7#b7 ,! TASK ( ?IS ,F$]ATION WILL CONSI/ 9 ! FOLL[+3 

7A7 ,TO SPREAD F> & WIDE ! B5EFITS D]IV+ FROM COLLECTIVISM BAS$ ON ! APPLICATION ( MUTUAL AID4 

7B7 ,TO SUP]VISE ! EXP]IM5TAL F>MS & TRIAL /ATIONS :I* WILL BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! MO/ SUITABLE LOCALITIES4 

7C7 ,TO 5C\RAGE ! PREP>ATION ( ! MO/ GIFT$ Y\NG PEOPLE BY ! ORGANIZATION ( SPECIALIZ$ TE*NICAL S*OOLS4 

7D7 ,TO ORGANIZE A CORPS ( TE*NICIANS :O WILL /UDY ! WAY1 TO A*IEVE A MORE EFFICI5T USE ( LABOR 9 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES1 ( AGRICULTURE4 

7E7 ,TO SEEK MEANS = E/ABLI%+ & IMPROV+ ME?ODS ( EX*ANGE \TSIDE ! REGION4 

7F7 ,TO ORGANIZE EX*ANGES ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 ?ANKS TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( /ATI/ICS RELAT+ TO ! PRODUCTION SURPLUSES ( ! REGION2 A ,RESI/ANCE ,FUND WILL BE SET UP TO PROVIDE = ! NE$S ( F$]AT$ ,COLLECTIVES1 ALWAYS ?R\< CLOSE COLLABORATION ) ! REGIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON4 

,ON ! SUBJECT ( PUBLIC $UCATION1 ! ,F$]ATION WILL UND]TAKE TO3 

7A7 ,SUPPLY ! ,COLLECTIVES ) ALL ! RUDIM5TS = 5C\RAG+ LEISURE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CULTURAL 9T]E/S ( EV]YBODY4 

7B7 ,ORGANIZE LECTURES :I* WILL MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO ! G5]AL $UCATION ( ! PEASANTRY1 AS WELL AS C9EMA & !AT] EV5+S1 \T+S1 EXCURSIONS & ALL POSSIBLE K9DS ( PROPAG&A & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 

7#c7 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO SET UP 9 EA* ,COLLECTIVE /OCK1 RE>+ C5T]S DIRECT$ TO ! SELECTION ( MORE SUITABLE BRE$S 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE BETT] RETURNS ?AN HI!RTO 4 4 4 ,SU* ACTIVITIES MU/ BE SUP]VIS$ BY QUALIFI$ TE*NICIANS 4 4 4 ,ON ! O!R H& ALL F>M+ MU/ 9CLUDE AGRICULTURE & /OCK-RE>+ 4 4 4 

,V>I\S PLANS = EXP]IM5TAL F>MS >E AVAILABLE TO ! ,COLLECTIVES40 

,SU* W]E ! ,RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ BY ! CON/ITUTIVE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES ON ! MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEMS4 7#c7 ,ONE MU/ DRAW ATT5TION TO ! REJECTION ( ANY K9D ( MONEY SY/EM1 & ?IS CORRESPOND$ TO :AT ONE C\LD CALL LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ OR?ODOXY2 ON ! ADOPTION ( ! ,RATION ,BOOK1 DESCRIB$ AS ! 0FAMILY RATION BOOK02 & ?AT ! CALCULATION ON :I* DI/RIBUTION WAS BAS$ WAS ! (FICIAL CURR5CY1 ! PESETA4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO ALL[ ! UNIFICATION1 & TO FACILITATE ! LEVEL+ ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ?REE ,>AGON PROV9CES1 :]E LIV+ CONDITIONS W]E DET]M9$ BY ! LAWS ( NATURE :I* 9 ?AT M\NTA9\S REGION (T5 V>I$ FROM ONE REGION TO ANO!R1 FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 BY ! EXTREME DIFF]5CES 9 CLIMATE & ! IRRIGATION ( ! L&4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! G5]ALIZATION ( ! EGALIT>IAN LEVEL+ UP1 :I* CORRESPOND$ TO ! SPIRIT ( G5]AL SOLID>ITY1 C\LD NOT BE REALIZ$ BECAUSE ( ! ATTACK BY ! ,/AL9I/ >M$ =CES 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g1 :I* PREV5T$ MANY O!R PROJECTS FROM BE+ PUT 9TO OP]ATION4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV5 ?\< !SE RESOLUTIONS CON/ITUTE A COH]5T :OLE ?AT 9CLUDES ! PR9CIPAL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 !Y >E BUT A PALE REFLECTION ( :AT ACTUALLY TOOK PLACE 9 ,>AGON4 ,TO FULLY APPRECIATE :AT WAS A*IEV$ IT WAS NECESS>Y TO TRAV]SE ! ?REE PROV9CES1 BE PRES5T AT ! CREATIVE EF=T ( ! COLLECTIVI/S 9 ! VILLAGES1 ON ! L&1 9 ! WORK%OPS1 ! MUNICIPAL OR COMMUNAL DI/RIBUTIVE W>EH\SES1 & TO TALK TO ! M5 :O W]E TO BE F\ND FULL ( CONFID5CE1 BUOY$ UP BY 5?USIASM1 & SMIL+ BO? AT ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE4 

,! F9AL ,RESOLUTION ADOPT$ BY ! ,CASPE ,CONGRESS HAD A POLITICAL CONT5T4 ,FAC$ BY ! VIRTUAL ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITIES 9 ,>AGON1 & ) A VIEW TO PREV5T+ AN ATTACK BY ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 ! LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( SETT+ UP A ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL :I* W\LD REPLACE ! PROV9CIAL ,GOV]NOR :O REPRES5T$ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & PREV5T OR PO/PONE GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION 9 ! REGION = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 

,BUT IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ?IS GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT TOL]ATE ! EXI/5CE ( AN AUTONOM\S ADM9I/RATION4 ,?US IT PUBLI%$ A FIR/ DECREE ACCORD+ TO :I* MUNICIPAL C\NCILS HAD TO BE SET UP EV]Y:]E 9 ACCORDANCE ) E/ABLI%$ LEGAL NORMS4 ,S9CE ! ,COLLECTIVES HAD (T5 REPLAC$ ! MUNICIPALITIES1 OR HAD1 AS IT W]E1 M]G$ ) !M1 !SE RECON/ITUT$ ORGANISMS 5CROA*$ ON ?OSE :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD SET UP4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS RECON/ITUTION PROVOK$ ! RESURRECTION ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES :I* HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! ,COLLECTIVES - NO MORE1 ANYWAY1 ?AN O!R REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES E/ABLI%$ AS AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS3 ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD BECOME ! EMBODIM5T ( ! NATURAL & G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AFT] ,JULY #ai & 9 MANY PLACES1 ?\< ! P>TIES HAD BE5 DISMANTL$ 7MA9LY BECAUSE1 9 MO/ CASES !Y HAD EFFAC$ !MSELVES71 !IR LOCAL BRAN*ES EI!R REAPPE>$ TIMIDLY1 OR W]E MAK+ EF=TS TO REORGANIZE4 

,9 ISOLATION !IR MEMB]S EX]T$ NO 9FLU5CE1 UNIT$ !Y C\LD NOT JEOP>DIZE ! ,COLLECTIVES :ILE CREAT+ H[EV] A K9D ( NUISANCE OPPOSITION4 ,& ! RADICAL REPUBLICANS ( ! ,RI<T & ,LEFT 7?OSE ?AT /ILL REMA9$71 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 7AT LEA/ ! (FICIAL ONES71 SOME SECTIONS ( ! LOCAL ,P\MI/AS1 7#d7 ! ,COMMUNI/S AS WELL AS ! ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ SMALLHOLD]S1 ATTEMPT$ TO SET UP A =CE :I* 9 MO/ CASES S\<T GOV]NM5T SUPPORT 7,P\MI/AS EXCEPT$71 & MI<T HAVE CREAT$ DIFFICULTIES4 

,9 ! EV5T1 & 9 SPITE ( ?IS SITUATION1 MANY MEMB]S ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES ?REW 9 !IR LOT ) ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,BUT ! RESURRECTION ( ! (FICIAL MUNICIPAL C\NCILS1 /RICTLY POLITICAL 9 ! PA/1 W\LD ALL[ A DEGREE ( P5ETRATION OR PRESSURE FROM ! GOV]NM5T S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO ! LAW1 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS HAD TO OBEY ORD]S EMANAT+ FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR4 

,FAC$ ) ?IS C\NT] ATTACK1 A DEF5SE TACTIC HAD TO BE IMPROVIS$4 ,& ! ,CONGRESS ( ,CASPE ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ ,RESOLUTION3 

0,CONSID]+ ?AT ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS P]=M A DIFF]5T ROLE FROM ?AT ( ! ,COLLECTIVES 

0,?AT !SE C\NCILS >E LEGALLY CON/ITUT$ ORGANISMS 9 :I* ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS COLLABORATE & ( :I* ! HI<E/ REPRES5TATION IS ! ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON2 

0,?AT ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES ( ! ,COLLECTIVES EX]CISE A DIFF]5T FUNCTION FROM ?AT ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS2 

0,?AT ! ,SYNDICATES >E CALL$ UPON TO NOM9ATE & CONTROL ! COMRADES :O WILL REPRES5T ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ?OSE TWO K9DS ( ORGANISMS2 

0,?AT !RE CANNOT EXI/ ANY OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,COLLECTIVES & ?AT ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS2 

0,?AT ! ONE & ! O!R >E 9T]DEP5D5T ) ! ,SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION1 SO LONG AS ! LATT] TAKES P>T 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! C\NCILS ( ! ,COLLECTIVES1 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS WILL MA9TA9 FRAT]NAL RELATIONS ?R\< ! SPOKESM5 ( ! ,C4,N4,T40 

,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ITS SYNDICATES1 A TRADITIONAL COMBATIVE =CE1 W]E BE+ ?US RE9TRODUC$ 9TO ! POLITICAL FIELD1 & ) ! ,COLLECTIVES W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO GU>D AGA9/ ! DISADVANTAGES RESULT+ FROM ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS4 ,& BY MEANS ( !SE ?REE ORGANS - S9CE \R COMRADES W]E 5T]+ ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILS AS WELL - ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T GAVE GREAT FLEXIBILITY TO ITS CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,! SUPPORT ( ! ,>AGON ,C\NCIL1 AN ORGAN :I* HAD BECOME SEMI(FICIAL1 WAS1 AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+1 AN ADDITIONAL FACTOR TO ?AT FLEXIBILITY4 

,OPPON5TS ( ! ,COLLECTIVES1 ESPECIALLY ! ,/AL9I/S1 OLD & NEW1 (T5 /ATE ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON W]E IMPOS$ BY \R MILITIAS1 MO/ ( :OM HAD COME FROM ,CATALONIA TO *ECK ! 5EMY'S ADVANCE1 :I* !Y SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ = TWO YE>S AT ! PRICE ( HEAVY LOSSES4 7#e7 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! PRES5CE ( !SE =CES1 AGA9/ :I* ! O!R P>TIES HAD NO?+ ) :I* TO OPPOSE !M1 FAVOR$ 9DIRECTLY !SE CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS BY PREV5T+ ACTIVE RESI/ANCE BY ! SUPPORT]S ( ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC & ( FASCISM4 ,BUT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IF ! O!R P>TIES DID NOT ACT 9 ?IS MANN]1 IT IS SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y LACK$ COMBATANT =CES1 NOT ONLY COM+ FROM ,CATALONIA BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 9 ,>AGON4 ,=1 EV5 )\T ?IS RAPPORT ( =CES1 \R MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE PLAY$ ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,IT MU/ BE CONT9UALLY REPEAT$ ! SITUATION HAD BECOME REVOLUTION>Y DUE TO ! FRANCOI/ UPRIS+ C\PL$ ) ! 9SOLV5CY ( ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,9 SU* A SITUATION1 IT WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS ?AT HAD TO PLAY ! \T/&+ ROLE BECAUSE ( !IR SUP]IORITY & ! SUPPORT !Y RECEIV$ FROM ! MASSES4 ,)\T ! QUALITY ( ! M51 ( ! MILITANT CADRES :O SEIZ$ ! 9ITIATIVE & ADAPT$ !MSELVES TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ) A TACTICAL SKILL (T5 QUITE \T/&+1 ALMO/ NO?+ W\LD HAVE BE5 DONE4 ,P]HAPS1 9 SPITE ( ! PEASANTS' HUNG] = L&1 ! L>GE E/ATES W\LD HAVE BE5 ONLY P>TIALLY SEIZ$1 & )\T F> REA*+ CON/RUCTIVE IMAG9ATION1 BECAUSE ( S A LACK ( CLE> IDEOLOGICAL GUIDANCE4 ,! >M$ PRES5CE ( \R M5 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! LIB]ATION ( ! POPULATION FROM A TRADITIONAL PA/ :I* W\LD HAVE LIMIT$ ITS EF=T F> TOO MU*2 ?AT IS ALL4 

,BUT ?AT PRES5CE IS F> FROM EXPLA9+ EV]Y?+4 ,O!R REGIONS BE> WITNESS ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! EXI/5CE ( LEGAL AU?ORITIES & NON-LIB]T>IAN MILIT>Y =CES1 ! REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE !RE AS WELL4 ,IT WAS 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E MO/ NUM]\S & ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,IT WAS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,VAL5CIA1 CAPITAL ( ! ,LEVANTE1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ ITSELF ) ITS BUREAUCRACY & EXT5SIVE POLIC+ =CES4 ,& 9 ,CA/ILE1 :]E AT ! BEG9N+ REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S PR$OM9AT$1 PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$ & DEVELOP$1 & G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 BECAME P]HAPS MORE P[]FUL ?AN 9 ,>AGON4 

,9 GO+ 9TO ?+S 9 GREAT] DEP?1 ,I FEEL ABLE TO SAY ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ! /ATEM5TS :I* ATTRIBUTE ! SETT+ UP & DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES TO ! PRES5CE ( SPECIFICALLY LIB]T>IAN TROOPS1 !Y DID NOT PLAY A POSITIVE ROLE 9 ?IS HI/ORIC EV5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 FROM MY [N FIR/-H& OBS]VATIONS1 !Y LIV$ ON ! FR+E ( ! TASK ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS BE+ C>RI$ \T4 ,A MILIT>Y WORLD1 EV5 IF LIB]T>IAN & A CIVILIAN WORLD4 ,A MILIT>Y SPIRIT ) ITS [N PREOCCUPATIONS &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 )DRAWN 9TO ITSELF1 G5]ALLY 9DIFF]5T TO :ATEV] WAS NOT LIFE 9 ! ,FRONT ,L9E4 ,!RE W]E EXCEPTIONS 9 :I* RELATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 CIVILIANS & MILITIAM52 !Y 9VOLV$ A V]Y M9OR NUMB] ( PEOPLE4 ,MO/ ( ! SOLDI]S1 (T5 ,CATALANS1 CAME FROM 9DU/RIAL >EAS1 LIV$ ALONGSIDE ,>AGON VILLAGES )\T 9T]E/+ !MSELVES 9 !M - EV5 :5 !Y W]E BILLET$ 9 ! VILLAGES4 

,AS TO ! NEW ORGANIZATION ( LIFE1 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGES1 ! MILIT>Y PRES5CE WAS MORE NEGATIVE ?AN POSITIVE4 ,ON ! ONE H& ! ,COLLECTIVES SUPPLI$ PROVISIONS )\T PAYM5T = !SE TROOPS :O HAD TO BE ADEQUATELY F$1 S9CE ! GOV]NM5T DID NO?+ = !M4 ,ON ! O!R H& A GOODLY NUMB] ( ! Y\NGE/ & /RONGE/ MA0#aOS 7#f7 HAD BE5 CALL$ UP & SO TAK5 AWAY FROM !IR WORK 9 ! FIELDS & WORK%OPS4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 & FROM ! /RICTLY ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,COLLECTIVES W\LD HAVE B5EFIT$ FROM !RE NOT BE+ SECTIONS ( ! >M$ =CES 9 ! REGION4 ,BUT IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ?AT CASE ! FASCI/S W\LD HAVE ADVANC$4 

#a4 ,GRAUS 

,GRAUS 7#g7 IS SITUAT$ 9 ! NOR? ( ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA 9 REGION LESS SUIT$ TO SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ?AN ! VILLAGES WE VISIT$ FUR!R ,S\?4 ,! TOPOGRAPHY ( ! L& IS ! PR9CIPAL REASON4 ,H]E ONE IS 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,SPANI% ,PYR5EES1 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ?9LY WOOD$ =E/S :]E ! ROCKS >E MORE NUM]\S ?AN ! TREES4 ,FIELDS >E R>E1 & CULTIVAT$ >EAS SMALL4 ,CULTIVATIONS RISE 9 IRREGUL> T]RACES AMONG ! ROCKY & *AOTIC =MATIONS4 ,ONE REA*ES ,GRAUS BY PASSES :]E MA*9ES CANNOT P5ETRATE4 ,!RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( WAT]2 /REAMS1 SPR+S1 RIV]S & TORR5TS AB\ND4 ,BUT SOIL IS SP>SE4 ,]OSION C>RI$ IT AWAY 9 C5TURIES PA/4 ,?US ! VILLAGES >E LO/ 9 ! GRAYI% MASSES1 ) !IR SMALL POPULATIONS & DRE>Y HOMES1 :I* DO NOT ALWAYS REA* ! HUNDR$ M>K1 ONE ALSO F9DS !M ON ! HEI<TS1 DOM9AT+ ! M9UTE VALLEYS1 & SURR\ND$ BY 5ORM\S JAGG$ B\LD]S 9 ! MID/ ( :I* !Y RESEMBLE NE/S4 

,9 ! MORE ISOLAT$ PLACES :]E LIFE IS SO PEACEFUL1 PROGRESS P5ETRATES ) DIFFICULTY4 ,LONG E/ABLI%$ TRADITIONS HOLD SWAY1 & M9DS >E SL[4 ,NEW IDEAS H>DLY P5ETRAT$ ! HI< M\NTA9S ( ,>AGON1 AS 9 ALL M\NTA9\S REGIONS UNTRAV]S$ BY LIV+ >T]IES4 ,! RE/RICT$ \TLOOK ON SOCIAL LIFE1 ! )DRAWAL 9TO ONESELF1 PR$ISPOS$ FEW ( ! 9HABITANTS TO A BROAD COLLECTIVI/ EXP]I5CE1 :I* DID NOT EXCLUDE H[EV]1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ?IS REGION1 EI!R LOYALTY OR A REGAL HOSPITALITY4 

,BY ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 ( ! #dc VILLAGES COMPRIS+ ! CANTON ( ,GRAUS1 ,CAPELLA1 ,CAMPO1 ,VESIAN1 ,PELATUA1 ,B5ASQUE1 ,BOCAMORTA1 ,PUEBLA DE ,CA/RO1 ,TORRES DEL ,OBISPO1 ,PUEBLA DE ,FANTOVA1 ,LAGU>ES W]E #e.0 COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,! ORGANIZATION :I* ,I HAD ! TIME TO /UDY MO/ C>EFULLY WAS ?AT ( ,GRAUS4 ,?IS CANTONAL VILLAGE ( #b1#f 9HABITANTS :I* GIVES ! APPE>ANCE ( A SMALL T[N1 IS SITUAT$ ON ! BANKS ( ! ,ES]A1 ! RIV] ( ,SPA9 )1 ,I WAS TOLD1 ! MO/ CON/ANT FL[1 RIS+ 9 ,FRANCE & FE$+ ! IMM5SE B>RAGE ( ! CANAL ( ,>AGON & ,CATALONIA4 

,ALSO SURR\ND$ BY HI< M\NTA9S & WELL WAT]$1 ,GRAUS IS SITUAT$ AT ! 9T]SECTION ( MANY ROADS4 ,IT !RE=E BECAME A RELATIVELY IMPORTANT COMM]CIAL C5T] & ! SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE RESULT$ 9 ! CREATION ( NUM]\S SMALL BUS9ESSES TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY4 ,9 ,JULY #aicf #d P]C5T ( ! 9HABITANTS E>N$ !IR LIV+ FROM COMM]CE2 & 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE %>$ EQUALLY ! REMA9+ #f P]C5T4 

,ONE FIF? ( ! CULTIVAT$ L& WAS IRRIGAT$1 & US$ = GR[+ VEGETABLES4 ,ON ! DRY L&S C]EALS1 GRAPES1 OLIVES & ALMONDS W]E ! MA9 CROPS4 ,BUT 9 ?AT YE> ?R\<\T ,NOR? ,>AGON ! ALMONDS HAD FAIL$ FOLL[+ A HEAVY FRO/ ON ONE NI<T1 :IL/ MORE TO ! S\?1 ! GRAPES 9 ! CANTON ( ,B9EF> HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY A ?UND]/ORM LA/+ AN H\R4 

#d P]C5T ( ! IRRIGAT$ L& BELONG$ TO TWO PROPRIETORS4 ,ANO!R #d P]C5T WAS MORE EQUITABLY DIVID$1 BUT ! POOR H>VE/ OBLIG$ ! AV]AGE PEASANT 7& ONE CAN GUESS AT ! FATE ( ! REALLY IMPOV]I%$ ONES7 TO OBTA9 A ?IRD OR EV5 A HALF ( HIS 9COME BY WORK O!R ?AN ON ! L&4 ,!Y TOOK JOBS 9 LOCAL 9DU/RY1 OR AS CASUAL LABOR]S ON ! L& ( ! WEAL?Y4 ,OR AGA9 !Y W\LD GO TO O!R REGIONS ON SEASONAL WORK4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL JOBS1 WAGES RANG$ FROM #f PESETAS = LABOR]S TO #h = BUILD]S & ME*ANICS4 ,BUT AN ACCURATE ASSESSM5T %[$ ?AT1 BE>+ 9 M9D ?AT UNEMPLOYM5T WAS RIFE1 BUILD]S AV]AG$ #e PESETAS A DAY4 ,AS = ! LABOR]S 4 4 4 

,DUR+ ! E>LY ?IRTIES ! Y\NG EMIGRAT$ & W5T TO LIVE 9 ,CATALONIA OR 9 ,FRANCE2 AB\T ONE FIF? ( ! Y\NG GIRLS LEFT TO F9D JOBS AS DOME/IC S]VANTS 9 ! T[NS4 ,! TRADESM5 & ! SMALL 9DU/RIALI/S DID NOT LIVE ANY BETT]4 ,= A LONG TIME !IR DEBTS HAD EXCE$$ !IR TOTAL ASSETS4 

,AS SOON AS ! ANTIFASCI/S1 ADVIS$ BY \R COMRADES1 HAD TAK5 ! SITUATION 9 H&1 !Y SET AB\T ! SOCIAL *ANGES :I* WE >E AB\T TO 5UM]ATE4 

,ONE HAS SE5 ?AT ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION W]E V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,A DAY-LABOR] WORK+ 9 ! FIELDS E>N$ A HALF ( A ME*ANIC'S WAGES4 ,! FIR/ ?+ TO BE DONE !RE=E WAS TO E/ABLI% ! FAMILY WAGE :I* ASSUR$ TO ALL AN EQUAL RI<T TO ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ?IS WAGE WAS PAID BY V\*]S4 ,AT ! 5D ( A MON?1 TICKETS :I* W]E DIVID$ 9TO PO9TS W]E ISSU$4 ,LAT]1 ! RELATIVE COMM]CIAL IMPORTANCE ( ,GRAUS1 ITS SITUATION ON BUSY ROADS1 BR\<T BACK ! USE ( ! PESETA1 ! (FICIAL @9NONEY MA9TA9$ ?R\<\T MO/ ( ,SPA91 AS ! G5]AL /&>D ( VALUES2 !N ! ,COMITE ISSU$ ITS [N LOCAL SMALL CO9AGE4 

,TRADE WAS AT FIR/ CONTROLL$ BUT WAS SOON SOCIALIZ$4 ,9DIVIDUAL TRANSACTIONS W]E REPLAC$ BY COLLECTIVE ONES4 ,A 0,FOOD ,COOP]0 ATIVE0 WAS SET UP :]E ALL ! GOODS F\ND 9 ! SMALL %OPS W]E CONC5TRAT$4 ,!N A SECOND COOP]ATIVE 7#h7 = CLO? & HAB]DA%]Y WAS OP5$ & REPLAC$ #bc ( ! #be SPECIALIZ$ %OPS - = JU/ TWO W]E RETA9$4 ,!RE W]E ALSO #be TO #c GROC]S' %OPS :I* W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO TWO L>GE COLLECTIVE /ORES4 ,ONE %OE %OP WAS RETA9$ \T ( ?REE2 ! TWO H>DW>E %OPS W]E M]G$ 9TO ONE2 & ( ! SIX BAK]IES & BREAD /ORES F\R DISAPPE>$ & ONE BAKEH\SE 79/EAD ( ?REE7 PROV$ TO BE SUFFICI5T4 

,! PROCESS ( REORGANIZATION & TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5T W5T H& 9 H& ) ?AT ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& & 9DU/RY4 ,9 ,GRAUS AS 9 MANY O!R PLACES 9 ,>AGON1 ! APPLICATION ( SOCIALISM />T$ ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE4 ,FAC$ ) ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE DEALT FIR/ ) ! MO/ IMPORTANT & URG5T NE$S4 ,! H>VE/ HAD TO BE GA!R$1 ! L& CULTIVAT$ & S[N & MAXIMUM RETURNS OBTA9$ FROM R$UC$ EF=TS1 SEE+ H[ MANY Y\NG M5 HAD BE5 TAK5 AWAY BY ! DEM&S ( W>4 ,BY ! EF=TS ( COMRADES ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T41 ! OLD SW+-PL[S DRAWN BY A DONKEY W]E DISC>D$1 ! /RONGE/ RANK+ ANIMALS W]E R\ND$ UP & SET TO WORK ) ! BE/ PL[S ON ! L& FROM :I* ! B\ND>Y H$GES HAD BE5 GRUBB$ UP4 ,! L& WAS !N S[N ) CORN4 ,! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE WAS CON/ITUT$ ON ,OCTOB] #a#f1 #aicf B>ELY ?REE MON?S AFT] ! FASCI/ ATTACK4 ,ON ! SAME DAY1 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT W]E (FICIALLY COLLECTIVIZ$ ?\< !Y HAD BE5 9 FACT ALMO/ FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,O!R NEW /EPS W]E DECID$ UPON1 9 ACCORDAHCE ) SUGGE/IONS MADE BY ! TWO SYNDICATES - ! ONE SOCIALI/1 ! O!R LIB]T>IAN4 ,! SOCIALIZATION ( ! PR9T+ 9DU/RY WAS DECID$ ON ON ,NOVEMB] #b#d4 7#i7 ,IT WAS FOLL[$ TWO DAYS LAT] BY ?AT ( ! %OE %OPS & BAK]S4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #a/ IT WAS ! TURN ( ! BUS9ESSM51 DOCTORS1 *EMI/S1 BLACKSMI?S1 & LOCKSMI?S4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #a#a?1 ?AT ( ! CAB9ET MAK]S & C>P5T]S4 ,GRADUALLY ALL ! SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 5T]$ ! NEW ORGANISM4 

,! ,RESOLUTION VOT$ BY ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S ALL[S ONE TO GET A CLE>] PICTURE ( ! BASIC \TL9ES & G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS ?AT FOLL[$1 S9CE 9 ALL CASES !IR PR9CIPLES W]E MORE OR LESS ! SAME4 ,?IS IS ! TEXT3 

0,AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 MEET+ 9 ,GRAUS ON #af ,OCTOB]1 #aicf RESOLVE AS FOLL[S3 

#a4 ,!Y JO9 ! G5]AL ,COMMUNITY ( ALL TRADES2 

#b4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S JO9 ! ,COMMUNITY ( !IR FREE WILL2 !Y >E EXPECT$ TO BR+ !IR TOOLS2 

#c4 ,ALL ! L& ( COMRADES 5T]+ ! ,COMMUNITY MU/ BE H&$ OV] TO 9CREASE ! COMMON WEAL?2 

#d4 ,:5 AGRICULTURAL WORK]S HAVE NO WORK TO DO1 IT IS OBLIGATORY2 ?AT !Y HELP 9 O!R TRADES :I* MI<T HAVE NE$ ( !IR LABOR2 

#e4 ,AN 9V5TORY 9 DUPLICATE WILL BE MADE ( ! L& & *ATTELS ?AT HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO ! ,COLLECTIVITY2 ONE COPY WILL BE GIV5 TO ! [N] ( ?OSE PROP]TIES & ! O!R WILL REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#f4 ,IF = UN=ESEEABLE REASONS ! ,COLLECTIVE W]E TO BE DISSOLV$1 EA* COMRADE WILL HAVE ! 9DISPUTABLE RI<T TO ! L& & GOODS HE HAD BR\<T TO ! ,COLLECTIVE2 

#g4 ,MEMB]S WILL NOM9ATE1 AT !IR MEET+1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION = !IR TRADE1 

#h4 ,:5 AGRICULTURAL WORK]S HAVE REA*$ AGREEM5T ON ?IS LATT] PO9T1 !Y WILL HAVE TO NOM9ATE AN ADM9I/RATIYE@9 ,COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( A *AIRMAN1 TREASUR]1 A SECRET>Y & ?REE MEMB]S2 

#i4 ,?IS AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE WILL MA9TA9 DIRECT RELATIONS ) ! COMMUNAL ,BANK ( ALL ! ASSEMBL$ TRADES1 :I* WILL BE SET UP BY ! LIAISON ,COMITE3 

#a4 ,WORK]S :O COME TO WORK COLLECTIVELY WILL RECEIVE ! FOLL[+ WAGES3 = FAMILIES ( ?REE PEOPLE OR LESS1 7#a7 SIX PESETAS A DAY2 ?OSE CONSI/+ ( MORE ?AN ?REE PEOPLE WILL RECEIVE AN ADDITIONAL PESETA A DAY = EA* ( !M2 

#a#a4 ,! WAGE CAN BE MODIFI$ ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES & AT ! SUGGE/ION ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION ( ALL ! ASSEMBL$ TRADES2 7LL7 

#a#b4 ,WORK]S :OSE RELATIVES DO NOT BELONG TO ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL RECEIVE WAGES TO BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,COMITE4 7#a#b7 

#a#c4 ,! EXPULSION ( A MEMB] ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL HAVE TO BE DECID$ BY ! C5TRAL ,COMMISSION ( ALL ! TRADES1 TO :I* ! AGRICULTURAL SECTION ALSO BELONGS2 

#a#d4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE UND]TAKE TO WORK AS MANY H\RS AS ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION1 9 AGREEM5T ) ! LOCAL C5TRAL ,COMMISSION1 WILL CONSID] NECESS>Y1 & IT IS VITAL ?AT !Y %\LD WORK ) 9T]E/ & 5?USIASM4 

,DULY 9=M$ & 9 FULL AGREEM5T1 ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S TAKE COGNIZANCE ( ?IS ,RESOLUTION40 

,?IS DOCUM5T AS ALL ! O!RS ( A SIMIL> NATURE - ONLY 9 ,ALCORISA WILL ONE F9D AN EXCEPTION TO ! RULE - WAS DRAFT$ BY PEASANTS :O W]E NOT LIT]ATE P]SONS1 & EV5 MADE FREQU5T SPELL+ MI/AKES2 ONE C\LD ALSO OBJECT TO CLUMS9ESS 9 ! DRAFT+ ( ! TEXT1 OR TO AMBIGUITIES 9 ! T]MS US$4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ESS5TIAL TASKS >E DEF9$ & PRACTICE W\LD CL>IFY & %>P5 ! ?9K+4 

,AS A CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS CL>IFICATION1 IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT NO COLLECTIVIZATION WAS C>RI$ \T 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE CONC]N$4 ,AS TO ! COLLECTIVI/ REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE1 :I* IS NOT ALWAYS CALL$ BY ! SAME NAME 9 DIFF]5T TEXTS1 ITS FUNCTION WAS RE/RICT$ TO CALL+ TO A MEET+ - & ONLY AFT] PREVI\S AGREEM5T ) ! MILITANTS BE/ 9=M$ ON ! PROBLEMS & ACTIVITIES - EA* SECTION ( ! PRODUC]S :I* DECID$1 ) COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE1 TO COLLECTIVIZE4 ,ONCE HAV+ JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE1 ?AT SECTION WAS NO LONG] AUTONOM\S4 7#a#c7 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE WAS SOON TRANS=M$ 9TO A ,COMITE DE 5LACE 7LIAISON ,COMMITTEE7 :I* MANAG$ OR COORD9AT$ EV]Y?+4 ,IT DISAPPE>$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aicg ) ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL AS REQUIR$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 

,AGA91 COMPLETE H>MONY EXI/$ BETWE5 ! TWO WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS' ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T41 :O AGRE$ TO NOM9ATE F\R C\NCILORS EA*1 & ?AT ! PRESID5T1 :OSE ROLE WAS ?AT ( MAYOR1 %\LD BE A REPUBLICAN WORK] *OS5 BY A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE4 ,IMP>TIALITY & UNITY W]E ?US SECUR$4 

,BUT ! MAYOR WAS ONLY A FIGUREHEAD2 HE SIMPLY APPLI$ ! DECISIONS TAK5 BY ! MAJORITY ( ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL :I* HAD TO REPRES5T ! ,C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 TO CALL UP CONSCRIPTS = ! W>1 FURNI% ID5TITY DOCUM5TS1 E/ABLI% RATION+ = ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE1 9DIVIDUALI/S & COLLECTIVI/S4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE WAS ONLY ANSW]ABLE TO ITSELF4 ,! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL 9T]V5$ NEI!R 9 ITS ACTIVITIES NOR 9 ITS ADM9I/RATION - & IT WAS ALSO TRUE = ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 G5]AL4 ,IT SUP]VIS$ #i P]C5T ( PRODUCTION 7ONLY 9 AGRICULTURE W]E !RE /ILL 9DIVIDUALI/S7 & ALL ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 DI/RIBUTION & EX*ANGE4 ,( ! EI<T COMRADES :O COMPRIS$ IT1 SIX W]E AT ! HEAD ( ! SECTION ( :I* !Y W]E MO/ QUALIFI$4 ,! FOLL[+ WAS ! CLASSIFICATION E/ABLI%$ = EA* DELEGATE3 

,$UCATION & ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? :I* 9CLUD$ EV]Y?+ CONNECT$ ) CULTURAL LIFE1 NOT EA/ ! !AT]1 C9EMA 7!RE WAS ONE 9 ,GRAUS :I* :5 REQUIR$ WAS US$ AS A HALL = MEET+S74 ,! SAME SECTION ALSO EXT5D$ TO MATT]S CONC]N+ SPORT & PUBLIC HEAL? 9 G5]AL2 

,WORK & ,/ATI/ICS :I* DEALT ) ! CLASSIFICATION & ALLOCATION ( WORK]S1 REMUN]ATION & ! G5]AL C5SUS2 

,PROVISION+ 7COMM]CE1 COAL SUPPLIES1 *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 W>EH\SES1 DEPOTS & DI/RIBUTION72 

,TRANSPORT & ,COMMUNICATIONS 7LORRIES & TRUCKS1 C>S1 WAGONS1 TAXIS1 G>AGES1 ,PO/S & ,TELEGRAPHS72 

,9DU/RY 7FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 ELECTRICITY1 WAT]1 BUILD+ WORKS74 

,! REMA9+ TWO COMRADES1 ONE FROM ! ,C4,N4,T41 ! O!R FROM ! ,U4,G4,T41 W]E 9 *>GE ( ! G5]AL SECRET>IAT2 !Y1 W]E ALSO 5TRU/$ ) PROPAG&A4 

,9 ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 EA* WORK%OP NOM9AT$ A DELEGATE WORK] :O MA9TA9$ ! NECESS>Y P]MAN5T RELATIONS ) ! SECRET>Y = ! 9DU/RY4 

,EA* 9DU/RIAL SPECIALTY HAD ITS [N ACC\NTS KEPT BY ! G5]AL ,ACC\NT+ ,SECTION :]E ,I WAS %[N ! MA/] ,ACC\NT ,BOOK FROM :I* ,I WAS ABLE TO NOTE ! MO/ IMPORTANT SECTIONS EXI/+ AT ! TIME4 ,?IS LI/ GAVE A FAIRLY COMPLETE PICTURE ( ! NONAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ( ! LOCALITY & ( ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION3 DR9K+ WAT]1 ! MANUFACTURE ( GOATSK9 BOTTLES1 C>P5TRY1 MATTRESS MAK+1 C9EMATOGRAPHY1 C>TWRI<T'S WORK%OPS1 FL\R MILL+1 PHOTOGRAPHY1 SILK SP9N+1 *OCOLATE MAK+1 SAUSAGE MAK+1 LIQUEUR DI/ILL+1 ELECTRICITY1 OIL-/ORE1 HAB]DA%]Y1 HOTELS & CAFES1 =GES1 L95 DRAP]Y1 GYPSUM KILUS1 BAK]IES1 HAIRDRESS+ E/ABLI%M5TS1 LAUNDRY1 TAILORS COLLECTIVES1 SOAP MAK+1 PA9T %OP1 TILE WORKS1 T9-%OP1 CYCLE REPAIRS1 DRESSMAK+ WORK%OP1 SEW+ MA*9E WORK%OP1 ASSEMBLY & PR9T+ %OPS1 DAIRY-F>M1 BUILD+ MAT]IALS4 

,?US ALL WAS SUP]VIS$ & COORD9AT$4 ,JU/ AS = DI/RIBUTION1 ORGANIZATION = PRODUCTION WAS RATIONALIZ$4 ,= ?IS REASON ! ,COLLECTIVE BR\<T TOGE!R 9 ONE BUILD+ ! SMALL UND]TAK+S :I* BOTTL$ W9E1 :I* MADE LEMONADE1 SODA WAT]1 BE]S & LIQUEURS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! WORK WAS C>RI$ \T PROP]LY1 UND] MORE HYGI5IC CONDITIONS = BO? ! PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE ALSO 9/ALL$ A MILL = ! PRODUCTION ( OLIVE OIL US+ MOD]N TE*NIQUES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! WA/E MAT]IAL C\LD BE US$ = MAK+ SOAP2 ONE 9DU/RY /EMM+ FROM ! O!R4 ,AMONG PUR*ASES ONE ALSO OBS]V$ TWO #e-TON LORRIES1 MADE AVAILABLE TO ! :OLE VILLAGE1 & A WEI<BRIDGE ( #b TON CAPACITY1 :I* ALL[$ ,GRAUS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ITS HI/ORY TO CONTROL ! MOVEM5T ( GOODS >RIV+ & LEAV+ ! VILLAGE4 ,9 ADDITION1 TWO ELECTRIC WA%+ MA*9ES W]E ACQUIR$ - ONE = ! HOSPITAL1 ! O!R = ! LOCAL COLLECTIVIZ$ HOTELS4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 AGRICULTURE DID NOT /& /ILL SO F> AS \TPUT WAS CONC]N$4 ,9 VIEW ( ! SMALL PROPORTION ( CULTIVABLE L&1 ! IRRIGAT$ >EA ONLY 9CREAS$ BY #e P]C5T & ( ! DRY L&S BY #a P]C5T1 BUT ! REMOVAL ( ! OLD PROP]TY B\ND>IES ALL[$ = SOME TO BE RECLAIM$ FROM USELESS H$GES & PA?S4 ,! L& WAS ALSO MORE RATIONALLY CULTIVAT$2 & ! HEADL&S W]E ALL CULTIVAT$2 PRODUCTION ( POTATOES WAS 9CREAS$ BY #e P]C5T1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO USE ?REE QU>T]S ( ! PRODUCTION 9 EX*ANGE = GOODS COM+ FROM ,CATALONIA4 ,& BY A BETT] USE ( TOOLS & EQUIPM5T1 F]TILIZ]S & HUMAN EF=T1 MORE LUC]NE WAS AVAILABLE = ! LIVE/OCK1 & A D\BL+ ( SUG> BEET = HUMAN CONSUMPTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MAK+ GOOD USE ( EV5 ! SMALLE/ PAT*ES ( L&1 AB\T #d SELECT$ FRUIT TREES W]E PLANT$4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE B\<T A MOD]N ?RE%+ MA*9E1 MOD]N PL[S & SE$ DRILLS1 A P[]FUL TRACTOR1 A REAP]-B9D]1 A V9E SPRAY+ MA*9E1 A RIDGE PL[4 ,! USE ( ALL !SE ME*ANICAL AIDS1 TO :I* MU/ BE ADD$ ?OSE SUPPLI$ BY ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 MAKE IT EASY TO UND]/& :Y ! PRODUCTIVITY ( ! ,COLLECTIVIZ$ L& WAS #e P]C5T HI<] ?AN ?AT ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ F>M]S1 & ?AT ! LATT] 5D$ BY JO9+ 9 ! COMMON EF=T4 

,BE=E ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ! RE>+ ( LIVE/OCK HAD BE5 NEGLECT$ 9 ,GRAUS4 ,BUT DUE TO ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES ?IS TOO COMM]CIAL LOCALITY HAD TO *ANGE SOME ( ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! RE>+ ( %EEP WAS 9T5SIFI$ BY ! PUR*ASE ( #ca %EEP AS ! BEG9N+ ( A L>G] FLOCK ?AT C\LD GRAZE ON ! M\NTA9 SLOPES4 ,BUT BETT] /ILL1 ,I VISIT$ TWO GRANJAS 7F>MS7 :I* GAVE A F9E IMPRESSION ( ! CREATIVE URGE4 ,F>M NO4 #a WAS ASSIGN$ TO ! RE>+ ( PIGS4 ,IT WAS CON/RUCT$ F> FROM ! VILLAGE1 ON A SITE SURR\ND$ BY TREES & FIELDS :]E ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS 9T5D+ TO E/ABLI% A PADDOCK = RE>+ F[LS4 ,AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT ONE ( ! TWO SECTIONS ( ! BUILD+ HAD BE5 COMPLET$4 ,IT WAS CON/RUCT$ ) SOLID MAT]IALS3 /ONE WALLS1 CONCRETE FLOORS1 ) AMPLE ROOM & WELL LI<T$ & A]AT$4 ,9 TW5TY-TWO DIVISIONS1 #afb PIGS W]E H\S$ ACCORD+ TO AGE & BRE$4 ,A C5TRAL ALLEYWAY SEP>AT$ ! TWO R[S ( /ALLS4 ,! WALLS W]E :ITEWA%$ & EV]Y?+ SWILL$ D[N DAILY1 9CLUD+ ! PIGS :5 CONSID]$ NECESS>Y4 ,WORK WAS ALMO/ COMPLET$ ON A L>GE \TSIDE P5 :I* W\LD !N ALL[ ! PIGS TO TAKE ! AIR & SUN DAILY4 

,ON ! UPP] FLOOR ( ! BUILD+ :I* WAS AS SOLIDLY CON/RUCT$ ?\< NOT AS HI<1 RES]VE /ORES ( PIG FOOD W]E KEPT1 & A L>GE CI/]N 9TO :I* WAT] WAS PUMP$ BY MOTOR4 ,\TSIDE1 SPECIALLY DUG FURR[ DRA9S TOOK ! LIQUID MANURE & SOLID WA/ES TO PITS :]E1 AFT] ANY NECESS>Y TREATM5T1 !SE W]E SPRAY$ ONTO ! SURR\ND+ FIELDS4 

,! BRE$+ S[S W]E H\S$ SEP>ATELY1 & 9 PEACE4 ,ONCE ALL ! BUILD+ WORK WAS COMPLETE1 ! ,COLLECTIVE EXPECT$ TO 9CREASE ITS PRODUCTION BY AT LEA/ #d MORE PIGS ?AN ,GRAUS NORMALLY PRODUC$4 ,! 9CREASE W\LD BE EV5 GREAT] BE>+ 9 M9D ! IMPROV$ /RA9S & ! FE$+ ME?ODS4 

,! PROJECT = A HUGE F[L RE>+ COMPLEX NOT F> FROM ?IS PIG-F>M %\LD NOT LEAD ONE TO BELIEVE ?AT :5 ,I VISIT$ ,GRAUS & /UDI$ :AT WAS GO+ ON1 EV]Y?+ /ILL HAD TO BE DONE 9 ?IS DOMA94 ,! GRANJA NO4 #b WAS PRO( ( IT4 ,IT HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ FROM ! FIR/ DAYS4 ,A PLAN HAD BE5 PREP>$ ON ! BASIS ( ! MO/ REC5T EXP]IM5TS4 ,9 A SURPRIS+LY %ORT TIME1 CONSID]+ ?AT ONLY HUMAN LABOR WAS AVAILABLE1 ON ONE SITE FIVE TWO-/ORY BUILD+S W]E PUT UP & ON ! O!R ONE BUILD+ ) SEV5 SUBDIVISIONS4 ,RE>+ WAS !N />T$1 US+ :AT WAS AT H&4 ,!Y US$ ,LE<ORNS1 ,PRATS1 ! LATT] AN EXCELL5T & TOO LITTLE KN[N ,CATALAN BRE$1 & HUNDR$S ( LAY+ H5S4 ,EGGS W]E RES]V$ = ! ,COLLECTIVE ?\< SOME FAMILIES [N$ A SMALL BACK Y>D4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A L>GE NUMB] ( DUCKS1 GEESE & GOSL+S1 = :OM A POOL WAS BE+ LAID \T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 Y\NG TURKEYS & SIXTY PAIRS ( BRE$+ RABBITS W]E ! BEG9N+S ( GREAT] ?+S TO COME4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 #a1#e *ICKS HAD BE5 HAT*$ & ANO!R #h W]E ON ! WAY 9 SEV5 HAT*]IES1 FIVE ( :I* HAD BE5 B\<T 9 ,CATALONIA1 ONE HAD BE5 DONAT$ & ! SEV5? HAD BE5 BUILT ON ! SITE4 

,! /&>DS ( CON/RUCTION & ! HYGI5IC CONDITIONS ( ! BUILD+ W]E EXCELL5T4 ,! *ICKS W]E RE>$ ACCORD+ TO ! HI<E/ /&>DS3 DRI$ MILK1 COD LIV] OIL - !Y LACK$ NO?+4 

,BUT LET US RETURN TO ! NONAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 ,9 :AT WAS ! CORSET FACTORY SOME ?IRTY WOM5 W]E AT WORK MAK+ %IRTS & TR\S]S = ! MILITIAM54 ,MO/ ( ! Y\NG GIRLS W]E NOT PAID SPECIALLY TO COME & WORK !RE1 S9CE !IR BASIC NE$S W]E GU>ANTE$ BY ! FAMILY WAGE BAS$ ON ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S 9 ! H\SEHOLD4 ,NEV]!LESS !Y CAME 9 TWO GR\PS1 ONE 9 ! MORN+1 ! O!R 9 ! AFT]NOON2 & !Y WORK$ AS H>D AS ANYBODY4 ,WE W]E 9 ! WORLD ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 

,LET US N[ EXAM9E A LITTLE MORE CLOSELY ! NEW CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,WE HAVE SE5 FROM ! ,RESOLUTION ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S ?AT A C\PLE RECEIV$ SIX PESETAS A DAY1 ?AT AN EXTRA PESETA WAS ADD$ = EV]Y ADDITIONAL P]SON ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! MORE PEOPLE !RE W]E 9 A FAMILY PROPORTIONATELY LESS W\LD BE ! CO/ ( LIV+ P] P]SON4 ,! 9CREASE WAS UNI=M2 ?US A FAMILY ( EI<T P]SONS RECEIV$ #ad PESETAS1 A SUM !Y HAD NEV] SE5 BE=E 9 !IR LIVES1 = NO SPECIAL GRANTS HAD BE5 AVAILABLE = L>GE FAMILIES4 ,!N AS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IMPROV$ ! FAMILY WAGE = L>GE FAMILIES WAS 9CREAS$ BY #ae P]C5T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE WAS NO R5T TO PAY1 H\S+ BE+ LOOK$ UPON AS A PUBLIC S]VICE3 ! PRICE ( GAS & WAT] HAD BE5 HALV$1 & M$ICAL S]VICES & PRESCRIPTIONS W]E FREE1 BO? !SE S]VICES HAV+ BE5 SOCIALIZ$4 

,ONE %\LD ADD ?AT !RE WAS NO UNEMPLOYM5T1 & AS 9 ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES1 WAGES W]E PAID 9 FULL = FIFTY-TWO WEEKS1 ( ! YE> =1 AS ONE ( ! ORGANIZ]S 9 ,GRAUS PUT IT TO ME1 0ONE MU/ EAT EV]Y DAY04 

,ON ! O!R H& ! CO/ ( CLO?+ COM+ FROM ,CATALONIA & FOOD/UFFS FROM O!R REGIONS HAD 9CREAS$ BY #c P]C5T4 

,IF ONE WANTS TO MAKE COMP>ISONS1 !N LET US TAKE A FAMILY ( FIVE 7:I* IS ! AV]AGE = ,SPA97 CONSI/+ ( MO!R1 & FA!R & ?REE *ILDR5 OR TWO *ILDR5 & ONE GR&P>5T2 9 O!R WORDS A FAMILY 9 :I* !RE IS A S+LE BREADW9N]4 ,& IF WE TAKE ! HI<E/ WAGE RUL+ AT ! TIME1 ?AT ( A ME*ANIC & ASSUM+ HE IS ALWAYS 9 EMPLOYM5T1 !N HIS #h PESETAS A DAY1 A GOOD WAGE = A ,SPANI% VILLAGE1 MAKES #b PESETAS A MON? BAS$ ON #be DAYS' WORK4 ,UND] ! ,COLLECTIVES' FAMILY WAGE ?OSE FIVE PEOPLE W\LD RECEIVE 79CLUD+ ! #ae P]C5T 9CREASE7 #c#a4#e PESETAS A MON?4 ,BE>+ 9 M9D ! 9CREASES ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 C]TA9 PRICES1 ! DIFF]5CE WAS4 NOT AS L>GE AS MI<T APPE> AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,H[EV]1 IT DID (F] A CONSID]ABLE ADVANTAGE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ?AT FAMILY DID NOT PAY R5T1 :I*1 ) M$ICAL CO/S & PRESCRIPTION *>GES1 WAS CALCULAT$ AT #g PESETAS A MON?4 ,?AT SUPPLEM5T$ ! WAGES AS DID ALSO ! PLOT ( L& AVAILABLE TO EA* FAMILY TO CULTIVATE :AT !Y WI%$ ON IT = !IR [N USE4 ,IT WAS ALSO SUPPLEM5T$ BY ! SELECT$ SE$S1 & F]TILIZ]S DI/RIBUT$ FREE1 & BY ! ANIMALS KEPT 9 ! BACKY>D4 ,& IT ROSE V]Y MU* MORE = ! BUILD]S1 & BUILD]S' LABOR]S WORK+ \T ( DOORS1 & F>M LABOR]S :O US$ TO GET PAID F\R PESETAS A DAY = SIX MON?S ( ! YE> 4 4 4 ,UND] ! ,COLLECTIVES SY/EM IT WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO GO ELSE:]E TO LOOK = WORK1 & Y\NG GIRLS /OPP$ GO+ TO ,FRANCE OR ,CATALONIA TO WORK AS DOME/ICS4 

,ONE CAN !RE=E SAY ?AT 9 G5]AL ! /&>D ( LIV+ ROSE BY FROM #e TO #a P]C5T 9 A FEW MON?S1 ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 9CREAS$ 9 AN A/ONI%+ MANN] DUR+ A W> & :5 A P>T ( ! LABOR =CE1 MA9LY ! Y\NGE/ & MO/ ACTIVE1 WAS AT ! ,FRONT4 ,! MIRACLE WAS MADE POSSIBLE NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! WORK WAS C>RI$ \T ) A COLLECTIVE 5?USIASM ?AT WAS PRAISEWOR?Y1 BUT ALSO ?ANKS TO ECONOMY 9 ! USE ( LABOR & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT SOME #d P]C5T ( ! POPULATION HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 5GAG$ 9 COMM]CE1 & REALIZE ?AT A BETT] DI/RIBUTION (ACTIVITIES MADE IT POSSIBLE !RE1 AS ELSE:]E1 TO FREE A LABOR =CE UNTIL !N VIRTUALLY P>ASITIC & EMPLOY IT ON WORK :I* B5EFIT$ EV]YBODY3 

"9"9"9 

,! :OLE ECONOMIC MA*9E-PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGES1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 DI/RIBUTION-WAS 9 ! H&S ( TWELVE EMPLOYES1 :O KEPT SEP>ATE BOOKS & C>D-9DEX FILES = EA* ACTIVITY4 ,DAY BY DAY1 EV]Y?+ WAS RECORD$ & ALLOCAT$3 TURN V] & RES]VES ( CONSUM] GOODS & RAW MAT]IALS1 CO/ PRICES & SEIL+ PRICES1 SUMM>IZ$ 9COME & \TGO+S1 PR(IT OR LOSS NOT$ = EA* 5T]PRISE OR ACTIVITY4 

,& AS EV]1 ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY WAS PRES5T1 NOT ONLY BETWE5 ! ,COLLECTIVE & EA* ( ITS COMPON5TS1 BUT BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! LOSSES 9CURR$ BY A P>TICUL> BRAN*1 CONSID]$ USEFUL & NECESS>Y1 W]E MADE UP BY ! PR(ITS E>N$ BY ANO!R BRAN*4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! HAIRDRESS+ SECTION4 ,! %OPS KEPT OP5 ALL DAY & OP]AT$ AT A LOSS4 ,ON ! O!R H& DRIV]S' ACTIVITIES W]E PR(ITABLE1 AS WAS ?AT = ! PRODUCTION ( ALCOHOL = M$ICAL & 9DU/RIAL PURPOSES4 ,SO !SE SURPLUSES W]E US$ 9 P>T TO COMP5SATE ! DEFICIT ON ! HAIRDRESS+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,IT WAS ALSO BY ?IS JUGGL+ BETWE5 ! SECTIONS1 ?AT PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS W]E B\<T = EV]YBODY & MA*9ES = ! PEASANTS4 

,! ,GRAUS ,COLLECTIVE GAVE O!R EXAMPLES ( SOLID>ITY4 ,IT GAVE %ELT] TO #bbd REFUGEES :O HAD TO FLEE !IR VILLAGES BE=E ! FASCI/ ADVANCE4 ,( ?IS NUMB] ONLY AB\T TW5TY W]E 9 A POSITION TO WORK & #ade W5T TO ! ,FRONT4 ,TW5TY-FIVE FAMILIES :OSE BREADW9N]S W]E SICK OR DISABL$ RECEIV$ !IR FAMILY WAGE4 

,9 SPITE ( ALL !SE EXP5SES A NUMB] ( QUITE AMBITI\S PUBLIC WORKS W]E UND]TAK54 ,FIVE KILOMET]S ( ROADS W]E T>R$1 A #g MET] IRRIGATION *ANNEL WAS WID5$ BY #d CM & DEEP5$ BY #be CM = BETT] IRRIGATION ( ! L& & TO 9CREASE ITS DRIV+ P[]4 ,ANO!R *ANNEL WAS EXT5D$ BY #f MET]S4 ,!N !RE WAS ! WIDE1 W9D+ PA? ?AT L$ TO A SPR+ UNTIL !N =BIDD5 TO 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE4 ,! /ORY IS WOR? REC\NT+4 

,?IS SPR+ DIS*>G$ 9 ! DEPRESSION ( A L>GE E/ATE :I* ITS [N] DIVID$ 9TO P>CELS & LET = R5T4 ,?IS JEAL\S CANTANK]\S MAN REFUS$ TO ALL[ PEOPLE TO GO & DR9K ! WAT] BECAUSE TO REA* IT !Y HAD TO TAKE A PA? :I* CROSS$ A H$GE SKIRT+ A FIELD & A SMALL =E/ :I* W]E HIS PROP]TY4 ,EV5 HIS T5ANT F>M]S ON HOT DAYS C\LD NOT USE IT TO SLAKE !IR ?IR/4 ,NEV]!LESS1 QUITE FREQU5TLY1 & UND]/&ABLY1 PEOPLE DISOBEY$ ! [N]'S 9JUNCTIONS4 ,SO ! *AP HAD HIS WAY BY HAV+ ! ORIFICE ( ! SPR+ SEAL$ (F4 

,BUT ! REVOLUTION *ANG$ ! ROLES4 ,AMONG ! MEASURES TAK5 BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE1 TO ! GREAT JOY ( SO MANY PEOPLE1 WAS ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! E/ATE ( ?AT /IFF-NECK$ EGOI/ & ALSO ! PUBLIC 5JOYM5T ( ! =BIDD5 SPR+4 ,IT WAS DECID$ TO BUILD1 EV5 ?R\< ! H$GES1 A F9E W9D+ PA? D[N TO ! SP>KL+ WAT]2 & ! =M] PROPRIETOR HAD TO TAKE P>T 9 ! WORK ) ?OSE :O HAD BE5 HIS T5ANT F>M]S4 ,:5 ALL WAS COMPLET$1 & ) ?AT LOVE :I* WAT] >\SES 9 ,SPA9 - & 9 SO MANY O!R C\NTRIES6 - A M>BLE PLAQUE WAS PLAC$ ABOVE ! SP>KL+ JET4 ,:AT ,I READ1 9 GOLD5 LETT]S1 WAS3 0,! ,SPR+ ( ,FRE$OM1 #ai ,JULY #a#i#c#f40 

,AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 ,GRAUS ALSO GAVE HI< PRIORITY TO $UCATION4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ A*IEVEM5T1 DUE L>GELY TO A MAN 9SPIR$ BY HIS TASK & BY HIS CONVICTIONS1 WAS AN ,>T ,S*OOL :I* WAS US$ DUR+ ! DAY BY PRIM>Y S*OOL PUPILS & 9 ! EV5+S BY Y\NG WORK]S4 ,DRAW+1 PA9T+1 SCULPTURE 7OR ITS /UDY71 *ORAL SOCIETIES 7:I* MU/ HAVE ALREADY EXI/$ AS !Y W]E TO BE F\ND ?R\<\T ,SPA971 ! M9D WAS BE+ CULTIVAT$ & ! S\L ( MAN & ( ! *ILD WAS RAIS$ ?R\< ,>T4 

,AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT1 EI<TY SMALL REFUGEES FROM ! FRANCOI/ ZONE HAD BE5 H\S$ 9 A F9E PROP]TY1 :I* HAD ( C\RSE BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVE1 SITUAT$ SEV]AL MILES FROM ! VILLAGE ,FIVE TEA*]S1 ?REE ( !M WOM51 W]E TAK+ CLASSES 9 ! %ADE ( ! L>GE TREES4 ,9 ! MA9 BUILD+1 B$S ( EV]Y K9D1 :I* HAD BE5 PROVID$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ,GRAUS1 FURNI%$ ! ROOMS4 ,TWO EXP]I5C$ WOM5 W]E RESPONSIBLE = SEE+ ?AT ! PLACE WAS KEPT CLEAN & = PREP>+ MEALS 9 ! HUGE KIT*5 :I* PREVI\SLY WAS ONLY US$ BY ! WEAL?Y [N]S = A FEW WEEKS 9 ! YE>4 ,FOOD1 FURNITURE1 L951 /AFF WAGES1 ALL W]E PROVID$ BY ,GRAUS4 

,! SITUATION WAS SPL5DID ) ITS WOODS DESC5D+ T[>DS ! RIV]1 ITS P>K1 SWIMM+ POOL & V>I$ \TBUILD+S4 ,! *ILDR5 W]E VISIBLY HAPPY4 ,!Y HAD OBVI\SLY NEV] HAD SU* A WOND]FUL TIME 9 !IR LIVES4 ,IT WAS ! 9T5TION ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 TO EV5TUALLY E/ABLI% A P]MAN5T COLONY !RE SO ?AT ALL ! *ILDR5 ( ,GRAUS C\LD TAKE IT 9 TURNS TO GO !RE TO LE>N & TO PLAY 9 ! OP5 AIR & ! SUN%9E4 

"9"9"9 

,I WILL 5D ) A F9AL IMPRESSION1 A LA/ RECOLLECTION :I* ALWAYS TAKES ME BACK TO ! PA/ ,I LIV$ ?R\<4 

,IT WAS 9 ,GRAUS ?AT ,I SAW PROCLAIM$ AT FIR/ ON ! FACADES 9 ALL ! /REETS MO/ /RIK+LY & 9T5SIVELY1 ! JOY ( EF=T & ( ! NEW ORD]4 ,ALL ! PLACES ( WORK1 ALL ! WORK%OPS1 DEPOTS1 GOODS /ORES1 C>RI$ ON !IR FACADES WOOD5 BO>DS ( DIFF]5T SIZES PA9T$ R$ & BLACK1 ON :I* ONE READ ACCORD+ TO !IR CLASSIFICATION 9 ! COLLECTIVE MA*9]Y ( PRODUCTION3 ,COMMUNAL ,L95 ,DRAP]Y ,NO4 #a & ,NO4 #b2 ,COMMUNAL ,JO9]Y ,NO4 #c1 ,NO4 #d & ,NO4 #e2 ,TAILORS' ,COLLECTIVE ,NO4 #a1 ,NO4 #b1 ,NO4 #c & ,NO4 #d2 ,BAK]S' ,COLLECTIVE1 ,C>TWRI<TS' ,COLLECTIVE1 ,COBBL]S' ,COLLECTIVE1 ETC4444 ,IT WAS A HYMN1 A PROCLAMATION BY EA* & ALL1 AN EXPLOSION ( CONFID5CE & HAPP9ESS4 

,ALL ?IS WAS DE/ROY$ BY A ,BRIGADE L$ BY ! ,/AL9I/ G5]AL ,LI/] & !N BY ,FRANCO4 

,IT ALL REMA9S VIVID )9 ME & WILL REMA9 AS LONG AS ,I AM ABLE TO RECALL ?+S & M54 

#b4 ,FRAGA 

,ON ! BANK ( ! ,C9CA RIV]1 :I* RACES D[N FROM ! ,PYR5EES TO PLUNGE 9TO ! ,EBRO1 ,FRAGA1 SITUAT$ ON A HILLOCK1 RISES UP ) ITS V]Y OLD H\SES APPE>+ TO BE LEAN+ ON EA* O!R AS W\LD AIL+ BL9D PEOPLE2 ONE GETS ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y WILL ALL CRUMBLE TOGE!R4 

,!RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( L&1 & ,FRAGA'S #h1 9HABITANTS %\LD HAVE 5JOY$ A HAPPY LIFE4 ,! MUNICIPAL B\ND>IES COMPRISE #d#h1 HECT>ES ( :I*1 H[EV]1 ONLY #c1 CAN BE CULTIVAT$1 ! REMA9D] IS /EPPE :I* IS MORE OR LESS USELESS4 7#a#d7 

,9 ADDITION ONE IS FAC$ ) ! MISDE$S ( PRIVATE L&$ PROP]TY & ( ! HI/ORIC !FTS :I*1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 GO BACK TO ! TIME ( ! ,*RI/IAN RECONQUE/ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,>AB WORLD3 ! RI* [N$ #a1 HECT>ES US$ AS A GAME PRES]VE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ANCI5T MUNICIPAL RI<TS PREVAIL$ - AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,!ORETICALLY ! ,COMMUNE WAS ! MA/] ( #c#e1 HECT>ES & ONLY GRANT$ ! RI<T ( USUFRUCT :E!R = AGRICULTURE1 /OCK RE>+ OR = HUNT+4 ,/OCK-RE>+ BE+ AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( REV5UE1 UNCULTIVAT$ L& = ! CU/OM WAS TO S[ A CROP ONE YE> \T ( TWO OR EV5 ?REE BECAUSE ( ! POOR SOIL7 HAD TO BE AUTOMATICALLY C$$ TO GRAZI]S :OSE H]DS 9 FE$+ !MSELVES SPREAD MU* NE$$ MANURE ON ! L&4 

,BUT PRIVILEGE VIOLAT$ LEGALITY1 & ! [N]S1 A SMALL M9ORITY1 HAD 9 FACT ! RI<TS ( [N]%IP 7ONE CAN IMAG9E :AT MU/ HAVE BE5 !IR 9FLU5CE ON ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL71 & W]E ! MA/]S ( LIFE AT LOCAL LEVEL4 ,NEV]!LESS IT IS ONLY RI<T TO PO9T \T ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ,FRAGA 9 G5]AL 5JOY$ A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+ ?AN ?AT ( MO/ PEOPLE 9 O!R T[NS & VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON4 

,! ,LOCAL ,SYNDICATE ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 :I* 9CLUD$ ALL TRADES1 HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,IT WAS DISSOLV$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 9 #aibd AS A RESULT ( :I* \R COMRADES />T$ ! CULTURAL ,ASSOCIATION 0,AURORA0 :I* C>RI$ ON ! PROPAGATION ( \R IDEAS4 ,:5 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 #a#i#c#a1 ! ,SYNDICATE WAS RECON/ITUT$1 !N CLOS$ D[N BY ! NEW REGIME FROM :I* ONE HAD EXPECT$ SOME?+ BETT]4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO RETURN TO ! 0,AURORA0 CULTURAL ,ASSOCIATION :I*1 /RONG] ?AN 9 ! PA/1 BUILT PREMISES :]E IT SET UP A 0RATIONALI/0 S*OOL4 ,:5 ! ,LEFTI/S TRIUMPH$ AT ! ,FEBRU>Y #aicf ELECTIONS1 ! ,LOCAL ,SYNDICATE WAS REORGANIZ$ = ! ?IRD TIME & SOON HAD #e MEMB]S :O W]E AGRE$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C4,N4,T42 ! ,SYNDICATE W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY HAVE BE5 CLOS$ D[N = A ?IRD TIME HAD ! FASCI/ MOVEM5T NOT COME & 9 SPITE ( ITSELF OBLIG$ !M1 TO PU% AHEAD 4 4 4 ONLY TO DE/ROY EV]Y?+ 9 ! 5D4 

,FROM ! E>LY DAYS ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 ?AT IS A =TNI<T AFT] ! UPRIS+ ( HE ,RI<TI/S1 ! ,COLLECTIVE BEGAN TO BE =M$4 ,BUT EV5 ?\< \R COMRADES W]E AT ! SAME TIME ! LEAV5 & ! PR9CIPAL ACTORS 9 ?IS 5T]PRISE O!RS KNEAD$ ! D\< ) !M4 ,I SAW 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION ( ,FRAGA1 WORK+ ALONGSIDE SEASON$ LIB]T>IANS W]E MIDDLE CLASS REPUBLICANS1 PR(ESSIONAL ADM9I/RATORS1 COLLABORAT+ ) 5?USIASM AT ! *OS5 TASKS4 ,! DELEGATE = FOOD SUPPLIES BELONG$ TO ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICAN P>TY1 :OSE LEAD] WAS ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 MORE ,JACOB9 ?AN SOCIALI/4 ,! BREAD? ( HIS VIEWS1 HIS 9TELLIG5CE & HIS IMPECCABLE ,CA/ILIAN KEPT Y\ SPELLB\ND BY HIS CONV]SATION4 ,:5 ,I ASK$ HIM :E!R 9 ! EV5T ( \R W9N+ ! W> HE W\LD OR W\LD NOT RETURN TO HIS P>TY & LEAVE ! ,COLLECTIVE1 HE REPLI$ ) ?AT R+ 9 HIS VOICE :I* IS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,>AGONESE3 0,I CANNOT SAY = SURE :AT ,I WILL DO !N1 BUT :AT ,I CAN SAY IS ?AT N[ ,I AM = :AT IS BE+ DONE H]E40 

,!N HE %[$ ME ! 9DEX C>DS :I* REF]R$ TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE SECTION HE WAS 9 *>GE (1 ) AN 5?USIASM :I* MAT*$ M9E4 ,& ?IS GAVE ME ONCE AGA9 ! OPPORTUNITY TO SEE H[ ! COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S ( ALL SECTIONS ( ACTIVITY WAS ! GREAT G5]AL RULE4 

,UND\BT$LY A COMMUNAL TRADITION 9SPIR$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE 9 ,FRAGA :]E ! MUNICIPALITY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,! LOCAL C\NCIL WAS ! CONT9UATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE 9 ACTION FROM ! FIR/ WEEKS FOLL[+ ! ,JULY UPRIS+4 ,IT WAS ?IS ,COMITE ?AT TOOK OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE1 BAS$ ON ! NORMAL TASKS UND]TAK53 AGRICULTURE1 LIVE/OCK1 9DU/RY1 DI/RIBUTION1 HEAL?1 SOCIAL ASSI/ANCE1 PUBLIC WORKS1 S*OOL ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE WAS ONE C\NCILOR = EA*4 ,ALL W]E NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S CONC]N$1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! C\NCILOR = PROVISION+ & DI/RIBUTION :O WAS DESIGNAT$ BY A GA!R+ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! LOCAL ACTIVITIES1 = IT 9VOLV$ PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! 9HABITANTS1 BO? COLLECTIVI/S & NON-COLLECTIVI/S )\T DI/9CTION4 

,BUT :IL/ BE+ L9K$ TO ?IS COORD9AT$ :OLE1 EA* TRADE HAD ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 CORRESPOND+ TO ITS TASKS1 NE$S & B PREF]5CES4 ,BE+ RESPONSIBLE = ITS WORK EA* TRADE ORGANIZ$ IT 9 ITS [N WAY4 ,?US !' ,COLLECTIVE ( AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & H]DSM5 :I* COMPRIS$ #g FAMILIES - HALF ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION - WAS DIVID$ 9TO #ea GR\PS ( :I* #b W]E 9VOLV$ 9 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION & #ca 9 NON-9T5SIVE1 :]E C]EAL F>M+ PREVAIL$4 ,EA* GR\P NOM9AT$ A MANAG] & !Y MET EV]Y ,SATURDAY TO DECIDE UPON ! TASKS TO BE UND]TAK54 ,! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCILOR ( ,AGRICULTURE ATT5D$ ?IS V]Y L>GE SECTION 9 ORD] TO H>MONIZE ! ACTIVITY ( ! GR[]S1 /OCK-RE>]S & ! 9DIVIDUALI/ PEASANTS4 

,AT ! TIME ( MY VISITS1 ! H]DSM5 W]E RE>+ & M9D+ #f1 BRE$+ EWES1 #d1 LAMBS1 #ae C[S1 7#a#e7 #f GOATS & #b1 PIGS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! LIVE/OCK HAD PREVI\SLY BELONG$ TO ! L>GE L&[N]S & !Y EMPLOY$ ! H]DSM5 & %EPH]DS :O W]E CONT9U+ TO WORK1 BUT = ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE POPULATION4 

,EA* FLOCK HAD TWO OR ?REE %EPH]DS1 ONE ( :OM WAS NOM9AT$ BY HIS COMRADES AS !IR REPRES5TATIVE4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ALSO MET EV]Y ,SATURDAY1 ) ! ,C\NCILOR = ,AGRICULTURE BE+ PRES5T AT !IR MEET+S :]E ! GRAZ+ SITES W]E DECID$ UPON1 >RANGEM5TS MADE = ! DIFF]5T H]DS1 ! IMPORTANCE ( A BRE$+ PROGRAM BAS$ ON ! CONSUM]S' NE$S1 & EX*ANGES ON QUE/IONS SU* AS UPKEEP ( /ABLES1 SLAU<T]+ >RANGEM5TS1 ETC4444 

,?US ! WORK WAS C>RI$ ON 9 A RATIONAL MANN]4 ,L&1 PA/URES1 & IRRIGATION :5 NE$$ W]E US$ SY/EMATICALLY4 ,& ! RESULTS W]E VISIBLE4 ,! ANIMALS W]E SLAU<T]$ :5 !Y W]E 9 ! RI<T CONDITION4 ,ONE NO LONG] SAW #e %EEP GRAZ+ :]E #b C\LD BE ACCOMMODAT$ NOR #a VY+ ) EA* O!R = GRASS :I* C\LD B>ELY FE$ #d4 7#a#f7 ,EWES ?AT =M]LY W\LD HAVE BE5 PREMATURELY SOLD W]E N[ BE+ KEPT 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S = BRE$+4 ,= ! SAME PURPOSE A SUITABLE NUMB] ( SELECT$ S[S & C[S W]E RETA9$4 ,COLLECTIVE PIGG]IES1 C[%$S & /ABLES = ! MULES EMPLOY$ ON ! L& W]E BUILT \TSIDE ,FRAGA4 ,FAVOR$ BY BE+ ABLE TO USE SOME #a1 HECT>ES PREVI\SLY RES]V$ = HUNT+1 ! 9CREASE 9 LIVE/OCK WAS RAPID1 & W\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE REM>KABLE HAD NOT ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON UND]TAK5 TO KEEP ! FRONT L9E FI<T]S SUPPLI$ ) VIRTUALITY ALL !IR FOOD )\T PAYM5T4 ,EV5 SO IT WAS E/IMAT$ AT ! TIME ?AT IF ! MUNICIPALI/ ,COLLECTIVE ( ,FRAGA W]E ALL[$ UNHAMP]$ DEVELOPM5T ! H]DS W\LD D\BLE 9 TWO YE>S AS WELL AS %[+ A NOTABLE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! QUALITY ( ! /OCK4 

,N[ LET US PASS ON TO NONAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 ,! O!R TRADES COMPRIS$ A G5]AL ,SYNDICATE ) #c SECTIONS2 9CLUD+ ! F>M]S & %EPH]DS !RE W]E AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT1 #ie MEMB]S4 ,?OSE SECTIONS W]E NOT !RE=E IMPORTANT 9 !MSELVES & 9 MANY CASES ONE CAN H>DLY TALK ( 9DU/RY3 ?REE SAWY]S1 ?REE F>RI]S1 ?IRTY-TWO BUILD+ WORK]S1 N9E PLA/]]S1 TW5TY-EI<T TAILORS & ! SAME NUMB] ( DRESSMAK]S 4 4 4 ,9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 :OEV] NE$$ A SUIT W\LD CONTACT ! TAILORS' DELEGATE1 ANYONE NE$+ REPAIRS TO HIS H\SE W\LD APPROA* ! BUILD+ WORK]S' DELEGATE2 TO %OE HIS HORSE ! 9DIVIDUALI/ W\LD GO TO ! DELEGATE ( ! F>RI]S OR ! BLACKSMI?S4 ,PRICES W]E FIX$1 & DET]M9$ BY A JO9T MEET+ ( ! G5]AL DELEGATE = LABOR1 ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL'S TE*NICIAN = 9DU/RY1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PRODUC+ SECTION & MANY MEMB]S ( ! CONSUM+ PUBLIC2 !Y COME TO A DECISION BAS$ ON ! CO/ ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! WORK 9VOLV$1 G5]AL EXP5SES & ! RES\RCES ( ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,I NOT$ ! FOLL[+ SCALE = FURNITURE3 A D\BLE WOOD5 B$ #ac PESETAS1 A S+LE B$ #g PESETAS2 A SIMPLE CUPBO>D ) MIRROR #bg PESETAS2 A D9+ ROOM TABLE #e PESETAS1 ) EXT5SION #g PESETAS2 A FOLD+ KIT*5 TABLE ) DRAW]S #be PESETAS1 )\T #b PESETAS2 A *ILD'S B$ #d PESETAS4 ,! QUALITY ( ! RAW MAT]IALS WAS SPECIFI$ 9 WRIT+4 

,! BUY] PAID ! DELEGATE :O H&$ ! MONEY TO ! ,LABOR ,C\NCILOR4 ,! *ECK ON ! ACTUAL PAYM5T WAS EFFECT$ BY MEANS ( A C\NT]FOIL BOOK ) RECEIPTS 9 DUPLICATE1 ONE ( :I* WAS H&$ TO ! BUY]1 ! O!R TO ! C\NCILOR4 ,! /UB REMA9$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! DELEGATE ( ! PRODUC+ ,COLLECTIVE4 ,?US IT WAS A SIMPLE MATT] TO *ECK1 & !RE WAS NO POSSIBILITY ( D\BLE DEAL+4 

,AS 9 ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES1 ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS W]E NOT1 SO F> AS ACC\NTS W5T1 AUTONOM\S OR 9DEP5D5T4 ,!Y CON/ITUT$ A :OLE ! SEP>ATE P>TS ( :I* W]E 9T]DEP5D5T & PRACTIC$ MUTUAL AID ?R\< ! G5]AL MA*9]Y4 ,H]E TOO1 BUILD+ WORK]S :O W]E )\T WORK W\LD GO TO HELP ! L& WORK]S & :5 NECESS>Y ! OPPOSITE W\LD HAPP54 ,& ALL ! WAGES W]E ! SAME1 PAID 9 LOCAL MONEY E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE4 

,A S+LE COLLECTIVI/ PRODUC] RECEIV$ #d PESETAS A WEEK4 ,A C\PLE #de & SO ON TO A MAXIMUM ( #g PESETAS = A FAMILY ( #a PEOPLE1 FOLL[+ ! G5]AL CONS5SUS ?AT ! L>G] ! FAMILY UNIT1 ! L[] ! CO/ ( LIV+ P] P]SON4 ,:]E !RE W]E TWO PRODUC]S 9 A FAMILY ! WEEKLY FAMILY WAGE WAS SLI<TLY HI<] AT #e PESETAS = A FAMILY ( ?REE1 TO #he = T5 PEOPLE4 ,WORK+ WOM5 W]E PAID AT EXACTLY ! SAME RATE AS M54 

,TO MAKE A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! PA/1 ! WORD 0WAGE0 WAS DROPP$ & REPLAC$ BY ! WORD 0CR$IT40 

,! 9DIVIDUALI/S - SOME #ge FAMILIES 9 ALL1 ?\< ! NUMB]S W]E DECREAS+ ALL ! TIME - S[$1 CULTIVAT$ & RAIS$ !IR ANIMALS = !IR [N NE$S4 ,BUT ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 !IR ACTIVITIES W]E COORD9AT$ ) ! G5]AL PLAN ( WORK4 ,! AGRICULTURAL DELEGATE ATT5D$ !IR MEET+S & 9 A FRI5DLY MANN] W\LD ADVISE !M ON ! BE/ ?+S TO GR[ & H[ TO IMPROVE QUALITY4 ,! SAME DELEGATE W\LD PUR*ASE !IR PRODUCTS1 ON ! BASIS ( ! PRICE SCALE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SYNDICATE :I* !SE 9DIVIDUALI/S :O WI%$ C\LD JO9 & ( :I*1 ANYWAY1 NOT EV5 ALL COLLECTIVI/S W]E MEMB]S4 ,& ?IS RESULT$ 9 A QUITE REM>KABLE FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T :I* WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,LEVANTE COLLECTIVES AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]4 

,! =EGO+ 9DICATES ?AT DI/RIBUTION WAS ALSO COMPLETELY SOCIALIZ$1 SO ?AT EV5 9DIVIDUALI/S W]E COLLECTIVI/S :]E ?IS ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS CONC]N$4 ,! FOOD C\NSELOR WAS RESPONSIBLE = FOOD >RANGEM5TS ) ,CATALONIA1 7#a#g7 ! ,LEVANTE & O!R P>TS ( ,>AGON4 ,) ! KN[L$GE ( :AT /OCKS ( :EAT OR ! QUANTITIES ( MEAT1 WOOL & HIDES1 W\LD BE AVAILABLE AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 HE C\LD 9 ADVANCE MAKE (F]S = B>T] BAS$ ON ! E/ABLI%$ SCALE ( PRICES4 ,AN ALT]NATIVE PRACTICE :I* WAS T5D+ TO BECOME MORE WIDESPREAD WAS TO USE ! ,>AGON ,C\NCIL 7:I* WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! LIB]T>IANS7 AS GO BETWE5 9 !SE EX*ANGES = IT WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 OBTA9+ = ! AGR>IAN >EAS L>GE QUANTITIES ( ! ?+S !Y NE$$ MO/ FROM ! >EAS ) 9DU/RIAL SURPLUSES SU* AS MA*9]Y1 F]TILIZ]S1 PETROL1 LORRIES1 TEXTILES1 GROC]IES1 ETC4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ A SY/EM ( V\*]S WAS US$ 9/EAD ( MONEY4 ,BUT :AT WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 ONE PLACE WAS NOT NECESS>ILY SUCCESSFUL 9 ANO!R4 ,!RE WAS NO MISUSE 9 ,COL&A1 ,RUBIELO DE ,MORA & ELSE:]E4 ,!RE WAS H[EV] 9 ,FRAGA1 SO ,I WAS TOLD 7?\< MY 9=MANTS NEV] GOT R\ND TO EXPLA9+ ! REASONS 9 DETAIL74 ,SO LOCAL MONEY WAS RESORT$ TO4 ,!N AT ! SAME TIME1 GOODS 9 %ORT SUPPLY W]E RATION$1 IT WAS A CASE ( A W> ECONOMY S9CE ,FRAGA IS SITUAT$ ON ! ROAD TO ,S>AGOSSA1 ?AT IS1 ON :AT WAS ! ,>AGON ,FRONT4 ,AS A RESULT ( RATION+1 S]I\S 9EQUALITIES W]E AVOID$4 ,EA* FAMILY HAD A RATION BOOK 9 :I* W]E 5T]$ ! QUANTITIES ( GOODS TO :I* !Y W]E 5TITL$ ON ! BASIS ( AVAILABLE /OCKS OR SUPPLIES4 

,ALL GOODS = LOCAL CONSUMPTION W]E UND] ! CONTROL ( ! FOOD C\NCILOR & DI/RIBUT$ BY ! COMMUNAL %OPS1 :I* H]E TOO W]E CALL$ COOP]ATIVES4 ,PRIVATE COMM]CE HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,!RE WAS ONE W>EH\SE = BREAD1 ?REE = GROC]IES1 ?REE = BUT*]'S MEAT & ?REE = PORK BUT*]'S MEAT4 ,! RE/ W]E 9 PROPORTION TO CONSUMPTION OR AVAILABLE SUPPLIES4 

,MEAT WAS BR\<T DIRECT FROM ! SLAU<T] H\SES TO ! PORK & MEAT BUT*]S' E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,CONSUMPTION WAS C>EFULLY *ECK$4 ,?OSE RESPONSIBLE = DI/RIBUTION HAD TO R5D] EXACT RETURNS ON SALES BAS$ ON ! WEI<TS ( MEAT DELIV]$ TO !M4 ,?US FROM ! RAIS] TO ! CONSUM] ! :OLE PROC$URE WAS P]FECTLY SYN*RONIZ$4 

,:EAT1 BO? SUPPLIES FROM ! 9DIVIDUALI/S AS WELL AS FROM ! ,COLLECTIVE1 WAS /OR$ 9 A W>EH\SE = C]EALS4 ,& 9 DUE C\RSE CONTROLL$ SUPPLIES W\LD BE RELEAS$ TO ! COMMUNAL MILLS :I* !N SUPPLI$ ! FL\R TO ! ELEV5 BAK]IES :I* PRODUC$ ! GOLD5 R\ND LOAVES :I* W]E PROMPTLY DELIV]$ TO ! BREAD W>EH\SE = DI/RIBUTION4 

,! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL HAD A SY/EM ( CR$ITS :I* ,I DID NOT SEE APPLI$ ANY:]E ELSE4 ,:5 A COLLECTIVI/1 OR A SMALL PROPRIETOR1 NE$$ MONEY = A L>GE PUR*ASE HE APPROA*$ ! ORGANIZATION = LOCAL F9ANCE & MADE HIS APPLICATION TO !M4 ,TWO COLLECTIVI/ & TWO 9DIVIDUALI/ DELEGATES W\LD !N WORK \T ON ! BASIS ( AN ASSESSM5T ( :AT ! APPLICANT C\LD E>N BY HIS WORK1 B>R+ ACCID5TS1 9 ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* HE NE$$ ! LOAN & ALSO :AT W]E HIS NORMAL \TGO+S OV] A P]IOD ( ?REE MON?S1 & ON ?IS BASIS A CR$IT ACC\NT W\LD BE OP5$ = HIM4 ,)\T 9T]E/1 ( C\RSE4 

,?IS GAVE MORE FLEXIBILITY TO ! DAILY LIVES ( ! COLLECTIVI/S1 & 9 !IR CASE ! SECTION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE TO :I* !Y BELONG$ WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = ! CR$IT & GU>ANTE$ ITS REPAYM5T4 

,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 SURPRIS+ HAD ! ,HEAL? ORGANIZATION LAGG$ BEH9D4 ,9 PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 9 !IR CL9ICS OR ON HOME VISITS1 TWO DOCTORS \T ( ?REE ACCEPT$ TO PRACTICE !IR PR(ESSION 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,M$ICAL C>E WAS !RE=E VIRTUALLY COMPLETELY COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,! HOSPITAL WAS QUICKLY 5L>G$ FROM A CAPACITY ( #b B$S TO #a4 ,! \T PATI5TS' DEP>TM5T :I* WAS 9 ! C\RSE ( CON/RUCTION WAS RAPIDLY COMPLET$4 ,A S]VICE TO DEAL ) ACCID5TS & M9OR SURGICAL OP]ATIONS WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,! TWO PH>MACIES W]E ALSO 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! NEW SY/EM4 

,ALL ?IS WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A MASSIVE 9CREASE 9 PUBLIC HYGI5E4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 ! C[%$S & /ABLES W]E REORGANIZ$ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,FRAGA4 ,ONE ( !SE1 SPECIALLY BUILT1 H\S$ #i C[S4 ,& = ! FIR/ TIME EV] ! HOSPITAL WAS PROVID$ ) RUNN+ WAT] & ! PROJECT 9 H& WAS TO 5SURE ?AT ALL H\SES W]E SIMIL>LY PROVID$1 ?US R$UC+ ! 9CID5CE ( TYPHOID4 

,ALL ?IS WAS P>T ( A PROGRAM ( PUBLIC WORKS :I* 9CLUD$ ! IMPROVEM5T ( ROADS & ! PLANT+ ( TREES ALONG !M4 ,?ANKS TO ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY RESULT+ FROM COLLECTIVE WORK 7:I* ,PR\DHON PO9T$ TO AS F> BACK AS 9 #ahd AS ONE ( ! FEATURES ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALISM1 BUT :I* LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM CAN APPLY & G5]ALIZE MORE EFFECTIVELY71 !RE W]E SKILL$ M5 AVAILABLE = ?IS K9D ( WORK 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,! MUNICIPALITY UND] ! OLD REGIME W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ABLE TO MEET SU* EXP5DITURE4 

,! ADVANTAGES ( A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY >E TO BE F\ND 9 MANY O!R CASES4 ,! SC>CITY ( WAT] 9 ,SPA91 & ! PROBLEMS >IS+ FROM ITS USE HAD RESULT$ 9 ! =MATION ( MANY COMUNIDADES DE REGANTES 7ASSOCIATIONS ( WAT] US]S7 SET UP = ! IRRIGATION ( FIELDS & :I* %>E AMONG !MSELVES1 MORE OR LESS EQUITABLY1 ! PRECI\S LIQUID4 ,! PROBLEMS & 9DIVIDUAL CONFLICTS :I* IT CAUS$ GAVE RISE TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FAM\S 0,WAT] ,TRIBUNAL0 9 ,VAL5CIA :I* MEETS EV]Y ,?URSDAY TO SETTLE AMICABLY )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! AU?ORITIES OR ( (FICIAL JU/ICE1 ! DISPUTES ?AT >E SUBMITT$ TO IT4 

,BUT SU* DISPUTES DISAPPE> :5 M5 NO LONG] HAVE TO COMPETE & FI<T EA* O!R TO EXI/1 OR :5 ! WILL TO ACQUIRE WEAL? = ONESELF IS NO LONG] UPP]MO/4 ,9 ! REGION ( ,FRAGA FIFTE5 COMUNIDADES DE REGANTES COV]+ ! L& 9 FIVE VILLAGES DISB&$4 ,! MORALITY ( SOLID>ITY PRODUC$ ?AT MIRACLE4 ,! OLD PRACTICE WAS REPLAC$ BY A S+LE COLLECTIVI/ ADM9I/RATION1 :I* COORD9AT$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( WAT] EV]Y:]E1 & :I* WAS PROPOS+ TO IMPROVE ! CAT*M5T BAS9 & USE ( ! RIV]S1 ESPECIALLY ( ! ,C9CA RIV]1 BY PUBLIC WORKS :I* NONE ( ! VILLAGES C\LD HAVE C>RI$ \T 9DIVIDUALLY4 

,AS WAS ! CASE EV]Y:]E1 SOLID>ITY WAS EXT5D$ 9 ALL DIRECTIONS4 ,! MEMB]S ( N9ETY FAMILIES :O = V>I\S REASONS SU* AS ILLNESS1 DEA? ( ! PR9CIPAL BREADW9N]1 ETC4 W]E CONDEMN$ TO POV]TY UND] ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIETY1 W]E RECEIV+ ! 0CR$IT0 E/ABLI%$ = EV]YBODY4 ,! MILITIAM5'S FAMILIES W]E SUPPORT$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,A F9AL A*IEVEM5T COMPLETES ?IS /ORY ( MUTUAL AID 9 ACTION4 

,A NUMB] ( OLD FOLK1 M5 & WOM51 AB&ON$ BY EV]YBODY1 SAD HUMAN FLOTSAM ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* MIS=TUNE IS ONE ( ! NATURAL ELEM5TS HAD COME TO ,FRAGA FROM SMALL] & POOR] VILLAGES4 ,IT WAS = !SE UN=TUNATES ?AT A ,CASA DE LOS ,ANCIANOS 7,OLD ,FOLK'S ,HOME7 WAS ORGANIZ$ & AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT !RE W]E ?IRTY-TWO ( !M /AY+ !RE4 ,!Y HAD ROOMS 7OR SMALL DORMITORIES71 A D9+ ROOM1 A SITT+ ROOM ) A L>GE OP5 FIRE1 ! :OLE PLACE WAS KEPT SPICK & SPAN & REFLECT$ ! W>M? & CORDIALITY ( ! WELCOME4 

,?REE WOM5 ATT5D$ !M1 TWO ( :OM W]E =M] NUNS4 ,I SPOKE AT L5G? ) !SE GUE/S WEI<$ D[N BY !IR LOT4 ,!Y W]E SKEPTICAL ( ! FUTURE4 ,:OEV] HAS BE5 A LIFELONG VICTIM ( MIS=TUNE CANNOT EASILY BELIEVE 9 A LA/+1 RELATIVE WELL-BE+4 ,P]HAPS !Y =ESAW ?AT ALL ?IS W\LD BE LO/ ONE DAY1 EI!R BY ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO OR ( ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 9SPIR$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 & DEEP )9 ME ,I C\LD NOT BE SO SURE ?AT !Y W]E WRONG4 ,BUT ,I HAD TO MAKE AN EF=T TO GIVE !M CONFID5CE & (F]$ !M WORDS ( HOPE4 ,!N ,I ASK$ !M AB\T ! WAY !Y W]E BE+ TREAT$4 ,ONE ( !M SUMM$ UP ! VIEW ( ALL ) ! CONCIS5ESS RECOMM5D$ BY ! ,>AGONESE WRIT] ,BALTAS> ,GRACIAN1 ,LO BU5O1 SI BREVE1 DOS VECES BU5O 7! GOOD1 IF BRIEF1 IS D\BLY GOOD7 :5 HE SAID3 0,WE CANNOT COMPLA9 NEI!R ( ! FOOD1 NOR ! W9E1 NOR ! B$S1 NOR ( ! LOVE40 

,:AT MORE C\LD BE SAID8 

#c4 ,B9EF> 

,BY ITS SPIRIT & ITS DYNAMISM1 ,B9EF> WAS PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT C5T] = COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA4 ,?ANKS TO ! HI< QUALITIES ( ! LOCAL MILITANTS IT HAD BECOME ! T[N%IP ( A CANTON ( ?IRTY-TWO VILLAGES4 ,( !SE1 TW5TY-EI<T W]E MORE OR LESS COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS TOTAL 9 ,ESPLUS1 & ,BALC>CA 7#e 9HABITANTS7 AS IT WAS = ! #b1 9HABITANTS 9 ,LA ,ALMUNIA4 ,9 ,ALCAMPEL & ,P]ALTA DE LA ,SAL !RE W]E #a1#e COLLECTIVI/S \T ( A POPULATION ( #b1 :ILE 9 ,ALGAYON ONLY N9E ( ITS #e 9HABITANTS REMA9$ \TSIDE ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,9 ,B9EF> #g FAMILIES \T ( #h COMPRIS$ ! NEW SOCIETY4 

,A T5? ( ! #e1 9HABITANTS WORK$ 9 SMALL 9DU/RIES SU* AS MILL+1 BISCUIT MAK+1 CLO?+ & %OE FACTORIES1 F\NDRIES1 MA*9E REPAIR %OPS1 LI<T 5G9E]+1 %OPS1 ETC4444 & SUPPLI$ ! SURR\ND+ VILLAGES AS WELL AS LOCAL REQUIREM5TS4 ,! SMALL NUMB]S 5GAG$ 9 9DU/RY DID NOT H[EV] PREV5T !RE BE+ A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( SOME IMPORTANCE4 

,! SOLE SYNDICATE GR\P+ ! WORK]S ( DIFF]5T TRADES WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,IT 5C\NT]$ ! K9D ( DIFFICULTIES EXP]I5C$ ELSE:]E TOO3 P]SECUTIONS1 PROLONG$ CLOSURES1 IMPRISONM5T & DEPORTATION ( MILITANTS4 ,NEV]!LESS DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! MEMB]%IP ROSE TO #f4 

,MO/ ( !M W]E FIELD WORK]S &1 AS ONE CAN WELL IMAG9E1 !IR SITUATION WAS NOT V]Y BRI<T4 ,! UNEQUAL DIVISION ( ! E/ATES WAS ! REASON1 = NATURE IS FAIRLY CLEM5T 9 ,B9EF>1 & IRRIGATION WORKS COMPLETE ITS POSITIVE ASPECTS4 

,! #b1 HECT>ES ( CULTIVABLE L& AVAILABLE W]E RES]V$ = 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION4 ,ANIMAL FE$1 SUG> BEET1 V>I\S VEGETABLES1 & OLIVE GROVES W]E ! MA9 S\RCE ( REV5UE4 ,( !SE #b1 HECT>ES #a1#b BELONG$ TO ! L>GE L&[N]S4 ,! REMA9D] W]E DIVID$ 9TO SMALL P>CELS ONE ( :I* WAS [N$ BY MO/ FAMILIES4 ,BUT ONLY AB\T A HUNDR$ C\LD MAKE A LIV+ \T ( !IRS4 ,! REMA9D]1 (T5 HUSB&S & WIVES1 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE HAD TO WORK = ! RI* L&[N]S AS F>M]S OR EMPLOYES4 

,\R =CES W]E /ILL DISORGANIZ$ BY REC5T P]SECUTIONS :5 9 MID-,JULY ! ,FRANCOI/ M5ACE TOOK %APE4 ,! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES BELONG$ TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT FROM :I* ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E VIRTUALLY ABS5T4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT FASCISM1 BUT !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( DO+ ANY?+4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 AS USUAL FAC$ UP TO ! DANG]4 ,& ON !IR 9ITIATIVE A REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE WAS SET UP ON ,JULY #ah :I* !Y JO9$ AS A MAJORITY ALONGSIDE TWO MEMB]S ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 

,! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 FAC$ BY ! DET]M9ATION ( !IR ADV]S>IES1 HESITAT$4 ,:ILE WAIT+ = RE9=CEM5TS !Y 5TR5*$ !MSELVES 9 !IR B>RACKS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! PR9CIPAL LOCAL REACTION>IES & FASCI/S4 ,BUT ON ,JULY #b1 AFT] USELESS NEGOTIATIONS ! B>RACKS W]E TAK5 BY ASSAULT1 & FOLL[+ AN 9EVITABLE SETTLEM5T ( ACC\NTS \R COMRADES LEFT = O!R VILLAGES :]E !Y W]E NE$$ TO HELP TO SETTLE ONCE = ALL ) ! DEF5D]S ( ! OLD REGIME4 

,!RE WAS NO HESITATION 9 ,B9EF> AB\T TAK+ ! NECESS>Y /EPS TO 5SURE LIFE = ALL4 ,MO/ ( ! H>VE/ WAS GETT+ SCOR*$ ON ! L>GE E/ATES :OSE [N]S HAD FL$ TO ,HUESCA4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMITE TOOK OV] ! AB&ON$ H>VE/ & ! ME*ANICAL REAP]S & B9D]S4 ,! WAGE E>N]S :O HAD WORK$ ON ! L& = ! RI* DECID$ TO CONT9UE TO WORK = ! B5EFIT ( EV]YBODY4 ,TEAMS W]E MADE UP1 JU/ AS HAPP5$ ELSE:]E1 & ) DELEGATES TO COORD9ATE !IR EF=TS1 W\LD MEET1 TO />T ) EV]Y NI<T1 & :5 ! WORK WAS UND] CONTROL ONCE A WEEK4 

,ONCE ! H>VE/ WAS GA!R$1 9DU/RIES W]E SOCIALIZ$4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY COMM]CE4 ,A G5]AL ASSEMBLY WAS CALL$ ( ALL ! LOCAL 9HABITANTS1 & ADOPT$ A ,*>T] ! PR9CIPAL >TICLES ( :I* >E H]E REPRODUC$ V]BATIM3 

,>T4 ,I - ,WORK WILL BE C>RI$ \T BY GR\PS ( T5 PEOPLE1 & EA* GR\P WILL NOM9ATE ITS DELEGATE4 ,?IS DELEGATE WILL HAVE TO ORGANIZE ! WORK & MA9TA9 NECESS>Y H>MONY AMONG ! WORK]S2 :]E NECESS>Y HE MAY APPLY SANCTIONS VOT$ 9 ! ASSEMBLES4 

,>T4 #b - ,! DELEGATES >E EXPECT$ TO PRES5T TO ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,COMMISSION EA* DAY A REPORT ON ! TASKS COMPLET$4 

,>T4 #c - ,! WORK+ TIMETABLE WILL BE E/ABLI%$ ACCORD+ TO REQUIREM5TS4 

,>T4 #d - ,A C5TRAL COMMITTEE CONSI/+ ( A MEMB] ( EA* PRODUCTION BRAN* WILL BE NOM9AT$ 9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! ,COMMUNITY ( ,B9EF>4 ,! COMMITTEE WILL GIVE A PROGRESS REPORT AT ! MON?LY ASSEMBLY ON CONSUMPTION & PRODUCTION1 AS WELL AS REPORTS FROM ! RE/ ( ,SPA9 & ABROAD4 

,>T4 #e - ,ALL ?OSE :O WILL MANAGE ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE NOM9AT$ BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( COLLECTIVI/S4 

,>T4 #f - ,EA* MEMB] WILL RECEIVE AN 9V5TORY ( ! GOODS & *ATTELS HE HAS BR\<T .<TO ! ,COLLECTIVE.>4 

,>T4 #g - ,ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE )\T EXCEPTION1 WILL #e HAVE EQUAL RI<TS & DUTIES2 !Y CANNOT BE OBLIG$ TO BELONG TO ONE ,SYNDICATE RA!R ?AN TO ANO!R2 7#a#h7 IT WILL SUFFICE ?AT !Y FULLY ACCEPT ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,>T4 #h - ,ANY PR(ITS MAY NOT BE %>$ \T4 ,!Y WILL BE P>T1 ( ! COLLECTIVE WEAL?1 = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,FOOD/UFFS WILL BE RATION$ & ONE WILL HAVE TO SEE TO IT ?AT FOOD /OCKS >E SET UP 9 CASE ( CROP FAILURES4 

,>T4 #i - ,:5 CIRCUM/ANCES DEM& IT1 AS 9 ! CASE ( URG5T AGRICULTURAL WORK1 ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE ABLE TO REQUIRE WOM5 COMRADES 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S TO DO JOBS 9 KEEP+ ) !IR SEX4 7#a#i7 ,A /RICT CONTROL WILL BE EX]CIS$ TO 5SURE ?AT WOM5 COMRADES FULFILL ?IS PRODUCTIVE EF=T4 

,>T4 #a - ,Y\NG PEOPLE WILL NOT />T TO WORK BE=E !Y >E #ae YE>S OLD2 & WILL NOT 5GAGE 9 HEAVY WORK UNTIL !Y >E SIXTE54 

,>T4 #aa - ,ASSEMBLIES WILL TAKE ! NECESS>Y DECISIONS SO F> AS ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE & ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION >E CONC]N$4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVE EMBRACES ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,= ITS TASK EXT5DS1 AS WE %ALL SOON SEE1 TO $UCATION1 HEAL? & ALL PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,PRACTICALLY SPEAK+ ! ,SYNDICATE PLAYS NO ROLE AT ALL4 ,IT HAS PREP>$ ! NEW ORD]1 BUT ! LATT] E/ABLI%ES ITSELF & EXT5DS BEYOND ! ,SYNDICATE4 

,NEI!R IS !RE A MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 EV5 IF WE GO BACK TO ! COMMUNES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! ,SYNDICATE IS 9ADEQUATE & ! MUNICIPALITY HAS BE5 LEFT BEH9D4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE IS ! MO/ TYPICAL ORGAN ( ! ,SPANI% PEASANT REVOLUTION :I* EMBRACES ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 

,= N[ IT IS NO LONG] A CASE ( /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! BOSS1 ( OBTA9+ OR SNAT*+ RE=MS1 9CREASES 9 WAGES & UNPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS :IL/ CONT9U+ TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ! WAGES SY/EM1 BUT ( 5SUR+ PRODUCTION1 ( REPLAC+ - = ?IS PURPOSE YE/]DAY'S EXPLOIT]S & ORGANIZ]S4 ,& ?IS PRODUCTION MU/ BE GE>$ TO DIRECT LOCAL REQUIREM5TS & ! NE$S = B>T]4 ,PRODUCTION & ! 5JOYM5T ( GOODS1 WORK & ! %>+ \T ( LABOR1 >E 9DIVISIBLE4 ,AS >E ! ME?OD ( %>+ \T LABOR1 ! MORAL CONCEPTS :I* PRESIDE OV]1 DIRECT & 9FLU5CE ! ORI5TATION ( WORK4 ,EV]Y?+ IS 9T]DEP5D5T1 9T]L9K$4 ,! SECTIONS ( PRODUCTION >E ! TOO!D :EELS ( A :OLE ME*ANISM :I* IS AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE2 = M5 OLD & Y\NG1 FIT OR O!RWISE1 = WOM5 :O WORK OR NOT1 = *ILDR51 ! SICK1 ! HELPLESS1 ETC4 ,?IS FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY WAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ME*ANISM 9 G5]AL ,A LACK ( CORPORATE FEEL+1 ( RIVALRY BETWE5 TRADES OR 9 WORK SPECIALIZATION4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE WAS A HUMAN & FRAT]NAL :OLE4 ,9DU/RY & ,AGRICULTURE REPRES5T$ A COMMON FUND4 ,NO WAGE DIFF]5TIAL BETWE5 ! ME*ANIC & ! PEASANT4 ,! PRODUC]S' SECTIONS HELP$ EA* O!R4 ,A SPECIALLY NOM9AT$ ,COMMISSION CONSI/+ ( A *AIRMAN 7:O COORD9AT$ ! WORK TO BE DONE71 A TREASUR]4 A SECRET>Y & TWO MEMB]S1 KEPT ! G5]AL ADM9I/RATIVE ACC\NTS1 BUT TOOK C>E TO SEP>ATE ! ACC\NTS ( EA* ( ! SPECIALIZ$ SECTIONS SO AS TO BE ABLE TO CORRECT & ADJU/ !M IF NECESS>Y4 ,FUR!RMORE1 TWO COMRADES1 :O W]E 9 CON/ANT T\* ) ! GR\P DELEGATES1 W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! SUP]VISION ( WORK & ! RESULTS A*IEV$4 

,! SPECIALIZ$ SECTIONS 7METAL-WORK]S1 BUILD]S1 ETC47 MET SEP>ATELY TO EXAM9E !IR PROBLEMS1 DECIDE UPON ! WORK TO BE DONE1 ACTIONS TO BE TAK51 MODIFICATIONS TO BE MADE TO ! 9V5TORIES ( REQUIREM5TS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 SOME CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION W\LD CONVOKE !M OR ! DELEGATES 9 ORD] TO EXAM9E :AT ?IS HAD TO BE4 

,B9EF> FOLL[$ ! G5]AL PATT]N ADOPT$ )\T ANY PREVI\S AGREEM5T1 A SPONTANE\S A*IEVEM5T AS IT W]E ALMO/ ( A BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,! SMALL SCATT]$ WORK%OPS W]E C5TRALIZ$4 ,!RE REMA9$ ONLY ONE FACTORY = ! MASS PRODUCTION ( M5'S WE>1 A HUGE WORK%OP = ! MANUFACTURE ( %OES & SO ON4 ,AS = AGRICULTURE1 ! CULTIVATION ( :EAT WAS 9CREAS$ BY A ?IRD - )\T SACRIFIC+ O!R CULTIVATIONS - &1 BUT = ! 9CLEM5T WEA!R ?AT YE>1 ! PRODUCTION ( SUG> BEET ?R\<\T ! CANTON W\LD HAVE RIS5 FROM ! NORMAL #d1 TONS TO #g14 ,)9 A FEW MON?S & 9 ! LI<T ( EXP]I5CE1 ! CON/ITUTION ( AGRICULTURAL GR\PS AS WELL AS !IR ORGANIZATION WAS MODIFI$4 ,!Y 5D$ UP BY E/ABLI%+ SEV5 ZONES1 EA* ( :I* WAS A COMPLETE UNIT ) ITS [N BUILD+S & ) AB\T ONE HUNDR$ WORK]S4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 PUTT+ AS EV] ! LAW ( SOLID>ITY ABOVE ALL ELSE1 AN APPEAL W\LD BE MADE :5 NECESS>Y TO 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & EV5 TO :ITE COLL> WORK]S :O C\LD NOT REFUSE !IR HELP - S9CE IT WAS AGRE$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY - ) ! H>VE/4 ,DUR+ ! H>VE/ ( ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 EV5 ! TAILORS L5T A HELP+ H&4 

,= SU* A MOBILIZATION /REET LI/S W]E DRAWN UP ) ! NAMES ( M>RI$ & S+LE WOM54 ,! =M] W]E NOT CALL$ UPON EXCEPT 9 EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! Y\NG WOM5 :O W]E CALL$ BY MEANS ( ! T[N CRI] :O ! DAY BE=E W\LD MOVE FROM ! SQU>E TO ! CROSS ROADS TO READ \T ! LI/ ( NAMES ( ?OSE :OSE TURN IT WAS TO HELP4 

,VISIBLY1 WORK WAS NOT AN IRKSOME TASK4 ,9 MID-SUMM]1 = ! S[+ ( BEETROOT1 GR\PS ( Y\NG GIRLS GA!R$ 9 ! E>LY MORN+ & W\LD GO (F S++4 ,OBVI\SLY SOME W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ TO /AY 9 B$1 BUT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO *EAT4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O HAD OLD RELATIVES OR Y\NG BRO!RS & SI/]S TO LOOK AFT] W]E EXCUS$4 

,! DELEGATE ( EA* AGRICULTURAL GR\P OR 9DU/RIAL SECTION1 W\LD 5T] DAILY1 9 EA* COLLECTIVI/'S PRODUC]'S NOTEBOOK1 HIS ATT5DANCES AT WORK4 ,9FR+EM5TS 7IF & :5 !Y OCCURR$7 C\LD NOT BE REPEAT$ )\T COMM5T4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE GU>ANTE$ FREE LODG+S TO ALL ITS MEMB]S AS WELL AS BREAD1 OIL 7! ONLY $IBLE FAT AVAILABLE7 & PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS4 ,O!R ?+S HAD TO BE B\<T ) LOCAL MONEY & ON ! BASIS ( ! FAMILY WAGE4 

,CONSUM] & O!R GOODS W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY COMMUNAL /ORES4 ,!RE W]E MANY 9 ,B9EF> = W9E1 BREAD1 OIL1 GROC]IES 9 G5]AL1 HAB]DA%]Y & TEXTILES2 9 ADDITION !RE W]E ?REE COMMUNAL DAIRIES1 ?REE BUT*]S1 A H>DW>E %OP & A FURNITURE W>EH\SE :]E ALL ! PRODUCTION ( ! WORK%OPS WAS /OR$4 

,AS T[N%IP1 *OS5 ALSO BECAUSE ( ITS GEOGRAPHIC SITUATION & = ITS COMMUNICATIONS1 ,B9EF> WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! EX*ANGES BETWE5 ! #cb VILLAGES 9 ! CANTON4 ,BETWE5 ,OCTOB] & ,DECEMB] #aicf EX*ANGES ( GOODS AM\NT+ TO #e MILLION PESETAS 79 H>D CURR5CY7 HAD BE5 MADE ) O!R COLLECTIVES 9 ,CATALONIA & ,>AGON4 ,& !Y HELD /OCKS ( SUG> WOR? #h1 PESETAS & OIL WOR? #g1 AS WELL AS LESS IMPORTANT COMMODITIES4 ,! TELEPHONE & ELECTRICITY HAD BE5 9/ALL$ ?R\<\T ! CANTON4 

,/ILL1 ! =EGO+ CATALOG DOES NOT GIVE A FULL PICTURE ( ! REALITY = ?IS 9CLUDES ALSO NEGATIVE ASPECTS1 :I* /EMM$ FROM ! G5]AL SITUATION4 ,!RE WAS FREQU5TLY A %ORTAGE ( MEAT 9 ,B9EF> & EV5 ( POTATOES4 ,! CANTON WAS MORE ?AN G5]\S4 ,ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 MILITIAS AB&ON$ BY ! GOV]NM5T W]E )\T FOOD SUPPLIES JU/ AS !Y W]E %ORT ( >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,B9EF> GAVE :AT IT C\LD - :AT IT HAD4 ,= MON?S IT S5T FROM #c TO #d TONS ( FOOD A WEEK4 ,! :OLE CANTON DONAT$ #cd TONS 9 ONE CONSIGNM5T = ,MADRID4 ,9 ONE DAY !Y DONAT$ TO ! ,ASCASO1 ,DURRUTI & ,ORTIZ MILITIA COLUMNS #c#f1 PESETAS WOR? ( OIL4 

,! COLLECTIVES NEV] /OPP$ %[+ ?IS SOLID>ITY4 ,! FOLL[+ IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE3 

,9 ,JUNE #aicg ,I ATT5D$ A PL5UM TO :I* DELEGATIONS FROM ALL ! VILLAGES ( ! CANTON HAD COME4 ,A S]I\S PROBLEM WAS RAIS$2 ! H>VE/ WAS DRAW+ NE> & !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( SACKS1 ( B9D] TW9E1 PETROL & O!R ?+S NE$$ = ! JOB4 ,ALL ?IS HAD TO BE PUR*AS$ BY ! CANTONAL F$]ATION & DI/RIBUT$ TO ! DIFF]5T VILLAGES ACCORD+ TO !IR REQUIREM5TS4 ,! CO/ 9VOLV$ MANY T5S ( ?\S&S ( PESETAS TO OBTA9 = :I* IT WAS NECESS>Y EI!R TO SELL OR EX*ANGE OIL & MANY O!R FOOD/UFFS :I* W]E 9T5D$ = ! FRONT & !REBY DEPRIVE ! MILITIAM5 ( !M4 

,WELL1 NOT A S+LE DELEGATE WAS 9 FAVOR ( SU* A SOLUTION6 ,UNANIM\SLY1 )\T ANY >GUM5T1 ! ASSEMBLY DECL>$ ITSELF 9 FAVOR ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOLUTION4 ,9 ! 5D IT WAS DECID$ TO S5D A DELEGATION TO ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 A /EP DOOM$ TO C]TA9 FAILURE1 = ! SABOTAGE ( ! ,>AGON TROOPS WAS A MAJOR CONSID]ATION 9 ! M9DS ( A MAJORITY 9 ! ,CAB9ET - :O KNEW ?AT ! FOOD %ORTAGES W\LD 5C\RAGE ! MILITIAM5 TO PILLAGE ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

,I !RE=E DECID$ TO S5D TO ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 \R DAILY NEWSPAP] 9 ,B>CELONA1 AN APPEAL ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE MILITIAM51 EXPLA9+ ! SITUATION TO !M & ASK+ !M TO GIVE A P>T ( !IR PAY TO HELP ! PEASANTS4 ,! MONEY WAS =?COM+ & ! H>VE/ SAV$4 

,ALL !SE FACTS EXPLA9 ! %ORTAGE ( C]TA9 PRODUCTS ?AT AN UN9=M$ J\RNALI/ W\LD NOTE ON HIS WAY ?R\< ,B9EF>1 & )\T TAK+ ACC\NT ( ! FACT = 9/ANCE1 ?AT AN AV]AGE ( #e SOLDI]S W]E P]MAN5TLY BILLET$ !RE4 

,! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY :I* IS ! \T/&+ FEATURE ( ! ,COLLECTIVES1 9VE/S !M ) O!R QUALITIES4 ,?US ,B9EF> 9CREAS$ ITS M$ICAL S]VICE4 ,ONE DOCTOR :O HAD BE5 9 PRACTICE = SOME TIME1 DECL>$ HIMSELF = ! ,C4,N4,T4 & AT A REGIONAL CONGRESS ( FELL[ DOCTORS HE P]SUAD$ A MAJORITY ( HIS ,>AGONESE COLLEAGUES TO FOLL[ HIS LEAD4 ,!N )\T DELAY HE PUT HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?US ! DI/RIBUTION ( PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS WAS FOLL[$ BY ! CON/RUCTION1 \TSIDE ! T[N & 9 A SPECIALLY FAVORABLE LOCALITY1 ( A COTTAGE HOSPITAL AS A RESULT ( CONTRIBUTIONS 9 MONEY & K9D FROM ! :OLE CANTON4 

,9 ,APRIL #aicg IT WAS EQUIPP$ ) =TY B$S4 ,AN EXCELL5T ,CATALAN SURGEON HAD HA/5$ TO JO9 ! FIR/ DOCTOR4 ,APP>ATUS WAS PUR*AS$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 SURGICAL1 OB/ETRIC & TRAUMATOLOGICAL 9/RUM5TS HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$ 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S TO ALL[ A />T TO BE MADE4 ,AN ULTRA VIOLET RAY MA*9E MADE IT POSSIBLE TO TREAT SICKLY 9FANTS2 A PA?OLOGICAL LABORATORY WAS SET UP2 A W+ WAS ADD$ = G5]AL M$IC9E & ONE = V5]EAL DISEASES - ! FRONT1 G>RISON$ ) SOLDI]S1 WAS NOT F> AWAY - ANO!R = PROPHYLAXIS & YET ANO!R = GYNECOLOGY4 

,UNTIL !N ! BIR? ( BABIES HAD BE5 LEFT TO ! C>E1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT IMPROVIS$1 ( MIDWIVES LACK+ ! TE*NICAL MEANS = DIFFICULT CASES - & !RE WAS A LACK ( HYGI5E 9 ! PEASANTS' HOMES4 ,! ,CATALAN SURGEON />T$ A CAMPAIGN AMONG HIS COLLEAGUES 9 O!R VILLAGES TO S5D WOM5 AB\T TO GIVE BIR? TO ! HOSPITAL :]E !Y W\LD BE BETT] LOOK$ AFT] AS WELL AS ! BABY1 :O W\LD NOT BE ! VICTIM ( ! CU/OM>Y LACK ( M$ICAL C>E4 

,A CONSULTATION S]VICE WAS ORGANIZ$ & PATI5TS FROM ALL P>TS ATT5D$ DAILY4 

,AP>T FROM A M9ORITY ( AB\T #e.01 ! SMALL L&[N]S1 :O LIV$ TOL]ABLY WELL BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 RETA9$ !IR WAY ( LIFE & W]E RESPECT$ ?R\<\T ! CANTON SO LONG AS !Y DID NOT KEEP MORE L& ?AN !Y W]E !MSELVES ABLE TO CULTIVATE4 ,! EX*ANGES SECTION PROVID$ !M ) A SPECIAL CA% BOOK 9 :I* W]E 5T]$ DEBITS & CR$ITS ON FAC+ PAGES4 ,DATES1 QUALITY & QUANTITIES & VALUE ( GOODS DELIV]$ & RECEIV$ BY !M W]E 5T]$ & ?US PROVID$ AN IMM$IATE RECORD = BO? P>TIES AS TO !IR LIQUIDITY4 ,ANYWAY !Y C\LD NOT EXCE$ ! RATIONS ALL[$ TO EV]YBODY4 ,:I* DID NOT IMPLY A VEXATI\S MEASURE AGA9/ !M1 S9CE !Y HAD ! RI<T TO TAKE P>T 9 ! COLLECTIVI/ ASSEMBLIES :]E ! QUOTAS W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,!Y HAD FUR!RMORE1 & ?IS WAS MORE OR LESS G5]AL1 ! RI<T TO MAKE USE ( TE*NICAL WORK+ MAT]IALS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,AMONG ! WORK C>RI$ \T = ! IMPROVEM5T ( SANITATION1 AP>T FROM C[%$S BUILT \TSIDE ! VILLAGE1 WAS ! DRA9+ ( A SWAMP COV]+ SOME #b HECT>ES4 ,?IS SWAMP1 :I* H>BOR$ COLONIES ( MOSQUITOES & F\L GASES1 BELONG$ TO A L>GE NUMB] ( SMALL PROPRIETORS EA* ( :OM [N$ A /RIP BUT :O DID NO?+ ) IT1 S9CE !IR LACK ( TE*NICAL RES\RCES PREV5T$ !M FROM UND]TAK+ ! WORK ( IMPROVEM5T4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE DRA9$1 LEVEL$1 S[$ & H>VE/$ ?IS =M] SWAMP & ! YIELDS W]E HI<] ?AN AV]AGE4 

,ONE MU/ H[EV] RECOGNIZE ?AT !RE IS NOT AN 9FALLIBLE CONSCI5CE AMONG ALL M5 & WOM5 :O MAKE UP ! POPULATION ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME ONE COMES ACROSS HUMAN WEAKNESSES4 ,I REMEMB] A DISCUSSION BETWE5 A WOMAN ( AB\T FIFTY & A MU* Y\NG] COMRADE :O WAS 9 *>GE ( SUP]VIS+ WORK & H\S+ >RANGEM5TS4 ,%E LIV$ ) H] HUSB&1 SON1 DAU<T]-9-LAW & !IR *ILDR5 & WANT$ TO *ANGE H\SE3 0,MY DAU<T] HAS BECOME UNBE>ABLE10 %E DECL>$4 0,I WANT TO LIVE ON MY [N1 AS WE DON'T GET ON40 

,! COMRADE1 :OSE NAME WAS ,TURMO - ) ! S\L ( A *ILD1 ! C\RAGE ( A LION1 & A VOICE ( ?UND] - /ROVE LIKE ! DEVIL AGA9/ ! >TFUL WOMAN :O DIDN'T LOSE H] CALM1 BUT HAD 9 ! 5D TO RETREAT GRUMBL+4 ,I !N ASK$ ,TURMO :Y HE HAD NOT GIV5 94 ,HE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! PROPORTION ( SAL>IES BE+ HI<] = EA* P]SON :5 ! FAMILIES CONSI/ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 SOME L>GE FAMILIES WANT$ TO SPLIT UP 9 ORD] TO RECEIVE MORE MONEY1 EV5 ?\< !IR CALCULATION WAS WRONG4 ,& IT WAS A FACT ?AT !RE WAS NOT 5\< ACCOMMODATION AVAILABLE & IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO WAIT A LONG TIME BE=E MORE C\LD BE BUILT 9 VIEW ( ! NUMB]S ( CONSCRIPTS :O HAD BE5 S5T TO ! FRONT :I* HAD BE5 /ABILIZ$ SOME =TY KILOMET]S AWAY4 

,IT WAS A SMALL MATT]2 !RE W]E O!RS1 & ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVES HAD TO COPE ) !M CALMLY OR ) A S5SE ( HUMOR1 & IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO HAVE ADMIRATION = !SE M5 SO FULL ( SELF-SACRIFICE :O1 AS DET]M9$ CON/RUCTORS1 DID ?+S SO QUICKLY & WELL4 ,= 9 ,B9EF>1 AS 9 G5]AL AMONG ! ,>AGONESE ,COLLECTIVES1 NOT ONE COG 9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATIONAL :EEL FAIL$1 NEI!R 9 ! WORK%OPS1 NOR 9 ! DI/RIBUTIVE SY/EM1 NOR 9 WORK 9 ! FIELDS4 ,I TRAVEL$ MANY TIMES ON ! ,TAM>ITE-,B9EF> ROAD4 ,ON ONE OCCASION1 ) A DOCTOR :O HAD ALSO COME FROM ,B>CELONA1 WE PASS$ BY C> ALONGSIDE ! FIELDS S[N ) C]EALS1 PLANT$ ) V9ES & OLIVE TREES1 :]E ! M>KET G>D5S & OR*>DS ALT]NAT$ ) ! GOLD5 CROPS4 ,I WAS PO9T+ \T ALL ?IS TO MY COMPANION4 0,!SE KILOMET]S ( PLANTATIONS & CULTIVATIONS :]E ,I NO?+ HAS BE5 NEGLECT$ BELONG TO ! ,COLLECTIVE10 ,I TOLD HIM ) PRIDE4 ,TWO DAYS LAT] ,I PO9T$ \T TO HIM 9 ,ESPLUS :]E ,I HAD ACCOMPANI$ HIM = ! ORGANIZATION ( HIS WORK1 O!R VA/ PLANTATIONS1 ?IS TIME ( POTATOES1 & MORE V9ES1 & ON ! WAY ,I REPEAT$ TO HIM ALMO/ ) F]VOR BE=E ! MIRACLE ( ?IS REVOLUTION ?AT HAD AT LA/ BE5 REALIZ$3 0,IT'S ! ,COLLECTIVE1 ! ,COLLECTIVE ?AT HAS DONE ?IS60 

,! BRIGADE L$ BY ! COMMUNI/ ,LI/] WAS SOON TO AB&ON ! FRONT TO GO & DE/ROY 0MANU MILIT>I0 ALMO/ ALL ! ,>AGONESE ,COLLECTIVES1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ,B9EF> & ITS CANTON4 ,MANY ( !IR ORGANIZ]S1 SU* AS ! ,BLANCO BRO!RS1 W]E MURD]$1 OR S]I\SLY 9JUR$4 ,! E/ATES W]E H&$ BACK TO ! L&[N]S & ! HOSPITAL WAS COMPLETELY RANSACK$4 

#d4 ,&ORRA 7,T]UEL7 

,&ORRA COV]$ AN >EA ( #b#e1#f HECT>ES4 ,ITS #c1#c#c#g 9HABITANTS W]E DIVID$ 9TO #ii FAMILIES4 ,L>GE L&$ PROP]TY WAS UNKN[N4 ,! RI*E/ WORK$ JU/ AS DID ! POORE/1 & ONLY ONE PROPRIETOR [N$ F\R DRAFT ANIMALS4 ,! AV]AGE WAS TWO4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL SCALE1 FAMILIES POSSESS$ A DONKEY & HELP$ EA* O!R TO WORK ! L& & GA!R ! CORN4 

,ONCE AGA91 9 ,SPA9 - AS 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES 9 ! WORLD - ! L& >EA IS NOT NECESS>ILY A GU>ANTEE ( WEAL?4 ,!RE IS H>DLY ANY RA9FALL 9 ! REGION ( ,&ORRA4 ,!RE=E EXT5SIVE CULTIVATION MA9LY ( :EAT1 GRAPES 7#b7 & OLIVES4 ,B>LEY1 OATS & RYE W]E ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,! FEW IRRIGAT$ >EAS W]E IRRIGAT$ ONLY = %ORT P]IODS4 ,9 DR\<T YE>S ! SPR+S DRY UP & NO WAT] COMES D[N FROM ! M\NTA9S4 ,ADD TO ?IS ! SUDD5 FRO/S :I* SO (T5 DE/ROY PLANTS & FRUIT BLOSSOM1 & HAIL :I* 9 #aicg R$UC$ ! OLIVE H>VE/ FROM AN AV]AGE ( #b#h1 SACKS TO #f14 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUALI/ L&$ PROPRIETORS HAD BE5 9 CONTROL ,&ORRA W\LD HAVE PROBABLY BECOME ONE MORE DESPABLADO 7DEPOPULAT$ >EA74 

,!SE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OBLIG$ #c FAMILIES TO LIVE 9 L>GE RUN D[N *ANTIES CALL$ F>MS DOTT$ 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,! REMA9D] ( ! POPULATION SP5T EI<T MON?S ( ! YE> !RE4 ,9 ! EV5T1 ! VILLAGE WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS UND]POPULAT$4 ,PEOPLE W\LD RETURN ON ,SATURDAY NI<T & GO (F ON ,MONDAY MORN+1 PU%+ =W>D !IR DONKEY :I* WAS LOAD$ ) BREAD1 W9E1 OIL1 BEANS1 *ICK PEAS1 POTATOES1 DRI$ COD & PORK MEAT - 9 O!R WORDS1 ! FOOD !Y HAD B\<T = ! WEEK4 

,!RE WAS H[EV] A SOCIAL CATEGORY EV5 MORE POV]TY /RICK51 BEL[ ! L[E/ RUNG 9 ! SOCIAL LADD]2 !Y W]E ! DIS9H]IT$ :O WORK$ UND] LEASE L& BELONG+ TO WID[S1 OLD PEOPLE1 SP9/]S1 ! DOCTOR1 ! *EMI/1 SOME L&[N]S :O W]E CRIPPL$ OR UNABLE TO WORK !IR L&S4 ,!SE F>M]S1 :O W]E M$I]OS1 RECEIV$ ONLY A HALF ( ! H>VE/ PRODUC$ BY !IR WORK4 

,TWO-?IRDS ( ! L& WAS CULTIVAT$1 BUT ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT AT LEA/ A HALF ( DRY L&S 9 ,SPA9 WAS LEFT FALL[4 ,9 ,&ORRA1 EV5 ) *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S & ! MANURE PRODUC$ BY ! L>GE NUMB] ( LIVE/OCK1 ! L& HAD TO RE/ ONE YE> \T ( TWO OR ?REE4 

,ON ! POOR PA/URES :I* ) ROCKS COV] A ?IRD O!R >EA1 AB\T #a#c1 %EEP & #b1 GOATS W]E RE>$4 ,! ANIMALS W]E SOLD TO O!R REGIONS4 ,! PEASANTS H>DLY EV] ATE MEAT4 

.<SNIP.> 

CORN TO LOCAL MONOPOLI/ BUY]S :O NATURALLY E>N$ MU* MORE ?AN !M4 

,UNTIL #a#i#c#a1 ! ,RI<T W+ MON>*I/S W]E TRIUMPHANT AT ! ELECTIONS4 ,BUT AFT] ! D[NFALL ( ,K+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I?1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT WAS ON TOP4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ITS LOCAL SECTION BOA/$ AS MANY AS #de SUPPORT]S4 ,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS BORN PA9FULLY & HAD TO FEEL ITS WAY /EP BY /EP4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,U4,G4,T4 HAD A SMALL NUCLEUS ( SYMPA?IZ]S2 9 #aicb BO? =M$ A ,SYNDICATE4 ,! LACK ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CE ( ! MILITANTS & WORK]S RESULT$ 9 BO? ,SYNDICATES DISAPPE>+ ?AT SAME YE>4 ,ON ,MAY #a1 #aicf A SECOND D\BLE ATTEMPT WAS MADE4 ,& EA* ,SYNDICATE HAD #ae MEMB]S :5 ! REVOLUTION ]UPT$4 

,ON F\R OCCASIONS FASCI/S :O HAD COME FROM O!R REGIONS SUCCE$$ 9 BE+ MA/]S ( ! VILLAGE4 ,DRIV5 BACK F\R TIMES1 !Y F9ALLY )DREW ALTOGE!R - AT LEA/ !Y HAD NOT RETURN$ AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE WAS NOM9AT$1 = H]E TOO ! 9ITIATIVE HAD TO COME FROM ! VILLAGE1 ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS HAV+ BROK5 D[N & ! GOV]NM5T HAV+ COMPLETELY LO/ CONTACT ) ! 9HABITANTS 9 G5]AL4 

,! ,COMMITTEE CONSI/$ ( ?REE MEMB]S EA* FROM !1 ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT1 ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 ,?IS G5]\S TREATM5T ( ! ,SYNDICATES C\LD BE EXPLA9$ BO? BY ! BROADM9D$NESS ( ! LOCAL POLITICAL FACTION & BY ! GR[+ DESIRE ( ! PEOPLE = ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SOLUTIONS4 ,! *ANGE WAS SU* ?AT ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT BY ,MAY #aicg HAD2 ONLY #h MEMB]S LEFT :]EAS ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD #c#d1 ! Y\NG SOCIALI/S #a#f1 ! ,C4,N4,T4 #b#b1 & ! LIB]T>IAN Y\? #a4 

,! LOCAL ,COLLECTIVE1 :I* AT ! TIME ( MY 9QUIRY 9CLUD$ ALL ! VILLAGE & ! :OLE POPULATION1 WAS CON/ITUT$ ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 ON ! COMB9$ 9ITIATIVE ( ! ?REE =CES M5TION$1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE CALL$ A G5]AL ASSEMBLY AT :I* REPUBLICAN SOCIALI/S & LIB]T>IANS SPOKE 9 FAVOR ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,APPROVAL WAS UNANIM\S4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/S W]E ALL[$ FRE$OM ( ACTION1 BUT !RE WAS NOT A S+LE ONE4 

,AT ! BEG9N+1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,!N :5 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL HAD BE5 REORGANIZ$ BY ORD]S ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! TASK UND] EI<T C\NCILORS & A SECRET>Y4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 & TO 5SURE ! COMPLETE FRE$OM ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 AN ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION WAS CON/ITUT$ ( ! LATT] & IT WAS ?IS ,COMMISSION :I* ASSUM$ ! VITAL RESPONSIBILITIES CONC]N+ LOCAL ACTIVITY4 ,IT WAS DIVID$ 9TO FIVE SECTIONS3 *AIRMAN%IP & TREASURY DI/RIBUTION & FOOD SUPPLIES1 9DU/RY & COMM]CE1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & LIVE/OCK & F9ALLY PUBLIC WORKS :I* 9CLUD$ $UCATION4 ,TWO SECTIONS EA* W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 & ONE WAS HELD BY ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT4 

,= ! ORGANIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 ! T]RITORY WAS DIVID$ 9TO F\R F>M GR\PS4 ,9 EA* ( !SE F>MS LIV$ A GR\P ( FAMILIES & WORK]S :O W5T ON GO+ D[N TO ! VILLAGE ON ! ,SATURDAY NI<T & RETURN+ TO ! M\NTA9 ON ! ,MONDAY MORN+4 

,A P]USAL ( ! RULES CONC]N+ !M WILL ALL[ ONE TO SEE H[ !SE WORK]S ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ !IR ACTIVITIES3 

0#a4 ,WORK]S 9 EA* F>M GR\P WILL NAME A DELEGATE & AN ASSI/ANT-DELEGATE ) A VIEW TO 5SUR+ ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! WORK TO BE DONE4 

0#b4 ,! DELEGATE WILL BE 5TRU/$ ) ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK NATURALLY N AGREEM5T ) ! COMRADES ON ! F>MS4 

0#c4 ,! DELEGATE MU/ KN[ AT ALL TIMES :]E ! F>M COMRADES >E WORK+ & :AT WORK !Y >E DO+4 

0#d4 ,HE WILL ALSO BE 5TRU/$ ) ! PREP>ATION ( ! EQUIPM5T & ! F>M MA*9]Y REQUIR$1 ALWAYS 9 CONSULTATION ) ! WORK DELEGATION :I* WILL GIVE ALL NECESS>Y 9/RUCTIONS 9 WRIT+4 

0#e4 ,IT WILL ALSO BE ! DELEGATE'S TASK TO SUP]VISE ! WORK BE+ DONE ON ! F>MS1 & TO 5T] 9 ! BOOK ) :I* HE WILL BE PROVID$ ALL ! PRODUCE DELIV]$ BY EA* F>M1 & ALL ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVE H&S OV]3 ?AT IS TO SAY ! V>I\S \TGO+S & GOODS RECEIV$4 

0#f4 ,:5 PRODUCTS >E SUPPLI$ TO A F>M1 ! DELEGATE ( ! F>M CONC]N$ WILL BE EXPECT$ TO CALL AT ! WORK DELEGATION TO MAKE A RETURN4 

0#g4 ,:5 A F>M COMRADE HAS TO ABS5T HIMSELF = P]SONAL REASONS OR BECAUSE ( ILLNESS1 HE MU/ 9=M ! DELEGATE2 IF ! COMRADE DOES NOT GIVE NOTICE ( HIS ABS5CE1 ! DELEGATE WILL REPORT ! FACT TO ! WORK DELEGATION4 

0#h4 ,:5 = HEAL? REASONS1 OR = ANY O!R REASON1 A DELEGATE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO C>RY \T HIS TASKS1 ! WORK]S ( ! F>M GR\PS WILL *OOSE ANO!R1 & IF !Y DO NOT SUCCE$1 !N ! WORK DELEGATION WILL MAKE ! *OICE = !M4 

0#i4 ,9 ! EV5T ( ILLNESS1 OR UNAVOIDABLE ABS5CE ( ANY K9D1 ! DELEGATE'S PO/ WILL BE FILL$ BY ! ASSI/ANT-DELEGATE :O WILL TAKE OV] ! SUP]VISION ( WORK4 

,ADDITIONAL ,>TICLE - ,9 ALL MATT]S CONC]N+ ! GRAZ+ ( ! H]DS1 CULTIVATION = =AGE1 & SIMIL> QUE/IONS1 ! F>M DELEGATE WILL GET TOGE!R ) ?OSE :O >E LOOK+ AFT] ! ANIMALS & ) ! %EPH]DS :O >E WORK+ 9 ! #g SAME >EA 9 ORD] TO 5SURE EFFICI5T ADM9I/RATION & MUTUAL AID4 

,IF = REASONS BEYOND HIS CONTROL A %EPH]D CANNOT RELEASES H]D1 A COMRADE FROM ! F>M WILL DO IT = HIM & ! DELEGATE = LIVE/OCK WILL LOOK = ANO!R %EPH]D40 

,ONE SEES ?AT WORK WAS ! MAJOR PREOCCUPATION1 DOM9AT+ & IMPOS+ ITS LAW ON EV]Y?+2 !RE WAS NO PLACE 9 ! RULES = ! DEM& = P]SONAL FRE$OM OR = ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,WORK8 PRODUCTION1 SOLID>ITY >E 9 ! =EFRONT ,?IS AW>5ESS ( RESPONSIBILITIES DET]M9$ ! CONDUCT & ACTIVITIES ( EV]YONE4 

,EV]Y ,SATURDAY NI<T ! F>M DELEGATES MET ) ! G5]AL WORK DELEGATE1 & PUT 9 !IR REQUIREM5TS = MAT]IALS & FOOD/UFFS2 ! ACC\NTS ( RECEIPTS & \TGO+S W\LD BE *ECK$2 ?US EA* F>M KNEW1 DAY BY DAY1 ! BALANCE ( ITS4 ACTIVITIES4 

,MORE ?AN #b M5 W]E AT ! FRONT1 #ec W]E WORK+ 9 A LIGNITE M9E ?AT HAD ONLY BE5 OP]AT$ S9CE ! REVOLUTION />T$2 ANO!R #h W]E DUE TO LEAVE = ! >MY4 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS IT WAS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !RE HAD NOT BE5 AN 9CREASE 9 C]EAL S[+S 9 #aicg OV] ! PREVI\S YE>1 BUT ! POTATO PLANT+ ACREAGE HAD %[N AN 9CREASE ( #h.0 & 9 ADDITION #a1 LETTUCES & #b1 TOMATO PLANTS W]E GR[N AS WELL AS MANY O!R VEGETABLES 9 L>GE QUANTITIES4 

,PREVI\SLY1 !SE CULTIVATIONS W]E ON A M9UTE SCALE2 ! FACT IS ?AT UND] ! SY/EM ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! 9ITIATIVE ( ONE P]SON1 H[EV] GOOD1 MORE (T5 REMA9S JU/ ) ! ONE P]SON1 :]EAS 9 ! ,COLLECTIVE ! NEW SPIRIT & !1 NEW ME?ODS 5C\RAGE EV]YBODY V]Y SOON TO TAKE 9ITIATIVES4 ,9 ,&ORRA ! G5]AL CONCEPT1 & ME?ODS US$ 9 AGRICULTURE W]E RUDIM5T>Y4 ,! CREATIVE SPIRIT ( ALL 5RI*$ IT & ESPECIALLY S9CE !RE WAS NO LONG] ! FE> ( DIFFICULTIES 9' DISPOS+ ( ! PRODUCE GR[N4 

,EF=TS W]E ALSO BE+ MADE TO SOLVE ! WAT] PROBLEM TO DEVELOP ! M>KET G>D5+ SIDE ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,IT 9VOLV$ PROSPECT+ = IT & ACQUIR+ ! 5G9ES & PUMPS ?AT W\LD BE NE$$ TO RAISE ! WAT] FROM ! DEEP L& DEPRESSIONS :I* SURR\ND ! VILLAGE4 ,! SMALL PROPRIETOR C\LD HAVE NEV] UND]TAK5 SU* A TASK :I* WAS \TSIDE HIS SPH]E ( ACTION & BEYOND HIS MEANS & EXP]I5CE4 

,COLLECTIVE WORK & M5TALITY PRODUCE MIRACLES4 ,I SAW ! FIR/1 MODE/ />T ON WAT] PIPE LAY+ BE+ C>RI$ \T BY UNEMPLOY$ TAILORS - NO ONE WAS EV] IDLE & AS WAS CU/OM>Y ! SECTIONS HELP$ EA* O!R4 ,9 A FEW YE>S' TIME1 ! 5?USIA/IC COLLECTIVI/S TOLD ME1 ,&ORRA W\LD HAVE 5\< WAT] TO IRRIGATE HUNDR$S ( HECT>ES & FILL RES]VOIRS :I* W\LD ALL[ !M TO DEAL ) ! P]IODS ( DR\<T3 BUT ?AT IF ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS DE/ROY$ ?IS GREAT WORK W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 & EA* PEASANT W\LD RETURN TO ! BITT] POV]TY ( ! PA/4 

,! LIVE/OCK WAS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! M\NTA9 F>MS BY TWO DELEGATES :O DIRECT$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! H]DS & ! /EPS TO BE TAK5 ACCORD+ TO ! QUALITY ( ! PA/URE & ! SUP]VISION ! ANIMALS REQUIR$4 

,EA* TRADE HAD A S+LE WORK%OP4 ,AS 9 ,FRAGA & ,B9EF>1 A COLLECTIVI/ NE$+ ANY?+ \T ( ! ORD9>Y1 ASK$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION TO HAVE IT MADE = HIM4 ,HE W\LD !N BE GIV5 A V\*] TO TAKE TO ! DELEGATE ( ! WORK%OP :I* UND]TOOK TO MAKE IT4 ,ON RECEIPT ( ! F9I%$ >TICLE HE W\LD PAY ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION = IT4 

,LOCAL CURR5CY WAS PR9T$1 & A SCALE ( WAGES BAS$ ON ! SIZE ( FAMILIES4 ,A S+LE P]SON RECEIV$ #b4#b#e PESETAS A DAY1 TWO ADULTS RECEIV$ #d4#e PESETAS1 ?REE ADULTS #f PESETAS1 F\R ADULTS #g PESETAS1 FIVE ADULTS #h & BEYOND ?AT AT ! RATE ( ONE PESETA P] P]SON :E!R ! MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY W]E ABLE TO WORK OR NOT4 

,:]E !RE W]E TWO PRODUC]S 9 A FAMILY1 #a4#e PESETAS WAS ADD$ TO ! BASE WAGE2 :]E !RE W]E ?REE !Y ADD$ #c PESETAS & = F\R PRODUC]S #d PESETAS4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE PR9CIPLES ! 9DIVIDUAL CLAIMS ( EA* WORK] DEM&+ 0! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR0 7! E>LY SLOGAN ( COLLECTIVISM7 & ! WAGE-B>GA9+ DRIVE ( TRADITIONAL SYNDICALISM HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,:AT WAS BE+ PRACTIC$ WAS A 0ONE = ALL & ALL = ONE0 9 :I* EV]YBODY WAS 9T]DEP5D5T1 & EA* E>N$1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 5\< TO LIVE ON4 

,H\S+1 ELECTRIC LI<T1 HAIRDRESS+ SALOONS1 M$ICAL C>E1 PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS :I* BY ,JUNE #aicg HAD ALREADY CO/ #a#f1 PESETAS1 W]E FREE1 AS ALSO WAS BREAD :I* WAS UNRATION$4 ,EI<TE5 LIT]S ( OLIVE OIL W]E DI/RIBUT$ P] P]SON P] YE>4 ,MEAT :I* WAS E>M>K$ = ! MILITIA & = CONSUMPTION BY CITY DWELL]S WAS RATION$ TO #a GRAMS A DAY - 9 SPITE ( ! L>GE H]DS4 ,AU/]ITY WAS 9 ! MAKE-UP ( ! ,SPANI>D FROM ! ,9T]IOR4 ,ALL !SE CONSUM] GOODS W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! COMMUNAL %OPS4 ,ONE WAS RES]V$ = OIL1 SOAP & W9E2 ANO!R = BREAD1 ANO!R = BUT*]'S MEAT 9 ! =M] ORPHANAGE 7!RE W]E NO MORE ORPHANS 9 ,&ORRA OR 9 ANY O!R COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE3 ALL *ILDR5 )\T P>5TS F\ND A FAMILY74 ,SEV5 TAILORS MADE CLO!S = ! WORK]S :O HAD UNTIL !N V]Y R>ELY B\<T CLO!S4 ,:5 9 ! PA/ DID A %EPH]D EV] POSSESS CLO!S MADE TO MEASURE8 

,:5 ONE COMES TO ! QUE/ION ( $UCATION1 NE$ ONE SAY ?AT IT WAS NOT NEGLECT$4 ,UNTIL ,JULY #aicf ! S*OOL WAS 9/ALL$ 9 A D>K & FIL?Y BUILD+4 ,YET1 SIX MON?S E>LI] A NEW BUILD+ HAD BE5 COMPLET$ BUT LOCAL POLITICS1 AS FIL?Y & ,OBSCURE AS ! OLD S*OOL BUILD+1 PREV5T$ IT BE+ US$4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE DID NOT LOSE A DAY1 & />T$ CLASSES !RE IMM$IATELY4 

,$UCATION WAS MADE COMPULSORY EFFECTIVELY4 ,! NEW ORD] W\LD NOT ALL[ P>5TS TO KEEP *ILDR5 ( S*OOL AGE AT1 HOME4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! NUMB] ( PUPILS 9CREAS$ DRAMATICALLY4 ,SOME SIXTY Y\NG %EPH]DS BETWE5 #ab & #ad YE>S ( AGE :O CAME D[N TO ! VILLAGE TWO OR ?REE TIMES A YE>1 :O W]E BORN & RAIS$ AMONG ! %EEP1 ! GOATS1 ! DOGS & ! WOLVES1 W]E MOV$ 9TO ! VILLAGE &1 :5 ,I WAS !RE W]E ATT5D+ CLASSES AT ! S*OOL & OBVI\SLY 5JOY+ IT4 ,TWO NEW CLASSES W]E />T$ & MANY BOOKS PUR*AS$ = !M FROM SPECIALI/ PUBLI%]S 9 ,CATALONIA & ! ,LEVANTE4 

,! NURS]Y S*OOL GR\PS ALSO 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]4 ,\T ( EI<T M5 & WOM5 TEA*]S ! ,/ATE PAID = ?REE1 ! ,COLLECTIVE = FIVE4 ,BUT IT DID NOT LIMIT ITS CONTRIBUTION TO SUPPLY+ ! MEANS4 ,IT ALSO SUP]VIS$ ! WORK ( ! TEA*]S4 ,ONE ( !M1 /UPID ?\< QUALIFI$1 COMPLA9$ ?AT ! HEAVY H& WAS NO LONG] TOL]AT$4 ,IT WAS A REVELATION4 

"9"9"9 

,I WANT TO M5TION SEP>ATELY ! M9E 9 ,&ORRA4 ,! PROV9CE ( ,T]UEL IS FAIRLY RI* 9 LIGNITE4 ,DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> IT WAS US$ TO REPLACE ! COAL IMPORTS FROM ,BRITA91 :I* NORMALLY SUPPLI$ MO/ ( ! NE$S ( ! T[N ( ,S>AGOSSA4 ,9 #aicg ) PRACTICALLY ! :OLE ( ANTI-FASCI/ ,SPA9 CUT (F FROM ! ,A/URIAS1 ! MA9 C>BONIF]\S ZONE :I* WAS OCCUPI$ BY ,FRANCO'S >MIES1 !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( COAL4 ,IT WAS NATURAL TO ?9K ( 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTION ( LIGNITE 9 ! ,T]UEL ZONE4 ,EQUALLY NATURAL ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD NOT ?\<T ( IT4 ,SO1 ! M9]S & ! PEASANTS CONT9U$ OR UND]TOOK ! EXPLOITATION ( ! M9ES4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f1 SEV5 M9]S :O HAD ALREADY WORK$ 9 ! REGION1 BEGAN TO DIG AT A SPOT NE> ,&ORRA ON A HUN* ?AT DEPOSITS W]E !RE4 ,) PICKS & %OVELS !Y DUG ?REE WORK+S #e MET]S DEEP4 ,9 #aicg :5 ,I WAS !RE1 !IR NUMB]S HAD 9CREAS$ TO #ec & !Y W]E PLANN+ = MORE4 ,NO MA*9ES AP>T FROM A MOTOR PUMP TO REMOVE WAT] ?AT WAS SEEP+ ?R\< EV]Y:]E1 OR SOMETIMES APPE>$ SUDD5LY AS A WAT]SP\T FROM OLD WELLS ?AT HAD BE5 DUG C5TURIES AGO AT ! TIME ( ! ,ROMAN OR ,>AB OCCUPATIONS4 

,) !IR FEET /UCK 9 ! MUD & !IR HE>TS 9 ! CL\DS1 !SE PEASANTS TURN$ M9]S CONT9U$1 9 SPITE ( ! H>MFUL GASES RELEAS$ BY ! EXPLOSIONS FROM ! DYNAMITE *>GES 7!RE WAS NO SY/EM = V5TILATION71 TO EXTRACT ! LIGNITE FROM ?IS IMPROVIS$ M9E4 ,WORK+ CONDITIONS W]E SO BAD ?AT !RE W]E ALWAYS SEV5 OR EI<T ( !M HOSPITALIZ$4 ,BUT :5 !Y CAME \T1 AFT] 9ADEQUATE TREATM5T1 !Y W\LD RESUME !IR WORK ) PICK & %OVEL4 

,?IS ME?OD ( EXTRACTION PRODUC$ ONLY #c TONS ( LIGNITE A DAY4 ,9 ! ,A/URIAN M9ES1 POOR COMP>$ ) ?OSE 9 O!R C\NTRIES BUT RI* COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( ,T]UEL1 ! AV]AGE \TPUT P] M9] P] DAY WAS ( ! ORD] ( #d-#d#e KILOS4 ,& !Y HAD AT !IR DISPOSAL 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR TE*NICAL MEANS4 7#b#b7 ,?\< H]E !Y LACK$ ! EQUIPM5T & ! SEAMS W]E EV5 POOR]1 YET ! AV]AGE \TPUT WAS #ebe KILOS = M9]S :O = ! MO/ P>T W]E 9EXP]I5C$4 ,BLESS$ SOLID>ITY6 ,BLESS$ DEVOTION TO DUTY6 0,WE >E ONLY AT ! PREP>ATORY /AGE1 9 A %ORT TIME WE WILL BE SUPPLY+ COAL 9 L>GE QUANTITIES0 - SAID ! MAN 9 *>GE1 AS IF HE HAD TO MAKE EXCUSES4 

,BUT :AT ) ! WAT] ?AT SEEP$ FROM ! WALLS & ! RO( ( ! WORK+ ?AT ,I VISIT$' & ! FACT ?AT ,I KNEW ?AT !Y HAD HAD TO /OP WORK = SOME WEEKS TO DRY \T ! BOTTOM & REMOVE ! DANG] ( L&SLIPS1 ,I C\LD NOT BUT ASK MYSELF ) ANXIETY :E!R ?IS WOND]FUL OPTIMISM W\LD NOT BE DE/ROY$ BY SOME HORRIBLE TRAG$Y4 ,BUT \R IMPROVIS$ M9]S W]E NOT CONC]N$2 !Y W]E SUPPLY+ FUEL :I* KEPT SEV]AL FACTORIES RUNN+ 9 ,CATALONIA1 & !Y W]E HELP+ ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,IT IS TRUE !Y RECEIV$ EXTRA PAY COMP>$ ) !IR COMRADES 9 O!R JOBS2 ONE KILO ( SOAP A WEEK1 A PAIR ( CANVAS %OES A MON?1 & A PAIR ( OV]ALLS 4 4 46 

#e4 ,ALCORISA 

,FIR/ ( ALL ,I WANT TO SAY SOME?+ AB\T ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA4 ,HE DES]VES IT1 OR RA!R HIS MEMORY DES]VES IT = HE PAID ) HIS LIFE = HIS SUPPORT ( ! F9E/ HUMAN IDEAL1 & = HIS DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE ( ! WORK]S1 ! EXPLOIT$ & ! DEFEAT$4 

,= ?OSE :O KN[ ! ,SPANI% LANGUAGE REALLY WELL & ! PR(\ND MEAN+ ( WORDS1 ?IS NAME & =5AME HAVE E*OES FROM F> (F ,CA/ILIAN NOBILITY4 ,9 FACT MY COMRADE & FRI5D DESC5D$ FROM AN OLD >I/OCRATIC FAMILY4 ,& ON HIS FACE ALONG ) ! GOODNESS & 9TELLIG5CE !RE WAS ALSO A WORN LOOK ( ! 05D ( A BRE$01 ( HUMAN /OCK 9 ! PROCESS ( DEG5]ATION4 

,BY ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE HE WAS A LAWY]4 ,?\< HIS ANCE/RAL =TUNE HAD BE5 BROK5 9TO & DIVID$ FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 HIS REAL E/ATE AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aicf WAS /ILL WOR? HALF A MILLION PESETAS :I* REPRES5T$ QUITE A TIDY =TUNE4 ,) HIS L& HE C\LD EXPLOIT PEASANTS & PR(IT H&SOMELY FROM HIS UNIV]SITY QUALIFICATIONS2 BUT HE DESPIS$ EV5 ! ?\<T ( SU* AN EV5TUALITY4 ,\R COMRADES SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE PEOPLE :O 9T]PRET$ LIFE 9 ! MO/ S5SIBLE WAY & W]E CLOS] TO HUMAN TRU?4 ,REJECT+ ! WORLDLY HYPOCRISIES TO SUPPORT :AT HE FELT WAS MO/ WOR?Y1 HE MOV$ T[>DS !M4 ,& :5 ! REVOLUTION EXPLOD$ HE BR\<T TO IT ALL HIS WEAL? & 5]GY4 

,ALCORISA1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,T]UEL1 HAD #d1 9HABITANTS4 ,IT IS ! C5T] ( N9ETE5 VILLAGES4 ,! L& !RE IS NOT AS POOR AS ELSE:]E1 IRRIGATION WAS SUFFICI5T & ECONOMICALLY ! PEOPLE W]E PRIVILEG$ COMP>$ ) ! RE/ ( ! CANTON4 ,!RE W]E FEW L&[N]S1 & !RE W]E EV5 FEW] F>M]S4 ,! L>GE T]RAT5I5TES ALSO [N$ E/ATES ELSE:]E4 ,9DU/RY - FL\R & OIL MILLS1 SOAP1 LEMONADE1 SODA-WAT] FACTORIES & SULFUR PRODUCTION - EMPLOY$ ONLY #e.0 ( AVAILABLE LABOR4 ,! BADLY PAID DAY-LABOR]S DOM9AT$ NUM]ICALLY4 

,\R ,SYNDICATE WAS ! ONLY ONE ABLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF !RE & IT W5T BACK TO #a#i#a#g4 ,IT SUFF]$ SETBACKS & P]SECUTION SU* AS W]E EXP]I5C$ 9 MANY O!R VILLAGES4 ,& AS EV]Y:]E ELSE \R MILITANTS P]SI/$ 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,!IR EF=TS SUCCE$$4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE ,ALCORISA FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! FASCI/S1 BUT WAS RETAK5 AT ! 5D ( A WEEK BY A COLUMN ORGANIZ$ BY \R COMRADES 9 ! M\NTA9S :]E !Y HAD TAK5 REFUGE1 & :I* =C$ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & ?OSE IT WAS PROTECT+ TO )DRAW 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,T]UEL4 ,9/EAD ( DISB&+1 ?IS COLUMN RE9=C$ ITSELF4 ,COMBATANTS FROM O!R VILLAGES JO9$ !M1 >M$ ) REVOLV]S & PI/OLS 7(T5 QUITE ANCI5T71 OLD %OT GUNS OR ) >MS TAK5 FROM ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ) BOMBS HA/ILY & CRUDELY ASSEMBL$4 ,!N )\T ANY K9D ( MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 !Y SET (F TO ! O!R SECTORS ( ! ,>AGON FRONT TO FI<T ! WELL >M$1 EQUIPP$ & DISCIPL9$ FASCI/ =CES4 

,FROM ! MOM5T ,ALCORISA WAS RETAK54 A LOCAL DEF5SE ,COMITE WAS ORGANIZ$ COMPOS$ ( TWO EA* FROM ! ,C4,N4,T41 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,ALLIANCE & ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F4,A4,I474 ,& ! NEXT DAY ON ! SAME BASIS A 0,C5TRAL ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMITE'' WAS NOM9AT$4 

,SO F> AS ECONOMIC QUE/IONS W]E CONC]N$ ?IS ,COMITE HAD ONLY ONE ALT]NATIVE3 EI!R TO LEAVE ?+S AS !Y W]E - RESPECT PRIVATE COMM]CE1 ALL[ ! POLITICALLY SUSPECT TRADESPEOPLE TO SABOTAGE ! /ABILITY ( ! NEW ORD]1 & ! WELL-TO-DO TO SECURE = !MSELVES ?REE OR F\R TIMES AS MU* FOOD AS C\LD ?OSE :O W]E NOT - OR CONTROL EV]Y?+ SO ?AT NOBODY LACK$-ANY?+1 & PREV5T ECONOMIC *AOS RESULT+ 9 SOLUTIONS FAVORABLE TO FASCISM4 ,! ,COMITE *OSE ! LATT]4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% A CONTROL1 SUP]VISE ! MOVEM5T ( FOOD/UFFS & ! SALE ( ! NORMAL CONSUM] GOODS1 :I* C\LD NOT BE DONE IF EV]Y TRADESMAN C\LD DISPOSE ( GOODS AS HE WI%$4 ,FREE TRADE 9 ! B\RGEOIS S5SE ( ! WORD WAS !RE=E ABOLI%$4 ,NEI!R C\LD ONE LEAVE EA* FAMILY TO BUY ON ! SOLE BASIS ( ! MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,COMPLETE EQUALITY />T$ ) CONSUMPTION4 

,!N ! /RUGGLE1 ! DEP>TURE ( #e M5 = ! FRONT1 ! SOLID>ITY :I* UNIT$ ! 9HABITANTS 9 ?AT P]IOD ( COLLECTIVE EXHIL>ATION1 CREAT$ O!R PROBLEMS4 ,! CROP HAD TO BE BR\<T 91 BUT NO ONE WAS GO+ TO H>VE/ ) SCY!S & SICKLES :IL/ ! ME*ANICAL H>VE/]S BELONG+ TO ! RI* W]E LY+ IDLE4 ,?REE DAYS AFT] ! ,COMITE WAS =M$ A MEET+ ( ALL ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S DECID$ ON ! ORGANIZATION ( #bc TEAMS EA* ( :I* NAM$ ITS DELEGATE & %>$ \T ! MA*9]Y & ! TASKS4 ,SOCIALISM WAS BORN !RE AS ELSE:]E1 V]Y SIMPLY1 ALMO/ )\T AN AW>5ESS ( ! EXT5T & SIGNIFICANCE ( ! TASK BE+ UND]TAK54 

,?REE WEEKS AFT] ! VICTORY1 ! #bc IMPROVIS$ SECTIONS W]E DEF9ITIVELY CON/ITUT$1 ON ! BASIS ( A DETAIL$ DIVISION ( ! MUNICIPAL T]RITORY4 ,ACC\NT WAS TAK5 ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SOIL1 ! K9DS ( CULTIVATION TO BE UND]TAK51 ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! POPULATION1 ! V>IETIES & NUMB]S ( LIVE/OCK1 & ! TE*NICAL MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,& BY TAK+ ?IS C\RSE1 ! T5D5CY1 A YE> LAT]1 WAS TO MAKE EA* ( !SE SECTIONS 9TO AN ECONOMIC UNIT :I* WAS AS COMPLETE AS POSSIBLE1 ?\< ALWAYS BAS$ ON COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY DULY COORD9AT$4 

,9 DUE C\RSE ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS DEF9ITIVELY CON/ITUT$4 ,! FOLL[+ W]E ! MA9 ,>TICLES :I* W]E MORE COMPLEX1 BECAUSE MORE ]UDITE1 ?AN ?OSE ( O!R ,COLLECTIVES :I* DID NOT HAVE JURI/S AT !IR HEAD3 

0,PROP]TY 9 GOODS - ,P]SONAL & REAL E/ATE AS WELL AS MA*9]Y1 TOOLS1 MONEY1 CR$ITS PROVID$ BY ! WORK]S' ONLY ,SYNDICATE1 BY ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL & BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 WILL CON/ITUTE ! PROP]TY 9 GOODS4 

,USUFRUCT - ,! ,COLLECTIVE WILL HOLD 9 USUFRUCT ! ASSETS ?AT WILL BE H&$ OV] TO IT BY ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL & BY ! DEF5SE ,COMITE 9 ORD] TO USE !M TO ADVANTAGE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE :I* >E PROVISIONALLY H&$ OV] EI!R BECAUSE1 = REASONS ( AGE OR ILLNESS1 !IR [N]S CANNOT MAKE USE ( !M1 OR BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ BY ! [N]S4 

,MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE - ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! S+LE ,SYNDICATE ( WORK]S WILL BE CONSID]$ AS F\ND] MEMB]S (2 ! ,COLLECTIVE2 ALL :O JO9 LAT] WILL BE EQUALLY ACCEPT$ AS MEMB]S ,!Y WILL BE ADMITT$ BY A DECISION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,ALL REQUE/S WILL HAVE TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A /ATEM5T ( ! APPLICANT,A@&_?#a#d#d2S POLITICAL ANTEC$5TS & A LI/ ( ! APPLICANT'S PROP]TY4 

,)DRAWAL - ,ANY MEMB] ( ! ,COLLECTIVE CAN )DRAW ( HIS [N ACCORD2 BUT ! ASSEMBLY RES]VES ! RI<T TO EXPRESS ITS VIEWS ON ! REASONS GIV5 = )DRAWAL1 & :5 SU* REASONS DO NOT APPE> TO BE VALID1 ! RESIGN] WILL NOT BE 5TITL$ TO ! RETURN ( ! GOODS & PROP]TY HE BR\<T TO ! ,COLLECTIVE ,ALSO ANYONE EXPELL$ FROM ! ,COLLECTIVE LOSES ! RI<T TO DEM& ! RETURN ( :AT HE H&$ OV] AT ! TIME ( JO9+4 

,ADM9I/RATION - ,! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE 5TRU/$ TO A COMMISSION ( FIVE MEMB]S ( :OM ONE WILL DEAL ) FOOD SUPPLIES1 ANO!R ) AGRICULTURE1 A ?IRD ) LABOR1 ONE = PUBLIC $UCATION1 & F9ALLY A G5]AL SECRET>Y40 

,O!R ,>TICLES FOLL[$ ON ! ROLE ( ! G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY1 ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( ! ,COLLECTIVI/S1 ! CONDITIONS = DISSOLUTION1 ETC4 

,ONE FEELS H]E ! 9FLU5CE ( TWO LAWY]S - = ) ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA !RE WAS ANO!R1 AN EQUALLY GOOD ORGANIZ] :OSE NAME ESCAPES ME - :O WORK$ ) \R PEASANT COMRADES4 ,9 ! /ATUTES ( O!R ,COLLECTIVES ONE F9DS LESS JURIDICAL LANGUAGE & KN[L$GE1 BUT MORE PRACTICAL & HUMAN SUB/ANCE4 

,SUCCESSIVE G5]AL ASSEMBLIES TOOK ! DECISIONS ON :I* ! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ,ALCORISA WAS OP]AT+ :5 ,I VISIT$ IT4 ,BY !IR DECISION ! #bc AGRICULTURAL DELEGATES MET WEEKLY TO ORGANIZE ! WORK 9 ! FIELDS4 

,!Y MADE ORIG9AL 9NOVATIONS = DI/RIBUTION4 ,FIR/LY1 !Y HAD 9TRODUC$ COMPLETELY FREE CONSUMPTION AS BE/ REFLECT+ ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,ALL ?AT EA* FAMILY HAD TO DO WAS TO APPE> BE=E ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMITE & ASK =1 & RECEIVE1 A V\*] REQUIR+ ?OSE 9 *>GE ( FOOD/ORES TO SUPPLY ! V\*] HOLD] ) HIS_/H] REQUIREM5TS ( OIL1 POTATOES1 FRE% & DRY VEGETABLES1 CLO?+1 ETC4 ,AT ! TIME ONLY MEAT & W9E W]E RATION$ BUT TWO MON?S LAT] EV]Y?+ HAD TO BE RATION$4 

,NO =MALITIES W]E REQUIR$ TO GO FREE ( *>GE TO ! C9EMA1 ! CAFE 7:]E LEMONADE WAS ! ONLY DR9K AVAILABLE71 ! B>B] OR ! HAIRDRESS]1 OR EV5 TO RECEIVE ONE'S %>E ( ! SMALL QUANTITY ( TOBACCO ?AT C\LD BE OBTA9$ DUR+ ! W>4 

,BUT ,I WAS TOLD !RE W]E ABUSES & = SOME >TICLES ! DEM& F> EXCE$$ SUPPLIES4 ,SO = ?REE MON?S !Y EXP]IM5T$ ) A LOCAL MONEY :I* WAS US$ EXCLUSIVELY = PUR*AS+ CLO?+1 %OES1 H\SEHOLD UT5SILS1 C(FEE & TOBACCO4 ,A MAN HAD A PESETA A DAY1 A WOMAN #g C5TS & A *ILD OV] #ad YE>S #d C5TS 4 4 4 NO D\BT 0P>A VICIOS0 70TO 9DULGE ONE'S WEAKNESSES07 AS !Y W\LD SAY 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,>AGON4 

,A LI/ WAS PR9T$4 ,IT /IPULAT$ :AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL C\LD RECEIVE ON ! BASIS ( ! FOOD SITUATION4 ,! FOLL[+ RATIONS W]E MA9TA9$ UNTIL ,NOVEMB] #aicf 7BE>+ 9 M9D ?AT A L>GE PROPORTION ( FOOD/UFFS WAS S5T TO ! FRONT73 

,MEAT #a GRAMS A DAY2 BREAD #e2 SUG>1 RICE1 DRI$ BEANS #d1 A HALF-LIT] ( W9E2 & #a T9 ( S>D9ES P] WEEK4 ,9 ADDITION EV]YONE WAS 5TITL$ TO HALF A KILO ( SALT1 ONE KILO ( SOAP1 TWO BLUEBAGS = ! WA%+1 A BROOM & HALF A LIT] ( LYE P] MON?4 

,BUT ?IS SOLUTION DID NOT SATISFY ! LIB]T>IANS 9 ,ALCORISA8 NOR EV5 ! REPUBLICANS :O W]E LIB]T>IANS BY TEMP]AM5T1 & HAD ALL JO9$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 AFT] HAV+ DISSOLV$ ! LOCAL SECTION ( !IR P>TY4 ,IT SEEM$ TOO RIGID1 UN9T5TIONALLY VEXATI\S1 I TO OBLIGE PEOPLE TO CONSUME :AT WAS IMPOS$ ON !M ORT LEAVE IT4 

,ON ! O!R H& ! PRIME MOV]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WANT$ AT ALL CO/S TO AVOID A RETURN TO ! MONET>Y SY/EM1 TO ACCURS$ 12 0MONEY04 ,MANY ( !M 9CLUD+ ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA RACK$ !IR' BRA9S = DAYS TO F9D A NEW SOLUTION4 ,& :AT !Y CAME UP ) WAS A PO9TS SY/EM :I* OP]AT$ 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]3 

,! #e GRAMS ( BREAD W]E WOR? #da PO9TS & #a GRAMS ( MEAT #e1 !RE=E #ffa PO9TS P] WEEK4 ,ALL ! REMA9+ ITEMS1 SOAP1 BEANS1 PA/A1 W9E1 ETC4 W]E ALSO ALLOCAT$ PO9TS4 ,ON ?AT BASIS A MAN WAS 5TITL$ TO #de PO9TS1 A S+LE WOMAN TO #cge & A M>RI$ WOMAN TO #c#f#b1 & A *ILD TO #afg FROM BIR?4 

,)9 !SE LIMITS EA* FAMILY1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 C\LD SP5D AS !Y ?\<T FIT !IR ALLOCATION ( PO9TS1 CONSUM+ MORE MEAT & LESS DRI$ BEANS1 MORE W9E & LESS OIL1 ETC4444 ,AN EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION IS !REBY AVOID$ :ILE AT ! TIME RESPECT+ EV]YBODY'S FRE$OM ( *OICE4 

,= FOOTWE>1 CLO?+ & H\SEHOLD GOODS A SEP>ATE ACC\NT+ WAS MA9TA9$4 ,CALCULATION 9 MONEY T]MS HAD DISAPPE>$ & WAS REPLAC$ BY A SPECIAL BOOKLET ON ! FIR/ PAGE ( :I* WAS 9DICAT$ ! PO9TS 5TITLEM5T = EA* FAMILY = GOODS O!R ?AN FOOD4 ,?US #bd PO9TS = H\SEHOLD UT5SILS P] P]SON P] YE>1 #f PO9TS = FOOTWE>1 #ab = CLO?+1 ETC4444 

,AS WELL AS ITS G5]AL /ORE1 ,ALCORISA HAD F\R COLLECTIVIZ$ GROC]S1 A %OP CALL$ A TEXTILE COOP]ATIVE1 A HAB]DA%]'S1 F\R MAGNIFIC5T1 CLEAN1 BUT*]'S %OPS = ! 9HABITANTS TO GET !IR SUPPLIES4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE WAS ALSO DI/RIBUT$ 9 SPECIALLY ORGANIZ$ %OPS :]E ! PUR*ASES ( EA* FAMILY W\LD BE 5T]$ 9 ! G5]AL REGI/] ) A VIEW TO ATTEMPT+ A DETAIL$ /UDY ( ! TR5DS 9 CONSUMPTION & 5SUR+ AN ACC\NTANCY SO DETAIL$ ?AT IT C\LD BE *ECK$ OV] AT ANY TIME4 ,IF A MEMB] ( ! ,COLLECTIVE W]E TO LOSE HIS C>D !N :AT HE HAD CONSUM$ & :AT HE WAS /ILL 5TITL$ TO1 C\LD BE ASC]TA9$ )\T DELAY4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT *ILDR5 W]E 5TITL$ TO #afg PO9TS FROM BIR?4 ,& !IR PO9TS C>DS HAD AN ADDITIONAL RATION ( SOAP & LYE1 #a GRAMS ( MEAT & PA/A4 ,!SE SUB/ANTIAL FOODS W]E OBVI\SLY NOT 9T5D$ = ! NEWLY BORN BABIES BUT = ! MO!R1 :O C\LD ALSO DISPOSE ( ! PO9TS AS %E WI%$4 

,ALCORISA FELT ! EFFECTS ( ! ABS5CE ( ! #e M5 AT ! FRONT4 ,NEV]!LESS ! CULTIVAT$ >EA WAS 9CREAS$ BY #e.04 ,SU* A L>GE 9CREASE WAS POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE SOME ( ! FIELDS :I* NORMALLY W\LD HAVE BE5 FALL[ W]E PL[$ & S[$4 ,! TASK WAS FACILITAT$ BY ! PUR*ASE ( EXCELL5T PL[S :I* HAD R>ELY BE5 US$ 9 ! PA/4 ,FUR!RMORE1 GREAT] USE WAS MADE ?AT YE> ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S ?AN PREVI\SLY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! FUTURE = AGRICULTURE WAS BRI<T4 

,! R$\BL$ EF=TS BY EV]YBODY ALSO CONTRIBUT$4 ,NOT ONLY BY ! M5 :O HAD REMA9$ BUT ALSO BY ! WOM51 AS WELL AS BY ?OSE MILITIAM5 :O REGUL>LY S5T HALF !IR PAY TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 7#b#c7 

,*ANGES W]E MADE TO SOME ACTIVITIES4 ,A *UR* WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A C9EMA1 & A CONV5T 9TO A S*OOL4 ,TWO COMPET+ G>AGES W]E R$UC$ TO ONE :I* WAS QUITE SUFFICI5T = ! NE$S1 & 9 ! O!R !Y SET UP A WELL ORGANIZ$ HAIRDRESS+ SALOON & A SMALL %OE FACTORY 9 :I* ALL ! MA*9]Y FROM ALL ! PREVI\SLY DISP]S$ WORK%OPS WAS ASSEMBL$4 ,GOOD %OES1 & S&ALS BO? = ! PEOPLE ( ,ALCORISA & ( NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES W]E BE+ PRODUC$ !RE4 ,! P]SON 9 *>GE HAD BE5 A REACTION>Y EMPLOY]1 !RE=E POT5TIALLY A ,FRANCO SUPPORT]4 ,BUT HE HAD ONLY BE5 EXPROPRIAT$4 ,:5 ,I SPOKE ) HIM HE TOLD ME ?AT HE HAD BE5 CONV9C$ ( ! ADVANTAGES ( SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 = WORK+ ) ! OLD 9DIVIDUALI/ SY/EM \TPUT WAS A ?IRD ( :AT IT N[ WAS4 

,ONE FACTORY NEWLY SET UP WAS SUPPLY+ ! :OLE REGION & SOME ( ! MILITIAM5 ON ! ,T]UEL FRONT ) SALT PROVISIONS4 ,!RE WAS ONE TAILOR'S WORK%OP1 ONE C>P5T]'S %OP & A BLACKSMI?'S BELONG+ TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,! BUILD+ WORK]S :O GOT READY A F9E BUILD+ = ! ,SYNDICATE ALSO DID REPAIR WORK TO H\SES AT NO *>GE TO ! OCCUPANTS4 ,! LYE1 LEMONADE & SODA-WAT] W]E ALL MADE 9 ONE E/ABLI%M5T4 ,A HOTEL WAS ORGANIZ$ & A /UD F>M SET UP :]E SELECT$ HORSES & DONKEYS W]E S5T ) A VIEW TO RAPIDLY IMPROV+ ! NON-BOV9E DRAFT ANIMALS 9 ,ALCORISA & 9 ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY4 ,F9ALLY1 A F9E1 CLEAN1 HEAL?Y H]D ( C[S WAS H\S$ 9 A S+LE CO:\SE4 

,AS EV]Y:]E ELSE !RE W]E 9 ,ALCORISA CLASSES )9 ! CLASSES1 POOR AMONG ! POOR1 \TCA/S AMONG ! \TCA/S ( =TUNE4 ,& ! 9COME ( ALL ! SMALL PROPRIETORS HAD NOT BE5 ! SAME2 & SOME WORK]S E>N$ LESS ?AN SOME FAVOR$ PEASANTS1 AS DID A LABOR] COMP>$ ) A SKILL$ WORK] OR A %EPH]D COMP>$ ) A LABOR]4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE TRANS=M$ EV]Y?+1 GU>ANTEE+ TO EV]YBODY ! SAME MEANS ( LIFE4 

,! RECALCITRANT SMALLHOLD]S 9 ,ALCORISA 7!RE W]E AB\T A HUNDR$ 9 ALL71 AS 9 ALL O!R VILLAGES LIV+ UND] ! NEW REGIME1 C\LD NOT TRADE 9 !IR PRODUCE4 ,!Y HAD TO DELIV] IT TO ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 5TIRELY COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 & W]E PAID ) MONEY SPECIALLY CREAT$ = !IR USE4 ,BUT SO F> AS CONSUMPTION WAS CONC]N$ !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO RATION+ AS APPLI$ TO EV]YBODY4 ,AFT] ALL ONE WAS AT W>4 

,! VILLAGES 9 ! CANTON ( ,ALCORISA 5GAG$ 9 A SY/EM ( COMP5SATORY MUTUAL AID AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! O!R REGIONS ( ,>AGON & ,SPA9 :]E ,COLLECTIVES HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$1 & ACTUAL B>T] >RANGEM5TS EXT5D$ TO #aah T[NS & VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON1 ,LEVANTE1 ,CATALONIA & EV5 9 ,CA/ILE4 

,9 ! E>LY DAYS AS A RESULT ( ! VICISSITUDES ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 ! TEA*+ >RANGEM5TS HAD BE5 9SUFFICI5T4 ,!RE W]E ONLY TWO S*OOLS 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f4 ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA HAD TO IMPROVISE AS A TEA*] :ILE !Y W]E WAIT+ = QUALIFI$ TEA*]S TO JO9 !M FROM ! T[NS4 ,! CO/ ( $UCATION WAS BORNE BY ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION4 

,?IS SAME ADM9I/RATION WAS RESPONSIBLE = PROVID+ ACCOMMODATION & FURNITURE = ALL NEW DOME/IC SETUPS4 ,LEGAL M>RIAGE HAD COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$1 BUT UNIONS W]E (FICIALLY RECORD$ 9 A BOOK 9 ! T[N HALL4 

,ALCORISA WAS NOT ONE ( ! WOR/ BUT NEI!R WAS IT A MODEL VILLAGE 9 ,>AGON4 ,! H\SES !RE W]E OLDI%1 & ! N>R[ /REETS1 SOMETIMES 5CAS$ BETWE5 B\LD]S1 MADE EXPANSION ( ! 9HABITABLE >EA DIFFICULT4 ,\R COMRADES HAD PLANS & A />T HAD BE5 MADE - ONE C\LD CLE>LY DISC]N ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA'S SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE 9 ALL ?IS - TO CREATE )9 ! MUNICIPAL B\ND>IES TW5TY-?REE UNITS4 ,IT WAS HOP$ ?AT EA* UNIT W\LD HAVE ITS [NS MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 ) 9 ADDITION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 LIVE/OCK & P\LTRY1 ALL ! MEANS = COM=T & ! CULTIVATION ( ! M9D2 ELECTRICITY1 SWIMM+ POOL1 RADIO1 LIBR>Y1 GAMES1 ETC4 ,ALREADY AT ! T9E SMALL WAT]FALLS W]E BE+ US$ TO G5]ATE ELECTRICITY = LI<T+4 

,I VISIT$ ! UNIT :]E WORK WAS MO/ ADVANC$4 ,! >EA HAD BE5 DIVID$ 9TO TWO3 ONE 9T5D$ = AGRICULTURE1 ! O!R = /OCK RAIS+4 ,IT COV]$ EI<T SQU>E KILOMET]S4 ,9 ! =M] C]EALS1 VEGETABLES1 FRUIT1 GRAPES1 HAY & LUC]NE W]E PRODUC$2 ALL ?AT ONE W\LD NORMALLY EXPECT FROM GOOD L&1 GOOD HUSB&RY & GOOD IRRIGATION4 ,9 ! LATT]1 ! 9ITIAL EF=T HAD RESULT$ 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( A VA/ CONCRETE PIGG]Y ) DIVISIONS P]MITT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL H\S+ ( #a ANIMALS :I*1 AS 9 ,GRAUS1 ALL HAD 9DIVIDUAL ACCESS TO ! OP5 AIR4 ,WORK ON EXP&+ ! ACCOMMODATION WAS AB\T TO />T & ! FACT ( ?IS SPECIALIZATION 9DICAT$ ?AT ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ( O!R K9DS TOO1 HAD TO BE MA9TA9$ BETWE5 ! TW5TY-?REE LIB]T>IAN PHALAN/]IES4 

,! RE>+ ( LAMBS WAS ALSO 9CREAS$ & L>GE NUMB]S ( HEIF]S W]E PUR*AS$ H]E & !RE & ! PROJECT WAS TO CON/RUCT 9 ONE ( ! UNITS A CO:\SE TO ACCOMMODATE SOME HUNDR$ C[S4 ,AS TO P\LTRY1 RABBITS1 ETC4444 !Y W]E CONC5TRAT+ ON 9CREAS+ RABBIT PRODUCTION AS !RE WAS AN ABUNDANCE ( SUITABLE FOOD = !M4 

"9"9"9 

,:5 ,FRANCO'S TROOPS >RIV$ 9 ,ALCORISA1 ,JAIME ,SEGOVIA :O W\LD NOT LEAVE1 WAS >RE/$1 TORTUR$1 & AT ! 5D ( SIX MON?S1 %OT4 

#f4 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS 

,TO ! NOR? ( ! PROV9CE ( ,T]UEL1 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS IS ! *IEF VILLAGE ( ! CANTON BE>+ ITS NAME1 & COMPRISES #ai VILLAGES4 ,IT HAD #b1#c 9HABITANTS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! SURR\ND+ LOCALITIES W]E ,AGUAVIVA ) #b1 9HABITANTS1 ,MIRAMBEL 7#a1#d71 ,LA ,G9EBROSA 7#a1#c74 ,ONLY SIX VILLAGES W]E 5TIRELY COLLECTIVIZ$ BY ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 F\R W]E ALMO/ COMPLETELY1 & = FIVE O!RS COLLECTIVIZATION WAS #e.04 ,?REE O!RS W]E AB\T TO COLLECTIVIZE & ONLY ONE VILLAGE WAS HESITAT+4 ,V]Y SOON ALL ! VILLAGES W]E #a.0 COLLECTIVIZ$4 

,H]E ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T PREC$$ ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,SMALLHOLD+S W]E WIDESPREAD1 & DID NOT FAVOR ! EM]G5CE ( ASSOCIATIONS ( WAGE E>N]S4 ,& 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS :]E ?ANKS TO IRRIGATION LIFE WAS RELATIVELY COM=TABLE COMP>$ ) ! SURR\ND+ VILLAGES :I* W]E MORE OR LESS )\T WAT] & LIFE WAS H>D1 LIB]T>IAN IDEAS TOOK ROOT FROM ! BEG9N+S ( ! C5TURY4 ,NOT SO MU* ON CLASS ISSUES AS = REASONS ( HUMAN CONSCI5CE4 ,IF GR\PS W]E />T$ TO FI<T AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 = EQUALITY & SOCIAL JU/ICE & AGA9/ SUBJECTION BY ! ,/ATE1 !IR 9SPIRATION WAS ABOVE ALL HUMANI/4 ,IT WAS ! LA/ G5]ATION ( !SE M5 :O W]E AT ! HEAD ( ! COLLECTIVI/ ORGANIZATION ( ! CANTON4 

,UND] ! MON>*Y LIB]AL T5D5CIES PR$OM9AT$4 ,! ,REPUBLIC ( #aica BR\<T AB\T SOME *ANGES1 SO MILD ?AT !Y DISAPPO9T$ MO/ ( ! POPULATION4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y T5D$ T[>DS ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT2 9 #aicb ! FIR/ ,C4,N4,T4 ,SYNDICATE WAS CREAT$ & ON ! #h? ,DECEMB] ( ! SAME YE>1 9 AN 9SURRECTIONAL C\P :I* COV]$ ,>AGON & A L>GE P>T ( ,CATALONIA1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 AT ! ORD]S ( ! REPUBLIC AS IT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 9 ! S]VICE ( ! MON>*Y1 PUT D[N ?IS FIR/ ATTEMPT 9 TWO DAYS1 & ! ,SYNDICATE WAS CLOS$ UNTIL ! EVE ( ! LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #aicf :I* GAVE VICTORY TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,! ,SYNDICATE WAS !N IMM$IATELY RECON/ITUT$4 

,FIVE MON?S LAT] ! LOCAL FASCI/S W]E DEFEAT$ )\T A /RUGGLE & T[>DS MID-,SEPTEMB] \R COMRADES LAUN*$ ! IDEA ( AN AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE4 ,! 9ITIATIVE WAS ACCEPT$ UNANIM\SLY AT A MEET+ ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,BUT NOT ALL ! SMALLHOLD]S W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO SET UP A SEP>ATE GR\P4 ,A LI/ ( ?OSE :O HAD ALREADY JO9$ ( !IR [N ACCORD WAS CIRCULAT$ & )9 A =TNI<T #b FAMILIES HAD JO9$4 ,AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT ! NUMB] HAD RIS5 TO #ee \T ( A TOTAL ( #f FAMILIES COMPRIS+ ! POPULATION ( ! VILLAGE4 ,! REMA9+ #e FAMILIES BELONG$ TO ! SOCIALI/ ,U4,G4,T4 & OBEY$ ! 9/RUCTIONS ISSU$ BY !IR LEAD]S4 

,?R\<\T ! CANTON ! SAME PR9CIPLE WAS APPLI$4 ,ONE WAS FREE TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE OR TO C>RY ON CULTIVAT+ ! L& 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,! V>I\S /AGES ( SOCIALIZATION A*IEV$ BY ! DIFF]5T VILLAGES WAS PRO( ( ?IS FRE$OM ( *OICE4 

,9 NONE ( !SE VILLAGES WAS !RE A WRITT5 LI/ ( RULES4 ,SIMPLY EA* MON? ! ASSEMBLY ( MEMB]S ( EA* ,COLLECTIVE W\LD 9DICATE TO ! ,COMMISSION CONSI/+ ( FIVE ELECT$ MEMB]S1 ! G5]AL L9ES TO FOLL[ ON SPECIFIC PROBLEMS ?AT HAD BE5 OP5LY DISCUSS$4 

,9 SPITE ( ?AT1 MY RECOLLECTION ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS IS L9K$1 QUITE UNCONSCI\SLY1 TO ! HAPPY ,IC>IA TO :I* ! UTOPIANS1 & ESPECIALLY ,ETI5NE ,CABET1 HAVE (T5 REF]R$4 ,! FACES & ! BEHAVIOR ( ! PEOPLE1 ! ATTITUDE ( ! WOM5 SEAT$ ON ! ?RE%OLDS ( !IR HOMES1 OR KNITT+ & TALK+ \TSIDE !IR H\SES1 W]E PEACEFUL & HAPPY4 ,ONE GUESS$ ?AT UND]LY+ IT WAS A GOOD WAY ( LIFE4 ,LET US SEEK TO DISCOV] :AT IT WAS4 

,9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS #cb GR\PS ( WORK]S W]E SET UP2 !Y W]E MORE OR LESS ( ! SAME SIZE1 DET]M9$ BY ! TASKS TO BE UND]TAK51 OR ! EXT5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL >EAS TO BE WORK$ :I* W]E LIMIT$ BY !IR CAPRICI\S 5CIRCLEM5T BY ! M\NTA9S4 ,EA* GR\P CULTIVAT$ SOME ( ! IRRIGAT$ L& & SOME ( ! DRY L&S4 ,?US ! PLEASANT & LESS PLEASANT1 HEAVY1 WORK WAS EQUITABLY %>$ BY EV]YBODY4 

,! BLESS+S ( WAT] MADE IT POSSIBLE TO GR[ L>GE QUANTITIES ( VEGETABLES & FRUIT4 ,! O!R1 LESS =TUNATE1 VILLAGES C\LD ONLY GR[ C]EALS1 MA9LY CORN - #i QU9TALS P] HECT>E1 P]HAPS LESS - & OLIVES4 ,9 ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES ( ! CANTON ! GR\PS ( WORK]S *OSE !IR DELEGATES1 & NOM9AT$ !IR ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSIONS4 ,& JU/ AS ! DELEGATES 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS :O ALWAYS SET ! EXAMPLE1 MET WEEKLY TO ORGANIZE ! WORK TO BE DONE1 A SIMIL> PROC$URE WAS ADOPT$ 9 ! O!R COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES4 ,AS EV]Y:]E1 EF=TS W]E CON/ANTLY BE+ COORD9AT$4 

,AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT IT HAD NOT BE5 F\ND POSSIBLE TO 9CREASE ! >EA UND] CULTIVATION4 ,FULL USE WAS ALREADY BE+ MADE ( ! IRRIGAT$ L&S4 ,BUT ! DRY L& :I* HAD HI!RTO BE5 US$ ONLY = GRAZ+ LIVE/OCK1 W]E E>M>K$ = GR[+ C]EALS & TO ?IS 5D !Y HAD />T$ TO FOLD ! %EEP ON ! M\NTA9 SLOPES1 N[ FREELY AVAILABLE1 :]E !RE WAS 5\< VEGETATION TO FE$ !M4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A />T WAS MADE TO GET READY ! L& = S[+ CORN1 OATS & RYE4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! MANY EXAMPLES ( ! RATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY :I* WE SO FREQU5TLY 5C\NT]$4 ,IT WAS 9 FACT ?\<T ?AT ! EF=T W\LD BE 9T5SIFI$ ONCE ! CONSCRIPTS RETURN$4 

,IT WAS AN EASI] MATT] TO 9CREASE ! H]DS4 ,! NUMB]S ( %EEP W]E 9CREAS$ BY #b#e.02 BRE$+ S[S D\BL$ FROM #c TO #f1 & MIL* C[S FROM #ah TO #bd 7!RE WAS NO SUITABLE PA/URE 9 ! >EA = CATTLE74 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( PIGLETS W]E PUR*AS$ 9 ,CATALONIA & W]E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! POPULATION1 S9CE !RE WAS NO TIME OR LABOR TO CON/RUCT COLLECTIVE PIGG]IES1 ! WORK ON :I*1 H[EV]1 WAS DUE TO />T AT ANY MOM5T4 ,MEANTIME EA* FAMILY RAIS$ ONE OR TWO PIGS :I* W\LD BE SLAU<T]$ 9 ONE L>GE OP]ATION & SALT$ & !N DI/RIBUT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! NE$S ( EA* H\SEHOLD4 

,BUT PRODUCTION WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO AGRICULTURE & LIVE/OCK4 ,9 ?IS *IEF VILLAGE ( ! CANTON1 AS 9 ALL COLLECTIVIZ$ *IEF VILLAGES & VILLAGES ( ANY SIZE1 SMALL 9DU/RIES SPRANG UP3 BUILD+1 BOOT & %OE MAK+1 ! MANUFACTURE ( CLO?+ & SLIPP]S1 MEAT PROCESS+1 ETC4444 ,AS 9 ,GRAUS & MANY O!R PLACES1 !SE SPECIALTIES CON/ITUT$ A SECTION ( :AT WAS CALL$ ! 0G5]AL ,COLLECTIVE0 :I* OP]AT$ = ! G5]AL GOOD4 

,IF !N ! AGR>IAN SECTION NE$$ TO PUR*ASE C]TA9 TOOLS IT W\LD APPLY1 ?R\< ITS DELEGATE1 TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION :I* W\LD !N ISSUE HIM ) A V\*] = ! DELEGATE ( ! METAL WORK]S TO :OM !IR REQUIREM5TS W]E EXPLA9$4 ,! ORD] WAS AT ! SAME TIME 5T]$ 9 ! ACC\NT BOOK ( ! 5G9E]+ SECTION4 ,IF A FAMILY NE$$ FURNITURE !Y W\LD ALSO GET 9 T\* ) ! ADM9I/RATIVE SECTION :O W\LD H& !M AN ORD] V\*] = ! DELEGATE ( ! CAB9ET MAK]S1 OR ! C>P5T]S 7WOODWORK]S ALL BELONG$ TO A S+LE ,SYNDICATE74 ,SU* WAS ! ME*ANISM BY :I* ! ACTIVITIES ( EA* GR\P ( PRODUC]S WAS *ECK$ AS WELL AS ! EXP5DITURE BY EA* FAMILY4 

,NEI!R (FICIAL CURR5CY 7PESETAS7 NOR LOCAL MONEY WAS US$ BY ANY ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! CANTON4 

,SOCIALIZATION ( COMM]CE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ /AGES4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT COMPLETE4 ,AT ! TIME ( MY VISIT !RE W]E /ILL TWO RECALCITRANT GROC]S :OSE BUS9ESSES W]E 9 A BAD WAY BECAUSE ( A LACK ( SUPPLIES4 ,BUT G5]ALLY SPEAK+ MUNICIPAL /ORES ALSO REPLAC$ ! =M] SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION4 

,LET US LOOK MORE CLOSELY 9TO ! FUNCTION+ ( A COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE1 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE ADEQUATELY BY ! WRITT5 WORD ?IS L>GE-SCALE MOVEM5T :I* COMPRISES AGR>IAN SOCIALIZATION4 ,9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS AS 9 EV]Y COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE ONE WAS CONFRONT$ BY R$ & BLACK PLAC>DS AFFIX$ NOT ONLY TO ALL ! WORK%OPS1 COMMUNAL /ORES1 HOTELS & SO ON BUT ALSO TO ! CANTONAL W>EH\SES = *EMICAL PRODUCTS1 CEM5T1 RAW MAT]IALS = ! V>I\S 9DU/RIES1 :]E ! COLLECTIVI/S FROM O!R CANTONAL VILLAGES CAME TO REPL5I% !IR /OCKS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NORMS E/ABLI%$ BY !IR DELEGATES AT FRAT]NAL MEET+S4 ,9 ! %OP ( A =M] WELL-TO-DO FASCI/ TRADESMAN :O DISAPPE>$ !RE W]E /ACKS ( CLO?+ 9T5D$ = ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CANTON4 ,ELSE:]E WAS ! SECTION = G5]AL SUPPLIES :]E V\*]S W]E SUPPLI$ TO 9DIVIDUALI/S ON REQUE/ & ALSO :]E REQUE/S BY EA* FAMILY W]E 5T]$ ON A C>D 9DEX4 

,9 ! CANTONAL DI/ILL]Y - A NEW 9ITIATIVE - !Y W]E EXTRACT+ ALCOHOL & T>T>IC ACID FROM ! RESIDUES ( GRAPES S5T !RE FROM ALL ! VILLAGES4 ,& ?OSE VILLAGES HAD SET UP AN ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION = ! DI/ILL]Y :I* MET P]IODICALLY4 ,:5 ONE VISIT$ ! FACTORY ONE W\LD BE %[N ! TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS 9TRODUC$ TO PRODUCE #i,A7,R7 ALCOHOL :I* WAS REQUIR$ 9 M$IC9E & = SURGICAL OP]ATIONS AT ! FRONT4 

,9 ! TAILOR'S WORK%OP1 M5 & WOM5 WORK]S W]E 5GAG$ 9 CUTT+ & MAK+ SUITS TO MEASURE = COMRADES :O HAD ORD]$ !M4 ,ON ! RACKS1 WOOL OR CORDUROY G>M5TS1 EA* ) ITS LABEL BE>+ ! NAME ( ! CONSIGNEE W]E WAIT+ TO BE DEALT ) ON ! SEW+ MA*9ES4 7#b#d7 

,WOM5 B\<T !IR MEAT 9 A WELL APPO9T$1 M>BLE L9$ E/ABLI%M5T4 ,BREAD :I* WAS =M]LY BAK$ AT HOME BY ! OV]WORK$ H\SEWIVES WAS BE+ KNEAD$ & BAK$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE BAKEH\SES4 

,AT ! CAFE EV]YBODY WAS 5TITL$ TO HAVE TWO CUPS ( ROA/$ *ICORY 7?AT WAS ALL !RE WAS71 TWO REFRE%M5TS1 OR TWO LEMONADES1 DAILY4 

,ON A VISIT TO ! SURR\ND+S ONE W\LD DISCOV] A NURS]Y :]E VEGETABLE SE$L+S W]E BE+ RAIS$1 9 HUGE QUANTITIES = PLANT+ \T ?R\<\T ! CANTON1 BY A FAMILY :O PREVI\SLY HAD PROSP]$ 9 ?IS BUS9ESS BUT :O HAD JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+4 

,9 ! DRESSMAK+ WORK%OP NOT ONLY W]E WOM5'S CLO!S MADE UP BUT1 AS 9 MANY O!R VILLAGES1 Y\NG WOM5 W]E LE>N+ TO SEW = !MSELVES & !IR FAMILIES TO BE4 

,A PLAC>D ATTRACTS ONE'S ATT5TION4 ,IT READS3 0,POPUL> ,BOOK%OP04 ,IT IS 9 FACT A LIBR>Y4 ,ON ITS %ELVES W]E FROM SIX TO T5 COPIES ( DIFF]5T WORKS ( SOCIOLOGY1 LIT]ATURE1 G5]AL WORKS ON CULTURAL & SCI5TIFIC SUBJECTS MADE AVAILABLE TO EV]YBODY1 9CLUD+ ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,!RE W]E ALSO TO BE F\ND 9 L>GE NUMB]S TEXT BOOKS = S*OOLS 7HI/ORY1 GEOGRAPHY1 >I?METIC71 /ORY BOOKS1 NOVELS1 & READ]S = ! Y\NG & = ADULTS2 !N !RE W]E EX]CISE BOOKS1 & EXCELL5T PR9T$ C\RSES = LE>N+ H[ TO DRAW1 ) EXCELL5T EXAMPLES TO FOLL[ BAS$ ON ! MO/ MOD]N TEA*+ TE*NIQUES4 

,H]E TOO1 ?\< ! SPIRIT & PRACTICE ( G5]AL SOLID>ITY 9SPIR$ ! CONDUCT & BEHAVIOR ( EA* & ALL1 EV]Y FAMILY WAS ALLOCAT$ A SMALL PLOT ( L& ON :I* TO GR[ VEGETABLES & FRUIT & TO RAISE RABBITS4 ,?IS SUPPLEM5T$ ! FOOD SUPPLY >RANGEM5TS :I* 9 ANY CASE W]E NOT RIGID2 ?+S W]E SO >RANG$ ?AT EV]YBODY HAD A *OICE4 ,?US RATION+ WAS NOT SYNONYM\S ) BUREAUCRATIC CON=MITY4 

,! SCALE = CONSUMPTION - FOOD/UFFS1 CLO?+1 FOOTWE>1 ETC4 - HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 M>K$ ON ! FAMILY C>NET4 ,BUT FOLL[+ ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,CONGRESS 9 ,CASPE1 IT WAS ?\<T PREF]ABLE TO USE ! /&>D BOOKLET PRODUC$ BY ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES = ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES1 9 ORD] TO AVOID EXCESSIVE DIFF]5CES DEP5D+ ON ! RELATIVE PROSP]ITY OR POV]TY ( ! VILLAGES & EV5 ( ! CANTONS4 

,:5 !RE=E CLO?+ WAS ALSO RATION$ IT WAS NOT BECAUSE 9 ?IS P>T ( ,>AGON ! ,COLLECTIVES LACK$ ! NECESS>Y RES\RCES TO BUY !M4 ,!Y G5]ALLY HAD 5\< GOODS1 ESPECIALLY CORN1 TO B>T] = CLO?1 MA*9ES & ALL ?AT WAS PRODUC$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 :]E MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES PR$OM9AT$4 ,BUT ?+S W]E /RA9$ BY ! W> EF=T4 ,& FUR!RMORE ! VALUE ( ! CORN1 MEAT1 VEGETABLES & OIL SUPPLI$ )\T PAYM5T TO SUPPORT ?OSE ON ! FI<T+ FRONT WAS 5ORM\S4 ,SUPPLIES1 )\T PAYM5T1 W]E ALSO S5T TO ,MADRID :I* WAS BESIEG$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/ >MIES4 ,IT WAS ALSO A FACT ?AT SOME 9DU/RIAL REGIONS BADLY SOCIALIZ$ OR LACK+ RAW MAT]IALS TO PRODUCE C]TA9 GOODS1 C\LD NOT HONOR ! B>T] >RANGEM5TS MADE4 

,M$ICAL C>E & PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS W]E FREE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS WELL AS ! PUBLIC LIBR>Y REF]R$ TO1 !RE WAS ANO!R1 OP]AT$ BY ! ,SYNDICATE & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,S*OOL ATT5DANCE WAS COMPULSORY UP TO ! AGE ( #a#d4 ,9 A GR\P ( MASIAS 7SMALL F>MH\SES71 BUILT ON ! M\NTA9 SLOPES SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! VILLAGE1 A S*OOL WAS OP5$ = OLD] *ILDR5 :O HAD NEV] BE=E SAT AT A S*OOL DESK4 ,& 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS TWO NEW CLASSES HAD JU/ BE5 IMPROVIS$1 EA* TO DEAL ) #e *ILDR5 :OSE $UCATION WAS 5TRU/$ TO TWO Y\NG WOM5 :O HAD TAK5 A C\RSE 9 ADVANC$ /UDIES 9 ,S>AGOSSA & ,VAL5CIA4 7#b#e7 

,PUBLIC 5T]TA9M5T WAS FREE BO? = COLLECTIVI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ! AGREEM5TS MADE ?R\<\T ,>AGON1 AS WELL AS 9 ,CA/ILE & ! ,LEVANTE1 NO ,COLLECTIVE C\LD CONDUCT BUS9ESS ON ITS [N ACC\NT4 ,9 ?IS WAY ANY POSSIBILITY ( SPECULATION ?AT C\LD >ISE 9 ?AT AGITAT$ W> P]IOD WAS AVOID$1 AS WELL AS ! K9D ( COMPETITION :I* SO (T5 MANIFE/$ ITSELF AMONG ! COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORIES 9 ,B>CELONA1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 

,!SE MEASURES ( A MORAL NATURE1 RAN P>ALLEL ) ! S5SE ( ORGANIZATION :I* EM]G$ 9 MO/ ( ! SOCIALIZ$ VILLAGES4 ,EA* VILLAGE ,COLLECTIVE COMMUNICAT$ TO ! CANTONAL ,COMITE A LI/ ( ITS SURPLUS GOODS & ( ?OSE IT NE$$4 ,?US EA* VILLAGE 9 ! CANTON ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS HAD A CURR5T ACC\NT 9 ! BOOKS KEPT 9 ! *IEF VILLAGE 9 :I* W]E 5T]$ :AT IT SUPPLI$ & :AT IT RECEIV$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! CANTONAL ,COMITE KNEW EXACTLY :AT /OCKS ( W9E1 MEAT1 OIL1 CORN1 POTATOES1 SUG>-BEET - WIDELY GR[N 9 ,>AGON - W]E AVAILABLE 9 EA* VILLAGE4 

,FUR!RMORE IF ! VILLAGE :I* SUPPLI$ ! OIL DID NOT NE$ ! W9E (F]$1 IT C\LD ASK = O!R GOODS4 ,!SE W\LD BE SUPPLI$ & ?AT VILLAGE'S SURPLUSES W\LD BE S5T TO ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS :]E !Y W\LD BE HELD 9 RES]VE = EV5TUAL B>T] ) O!R ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! CANTON4 ,IT WAS A K9D ( CLE>+-H\SE4 ,?US ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! G5]AL ,W>EH\SE OR ! COMMUNAL DEPOT1 B>T] )9 & \TSIDE ! VILLAGE WAS POSSIBLE AT ALL TIMES4 

,?IS SY/EM ( COMP5SATION WAS C>RI$ \T )\T ! LEA/ RETIC5CE = ! SPIRIT ( SPECULATION HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,ANY VILLAGE :I* WAS GO+ ?R\< P>TICUL> DIFFICULTIES & HAD NO?+ TO B>T] WAS NOT !REBY CONDEMN$ TO POV]TY OR TO HAV+ TO RAISE LOANS ON :I* ! 9T]E/ *>GES & REPAYM5TS W\LD GRIEV\SLY JEOP>DIZE ITS ECONOMIC SITUATION = YE>S TO COME4 

,9 ! 9T]DEP5D5T CANTONS ! PROBLEM DID NOT PRES5T ITSELF 9 !SE T]MS4 ,?US = 9/ANCE 9 ?AT ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS ! MA9 ECONOMIC RES\RCES ( ,S5O & ( ,LA ,G9EBROSA HAD1 ?AT YE>1 BE5 DE/ROY$ BY HAIL/ORMS4 ,UND] A CAPITALI/ REGIME IT W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 UNTOLD PRIVATIONS1 EV5 TO EMIGRATION = SEV]AL YE>S = SOME ( ! M54 ,9 A REGIME2 ( /RICT JU/ICE1 LOANS SECUR$ ) DIFFICULTY C\LD BE A P]MAN5T MILL/ONE R\ND !IR NECKS4 ,UND] ! REGIME ( LIB]T>IAN SOLID>ITY1 ! DIFFICULTY WAS %>$ BY ! EF=T ( ! :OLE CANTON4 ,FOOD/UFFS1 VEGETABLE PLANTS1 SE$S1 W]E ALL SUPPLI$ 9 A FRAT]NAL MANN]1 )\T MORTGAGES1 & )\T CONTRACT+1 DEBTS4 ,! REVOLUTION HAD CREAT$ A NEW CIVILIZATION4 

#g4 ,ESPLUS 

,= ITS #a1#a 9HABITANTS1 ,ESPLUS HAD AT ITS DISPOSAL #a#a1 HECT>ES ( L& ( :I* #i1 W]E IRRIGAT$4 ,BUT ! ,DUKE ( ,LUNA HAD CORN]$ #e1#e & ! E/ATES ( ! MON>*I/ ,ALV>ADO1 =M] ,F9ANCE ,M9I/]1 :O C]TA9LY %[$ MORE CONC]N = HIS 9T]E/S ?AN = ?OSE ( ! NATION1 ACC\NT$ = A FUR!R #a1#a HECT>ES4 ,ANO!R L&[N] [N$ AS MU* & A FEW O!RS LESS4 ,!RE W]E MORE :O W]E NOT AS RI*1 BUT V]Y COM=TABLY (F1 EA* ( :OM [N$ FROM #g TO #a HECT>ES4 

,!RE WAS NOT MU* LEFT OV] = ! PEOPLE1 HALF ( :OM W]E EXPLOIT$ BY ! WEAL?Y & ! V]Y RI*1 CULTIVAT+ !IR E/ATES ON ! BASIS ( A SY/EM CALL$ T]RAJA1 :I* CONSI/$ 9 CLE>+ & RECLAIM+ L&1 GETT+ IT READY1 LEVEL+ IT & GR[+ CROPS ON IT & H&+ OV] A QU>T] ( ! PRODUCE TO ! L&[N]4 ,!SE WORK]S HAD ALSO TO PAY AN ANNUAL R5T ( SIX PESETAS P] HECT>E1 & OBLIG$ TO USE A PAIR ( MULES PUR*AS$ BY !M TO IMPROVE EA* HECT>E ?AT HAD BE5 S[$4 ,! FIELDS :I* HAD BE5 ?US CULTIVAT$ W]E !N (F]$ TO M$I]OS :O PAID 9 LIEU ( R5T1 A HALF ( ! H>VE/4 

,! HI/ORY ( \R MOVEM5T !RE WAS AS TURBUL5T AS 9 ,BELV] DE ,C9CA & ELSE:]E4 ,A ,SYNDICATE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 CON/ITUT$ 9 #aib WAS CLOS$ D[N F\R YE>S LAT] BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,IT REEM]G$ 9 #a#i#c#a1 FOLL[+ ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC & HAD #ag MEMB]S :51 9 #a#i#c#b1 ! ,LEFTI/ GOV]NM5T ( ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 9 :I* ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS ! ,LABOR ,M9I/] 7& US$ HIS (FICE TO WAGE W> AGA9/ ! ,C4,N4,T4 = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 ( :I* HE WAS ! \T/&+ LEAD]7 CLOS$ D[N ! LOCAL ,SYNDICATE :I* WAS RECON/ITUT$ :5 ! ,RI<T-W+ ,REPUBLICANS W]E TRIUMPHANT AT ! POLLS2 BUT ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,ALEJ&RO ,L]\X WAS NO DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ITS PR$ECESSOR & TOOK ! SAME ACTION4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf \R COMRADES SET AB\T ! TASK ( BUILD+ UP ! ,SYNDICATE = ! F\R? TIME1 BUT !RE W]E ONLY SEV5TE5 ( !M :5 ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK WAS LAUN*$4 ,SO MU* P]SECUTION HAD DISC\RAG$ ! WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS4 

,NEV]!LESS !RE TOOK PLACE 9 A DISCREET WAY :AT WE HAVE SE5 OCCURR+ 9 MANY O!R PLACES4 ,\R COMRADES HAD JO9$ ! LOCAL SECTION ( ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ANY FUR!R REACTION>Y MEASURES1 SO AS NOT TO BE ONCE AGA9 DRAGG$ FROM !IR HOMES & M>*$ (F TO DEPORTATION4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT 9 ,JULY #aicf ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL ( ,ESPLUS CONSI/$ ( SIX LIB]T>IANS POS+ AS ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS & ( ?REE ,RI<T-W+ ,REPUBLICANS1 :O FIVE YE>S E>LI] HAD BE5 MON>*I/S & :O W]E /ILL MON>*I/S AT HE>T4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE DECL>$ 9 REPLY TO ! ,FRANCOI/ C\P D'ETAT LA/$ A =TNI<T4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE WAS NOM9AT$1 CONSI/+ ( A REPUBLICAN MAJORITY :I* HAD GONE OV] FROM ! ,RI<T TO ! ,LEFT1 & ( A M9ORITY ( \R COMRADES4 ,BUT ! TWO T5D5CIES C\LD NOT AGREE AMONG !MSELVES4 ,! NEW ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS W5T ON MANEUV]+ & V]Y ABLY F\ND$ A RE=MI/ WORK]S' SYNDICATE SUPPORT+ ! ,U4,G4,T 9 ORD] TO MAKE USE ( IT TO PUT A BRAKE ON ! REVOLUTION4 

,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 GA9+ TIME BY PROLONG+ ! DEBATES & DISCUSSIONS )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE4 ,SO1 REALIZ+ ?AT AGREEM5T W\LD NEV] BE REA*$ \R COMRADES CON/ITUT$ A LOCAL ,COMITE :I* CONFISCAT$ ! L>GE E/ATES & TOOK !M OV]2 IT WAS ! ONLY WAY ( AVOID+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& ?AT WAS BE+ DEM&$ BY ! POLITICAL TURNCOATS & SOME AMBITI\S PEASANTS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! MON>*O-REPUBLICAN CONS]VATIVES TURN$ ,U,G,T]S DID NOT LET GO1 & 9 ! 5D1 =C+ SOME MIS]ABLE WORK]S TO TAKE ACTION1 !Y ATTACK$ ! LOCAL ,COMITE & OP5$ FIRE1 PROTECT+ !MSELVES ) WOM5 & *ILDR5 BEH9D :OM !Y %ELT]$4 ,\R COMRADES REPLI$ BY ATTACK+ ! M52 ! CONS]VATIVES W]E OV]COME & ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS ORGANIZ$4 

,EI<T MON?S LAT] !RE W]E ONLY TWO 9DIVIDUALI/ FAMILIES :OSE RI<TS W]E RESPECT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! G5]AL RULE4 

,! NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION HAD ALREADY BE5 CLE>LY ?\<T \T BY \R COMRADES :5 !Y W]E 5GAG$ 9 UND]GR\ND PROPAG&A DUR+ ! ,REPUBLIC1 & W]E PREP>+ ! ORGANIZATION ( AN AGR>IAN COMMUNITY1 PUR*AS+ 9 ADVANCE TOOLS1 MA*9ES & SE$4 

,AGRICULTURAL WORK WAS TAK5 OV] BY T5 TEAMS ( L& WORK]S4 ,PR9CIPAL AIDS W]E T5 PAIRS ( MULES P] TEAM4 ,F\R ADDITIONAL TEAMS DEALT ) ! LESS HEAVY WORK 7WE$+1 SE$ SELECTION1 ETC474 ,Y\NG WOM5 HELP$ :5 NECESS>Y4 ,M>RI$ WOM5 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ) *ILDR5 W]E NOT B\ND TO4 ,BUT 9 EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES AN APPEAL W\LD BE MADE ?R\< ! PUBLIC CRI] = VOLUNTE]S4 ,ONLY ! OLD] WOM5 W\LD REMA9 AT HOME TO LOOK AFT] ! Y\NG *ILDR54 ,BUT NONE ( ! OLD FOLK /AY$ AWAY4 ,!Y C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( LIFE )\T WORK4 

,!RE W]E #aa M5 AT ! FRONT4 ,! 9CREASE 9 ACREAGE CULTIVAT$ WAS !RE=E LESS2 ! TR5D WAS RA!R TO DIV]SIFY CULTIVATIONS & ABOVE ALL TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( LIVE/OCK4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION1 ?REE ( ! =M] PROPRIETORS EA* [N$ #b %EEP & EWES4 ,ANO!R HAD A H]D ( #e CATTLE4 ,& MO/ ( ! FAMILIES HAD A C[ OR A PIG4 ,PIGS W]E KILL$ ONCE A YE>1 BUT POOR PEASANTS SOLD ! HAMS TO ! RI* & KEPT ONLY ! C>CASSES = !MSELVES4 ,NEV]!LESS AT ! TIME :5 ,I US$ TO VISIT ,ESPLUS1 ! HAMS W]E SPECIALLY KEPT4 ,!RE W]E #d RES]V$ = ! REAP]S AT ! TIME ( ! H>VE/1 AS !IR WORK DEM&$ RI*] N\RI%M5T ?AN USUAL4 ,F\R KILOS W]E ALL[$ P] MAN4 ,:5 ,I OBS]V$ ! 0GUIT>S0 HANG+ FROM ! RAFT]S ( A HUGE ROOM 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! FEA/ ( ! ,H>VE/ 7RELIGI\S FE/IVALS W]E BEG9N+ TO BE REPLAC$ BY NEW PAGAN FE/IVITIES7 ,I UND]/OOD MORE VIVIDLY ! IMPORTANCE ( ! *ANGE ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE HAD CON/RUCT$ F\R PIGG]IES2 ONE = BRE$+ S[S1 ANO!R = ! PIGLETS1 ONE = GR[+ PIGS & ! F\R? = FATT5+ = ! BUT*]4 ,TWO HUNDR$ PIGS HAD BE5 B\<T AT ! BEG9N+ & BY ,JULY #aicg HUNDR$S HAD ALREADY BE5 RE>$4 

,! C[S W]E KEPT 9 TWO GOOD H\SES4 ,ONLY ! POOR MILK]S W]E SLAU<T]$4 7#b#f7 ,AS = ! %EEP1 ?\< ! MEAT HAD BE5 CONSUM$ LOCALLY AS WELL AS BE+ S5T TO ! SOLDI]S AT ! FRONT1 ! FLOCKS HAD 9CREAS$ FROM #f TO #b14 

,COLLECTIVE /ABLES HAD BE5 CON/RUCT$1 BUT !IR NUMB]S W]E /ILL 9SUFFICI5T4 ,SOME ( ! MULES W]E BE+ H\S$ BY !IR =M] [N]S2 !Y W]E NOT US$ UNTIL AFT] RATIONAL PLANN+ ( ! WORK DECID$ UPON BY ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,M$ICAL C>E1 PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS1 H\S+1 LI<T+1 HAIRDRESS+ SALOONS W]E ALL AVAILABLE )\T PAYM5T4 ,AS ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 EA* FAMILY DISPOS$ ( A PLOT ( L& ON :I* !Y GREW VEGETABLES OR FL[]S & RAIS$ A FEW RABBITS OR SOME *ICK5S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR PREF]5CES4 ,FRE% VEGETABLES W]E AVAILABLE 9 ANY CASE )\T PAYM5T2 BUT BREAD1 MEAT1 SUG>1 SOAP HAD TO BE PAID =4 ,A S+LE MAN RECEIV$ #be PESETAS A WEEK1 A C\PLE #ce & AN ADDITIONAL #d PESETAS P] *ILD UND] ! AGE ( #a#d1 & #ac PESETAS = ?OSE OV] #a#d4 

,! PRICES ( GOODS1 :I* W]E SO UN/ABLE 9 REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 AT ! TIME BECAUSE ( ! SITUATION UPSETT+ EV]Y?+1 DID NOT 9CREASE 9 ,ESPLUS ANY MORE ?AN !Y DID 9 MO/ ( ! VILLAGES :I* PR9T$ !IR [N LOCAL MONEY4 ,MONEY V\*]S W]E GU>ANTE$ BY PRODUCTION4 ,! ME*ANISM ( !IR CIRCULATION WAS V]Y SIMPLE3 !Y W]E DI/RIBUT$ ON ,SATURDAY AFT]NOON & EX*ANG$ = GOODS AT ! COMMUNAL /ORES1 CALL$ A COOP]ATIVE1 :I* ON ! ,SATURDAY W\LD H& !M TO ! LOCAL ,COMITE :I* W\LD !N PUT !M BACK 9TO CIRCULATION4 

,PEOPLE UNABLE TO WORK W]E PAID ! SAME AS ! O!RS4 ,!RE W]E EXAMPLES ( A *RONICALLY SICK MAN ) F\R Y\NG *ILDR51 A B$RIDD5 MAN & HIS DAU<T]1 ETC4 

,A HOTEL WAS OP5$ = S+LE PEOPLE1 ANO!R = SOME ( ! MANY REFUGEES FROM ,>AGON T]RITORY OCCUPI$ BY ,FRANCO'S =CES4 ,ALL ?OSE :O W]E ?US SUPPORT$ 5JOY$ ! SAME S]VICES ?AT W]E AVAILABLE TO ! ACTIVE MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,BUILD+ OP]ATIVES W]E WORK+ ) 5?USIASM4 ,!Y HAD />T$ (F BY APPLY+ ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 BUT ! PEASANTS PO9T$ \T ?AT !Y WORK$ A TWELVE-H\R DAY4 ,!Y !RE=E YIELD$ TO !M & C>RI$ \T ALL ( ! NECESS>Y REPAIR WORK TO ! H\SE 9 ,ESPLUS4 ,A L>GE C>P5T]'S WORK%OP WAS BE+ BUILT :I* IT WAS 9T5D$ TO 9/ALL MA*9]Y = MASS PRODUC$ FURNITURE = ALL ! VILLAGE &1 IT WAS HOP$1 = SURR\ND+ VILLAGES AS WELL4 

,ESPLUS 5GAG$ 9 ! B>T] ( GOODS US+ ,B9EF>1 *IEF T[N ( ! CANTON1 AS ! GO-BETWE54 ,AS IT IS A NATURALLY RI* VILLAGE1 IT DELIV]$ #b1 PESETAS' WOR? ( GOODS :I* ! CANTONAL ,COMITE DI/RIBUT$ EI!R AS A CONTRIBUTION TO ! FE$+ ( ! TROOPS AT ! FRONT OR = HELP+ ! POORE/ VILLAGES4 

,?IS SUMM>Y GIVES ONLY A P>TIAL PICTURE ( :AT HAD BE5 DONE & :AT WAS BE+ DONE4 ,I PAID MANY VISITS TO ?IS VILLAGE & ONE EV5+ WAS !RE :5 ! FLOCKS W]E COM+ D[N FROM ! M\NTA9S1 AS !Y DID ONCE A WEEK1 TO BE H]D$ 9TO ! VILLAGE %EEP-P5S4 ,BLEAT+ %EEP & LAMBS1 DELICATE & %Y EWES1 RAMS SW++ !IR J+L+ BELLS1 DOGS ON GU>D & WAT*FUL %EPH]DS 4 4 4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE'S FLOCK SEEM$ TO BE UN5D+4 ,:AT A F9E EF=T & :AT GOOD RESULTS6 

,:AT GOOD RESULTS1 TOO1 ?OSE ACRES ( M>KET G>D5S :]E = ! FIR/ TIME VEGETABLES ( ALL K9DS W]E BE+ GR[N ON A BIG SCALE4 ,! DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( PLANTS1 & ! C>E LAVI%$ ON !M >\S$ MU* ADMIRATION4 ,& ON ONE VISIT ,I DISCOV]$ MORE FIELDS ( POTATOES AB\T :I* NOBODY HAD SAID ANY?+4 ,YET ! NORMAL PRODUCTION 9 ! ,COLLECTIVE'S HU]TA WAS SUFFICI5T = ALL LOCAL NE$S4 ,?IS ADDITIONAL EF=T REPRES5T$ A PRECAUTION>Y MEASURE 9 FAVOR ( ! T[NS1 :I* W]E MU* TOO SELF-CONFID5T1 = ! SOLDI]S AT ! FRONTS1 & = ANY UNLUCKY VILLAGES4 ,?IS SURPLUS ACTUALLY D\BL$ ! NORMAL POTATO CROP4 

,BE=E />T+ ! REAP+ = :I* !Y FE>$ A %ORTAGE ( H&S SO ABUNDANT WAS ! H>VE/ 7?\< 9 FACT RE9=CEM5TS >RIV$ FROM O!R VILLAGES71 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE CELEBRAT$ ! ,H>VE/ ,FE/IVAL 9 :I* ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ,ESPLUS JO9$4 ,! HUGE FEA/1 TO :I* ,I HAD BE5 9VIT$1 TOOK PLACE 9 A L>GE CORNFIELD ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 H>VE/$4 ,WOM5 & *ILDR5 5?USIA/ICALLY HELP$ ! M5 TO SAMPLE ! HAMS1 REVOLUTION>Y HYMNS W]E 9TON$ & ,I BELIEVE SOME DANC$ ,>AGONESE JOTAS1 )\T1 H[EV]1 = WE W]E 9 ,SPA91 ALL[+ JOYFULNESS TO MAKE !M LOSE !IR DIGNITY4 ,BY :I* IS UND]/OOD ?AT !RE WAS NOT A S+LE CASE ( DRUNK5NESS4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #e 

.<#a.> ,A PREP>ATORY MEET+1 AT :I* ?IS CON/ITUTIVE CONGRESS HAD BE5 DECID$ ON1 HAD TAK5 PLACE AT ,B9EF>1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,COLLECTIVES ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE HAD ATT5D$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 

.<#b.> ,SEE *APT] 0,COLLECTIVI/ ,ACC\NT+04 

.<#c.> ,WE HAVE CUT ! TEXT :]E IT WAS SIMPLY REPETITI\S4 

.<#d.> ,MEMB]S ( ! ,P4,O4,U4,M41 ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION ) ,TROTSKYI/ T5D5CIES4 

.<#e.> ,BY ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 \R LOSSES HAD 9CLUD$ #b1 KILL$ )\T HAV+ SUCCE$$ 9 RETAK+ ! SMALL T[N ( ,HUESCA ) A POPULATION ( #a#h14 

.<#f.> ,! POPUL> NAME GIV5 9 ,SPA9 TO ! ,>AGONESE4 

.<#g.> ,PRON\NC$ ,GRAOOSS4 

.<#h.> ,AS 9 MO/ CASES1 ! NAME COOP]ATIVE WAS GIV5 TO :AT W]E COMMUNAL /ORES4 

.<#i.> ,! P]SON :O UND]TOOK ! TASK WAS A WELL ORGANIZ$1 Y\NG EMPLOY]4 

.<#a.> ,! LIMIT WAS AFT]W>DS SET AT TWO P]SONS4 

.<#a#a.> ,IT WILL BE NOT$ ?AT ! PEASANT ,COLLECTIVE IS NOT SEP>AT$ FROM1 BUT ALWAYS UNIT$ )1 0ALL ! ASSEMBL$ TRADES04 

.<#a#b.> ,!RE W]E 9 ,>AGON1 & 9 O!R REGIONS1 MANY CASES :]E Y\NG BOYS & GIRLS LEFT !IR FAMILY1 :I* HAD REMA9$ 9DIVIDUALI/1 ORD] TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

.<#a#c.> ,?\< ! RI<T TO SEC$E REMA9$4 ,BUT 9 FACT ISOLATION WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 

.<#a#d.> ,SEE *APT] ON 0,MAT]IALS = A ,REVOLUTION0 = ! VIEWS ( ! GEOGRAPH] ,GONZALO DE ,REP>AZ ON ! /EPPES ( ! ,EBRO BAS94 

.<#a#e.> ,! NUMB] ( C[S WAS NOT HI<1 9 MO/ ( ,SPA9 !RE IS A %ORTAGE ( PA/URE4 ,!RE W]E AB\T #c1#f1 HEAD ( CATTLE 9 #aicf COMP>$ ) #a#e11 9 ,FRANCE4 

.<#a#f.> ,ALREADY AT ?AT TIME ! ,COLLECTIVE ( ,FRAGA C>RI$ ! SY/EM ( 0ROTATIONAL PA/URES01 :I* WAS US$ 9 ! ,9N ,VALLEY 9 ,AU/RIA & :I* WAS MORE OR LESS UNKN[N 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! SY/EM CONSI/$ 9 DIVID+ UP ! PA/URE 9TO /RIPS & BY GRAZ+ !M 9 ROTATION ALL[+ ! GRASS TO GR[ BY ! TIME ! FIR/ /RIP IS AGA9 GRAZ$1 & WAS OBVI\SLY EASI] TO APPLY OV] ! L>GE >EAS BELONG+ TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

.<#a#g.> ,FRAGA IS SITUAT$ ON ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 ,CATALONIA & ,>AGON1 9 ! C5T] ( A /EPPE ALMO/ DES]T & :I* OV]:ELMS ! TRAVEL] :O CROSSES IT ON FOOT4 

.<#a#h.> ,! REF]5CE IS TO ,U4,G4,T4 OR ,C4,N4,T4 

.<#a#i.> ,BY :I* WAS OBVI\SLY MEANT ! LI<T] MANUAL JOBS4 

.<#b.> ,9 T]MS ( MU/1 ! AV]AGE YIELD P] HECT>E FROM ! V9EY>DS WAS #f.0 LESS ?AN 9 ,FRANCE4 

.<#b#a.> ,9 G5]AL 9 ,SPA91 ! H]DSM5 & %EPH]DS ONLY ATE MEAT :5 A LAMB HAD BE5 HALF DEV\R$ BY ! WOLVES OR A %EEP HAD FALL5 OV] A PRECIPICE & HAD BE5 KILL$ OR BADLY 9JUR$4 

.<#b#b.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ! %ALL[NESS ( ! SEAMS DID NOT ALL[ ( ! USE ( COAL-CUTT+ EQUIPM5T AS US$ 9 ! ,RUHR & 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA4 

.<#b#c.> ,! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T PAID MILITIAM5 T5 PESETAS A DAY :I* WAS ! EQUIVAL5T ( A GOOD AV]AGE WAGE 9 ! T[NS4 

.<#b#d.> ,= A FAMILY CONSI/+ ( MO!R & FA!R & TWO *ILDR5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( #f & #a#d1 AN ANNUAL CLO!S ALL[ANCE ( #bh PESETAS WAS MADE4 ,?IS REPRES5T$ TWICE OR ?REE TIMES ! AM\NT A PEASANT FAMILY W\LD HAVE SP5T ON CLO!S PREVI\SLY4 

.<#b#e.> ,FIFTY *ILDR5 SEEMS A LOT4 ,BUT 9 VIEW ( ! BACKW>DNESS ( ! ,SPANI% $UCATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 ?IS REPRES5T$ A /EP =W>D4 ,:AT MATT]$ WAS TO TEA* PEOPLE TO READ AT ANY PRICE4 ,! WRIT] 79 ! #a#i#bS7 HAD #eb PUPILS FROM #e TO #ae YE>S ,( AGE 9 ! 0RATIONALI/0 S*OOL 9 ,CORUNNA :]E HE HAD TO IMPROVISE AS S*OOLTEA*]4 ,HE COP$ ) HIS TASK UNTIL ! TIME :5 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A ORD]$ ! CLOSURE ( !SE E/ABLI%M5TS4 

.<#b#f.> ,! CU/OM 9 ,SPA9 WAS TO KILL C[S = BUT*]'S MEAT4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I 

,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E,S ,9 ,! ,L,E,V,A,N,T,E 

,G5]AL ,*>ACT]I/ICS 

,! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,LEVANTE1 AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C4,N4,T47 COMPRIS+ ?AT IS WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATES1 TRADITIONALLY ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IANS1 S]V$ AS ! BASIS = ! P>ALLEL ,F$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,COLLECTIVES ( ! ,LEVANTE4 ,IT COV]S FIVE PROV9CES :I* >E1 FROM ,NOR? TO ,S\?1 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,ALICANTE1 ,MURCIA & ,ALBACETE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE 9 ! FIR/ ?REE ( !SE1 ALL ,M$IT]RANEAN1 AMONG ! RI*E/ 9 ,SPA9 ALSO 9 T]MS ( POPULATION - AB\T #c1#c1 9HABITANTS 9 #aicf - RESULT$ 9 ! SOCIAL A*IEVEM5TS ?AT TOOK PLACE (T5 ASSUM+ UNSUSPECT$ PROPORTIONS4 ,9 MY OP9ION IT IS 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 ?ANKS TO ITS NATURAL RES\RCES & ! =W>D LOOK+ SPIRIT ( \R COMRADES1 ?AT ! WORK ( LIB]T>IAN RECON/RUCTION WAS MO/ WIDESPREAD AS WELL AS MORE COMPLETE4 ,I WAS UNABLE TO /UDY IT 9 ! SAME DETAIL AS = ! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES1 BUT FROM MY [N DIRECT OBS]VATIONS & MU* 9=MATION GRACI\SLY IMP>T$ BY ! LOCAL COMRADES1 AS WELL AS FROM FIR/ H& ACC\NTS & ORIG9AL DOCUM5TS1 ,I WILL ATTEMPT A G5]AL PICTURE1 COMPLET$ BY A NUMB] ( MONOGRAPHS :I* WILL BR+ TO LIFE ! *>ACT]I/ICS & EXT5T ( ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS A*IEV$4 

,( ! FIVE PROV9CES 9 ! ,LEVANTE IT WAS UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! ROLE ( ,VAL5CIA %\LD BE \T/&+4 ,FIR/LY = DEMOGRAPHIC REASONS4 ,IT BOA/$ #a1#f#e1 9HABITANTS AT ! TIME ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 7#a7 ,MURCIA WAS NEXT 9 IMPORTANCE ) #f#b#b1 9HABITANTS & 9 :I* ! FAM\S G>D5S COV]$ ONLY A V]Y SMALL P>T ( ! T]RITORY :I* HAD ALWAYS BE5 A L& ( MIS]Y & EMIGRATION4 ,ALICANTE :I* WAS RI*] HAD A POPULATION ( #d#g#b11 !N CAME ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA ) #c#a#b1 & F9ALLY ,ALBACETE ) #b#c#h1 9HABITANTS4 

,ANYBODY KN[+ H[EV] LITTLE ( ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ?IS REGION IS NOT SURPRIS$ TO LE>N ?AT ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA1 ESPECIALLY 9 ITS A*IEVEM5TS 9 AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE1 ADVANC$ & DEVELOP$ FA/] ?AN ANY:]E ELSE4 ,FROM #ahg ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD ALWAYS NUMB]$ \T/&+ MILITANTS 9 ITS RANKS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTY2 ! CASE ( ! 0M>TYRS0 ( ,CULL]A IS FAM\S 9 ! ANNALS ( ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ! REGION4 ,!RE W]E O!RS1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$4 ,& :]EAS 9 ! T[NS ( ! ,LEVANTE REPUBLICANISM (T5 DOM9AT$ ! OPPOSITION AT ! TIME ( ! MON>*Y1 ! FI<T]S 9 ! C\NTRY >EAS W]E V]Y (T5 DEF5D+ ANTI/ATAL IDEAS1 A POSITION :I* WAS1 9 ANY CASE1 WIDELY ADOPT$ AMONG ! PEASANTRY4 ,?US 9 ! P]IOD #a#i#a#e-#a#i#b1 IT WAS TO !M 7(T5 !Y W]E SMALLHOLD]S7 ?AT LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&I/S COM+ FROM O!R REGIONS FREQU5TLY HAD TO APPEAL 9 ORD] TO REORGANIZE ! MOVEM5T1 ! REBIR? ( :I* HAD BE5 5C\RAG$ 9 P>T BY ! HI< HOPES >\S$ BY ! /ILL LITTLE-UND]/OOD ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,WE HAD1 !RE=E1 9 MANY PLACES 9 !SE FIVE PROV9CES1 MILITANTS :O W]E ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY FREE1 = :OM ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT JU/ A MATT] ( ?\<TLESS AGITATION OR ( SIMPLE POLITICAL *ANGES BUT ABOVE ALL MEANT EXPROPRIATION ( ! L& & ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ?R\< LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,9 #aicf ! VILLAGES ( ?IS PROV9CE 9 :I* \R SOCIAL MOVEM5T HAD PUT ITS ROOTS W]E GR\P$ 9 #bb COM>CAS 7CANTONS7 ) !IR RESPECTIVE *IEF VILLAGES 9 ,ADAMUZ1 ,ALBORA*E1 ,C>CAG5TE1 ,CAT>ROJA1 ,*ELLA1 ,FOYOS1 ,G&IA1 ,J>AFUEL1 ,JATIVA1 ,MONCADA1 ,ONT5I5TE1 ,PAT]NA1 ,PU]TO ,SAGUNTO1 ,REQU5A1 ,SAGUNTO1 ,UTIEL1 ,VILL> DEL ,>ZOBISPO1 ,VILLAM>*ANTE1 ,ALCANT>A DEL ,JUC>1 ,TITAGUAS1 ,LOMBAY & ,D5IA4 

,! PROV9CE ( ,MURCIA COMPRIS$ SIX CANTONAL F$]ATIONS ! *IEF T[NS ( :I* W]E FIR/LY ,MURCIA ITSELF1 !N ,C>AVACA1 ,C>TAG5A1 ,VIEZA1 ,LORCA1 ,MAZ>RON1 ,MULA1 ,PA*EO1 ,EL*E DE LA ,SI]RA1 ,HELL94 

,!N !RE WAS ! PROV9CE ( ,ALICANTE ) N9E F$]ATIONS1 AGA9 CANTONAL1 9 ,ALICANTE1 ,ALCOY1 ,ALMANSA1 ,ELDA1 ,EL*E1 ,LA ,NUCIA1 ,ORIHUELA1 ,VILLAJOYOSA1 ,VILL5A4 

,! PROV9CE ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA COMPRIS$ EI<T ORGANIZ$ CANTONS EA* ( :I* AS USUAL GR\P$ A GREAT] OR LESS] NUMB] ( VILLAGES4 ,!SE W]E 9 ,CA/ELLON1 ,ALBOCAC]1 ,ALCORA1 ,MORELLA1 ,NULES1 ,ONDA1 ,SEGORBE & ,V9>OZ4 

,& F9ALLY ! PROV9CE ( ,ALBACETE1 ! LEA/ FAVOR$ :]E1 FUR!RMORE1 DUR+ ! CIVIL W> ! ,COLLECTIVES HAD TO PUT UP ) ! PRES5CE ( ! M5 COMM&$ BY ! NOTORI\S ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,M>TY1 NICKNAM$ 0! BUT*] ( ,ALBACETE0 = ! CRUELTIES COMMITT$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS PROV9CE WE HAD ONLY F\R ORGANIZ$ CANTONS3 ,ALBACETE1 ,ALC>RAZ1 ,LA ,RODA1 & ,CASA ,IBANEZ4 

,IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT V]Y (T5 ! /RUCTURE ( \R CANTONAL ORGANIZATION HAD NO CONNECTION ) ! TRADITIONAL CANTONS ( ! PUBLIC OR /ATE ADM9I/RATION4 ,AS 9 ,>AGON1 !Y HAD (T5 BE5 REORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( WORK1 EX*ANGES & O!R VITAL 9T]E/S4 ,MORE ?AN = POLITICAL REASONS IT CORRESPOND$ TO A NE$ = DIRECT UNION AT ! BASE & = ?AT HUMAN COHESION :I* HAS )\T ANY D\BT EX]CIS$ A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE 9 ! CON/RUCTIVE TASK ( \R CREATIVE F$]ALISM4 

"9"9"9 

,! DEVELOPM5T & NUM]ICAL GR[? ( ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,LEVANTE SURPRIS$ EV5 ?OSE ( US :O W]E ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC AS TO ! POSSIBILITIES ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,= 9 SPITE ( ! MANY DIFFICULTIES1 9 SPITE ( ! OPPOSITION ( \R ADV]S>IES (T5 9 A COALITION AGA9/ US - REPUBLICANS ( DIFF]5T T5D5CIES1 ,VAL5CIAN AUTONOMI/S1 SOCIALI/S & ,U4,G4,T-I/S1 ,COMMUNI/S1 MANY ELEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ETC4 - !RE W]E #cd ,COLLECTIVES REPRES5T$ AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,LEVANTE ,PEASANTS ,F$]ATION HELD ON #b#a-#b#c ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#c#g2 FIVE MON?S LAT] ! NUMB] HAD RIS5 TO #e & BY ! 5D ( #ai* A FIGURE ( #i HAD BE5 REA*$1 & ?AT ( HEADS ( H\SEHOLDS HAD RIS5 TO #b#i14 ,R\<LY SPEAK+ AT LEA/ #d.0 ( ! POPULATION BELONG$ TO ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE FIGURES CAN BE BETT] APPRECIAT$ IF WE MAKE A DIFF]5T CALCULATION4 ,! FIVE PROV9CES ( ,LEVANTE CONSI/$ ( #a1#a#g#b LOCALITIES FROM ! L>GE/ T[N TO ! SMALLE/ VILLAGE4 7#b7 ,IT WAS !RE=E 9 #g#h.0 ( ! LOCALITIES 9 ! RI*E/ AGRICULTURAL REGION 9 ALL ,SPA9 ?AT 9 TW5TY MON?S !SE #i ,COLLECTIVES SPRANG UP4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT AS UNITS !Y DID NOT A*IEVE ! HI< P]C5TAGE A*IEV$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON4 ,9 ,>AGON ! ALMO/1 TOTAL PR$OM9ANCE ( LIB]T>IAN =CES = A LONG TIME PREV5T$ ' ,/ATE ADM9I/RATION1 MUNICIPAL OR NATIONAL POLICE =CES1 POLITICAL P>TIES SUPPORT$ BY GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITIES1 ASSAULT GU>DS & 0C>AB9]OS01 TO HAMP] *ANGES 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,:]EAS 9 ,LEVANTE - & ONE %\LD NOT =GET ?AT FROM ,NOVEMB] #aicf ! ,C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD MOV$ TO ,VAL5CIA :I* HAD BECOME ! CAPITAL ( LEGAL ,SPA9 - ALL !SE =CES W]E PRES5T & ?AT ) ! SMALL TRADESM51 ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 :O W]E ANTI-,FRANCOI/ BUT ALSO ANTI-,COLLECTIVI/1 !Y OPPOS$ BY EV]Y MEANS1 9CLUD+ VIOL5T ONES1 ?IS ATTEMPT TO PUT LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM 9TO OP]ATION4 ,!RE W]E PIT*$ BATTLES :5 EV5 >MY TANKS W]E BR\<T UP4 ,9 SU* CONDITIONS :AT WAS A*IEV$ SAVORS ( ! PRODIGI\S4 

,! MORE SO S9CE 9 ! ,LEVANTE REGION1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! WEAL? & ! D5SITY ( ! POPULATION 9 C]TA9 >EAS1 ! LOCALITIES >E (T5 CONC5TRATIONS ( FROM #a TO #b ?\S& PEOPLE 9 :I* ! SOCIAL CLASSES & ! =CES FAC+ EA* O!R >E MORE SOLIDLY CON/ITUT$ & CAN MORE EASILY COORD9ATE !IR EF=TS4 ,?US :5 \R COMRADES TOOK ! (F5SIVE = SOCIALIZATION ! RESI/ANCE WAS ALL ! MORE VIGOR\S4 ,IT REQUIR$ ALL ! FLEXIBILITY1 +5UITY1 IMAG9ATION1 & ! 9TELLIG5T & USEFUL ADAPTATION TO CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ! 5]GY !Y UND\BT$LY POSSESS$1 = ! REVOLUTION>Y EF=T TO BE REALIZ$ 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+4 

,IT IS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ! ,LEVANTE ,COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$ 9 MO/ CASES ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATES 9 EA* LOCALITY1 = !Y BR\<T AT ! SAME TIME MORAL 9TEGRITY1 A TRADITION AS ORGANIZ]S1 EXP]I5CE 9 ! /RUGGLE & NUM]ICAL /R5G?4 

,BUT 9 SPITE ( CLOSE CONTACT ) !SE ,SYNDICATES - (T5 ! SAME M5 W]E AT ! HEAD ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS - ! ,COLLECTIVES AT FIR/ CON/ITUT$ AN AUTONOM\S ORGANISM4 ,! ,SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 CONT9U$ TO GR\P MO/ ( !IR MEMB]S BUT ALSO 09DIVIDUALI/S0 :O ?\< NOT COLLECTIVI/S NEI!R W]E !Y REACTION>IES1 PREV5T$ EI!R BY A QUE/IONABLE 9T]PRETATION ( ! MEAN+ ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM OR BECAUSE !IR L& WAS ISOLAT$4 ,9 SOME CASES IT WAS BY A MORE OR LESS JU/IFI$ HESITATION BAS$ ON FE> EI!R ( GOV]NM5TAL REACTION AFT] ! VICTORY1 OR ( A FASCI/ VICTORY4 

,! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,SYNDICATES WAS !RE=E MO/ USEFUL4 ,!Y CON/ITUT$ A /EP =W>D1 AN ELEM5T ( ATTRACTION4 ,!Y ALSO HAD ANO!R PRACTICAL FUNCTION4 ,IT WAS TO !M ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALI/ TRADE-UNIONI/S W\LD BR+ !IR PRODUCE :I* !Y UND]TOOK TO B>T] ) ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,COMMISSIONS W]E SET UP 9 ! ,SYNDICATE = DEAL+ ) RICE1 CITRUS FRUITS1 VEGETABLE SE$L+S1 ETC4 ,9 EA* LOCALITY ! ,SYNDICATE HAD ITS FOOD /ORE :]E NON-COLLECTIVI/S C\LD GET SUPPLIES4 ,BUT ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD ALSO ITS [N4 ,IT WAS LAT] ?\<T ?AT SU* AN >RANGEM5T REQUIR$ D\BLE LABOR & ! DECISION WAS TAK5 TO TELESCOPE ! TWO 9 FAVOR ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 & ) JO9T ADM9I/RATIVE REPRES5TATION4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ TRADE-UNIONI/S CONT9U$ TO BR+ !IR GOODS & COLLECT !IR SUPPLIES 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ,COLLECTIVI/S4 7#c7 

,!N MIX$ COMMISSIONS W]E />T$ = ! PUR*ASE ( MA*9ES1 SE$S1 F]TILIZ]S1 9SECTICIDES & VET]9>Y AIDS4 ,LORRIES W]E %>$1 SOLID>ITY WAS SPREAD+ :ILE AVOID+1 NEV]!LESS1 EXCESSIVE CONFUSION BETWE5 ! TWO ORGANISMS4 

,SOCIALIZATION RE/$ !N ON TWO BASES4 ,) ?AT REM>KABLE FLEXIBILITY :I* ONE HAS (T5 OBS]V$ AMONG ! BUILD]S ( ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANISM1 IT EMBRACES ALL ?AT CAN BE 9CLUD$1 9TEGRAL A*IEVEM5TS AS WELL AS P>TIAL REALIZATIONS4 ,! MEANS = 9VEIGL+ !M >E COMPLEM5T>Y4 

,BUT V]Y QUICKLY ! ,COLLECTIVES T5D$ TO UNIFY & RATIONALIZE ALL ?AT C\LD BE4 ,RATION+ & ! FAMILY WAGE W]E E/ABLI%$ AT CANTONAL LEVEL1 ! RI*] VILLAGES HELP+ ! POOR] OR LESS FAVOR$ AS HAPP5$ 9 ,>AGON & ,CA/ILE4 ,9 EV]Y CANTONAL *IEF-T[N A TEAM ( SPECIALIZ$ TE*NICIANS WAS CREAT$ TO 9CLUDE ACC\NTANTS1 AN AGRONOMI/1 A VET]9>Y SURGEON1 AN 5G9E]1 AN >*ITECT1 AN EXP]T 9 COMM]CIAL QUE/IONS1 ETC4 ,!SE TEAMS W]E AT ! S]VICE ( ALL ! VILLAGES4 

,! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID ALL[$ = ! EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION & USE ( ! MEANS REQUIR$ = ! SMOO? OP]ATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,MO/ ( ! 5G9E]S & VET]9>Y SURGEONS ?R\<0 \T ! REGION W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T41 ?OSE EMPLOY$ BY ! NON-COLLECTIVIZ$ ECONOMY COLLABORAT$ AS WELL1 & G5]ALLY )\T MAT]IAL GA91 9 PREP>+ PLANS & PROJECTS1 = ! CREATIVE SPIRIT ( ! ,REVOLUTION C>RI$ =W>D ?OSE :O WANT$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROGRESS 9 G5]AL4 

,?US AGRONOMI/S W\LD PUT =W>D NECESS>Y OR POSSIBLE PROJECTS2 PLANN+ AGRICULTURE1 MOV+ CULTIVATIONS TO L& & CLIMATIC CONDITIONS :I* W]E MORE FAVORABLE BUT :I* HI!RTO1 = REASONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ! VE/$ 9T]E/S ( DIFF]5T GR\PS ( SMALLHOLD]S1 HAD NOT BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,! VET 9 ! ,COLLECTIVE PUT /OCK RE>+ ON A SCI5TIFIC BASIS4 ,9 ! EV5T HE CONSULT$ ! AGRONOMI/ AS TO ! FE$+ >RANGEM5TS ?AT C\LD BE MADE AVAILABLE4 ,& HE 9 HIS TURN DISCUSS$ ?IS PRODUCTION PROBLEM ) ! PEASANTS' COMMISSIONS4 ,BUT ! >*ITECT & ! 5G9E] W]E ALSO CALL$ TO ! RESCUE OV] ! CON/RUCTION ( /ABLES1 PIGG]IES' CO:\SES1 B>NS = ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,! TASKS W]E BE+ PLANN$ & ! ACTIVITIES 9TEGRAT$4 

"9"9"9 

,?ANKS TO ! 5G9E]S1 A L>GE NUMB] ( ACEQUIAS 7IRRIGATION CANALS7 W]E EXCAVAT$ & WELLS SUNK :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO CONV]T DRY L&S 9TO IRRIGAT$ L&4 ,BY US+ PUMPS1 WAT] WAS RAIS$ & DI/RIBUT$ OV] L>GE >EAS4 ,! V]Y POR\S1 S&Y NATURE ( ! SOIL & L[ ATMOSPH]IC PRECIPITATIONS - #d MM4 ON AV]AGE :5 AT LEA/ ?REE TIMES ?AT AM\NT WAS REQUIR$ - MADE ! EXTRACTION & ! GOOD USE ( ?IS PRECI\S LIQUID V]Y DIFFICULT1 ESPECIALLY AS WELLS HAD TO BE SUNK TO DEP?S ( FROM #e TO #b MET]S4 ,?IS WAS A FEASIBLE PROPOSITION ONLY = ! L>GE L&[N]S :O CULTIVAT$ OR EMPLOY$ PEOPLE TO CULTIVATE PR(ITABLE CROPS SU* AS ORANGES1 OR = ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,IT WAS P]HAPS 9 ! REGIONS ( ,C>TAG5A & ,MURCIA ?AT ! GREATE/ EF=TS W]E MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,NE> ,VILLAJOYOSA 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,ALICANTE ! CON/RUCTION ( A DAM MADE IT POSSIBLE TO IRRIGATE A MILLION ALMOND TREES :I* HAD PREVI\SLY SUFF]$ FROM P]MAN5T DR\<T4 

,BUT ! >*ITECTS 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES DID NOT ONLY DEAL ) A HABITAT = ! LIVE/OCK4 ,!Y W5T ?R\< ! REGION GIV+ ADVICE AB\T ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,TYPES ( H\SES1 LOCATION1 ASPECT1 MAT]IALS1 PLUMB+1 ETC41 444 9DISP5SABLE CONSID]ATIONS :I* PREVI\SLY HAD BE5 OPPOS$ BO? BY ! IGNORANCE ( SOME & ! VE/$ 9T]E/S ( O!RS4 

,! CLOSE PROXIMITY ( ! VILLAGES TO EA* O!R HELP$ ?AT ACTIVE SOLID>ITY :I* PUTS ALL RES\RCES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,PRACTICAL WORK WAS (T5 9T]COMMUNAL4 ,A TEAM W\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 BE SET UP TO DEAL ) PLANT DISEASES1 SULFUR DU/+1 PRUN+1 GRAFT+1 WORK+ ! L& 9 A NUMB] ( LOCALITIES2 ANO!R TEAM W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ TO GRUB UP TREES & C>RY \T UNUSUAL CULTIVATIONS OR IMPROVISE NEW CULTIVATIONS ON ! SITES ( ?OSE TREES4 ,ALL ?IS FACILITAT$ ! COORD9ATION ( EF=TS & !IR SYN*RONIZATION ON A G5]AL PLAN ( ACTION :I* WAS DEVELOP$ NOT ONLY ON ! AB/RACT CONCEPTS ( TE*NOCRATS OR TE*NICIANS )\T EXP]I5CE1 BUT ALSO ACCORD+ TO ! PRACTICAL LESSONS LE>N$ FROM WORK & FROM CONTACT ) M5 & REALITIES4 

,IT WAS A NEW SOCIETY1 A NEW WORLD ?AT HAD BE5 CREAT$4 

,LET US EXAM9E MORE CLOSELY SOME ASPECTS ( G5]AL ORGANIZATION4 ,! #i ,COLLECTIVES W]E BR\<T TOGE!R 9 #$ CANTONAL F$]ATIONS :I* GR\P$ !MSELVES & AT ! SAME TIME ,I SUBDIVID$ 9TO FIVE PROV9CIAL F$]ATIONS :I* AT ! TOP LEVEL 5D$ 9 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMITE ( ! ,LEVANTE ,F$]ATION SITUAT$ 9 ,VAL5CIA & :I* COORD9AT$ ! :OLE4 

,?IS ,COMITE WAS NOM9AT$ DIRECTLY BY ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ANSW]ABLE TO !M & TO ! HUNDR$S ( PEASANT DELEGATES1 *OS5 BY !IR COMRADES1 :OM ! F9E SPEE*ES ( BUREAUCRATS OR DOM9E]+ AGITATORS W\LD NOT DAZZLE1 = 9 !IR GREAT MAJORITY !Y KNEW :AT !Y WANT$ & :]E !Y W]E GO+4 ,IT WAS ALSO ON !IR 9ITIATIVE ?AT ! ,LEVANTE ,F$]ATION WAS DIVID$ 9TO #bf G5]AL SECTIONS 9 ACCORDANCE ) SPECIALIZATIONS 9 WORK & O!R ACTIVITIES4 ,?OSE #bf SECTIONS CON/ITUT$ A :OLE :I* EMBRAC$ PROBABLY = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY \TSIDE ! ,/ATE & GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURES1 ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,WE WILL ASSEMBLE !M 9TO FIVE MA9 GR\P+S1 IMPLY+ A CORRESPOND+ ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANIZATION3 

,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,E3 ,C]EALS 7P>TICUL>LY CORN1 ! CULTIVATION ( :I* WAS (T5 IMPROVIS$ OR /IMULAT$ AS A RESULT ( ! ,FRANCOI/ OCCUPATION ( ! C]EAL GR[+ >EAS72 RICE GR[+2 CITRUS FRUITS 7ORANGES1 LEMONS1 TANG]9ES72 FRUIT GR[+ & ITS SUBDIVISIONS 7ALMONDS1 PEA*ES1 APPLES1 ETC472 OLIVE GROVES2 V9EY>DS2 VEGETABLE GR[+ OR M>KET G>D5+2 LIVE/OCK1 ESPECIALLY %EEP & GOATS2 PIGS & CATTLE4 

,F,O,O,D ,9,D,U,/,R,I,E,S3 ,! ,F$]ATION BE+ ESS5TIALLY ( ! PEASANTRY1 ! 9DU/RIES ?AT ONE 5C\NT]$ W]E MA9LY CONNECT$ ) AGRICULTURE4 ,! SPECIALIZ$ SECTIONS W]E ! FOLL[+3 W9E PRODUCTION2 FRUIT & VEGETABLE PACK+ H\SES2 DI/ILLATION ( ALCOHOL2 FRUIT JUICES1 V>I\S LIQUEURS2 P]FUMES & BYPRODUCTS4 

,N,O,N,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,A,L ,9,D,U,/,R,I,E,S 7NOT D]IV$ FROM AGRICULTURE73 ,BUILD+ SECTION2 V>I\S MANUFACTURES2 C>P5TRY2 MANUFACTURE ( PACKAG+ MAT]IALS = CITRUS FRUITS1 CLO?+1 ETC4444 ,ONE %\LD NOTE H]E ! T5D5CY = ! 9TEGRATION ( ACTIVITIES1 !REBY R$UC+1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 ! ROLE ( ! ,SYNDICATE :I* ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T HAD ALWAYS CONSID]$ AS ! SOLE ORGANIZ] ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,!SE PROBLEMS W]E ,I RESOLV$ ON ! SPOT1 9 A FRI5DLY SPIRIT BETWE5 SI/] ORGANIZATIONS4 

,C,O,M,M,],C,I,A,L ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N- ,AP>T FROM L>GE-SCALE EXPORTS1 :I* WILL BE DISCUSS$ LAT]1 ?IS SECTION COV]$ IMPORTS ( MA*9]Y1 ROAD & SEA TRANSPORT FACILITIES1 & V>I\S PRODUCTS4 

,P,U,B,L,I,C ,H,E,A,L,? @& ,$,U,C,A,T,I,O,N3 ,F9ALLY1 ! SECTION = HYGI5E & SANITATION :I* COORD9AT$ ! EF=TS PRES]V+ & IMPROV+ PUBLIC HEAL?1 & ?AT ( $UCATION :I* ?ANKS TO ITS S*OOLS1 ITS TEA*]S & ! CONTRIBUTION BY ! ,COLLECTIVES1 PURSU$ ) 5?USIASM ! DUTIES :I* FELL ON !M4 

,ALL !SE ACTIVITIES W]E SYN*RONIZ$ ON A SCALE 9VOLV+ #i ,COLLECTIVES1 MANY ( !M 9VOLV+ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,IT WILL BE EASI] N[ TO APPRECIATE H[ WIDESPREAD !SE A*IEVEM5TS W]E & H[ SUP]IOR WAS ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,OBVI\SLY ,I CANNOT H]E DESCRIBE IT 9 EV]Y DETAIL4 ,BUT ,I WILL ADD PRECISE DETAILS TO SOME ASPECTS ALREADY \TL9$4 

,RICE GR[+ = EXAMPLE4 ,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA ALONE1 #c1 \T ( A TOTAL NATIONAL PRODUCTION FROM #d#g1 HECT>ES1 W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,! R5[N$ REGION ( ,LA ,ALBUF]A1 :I* ,BLASCO ,IBANEZ HAS SO EXHAU/IVELY DESCRIB$1 WAS 5TIRELY COLLECTIVIZ$4 

,HALF ! ORANGE PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS #d MILLION QU9TALS1 WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! PEASANTS' ,F$]ATION1 ! F$]AT$ ,COLLECTIVES & ! ,SYNDICATES2 & #g P]C5T ( ! TOTAL H>VE/1 ?AT IS MORE ?AN #ea MILLION QU9TALS1 WAS TRANSPORT$ & SOLD 9 ! ,EUROPEAN M>KETS ?ANKS TO !IR COMM]CIAL ORGANIZATION CALL$ ,F,],E,C,A,L,E 7#d7 :I* AT ! BEG9N+ ( #ai* HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ,FRANCE SALES SECTIONS 9 ,M>SEILLES1 ,P]PIGNAN1 ,BORDEAUX1 ,SETE1 ,*]B\RG & ,P>IS4 

,IT %\LD BE NOT$ 9 PASS+ ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( DI/RIBUTION WAS CONSID]ABLY GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( PRODUCTION4 ,) FIR/ H& 9=MATION ON ! SUBJECT WE CAN MAKE ! FOLL[+ COMP>ISONS3 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 ! PRODUC]S ( ! ,LEVANTE ,COLLECTIVES W]E NUM]ICALLY AB\T #d.0 ( ! TOTAL POPULATION4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR SUP]IOR TE*NICAL ORGANIZATION1 !IR PRODUCTION WAS #e-#f.0 ( ! TOTAL2 & = ! SAME REASONS ! COLLECTIVI/ SY/EM WAS RESPONSIBLE = BETWE5 #f & #g.0 ( ! TOTAL DI/RIBUTION TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! :OLE POPULATION4 

,! ORGANIZATION 9 G5]AL & ! EXT5T ( ! RES\RCES ?AT IT GU>ANTE$1 MADE O!R A*IEVEM5TS POSSIBLE1 AS WELL AS ME?ODS ( WORK )\T :I* ! TASKS UND]TAK5 W\LD (T5 HAVE FAIL$ DUE TO A LACK ( TE*NICAL MEANS1 & 9SUFFICI5T RETURN OR TO ! EXCESSIVE CO/ ( ! EF=TS 9VOLV$4 

,! SPIRIT ( ACTIVE SOLID>ITY1 ! WILL TO COORD9ATION W]E ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E PRES5T4 ,:51 = 9/ANCE1 ! MEMB]S ( A ,COLLECTIVE OR A LOCAL ,COMITE CONSID]$ IT WOR?:ILE TO E/ABLI% A LIQUEUR OR FRUIT JUICE FACTORY OR TO PROCESS FOODS = HUMAN OR ANIMAL CONSUMPTION !Y 9=M$ ! 9DU/RIAL SECTION ( ! REGIONAL-F$]AL ,COMITE ( ,VAL5CIA ( !IR 9ITIATIVE4 ,! ,COMITE W\LD EXAM9E ! PROPOSAL1 & IF CONSID]$ NECESS>Y W\LD 9VITE A DELEGATION TO ATT5D1 ) :I* IT W\LD /UDY ! PROS & CONS ( ! PROJECT4 ,IF ON ! BASIS ( E/IMAT$ DEM&1 ! AVAILABILITY ( RAW MAT]IALS & O!R =ESEEABLE FACTORS ! IDEA WAS ATTRACTIVE IT W\LD BE ADOPT$2 IF NOT IT W\LD BE REJECT$ AFT] EXPLANATIONS & A FULL EXAM9ATION ( ! PROPOSALS4 ,ANO!R REASON = REJECTION W\LD BE AVAILABILITY ( EXI/+ FACTORIES4 

,BUT ACCEPTANCE ( ! PROJECT DID NOT MEAN ?AT ITS ORIG9AL PROMOT]S W\LD BECOME ITS [N]S1 EV5 AT ! LEVEL ( ! LOCAL ,COLLECTIVE4 ,BY EMPLOY+ FROM ! BEG9N+ RES\RCES SUPPLI$ BY ! ,COLLECTIVES AS A :OLE1 ! ,F$]ATION BECAME ! [N] ( ! NEW FACTORY & ! LOCAL ,COLLECTIVE WAS NOT 5TITL$ TO SELL = ITS [N B5EFIT ! GOODS ?AT W]E PRODUC$ !RE4 

,EXP5SES & 9COME W]E !RE=E EV]YBODY'S CONC]N4 ,IT1 WAS ALSO ! ,F$]ATION :I* ALLOCAT$ ! RAW MAT]IALS SUPPLI$ TO ALL ! FACTORIES & LOCALITIES ACCORD+ TO !IR K9D ( PRODUCTION & !IR NE$S RESPECTIVELY4 7#e7 

,! SITUATION ALSO REQUIR$ GREAT FLEXIBILITY :I* WAS IMPOSSIBLE BO? ON ! SCALE ( AN ISOLAT$ PEASANT OR TRADESMAN1 & 9 PURELY CORPORATIVE ORGANIZATIONS :]E ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SPIRIT & ATTITUDES PREVAIL$4 ,?US1 UNTIL ! ,REVOLUTION VA/ QUANTITIES ( FRUIT W]E LEFT TO ROT ON ! GR\ND BECAUSE ( A LACK ( M>KETS AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,IT WAS ! CASE ) SALES TO ,BRITA9 :I* HAD TO COMPETE ) SUPPLIES COM+ FROM ,PALE/9E & ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & MADE IT NECESS>Y TO L[] PRICES &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 PRODUCTION AS WELL4 7#f7 

,BUT AP>T FROM ! CIVIL W>1 ! LOSS ( SOME ,EUROPEAN M>KETS & ( ! HOME M>KET OCCUPI$ & CUT (F BY ,FRANCO'S TROOPS1 AS WELL AS ! DIFFICULTIES SUBTLY PUT 9 ! WAY ( ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5T BY ! GOV]NM5T & ITS ALLIES1 MADE ! SITUATION WORSE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS !RE A SURPLUS ( CITRUS FRUITS1 BUT ALSO ( POTATOES & TOMATOES4 ,SO1 ONCE AGA91 ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,COLLECTIVES MANIFE/$ ITSELF4 

,AN EF=T WAS MADE TO PUT !SE ORANGES TO BETT] USE BY MANUFACTUR+ ESS5CES EXTRACT$ FROM ! PEEL ON A L>G] SCALE ?AN BE=E2 A NEW FOOD WAS MANUFACTUR$1 A K9D ( DESS]T CALL$ 0HONEY-ORANGE01 & 0ORANGE W9E02 ! PULP WAS US$ = ! PRES]VATION ( BLOOD FROM ! ABATTOIRS1 & ?IS PROVID$ A NEW FOOD = P\LTRY2 ! CANN+ ( VEGETABLES & FRUIT WAS 9CREAS$2 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORIES W]E LOCAT$ 9 ,MURCIA1 ,CA/ELLON1 ,ALFAF> & ,PAT]NA4 ,AS ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS HAD BE5 DO+ = A LONG TIME 9 !IR SPECIALIZ$ COOP]ATIVES1 DRY+ PLANTS = POTATOES W]E SET UP 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE POTATO-FL\R = HUMAN & ANIMAL CONSUMPTION & ! SAME PROC$URE WAS US$ = TOMATOES4 

,WE HAVE SAID ?AT ! LOCATION ( ! CANTONAL F$]ATION C5T]S WAS V]Y (T5 DET]M9$ BY !IR PROXIMITY TO ROAD JUNCTIONS OR RAILWAYS1 ?US FACILITAT+ ! TRANSPORT ( GOODS4 ,9 MO/ CASES FOOD SURPLUSES ( ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E /OR$ 9 !SE C5T]S4 ,! CORRESPOND+ SECTIONS ( ! F$]AL ,COMITE 9 ,VAL5CIA W]E 9=M$ ( ! QUANTITIES ( EA* V>IETY1 ! QUALITY1 ! DATE ( PRODUCTION ( ! GOODS W>EH\S$1 & ?US KNEW EXACTLY :AT W]E ! AVAILABLE RES]VES = DELIV]IES1 EXPORTS1 B>T]1 OR = R$I/RIBUTION AMONG ! CANTONS OR ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

,! 9T5SIFICATION ( EGG PRODUCTION & ( *ICK5S & RABBITS1 WAS FUR!R CONFIRMATION ( ?AT CREATIVE SPIRIT4 ,9 ,JULY #aicg ! ,COLLECTIVE ( ,G&IA ALONE WAS PRODUC+ 9 ITS HAT*]IES #a1#b *ICKS EV]Y ?REE WEEKS4 ,NEW BRE$S ( RABBITS & F[LS1 UNKN[N TO MO/ PEASANTS 7:O TOO (T5 W]E ATTA*$ TO ! TRADITIONAL & UNECONOMIC ONES7 W]E 9TRODUC$1 & ! ,COLLECTIVES ?AT HAD TAK5 ! FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION HELP$ ?OSE :O1 = V>I\S REASONS1 HAD NOT YET />T$4 

,FUR!RMORE ! EF=TS AT ORGANIZATION & ECONOMIC JU/ICE W]E NOT ALL ?AT WAS A*IEV$4 ,! YE>N+ = CULTURE1 ! 9T5SE DESIRE TO SPREAD $UCATION W]E ONE ( ! MA9SPR+S & ONE ( ! MAJOR OBJECTIVES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?US EV]Y ,COLLECTIVE CREAT$ ONE OR TWO S*OOLS AS PROMPTLY AS IT SET AB\T ITS FIR/ ECONOMIC 9ITIATIVES4 ,! FAMILY WAGE & ! NEW E?IC MADE IT POSSIBLE = ALL *ILDR5 TO ATT5D S*OOL4 ,9 !IR SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE ! ,SPANI% ,COLLECTIVES GAVE ! C\P DE GRACE TO ILLIT]ACY 9 RECORD TIME4 ,! MAGNITUDE ( ! A*IEVEM5T CAN BE GAUG$ IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT 9 ! ,SPANI% C\NTRY' SIDE 9 #a#i#c#f1 #f.0 ( ! PEOPLE W]E ILLIT]ATE4 

,TO COMPLETE ?IS EF=T1 & ) AN IMM$IATE PRACTICAL 5D 9 VIEW1 A S*OOL TO TRA9 SECRET>IES & ACC\NTANTS WAS ,I OP5$ AT ! 5D ( #a#i#c#g4 ,MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ /UD5TS W]E IMM$IATELY S5T !RE BY ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

,! LA/ MAJOR 9NOVATION WAS ! AGRICULTURAL UNIV]SITY ( ,MONCADA 7PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA74 ,ITS PURPOSE WAS TO TRA9 AGRICULTURAL TE*NICIANS4 ,9 ! DIFF]5T CLASSES & 9 ! PRACTICAL C\RSES Y\NG PEOPLE W]E 9/RUCT$ 9 ! V>I\S SPECIALTIES 9 L& HUSB&RY & ZOOTE*NY 7ANIMAL C>E1 ME?ODS ( SELECTION1 *>ACT]I/ICS ( BRE$S2 HORTICULTURE1 FRUITGR[+1 BEEKEEP+1 =E/RY1 ETC474 ,:5 ! UNIV]SITY WAS 9 FULL SW+ IT HAD #c /UD5TS & !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 MANY MORE IF !RE HAD BE5 MORE ACCOMMODATION & MORE TEA*]S4 ,! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MONCADA SITUAT$ AT ! FOOT ( HILLS COV]$ ) ORANGE TREES WAS ALSO AVAILABLE TO ! O!R REGIONS4 

,A F9AL EXAMPLE ( SOLID>ITY 9 PRACTICE4 ,! ,COLLECTIVES ( ! ,LEVANTE HAD ALSO RECEIV$ A L>GE NUMB] ( REFUGEES1 ESPECIALLY WOM5 & *ILDR5 FROM ,CA/ILE :O HAD FL$ BE=E ! FASCI/ ADVANCE4 ,RECEPTION HOMES W]E SET UP 9 ! HE>T ( ! C\NTRY1 & CAMPS :]E ! Y\NG/]S W]E WELL C>$ = 9 EV]Y WAY & C\LD =GET ! W>4 ,LONG L9ES ( LORRIES COM+ FROM ! VILLAGES TOOK FREE SUPPLIES ( FOOD TO ,MADRID4 ,! ,COLLECTIVES ( ,B5JOPA1 ,OLIVA1 ,J]ESA1 ,TAB]NES DE ,VALLDIGNA1 ,BEIRRAIRO & ,SIMAT 7ALL 9 ! CANTON ( ,G&IA7 DONAT$ #aih LORRY LOADS ( FOOD 9 ! FIR/ SIX MON?S ( ! W>4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! FALL ( ,MALAGA A SIMPLE PHONE CALL PRODUC$ SEV5 LORRY LOADS ( FOOD = ,ALM]IA1 :I* WAS CR[D$ ) REFUGEES :O W]E EXHAU/$ & HUNGRY4 

,=1 FAC$ ) ! NECESSITIES & RESPONSIBILITIES ( LIFE \R T6 COMRADES W]E NOT P>ALYZ$ NOR DEHUMANIZ$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC SPIRIT & ! R$-TAPE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AS GOOD LIB]T>IANS !Y PRACTIC$ A NEW HUMANISM AMONG !MSELVES & ) O!RS1 )\T *EAT+1 )\T SPECULAT+ EV5 ON ! PROPAG&A VALUE ( !IR GE/URES1 ) NO O!R REW>D ?AN ! DEEP JOY D]IV+ FROM PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY4 

#a4 ,C>CAG5TE 

,C>CAG5TE1 A L>GE C\NTRY BOR\< RA!R ?AN A SMALL T[N1 SITUAT$ 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA1 HAD A POPULATION ( #a#h1 AT ! TIME ( MY FIR/ VISIT 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f4 7#g7 ,?\< ITS SOCIAL HI/ORY WAS LESS TRAUMATIC ?AN ?AT ( ,SUCCA OR ,CULL]A4 \R MOVEM5T HAD LONG E/ABLI%$ ROOTS & EX]T$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE4 ,?US 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#f1 \R PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATE HAD #b1#g#e MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ SOME HUNDR$S ( SMALL PROPRIETORS2 ?AT ( ! ORANGE PACK]S NUMB]$ #c1#c#b#e1 MO/LY WOM52 9 ADDITION !RE W]E #cb BUILD+S WORK]S1 #ae RAILWAYM51 #ab 5G9E]+ WORK]S & #de WORK]S ( V>I\S TRADES & PR(ESSIONS - ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,SYNDICATE4 ,9 ALL #da P]C5T ( ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,BUT IF ONE TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ! P]C5TAGE REPRES5T$ BY *ILDR51 !N ! P]C5TAGE ( WORK]S 9 ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS EXTREMELY HI<4 

,9 ! \TSKIRTS ( ,C>CAG5TE )9 ! JURISDICTION ( ! T[N ITSELF1 AS WELL AS 9 ! SURR\ND+ ?\< LESS IMPORTANT LOCALITIES1 L>GE E/ATES1 ALMO/ ALL SPECIALIZ+ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( CITRUS FRUITS1 DOM9AT$ ! ECONOMY4 ,& A FAIR NUMB] ( SMALL PROPRIETORS :O C\LD NOT MAKE A LIV+ FROM :AT !IR L& PRODUC$ SUPPLEM5T$ !IR 9SUFFICI5T E>N+S BY WORK+ = ! RI* OR BY ALL K9DS ( EXP$I5TS4 ,A NOT 9FREQU5T SITUATION 9 ,SPA9 & ONE :I* MU/ HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO TIPP+ ! SCALES 9 FAVOR ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :5 ! UPHEAVAL CAUS$ BY ! 9SURRECTION & FASCI/ ?REAT TOOK PLACE4 ,! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE WAS ! OV]:ELM+ 9FLU5CE ( \R SYNDICAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* )\T HESITATION SET AB\T SOCIALIZ+ ! L>GE E/ATES4 ,! TASK WAS MADE ALL ! EASI] BECAUSE ! L>GE T]RAT]I]TES HAD VANI%$ & :AT HAD TO BE AVOID$ WAS ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE WEAL? ?AT HAD BECOME SOCIALLY AVAILABLE %\LD NOT BE %>$ \T AMONG NEW B5EFICI>IES :O W\LD ONLY RE9TRODUCE1 ?\< 9 A SOME:AT MODIFI$ =M1 ! BASICALLY ID5TICAL SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION1 *AOS & 9EQUALITY ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 DONE AWAY )4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY1 & FOLL[+ ! A*IEVEM5T ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM = :I* !Y HAD BE5 /RUGGL+ = SO LONG1 \R COMRADES TACKL$ ! TRADITIONAL SMALL PROPRIETORS 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M AS MANY ( ! P>CELS ( 9DIVIDUALLY CULTIVAT$ L&1 SCATT]$ & BROK5 UP 9TO HUGE >EAS1 RATIONALLY EXPLOIT$ ?ANKS TO ! COMMON SOCIAL PROP]TY & TO ! USE ( TE*NIQUES1 :I* IT HAD MADE POSSIBLE4 

,I MET AGA9 9 ,C>CAG5TE COMRADES ,I HAD PREVI\SLY KN[N 9 ,B>CELONA OR 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES :]E !Y HAD EMIGRAT$ DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,!Y TOLD ME ?AT TO BR+ AB\T !SE FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATIONS !Y DID NOT USE =CE & ESPECIALLY WAS ?IS ! CASE 9 REG>D TO ! SMALL GR[]S4 ,?OSE :O JO9$ DID SO ( !IR [N FREE WILL1 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! MILITANTS :O SET ! EXAMPLE BY H&+ OV] !IR L&1 ANIMALS & TOOLS4 ,!RE REMA9$ A NUMB] ( RECALCITRANTS1 BUT \R COMRADES HAD COMPLETE CONFID5CE 9 ! SUP]IORITY ( GR\P WORK 9 ! PRACTICAL & MORAL RESULTS1 ?AT C\LD BE A*IEV$ BY MUTUAL AID4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT BY EXAMPLE !Y W\LD SUCCE$ 9 W9N+ OV] ?OSE :O /ILL HESITAT$ ,!Y W]E SO CONV9C$ ?AT1 9 MANY CASES - & ,I & O!RS CAME ACROSS SIMIL> EXAMPLES ON MANY OCCASIONS - !Y DID NOT HESITATE1 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE COLLECTIVIZ$ >EAS 9 ! MIDDLE ( :I* W]E P>CELS ( L& BELONG+ TO 9DIVIDUALI/S1 TO (F] !M BETT] L& 9 EX*ANGE = !IRS & TO HELP !M SETTLE 94 

,9 A FEW MON?S POSITIVE RESULTS W]E APP>5T4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE A LOCAL ECONOMIC CRISIS HAD BE5 WIP$ \T4 ,DIFFICULTIES CREAT$ BY ! CIVIL W> & ITS REP]CUSSIONS HAD PRODUC$ ECONOMIC & COMM]CIAL /AGNATION :I* HAMP]$ ! DISPOSAL ( ! CROPS & EA* SMALL GR[]1 LEFT TO HIS [N DEVICES1 WAS FAC$ ) DI/URB+ PROBLEMS4 ,9 DUE C\RSE ! PRACTICE ( UNION & SOLID>ITY MADE IT POSSIBLE TO F9D WAYS TO DISPOSE ( !IR PRODUCE1 IF NOT 9 ,C>CAG5TE ITSELF !N 9 ,VAL5CIA OR 9 O!R PROV9CES4 

,BUT ?IS ONLY P>TIALLY REM$I$ ! SL[+ D[N 9 ACTIVITY4 ,! BREAKD[N ( ! NORMAL *ANNELS = EXPORTS & ! COMM]CIAL BLOCKADE OR SEMI-BLOCKADE ( ,SPA9 MADE ! SITUATION V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,& !RE WAS NO QUE/ION ( SOLV+ IT BY ! MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC *>ITY4 ,?IS WAS ! DRIV+ =CE T[>DS A MORE F> REA*+ SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,?US ALL ! TIME MORE PEASANTS W]E (F]+ !IR L& TO ! ,COLLECTIVE 9 RETURN = MEMB]%IP4 ,= ONLY ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS CAPABLE ( TAK+ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & F9D+ ! RI<T SOLUTIONS BY ! REORGANIZATION ( LOCAL LIFE4 

,:5 ,I >RIV$ !RE ,I WAS %[N ! LATE/ BAT* ( APPLICATIONS = ADMISSION ?AT HAD BE5 RECEIV$4 ,!Y GAVE DETAILS ( >EA & ! LOCATIONS ( ! L&1 ITS CONDITION AS WELL AS ( ! NUMB]S 9 ! FAMILY1 DETAILS ( LIVE/OCK & ( WORK+ TOOLS - 9 ALL ?IS NO SIGNS ( CO]CION4 

,NEV]!LESS1 & 9 VIEW ( ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION CREAT$ BY ! CIVIL W>1 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM OR ! AUTONOMY ( PRODUC]S :O HAD REMA9$ \TSIDE ! ,COLLECTIVE1 DID NOT MEAN ! LATT] ALL[$ !M TO PUT A BRAKE ON OR 9T]RUPT PRODUCTION4 ,\R COMRADES UND]/OOD FROM ! FIR/ DAY ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO COLLABORATE = VICTORY BY R$\BL+ !IR EF=TS4 ,& )\T WAIT+ = ! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES & ! POLITICAL P>TIES TO UND]TAKE !SE RESPONSIBILITIES1 ! L&WORK]S1 ,SYNDICATE NOM9AT$ A ,COMMISSION TO SUP]VISE ! WORK BE+ DONE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & TO BE ON ! LOOK\T ?AT !RE WAS NO SLACK5+ EI!R 9 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S' OR ! COLLECTIVI/S' PASSION = !IR WORK4 

,BUT NATURALLY IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! ,COLLECTIVE1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATE & PLAC$ UND] ITS CONTROL1 :I* PREA*$ BY EXAMPLE4 ,I TRAV]S$ HUGE ORANGE GROVES1 ONE ( :I* COV]$ FIVE VILLAGES1 & WAS /RUCK BY ! TIDY & CLEAN CULTIVATIONS4 ,EV]Y 9* HAD BE5 WORK$1 AS IF COMB$1 ) METICUL\S C>E 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT ! TREES 5JOY$ ALL ! NATURAL GOODNESS 9 ! SOIL4 ,! ,VAL5CIAN PEASANT WAS R5[N$ = ! LOVE ) :I* HE T5D$ HIS L& & ! CROPS HE GREW ON IT4 ,& IT WAS CLE>LY VISIBLE4 ,!RE WAS NO NE$ = F]TILIZ]S4 0,PREVI\SLY10 - SAID ! COMRADES :O W]E ESCORT+ ME ACROSS ! PLANTATIONS ( GOLD5 FRUITS - 0ALL ?IS1 ?AT BELONG$ TO ! CAPITALI/S1 WAS WORK$ BY WAGE E>N]S :O W]E SOME:AT 9DIFF]5T TO ! RESULTS ( !IR LABORS4 ,! PROPRIETORS B\<T L>GE QUANTITIES ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S OR GUANO :]EAS ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ WAS TO LOOK AFT] ! L& TO GET GOOD H>VE/S40 

,& IT WAS ) JOY & PRIDE ?AT LAT] !Y %[$ ME GRAFTS ?AT !Y HAD MADE 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! /OCK & ! EV5TUAL QUALITY ( ! FRUIT4 

,H[EV] 9 SOME PLACES ,I CAME ACROSS CROPS GR[+ BETWE5 ! R[S1 & TO MY 9QUIRY ! COMRADES PO9T$ \T ?AT IF ! W> LA/$ A LONG TIME ! T[NS W\LD BE %ORT ( FOOD4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT 9 ?IS G5]ALLY GRAVELLY SOIL1 NOT V]Y SUITABLE = HORTICULTURE1 !Y HAD PLANT$ E>LY POTATOES4 ,!Y DID MORE3 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! F\R MON?S ?AT ELAPSE BETWE5 H>VE/+ ! RICE & ! S[+S ?AT FOLL[1 !Y HAD S[$ 9 ! ,VAL5CIAN RICE-FIELDS1 DULY CULTIVAT$1 E>LY :EAT4 

,AS IT WAS MY FIR/ CONTACT ) AN AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE ,I ASK$ = DETAILS ( ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( WORK1 & DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS BO? SIMPL] & MU* MORE COMPLETE ?AN ,I HAD IMAG9$4 ,AT ! BASE1 A PUBLIC MEET+ ( AGRICULTURAL WORK]S :I* 9CLUD$ UNIONI/S & NON-UNIONI/S 7! LATT] W]E NOT NUM]\S1 AS IS APP>5T FROM ! FIGURES ALREADY GIV574 ,ON ! PROPOSAL BY ?OSE PRES5T1 9DIVIDUALI/S & COLLECTIVI/S1 A ,COMITE WAS NOM9AT$ BY A MAJORITY VOTE IF UNANIMITY C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$1 :I* WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS3 ! TE*NICAL SECTION ) SIX MEMB]S 5TRU/$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! PROBLEMS ( DISPOSAL ON ! HOME & EXPORT M>KETS1 & ! ADM9I/RATIVE SECTION CONSI/+ ( FIVE MEMB]S TO DEAL ) ACC\NTANCY4 ,! TE*NICAL SECTION 9CLUD$ =M] PR(ESSIONAL EXPORT]S :OSE ABILITIES W]E KN[N & RECOGNIZ$4 ,!Y W]E C>RY+ \T !IR TASKS ABLY & SEEM$ REALLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 

,9 ,C>CAG5TE 9DU/RIAL SOCIALIZATION />T$ AFT] AGR>IAN SOCIALIZATION4 ,BUT IT WAS LAUN*$ 9 A MANN] ?AT PROMIS$ WELL = ! FUTURE4 ,BUILD+ WORK WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,SYNDICATE ( ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY1 & 5G9E]+ WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! METALWORK]S' ,SYNDICATE2 ! WOODWORK]S' ,SYNDICATE - CAB9ET-MAK]S1 JO9]S1 C>P5T]S - BR\<T TOGE!R ALL ! SMALL BUS9ESSM5 & CRAFTSM5 9 ONE HUGE WORK%OP :]E EA*1 RECEIV$ A REMUN]ATION DECID$ ON BY ALL2 :]E NO LONG] DID ONE HAVE TO WAIT = ! CLI5T OR ASK ONESELF H[ BILLS W]E TO BE MET AT ! 5D ( ! MON?4 ,O!R LESS IMPORTANT TRADES1 W]E GR\P$ 9 A S+LE ,SYNDICATE4 ,HAIRDRESS]S %OPS :]E LI<T+1 ORGANIZATION & HYGI5E (T5 LEFT MU* TO BE DESIR$ W]E REPLAC$ BY A NUMB] ( COLLECTIVIZ$ E/ABLI%M5TS :I* W]E CLEAN & COM=TABLE4 ,YE/]DAY'S COMPETITORS HAD BECOME WORKMATES4 

,AS ONE HAS ALREADY NOT$ ! PACK+ ( ORANGES = EXPORT EMPLOY$ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( H&S4 ,SEV]AL BUILD+S 9 ,C>CAG5TE DISPOS+ ( ! EQUIPM5T REQUIR$ W]E US$ = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,EA* WAS DIRECT$ BY A ,COMITE NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S1 & CONSI/+ ( A PR(ESSIONAL EXP]T 9 COMM]CIAL AFFAIRS1 & A DELEGATE = EA* ( ! SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES3 MANUFACTURE ( WOOD5 BOXES1 GRAD+1 PACK+1 CONDITION+1 ETC4 ,9 ! V>I\S OP]ATIONS M5 & WOM5 WORK]S C>RI$ \T ! TASKS ) 5?USIASM1 FOLL[+ ! RHY?M ( ! ME*ANICAL GRAD]S ALONGSIDE :I* ! ORANGE BOXES1 :I* (F]$ A K9D ( >TI/IC CA*ET COMMON TO ! PEOPLE ( ?IS REGION1 W]E L9$ UP WAIT+ TO BE CLOS$ & LOAD$ UP4 ,! DE/9ATION ( ! FRUIT WAS ,BRITA91 ,SW$51 ,FRANCE1 ,HOLL&1 ETC4444 ,& ! WORK]S W\LD SAY TO ME1 0,WE WANT !M TO SEE ABROAD ?AT ) SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION WE WORK BETT] ?AN BE=E40 

,IT WAS ALSO A ,COMITE SPECIALLY APPO9T$ BY ! ASSEMBLY ( WORK]S :I* MANAG$ ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY4 ,H\SES W]E NOT BE+ BUILT - NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! W> 79 GRAVE CRISES BUILD+1 WORK IS ALWAYS ! FIR/ TO GR9D TO A HALT7 BUT ALSO BECAUSE A L>GE NUMB] ( RESID5CES BELONG+ TO ! RI* & ! LOCAL FASCI/S W]E H&$ OV] TO ?OSE :O W]E ! MO/ ILL-H\S$4 ,BUT CONV]SIONS & REPAIR WORK W]E C>RI$ \T4 ,A NUMB] ( =M] EMPLOY]S SUPPORT$ ! COMMUNAL EF=T & WORK$ WELL2 & ONE ( ! TWO >*ITECTS 9 ,C>CAG5TE JO9$ ! ,SYNDICATE4 

,! BRICK WORKS & ! P>P5 FACTORY AS WELL AS ALL O!R TRADES W]E ORGANIZ$ ALONG ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 & ON ! SAME BASES = REMUN]ATION4 

,:5 ,I RETURN$ TO ,C>CAG5TE1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g1 ! ORANGE EXPORT TRADE WAS ! ONLY ONE ?AT HAD BE5 SOCIALIZ$4 ,BUT IT WAS DONE 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,FIR/LY ! LOCAL SECTION ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD SUPPORT$ ! NEW A*IEVEM5TS2 SECONDLY1 IT WAS DONE 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! REGIONAL ,COMITE4 ,:5 ORD]S CAME FROM ,VAL5CIA1 ! SELECTORS W\LD MOVE TO ! >EAS :]E !Y KNEW !Y C\LD F9D ! V>IETIES & QUANTITIES REQUIR$4 ,!SE SELECTORS W\LD ALSO 9DICATE :5 FRUIT TREES W]E READY = PICK+ ON ! BASIS ( ! TRAVEL+ TIME 9VOLV$ AS WELL AS ( ! CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ( ! PUR*AS+ C\NTRIES4 

,SO F> AS DI/RIBUTION 9 G5]AL WAS CONC]N$1 & 9 SPITE ( ! ADVICE ,I HAD GIV5 ) A VIEW TO AVOID+ A SL[1 BUT P]SI/5T1 9CREASE 9 PRICES :I* C\NT]ACT$ SOME ( ! POSITIVE RESULTS A*IEV$ 9 PRODUCTION1 ! LOCAL %OP CONT9U$ TO OP]ATE4 ,IT CON/ITUT$ A NEGATIVE FACTOR1 & ! TIME HAD COME TO ASK ONESELF :E!R ONE %\LD NOT MOVE T[>DS A NEW /AGE :I* W\LD COMPLEM5T ! FIR/4 

,A FIR/ /EP 9 ?AT DIRECTION HAD BE5 TAK5 9 A NUMB] ( CASES ABOVE ALL 9 ! REGION ( ! ,LEVANTE1 BY ! CON/ITUTION ( A FOOD SUPPLIES ,COMITE :I* UND]TOOK TO SECURE = LOCAL CONSUMPTION ESS5TIAL FOOD/UFFS :I* W]E NOT PRODUC$ LOCALLY4 ,! SAME ,COMITE ORGANIZ$ ! APPLICATION ( B>T] ON ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE SCALE4 ,MY FRI5D ,GRA0Z51 LAT] EXECUT$ BY A FASCI/ FIR+ SQUAD1 WAS PLANN+ ! ORGANIZATION ( DI/RIBUTION C5T]S 9 ! V>I\S DI/RICTS1 :I*-W\LD GIVE ! POPULATION CONTROL OV] ! PRICE ME*ANISM & ! DI/RIBUTION ( CONSUM] GOODS4 ,! IDEA WAS TAK+ %APE RAPIDLY !RE AS WELL AS 9 MANY O!R LOCALITIES1 & )9 SIX WEEKS HALF ! TRADE ( ,C>CAG5TE WAS SOCIALIZ$ & ,GRAN5 HAD HI< HOPES = ! O!R HALF4 

,AT ! SAME TIME P>T ( ! ORANGE GROVES W]E GRUBB$ UP1 AS !RE WAS NO SALE = ! FRUIT1 & REPLAC$ BY VEGETABLES4 ,ONE WAS MOV+ T[>DS ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION1 :I* WAS ALSO NOTICEABLE ELSE:]E4 

#b4 ,JATIVA 

,I CANNOT ?9K ( ,JATIVA 7SITUAT$ LIKE ,C>CAG5TE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA7 )\T REMEMB]+ ITS /YLE1 AS ,>ABIC AS ITS NAME1 ! BEAUTIFUL VALLEY 9 :I* IT HAD BE5 BUILT LONG AGO1 ITS WOND]FUL CLIMATE & ! DEEP BLUE ( ITS BRILLIANT SKY4 ,) SOME LOCAL COMRADES ,I W5T TO VISIT ! RU9S ( A L>GE ,MOORI% CA/LE /ILL /&+ & /EEP$ 9 HI/ORY1 ALONG ! TOP ( HILLS FLANK+ ! T[N1 :]E MIMOSA GREW 9 PR(USION BETWE5 ! R&OM /ONES4 ,FROM ?AT HEI<T IT WAS A DREAM L&SCAPE ?AT ONE SAW4 ,9 ! =EGR\ND V>I\S CULTIVATIONS1 & !N IMM5SE ORANGE GROVES 9 :I* ! GOLD5 FRUIT HUNG1 AS IF 9 BUN*ES ALONG ! BRAN*ES :I* W]E B5D+ UND] !IR WEI<T & SURR\ND$ BY ! GRE5 V>NI%$ LEAVES :I* GLEAM$ 9 ! SUN%9E4 

,! F\ND+ ( ! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ,JATIVA DID NOT TAKE PLACE AS QUICKLY AS 9 ,C>CAG5TE1 :I* IS AFT] ALL NOT SO F> AWAY4 ,YET ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T !RE ALSO W5T BACK MANY YE>S1 & IT ALWAYS 9CLUD$ GOOD MILITANTS4 ,( ! #a#g1 9HABITANTS1 #c1 W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,AGRICULTURE PR$OM9AT$ & 9DU/RY PLAY$ A V]Y M9OR ROLE & WAS ABOVE ALL L9K$ TO ORANGE PRODUCTION & ! TASKS ?AT /EMM$ !REFROM1 TO RICE PRODUCTION1 PREP>$ & GR\ND LOCALLY1 TO OLIVE PRODUCTION1 US$ = OIL PRODUC$ 9 LOCAL OIL-CRU%]S4 

,! FASCI/ ATTACK HAD BR\<T TOGE!R ALL ! ,LEFT FACTIONS :O1 AS HAPP5$ 9 MANY O!R PLACES1 CONV]G$ ON ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 ,SOON ?IS WAS COMPOS$1 ON ! BASIS ( ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? ( ! =CES REPRES5T$1 ( FIVE REPRES5TATIVES EA* FROM ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,U4,G4,T41 ONE SOCIALI/1 ONE ,COMMUNI/1 A ,LEFT REPUBLICAN & A MEMB] ( ! ,VAL5CIAN AUTONOMI/S P>TY4 

,?\< 9DU/RY /EMM$ FROM ! NE$S ( AGRICULTURE1 SOCIALIZATION WAS 9ITIAT$ BY 9DU/RY4 ,IT WAS NOT G5]AL 9 ALL TRADES & PR(ESSIONS1 & AMONG ! LA/ TO DO SO W]E ! HAIRDRESS]S :O 9 ,JANU>Y #aicg W]E PREP>$1 ) !IR EMPLOY]S1 TO COLLECTIVIZE ! %OPS :I* UNTIL !N !Y HAD ONLY BE5 ALL[$ TO CONTROL4 

,9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD ! FUNCTIONAL /RUCTURE & OP]ATION ,I FOLL[$ ! FAMILI> PATT]N3 TE*NICAL SECTIONS = ORGANIZATION1 ADM9I/RATIVE SECTIONS2 ! ,SYNDICATES MANAG$ WORK%OP ACTIVITIES 9 :I* WORK]S ELECT$ ! ,COMITES 5TRU/$ ) MANAGEM5T AT ! PLACE ( WORK ITSELF4 

,BUT ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE CREAT$ ON ! #a#f? ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g1 ?REE WEEKS AFT] MY FIR/ VISIT1 SEEMS TO ME TO BE MORE IMPORTANT1 = IT GOT (F TO A FLY+ />T :I* WAS QUITE REM>KABLE4 

,!RE WAS A FUNDAM5TAL REASON = ?IS :I* EXPLA9S MANY SIMIL> CASES ,I HAD OCCASION TO OBS]VE3 MO/ ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 W]E H>D WORK+ PEASANTS1 ACCU/OM$ TO RESPONSIBLE WORK1 TO DIRECT DEAL+S1 :]EAS 9 ! LOCAL SECTION ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 !RE WAS A PR$OM9ANCE ( ADM9I/RATIVE EMPLOYES 9 ! PRIVATE & PUBLIC SECTORS1 NUMB]S ( TRADESPEOPLE1 & ! CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS AMONG ! SMALL GR[]S :OSE SOCIAL RE=MI/ HEADQU>T]S MADE ! DEF5SE ( TRADITIONAL [N]%IP ( ! L& A PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 

,?IS WAS 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION ) ! BASIC PO/ULATES ( ,M>XISM & ! VIEWS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 BUT ! ,M>XISM ( ! ,SPANI% SOCIALI/S WAS QUITE AS ANEMIC AS ?AT ( ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S4 ,& ,M>X & ,5GELS AS WELL AS !IR CONT9UATORS HAVE SAID SO MANY CONTRADICTORY ?+S6 

,\R COMRADES DID NOT PROPOSE1 H[EV]1 TO SEIZE ANYBODY'S GOODS BY =CE-UNLESS !Y W]E FASCI/S1 T]RAT5R5TES1 OR CACIQUES2 & AP>T FROM A FEW ISOLAT$ CASES :I* WE >E PREP>$ TO ASSUME TOOK PLACE1 ONE CANNOT ACCUSE !M ON ?IS SCORE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ONE IS SURPRIS$ TO SEE H[ TOL]ANT !Y W]E 9 G5]AL TO ! 09DIVIDUALI/S04 

,! EM]G5CE 9 /R5G? ( ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY O!R REASONS :I* COMPLEM5T ?OSE ALREADY GIV54 ,BE=E ! UPRIS+1 ! LOCAL LIB]T>IANS EX]CIS$ A CON/RUCTIVE 9FLU5CE OV] A L>GE NUMB] ( PEASANTS :O W]E MEMB]S ( A LOCAL MUTUAL B5EFIT SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS ! ACTIVE1 ORGANIZ+ DYNAMIC NUCLEUS ( ?AT MUTUAL AID SOCIETY :I* WAS TO CON/ITUTE ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( ! SOCIAL MICROCOSM 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ =M$4 ,IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO IMPROVISE AS AN ORGANIZ]1 & V]Y (T5 ONE F9DS 9 ! ANTEC$5TS ( ?IS REVOLUTION1 A PRACTICAL ACTIVITY :I* EXPLA9S ! SUR5ESS ( ! ADVANCE & ! RAPIDITY ( ITS SUCCESS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,JATIVA (F]S MANY O!R EXAMPLES ( A SOCIAL CONSCI5CE4 ,!RE WAS ! CASE ( ! [N] ( AN OIL-CRU%] - WOR? A =TUNE 9 LOCAL T]MS - :O GAVE HIS WORK+ CAPITAL & L&S TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,OR ?AT ( HIS SON1 ALSO ONE ( ! PRIVILEG$1 :O BR\<T ALL HIS CAPITAL & HIS WIFE'S TO ! COMMON CAUSE4 ,OR AGA9 ?AT ( ! SECRET>Y 7#h7 :O DID LIKEWISE4 ,ONE CANNOT BE SURPRIS$ !RE=E BY ! IDEALI/IC OPTIMISM :I* C\LD BE READ 9TO ! EXPRESSIONS1 ! ACTIONS1 EV5 ! BE>+ ( ?OSE :O W]E BUSY+ !MSELVES TO CREATE A NEW WORLD1 ALWAYS ON ! MOVE DEAL+ ) ! MANY TASKS ) :I* !Y HAD BE5 5TRU/$4 

,?IS SPIRIT EM]GES 9 ! ,RULES PRODUC$ FOLL[+ MANY DELIB]ATIONS & PUBLI%$ 9 A SMALL :ITE NOTEBOOK1 A COPY ( :I* ,I HAVE PRES]V$ TO ?IS DAY4 ,! FOLL[+ >E ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC ,>TICLES4 

,>,T4 #a4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WILL BE ! WORK ( ! PEASANTS1 M$I]OS & SMALLHOLD]S1 :O JO9 VOLUNT>ILY & WILL BE ACCEPT$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 

,>,T4 #c4 ,:5 A SMALLHOLD]'S L& IS LOCAT$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( COLLECTIVIZ$ L&1 CON/ITUT+ !REBY AN OB/ACLE = ! ,COLLECTIVE1 IT WILL BE EX*ANG$ = ANO!R HOLD+1 ( BETT] L& & ) MORE ADVANTAGES = ! [N] :O HAS BE5 DISPLAC$4 

,>,T4 #e4 ,WID[S )\T O!R MEANS ( LIFE ?AN L& CAN1 IF !Y WI%1 JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,>,T4 #a4 ,! DEF5SE ( \R PRODUCTION & ! ADM9I/RATION1 ( ! CULTIVATIONS WILL BE ASSUR$ BY ! FOLL[+ ,COMMISSIONS3 7A7 ,/ATI/ICS2 7B7 ,IRRIGATION2 7C7 ,F]TILIZ]S1 SE$S & NEW CULTIVATIONS2 7D7 ,PLANT DISEASES1 SPRAY+ & FUMIGATIONS2 7E7 ,/EW>D'S (FICE1 PUR*ASES & SELL+ PRICES2 7F7 ,LIVE/OCK1 P\LTRY KEEP+1 BEEKEEP+2 7G7 ,TOOLS & MA*9]Y2 7I7 ,TE/S2 7J7 ,ANIMAL FE$2 7K7 ,MEANS ( TRANSPORT AVAILABLE = ! ,COLLECTIVE2 7#a7 ,PRODUCTION & APPROPRIATE TE*NICAL MANAGEM5T2 7M7 ,L&WORK]S4 

,>,T4 #a#e4 ,9 ! EV5T ( ILLNESS1 MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE OR !IR FAMILIES WILL RECEIVE TREATM5T ON BEHALF ( ! ,COLLECTIVE :I* WILL BE RESPONSIBLE = ALL EXP5SES 9CURR$4 

,>,T4 #a#f4 ,R5T = PRIVATE DWELL+S OCCUPI$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE PAID BY ! LATT]1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WAGE4 7#i7 

,>,T4 #a#g4 ,FURNITURE = NEW H\SEHOLDS WILL BE PAID = BY ! ,COLLECTIVE IF ! B5EFICI>IES HAVE BE5 MEMB]S = AT LEA/ SIX MON?S & IF !Y ACT AS REAL COLLECTIVI/S4 

,>,T4 #b#a4 ,*ILDR5 UND] ! AGE ( #ad WILL NOT BE ACCEPT$ = WORK2 !Y WILL BE OBLIG$ TO ATT5D S*OOL FROM ! AGE ( SIX4 ,!IR P>5TS OR GU>DIANS WILL BE RESPONSIBLE = !IR ATT5DANCE AT S*OOL2 ! P5ALTY = A *ILD'S UNJU/IFIABLE ABS5CE FROM S*OOL WILL BE A D$UCTION ( SIX PESETAS FROM ! FAMILY'S WAGE4 

,>,T4 #b#b4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE WILL1 = ! GOOD ( ,MANK9D1 HELP ! MO/ GIFT$ *ILDR5 TO TAKE C\RSES 9 HI<] $UCATION4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE F9ANCIALLY RESPONSIBLE4 

,>,T4 #b#h4 ,%\LD ! ,COLLECTIVE HAVE CAUSE TO COMPLA9 ( ! BEHAVIOR ( ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 IT WILL CALL HIM TO ORD] O N UP TO TWO OCCASIONS4 ,ON ! ?IRD OCCASION HE WILL BE EXPELL$ FROM ! ,COLLECTIVE )\T ANY RI<T TO 9DEMNIFICATION4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY WILL DEAL ) SU* CASES40 

,! FAMILY WAGE WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,A S+LE MAN RECEIV$ #ce PESETAS A WEEK :ILE A S+LE WOMAN RECEIV$ EXACTLY A HALF4 7#a7 ,EA* DEP5D5T *ILD 5TITL$ ! FAMILY TO AN EXTRA SEV5 PESETAS A WEEK2 & !N FROM #a TO #ad YE>S ?IS WAS 9CREAS$ TO #a4#e PESETAS = BOYS & #h4#g#e = GIRLS4 

,V]Y FEW ESS5TIAL MATT]S W]E OV]LOOK$1 BUT IF EXP]I5CE REVEAL$ ?AT ONE HAD1 !RE WAS NO?+ TO PREV5T ! MODIFICATION & IMPROVEM5T ( ! EXI/+ ,/ATUTES4 ,ONE %\LD ADD ?AT NOT ONLY WAS $UCATION COMPULSORY BUT WAS GIV5 9 ! ,COLLECTIVE'S S*OOLS :I* FROM ! BEG9N+ HAD /AFF & HAD FITT$ UP ?REE S*OOL BUILD+S 9 :I* TO HOLD ! CLASSES1 & 9 ADDITION A F\R? BUILD+ :I* WAS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! *ILDR5 9 !IR LEISURE H\RS1 DUR+ ! DAY1 TO /UDY OR TO PLAY4 

,PROJECTS ON SU* A SCALE MU/ BE BAS$ ON A SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$ MAT]IAL SITUATION4 ,IT WAS SO4 ,9 A =TNI<T NE>LY #e FAMILIES APPLI$ TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE1 (F]+ TO IT ALL !IR GOODS4 ,! MAJORITY BELONG$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ) A M9ORITY FROM ! ,U4,G4,T44 = ALMO/ EV]Y:]E SOCIALI/S OR MEMB]S ( ! RE=MI/ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS DID NOT FOLL[ ! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ BY !IR LEAD]S4 ,& ! SUPPORT]S W\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE NUM]\S HAD ! ORGANIZ]S NOT ?\<T IT NECESS>Y TO %[ CAUTION1 9 ORD] NOT TO RISK BE+ OV]:ELM$1 OR HAMP]$ BY COLLECTIVI/S :O W]E /ILL UNSURE4 

,ON JO9+1 EA* NEW MEMB] COMPLET$ A =M GIV+ DETAILS AB\T HIMSELF1 HIS FAMILY & DEP5D5T RELATIVES2 !N ( HIS ASSETS OR LIABILITIES & DEBTS1 9 L&1 MONEY1 TOOLS & DRAFT ANIMALS4 

,! TOTAL >EA ( COLLECTIVIZ$ L&1 9CLUD+ ! EXPROPRIATIONS FROM FASCI/S & ! L>GE L&[N]S AS WELL AS L& BR\<T BY MEMB]S1 AM\NT$ TO #e1#a#a#d HECT>ES ( :I* #b1#d#b#a W]E1 IRRIGAT$4 ,A =TNI<T AFT] ! (FICIAL 9AUGURATION1 ! TE*NICAL ,COMITE WAS MANAG+ OP]ATIONS ON #ddf HECT>ES4 ,?ANKS TO ITS1 9ITIATIVE & TO ! 5?USIASM ( EV]YBODY1 #ge HECT>ES HAD1 BE5 RECLAIM$ & PREP>$ = CULTIVATION1 LAT] BE+ S[N ) CORN & POTATOES 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! ?REAT5$ SC>CITY1 D FOOD 9 ! T[NS4 

,ON ! BASIS ( A G5]AL PLAN PREP>$ BY ! TE*NICIANS PRACTITION]S1 A QU>T] ( ! L& WAS TO BE PLANT$ ) RICE1 ANO!R QU>T] AS ORANGE GROVES1 & A HALF = M>KET-G>D5 PRODUCE4 

,IT WAS ALSO DECID$ TO 9TRODUCE /OCK BRE$+4 ,)9 ?REE WEEKS #d %EEP & GOATS 7! R5[N$ ,MURCIA GOATS W]E CONV5I5TLY SITUAT$7 W]E ORD]$ = BRE$+ PURPOSES4 ,9 DUE C\RSE IT WAS HOP$ TO SUPPLY ! :OLE T[N ) ! MEAT IT REQUIR$3 AN URG5T MATT] SEE+ ?AT ! MA9 SUPPLY >EAS 7,CA/ILE1 ,E/REMADURA1 ,GALICIA7 W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! ,FRANCOI/ =CES4 

,A SIMIL> 9ITIATIVE WAS LAUN*$ = P\LTRY & EGG PRODUCTION4 ,TWO 9CUBATORS W]E PUR*AS$ TO MAKE A />T4 ,BEE-KEEP+ WAS /ILL UND] CONSID]ATION1 BUT ! CONDITIONS 9 ?AT >EA :]E FL[]S & FRUIT TREES AB\ND$ W]E FAVORABLE = ?IS HI!RTO UNEXPLOR$ ACTIVITY4 ,F9ALLY ALL ! P>T ( ! ,SI]RA :I* C\LD NOT BE CULTIVAT$ BY MAN & :I* ]OSION WAS D5UD+ AT AN 9CREAS+ RATE WAS TO BE PLANT$ ) P9ES4 ,! SE$L+S HAD ALREADY BE5 PUR*AS$4 

,9 A V]Y %ORT TIME1 ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD ALSO ACQUIR$ ?REE LORRIES4 ,IT UND]TOOK L>GE-SCALE WORKS TO IMPROVE & EXT5D IRRIGATION TO ! DRY L&S4 ,9 ONE WEEK ACEQUIAS W]E DUG1 & O!RS />T$4 ,! PLAN ADOPT$ CONSI/$ 9 RAIS+ ! WAT] BY MEANS ( MOTORIZ$ PUMPS TO A WAT] T[] FROM :I* IT W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ TO ! L& :I* UNTIL !N HAD REMA9$ FALL[ BECAUSE ! SMALL [N]S HAD NEI!R ! 9ITIATIVE NOR ! REQUIR$ RES\RCES = SU* UND]TAK+S4 7#a#a7 

,! ,RULES REF] TO ! /EW>D'S (FICE4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE C\LD OBTA9 FROM IT1 AT CO/ PRICE1 AVAILABLE GOODS ?AT !Y REQUIR$4 ,EV]YONE C\LD EV5 ASK = !SE GOODS 9 L>GE QUANTITIES1 PAY+ BY 9/ALLM5TS )\T 9T]E/1 SO ?AT H\SEWIVES DID NOT HAVE TO %OP EV]Y O!R DAY = SOAP1 LIGNITE1 L>D1 OIL1 ETC4 

,AS 9 ALL ,COLLECTIVES1 ! DRAFT ANIMALS-DONKEYS1 HORSES1 MULES-W]E H\S$ 9 L>GE /ABLES SPECIALLY FITT$ UP1 & W]E US$ BO? = HEAVY & LI<T WORK4 ,9 ! MORN+1 SPECIALLY TRA9$ BOYS W\LD H>NESS !M TO ! C>TS & O!R EQUIPM5T1 SAV+ TIME = ! C>T]S & L&WORK]S4 ,:5 !Y RETURN$ AT NI<T !Y NO LONG] HAD TO SP5D A FUR!R HALF H\R UNH>NESS+ & GROOM+ !IR HORSES BE=E GO+ HOME1 = ?IS TASK WAS DONE = !M BY !IR COMRADES4 ,AS ALSO :5 !RE WAS MU* UNLOAD+ TO BE DONE1 O!RS W\LD COME TO HELP4 

,LESS ?AN TWO MON?S AFT] ITS CON/ITUTION1 ,I RECEIV$ A LETT] FROM ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,COLLECTIVE ( ,JATIVA :I* ,I FEEL DES]VES TO BE QUOT$ 9 FULL4 

,JATIVA1 ,M>* #h1 #a#i#c#g4 

,DE> ,COMRADE1 

,I HAVE WAIT$ TO REPLY1 9 SPITE ( MY PROMISE TO DO SO AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE L WANT$ TO GIVE Y\ AS MU* 9=MATION AS POSSIBLE ON ! PROGRESS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 & AS ! /UDY ,I HAVE 9 M9D TO WRITE W\LD MAKE ME DELAY TOO LONG1 ,I HAVE DECID$ TO S5D Y\ :AT H>D FACTS >E AVAILABLE & LEAVE A MORE DETAIL$ REPORT TO A LAT] DATE4 

,! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,COLLECTIVE HAS REA*$ #d#h1 ( :OM #hb >E MEMB]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 :ILE ! O!RS >E FROM ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,TW5TY-?REE APPLICATIONS = MEMB]%IP >E WAIT+ = ! NOM9AT$ ,COMMISSION TO DECIDE ONE WAY OR ! O!R4 ,!RE >E MANY APPLICATIONS BUT WE WANT TO ADVANCE ) CAUTION4 

,! 5?USIASM ( ! COLLECTIVI/S IS FANTA/IC1 SO MU* SO ?AT \R MEMB]S >E WORK+ TWICE AS MU* AS !Y DID BE=E4 ,= ?IS REASON WE PREF] TO BACKP$AL A LITTLE ON ACCEPT+ NEW MEMB]S SO ?AT !Y %ALL NOT BE 9FLU5C$ SIMPLY BY MAT]IAL CONSID]ATIONS1 & ?AT NO?+ %\LD 9T]V5E TO H>M ! WOND]FUL SPIRIT ?AT EXI/S & :I* IS ! GU>ANTEE = SUCCESS4 

,! TOTAL WAGES = ! #dh MEMB] FAMILIES AM\NTS TO #b#b1#h#a#a PESETAS A WEEK1 FROM :I* AM\NT WE MU/ D$UCT #a1#a#h4#e PESETAS :I* SOME COLLECTIVI/S E>N \TSIDE 9 O!R TRADES & :I* !Y H& OV] TO ! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,RULES ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,O!R EXP5SES HAVE TO BE ADD$ SU* AS3 

,DOCTORS1 OP]ATIONS1 D5TI/S1 CONF9EM5TS1 OCULI/1 M$ICAM5TS E/IMATE P] YE> #b#f1#f PTAS ,PUR*ASES ( FURNITURE = NEW H\SEHOLDS P] YE> #i1#b#e PTAS ,H\SE R5TS = COLLECTIVI/S P] MON? #b1#f#c#b PTAS 

,ALL ! ABOVE REPRES5TS WEEKLY \TGO+S TOTAL+ #b#b1#i#i#i PESETAS :I* DIVID$ BY #dec WORK+ P]SONS-WE OBVI\SLY DO NOT 9CLUDE ! ELD]LY & ! 9CAPACITAT$-GIVES A FAMILY WAGE ( #e4#g PESETAS4 

,WE HAVE NOT YET BE5 ABLE TO PREP>E \R E/IMATES = ! PUR*ASE ( F]TILIZ]S1 MAT]IALS = FUMIGATION1 MA*9]Y1 FE$ = LIVE/OCK & O!R EXP5SES2 NEI!R HAVE WE E/IMATES ( 9COME FROM ! SALE ( \R PRODUCTS3 WE >E TOO ABSORB$ BY ! MEET+S ) PEASANTS :O HAVE NOT JO9$1 TO DECIDE AMICABLY :I* L& !Y CAN CULTIVATE 9DIVIDUALLY & :I* !Y CAN GIVE UP TO US4 

,?+S >E HAPP5+ ALL ! TIME SO ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% EXACT E/IMATES UNTIL ALL !SE MATT]S >E SETTL$4 ,NEV]!LESS ! LIFE ( ! ,COLLECTIVE IS N[ & H5CE=? GU>ANTE$4 ,ONE CAN ALREADY MAKE ! FOLL[+ E/IMATES 9 R\ND FIGURES3 

,VALUE ( ! CROPS FROM #cd HECT>ES ( ORANGE GROVES AT ! M9IMUM PRICE ( #c1 PESETAS 

P] HECT>E 444 #a1#b1 PTAS 

DITTO FROM #a HECT>ES ( RICE PLANT+S AV]AGE #gb QU9TALS AT #ce PESETAS A QU9TAL 44 #b#e#b1 PTAS 

DITTO #bh HECT>ES ( IRRIGAT$ L& AT AN AV]AGE 

C]TA9LY GREAT] ?AN #f1 PESETAS 444 444 #a1#f#h1 PTAS 

DITTO #a1 HECT>ES ( DRY L&S AT #c PESETAS 

- #c1 PTAS 

#c1#b#e#b1 PTAS 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! \TGO+S NOT$ & ! ABOVE E/IMAT$ GROSS 9COME IS #b1#e#b1#g#e#b PESETAS :I* WILL P]MIT US TO IMPROVE \R WORK+ EQUIPM5T1 TO PUR*ASE F]TILIZ]S1 FE$/UFFS = ! ANIMALS1 ETC4 ,WE HAVE KEPT \R E/IMATES AS L[ AS POSSIBLE 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE AS & :5 \R RES]VES WILL MAKE ?IS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS W9 5C\RAGE ! F>M]S & SMALLHOLD]S :O HAVE SO F> HESITAT$ 9 JO9+ TO MAKE UP !IR M9DS4 ,! RESULTS OBTA9$ WILL !N MAKE !M JO9 US 9 A HAPPI] FRAME ( M9D ?AN IF !Y W]E TO JO9 N[4 

,9 ! ?REE MON?S S9CE \R ,COLLECTIVE WAS F\ND$ WE HAVE B\<T ?REE LORRIES AT A CO/ ( #a1 PESETAS2 WE HAVE ALSO PUR*AS$ #ab %E-MULES & #bc GOATS & >E EXPECT+ DELIV]Y ( =TY C[S4 ,WE HAVE ORGANIZ$ A P\LTRY F>M & B\<T SIX 9CUBATORS4 ,AT ! MOM5T WE >E PRODUC+ #c1 EGGS A MON?4 ,WE HAVE DECID$ TO DEVELOP ?IS F>M AS QUICKLY AS WE CAN TO 5SURE ?AT EGGS & P\LTRY WILL BE AVAILABLE TO AN MEMB]S )\T PAYM5T4 

,! PRODUCTION & MONET>Y RETURN AT ! MOM5T FROM ALL ! COLLECTIVI/S AM\NTS TO #d1 PESETAS A MON?4 

,FRAT]NAL GREET+S 4 4 4 

,V4,G4 

,! DETAIL$ ACC\NT4 ( ! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ,JATIVA 5DS H]E1 BUT IT IS WOR? UND]L9+ ONCE AGA9 ! DIFF]5T CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON & ?OSE 9 ! ,LEVANTE W]E BORN4 ,9 ,>AGON IT WAS POSSIBLE TO OBTA9 FROM ! BEG9N+ ! SUPPORT ( A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION BECAUSE ( ! ABS5CE ( OPPOSITION FROM ! REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES1 & BECAUSE ! TRADITIONAL POLITICAL P>TIES HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,(T5 ! ,COLLECTIVE M]G$ ) ! VILLAGE4 ,9 ! ,LEVANTE1 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E USUALLY ONLY P>TIAL-! E/IMATE ( #d.0 ( ! TOTAL POPULATION IS A FAIR ONE 9 MY VIEW4 ,BUT ON ! ONE H& ! SPREAD ( !IR ACTION1 & ON ! O!R ! GREAT] DEMOGRAPHIC D5SITY1 RESULT$ 9 !RE BE+ MORE NUM]\S1 ) MORE MEMB]S &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! ABUNDANCE ( !IR RES\RCES1 !IR CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD WAS MU* MORE IMPORTANT4 ,ON ! HUMAN LEVEL ,>AGON HAS C]TA9LY NOT BE5 SURPASS$4 

#c4 ,O!R ,ME?ODS ( ,OP]ATION 

,S,E,G,O,R,B,E 7PROV9CE ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA74 ,AS WELL AS MANY LIB]T>IANS1 !RE W]E 9 ?IS SMALL T[N ( #g1 9HABITANTS ALSO MANY MILITANTS AMONG ! SOCIALI/S1 ,U4,G4,T4-I/S1 ,REPUBLICANS & ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9 ADDITION !RE W]E ! F>M]S :O ?\<T !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO KEEP ! L& :I* !Y =M]LY R5T$ FROM ! T]RAT5I5TES1 N[ DISPOSSESS$1 & ! TRADITIONAL SMALLHOLD]S1 SATISFI$ ) !IR SITUATION1 :O W]E NOT ATTRACT$ BY COLLECTIVI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE ADV]SE =CES CON/ITUT$ A SOLID FRONT ( RESI/ANCE TO ! SOCIALIZATION PROPOS$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4-]S1 EV5 MORE SO S9CE ! ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,URIBE1 MADE VEHEM5T SPEE*ES OV] ! ,VAL5CIA RADIO 9CIT+ ! PEASANTS TO 0RESI/ANCE0 AGA9/ ! ,COLLECTIVES1 :IL/ ,LA ,PASION>IA1 7#a#b7 (FICIAL LEAD] ( ! ,P>TY ( ,MOSC[ E*O+ ! >GUM5TS =M]LY CIRCULAT$ BY ! REACTION>IES1 WAS DECL>+ OV] ! SAME RADIO1 TO ! B5EFIT ( ! WAV]]S3 0,IS IT NOT A FACT1 COMRADE PEASANTS1 ?AT IT IS PA9FUL TO WORK & BREAK ONE'S BACK ?R\<\T ! YE>1 ONLY TO BE DEPRIV$ ( ! FRUITS ( Y\R LABORS BY SOME IMMORAL SC\NDRELS :5 IT IS TIME TO GA!R ! H>VE/40 ,DECL>ATIONS ( W> ON ! SUPPORT]S ( COLLECTIVIZATION FOLL[$4 

,ONE CAME NE> TO BLOODY 9CID5TS :I* ! ,/AL9I/S W]E AT PA9S TO PROVOKE1 & :5 ,I W5T ! FIR/ TIME TO ,SEGORBE1 TO ADDRESS A MEET+ ON ! ADVANTAGES ( COLLECTIVIZATION FROM ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PO9TS ( VIEW1 ,I WAS H>D PRESS$ AFT]W>DS TO BR+ CALM AMONG ! T5SE COMRADES1 ADVIS+ AGA9/ A VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ) !IR DETRACTORS & =1 TO BEG9 )1 A MODE/1 FREE COMMUNITY1 AS HAD BE5 DONE ELSE:]E 9 ORD] TO W9 OV] SUPPORT]S BY ! P[] ( EXAMPLE4 

,! CANTON ( ,SEGORBE COMPRISES #db VILLAGES :]E1 AS 9 SO MANY O!R PLACES1 \R COMRADES HAD 5T]$ ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS ?R\< :I* !Y S\<T TO HAVE SOCIAL RE=MS ACCEPT$1 SOME ( !M FUNDAM5TAL4 

,ON !IR 9ITIATIVE1 PRICE CONTROLS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 MO/ VILLAGES2 !N TRADE WAS SOCIALIZ$1 FIR/LY 9 ORD] TO %>E 9 ! REVICTUALL+ ( ! FRONT :I* WAS NOT F> (F4 ,A NEW /AGE WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,COMITE :I* DI/RIBUT$ GOODS TO ! CONTROLL$ TRADESPEOPLE4 ,!N ! 0MUNICIPAL COOP]ATIVES0 W]E BORN 9 COMPLETE AGREEM5T ) ! DELEGATES ( SEV5 VILLAGES :O HAD BE5 ELECT$ TO CON/ITUTE ! DI/RIBUTION ,COMITE = ! :OLE CANTON4 ,F9ALLY ! 0,FREE ,COMMUNE ( ,SEGORBE0 WAS CREAT$ ) AN 9ITIAL NUCLEUS ( #db FAMILIES4 ,A MON? LAT] !RE W]E N9ETY4 ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/ WAS 9 ,SEGORBE AT ! TIME & ON HIS RETURN TO ,5GL& REF]R$ TO ! DEEP IMPRESSION HE HAD RECEIV$ FROM ?AT VISIT4 "9 

,J,],I,C,A 7PROV9CE ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA74 ,!RE TOO1 & NOT BECAUSE IT WAS REACTION>Y1 ! POPULATION DID NOT READILY ACCEPT ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L&1 NOT EV5 ( ! EXPROPRIAT$ E/ATES BELONG+ TO ! RI* FASCI/S1 BECAUSE ! COLLECTIVI/S SPIRIT WAS =EIGN TO L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE4 ,& AGA9 IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO KN[ TO :AT EXT5T ! FE> ( A ,FRANCOI/ TRIUMPH OR ( A BACKW>D MOVE BY ! ,REPUBLIC AFT] VICTORY 9FLU5C$ ! ATTITUDE ( ?OSE :O1 AS WAS ! CASE ( SOME VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON1 REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NEW SOLUTIONS4 

,EI<T MON?S AFT] ! #a#i? ,JULY UPRIS+ ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD ONLY #b MEMB]S-9CID5TALLY1 AS MANY AS ! ,U4,G4,T4 BUT ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 SO (T5 NOT$3 ?AT SUPPORT = ! ,U4,G4,T4 BY ! CONS]VATIVE SMALLHOLD]S1 TRADESM5 & O!R REC5T CONV]TS TO TRADE UNIONISM WAS DICTAT$ BY A DESIRE TO C\NT]ACT ! REVOLUTION>Y 5T]PRISES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & MA9TA9 9 EXI/5CE A CLASS SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]YONE SEEKS TO B5EFIT AT ! EXP5SE ( SOMEBODY ELSE4 

,NEV]!LESS A />T WAS MADE BY SOCIALIZ+ 9DU/RY4 ,!N \R ,SYNDICATE SEIZ$ FIVE E/ATES1 ONE ( #g HECT>ES1 ONTO :I* #g FAMILIES BELONG+ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 & #a TO ! ,U4,G4,T4 MOV$ ,FROM !SE BEG9N+S ! NUMB] ( COLLECTIVI/S ROSE RAPIDLY4 

,S,O,N,E,J,A 7PROV9CE ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA74 ,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T !RE HAS A LONG HI/ORY-:I* PROBABLY GOES BACK TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 #aiba A NUMB] ( \R COMRADES ORGANIZ$ A PLA/]]S COOP]ATIVE AS A WAY ( FREE+ !MSELVES FROM ! BOSS CLASS & ( DO+ SOME?+ CON/RUCTIVE4 ,T5 YE>S LAT] ALMO/ ALL ! PLA/] US$ 9 ! VILLAGE & ITS SURR\ND+S CAME FROM !IR FIRM :I* 9 #aicf HAD LIQUID ASSETS VALU$ AT #c1 PESETAS4 ,?IS WAS A SMALL =TUNE 9 VILLAGES :]E A TRADESMAN'S RATE WAS SEV5 PESETAS A DAY4 

,! RES\RCES ?AT W]E AT !IR DISPOSAL MADE IT POSSIBLE = \R COMRADES TO BUILD A SMALL S*OOL :I* !Y DONAT$ TO ! LOCAL ,SYNDICATE1 & :I* !Y MA9TA9$ AT !IR EXP5SE4 ,!N !Y F\ND$ A CULTURAL GR\P & A PUBLIC LIBR>Y4 ,?ANKS TO !M1 !RE W]E NO ILLIT]ATE *ILDR5 9 ,SONEJA4 ,!Y W]E ALSO LOOK$ UPON AS ! MO/ IDEALI/IC 9 ! REGION & !IR MORAL RECTITUDE1 :I* WAS PROV]BIAL1 MEANT ?AT !Y W]E (T5 CALL$ 9 TO >BITRATE 9 DISPUTES4 

,AFT] #a#i? ,JULY1 A NEW MUNICIPAL C\NCIL WAS ELECT$ 9 :I* !Y W]E 9 A MAJORITY4 ,AS 9 ,SEGORBE1 9DU/RY WAS SOCIALIZ$ FIR/4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! FOLL[+ ,M>* ?AT ! LOCAL G5]AL ,SYNDICATE UND]TOOK TO SOCIALIZE :AT IT C\LD 9 AGRICULTURE1 ONLY ) ! E/ATES AB&ON$ BY !IR FASCI/ [N]S1 L& NEGLECT$ DUE TO LACK ( 9ITIATIVE OR BECAUSE ( PHYSICAL DISABILITY4 

,GOOD WORK WAS DONE BUT IT DID NOT A*IEVE ! COMPLET5ESS ?AT WAS NOT$ 9 O!R LOCALITIES1 ?\< IT W5T ON IMPROV+4 

,S,U,E,C,A 7#a#c7 7PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA74 ,ON ,JULY #a#i?1 AS 9 ALL LOCALITIES 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 ! ANTI-FASCI/ =CES1 ,C4,N4,T4-]S1 REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S CON/ITUT$ A DEF5SE ,COMITE1 TOOK ! NECESS>Y PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ! FASCI/S1 S\<T TO 5SURE ! MEANS ( LIFE = ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 & CONFISCAT$ ! L>GE E/ATES4 

,!SE E/ATES W]E 9 ! FIR/ PLACE CULTIVAT$ = ! B5EFIT ( EV]YBODY4 ,!N1 SURM\NT+ A SECOND /AGE1 ! ,DEF5SE ,COMITE TOOK ALL ! CULTIVABLE L& UND] ITS CONTROL & PROCE$$ TO A NEW DIVISION ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( FAMILIES & ! AV]AGE YIELDS ( ! V>I\S ZONES4 ,A SY/EM REM9ISC5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN 0MIR02 IT WAS ! ONLY EXAMPLE ( ITS K9D 9 AGR>IAN SOLUTIONS1 EV5 PROVISIONAL1 ?AT ,I HAD HE>D (4 ,BUT AS 9 ! 0MIR01 ! L& WAS GIV5 9 USUFRUCT1 NOT AS PROP]TY LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$4 

,A H\SEHOLD W\LD RECEIVE TWO HECT>ES ( EXCELL5T1 IRRIGAT$ ,I &2 AN EXTRA HECT>E = ! FIR/ *ILD &1 FOLL[+ ! CONV5TION E/ABLI%$ ) FAMILY WAGES1 A DECREAS+ AM\NT = EA* ADDITION TO ! FAMILY4 ,! MIDDLE RANGE L&[N]S W]E R$UC$ TO ! COMMON %>E :I* P]MITT$ !M TO LIVE BY !IR WORK4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 & P]HAPS BE=E1 ! SAME ,DEF5SE ,COMITE1 9SPIR$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS :O W]E 9 IT1 E/ABLI%$ A CONTROL ( RICEFIELDS1 RICE BE+ ! MA9 CROP 9 ?AT ZONE4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION WAS ESPECIALLY NOM9AT$ & GIV5 A M&ATE TO SELL ! CROP & TAKE *>GE ( ! PROCE$S4 ,!N IT OP5$ ACC\NTS 9 A LOCAL BANK 9 ! NAME ( EA* FAMILY :O C\LD !REBY DRAW ON !IR %>E ( ! MONEY EA* WEEK OR MON?1 UP TO ! LIMITS E/ABLI%$ SO AS TO AVOID WA/E & *AOS4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ON #a? ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g1 AB\T SIX MON?S AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W> />T$1 ?AT ! PEASANTS' ,SYNDICATE1 ) #b1 MEMB]S & AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T41 />T$ ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE ( ,SUECA4 #d FAMILIES JO9$1 CONTRIBUT+ !IR L& & !IR WORK+ TOOLS1 SO FROM ! />T #a1 HECT>ES ( V]Y RI* L& = G5]AL AGRICULTURE W]E AVAILABLE AS WELL AS #b HECT>ES = M>KET G>D5+ & A PROPORTIONAL %>E ( ! E/ATES TAK5 FROM ! FASCI/S4 ,JURIDICALLY ?IS L& BELONG$ TO ! COMMUNE 7P>I%7 BUT ! OCCUPI]S DID :AT !Y WI%$ ) IT4 

,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS #cb FAMILIES ( MEMB]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 & T5 ( MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 !IR TURN =M$ A ,COLLECTIVE4 ,EXAMPLE WAS ASS]T+ ITSELF ) \R ADV]S>IES4 

,B,5,I,C,>,L,O 7PROV9CE ( ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA74 ,! ME?OD ( APPLICATION 9 ,B5IC>LO REM9DS ONE ( ,SEGORBE ) SOME V>IABLES4 ,NONE ( ! FIFTY-TWO VILLAGES 9 ! CANTON DECID$ TO ATTEMPT A P>TIAL OR COMPLETE COLLECTIVI/ EXP]IM5T AT ! BEG9N+1 NOR WAS IT ! CASE ( \R COMRADES WANT+ TO IMPOSE IT BY =CE4 ,NEV]!LESS ! RESI/ANCE WEAK5$ LAT] & SOME ,COLLECTIVES W]E SET UP4 

,ONCE AGA9 IT WAS ! P>TICIPATION ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL & ! K9D ( SOLUTIONS PROVID$ = ! PROBLEM ( FOOD SUPPLIES ?AT PAV$ ! WAY4 ,PRIVATE BUS9ESS BE+ AT A /&/ILL1 \R COMRADES MET ! SITUATION BY COMM&E]+ LORRIES & VANS & ORGANIZ+ A MUNICIPAL ,COMITE 5TRU/$ ) ! TASK ( SALES & PUR*ASES 0= ! :OLE ( ! FIFTY-TWO VILLAGES ( ! CANTON04 

,?IS ORGANISM />T$ BY BUY+ FROM ! PEASANTS !IR PRODUCE :I* !Y DISPAT*$ TO ! CONSUM] OR TO DISPOSAL C5T]S OR EV5 ABROAD4 ,!N IT C5TRALIZ$ SUPPLIES ( SE$S & F]TILIZ]S & DI/RIBUT$ !M ) A VIEW TO 9T5SIFY+ ! PRODUCTION ( CORN & POTATOES1 BE>+ 9 M9D ! FOOD %ORTAGES TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT W9T]4 7,! PEASANTS SEEM$ TO US TO BE MORE F>SEE+ & CONC]N$ ) ! FATE ( ! T[NS ?AN ! GOV]NORS & CITIZ5S :OSE CONC]N IT %\LD HAVE BE547 ,?IS L$ TO ! SUP]VISION ( ! WORK ( ! SMALLHOLD]S1 TO AVOID ANY SABOTAGE OR NEGLIG5CE 9 A P]IOD :5 ! G5]AL NE$S HAD TO PREVAIL4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! CANTONAL COMITE ( ,B5IC>LO1 ?ANKS TO ! FRI5DLY RELATIONS :I* P]MITT$ A GR[+ UNITY BETWE5 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 BR\<T IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5TS TO ! PEASANTS' CONDITIONS4 ,F>M]S & M$I]OS HAD NO LONG] TO PAY L& R5T EI!R 9 MONEY OR K9D4 ,!Y V]Y SOON B5EFIT$ FROM ! FREE 9/ALLATION ( ELECTRICITY1 ! RESULT ( EXCELL5T 9T]SYNDICAL RELATIONS ON A REGIONAL BASIS1 & EA* VILLAGE HAD ITS TELEPHONE4 ,! NECESS>Y RES\RCES = !SE 5T]PRISES CAME FROM ! R5TS ON ! H\SES ( ! PEOPLE ( ,B5IC>LO ITSELF1 :O W]E 9VIT$ TO PAY !M TO ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL :]E \R COMRADES HAD !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,9 RETURN TAXES W]E ABOLI%$ & ! PROPRIETORS W]E NEV] ?R[N \T ONTO ! /REET4 

,!N S*OOLS W]E />T$1 K9D]G>T5S ORGANIZ$4 ,ALL ?IS CONV9C$ ! D\BT]S1 & 9 ! 5D ! ,COLLECTIVES MADE !IR APPE>ANCE4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,B5IC>LO1 9ITIATIVE CAME !RE=E MA9LY FROM ! C5T]4 ,IT WAS BY BEG9N+ AT ! C5T] ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE FIR/ TO />T & !N TO EXT5D ! 0,CONF$]AL ,COMMUNITIES01 ?US CALL$ BECAUSE ( !IR AFFILIATION TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ ! CANTON W5T ?R\< ,B5IC>LO :I* WAS /RATEGICALLY WELL SITUAT$4 ,EV]Y MORN+ AN AV]AGE ( #ae C>TS BR\<T OR COLLECT$ GOODS ( ALL K9DS4 ,! FRAT]NAL NETWORK WAS F9ALLY E/ABLI%$1 & LAT] COMPLET$4 

,C>RI$ ALONG BY ! TIDE ( EV5TS1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES EI!R ACCEPT$ ! FAIT ACCOMPLI OR COLLABORAT$4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #f 

.<#a.> ,! V>IATIONS 9 GEOGRAPHICAL *>ACT]I/ICS AS WELL AS ( DEP5D5T RES\RCES W]E SU* ?AT 9 #a#i#c#f1 REGIONS 9 ! SAME PROV9CE HAD A POPULATION D5SITY 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ZONE ( #de P] SQ4 KILOMET]1 & 9 O!R PLACES ONLY #be TO #c KILOMET]S FROM ! COA/1 ! D5SITY WAS LESS ?AN #b4 

.<#b.> ,! POPULATION ( ,SPA9 IS MU* LESS DISP]S$ ?AN ?AT ( ,FRANCE1 = 9/ANCE1 & ! NUMB] ( COMMUNES WAS1 EV5 :5 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! SMALL] POPULATION1 CONSID]ABLY L[]4 ,! FIGURES = ! ,LEVANTE >E NO LESS ELOQU5T4 

.<#c.> ,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT A NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ PEASANTS OR :O BELONG$ TO ! ,U4,G4,T4 JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,?IS WAS ANO!R GOOD REASON = MA9TA9+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

.<#d.> ,F,],E,C,A,L,E 7! 9ITIALS = ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS ( ! ,LEVANTE7 WAS CON/ITUT$ = ! TRANSPORT & ! M>KET+ ( CITRUS FRUITS4 ,IT WAS MADE UP ( ! FOLL[+ SECTIONS3 TE*NICAL P]SONNEL2 W>EH\SES2 DEPOTS2 L& TRANSPORT2 HOME M>KET2 9T]NATIONAL EXPORTS2 G5]AL ACC\NTS1 SEA TRANSPORT4 ,G5]AL DELEGATIONS HAD BE5 SET UP 9 ,CA/ELLON1 ,BURRIANA1 ,G&IA1 ,D5IA & ,ALICANTE4 

,IT [N$ ITS FLEET ( MOTOR VESSELS ( #a#b-#a#e TONS4 ,! ORD]S :I* CAME FROM ABROAD W]E S5T TO ! REGIONAL W>EH\S+ C5T] 9 :I* ! FRUIT 7ESPECIALLY ORANGES7 ACCORD+ TO ! QUALITY REQUIR$ WAS /OR$4 ,! GOODS W]E DISPAT*$ FROM EA* C5T] TO ITS CORRESPOND+ EMB>KATION SECTION2 ! 9VOIC+ C5T] !N TRANSMITT$ ! REGI/RATION TO ! ACC\NTS SECTION4 ,FUR!RMORE ! CONTROL SECTIONS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! PORTS TRANSMITT$ BY TELEPHONE ! RECEIPTS & \TGO+S TO ! HEADQU>T]S ( ,F,],E,C,A,L,E 9 ,VAL5CIA2 & ! DEPOTS FROM :I* ! GOODS HAD BE5 REMOV$ ACT$ 9 A SIMIL> MANN]4 

.<#e.> ,( C\RSE !RE W]E DEPOTS ) RAW MAT]IALS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! FIVE PROV9CES1 = IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS NOT CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,VAL5CIA 

.<#f.> ,! HOME M>KET C\LD HAVE EXP&$4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ! CO/ ( TRANSPORT 9 ?IS EXCESSIVELY M\NTA9\S C\NTRY1 ! OLD SY/EM HAD NEV] TAK5 IT UP4 

.<#g.> ,! 9FLUX ( REFUGEES FROM ,CA/ILE HAD NOT YET BEGUN4 

.<#h.> ,?IS SECRET>Y1 A V]Y Y\NG MAN1 SURPRIS$ ME BY HIS KN[L$GE ( ! PROBLEMS ( ,SPANI% AGRICULTURE4 ,& YET1 HE WAS UNKN[N1 EV5 9 \R MOVEM5T4 

.<#i.> ,?IS MEASURE WAS TAK5 = ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE :O DID NOT [N !IR HOMES4 ,!Y W]E1 AS ONE CAN SEE1 A M9ORITY4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR? M5TION+ ?AT COLLECTIVI/S LIV$ AT HOME 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,SO NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! VIEWS ( ,ETI5NE ,CABET & O!R RE=M]S1 :I* L$ TO MANY COMMUNITY EXP]IM5TS DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY 9 ,N4 ,AM]ICA FAIL+ L>GELY BECAUSE ( EXCESSIVE COMMUNIZ+ & AT ALL TIMES1 :I* /IFL$ ! P]SONALITY4 ,?IS SEP>ATION WAS PRACTIC$ 9 ALL ,SPANI% ,COLLECTIVES4 

.<#a.> ,?IS DIFF]5CE 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 :I* ONE F9DS ELSE:]E ?\< NOT ALWAYS1 WILL COME AS A %OCK1 & RI<TLY SO4 ,IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ,SPA9 HAS RETA9$ SOME ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,>AB PRES5CE :I* LA/$ #h YE>S1 FOLL[$ BY ! MO/ BACKW>D ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ?AT HAS EV] EXI/$4 ,?AT IS ONE EXPLANATION4 ,!N1 9 PRACTICE1 IT IS1 EXCEPTIONAL = A WOMAN TO LIVE ALONE2 G5]ALLY ! SP9/] OR ! WID[ LIVES ) H] FAMILY - FAMILY TRADITIONS >E MORE RESPECT$ 9 ,SPA9 ?AN 9 ,FRANCE OR ,BRITA94 ,! PROBLEM ( ! S+LE WOMAN DOES NOT PRES5T ITSELF 9 ! WAY ?AT MI<T BE SUPPOS$ :5 VIEW$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ,FR5* WAYS ( LIFE4 ,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT AT ! FAMILY TABLE1 EV]YONE M5 & WOM51 EAT !IR FILL4 ,!RE IS NO DI/9CTION MADE EXCEPT 9 ! POORE/ FAMILIES1 :]E (T5 IF1 = 9/ANCE1 !IR MEANS ALL[$ !M TO BUY ONLY ONE EGG1 IT W\LD BE KEPT = ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY NOT SO MU* BECAUSE HE WAS ! HEAD AS ?AT HE WAS ! BREADW9N] & NE$$ TO BE N\RI%$ TO MA9TA9 HIS /R5G? TO WORK4 

.<#a#a.> ,?IS PROJECT WAS 9 DUE C\RSE C>RI$ \T4 ,:5 ! WAT] GU%$ =? = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ORANGE GROVES1 FLOOD+ SEEM$ 9EVITABLE4 ,A Y\NG RUNN] WAS DISPAT*$ PO/ HA/E TO ASK !M TO TURN (F ?IS WOND]FUL TORR5T6 

.<#a#b.> ,LEAD] & RABID ,/AL9I/ MILITANT4 

"9,TRANSLATOR'S FOOTNOTE3 ,BROCKWAY 9 AN >TICLE1 0,! ,C4,N4,T4 AS ,I SAW IT0 7,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD1 ,JY #a#i1 #a#i#c#g7 WROTE ( ,SEGORBE3 0,MO/ ( ALL ,I 5JOY$ MY VISIT TO ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,COLLECTIVE ( ,SEGORBE4 ,I MU/ NOT DELAY TO DESCRIBE IT 9 DETAIL1 BUT ! SPIRIT ( ! PEASANTS1 !IR 5?USIASM1 ! WAY !Y HAD CONTRIBUT$ !IR /OCK TO ! COMMON EF=T1 !IR PRIDE 9 IT-ALL WAS AN 9SPIRATION 4 4 4 ,! AN>*I/S ( ,SPA91 ?R\< ! ,C4,N4,T41 >E DO+ ONE ( ! BIGGE/ CON/RUCTIVE JOBS EV] DONE BY ! WORK+-CLASS40 

.<#a#c.> ,\R MOVEM5T HAD DEEP ROOTS 9 ,SUECA1 :]E ITS HI/ORY HAD BE5 AT TIMES1 DRAMATIC4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I 

,! ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E,S ,( ,C,A,/,I,L,E 

,CIRCUM/ANCES BEYOND MY CONTROL 9T]RUPT$ MY FIR/-H& /UDY ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU* TOO SOON2 AS A RESULT ,I WAS UNABLE TO OBS]VE ON ! SPOT ! ,COLLECTIVES ( ,CA/ILE1 OR MORE EXACTLY ( ! TWO ,CA/ILLES3 ! ,OLD & ! ,NEW4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! ,C5T] TOOK PLACE AFT] ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANTE & WAS AT ! SAME TIME A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T & A NECESSITY4 ,YET ! ,CA/ILIAN REGION1 ESPECIALLY ! ONE ?AT A M9D HI/ORICALLY 9=M$ AUTOMATICALLY EVOKES1 DID NOT SEEM READY = SU* A V5TURE :I* WAS SO CONTR>Y TO ! ROLE ?AT IT HAD PLAY$ S9CE ! SUPPRESSION ( ! 0COMUN]OS0 AT ! TIME ( ,DON ,C>LOS4 7#a7 ,= S9CE ! TRIUMPHANT ,RECONQUE/ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,>ABS1 IT WAS ! HOME ( C5TRALISM & ( POLITICAL DOM9ATION SET UP BY ,F]D9& & ,ISABELLA 7CALL$1 ) REASON1 ! 0CA?OLIC K+S07 & MA9TA9$ BY =CE ( >MS4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,C\RT 9 ,MADRID1 UND]/&ABLY 5G9E]$ BY ,*>LES ,V1 SUCCE$$ 9 9FUS+ AMONG ! POPULATION1 AS ALMO/ ALWAYS HAPP5S ) ! POPULATION ( CAPITAL CITIES1 A P[] COMPLEX1 & ! MO/ FANATICAL ,*UR* :I* ! MON>*Y MADE 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( P[]1 ADD$ TO IT ! SEAL ( ITS 9TRANSIG5T FANATICISM4 ,H[EV]1 POLITICAL & RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS DO NOT NECESS>ILY ALWAYS DE/ROY HI<] HUMAN QUALITIES4 ,IT IS ! CASE ( ! ,CA/ILIAN PEASANT1 ! NOBILITY ( :OSE SPIRIT & S\L1 :OSE UPRI<TNESS' C\RAGE & PR(\ND HONE/Y >E HIS GREATE/ VIRTUES :I* 9SPIRE ! E/EEM ( O!RS1 & :OSE RESPECT = ! ,/ATE HAS NOT BECOME A VOLUNT>Y & S]VILE SUBMISSION4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL BE+ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE A MAN1 IT IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE )9 HIMSELF1 FROM HIS 9N]MO/ CONSCI5CE ?AT HE DRAWS ! REASONS = HIS BEHAVIOR4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 MUNICIPAL & CU/OM>Y RI<T HAS HELD \T 9 ,CA/ILE AS 9 O!R REGIONS ( ,SPA91 & UND] ! AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES ( ! C5TRAL P[]1 IT V]Y (T5 MA9TA9$1 AS ) ! FIRE UND] ! A%1 A SPIRIT & A PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID ?AT PEOPLE LIKE ,ADOLFO ,POSADAS & ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A HAVE PRAIS$ 9 SU* WORKS AS ,EL ,D]E*O ,CONSUETUD9>IO OR ,EL ,COLECTIVISMO ,AGR>IO 5 ,ESPANA4 ,= ! ,CA/ILIAN PEASANT1 A TRADITION ( MUTUAL AID1 ( MUNICIPAL RI<TS1 P]SI/S1 & A WORD GIV5 IS WOR? MORE ?AN ! LAW4 ,HE IS HOSPITABLE & G5]\S4 ,HE IS A WORK]1 MAK+ ! CORN :I* FE$S ! :OLE C\NTRY GR[ ON L& :I* IS H>D1 UNPRODUCTIVE1 & AT AN AV]AGE ALTITUDE ( #g MET]S ABOVE SEA LEVEL1 EXPOS$ ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! YE> EI!R TO BITT] FRO/S OR TORRID HEAT4 ,! CONT9UAL /RUGGLE HAS DEVELOP$ 9 HIM A *>ACT]I/IC AU/]ITY & C\RAGE4 

,YET LIB]T>IAN IDEAS HAD P5ETRAT$ V]Y LITTLE ! VA/ ,CA/ILIAN PLATEAU4 ,CONS]VATIVES PR$OM9AT$ !RE1 ) ! C5TURIES OLD 0CACIQUISM0 ( ! L>GE L&[N]S4 ,:5EV] AN AWAK5+ TO NEW IDEAS HAD TAK5 PLACE IT WAS ! RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S :O HAD B5EFIT$4 

,BUT ! ,CIVIL ,W> *ANG$ MANY ?+S4 ,= FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T 9 A L>GE P>T ( ! REGION IT DID NOT DEVELOP AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT EXT5D$ 9EVITABLY TO ! L>GE/ L&$ E/ATES1 IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY ITS ALLIES4 ,! FLI<T ( M5 :O IMM$IATELY W5T TO ! REGIONS ?AT HAD BE5 TAK5 FROM ! ,REPUBLIC1 FACILITAT$ OR PROVOK$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SEIZURE ( !IR E/ATES4 

,& FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T1 9 ALL ! VILLAGES :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 DOM9AT$ BY A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FROM ANO!R AGE1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT NOM9AT$ ADM9I/RATORS :O CONFISCAT$ NOT ONLY ! L& BUT ! MA*9ES & ! DRAFT ANIMALS AS WELL4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! RE=MI/ TRADE UNION1 ! ,U4,G4,T41 APPO9T$ ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMITES = ! MANAGEM5T ( ! EXPROPRIAT$ E/ATES4 ,& ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O W]E P>T ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 9FILTRAT$ !SE NEW ORGANISMS AS FA/ AS !Y C\LD4 

,! MANN] 9 :I* ?IS 9CONGRU\S BUN* ( ADM9I/RATORS1 )\T ANY CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE1 CONDUCT$ AFFAIRS WAS DISA/R\S FROM ! />T4 ,! ,REPUBLICANS1 NATURALLY LEGALI/S1 & :O HAD NEV] ?\<T AB\T SU* RESPONSIBILITIES1 DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S & SOCIALI/S1 ACCU/OM$ NOT TO ACT )\T RECEIV+ 9/RUCTIONS FROM ! ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 OR FROM ! ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 W]E WAIT+ = ORD]S :I* NEV] CAME1 OR :I* W]E TOO VAGUE :5 !Y DIDN'T >RIVE TOO LATE4 

,N[1 WORK ON ! L& DEM&S CON/ANT 9ITIATIVE RESPOND+ TO ! DIV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES :I* CANNOT BE =ESE5 FROM AN (FICE1 & NO?+ IS MORE UNBE>ABLE TO ! PEASANT ?AN TO BE GIV5 ORD]S FROM A DI/ANCE BY PEOPLE :O KN[ NO?+ AB\T ! JOB4 ,! MILITANTS ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E PUTT+ A BRAKE ON ! TASKS NE$+ TO BE DONE 9/EAD ( BE+ ! 9/IGATORS4 

,AS A RESULT YIELDS FELL ON ! L>GE L&$ E/ATES ?AT HAD BE5 SEIZ$ UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,/ATE :I* WAS UND]TAK+1 ALMO/ BY =CE1 AN AGR>IAN RE=M AB\T :I* !RE HAD BE5 TALK = YE>S )\T ANY?+ BE+ DONE ON ! K9D ( SCALE REQUIR$4 ,!N ! WORK]S W]E BLAM$ = ! SITUATION1 & ?AT ! P>TIAL /OPPAGE ( WORK ON ! L& 7:I* WAS 9 FACT CAUS$ BY ! 9CAPACITY ( ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 ( ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES TO *OOSE BETWE5 L>GE PRIVATE PROP]TY & SOCIALISM7 HAD CAUS$ A DECL9E 9 PRODUCTION :I* WAS ?REAT5+ ! T[NS4 

,! SITUATION !RE=E BECAME FAVORABLE = ! ORGANIZATION ( ,COLLECTIVES4 ,SOON !RE WAS 9 ADDITION ! DEP>TURE ( ! GOV]NM5T FROM ,MADRID BE=E ! ADVANCE ( ! ,FRANCOI/ TROOPS :I* W]E BE+ CONTA9$ ) DIFFICULTY TWELVE KILOMET]S TO ! S\? ( ! CAPITAL4 ,RELIEV$ ( ! ,/ATE MA*9E ! SPIRIT ( ! POPULATION BEGAN TO UNW9D1 TO 0DEGOV]NM5TALISE0 ITSELF1 & ?+S W]E ORD]$ ?R\< ! FRE$1 OR AT LEA/ MU* FRE]1 9ITIATIVE ( ! POPULATION4 

,A NEW /AGE 9 :I* ! LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE BEGAN TO MAKE ITSELF FELT ) UNEXPECT$ VIGOR4 ,UNTIL !N IT WAS ONLY 9 ! CAPITAL ?AT IT WAS DEVELOP$ TO A DEGREE :I* HAD ! POT5TIAL TO ATTA9 HI/ORIC PROPORTIONS4 ,= SOME YE>S PA/1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD MADE PROGRESS 9 ,MADRID :]E ! ROYAL RESID5CE1 ! PRES5CE ( ! ,C\RT1 ( ,P>LIAM5T & ! V>I\S ORGANISMS ( ! ,/ATE1 & ! ABS5CE ( 9DU/RIES1 IMPOS$ & FAVOR$ 9/ITUTIONS ( A P>ASITIC & BUREAUCRATIC *>ACT] & DULL$ LOCAL CU/OMS4 ,BUT DUR+ ?OSE FIVE YE>S \R MOVEM5T HAD %OT =W>D1 & \R DAILY NEWSPAP] ,C4,N4,T4 HAD 9CREAS$ ITS CIRCULATION TO #c14 COPIES4 ,! BUILD+ WORK]S' ,SYNDICATE :I* HAD CO/ \R MILITANTS MU* EF=T TO ORGANIZE AGA9/ ! OPPOSITION ( ! EXI/+ ,SYNDICATE1 :OSE PAID ORGANIZ] WAS ! RE=MI/ LEAD] ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 HAD #a#e1 MEMB]S ON ! EVE ( ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK2 ?AT ( ! WOODWORK]S HAD ABSORB$ A ?IRD ( ! LABOR =CE AMONG CAB9ET MAK]S1 JO9]S & C>P5T]S4 ,! ,SYNDICATE ( LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS 9CLUD$ A GR[+ NUMB] ( J\RNALI/S1 5G9E]S1 & WRIT]S :OSE FUNDAM5TALLY ANTI-,/ATE FEEL+S DROVE !M \T ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 :I* CONT9U$ TO BE MANAG$ BY ,/ATE SOCIALI/S4 

,DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 7#a#i#b#d-#a#i#c#a7 AN ,AT5EO 7C5T] = /UDIES & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES7 HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$1 & HAD BEGUN TO SPREAD 9=MATION ON SOCIAL MATT]S4 7#b7 ,ONCE ! ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ SOME ?IRTY ,AT5EOS ( ! SAME K9D ?\< ( LESS AMBITI\S PROPORTIONS1 = :I* A LIBR>Y WAS ! />T+ PO9T1 W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! C5TRAL >EA AS WELL AS 9 ! DI/RICTS :]E !RE WAS A *A9 ( !M1 & :I* PROVID$ NOT ONLY A READ+ ROOM US$ ALSO = LECTURES & :]E BOOKS W]E AVAILABLE 9 QUANTITIES1 BUT WORK]S' SYNDICATES E/ABLI%$ !IR HEADQU>T]S !RE2 ?US ! CLASS4 /RUGGLE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL W5T H& 9 H&4 ,! DI/RICTS ( ,TETUAN1 ,CUATRO ,CAM9OS1 ,LA ,BOMBILLA1 ,C]RET]A ,EXTRAMADURA & MANY MORE EA* HAD ITS ,AT5EO4 ,& NATURALLY !SE ,AT5EOS HAD SET UP A ,F$]ATION & A NETWORK :I* COV]$ ! CITY & ITS SUBURBS4 ,! HI< MORAL LEVEL ( ?IS ACTIVITY EXPLA9S TO A L>GE DEGREE ! 9FLU5CE2 ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS :I* TOOK PLACE AS SOON AS ! SITUATION MADE IT POSSIBLE TO ACT4 ,\R ,MADRID COMRADES :O HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$ CONTACTS ) PEASANT GR\P+S 9T]V5$ SL[LY1 ADVOCAT+ :AT WAS BE+ DONE 9 ,>AGON & 9 ! ,LEVANTE4 ,V]Y SOON !Y GOT A HE>+1 ! MORE SO AS ! MAJORITY CONSI/$ ( MANUAL WORK]S & NOT ( BUREAUCRATS1 & ?AT ?OSE WORK]S C\LD EASILY PUT D[N ! HAMM] & ! TR[EL & TAKE UP ! PIT*=K :5 IT WAS DEEM$ NECESS>Y TO DO SO4 

,& ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$1 SPREAD+ TO ! NOR? & S\? ( ,MADRID1 ACROSS ?OSE P>TS ( ! TWO ,CA/ILES ?AT HAD NOT BE5 CONQU]$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/S TWO-?IRDS ( ! PROV9CE ( ,GUADALAJ>A1 ALMO/ ALL ! PROV9CE ( ,MADRID1 ,TOL$O & ,CIUDAD ,REAL1 7#c7 & ! 5TIRE PROV9CE ( ,CU5CA4 ,9 A YE>1 !RE W]E #bc ,COLLECTIVES ) AB\T #a1 MEMB]S ) !IR FAMILIES4 ,SIX MON?S LAT] ! NUMB] ( ,COLLECTIVES HAD RIS5 TO #c4 ,NO ONE D\BT$ ?AT ! MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ WELL BEYOND ?IS HAD ,FRANCO NOT WON ! W>4 ,! READ] MAY BE V]Y SURPRIS$ TO LE>N ?AT ! ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S :I* WAS AFT] ALL AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,U4,G4,T41 ITSELF JO9$ ! COLLECTIVES4 

,! ,COLLECTIVES W]E A SUCCESS RI<T FROM ! />T1 ! RESULTS ( SOLID>ITY1 A COMMUNITY ( EF=TS1 & ( ! USE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE TE*NIQUES4 ,!RE WAS NO WAIT+ = SLOGANS & = (FICIAL OR SEMI(FICIAL APPROVAL BE=E =G+ AHEAD4 ,L& CLE>ANCE1 IRRIGATION WORKS1 NEW S[+S1 TREE PLANT+1 COLLECTIVE /ORES 70COOP]ATIVES071 P\LTRY Y>DS1 ECONOMIC EQUALITY AS A RESULT ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! FAMILY WAGE 4 4 4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! WORK]S :O SUPPORT$ ! ,U4,G4,T4 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT HAD ! SAME OBJECTIVES AS ?OSE :O BELONG$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,LIKE !M1 !Y WANT$ ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! L>GE L&$ PROPRIETORS :I* ! M9IRE=M EFFECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC WAS C>RY+ \T ) EXASP]AT+ SL[NESS4 ,!Y WANT$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIAL JU/ICE 9 PRACTICE1 ) ! RI<T TO A LIV+1 TO CONSUM] GOODS1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( MAT]IAL NE$S = !MSELVES & !IR FAMILIES ,& !Y KNEW FULL WELL ?AT ?IS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE SO LONG AS ! L& BELONG$ TO A M9ORITY ( EXPLOIT]S & P>ASITES ,AGREEM5T WAS !RE=E EASILY REA*$ BETWE5 ! TWO PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#g1 ! SECRET>IAT ( ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURE ATTA*$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS ABLE TO DECL>E ?AT ! REGION ( ! ,C5T]1 R\<LY COMPRIS+ ! TWO ,CA/ILES1 CAME SECOND AMONG ! REGIONS SO F> AS ! RESULTS ( SOCIALIZATION W]E CONC]N$4 ,FIR/ CAME ! ,LEVANTE1 & WE HAVE ALREADY \TL9$ ! EXT5T ( ITS A*IEVEM5TS1 & AT ! TIME ! ,COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON W]E DEEPLY AFFECT$ BY ! RAVAGES CAUS$ BY ! BRIGADE L$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LI/] :I* WAS !N %[+ MORE C\RAGE AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVI/ PEASANTS ?AN AGA9/ ,FRANCO'S >M$ =CES4 

,! A*IEVEM5TS 9 ,CA/ILE W]E NOT ONLY DUE TO ! EF=TS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS ( ! REGION 7#d7 & ( ! SOCIALI/S :O D>$ TO JO9 =CES ) !M4 ,A FACT :I* DES]VES TO BE M5TION$1 & :I* ONCE AGA9 DEMON/RATES ! DEEP SOLID>ITY ?AT L9K$ ! REGIONS3 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#g1 #a1 MEMB]S ( ! ,LEVANTE ,COLLECTIVES HAD BE5 S5T TO ,CA/ILE TO HELP & TO ADVISE !IR LESS EXP]I5C$ COMRADES4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS CONC5TRATION ( COMPLEM5T>Y ACTIVITIES IT W\LD SEEM ?AT 9 ,CA/ILE1 ) ! LESSONS ( ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANTE TO ASSI/ !M1 GREAT /RIDES W]E MADE 9 A M9IMUM ( TIME4 

,FROM ! ADM9I/RATIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ORGANIC /RUCTURE ( ! ,CA/ILIAN ,COLLECTIVES IS BASICALLY ! SAME AS ALREADY DESCRIB$ = ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANTE4 ,A ,MANAGEM5T ,COMMISSION1 NOM9AT$ BY ! VILLAGE OR COLLECTIVI/ ASSEMBLY & RESPONSIBLE TO GR\PS OR PRODUC]S CON/ITUT$ & ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO AGE1 SUITABILITY = WORK1 !IR SEX & ! V>IETY ( TASKS 7#e7 DELEGATES FROM ! GR\PS MEET+ P]IODICALLY TO PLAN OV]ALL & TO COORD9ATE EF=TS4 7#f7 

,AS 9 ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANTE ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSIONS CONSI/$ ( AS MANY MEMB]S AS !RE W]E BRAN*ES ( ACTIVITY3 AGRICULTURE1 LIVE/OCK1 H\S+1 $UCATION1 ETC4444 ,9 ! SMALL VILLAGES OR 9 ,COLLECTIVES ) FEW MEMB]S1 A S+LE DELEGATE W\LD UND]TAKE A NUMB] ( !SE FUNCTIONS1 & G5]ALLY W\LD GO ON WORK+ AT HIS NORMAL JOB4 ,=1 TO QUOTE FROM A REPORT PUBLI%$ AT ! TIME4 09 A WELL ORGANIZ$ ,COLLECTIVE NOBODY HAS TO GIVE UP BE+ A PEASANT04 

,! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL = ,CA/ILE :I* RESID$ 9 ,MADRID WAS ITSELF ADVIS$ BY EXP]TS1 ) & )\T DIPLOMAS1 ON AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS & /OCK RE>+4 ,AT ! SAME TIME LOCAL ACC\NTANCY1 G5]ALLY 5TRU/$ TO A PR(ESSIONAL (T5 COM+ FROM ! T[N1 RECORD$ EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 WAGES PAID1 GOODS 9 /ORE4 ,?US EV]Y?+ WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! PEASANTS1 :O W]E REGUL>LY APPRIZ$2 ON ! O!R H& :AT WAS PRODUC$ AT ! CANTONAL LEVEL WAS COMMUNICAT$ TO ! CORRESPOND+ COMMISSION ( ! CANTONAL F$]ATION :I*1 9 TURN1 9=M$ ! ,COLLECTIVES SET UP 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS4 ,!Y ?US PRACTIC$ A DEC5TRALIZATION ( ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4 

"9"9"9 

,FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,CA/ILE DID NOT ALWAYS HAVE ! SAME ORGANIC /RUCTURE ?AT ONE F9DS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ?OSE ( ,>AGON4 ,(T5 !Y C\LD ONLY DEVELOP 9 ! VA/ E/ATES :I* ! SOCIALIZ+ PEASANTS TOOK POSSESSION (4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 & AS 9 ,&ALUSIA1 SOME E/ATES W]E SO L>GE ?AT ) ! P]SONNEL SETTL$ ON !M !Y LIT]ALLY CON/ITUT$ SOCIO-ECONOMIC UNITS1 SO ?AT AN ISOLAT$ ,COLLECTIVE C\LD NEV]!LESS BE A V]Y IMPORTANT ONE4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO ! CASE ?AT )9 ! JURISDICTION ( SOME VILLAGES MANY SCATT]$ ,COLLECTIVES W]E L9K$ TOGE!R BY A COORD9AT+ LOCAL ,COMITE4 ,9 O!R CASES PRACTICALLY ! :OLE VILLAGE WAS COLLECTIVIZ$1 OR ! P>T ( IT ?AT WAS CON/ITUT$ A HOMOG5E\S & 9TEGRAT$ UNITY 9 ! MULTIPLICITY ( ! G5]AL ACTIVITIES4 

,= :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?OSE REALIZATIONS1 ALL ( !M1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 T5D$ TO UNIFY & EV51 TO USE A V]B DE> TO ,BAKUN91 TO 0SOLID>IS]0 "9 !IR ACTION4 ,IT EXPLA9S :Y EA* ,COLLECTIVE BELONG+ TO ! CANTONAL ,F$]ATION1 AFT] COV]+ ITS EXP5SES 7PAYM5T ( WAGES OR TRANSF]S-! WORD 0WAGES0 WAS REPUGNANT TO MO/ PEOPLE-PUR*ASE ( F]TILIZ]S1 SE$1 MA*9ES1 S*OOL \TGO+S1 SANITATION1 ETC47 W\LD S5D ANY CA% SURPLUS TO ! 0,CANTONAL ,EQUALIZATION ,FUND04 HIS ,FUND1 ! ADM9I/RATORS ( :I* W]E NOM9AT$ BY A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES FROM ! ,COLLECTIVES & RESPONSIBLE TO !M1 HAD AS ITS MA9 FUNCTION ! DI/RIBUTION ( MONEYS1 SUPPLI$ BY ! MORE FAVOR$ ,COLLECTIVES1 AMONG ! LESS FAVOR$ ONES4 

,?US1 AS 9 ,>AGON1 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE WAS APPLI$ NOT ONLY )9 EA* ,COLLECTIVE1 BUT BETWE5 ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES4 ,NO VILLAGE RAVAG$ BY A HAIL/ORM1 OR DR\<T1 OR1 FRO/ & RECEIV+ COMP5SATION = ! DAMAGE SU/A9$1 WAS EXPECT$ TO REIMBURSE A P5NY ( :AT IT HAD RECEIV$4 

,BUT ! F$]AL ,EQUALIZATION ,FUND HAD ALSO O!R FUNCTIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT 5\< TO HELP ! VILLAGE OR ISOLAT$ ,COLLECTIVE :I* F WAS ?R\< NO FAULT ( ITS [N CON/ANTLY 9 ! R$4 ,) ! HELP ( ! SPECIALI/S FROM ! ,COMITE ( ! F$]ATION ( ! ,C5T] IT LOOK$ 9TO WAYS & MEANS = REM$Y+ ! DIFFICULTIES BY IMPROV+ YIELDS 9 AGRICULTURE & BY ORGANIZ+4 AUXILI>Y 9DU/RIES4 

,AS 9 ! CASE ( O!R REGIONS 9 ,SPA91 ALL ! CANTONAL FUNDS 9 ! ,C5TRAL REGION W]E F$]AT$4 ,! HEADQU>T]S W]E IT 9 ,MADRID4 ,! REGION ?US CON/ITUT$ A UNITY ! P>TS ( :I*1 FREELY SETTL$ LOCAL PROBLEMS1 BUT ALSO1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 COMMON PROBLEMS SU* AS ?OSE CONC]N$ ) PRODUCTION4 ,9 A YE> ! ,MADRID ,COMITE DI/RIBUT$ A MILLION PESETAS WOR? ( F]TILIZ]S & MA*9ES TO ! POORE/ ,COLLECTIVES4 7#g7 ,IT HAD OBTA9$ ?AT MONEY FROM ! SALE ( ! SURPLUSES ( ! WEAL?IE/ ,COLLECTIVES4 ,SO ! G5]AL & F$]AL ME*ANISM WAS WELL SET UP4 ,NO?+ WAS LEFT TO *ANCE4 ,& ! G5]AL REGIONAL ORGANIZATION DID NOT LIMIT ITSELF TO ! FUNCTIONS WE HAVE SO F> 5UM]AT$4 ,IT GAVE ADVICE1 FULL TIME GUIDANCE AS TO ! BE/ TE*NIQUES TO ADOPT1 & ! MO/ SUITABLE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,ALREADY 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#g1 ! PEASANTS' REGIONAL ,F$]ATION 7#h7 HAD E/ABLI%$ ITS LABORATORIES :I* W]E CONSULT$ ON PROBLEMS SU* AS CULTIVATION DEP?1 SUITABLE F]TILIZ]S1 RECOMM5DATIONS AS TO CULTIVATIONS & SE$S FOLL[+ *EMICAL ANALYSIS ( !' SOIL4 ,BUT IT WAS CONSID]$ NOT 5\< SIMPLY TO GIVE ADVICE3 ! SECTION = F]TILIZ]S ACQUIR$ & SUPPLI$ :AT HAD BE51 RECOMM5D$ BY ! LABORATORIES SECTION4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS1 COMPLETE SYN*RONIZATION4 

,CAMPO ,LIBRE 7,FREEL&71 ORGAN ( ! ,F$]ATION1 PUBLI%$ AS DID ! O!R REGIONAL ORGANS ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,COLLECTIVES1 DETAIL$ 9=MATION ON H[ TO CULTIVATE OR DEAL ) C]EALS1 VEGETABLES' V9ES1 FRUIT TREES1 ACCORD+ TO ! V>IETIES1 CLIMATE & SOIL4 ,IT 9CLUD$ TE*NICAL DATA ON DEAL+ ) DISEASES1 ON /OR+ PRODUCE1 AS WELL AS ON SUITABLE /OCK BRE$S = EA* REGION & ON RATIONAL FE$+ TO BE ADOPT$1 ETC4 ,& ! TE*NICAL SECTIONS ( ! ,F$]ATION PUBLI%$ 9 ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS ANN\NCEM5TS SU* AS ! FOLL[+3 

0,WE BEG \R LOCAL & CANTONAL ,SYNDICATES & ,COLLECTIVES :I* NE$ TO R5EW !IR V9ES & TO IMPROVE !M ) ,AM]ICAN /OCK TO GET 9 T\* ) US AS SOON AS POSSIBLE 9DICAT+ ! V>IETIES & QUANTITIES !Y REQUIRE4 ,?AT IS :5 !Y KN[ :AT IS BE/ NE$$4 ,9 O!R CASES1 WILL !Y LET US KN[ H[ MANY PLANTS !Y NE$ & S5D US SAMPLES ( ! SOIL AT DIFF]5T DEP?S = ANALYSIS SO ?AT WE MAY E/ABLI% :AT IS ! MO/ SUITABLE V>IETY4 ,9 ?IS WAY WE WILL BE ABLE TO SECURE 9 GOOD TIME ! NECESS>Y PLANTS TO SECURE ! BE/ RESULTS FROM ! V9EY>DS40 

,O!R ADVICE & SUGGE/IONS ON ALL ASPECTS ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & ITS BYPRODUCTS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PEASANTRY & ALL !SE EF=TS FACILITAT$ ! RAPID RATIONALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE :I* WAS 5?USIA/ICALLY ASSI/$ BY \R AGRICULTURAL 5G9E]S1 *EMI/S & O!R EXP]TS4 7#i7 ,ONE F\ND ?IS MORALITY1 ?IS SOLID>ITY1 ?IS RESPONSIBILITY1 ?IS COLLECTIVI/ APPLICATION 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,ALREADY T[>DS ! 5D ( #aicg :5 ! COMRADES :O HAD BE5 S5T FROM ! ,LEVANTE OR FROM ,CATALONIA ) VANS >RIV$ 9 NO MATT] :I* COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGE 9 ,CA/ILE LOOK+ = CORN1 !Y ALWAYS RAN 9TO A REFUSAL4 ,EV5 IF !RE W]E AVAILABLE /OCKS ! REPLY !Y GOT WAS1 0,COMRADE1 :AT WE HAVE H]E DOES NOT BELONG TO US2 Y\ MU/ GET 9 T\* ) ! SECRET>IAT ( ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION 9 ,MADRID40 ,NO (F]S ( MONEY OR GOODS C\LD 9 ANY WAY *ANGE ?IS ATTITUDE = IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT RESPECT+ DECISIONS TAK5 5SUR$ ! SUCCESS ( ! :OLE 5T]PRISE4 ,SO ?AT ALL ! PROSPECTIVE BUY]S C\LD DO WAS TO PHONE ,MADRID OR GO !RE1 :]E ! SECTION = B>T] OR COMM]CE ACCEPT$ TO SUPPLY ! GOODS ASK$ = IF ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! LESS FAVOR$ REGIONS & ! EV]-PRES5T CONSID]ATIONS ( ! DEM&S ( ! W> P]MITT$4 

,WE HAVE SAID ?AT ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( PEASANTS ( ! ,C5T] HAD BECOME ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( PEASANTS & ( FOOD SUPPLIES4 ,IT WAS FIR/LY A CASE ( ! AW>5ESS ( ! ROLE PLAY$ BY PRODUC]S1 SECONDLY ( ! ORGANIC 9TEGRATION = :I* PREC$5TS EXI/$1 ?\< LESS DEVELOP$1 9 ,>AGON & 9 ! ,LEVANTE4 

,ON #be ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#g1 ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEASANT ORGANIZATION ( ! REGION ( ! ,C5T]1 ! FUSION TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! #i#g1#h#d#c PEASANTS & ! #a#b1#h#i#g WORK]S 9 ! DI/RIBUTIVE TRADES :O ALSO BELONG$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,IT WAS YET ANO!R /EP 9 ! COORD9ATION ( COMPLIM5T>Y FUNCTIONS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION W]E ONE ACTIVITY4 ,IT WAS ! DI/RIBUTORS 9 ! PRODUC]S' ,F$]ATION :O UND]TOOK ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS 9 ! COOP]ATIVES & /ORES OR PUBLIC W>EH\SES1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 BO? 9 ! VILLAGES & 9 ! T[NS1 NOT =GETT+ ! CAPITAL ( ,SPA94 ,PRIVATE TRAD+ WAS ELIM9AT$ OR AT LEA/ KEPT UND] CONTROL1 & ?US WAS ELIM9AT$ ! POSSIBILITY = A M9ORITY ( MIDDLEM5 TO SPECULATE ON ! PRODUCE BR\<T BY A MAJORITY ( GR[]S & TAKE OV] CONTROL ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( ! :OLE POPULATION4 7#a7 

,!N1 AS 9 ,>AGON1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,LEVANTE & 9 ,CATALONIA1 & WE FEEL SURE 9 ! P>TS ( ,&ALUSIA & ,E/REMADURA :I* = SOME TIME W]E 9 ! H&S ( \R COMRADES1 ?IS ECONOMIC REORGANIZATION WAS COMPLET$ BY ! CREATION ( A L>GE NUMB] ( S*OOLS1 *ILDR5'S COLONIES1 IMPORTANT IRRIGATION WORKS & A GREAT NUMB] ( 9ITIATIVES = GETT+ WA/E L& 9TO PRODUCTION1 EV5 9 ,MADRID1 SOMETIMES AT ! PRICE ( SUP]HUMAN EF=TS4 ,ONE MU/ FUR!R ADD ! POSITIVE MEASURES \R COMRADES SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ACCEPT$ 9 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS :]E !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO EXT5D ! ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNE 7P>I%7 & TO TRANS=M IT 9TO AN ACTIVE ELEM5T ( SOCIAL REORGANIZATION4 

,H]E N[ >E A FEW EXAMPLES :I* GIVE ONE A FAIRLY CLE> IDEA ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ?REE HUNDR$ ,COLLECTIVES ( ,CA/ILE4 

,COLLECTIVE ( ,MIRALCAMPO3 ,IT WAS F\ND$ ON ! VA/ E/ATE ( ,C\NT ,ROMANONES1 ! FAM\S LEAD] ( ! MON>*I/ LIB]ALS4 ,9 #a#i#c#f1 BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 :EAT HAD BE5 GR[N ON #a1#i#c#h HECT>ES & B>LEY ON #cbc HECT>ES4 ,AFT] COLLECTIVIZATION ! ACREAGE S[N WAS 9CREAS$ TO #d1#e#b#b HECT>ES = :EAT & #a1#b#d#b HECT>ES = B>LEY4 ,W9E PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ FROM #dce TO #gbg HECTOLIT]S AS A RESULT ( ! IMPROV$ TREATM5T ( ! V9ES & ! ORGANIZATION ( IRRIGATION 7= !RE HAD NOT BE5 ! TIME TO REPLACE ! PLANTS74 ,! VALUE ( MELON PRODUCTION ROSE FROM #a#i#f1 TO #c1 PESETAS & ?AT ( LUC]NE FROM #h1 TO #b#e1 PESETAS4 7#a#a7 

,FUR!RMORE ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD A SPL5DID RABBIT 9DU/RY1 SOME #a PIGS & A FOOD W>EH\SE AT :I* #h PEOPLE GOT !IR SUPPLIES4 7#a#b7 

,?R\<\T ! CANTON ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,COLLECTIVES ( ,TIELMES1 ,DOS ,B>RIOS1 ,CABANAS ,YELPE1 ,CISLADA1 ,TOMELLOSO1 ,ALMAGRO COMP>$ FAVORABLY ) ?OSE ( ,MIRALCAMPO4 

,M>ZAN>ES3 ,! COLLECTIVI/S' A*IEVEM5TS H]E W]E ON A MU* L>G] SCALE ?AN 9 ,MIRALCAMPO4 ,AT ! TIME ?IS T[N HAD A POPULATION ( #b#e1 & SURPRIS+LY1 = IT WAS 9 ,CA/ILE1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD PUT D[N NUM]\S ROOTS !RE4 7#a#c7 ,FUR!RMORE1 COLLECTIVIZATION WAS UND]TAK5 AS E>LY AS ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f2 FROM ! />T \R COMRADES SUCCE$$ 9 C>RY+ ALONG ) !M ! LOCAL MEMB]S ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 

,9 #aicg ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD #b#b1#e HECT>ES ( L&1 & #b1#e HECT>ES ( WOODL&S & =E/S4 ,HALF ?IS WEAL? CAME FROM EXPROPRIATIONS1 ! O!R HALF FROM GIFTS & VOLUNT>Y MEMB]%IP4 ,9 ! >*IVES W]E KEPT ! P>TICUL>S ( #fc EXPROPRIATIONS1 #bc VOLUNT>Y GIFTS 9 P]PETUITY & ( ! GIFTS ( #e COLLECTIVI/S :O HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 SMALLHOLD]S4 ,! 9ITIAL NUCLEUS CONSI/$ ( #a1#g PEOPLE1 M51 WOM5 & *ILDR54 

,! FOLL[+ YE> !Y W]E PRODUC+ #h#g1#f#a QU9TALS ( :EAT1 #i#f1#h#d HECTOLIT]S ( W9E1 #f#c1 PESETAS WOR? ( SECOND>Y C]EALS & FRUIT & VEGETABLES VALU$ AT #i1 PESETAS4 

,FROM ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g1 ! ,COLLECTIVE POSSESS$ #g MULES & %E-MULES1 AS MANY C>TS & PL[S1 SIX TRACTORS1 F\R ?RE%+ MA*9ES = ! C]EALS1 SIX H& OP]AT$ & ?REE MOTORIZ$ BL[]S1 #h PUMPS = EXTRACT+ & DI/RIBUT+ WAT] ONTO ! VEGETABLE CULTIVATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION #c1 %EEP1 #h GOATS & TWO HUGE PIGEON H\SES EA* ) #f1 BIRDS4 

,?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,!RE W]E ?REE OIL-CRU%]S EQUIPP$ ) HYDRAULIC PRESSES1 ?IRTY W9E CELL>S ) A CAPACITY ( #a#c#a1#b HECTOLIT]S1 AN ALCOHOL DI/ILL]Y = M$IC9AL PURPOSES1 A PR9T+ WORKS1 TWO C>TWRI<TS' WORK%OPS ) MOD]N EQUIPM5T1 A JO9]'S %OP1 A WORK%OP = ! WEAV+ ( ESP>TO GRASS1 A PLA/] FACTORY1 A SULFUR FACTORY = ! SULFUR DU/+ ( ! V9ES1 & AN 5G9E]+ WORK%OP4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ALMO/ ALL !SE 9/ALLATIONS ALREADY EXI/$ BUT ! ,COLLECTIVE GOT !M TO MAXIMIZE !IR PRODUCTION4 ,& BE+ ! CANTONAL HEADQU>T]S1 IT ASSI/$ ! ,COLLECTIVES ( ,MEMBRILLA1 ,LA ,SOLANA1 ,ALHAMBRA1 ,VILL>TE1 ,>5AS DE LA ,VEGA1 ,DAIMIEL1 ,VILL>UBIA1 ,ALMAGRO & ,BOLANOS ) :OM IT WAS L9K$ BY A COMMUNITY ( EF=T4 ,SU* WAS ! CONFID5CE IT 9SPIR$ ?AT ! ,9/ITUTE = ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M1 ! (FICIAL ORGANISM ( ! ,/ATE1 GRANT$ IT A LOAN ( #h1 PESETAS TO TIDE IT OV] ! ORGANIZATIONAL P]IOD & :I* IT WAS ABLE TO RETURN )\T DIFFICULTY1 EV5 ?\< MOBILIZATION = ! W> 9VOLV+ A L>GE NUMB] ( MEMB]S DEPRIV$ IT ( WILL+ H&S :I* W\LD HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO DO MORE4 

,ALCAZ> DE ,C]VANTES-,IT WAS 9 ?IS T[N1 :]E ! TRADITIONAL NAME ,ALCAZ> DE ,SAN ,JUAN HAD BE5 *ANG$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT ,C]VANTES WAS BORN 7?IS IS A CONTROV]SIAL MATT]74 ,FROM ,OCTOB] #aicf ! LOCAL SECTIONS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 BEGAN ! SOCIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,( #e#c1 HECT>ES )9 ! JURISDICTION ( ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 #c#e1 HECT>ES PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,AN ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMITE CONSI/+ ( ?REE MEMB]S FROM EA* ( ! ,SYNDICATES WAS NOM9AT$4 ,! *AIRMAN1 AN OLD PEASANT1 SMALL PROPRIETOR & MEMB] ( ! ,U4,G4,T4 WAS NOT P]HAPS ! BE/ *OICE = ?IS REVOLUTION>Y UND]TAK+ BUT HIS NOM9ATION WAS1 SO F> AS \R COMRADES W]E CONC]N$1 A GE/URE ( TOL]ATION4 ,& 9 ! EV5T !RE W]E NO GR\NDS = COMPLA9T4 

,! FIR/ TASK = ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS1 AS ALWAYS1 TO 9T5SIFY -AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,UNTIL !N ! GR[+ ( C]EALS WAS VIRTUALLY NON-EXI/5T4 ,A YE> LAT] PRODUCTION HAD REA*$ #a#i1 HECTOLIT]S ( :EAT1 #a#e1 HECTOLIT]S ( B>LEY4 ,NO MEAN A*IEVEM5T ON H>D L& & UND] G5]ALLY UNFAVORABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #ai* ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD #a1#h MULES & %E-MULES & A BRE$+ FLOCK ( #d %EEP :I* ?\< IT HAD NOT 9CREAS$ 9 SIZE BECAUSE IT WAS ALWAYS BE+ DRAWN UPON 9 ORD] TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! FE$+ ( ,MADRID & ?OSE AT ! FRONT1 NEV]!LESS HAD BY ,JULY #c1 #aicg PRODUC$ AFT] PAYM5T ( FAMILY WAGES1 A NET GA9 ( #b#a#a1#g#i#b PESETAS4 

,! REGION IS MO/ SUIT$ TO ! CULTIVATION ( ! V9E4 ,9 #aicg ! H>VE/ PRODUC$ #d#h1#c QU9TALS ( GRAPES :I* W]E DELIV]$ TO ! PRESSES ATTA*$ TO ! COLLECTIVE CELL>S4 ,A ?IRTIE? P>T ( ! PRODUCTION WAS KEPT = LOCAL CONSUMPTION & ! MONEY RECEIV$ FROM ! SALE ( ! BALANCE WAS US$ TO IMPROVE ! /&>D ( LIV+ & TO BR+1 BY ! DI/RIBUTION ( CLO?+ & FURNITURE & ! C>RY+ \T ( REPAIRS TO H\SES1 COM=TS PREVI\SLY UNKN[N4 

,9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVIZATION APPE>$ ONLY 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 SIX MON?S AFT] ! BIR? ( ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVE4 ,PRESUMABLY ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY ! LATT] ACT$ AS AN 9C5TIVE TO ACT = ?OSE :O HAD SO F> HESITAT$4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 />T$ BY E/ABLI%+ AN 5G9E]+ WORK%OP 9 AN AB&ON$ H\SE4 ,SOME CRAFTSM5 & SMALL TRADESM5 HELP$ !M1 & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ! WORK%OP BOA/$ #d 5G9E]+ WORK]S ) A TE*NICAL MANAG] NOM9AT$ BY !M4 ,IT HAD BE5 />T$ ) TOOLS :I* EA* ( !M HAD BR\<T ALONG1 BUT ! SITUATION WAS IMPROV$ AS CIRCUM/ANCES ALL[$4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #g 

.<#a.> ,?\< ! SUPPRESSION TOOK PLACE AT ! TIME ( ,*>LES ,V IT WAS NOT HIS DO+4 ,:ATEV] IT MAY CO/ SOME ,SPANI>DS TO ADMIT IT1 IT WAS ! ,SPANI% >I/OCRACY ALONE :I* ANNIHILAT$ ! DEMOCRATIC UPRIS+3 ! REP]CUSSIONS HAD F>-REA*+ IMPORTANCE 9 ! SOCIAL HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 

.<#b.> ,?IS ,AT5EO ) A LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT S]V$ TO COMPLEM5T1 RELATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! ,AT5EO F\ND$ UND] ! MON>*Y BY ! LIB]AL ,MADRID 9TELLECTUALS & :OSE CAMPAIGNS & POLITICAL POSITIONS C]TA9LY EX]T$ AN 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC LIFE 9 ,SPA94 ,ON MANY OCCASIONS1 LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS1 AMONG !M ,OROBON ,F]N&]1 A Y\NG MAN ( GREAT M]IT :O DI$ ( CONSUMPTION1 W]E 9VIT$4 

.<#c.> ,CIUDAD ,REAL 7,ROYAL ,T[N7 WAS R5AM$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ,CIUDAD ,LIBRE 7,FREE ,T[N74 

.<#d.> ,MANY MILITANTS FROM ,MADRID :O HAD EFFECTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! PROPAG&A EF=T 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVES4 

.<#e.> ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT WOM5 ONLY WORK$ IRREGUL>LY - 0TO H>VE/ ! LUC]NE & TO ?9 \T ! SUG> BEET PLANTS0 AS ! ,COLLECTIVI/S ( ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA PUT IT 9 !IR REPORT4 

.<#f.> ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ,CA/ILE WAS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,LEVANTE4 ,= IT WAS ! MILITANTS FROM ! T[NS :O W5T TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO SPREAD ! MESSAGE4 

"9,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE3 0SOLID>IS]0 "7 TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE )4 

.<#g.> ,ONE CANNOT APPRECIATE ! AM\NT 9VOLV$ UNLESS ONE ALSO KN[S ?AT AT ! TIME A QU9TAL 7#b#b#e ,IBS47 ( CORN WAS WOR? #eh PESETAS4 

.<#h.> ,:I* HAD BECOME ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS & = ! FE$+ ( ! ,C5T]4 

.<#i.> ,:AT WE KN[ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! PRESS ?AT APPE>$ FROM ! FIR/ YE>S ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 P]MITS US TO SAY ?AT ONE DID NOT F9D ANY ADVICE BE+ GIV5 :I* REFLECT$ SU* A CON/RUCTIVE SPIRIT4 

.<#a.> ,H]E IS SOME COG5T EVID5CE3 9 ,B>CELONA1 & 9 ,CATALONIA 9 G5]AL1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO SOCIALIZE & AMALGAMATE PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,& ! MEAL ?AT CO/ #ab PESETAS 9 A ,B>CELONA RE/AURANT CO/ #c PESETAS 9 A SOCIALIZ$ RE/AURANT 9 ,MADRID4 

.<#a#a.> ,AT ?AT TIME PRICES HAD NOT RIS5 MORE ?AN #a.0 OV] #aicf PRICES4 

.<#a#b.> ,9 HIS BOOK ,HI/ORIA DEL ,AN>CO-,S9DICALISMO ESPANOL PUBLI%$ 9 ,MADRID 9 #a#i#f#a1 ! WRIT] ,JUAN ,GOMEZ ,CASAS WROTE3 0,! ,COLLECTIVES ORGANIZ$ BY ! REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,C5T] ( ,SPA9 ON ! E/ATES ( ,C\NT ,ROMANONES 9 ,MIRALCAMPO & ,AZUQUCCA1 PROV9CE ( ,GUADALAJ>A1 SPECIALLY DES]VE TO BE M5TION$4 ,! PEASANTS COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ ! :OLE PHYSIOGNOMY ( !SE REGIONS1 !Y DIV]T$ ! C\RSE ( A RIV] 9 ORD] TO IRRIGATE ! L&1 GREATLY 9CREAS$ ! >EA UND] CULTIVATION1 BUILT F>MS1 A MILL1 S*OOLS1 COMMUNAL REFECTORIES1 HOME = ! COLLECTIVI/S & 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION40 

,LET US ADD ?AT :5 HE RETURN$ TO HIS L& AT ! 5D ( ! W>1 ,C\NT ,ROMANONES1 :O WAS A GOOD SPORT WAS SO AMAZ$ AT :AT HE SAW ?AT HE PREVAIL$ ON ! FASCI/S :O W]E HOLD+ ! ORGANIZ] ( ?IS CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5T 9 PRISON & W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE %OT HIM1 TO SET HIM FREE4 

.<#a#c.> ,\T ( ! NORMAL POPULATION ( #a#h11 ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAD AN AV]AGE ( #c1 MEMB]S2 AT ! BEG9N+ ( SOCIALIZATION & AS A CONSEQU5CE ( REC5T P]SECUTIONS !RE W]E #b14 ,A FEW MON?S LAT] IT HAD A MEMB]%IP ( #f14 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I,I 

,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,/ ,B,O,O,K-,K,E,E,P,+ 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD SUPPORT$ LIB]T>IAN1 OR AN>*I/1 COMMUNISM OR AN>*OCOMMUNISM1 OR AGA91 9 ! P]IOD GO+ FROM #aiah TO #a#i#c#f1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ( :I* ! =MULA & NAME MADE HEADWAY AS ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ADD$ NO?+1 9 FACT QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 TO ! CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS ( AN>*ISM :I* WE CAN QUALIFY BY ! G5]IC T]M SOCIAL4 7#a7 

,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT ! COMMUNI/ AN>*I/ =MULA1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 WAS ONE ( FREE CONSUMPTION :I* SEEM$ TO GU>ANTEE AN EQUAL RI<T = ALL TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 & TO BE ! PRACTICAL EXPRESSION ( TRUE SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT ,KROPOTK9 HAD SIMPLIFI$ IT 9 SUMM+ IT UP 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 BY ! =MULA :I* WAS TOO READILY BELIEV$ LIT]ALLY ( 0PRIZE AU TAS03 EA* & ALL W\LD TAKE FREELY :AT !Y NE$$ FROM ! COMMUNAL /ORES4 ,BUT = QUITE A LONG TIME RES]VATIONS HAD BE5 EXPRESS$ AMONG SOCIAL AN>*I/S4 ,! FIR/ AMONG !M WAS UND\BT$LY ,MALATE/A1 :OSE CRITICAL M9D WAS QUITE FREQU5TLY >\S$1 ?\< HE WAS G5]ALLY UNABLE TO (F] CON/RUCTIVE1 VALID SOLUTIONS TO ?OSE HE CRITICIZ$4 ,HE HAD EXPRESS$ D\BTS AS TO ! POSSIBILITY ( PUTT+ ?IS PR9CIPLE 9TO PRACTICE 9 COMPLETE FRE$OM1 & /AT$ ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE APPLI$ UNTIL PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] GOODS HAD CONSID]ABLY 9CREAS$2 UN=TUNATELY HE WAS UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! 9CREASE 9 NE$S ALWAYS FOLL[S1 ASSUM+ IT DOES NOT PREC$E1 ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION1 & ?AT = ?IS PROBLEM !RE W\LD NEV] BE A POSSIBILITY ( FREE CONSUMPTION4 

,BUT LESS WELL-KN[N MILITANTS1 AMONG !M ! WRIT] ( ?IS BOOK1 HAD POS$ ! PROBLEM 9 !IR [N WAY4 ,SOME ( !M SUGGE/$ ! USE ( A =M ( MONEY-:I*1 9CID5TALLY1 ,MALATE/A HAD DONE AB\T #aibb )\T PURSU+ ! MATT]4 ,SOME ALSO PRECONIZ$ A =M ( MONEY )\T EXPLA9+ ITS F9ANCIAL ME*ANISM1 & TO PREV5T IT GIV+ RISE TO DANG]\S HO>D+1 IMAG9$ IT TO BE 0MELT+0 & LOS+ ITS VALUE 9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME4 ,O!R SOLUTIONS W]E ADVANC$ SU* AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT DI/RIBUTION %\LD BE ORGANIZ$1 ) SOME CONTROL1 BY SYNDICAL COOP]ATIVES & MUNICIPAL /ORES1 :I* W\LD AVOID WA/E & PREV5T SABOTAGE BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ! =M ( EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION & WA/E4 ,NEV]!LESS BY #aicf NO VALID !ORETICAL SOLUTION HAD YET BE5 F\ND1 ESPECIALLY SO F> AS ! T[NS W]E CONC]N$4 

,NO?+ !N HAD BE5 =MULAT$ ) SUFFICI5T BREAD? & PRECISION4 ,SO ONCE ! REVOLUTION HAD />T$ IT WAS IMP]ATIVE TO F9D ONE OR SEV]AL SOLUTIONS4 ,! SITUATION DEM&$ IT4 ,9 ! REGIONS :]E1 AS 9 ,CA/ILE1 9 ,CATALONIA OR 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 ! (FICIAL POLITICO-ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURES W]E BE+ UPHELD & CONT9U$ BY ! PRES5CE ( ! REPUBLICAN ,/ATE1 ! USE ( (FICIAL MONEY WAS RETA9$ & BACK$ BY GOLD4 7#b7 ,9 ! REGIONS WE HAVE JU/ REF]R$ TO ALL ?AT HAD TO BE DONE 9 ORD] TO AVOID 9EQUALITIES WAS TO E/ABLI% ! FAMILY WAGE4 ,! PESETA REMA9$ AS ! /&>D ( VALUE & ! MEANS ( DI/RIBUTION4 

,BUT - & ?IS WAS ! CASE ESPECIALLY 9 ,>AGON - :]E ! ,/ATE DID NOT DOM9ATE1 MANY ORIG9AL SOLUTIONS HAD TO BE IMPROVIS$2 & WE MEAN 0MANY01 = EA* VILLAGE OR SMALL LOCALITY 9TRODUC$ ITS [N SOLUTION4 

,AT ! BEG9N+1 !N1 !RE WAS NO TACIT AGREEM5T O!R ?AN = ! ABOLITION ( MONEY1 ! EXPRESSION & SYMBOL ( TRADITIONAL 9JU/ICE1 SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 ! CRU%+ ( ! POOR BY ! RI*1 ! OPUL5CE ( SOME AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POV]TY ( O!RS4 ,= C5TURIES1 & FROM AS F> BACK AS ! COMPLA9TS ( ! \TCA/S ( =TUNE HAD BE5 TRANSMITT$ FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 MONEY HAD APPE>$ AS ! GREATE/ ( ALL MEANS ( EXPLOITATION1 & ! HATR$ ( ! COMMON PEOPLE HAD BUILT UP AGA9/ ! CURS$ METAL1 AGA9/ ! PAP] MONEY :I* ! REVOLUTION>IES HAD SET !IR M9DS ON ABOLI%+ FIR/ & =EMO/4 

,9 ,>AGON !Y KEPT !IR WORD4 ,NEV]!LESS1 = ALL ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 0PRIZE AU TAS0 OR 9 ECONOMIC T]MS FREE CONSUMPTION1 WAS NOT APPLI$4 ,AP>T FROM ACCESS1 )\T CONTROL1 TO EXI/+ GOODS AVAILABLE 9 GREAT ABUNDANCE1 & :I* W]E NOT ! SAME 9 EV]Y VILLAGE 7H]E IT WAS BREAD & W9E1 ELSE:]E VEGETABLES1 OIL OR FRUIT7 SOME =M ( ORD] WAS E/ABLI%$ FROM ! FIR/ DAYS :5 IT WAS FELT TO BE NECESS>Y1 JU/ AS IT WAS = ! PROSECUTION ( WORK & PRODUCTION4 ,= ! REVOLUTION WAS CONSID]$ RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+ A V]Y IMPORTANT CON/RUCTIVE UND]TAK+4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 !RE WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y ORGY4 ,! NE$ TO CONTROL & TO =ESEE EV5TS WAS UND]/OOD FROM ! FIR/ DAY4 

,WE HAVE PRES]V$ CONFIRMATORY TE/IMONY ( ! MANN] 9 :I* ! COLLECTIVI/ BOOK-KEEP+ WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,LET US BEG9 ) ! SIMPLE/ ( ALL4 

,WE >E 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,NAVAL SITUAT$ 9 ! NOR? ( ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA4 ,NO MONEY1 NOT EV5 LOCAL MONEY1 NO RATION+4 ,FREE CONSUMPTION FROM ! FIR/ DAY1 BUT SUP]VIS$ CONSUMPTION4 ,EV]YBODY C\LD CALL AT ! 0,ANTIFASCI/ ,COMITE' :I* IS ADVIS$1 IF NECESS>Y1 BY ! LOCAL LIB]T>IAN GR\P4 ,A COOP]ATIVE = G5]AL DI/RIBUTION WAS IMPROVIS$ & IT PRODUC$ A BOOK ( C\PONS NUMB]$ #a TO #a1 9 :I* W]E M>K$ FROM DAY TO DAY ! COMMODITIES H&$ OV] ON DEM&1 & ! CONSUM]'S NAME4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 ! DAY COLLECTIVE LIFE BEGAN !RE1 ,ANTONIO ,BALLE/]-OR SOMEBODY 9 HIS FAMILY-RECEIV$ HALF A KILO ( *ICKPEAS & A KILO ( SOAP2 ,JOSE ,GAMBIA RECEIV$ A PAIR ( CANVAS %OES3 ,S]ANO ,BI/UE1 WIRE NETT+ = A RABBIT HUT* & SOME /R+3 ,PRUD5CIA ,LAFULLA A KILO ( RICE & A KILO ( SUG>3 ,JOAQU9A ,BA/OS A KILO ( SOAP3 ,ANTONIO ,PU]TOLAS TWO KILOS ( MEAT2 ,RAMON ,SODOMILLO ?REE LIT]S ( W9E1 ,JOSI ,LAF>G A LOAF ( BREAD2 ,JOSE ,>NAL A LITTLE GIRL'S DRESS1 A KILO ( SOAP & ONE ( RICE3 7#c7 JU/ AS ,SOT]O ,FU5TES :O ALSO TOOK A KILO ( SOAP & ONE ( L>D2 ,SES\TA1 NAILS = ! CAB9 = ! GU>D2 ,JOAQU9A ,SOLANONA & O!RS EA* TAKE A KILO ( SOAP1 :ILE O!RS TAKE SUG>1 COND5S$ MILK1 RICE4 ,& TO 5D ! FIR/ DAY ONE F9DS AN 5TRY ON C\NT]FOIL ,NO4 #be AN EX*ANGE ( HALF A DOZ5 EGGS1 PRESUMABLY BR\<T BY AN 9DIVIDUALI/ 9 EX*ANGE = HALF A KILO ( SUG>4 

,NAVAL AT ?AT TIME HAD #h 9HABITANTS & #agf FAMILIES4 ,!RE WAS NOT !RE=E ON ?AT FIR/ DAY EXCESS OR WA/E4 ,& ! C\NT]FOILS ON SUBSEQU5T DAYS %[$ ! SAME MOD]ATION ( FREE CONSUMPTION3 TWO PAIRS ( CANVAS %OES = TWO M51 ?REE KILOS ( SOAP1 A BOTTLE ( LYE3 A KILO ( *ICK PEAS3 A KILO ( SUG>2 #ae GRAMS ( LAMB'S MEAT1 0= A SICK P]SON0 IS ! COMM5T AS IF TO EXPLA9 ! REASON = REQUE/+ ?IS LUXURY FOOD1 A LIT] ( OIL1 SEW+ ?READ1 !N TWO KILOS ( BREAD1 ?REE LIT]S ( W9E 7SPECIAL73 A KILO ( PA/A2 & AGA9 MORE SOAP1 & MORE LYE1 & AGA9 MORE SOAP4 7#d7 ,EA* ( !SE >TICLES WAS ASK$ = BY DIFF]5T PEOPLE & 5T]$ ON SEP>ATE C\NT]FOILS4 

,SU* WAS ! MO/ SIMPLE PROC$URE = CONTROL ADOPT$ BY ,NAVAL & O!R VILLAGES 9 ! E>LY DAYS4 ,BUT IT WAS FUR!R SIMPLIFI$ LAT]4 ,= ON ,DECEMB] #a/ ( ! SAME YE>1 ! BOOK ( C\NT]FOILS WAS REPLAC$ BY A BOOKLET )\T C\NT]FOILS :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ TO EA* FAMILY4 ,& = ! FAMILY1 :OSE BOOKLET WE PICK$ AT R&OM1 PUR*ASES ( GROC]IES & MEAT AM\NT$ TO #a#g4#c PESETAS 9 ,DECEMB]1 #g#i4#b PESETAS ,9 ,JANU>Y1 #f#h4#h#e PESETAS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #i4#h PESETAS 9 ,M>*1 #h#c4 PESETAS 9 ,APRIL4 ,A SEP>ATE ACC\NT WAS KEPT = HAB]DA%]Y1 CLO?+ & %OES4 

,BUT BEH9D ?AT PRIM>Y CONTROL1 9 ALL ITS SIMPLICITY1 ONE F\ND A MORE /RICT & COMPLICAT$ ACC\NTANCY4 ,! FOLL[+ DETAILS >E TAK5 FROM ! NOTES WE MADE ON CONSULT+ ! ACC\NT BOOKS ( ! G5]AL CONTROL & FROM ! DOCUM5TS WE HAVE EXAM9$ OR HAVE KEPT4 

,FIR/LY AN ACC\NT BOOK :]E >E 5T]$ DAILY \TGO+S & 9COM+S1 PUR*ASES & SALES ( ALL PRODUCTS )\T EXCEPTIONS4 ,!N ! ,L>GE ,BOOK 9 :I* >E TO BE F\ND ALL ! TRANSACTIONS ON A DAILY BASIS = ! RESPECTIVE SECTIONS SPECIALLY E/ABLI%$4 ,& ANO!R BOOK DEAL+ ) ! SLAU<T] ( ANIMALS ) ! DATE1 DETAILS ( ! ANIMALS1 NUMB]1 PLACE ( ORIG91 WEI<T1 QUALITY1 QUANTITY ( MEAT HELD = ! SICK & QUANTITY DELIV]$ TO ! BUT*]4 

,9 A SMALL SEP>ATE ACC\NT BOOK IS 5T]$ :AT IS SUPPLI$ TO ! COLLECTIVI/S 0P>A VICIOS0 70= VISES07 AS ! WRIT]1 :O MU/ HAVE BE5 A BIT ( A PURITAN1 PUTS IT ) RELI%1 ! 0VICIOS0 W]E TOBACCO = ! M51 A FEW TOILET PRODUCTS = ! WOM51 SWEETS = ! *ILDR5 4 4 4 ,! M5 HAD TWO PESETAS A WEEK1 WOM5 ONE PESETA & *ILDR5 FIFTY C5TS4 ,?IS ACC\NT BOOK HAD A C\NT]P>T 9 :I* W]E 5T]$ ! ACC\NTS ( ! TWO VILLAGE CAFES :]E ONE C\LD OBTA9 LEMONADE1 A GLASS ( W9E-ONE ONLY-SODA WAT] OR A 0C(FEE0 MADE FROM ROA/$ B>LEY4 

,I WAS !N %[N ! ACC\NT BOOK DEAL+ ) ! TWO LORRIES 4 :I* ! ,COLLECTIVE HAD PUR*AS$ & ! ACC\NT ( EXP5SES 9CURR$ = !M 7PETROL1 TIRES1 REPAIRS1 ETC474 ,!RE WAS ALSO AN ACC\NT BOOK = ! SALE ( POTT]Y MADE LOCALLY & SOLD ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,!N A SEP>ATE RECEIPT BOOK = SALES ( SALT LOCALLY OBTA9$4 ,F9ALLY ! ,EXP5SES BOOK 9 :I* W]E 5T]$ ! TOTAL EXP5SES 9CURR$ BY EA* FAMILY4 

,AN ACCURATE ACC\NTANCY1 ?\< IMPROVIS$ BY M5 :O HAD NEV] KEPT ACC\NTS 9 !IR LIVES4 

,SO F> AS DI/RIBUTION WAS CONC]N$1 :ATEV] ! =M OR ME?OD ADOPT$1 ! ORGANIZ+ 9ITIATIVE WAS APPE>+ ALL ! TIME4 ,9 HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES1 LIBRETAS DE CONSUMO 7CONSUM] BOOKS7 9 DIFF]5T SIZES & COLORS W]E ISSU$4 ,RATION TABLES W]E APP5D$1 = ONE HAD TO RATION NOT ONLY 9 ! EV5T ( A R$UCTION 9 ! RES]VES & P]HAPS 9 PRODUCTION1 BUT BECAUSE IT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y TO S5D FOOD SUPPLIES TO ! FRONT & ! T[NS1 :I* ONLY TOO (T5 APPE>$ NOT TO APPRECIATE ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION4 ,H]E !N IS A LIBRETA ISSU$ 9 ,CAL&A 7PROV9CE ( ,T]UEL74 ,IT IS ON GRE5 PAP] & A RA!R L>GE =MAT 7#b#b CM X #ac CM74 ,IT COV]S ! P]IOD FROM ,M>* #a1 #aicg TO ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #ai* & EA* PAGE COV]S A WEEK4 ,! FIR/ COLUMN LI/S ! PRODUCTS ?AT ! HOLD] OR HIS FAMILY MAY OBTA91 FROM MEAT TO LYE1 9CLUD+ GROC]Y PRODUCTS1 PRES]VES 79 ,>AGON ?IS MEANT G5]ALLY TOMATOES & S>D9ES71 DRY VEGETABLES1 FURNITURE1 MAT]IAL & EV5 P]FUM]Y4 ,ALTOGE!R #bg ITEMS4 ,ALONGSIDE ! LI/ >E COLUMNS = EA* DAY ( ! WEEK :]E ! VALUE ( PUR*ASES RECKON$ 9 PESETAS IS 5T]$4 ,! WEEKLY TOTAL CAN BE EASILY OBTA9$ & AUDIT+ C>RI$ \T4 

,! LIBRETA = ,FRAGA IS SMALL] 7#a#e CM X #a CM7 & 9 ! I FIR/ COLUMN >E PR9T$ ! DAYS ( ! MON? FROM #a/ TO #c#a/1 & ALONG ! TOP IS A LI/ ( F\RTE5 PRODUCTS1 ) !IR CORRESPOND+ COLUMNS1 ?AT IT WAS ?\<T NECESS>Y TO RATION 7ON ! BASIS ( LOCAL PRODUCTION1 EXI/+ RES]VES & COMMITM5TS TO ! MILITIA OR ! NE>BY FRONTS74 ,! LIBRETA = ,ONT95A 79 ?IS CASE CALL$ LIBRETA DE CR$ITO7 WAS ( ! SAME SIZE AS ?AT = ,FRAGA4 ,BUT !RE W]E NO SPECIFIC DATES NOR A LI/ ( AVAILABLE PRODUCTS4 ,! CORRESPOND+ COLUMNS W]E COMPLET$ AT ! TIME ( PUR*ASE4 ,! LIBRETA = ,GRANOLL]S 79 ! PROV9CE ( ,B>CELONA71 WAS BAS$ ON A DIFF]5T CONCEPT4 ,PRODUC$ BY ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 IT HAD EI<T ?9 %EETS P] WEEK & !SE W]E DIVID$ 9TO P]=AT$ C\PONS ON :I* W]E 9DICAT$ ! QUANTITY ( W9E1 EGGS1 SUG>1 POTATOES1 BUT*]'S MEAT1 P\LTRY 7BOIL+ F[L OR RABBIT71 SALT COD OR PORK MEAT :I* EA* FAMILY WAS 5TITL$ TO BUY 7CALCULAT$ ON ! COMPOSITION ( ! FAMILY7 & ON :I* DAYS1 :I* WAS SPECIALLY 9DICAT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORGANIZATION = FOOD SUPPLIES 

,?US !RE W]E 9 ,CATALONIA & ESPECIALLY 9 ,>AGON SOME #b#e1 P]HAPS MORE1 LIBRETAS ALL ) A SIMIL> CONCEPT BUT ( DIFF]5T =MS4 ,BUT !RE W]E O!R =MS ( FOOD RATION+ & CONTROL4 ,ALL ?IS V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! AVAILABLE RES\RCES4 EXI/+ RES]VES & ! APPROA* TO ! PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! T[N ( ,B>BA/RO1 ! SECOND MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA A RATIONS TABLE WAS E/ABLI%$ )\T LIBRETA1 )\T NATIONAL OR LOCAL MONEY4 

,BREAD WAS NOT RATION$2 W9E WAS1 SOMETIMES2 OIL ALSO BUT ON AV]AGE #c LIT]S WAS DI/RIBUT$ P] P]SON P] YE>4 ,IT WAS1 AS 9 MANY PLACES1 ! ONLY S\RCE ( FAT US$ 9 COOK+4 

,IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT *ILDR5 OV] ! AGE ( F\RTE5 C\NT$ AS ADULTS4 

,ALL !SE EXAMPLES & O!RS WE C\LD QUOTE ON ?IS ASPECT ( COLLECTIVI/ BOOK-KEEP+ DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE WAS NEV] DISORD]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ONE C\LD P]HAPS REPROA* ! PRIME MOV]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVES ) HAV+ SOMETIMES ORGANIZ$ ?+S TOO MU*4 ,ONE HAS SE5 H[ 9 ,NAVAL ONLY A M9IMAL P>T ( ! EXP5DITURE WAS RES]V$ = SMALL EXTRAS1 0P>A VICIOS0 4 ,?IS CONC]N WAS TO BE F\ND :]E RATION+ HAD REA*$ A T\*+ DEGREE ( AU/]ITY4 ,HOLAS DE FUMADORES 7SMOK]S' C>DS7:I* AT ! SAME TIME TOOK 9TO ACC\NT A HUMAN WEAKNESS & PUT A BRAKE ON EXCESSES1 W]E ISSU$ & DI/RIBUT$ 9 MANY ,COLLECTIVES1 AS WELL AS VALES OR CONSUM] V\*]S 5TITL+ ! HOLD] TO A CUP ( GRILL$ B>LEY 0C(FEE04 ,9 ,ONT95A = 9/ANCE EA* ,COLLECTIVI/ RECEIV$ A C>D = T5 DR9KS1 EXCLUD+ ALCOHOL1 :I* WAS PUN*$ AT EA* TA/+1 & IF HE 9VIT$ A FRI5D TO 0HAVE ONE0 HE W\LD SIMPLY HAVE ONE 0C(FEE0 OR LEMONADE LESS ?AT WEEK4 

,:]EV] /RICT RATION+ & (FICIAL MONEY W]E ES*EW$1 A LOCAL MONEY REPLAC$ !M4 ,VILLAGES :I* DID SO HAD V\*]S ) !IR NAME & #a1 #b1 #e OR #a PESETAS1 SOMETIMES EV5 ) #be OR #e C5TIMES OV]PR9T$1 & ?IS FIDUCI>Y CURR5CY WAS1 LOCALLY ( C\RSE1 AS S\ND AS ! (FICIAL PESETA GU>ANTE$ BY ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T4 ,IT EV5 HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( NOT LOS+ ITS VALUE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT MU/ ALSO BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT IT C\LD ONLY BE US$ AT A LOCAL LEVEL4 ,?IS DID NOT ESCAPE ! NOTICE ( ?OSE :O1 TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,NOR1 = ?AT MATT] ( ?OSE 9HABITANTS WI%+ TO TRAVEL4 ,9 SU* CASES ! ,COMITE ( ! ,COLLECTIVE SUPPLI$ ! NECESS>Y PESETAS TO ALL[ ! P]SON TO TRAVEL TO P>TS :]E (FICIAL MONEY WAS LAW4 7#e7 ,BUT TO BR+ TO AN 5D ! MULTITUDE ( LOCAL CURR5CIES1 ! CONGRESS1 ( ! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES1 :I* WE SUMM>IZ$ 9 AN E>LY *APT]1 HAD UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ TO COMPLETELY ABOLI% !IR USE & TO E/ABLI% AN EGALIT>IAN RATION+ SY/EM = ALL ! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES4 

,CONSEQU5TLY !Y PRODUC$ A FAMILY RATIONS BOOK VALID = EV]YBODY4 ,?IS LIBRETA :I* WAS DAT$ FROM ,APRIL #a1 #aicg TO ,DECEMB] #c#a1 BY ! WEEK1 LI/$ #ba >TICLES & GR\PS ( >TICLES :I*1 9CID5TALLY1 GIVE ONE AN IDEA ( ! SOBRIETY ( ! LIFE ( A ,SPANI% PEASANT 7& :I* HAD BE5 R$\BL$ BY ! EXIG5CIES ( ! W>74 ,!Y W]E1 9 ! ORD] 9 :I* !Y W]E PR9T$3 BREAD1 W9E1 MEAT1 OIL1 *ICK PEAS1 BEANS1 RICE1 PA/A1 SAUSAGES1 SAUSAGE1 BLOOD SAUSAGE1 FATTY PORK1 V>I\S PRES]VES 7NOT SPECIFI$71 SUG>1 *OCOLATE1 T9N$ TOMATOES1 POTATOES1 MILK1 L5TILS1 OLIVES1 LYE1 SOAP1 H>DW>E1 H\SEHOLD >TICLES1 HAB]DA%]Y1 FOOTWE>4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ATTACK :I* TOOK PLACE %ORTLY AFT]W>DS WAS TO PREV5T ! G5]AL APPLICATION ( ?IS PROJECT4 ,HAV+ TO RETIRE )9 !MSELVES1 GREATLY R$UC$ 9 NUMB]S BY ! DE/RUCTION !Y HAD SUFF]$1 ! ,COLLECTIVES W]E1 AS A RESULT1 CONDEMN$ TO A PREC>I\S EXI/5CE4 

,ONE CAN1 NEV]!LESS1 COME TO ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS3 = ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUTION1 :I* FROM C]TA9 PO9TS ( VIEW WAS GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( PRODUCTION ITSELF1 ! ,COLLECTIVES DEMON/RAT$ AN 9NOVATORY SPIRIT :I* BY ! MULTIPLICITY ( ITS FACETS & ITS PRACTICAL COMMONS5SE1 COMPELS \R ADMIRATION4 ,! COLLECTIVE G5IUS ( ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS SUCCE$$ 9 SOLV+ PROBLEMS :I* A C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE NEI!R BE5 ABLE NOR KN[N H[ TO SOLVE4 ,IF ! PRAGMATIC ME?ODS TO :I* !Y HAD TO HAVE REC\RSE MAY APPE> TO BE 9SUFFICI5T1 & SOMETIMES UNS\ND 9 VIEW ( SOME CONTRADICTIONS :I* ONE OBS]VES H]E & !RE1 ! DEVELOPM5T T5D+ TO ELIM9ATE !SE CONTRADICTIONS WAS TAK+ PLACE RAPIDLY 79 EI<T MON?S1 OR LESS1 DEP5D+ ON ! CASES1 /RUCTURAL RESOLUTIONS HAD BE5 TAK57 & PROGRESS WAS BE+ RAPIDLY MADE T[>DS UNIFY+ & DECISIVE IMPROVEM5TS4 ,DUR+ ?AT TIME1 9 ! P>T ( ! C\NTRY :]E ! (FICIAL MONEY RUL$1 ! PESETA WAS CONT9UALLY BE+ DEVALU$ BECAUSE ( ! 9ABILITY ( ! GOV]NM5T TO HOLD D[N PRICES1 & SPECULATION WAS GETT+ UND] WAY & GR[+4 

,DUR+ MY /AY 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS ,I ASK$ ! PR9CIPAL ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE 7Y\NG/]S 9SPIR$ BY IDEALISM1 9TELLIG5CE & FAI?7 = EXACT FIGURES ON ! LIVE/OCK :I* ,I HAD BE5 TOLD HAD 9CREAS$ 9 ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,!Y SUPPLI$ ! FIGURES :I* ,I AM TRANSCRIB+ FROM ! ORIG9AL3 

,G,5,],A,L ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E ,( ,M,A,S ,D,E ,L,A,S ,M,A,T,A,S 

,PIGS = SLAU<T]3 #eg 

,PIGLETS3 #ii 

,S[S3#f#a 

,MILK ,C[S3 #bd 

,RE>+ ,CALVES3 #fa 

,%EEP3 #< 

,LAMBS = SLAU<T]3 #dga 

,Y\NG EWES = BRE$+ NEXT YE>3 #dga 

,GOATS3 #afd 

,KIDS3 #aaf 

,YE> OLD GOATS3 #bg 

,CONSUMPTION ( MEAT DUR+ ! MON? ( ,APRIL3 #aid LAMBS1 #e %EEP1 #af FIR/ QUALITY1 & #ah KIDS4 

,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS1 ,MAY #e1 #a#i#c#g4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE ,COMITE4 

,ONE C\LD NOT BE MORE PRECISE & ,I AM C]TA9 ?AT NO MAYOR 9 A ,FR5* OR ,G]MAN ,COMMUNE C\LD PROVIDE 9 SO %ORT A TIME SU* DETAIL$ RETURNS4 ,WELL1 9 ! #a1#f OR SO AGR>IAN OR MA9LY AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES 7HALF ( :I* 9CLUD$ ! :OLE VILLAGE7 9 ,SPA9 AT ?AT TIME ! SAME PRECISE BOOK-KEEP+ WAS MA9TA9$ DAY BY DAY4 ,& IF !RE W]E EXCEPTIONS UNKN[N TO US1 !Y W]E EXCEPTIONS ?AT PROV$ ! G5]AL RULE4 

,WE F\ND ! SAME C>E = GOOD ORGANIZATION 9 O!R ASPECTS ( ECONOMIC LIFE SE5 ON A MU* L>G] SCALE4 ,?US WE ASK$ ! LOCAL ,COMITE ( D',AANGUES1 HEAD VILLAGE ( ! CANTON ( ! SAME NAME1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA1 TO EXPLA9 TO US ! ME?OD US$ = ! MOVEM5T & ! CONTROL ( EX*ANGES 9 ! LOCALITY & = ! CANTON ) O!R ZONES 9 ,>AGON AS WELL AS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,\R CURIOSITY WAS SATISFI$ ) ! FOLL[+ DOCUM5T3 

,C,A,N,T,O,N ,( ,A,N,G,U,E,S 7,P,R,O,V4 ,( ,H,U,E,S,C,A7 

,DELIV]IES MADE BY \R CANTONAL ,F$]ATION ( DIFF]5T PRODUCTS S5T AS B>T] TO ! CANTONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,GRANOLL]S3 

#aicg 

,VALUE 9 PESETAS 

#c ,APRIL 

#a#c1#c KILOS ( GRA9 @a 4#e#c 

#g1#d#i4 

#a ,APRIL 

#b#b1#e KILOS ( GRA9 @a 4#e#c 

#a#a1#f#h#f4 

#ad ,APRIL 

#a#c1#c KILOS ( GRA9 @a 4#e#c 

#g1#d#i4 

#ag ,APRIL 

,DIFF4 O,G,B,P #b#eK ON PREVI\S DELIV]Y 

#a#c4#b#e 

#ag ,APRIL 

#b PIGS @a #f PESETAS EA* 

#a#b4 

,TOTAL #b#e1#i#a#g4#g#e 

,DELIV]IES MADE BY ! CANTON ( ,GRANOLL]S TO \R CANTONAL ,F$]ATION3 

#c ,APRIL 

#aib /ORE PIGS @a #f PESETAS 

#a#a1#e#b4 

#a ,APRIL 

#bad /ORE PIGS @a #f PESETAS 

#a#b1#h#d4 

#a ,APRIL 

,SUM RECEIV$ 9 PESETAS 

#g1#h4 

,TOTAL 

#c#a1#c#f4 

,S,U,M,M,>,Y 

,DEBIT 

#c#a1#c#f4 

,CR$IT 

#b#e1#i#a#g4#g#e 

,[+ TO ,GRANOLL]S 

#e1#d#d#b1#b#e 

,WE ASK$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMITE ( ! ,COLLECTIVE ( ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA = AS DETAIL$ AN ACC\NT AS POSSIBLE ON ! :OLE ORGANIZATION4 ,\R COMRADES REPLI$ AS FOLL[S3 

0,\R ,COLLECTIVE COMPRISES #aac FAMILIES & #dg 9HABITANTS ( ALL AGES4 ,?REE HUNDR$ CAN WORK4 ,!RE >E EI<T GR\PS = WORK ON ! L& & #be PEOPLE WORK 9 O!R1 NON AGRICULTURAL TRADES4 ,ALL ! POPULATION BELONGS TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

0,WE HAVE #b1#i HECT>ES ( IRRIGAT$ L& & #h ( DRY L&4 ,! LA/ H>VE/ AM\NT$ TO #fif QU9TALS ( :EAT1 #b QU9TALS ( B>LEY1 #c ( OATS1 #afa QU9TALS ( POTATOES1 #d HECTOLIT]S ( BROAD BEANS & A SIMIL> QUANTITY ( MAIZE4 ,WE PLANT$ #i HECT>ES ( SUG> BEET & LUC]NE1 :I* IS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE CROP1 GAVE AN AV]AGE RETURN ( #be QU9TALS A HECT>E ON ! #b CULTIVAT$4 ,9CREASES 9 PRODUCTION W]E #a#e.0 = :EAT1 B>LEY & OATS1 #b#e.0 = MAIZE1 POTATOES & VEGETABLES4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE [NS #ac DRAFT OX51 #de MILK C[S1 #dh HEIF]S1 #eg CALVES1 #i %EEP & BRE$+ EWES1 #c LAMBS1 #a %EEP = SLAU<T]1 & #b PIGS40 

,! 9=MANTS 5D$ ) ! FOLL[+3 

0,S9CE 9 ,ALBALATE WE CAN H>VE/ L>GE QUANTITIES ( LUC]NE & DISPOSE ( MORE MEAD[S1 !SE RES\RCES WILL BE PUT TO USE TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( F>MS & PRODUCTION2 AS TO CONSUMPTION1 EV]YONE BELONGS TO ! ,COLLECTIVE2 EV]YONE IS FREE TO WORK AS HE WI%ES1 9DIVIDUALLY OR 9 SMALL GR\PS OR 9 ! ,COLLECTIVE2 BUT ALL PRODUCTION IS TAK5 OV] BY ! LOCAL ,COMITE TO MEET ! EXIG5CIES ( ! W> & ! ,REVOLUTION4 

0,P4,S4 ,9CLUD$ 9 ! #c PEOPLE CAPABLE ( WORK+ WE HAVE 9CLUD$ WOM5 :O REPRES5T HALF ! TOTAL & >E EMPLOY$ ON ! H>VE/+ ( LUC]NE & = HOE+ ! SUG> BEET40 

,LET US LOOK A LITTLE MORE CLOSELY AT :AT WE WILL CALL ! 0SOLID>Y BOOK-KEEP+0 AT ! LEVEL ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES & ( ALL ! ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! O!R REGIONS4 ,IT HAD BE5 CLASSIFI$ AT ! PL5UM :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,CASPE ON ,APRIL #b#e1 #a#i#c#g1 ?REE MON?S AFT] ! CONGRESS :]E ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION HAD BE5 CON/ITUT$4 ,AMONG O!R NEW RESOLUTIONS1 ! DELEGATES REJECT$ ! (F] MADE BY ! ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE ( A F9ANCIAL LOAN :I* C\LD HAVE HELP$ ! ,COLLECTIVES TO SOLVE C]TA9 DIFFICULTIES >IS+ FROM ! RET5TION ( ! PESETA1 & FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y DID NOT ACCEPT B>T] EXCEPT ) O!R ,COLLECTIVES OR ,SYNDICATES BELONG+ TO ! ,U4,G4,T4 OR ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,ALL RELATIONS ) PRIVATE BUS9ESS1 09DIVIDUALI/S0 OR ! ,/ATE W]E ABSOLUTELY BANI%$4 

,! APPLICATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES BR\<T ) IT ! NE$ TO KN[ EXACTLY :AT RES\RCES W]E AVAILABLE SO AS NOT ONLY TO 5GAGE 9 B>T] BUT ALSO = MUTUAL AID ON A P]MAN5T FOOT+4 ,?US1 %ORTLY AFT] ! ,APRIL PL5UM1 ON ! BASIS ( QUE/IONNAIRES S5T \T :]EV] NECESS>Y1 ! FOLL[+ FIGURES W]E AVAILABLE = A FIR/ GR\P ( #gg VILLAGE ,COLLECTIVES OR COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES :I* W]E PRODUC]S ( :EAT4 ,SURPLUS :EAT AVAILABLE AM\NT$ TO #a#g1#a#h QU9TALS2 BUT ON ! O!R H& O!R VILLAGES SUFF]$ FROM A %ORTAGE AM\NT+ TO #a1#f#e#c QU9TALS1 SO AFT] MAK+ UP ! DEFICI5CIES TO !SE VILLAGES A BALANCE ( #a#e1#e#b QU9TALS REMA9$ = DISPOSAL4 

,= OIL ! CALCULATIONS REF]R$ TO ! SAME GR\P ( #gg VILLAGES :I* HAD A PRODUCTION ( #d1#e#c QU9TALS4 ,BUT ELSE:]E !RE W\LD BE A DEFICIT ( #a1#f#c#g QU9TALS BECAUSE ( ! VAG>IES ( ! CLIMATE4 ,SO AFT] MAK+ GOOD ! DEFICIT !RE REMA9$ #b1#d#a#e QU9TALS = B>T] 7MA*9]Y1 CLO?+1 ETC474 ,! VILLAGES ?AT B5EFIT$ FROM ?IS SOLID>Y AID1 :I* WAS QUICKLY ORGANIZ$ NO LONG] SIMPLY AT CANTONAL LEVEL 7AS WE SAW 9 ! CASE ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS7 BUT AT REGIONAL LEVEL1 HAD !IR CURR5T ACC\NTS & PAID ) O!R GOODS1 CALCULAT$ 9 PESETA VALUES1 :5 !Y C\LD4 ,BUT ?IS PRACTICE ( SOLID>ITY RAPIDLY W5T BEYOND ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( ! CANTON & TOOK PLACE ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( CANTONAL ,COMITES1 AT AN 5TIRELY REGIONAL LEVEL4 7#f7 

,I W\LD ADD A DETAIL :I* DEMON/RATES ) :AT LUCID /UBBORNNESS ! COLLECTIVI/ ORGANIZATION DEF5D$ ITS AUTONOMY & ABOVE ALL ITS LIB]TY AGA9/ ! NON-COLLECTIVI/ ORGANISMS4 ,WE HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT A ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL HAD BE5 CREAT$ 9 ,>AGON :I* CON/ITUT$ AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL ORGANISM 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T ( ,VAL5CIA FROM EXT5D+ ITS P[]S OV] ! REGION 7IT DID SO NEV]!LESS BY ,JULY-,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g74 ,?AT ,C\NCIL WAS HEAD$ BY A MAJORITY ( LIB]T>IANS ) A MEMB] ( ! ,ASCASO FAMILY1 ALL ( :OM W]E MORE OR LESS WELL-KN[N MILITANTS1 AS ITS *AIRMAN4 ,& IT HAPP5$ ?AT ?AT SEMI-GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION WANT$ TO SEMI-GOV]N P>TICUL>LY 9 MONOPOLIZ+ =EIGN COMM]CE1 RES]V+ TO ITSELF ! PR(ITS FROM ! OP]ATIONS4 ,BUT ! ,F$]ATION BLUNTLY REFUS$ TO ACC$E TO ?IS 9T5TION1 DECL>+ ?AT IT WAS PREP>$1 IF NECESS>Y1 TO PAY A TAX SO ?AT ! ,>AGON ,C\NCIL C\LD DIS*>GE ITS RESPONSIBILITIES1 BUT ?AT ! ECONOMY RE/$ ON ! ,COLLECTIVES & ?AT IT WAS NOT PREP>$ TO GIVE UP ITS CONTROL4 

,FOOTNOTES TO ,*APT] #h 

.<#a.> ,9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM NEV] MADE HEADWAY4 

.<#b.> ,SPA9 WAS ONE ( ! C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE ) ! L>GE/ GOLD RES]VES1 IT WAS E/IMAT$ ?AT ! ,/ATE ,BANK HAD AB\T #c1M4 PESETAS 7GOLD74 

.<#c.> ,! FACT ?AT A MAN %\LD HAVE GONE TO COLLECT ?OSE >TICLES & ?AT O!RS W5T ON DO+ SO W]E 9DICATIONS ( AN 9/ANT REVOLUTION 9 CU/OMS4 ,:AT ,SPANI% MALE W\LD HAVE PREVI\SLY DONE ! %OPP+ AT ! GROC]'S & ALSO B\<T A LITTLE GIRL'S DRESS8 

.<#d.> ,SOAP WAS1 AS ONE CAN SEE1 ONE ( ! >TICLES MO/ 9 DEM&4 ,?IS CONC]N = CLEANL9ESS SPEAKS VOLUMES4 

.<#e.> ,?IS WAS & /ILL IS PRACTIC$ 9 ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM :I* O!RWISE CANNOT1 ON MANY PO9TS1 BE COMP>$ ) ! ,SPANI% ,COLLECTIVES1 = ONE F9DS 9 !M NORMS & AN ORGANIZATION ALMO/ CONV5TUAL1 :I* REM9DS ONE ( ! COMMUNITIES ADVOCAT$ BY A HO/ ( RE=M]S ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY1 & 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM IS ALTOGE!R OV]LOOK$4 

.<#f.> ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,CASPE ,COMITE HAD S5T A CIRCUL> TO ALL VILLAGES & ,COLLECTIVES 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T A G5]AL SURVEY ON ! NUMB] ( FRUIT+ TREES 7PE>S1 APPLES1 NUTS1 OLIVES1 V9ES1 ALMONDS1 ETC471 ON ! NUMB]S ( HEAD ( ANIMALS 7DONKEYS1 MULES1 HORSES1 %EEP1 CATTLE1 PIGS1 GOATS7 & ON ! AVAILABILITY ( MANP[] & ( ! >EA ( SUITABLE L& AVAILABLE1 PROPORTIONS ( IRRIGAT$ & DRY L&S4 ,?US A G5]AL ORGANIZATION WAS BE+ PREP>$ AT ! LEVEL ( ! :OLE REGION4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,X 

,L,I,B,],T,>,I,A,N ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,!RE WAS1 9 ! ORGANIZATION SET 9 MOTION BY ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & BY ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ITS MA9SPR+1 A /RUCTUR+ FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP1 :I* CORRESPONDS TO A REAL F$]ATION & TRUE DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT DEVIATIONS CAN OCCUR AT ! TOP & AT ALL LEVELS2 ?AT AU?ORIT>IAN 9DIVIDUALS CAN TRANS=M1 OR SEEK TO TRANS=M1 DELEGATION 9TO 9TANGIBLE AU?ORIT>IAN P[]4 ,& NOBODY CAN AFFIRM ?AT ?IS DANG] WILL NEV] >ISE4 ,BUT ! SITUATION WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM :AT IT IS OR W\LD BE 9 A ,/ATE APP>ATUS4 ,9 ! ,/ATE :I* ,M>X1 :5 HE WAS SEEK+ TO C\RT FAVOR ) ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>DS :O HAD ESCAP$ ! SLAU<T]1 SO AS TO W9 !M OV] TO HIS CAUSE1 CALL$ A 0P>ASITIC SUP]/RUCTURE0 ( SOCIETY M5 9/ALL$ 9 POSITIONS ( COMM& >E 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y CAN LEGISLATE1 TAKE DECISIONS1 GIVE ORD]S1 MAKE ! *OICE = EV]YBODY )\T CONSULT+ ?OSE :O WILL HAVE TO UND]GO ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR DECISIONS3 !Y >E ! MA/]S4 ,! FRE$OM :I* !Y APPLY IS !IR FRE$OM TO DO ?+S 9 ! WAY !Y WANT1 ?ANKS TO ! APP>ATUS ( LAW1 RULES & REPRESSION ?AT !Y CONTROL1 & AT ! 5D ( :I* !RE >E ! PRISONS1 P5AL SETTLEM5TS1 CONC5TRATION CAMPS & EXECUTIONS4 ,! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES >E TRAGIC EXAMPLES ( ?IS4 

,! NON-,/ATI/ SY/EM DOES NOT ALL[ !SE DEVIATIONS BECAUSE ! CONTROLL+ & COORD9AT+ ,COMITES1 CLE>LY 9DISP5SABLE1 DO NOT GO \TSIDE ! ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS *OS5 !M1 !Y REMA9 9 !IR MID/1 ALWAYS CONTROLLABLE BY & ACCESSIBLE TO ! MEMB]S4 ,IF ANY 9DIVIDUALS CONTRADICT BY !IR ACTIONS !IR M&ATES1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO CALL !M TO ORD]1 TO REPRIM& !M1 TO REPLACE !M4 ,IT IS ONLY BY & 9 SU* A SY/EM ?AT ! 0MAJORITY LAYS D[N ! LAW''4 

,S9CE #ahg ?IS SY/EM HAD BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS1 :O1 9 !IR DET]M9ATION ?AT ! MASS ( MEMB]S %\LD PRON\NCE & DECIDE = !MSELVES AS (T5 AS POSSIBLE ON ! PROBLEMS ?AT >OSE AS WELL AS ON ! RUNN+ ( ACTIVITIES W]E FOLL[+ ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 

,DID ?IS MEAN ?AT !RE W]E NO M9ORITIES1 NO 9DIVIDUALS2 EX]T+ AN (T5 DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! ASSEMBLY1 OR 9 ! DAILY LIFE ( ! ,SYNDICATES1 ,COLLECTIVES1 ,F$]ATIONS8 ,TO ANSW] 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE W\LD BE TO LIE & W\LD DECEIVE NOBODY4 ,AS EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS1 !RE W]E 9 ?OSE ORGANISMS MILITANTS :O W]E BETT] PREP>$1 :O W]E ! FIR/ TO /& 9 ! BREA*1 & TO PREA* BY EXAMPLE1 RISK+ !IR [N SK9S1 & :O1 DRIV5 BY ! SPIRIT ( DEVOTION & SACRIFICE1 W]E BETT] 9=M$ ON ! PROBLEMS1 & F\ND SOLUTIONS TO !M MORE READILY4 ,! HI/ORY ( MANK9D CONC$ES A WOR?Y PLACE TO ! M9ORITIES :O HAVE ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! HAPP9ESS ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES & ! PROGRESS ( ! SPECIES4 ,BUT ! LIB]T>IAN M9ORITY ASSUM$ ?AT ROLE ACCORD+ TO ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES1 & BY OPPOS+ ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,TO EMANCIPATE ! PEOPLE IT IS FIR/ ( ALL NECESS>Y TO TEA* !M1 TO PU% !M TO ?9K & TO WANT4 ,! SIZABLE & 5?USIA/IC LIB]T>IAN M9ORITY S\<T !RE=E1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TO TEA* ! MASSES TO DO )\T LEAD]S & MA/]S & TO ?AT 5D W]E ALWAYS COMMUNICAT+ 9=MATION TO !M1 $UCAT+ !M1 ACCU/OM+ !M TO UND]/& ! PROBLEMS AFFECT+ !M EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 TO SEEK & TO F9D SATISFACTORY SOLUTIONS4 ,! SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES W]E ! EXPRESSION & ! PRACTICE ( LIB]T>IAN DEMOCRACY1 A DEMOCRACY HAV+ NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! DEMOCRACY ( ,A!NS :]E ! CITIZ5S DISCUSS$ & DISPUT$ = DAYS ON 5D ON ! ,AGORA2 :]E FACTIONS1 CLAN RIVALRIES1 AMBITIONS1 P]SONALITIES CONFLICT$1 :]E1 9 VIEW ( ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES PRECI\S TIME WAS LO/ 9 9T]M9ABLE WRANGLES4 ,H]E A MOD]N ,>I/OPH5ES W\LD HAVE HAD NO REASON TO WRITE ! EQUIVAL5T ( ,! ,CL\DS4 

,NORMALLY ?OSE P]IODIC MEET+S W\LD NOT LA/ MORE ?AN A FEW H\RS4 ,!Y DEALT ) CONCRETE1 PRECISE SUBJECTS CONCRETELY & PRECISELY4 ,& ALL :O HAD SOME?+ TO SAY C\LD EXPRESS !MSELVES4 ,! ,COMITE PRES5T$ ! NEW PROBLEMS ?AT HAD >IS5 S9CE ! PREVI\S ASSEMBLY1 ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY ! APPLICATION ( SU* & SU* A RESOLUTION ON ! VOLUME ( PRODUCTION1 ! 9CREASE OR DECREASE ( ANY P>TICUL> SPECIALTY1 RELATIONS ) O!R SYNDICATES1 PRODUCTION RETURNS FROM ! V>I\S WORK%OPS OR FACTORIES4 ,ALL ?IS WAS ! SUBJECT ( REPORTS & DISCUSSION4 ,!N ! ASSEMBLY W\LD NOM9ATE ! COMMISSIONS1 ! MEMB]S ( !SE COMMISSIONS DISCUSS$ BETWE5 !MSELVES :AT SOLUTIONS TO ADOPT1 IF !RE WAS DISAGREEM5T1 A MAJORITY REPORT & A M9ORITY REPORT W\LD BE PREP>$4 

,?IS TOOK PLACE 9 ALL ! SYNDICATES ?R\<\T ,SPA91 9 ALL TRADES & ALL 9DU/RIES1 9 ASSEMBLIES :I*1 9 ,B>CELONA1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+S ( \R MOVEM5T BR\<T TOGE!R HUNDR$S OR ?\S&S ( WORK]S DEP5D+ ON ! /R5G? ( ! ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT ! AW>5ESS ( ! DUTIES1 RESPONSIBILITIES ( EA* SPREAD ALL ! TIME TO A DET]M9+ & DECISIVE DEGREE4 

"9"9"9 

,! PRACTICE ( ?IS DEMOCRACY ALSO EXT5D$ TO ! AGRICULTURAL REGIONS4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[1 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ( ! ,REVOLUTION ! DECISION TO NOM9ATE A LOCAL MANAGEM5T ,COMITE = ! VILLAGES WAS TAK5 BY G5]AL MEET+S ( ! 9HABITANTS ( VILLAGES1 H[ ! DELEGATES 9 ! DIFF]5T ESS5TIAL TASKS :I* DEM&$ AN 9DISP5SABLE COORD9ATION ( ACTIVITIES W]E PROPOS$ & ELECT$ BY ! :OLE ASSEMBL$ POPULATION4 ,BUT IT IS WOR? ADD+ & UND]L9+ ?AT 9 ALL ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES & ALL ! P>TIALLY COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES1 9 ! #d ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON1 9 ! #i 9 ! ,LEVANTE REGION1 9 ! #c 9 ! ,CA/ILIAN REGION1 TO M5TION ONLY ! L>GE GR\P+S :I* COMPRIS$ AT LEA/ #f.0 ( 0#>EPUBLICAN0 ,SPA9'S AGRICULTURE1 ! POPULATION WAS CALL$ TOGE!R WEEKLY1 =TNI<TLY OR MON?LY & KEPT FULLY 9=M$ ( EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ ! COMMONWEAL4 

,?IS WRIT] WAS PRES5T AT A NUMB] ( !SE ASSEMBLIES 9 ,>AGON1 :]E ! REPORTS ON ! V>I\S QUE/IONS MAK+ UP ! AG5DA ALL[$ ! 9HABITANTS TO KN[1 TO SO UND]/&1 & TO FEEL SO M5TALLY 9TEGRAT$ 9 SOCIETY1 TO SO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 9 ! RESPONSIBILITIES1 ?AT ! RECRIM9ATIONS1 ! T5SIONS :I* ALWAYS OCCUR :5 ! P[] ( DECISION IS 5TRU/$ TO A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 BE !Y DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( OBJECT+1 DID NOT HAPP5 !RE4 ,! ASSEMBLIES W]E PUBLIC1 ! OBJECTIONS1 ! PROPOSALS PUBLICLY DISCUSS$1 EV]YBODY BE+ FREE1 AS 9 ! SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DISCUSSIONS1 TO CRITICIZE1 PROPOSE1 ETC4 ,DEMOCRACY EXT5D$ TO ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 MO/ CASES EV5 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S C\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E GIV5 ! SAME HE>+ AS ! COLLECTIVI/S4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE & PRACTICE W]E EXT5D$ TO ! DISCUSSIONS 9 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCILS 9 ! SMALL T[NS & EV5 9 SIZABLE ONES SU* AS ,VILLANUEVA Y ,GELTRU1 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 ,G]ONA1 ,ALICANTE OR ,ALCOY4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT :51 BECAUSE ( ! EXIG5CIES ( W>1 \R COMRADES HAD JO9$ !SE ,C\NCILS1 AS A M9ORITY1 !Y NEV]!LESS V]Y (T5 EX]CIS$ AN 9FLU5CE F> GREAT] ?AN !IR NUM]ICAL /R5G?1 FIR/LY BECAUSE !Y SECUR$ ! AGREEM5T ( ! O!R P>TIES1 :O C\LD NOT EASILY REFUSE1 ?AT DISCUSSIONS %\LD BE OP5 TO ! PUBLIC4 ,ORD9>Y PEOPLE ) FREE TIME MADE A PO9T ( ATT5D+ !M4 ,& (T5 SOCIAL RE=MS O,G,B,P IMM$IATE VALUE 7BUILD+ ( S*OOLS1 NURS]IES1 *ILDR5'S PLAYGR\NDS1 DEC5T CONDITIONS = ! OLD7 W]E SNAT*$ FROM ! POLITICAL MAJORITY :I* W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 GRANT$ IF ! DISCUSSIONS HAD TAK5 PLACE BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS4 

,BO? AT ! 9DIVIDUAL & LOCAL LEVELS1 WE ?9K !SE DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( LIB]T>IAN DEMOCRACY U%]$ 9 A NEW CIVILIZATION4 ,TO GIVE A MORE EXACT IDEA ( :AT IS MEANT1 WE WILL OBS]VE ! UNFOLD+ ( A VILLAGE ASSEMBLY 9 ,TAM>ITE DE ,LIT]A1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,HUESCA1 AT :I* ! WRIT] WAS PRES5T4 

"9"9"9 

,! PREGON]O 7PUBLIC CRI]7 PRES5TS HIMSELF AT ! CROSS ROADS1 9 ! SQU>E & AT ! BUSIE/ CORN]S ( ! VILLAGE4 ,HE BL[S ?REE TIMES ON HIS SMALL HORN ) :I* HE ALWAYS ANN\NCES HIS PRES5CE1 !N 9 A SL[1 LI<T T5OR VOICE :I*1 = SOME REASON ,I DO NOT KN[1 IS US$ BY ALL PREGON]OS 9 ,>AGON1 HE READS1 CLIPP+ ! WORDS & S5T5CES SOME:AT AT R&OM1 FROM A PAP] ON :I* IS WRITT5 ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE >E 9VIT$ BY ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION TO ATT5D ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY :I* WILL TAKE PLACE ?AT SAME EV5+ AT #i O'CLOCK4 

,AT #i4#c P4M4 ! LOCAL C9EMA IS HALF FULL4 ,AT #a P4M4 IT IS PACK$4 ,!RE >E AB\T #f PEOPLE 9CLUD+ SOME #a WOM51 GIRLS & A FEW *ILDR54 

,:ILE WAIT+ = ! OP5+ ( ! MEET+1 EV]YBODY IS TALK+ )\T %\T+ 9 SPITE ( ! EXPANSIVE TEMP]AM5T ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ?AT REGION4 ,9 ! 5D ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,COLLECTIVE M\NTS ! PLAT=M ALONE4 ,SIL5CE FALLS & ! SECRET>Y IMM$IATELY PROPOSES ! ADOPTION ( NECESS>Y >RANGEM5TS3 

0,WE MU/10 HE SAYS1 0NOM9ATE A SECRET>IAT = ! MEET+40 ,IMM$IATELY ONE ( ?OSE PRES5T ASKS TO SPEAK 0ON A PO9T ( ORD]04 

0,!RE >E SOME 9DIVIDUALI/S 9 ! HALL4 ,!Y >E 5EMIES ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,!Y HAVE NO BUS9ESS BE+ H]E1 WE MU/ TURN !M \T4 ,:AT'S MORE1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT WOM5 %\LD REMA9 SIL5T DUR+ ! DISCUSSION1 O!RWISE !Y WILL HAVE TO BE REMOV$ AS WELL40 

,SOME ( ?OSE PRES5T SEEM TO BE 9 AGREEM5T ) ! D\BLE PROPOSAL1 O!RS CLE>LY HAVE D\BTS4 ,! SECRET>Y REPLIES ?AT 9 HIS OP9ION ! 9DIVIDUALI/S %\LD BE ALL[$ TO REMA9 & EV5 TAKE P>T 9 ! DISCUSSIONS4 0,WE HAVE NO?+ TO HIDE & IT IS BY SEE+ H[ WE ACT ?AT !Y WILL 5D BY BE+ CONV9C$40 ,AS TO ! TALKATIVE WOM5 !Y >E PEASANT WOM5 :O HAD NEV] ATT5D$ SU* DISCUSSIONS BE=E & :O ALSO HAVE A RI<T TO SPEAK !Y WILL SURELY KEEP QUIET & !RE WILL BE NO NE$ TO HAVE REC\RSE TO SU* EXTREME MEASURES4 ,! ASSEMBLY APPROVES & ! 9DIVIDUALI/S REMA94 

,!N ! SECRET>IAT IS NOM9AT$1 CONSI/+ ( COMRADES :O >E ELECT$ 9 TURN4 ,!N ! *AIRMAN SPEAKS4 ,HE IS1 NATURALLY1 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE MILITANTS1 & ONE ( ! BE/ 9=M$ ON ! PROBLEMS 9CLUD$ 9 ! AG5DA4 ,HE />TS BY DEAL+ EXHAU/IVELY ) ! REASON = ! ,COMMISSION CALL+ ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y ASSEMBLY4 ,?\< 9TELLIG5T1 HE IS NO SPEAK]1 BUT MAKES A GREAT EF=T TO EXPRESS HIMSELF ) ! UTMO/ CL>ITY1 & SUCCE$S4 

,FIR/ QUE/ION3 ,F\R COMRADES ON ! ,COMMISSION MU/ BE REPLAC$ BECAUSE !Y >E NOT C>RY+ \T !IR TASKS SATISFACTORILY1 NOT ?R\< ANY BAD WILL ON !IR P>T1 BUT BECAUSE !Y LACK ! NECESS>Y BACKGR\ND4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DISCONT5T ) ! DELEGATE DEAL+ ) FOOD SUPPLIES4 ,HE IS V]Y ABLE BUT HAS A DIFFICULT P]SONALITY & HIS MANN] IS TOO BRUSQUE1 :I* RESULTS 9 UNPLEASANT CONFRONTATIONS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 9T]-REGIONAL RELATIONS2 IT W\LD P]HAPS BE BETT] IF 9 FUTURE HE DEALT ) ! B>T] >RANGEM5TS ) MORE DI/ANT REGIONS :]E 9DIVIDUAL CONTACTS >E NOT SO IMPORTANT4 ,! DELEGATE = 9DU/RY & COMM]CE C\LD LOOK AFT] DI/RIBUTION AT LOCAL LEVEL1 & ! RELATIONS :I* ?IS 9VOLVES ) MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,! ASSEMBLY ACCEPTS1 )\T UNNECESS>Y DISCUSSION1 ! *ANGES RECOMM5D$ & NOM9ATES SUCCESSORS4 ,!N ! DELEGATE = FOOD SUPPLIES HAS HIS DUTIES LIMIT$ 9 ONE DIRECTION & EXT5D$ 9 ANO!R4 

,ANO!R QUE/ION :I* IS ON ! AG5DA3 ,A FAIRLY L>GE GR\P ( MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE HAVE JU/ REC5TLY )DRAWN FROM IT TO RETURN TO 9DIVIDUALI/ ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT ! ,COLLECTIVE :I* HAS TAK5 OV] NONAGRICULTURAL LOCAL PRODUCTION POSSESSES ALL ! BAKEH\SES = BREADMAK+ & ! 9DIVIDUALI/S' GR\P CLAIMS ONE4 

,FACES >E S]I\S1 CONC5TRAT$1 T5SE4 ,WOM5 MAKE !IR COMM5TS )\T RAIS+ !IR VOICES4 ,A COLLECTIVI/ HAS ! FLOOR3 

0,WE MU/ L5D !M A BAKEH\SE = A =TNI<T OR A MON? TO GIVE !M TIME TO BUILD ONE = !MSELVES40 

0,NO10 REPLIES ANO!R1 0!Y %\LD HAVE REMA9$ ) US4 ,S9CE !Y HAVE LEFT US1 LET !M GET ON ) IT60 

,A ?IRD DECL>ES ?AT !RE >E ALREADY TOO MANY BAKEH\SES 9 ! VILLAGE & ONE MU/ NOT BUILD ANY MORE4 ,MANY O!R MEMB]S EXPRESS$ !MSELVES ) ?AT ECONOMY ( WORDS :I* IS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,>AGONESE PEASANTS4 ,:5 NOBODY ELSE WI%ES TO SPEAK !N ! *AIRMAN EXPRESSES HIS OP9ION4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE !RE IS ! PROBLEM ( ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! ECONOMY4 ,TO CON/RUCT ANO!R BAKEH\SE IS TO WA/E MAT]IAL NE$$ = O!R USES2 IT WILL 9 DUE C\RSE 9VOLVE AN EXP5SE = WOOD & ELECTRICITY1 :I* MU/ BE AVOID$1 = ! REP]CUSSIONS ( BAD MANAGEM5T DO NOT REB\ND ONLY ON ! 9DIVIDUALI/S BUT ALSO ON ! :OLE NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,N[1 WE MU/ %[ ?AT WE CAN DO BETT] ?AN ! CAPITALI/S4 ,?IS IS :Y1 9/EAD ( 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( BAKEH\SES BE+ US$ WE MU/ EV5 R$UCE !M4 ,LET US !RE=E MAKE ! BREAD = \RSELVES & = ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,BUT !Y WILL SUPPLY US ) ! AM\NT ( FL\R REQUIR$ TO MAKE ! AM\NT ( BREAD !Y NE$ & !RE WILL BE ! SAME QUALITY ( BREAD = ALL ( US4 ,BESIDES1 WE MU/ NOT REFUSE BREAD TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/S =1 9 SPITE ( !IR ]ROR !Y MU/ BE 9 A POSITION TO EAT1 & 9 A SITUATION 9 :I* ! PRES5T ROLES W]E TO BE REV]S$1 WE W\LD BE HAPPY IF \R ADV]S>IES DID NOT PREV5T ! COLLECTIVI/S FROM FE$+ !MSELVES4 

,! *AIRMAN HAS CONV9C$ ! ASSEMBLY1 :I*1 FOLL[+ ! COMM5TS ( SOME COLLECTIVI/S1 APPROVES )\T DISS5TI5TS4 ,! NEXT QUE/ION CONC]NS ! PROS & CONS ( RATION+ BREAD4 ,! HI< FAMILY WAGES PAID BY ! ,COLLECTIVE ALL[S !M TO BUY L>GE QUANTITIES1 :I* 5C\RAGES SOME ABUSE1 & EV5 SOMETIMES 9EQUALITIES :I* ! ,REVOLUTION CANNOT P]MIT4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS NECESS>Y TO E/ABLI% A TOP LIMIT = CONSUMPTION TO 5SURE ?AT EV]Y FAMILY CAN OBTA9 ! QUANTITIES IT NE$S BUT )\T !RE BE+ WA/E4 

,! ASSEMBLY ACCEPTS RATION+1 BUT !N A JURIDICAL PROBLEM IS POS$3 :O WILL APPLY ! MEASURES DECID$ UPON1 ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL OR ! ,COLLECTIVE8 ,! =M] COV]S ! :OLE POPULATION2 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S :O REPRES5T AN EI<?1 & ! ,COLLECTIVI/S4 ,IF ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL TAKES *>GE1 RATION+ WILL HAVE TO BE E/ABLI%$ = EV]YBODY4 ,IF IT'S ! ,COLLECTIVE1 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S WILL NOT CONSID] !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO RESPECT IT4 ,MANY VIEWS >E PUT =W>D :I* ALL[ = AN ASSESSM5T ( ! P[]S ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& IT IS DECID$ TO ASK FIR/ ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL TO UND]TAKE ! TASK4 ,IF IT DOES NOT ACCEPT1 ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL AT LEA/ )9 ! LIMITS ( ITS POSSIBILITIES4 

,BUT ! )DRAWAL ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/S HAS POS$ ANO!R PROBLEM4 ,MANY ( !M HAVE LEFT !IR OLD P>5TS ON ! H&S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME SETT+ !MSELVES UP ON ! L& :I* =M]LY BELONG$ TO ! OLD FOLK !Y HAVE N[ AB&ON$4 ,?OSE DISPOSSESS$ HAVE BE5 TAK5 C>E ( BY ! ,COLLECTIVE BECAUSE !Y >E OLD & UNABLE TO WORK1 BUT ! BEHAVIOR ( ?OSE 9DIVIDUALI/S IS UNACCEPTABLE4 ,:AT ACTION CAN BE TAK58 

,! *AIRMAN1 :O HAS \TL9$ ! DISPUTE1 MAKES IT QUITE CLE> FROM ! />T ?AT !RE IS NO QUE/ION ( EXPELL+ ! OLD FOLK4 ,9 ANY EV5T !Y WILL BE ASSI/$1 BUT !IR *ILDR5 MU/ TAKE BACK !IR P>5TS OR =FEIT !IR L&4 ,SU* IS HIS OP9ION4 

,A NUMB] ( MEMB]S ( ! ASSEMBLY TAKE P>T 9 AN ORD]LY MANN] ?R\<\T4 ,ONE SUGGE/S ?AT ! IRRESPONSIBLE SONS %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( HALF !IR H>VE/4 ,ANO!R REPEATS ?AT IT W\LD BE A %AME TO OBLIGE !SE OLD FOLK TO LEAVE ! ,COLLECTIVE3 ANY?+ MU/ BE CONSID]$ BUT ?AT4 ,!Y RETURN TO ! SUGGE/ION MADE BY ! *AIRMAN3 EI!R ! 9DIVIDUALI/S TAKE !IR P>5TS TO LIVE ) !M OR !Y WILL HAVE NO L& & SOLID>ITY ( ANY K9D WILL BE )HELD FROM !M4 ,! MORAL ISSUE IS UPP]MO/4 ,! PROPOSAL IS APPROV$4 

,EV]Y TIME A SOLUTION IS APPROV$ & BE=E ANO!R IS TAK5 UP1 ! ASSEMBLY COMM5TS1 GIV+ FREE EXPRESSION TO ITS ?\<TS4 ,NEV]!LESS ! G5]AL CONV]SATION IS NOT NOISY1 & B>ELY LA/S A M9UTE4 

,N[ ! QUE/ION TO BE DISCUSS$ CONC]NS ! POTT]IES :I* 9 NORMAL TIMES W]E A S\RCE ( REV5UE AS !Y SUPPLI$ MANY VILLAGES 9 ! REGION & EV5 SOME SMALL T[NS ) JUGS1 POR\S WAT] COOL]S & CANT>OS 7E>!NW>E PIT*]S74 ,!Y ALSO MANUFACTUR$ TILES & BRICKS !RE4 ,BUT AS !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( MANP[] 9 ! FIELDS BECAUSE ( ! MOBILIZATION = ! FRONT1 ! POTT]S W]E S5T !RE & AB&ON$ ! POTT]IES2 O!RS TOO W]E AT ! FRONT4 ,?US PRODUCTION HAD FALL5 (F %>PLY4 ,:AT %\LD BE DONE8 

,ONE MAN SUGGE/S ?AT ! POTT]S %\LD WORK A T5 H\R DAY 9/EAD ( EI<T2 ANO!R ?AT ONE %\LD 9CREASE ! MANP[] 9 ! POTT]IES2 A SOLUTION SUPPORT$ BY A ?IRD SPEAK] :O ADDS ?AT !Y %\LD TRY TO BR+ 9 SKILL$ M5 FROM O!R REGIONS4 ,HE ALSO SUGGE/S ?AT ! TILE FACTORY :I* HAD BE5 CLOS$ AS A RESULT ( ! CURR5T SITUATION1 %\LD BE REOP5$4 

,HE IS GIV5 ! REPLY ?AT WE >E 9 A W> SITUATION & ?AT ONE CAN DO V]Y WELL )\T TILES4 ,LAU<T] FROM ! ASSEMBLY1 :I* APPROVES1 & AS SOMEONE ASKS :Y CANNOT ! SKILL$ WORK]S PRODUCE ?IS YE> AS MU* AS 9 ! PREVI\S YE>1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 A =M] MAYOR & :O IS WELL 9=M$ ON !SE MATT]S1 EXPLA9S ?AT BE=E MANY CANTONS OBTA9$ !IR SUPPLIES FROM ,HUESCA & S9CE ?IS T[N IS N[ 9 ,FRANCOI/ H&S1 !Y GET !IR SUPPLIES FROM ,TAM>ITE4 ,ONE MU/ GET ! POTT]S TO RETURN TO !IR CRAFT & 9 ADDITION WE MU/ PUT AN APPEAL 9 \R ,PRESS = SKILL$ WORK]S FROM O!R REGIONS TO COME & LIVE H]E4 ,PROPOSAL ACCEPT$4 

,!Y HAVE COME TO ! 5D ( ! AG5DA1 & MOVE ON TO 0ANY O!R BUS9ESS04 ,ONE ( ! MEMB]S PO9TS \T ?AT 9 ,TAM>ITE !RE IS AN ALPAGAT]O 7A CANVAS %OE MAK]7 :O IS GOOD AT HIS JOB4 ,ONE C\LD ORGANIZE A WORK%OP :]E ! WOM5 C\LD GO & WORK 9/EAD ( WA/+ !IR TIME GOSSIP+ 9 ! /REET4 ,! WOM5 LAU<1 BUT ! PROPOSAL IS ACCEPT$4 ,A MAN ( BETWE5 #e & #f PO9TS \T ?AT ! LITTLE GIRLS ( ! VILLAGE >E NOT S]I\S1 S9CE !Y PREF] TO GO \T 9/EAD ( GO+ TO WORK 9 ! WORK%OP SPECIALLY SET UP = !M TO LE>N DRESSMAK+4 ,AS A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM HE SUGGE/S ?AT A GOOD DRESSMAK] BE SELECT$ ) ! TASK ( TRA9+ !M1 BUT ?AT CLASSES %\LD BE HELD 9 A *UR* )\T W9D[S4 

,! DOOR W\LD BE BOLT$1 & ! LITTLE GIRLS NOT ALL[$ \T DUR+ ! WORK+ H\RS4 ,EV]YBODY LAU<S1 ! P>TIES CONC]N$ MORE ?AN ! O!RS4 

,MANY COLLECTIVI/S EXPRESS !IR VIEWS 9 TURN1 & IT IS DECID$ ?AT 9 EV]Y WORK%OP A WOMAN DELEGATE %ALL SUP]VISE ! APPR5TICES4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT ATT5D ON TWO CONSECUTIVE OCCASIONS )\T GOOD CAUSE WILL BE DISMISS$4 ,BUT ! MAN :O W\LD HAVE !M KEPT UND] LOCK & KEY WAS IMPLACABLE2 HE SUGGE/S QUITE S]I\SLY1 OR SO IT SEEM$1 ?AT TO PUNI% !M :5 !IR WORK WAS UNSATISFACTORY ! Y\NG GIRLS %\LD BE MADE TO FA/ = TWO OR ?REE DAYS4 ,TO ?AT !RE IS A G5]AL RO> ( LAU<T]4 

,NEW PROBLEM3 ,! NOM9ATION ( A NEW HOSPITAL DIRECTOR 7& WE LE>N ?AT ! DIRECTOR IS A WOMAN1 :I* IS FAIRLY UNUSUAL74 ,?IS HOSPITAL HAS BE5 CONV]T$ 9TO AN ,OLD ,PEOPLE'S ,HOME1 BUT !Y >E N[ BE+ TREAT$ AT HOME BY A DOCTOR :O JO9$ ! ,COLLECTIVE & ! CANTONAL HOSPITAL IS AT !IR DISPOSAL = ALL URG5T CASES OR S]I\S ILLNESSES4 ,?IS AGA9 POSES A PROBLEM ( JURISDICTION4 ,IT IS A G5]AL HOSPITAL4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( ASC]TA9+ :E!R OR NOT IT COMES UND] ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL RECON/ITUT$ FOLL[+ ! PUBLICATION ( ! DECREE EMANAT+ FROM ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T4 ,IF IT DOES1 ! HOSPITAL IS EV]YBODY'S RESPONSIBILITY1 COLLECTIVI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S1 & ! LATT] MU/ ALSO %>E 9 ! EXP5SES4 ,SO F> ! ,COLLECTIVE HAVE PAID EV]Y?+1 & ITS 5EMIES HAVE TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ITS B\NTY4 ,A MATT] = FUR!R /UDY4 

,FOLL[+ ! EXAM9ATION ( QUE/IONS ( LESS IMPORTANCE ! *AIRMAN CLOSES ! SESSION4 ,! ASSEMBLY HAS LA/$ #ba H\RS4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O TOOK P>T W]E PEASANTS FROM ! VILLAGE OR ITS 5VIRONS1 ACCU/OM$ TO RISE E>LY1 & :O AT ?AT TIME ( ! YE> HAD WORK$ TWELVE OR F\RTE5 H\RS4 

,YET NO ONE LEFT BE=E ! 5D ( ! DISCUSSIONS1 NOT EV5 ?OSE :O HAD REMA9$ /&+ AS !RE W]E NOT 5\< SEATS TO GO R\ND4 ,NO WOMAN OR *ILD HAD GONE TO SLEEP4 ,EYES HAD REMA9$ WIDE OP51 & FACES AS WIDE AWAKE4 ,ONE READ ON !M1 AT ! 5D1 AS MU*1 (T5 AMUS$1 9T]E/ AS ONE HAD OBS]V$ AT ! BEG9N+4 ,& ! *AIRMAN1 AT ! SAME TIME PAT]NAL1 FRAT]NAL1 & ! TEA*]1 HAD TO 9SI/ TO PREV5T A MU* LONG] AG5DA4 

,! F9AL RESOLUTION ADOPT$ CONC]N$ ! FREQU5CY ( ASSEMBLIES :I* FROM BE+ HELD MON?LY W]E TO TAKE PLACE WEEKLY4 

,& ! COLLECTIVI/S MADE !IR DIFF]5T WAYS HOME TO B$ COMM5T+ ON ! DISCUSSIONS & RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ AS !Y W5T4 ,SOME LIV$ A FAIR DI/ANCE AWAY & TRAVEL$ EI!R ON FOOT OR ON BICYCLES4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X 

,! ,*,>,T,],S 

,9 E>LI] *APT]S WE HAVE S\<T TO 9TRODUCE1 )9 \R SPACE LIMITATIONS1 AS MANY DOCUM5TS1 OR ! MO/ IMPORTANT SECTIONS ( RULES & ,/ATUTES :I* ILLU/RAT$ ! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLES ON :I* ! AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES W]E F\ND$ & ORGANIZ$4 ,WE N[ ADD1 SEP>AT$ FROM ?OSE *APT]S SO AS TO AVOID TOO MANY REPETITIONS1 O!R TEXTS :I*1 SU* AS ?OSE ALREADY REPRODUC$ P>TIALLY OR 9 FULL1 CONFIRM ! SPIRIT1 AT ! SAME TIME CON/RUCTIVE & HUMANI/1 :I* GUID$ ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZ]S 9 !IR HI/ORIC TASK4 

,9 ORD] TO /UDY & KN[ AB\T ?IS PHASE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?IS HAS = US ! SAME IMPORTANCE AS HAVE ! *>T]S ( ! ,COMMUNES & ! T[NS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,!SE TEXTS REMA9 = ! FUTURE1 FACTORS TO BE APPRAIS$1 & 9 :I* ?OSE :O WILL CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE = A MORE EQUITABLE & RATIONAL SOCIETY MAY F9D 9SPIRATION4 ,P]HAPS BY EXAM9+ !M UND] A MICROSCOPE1 A CRITICAL M9D C\LD PUT =W>D SOME OBJECTIONS ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ANY CLUMS9ESS 9 DRAFT+1 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT NEV]1 SO F>1 HAS A REVOLUTION %[N SU* A PRECISE CON/RUCTIVE SPIRIT1 SU* CLE> RADICAL CONCEPTS1 & SU* A NOBLE SOCIAL E?IC4 ,CONSID]$ 9 !IR ESS5TIALS1 ONE CAN /ATE ?AT ! 5DS PURSU$1 ! ME?ODS \TL9$ & ADOPT$1 CON/ITUTE A DOCTR9E ( SOCIALISM :I* 0FITS0 LIFE & :I* CAN LEAD M5 TO A BETT] FUTURE *>G$ ) REAL JU/ICE & TRUE BRO!RHOOD4 

,/,A,T,U,T,E,S ,( ,! ,W,O,R,K,],S' ,F,R,E,E ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E ,( ,T,A,M,>,I,T,E ,D,E ,L,I,T,],A 

,>TICLE #a4 ,) ! TITLE ( ,COLLECTIVE & COOP]ATIVE1 !RE HAS BE5 SET UP 9 ,TAM>ITE ON ,OCTOB] L1 #aicf A ,COLLECTIVE COMPOS$ ( PEASANTS & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ) ! AIM ( EXPLOIT+ COLLECTIVELY ! AGRICULTURAL PROP]TIES & 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES =M]LY BELONG+ TO FACTI\S ELEM5TS :O P>TICIPAT$ DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY 9 ! FASCI/ UPRIS+ 9 ,SPA9 & :OSE GOODS ?US PASS TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,ALSO 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS ACTION ( COLLECTIVE EXPLOITATION >E ! GOODS ( COLLECTIVI/S & ( PROP]TY [N]S OR 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES :I* HAVE REMA9$ LOYAL & 9 AGREEM5T ) ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 AS WELL AS ! GOODS ( ?OSE :O1 )\T BE+ FASCI/S1 DO NOT PROP]LY F>M !IR L& OR DO NOT USE !IR [N LABOR1 OR HAVE /OPP$ CULTIVAT+ !IR L&4 

,>T4 #b4 ,\R ,COLLECTIVE COMPOS$ (1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 PEASANTS & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 WILL BE GUID$ BY HUMANE S5TIM5TS & ! NOBLE/ SOCIAL PR9CIPLES4 

,>T4 #c4 ,! 5DS AIM$ AT BY ! CON/ITUTION ( ?IS ,COLLECTIVE %ALL BE3 ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! MASS ( PEASANTS & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O HAVE ALWAYS /RUGGL$ = ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL RECOGNITION BO? BE=E ! FASCI/ UPRIS+ & DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,A,S,S,E,T,S ,( ,! ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E 

,>T4 #d4 ,! ASSETS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE %ALL CONSI/ ( ALL PROP]TIES1 URBAN1 RURAL AS WELL AS ( ! GOODS EXPROPRIAT$ FROM FASCI/ ELEM5TS1 & ! GOODS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE ITSELF & ( ?OSE :O1 )\T BE+ FASCI/1 DO NOT PROP]LY CULTIVATE !IR L&' BY !IR [N EF=TS4 

,>T4 #e4 ,9 NO CASE WILL ! ASSETS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE BE BROK5 UP1 ,I :E!R !Y COME FROM FASCI/S OR FROM VOLUNT>Y MEMB]S4 ,L& WILL BE CULTIVAT$ 9 COMMON BY A S+LE COMMUNITY :I* WILL DIVIDE 9TO ?REE OR MORE SECTIONS2 EA* SECTION OR DEL9EAT$ ZONE WILL DISPOSE ( ALL ! EQUIPM5T NE$$ = AGRICULTURAL WORK1 WORK+ ANIMALS TOOLS2 EA* GR\P WILL NOM9ATE ITS TE*NICAL DELEGATES TO 5SURE ! BE/ USE ( ! EXPROPRIAT$ E/ATES4 

7A7 ,AS ALREADY /AT$1 ! WORK]S WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO ?REE SECTIONS1 OR MORE1 ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL APTITUDES2 SOME TO ATT5D TO ! OLIVE TREES & ! V>I\S FRUIT TREES1 O!RS = H>VE/+ LUC]NE & C]EALS1 O!RS = L& WORK ) SPADE OR HOE1 O!RS TO H&LE ! MULES1 O!RS ON M9OR TASKS2 BY ?IS ORGANIZATION WE %ALL ELIM9ATE WEAK PO9TS & %ORTCOM+S ( :I* WE >E ONLY TOO WELL AW>E4 

7B7 ,EV]Y COLLECTIVI/ IS AU?ORIZ$ TO BELONG TO :I*EV] SECTION HE WI%ES & WILL !N BE ABLE TO *ANGE DOMICILE ) HIS FAMILY2 ALL WILL HAVE ! OBLIGATION TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! RESPONSIBLE DELEGATES :O WILL HAVE DECID$ AT PRELIM9>Y MEET+S ON ! WORK TO BE DONE2 IF ANYONE DOES NOT APPLY ! AGREEM5TS MADE 9 ?OSE MEET+S ! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION WILL BE 9=M$ BY ! RESPONSIBLE DELEGATE :O WILL DECIDE ON ! EXPULSION ( ! COMRADE OR COMRADES :O HAVE ADOPT$ ?AT POSITION4 

7C7 ,! GR\PS PREVI\SLY CON/ITUT$ WILL HAVE ! RI<T TO C>RY ON1 ACCORD+ TO ! ALREADY E/ABLI%$ CON/ITUTION4 

7D7 ,ALL ?OSE :O [N #c HECT>ES ( IRRIGAT$ L& AS WELL AS ( DRY L& WILL BE FREE TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE OR TO BE 9DIVIDUALI/S1 BUT !Y WILL BE ALL[$ TO CULTIVATE !IR L& ONLY BY !IR [N EF=TS3 H[EV] BO? COLLECTIVI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S WILL HAVE TO HELP 9 ! WAYS ASK$ ( !M BY ! COMMUNITY1 BY BR++ !IR WORK+ ANIMALS AS WELL AS !IR P]SONAL EF=T4 ,?OSE POSSESS+ LESS ?AN #ca HECT>ES WILL HAVE TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

7E7 ,EA* GR\P AS WELL AS EA* COLLECTIVI/ WILL RECEIVE FROM ! MANAGEM5T COMMISSION A BOOK 9 :I* WILL BE 5T]$ 9COME & \TGO+S4 

,>T4 #f4 ,) A VIEW TO 5SUR+ ! BE/ ADM9I/RATION POSSIBLE1 AN 9V5TORY ( ALL ! ASSETS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE PREP>$ 9 :I* ALL ! DIFF]5T P>CELS ( L&1 O!R PROP]TY & GOODS1 ETC41 WILL APPE> ) A M5TION ( !IR FASCI/ ORIG94 

,>T4 #g4 ,AS ! PRODUCTS ( COMMUNAL 5T]PRISE >E H>VE/$ !Y WILL BE /OR$ 9 PLACES *OS5 BY ! ,COLLECTIVE1 ! %>+ \T OR PRIVATE W>EH\S+ NOT BE+ AU?ORIZ$4 

,>T4 #h4 ,ON L& :I* BY ITS SITUATION OR :]E ! NUMB] 0( 9HABITANTS PROVIDES FAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 L>GE F>M+ UNITS WILL BE SET UP4 

,>T4 #i4 ,?OSE :O WILL APPLY TO JO9 ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL HAVE TO BR+ TO IT ALL !IR GOODS1 ?US CEAS+ TO BE 9DIVIDUALI/S & BECOM+ MEMB]S (1 & 9 SOLID>ITY )1 ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

,>T4 #a4 ,9 ORD] TO KN[ ! POSITION ( EA* ,COLLECTIVE AT ALL TIMES EA* SECTION WILL HAVE TO KEEP A P]MAN5T ACC\NT ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 

,>T4 #a#a4 ,FASCI/ ELEM5TS :O W]E TO CONSCI\SLY SABOTAGE ! WORK & BE A LIABILITY ON ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL HAVE TO BE EXPELL$ = WE WELL KN[ ?AT IF ! SITUATION W]E TO *ANGE1 !SE ELEM5TS W\LD BECOME NOT ONLY \R P]SECUTORS BUT EV5 ( ! MEMB]S ( \R FAMILIES4 

,R,I,<,T,S ,& ,D,U,T,I,E,S ,( ,! ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E 

,>T4 #a#b4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE PUTS AT ! S]VICE ( COLLECTIVI/S ! G5]AL CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVE :I* DEAL ) ALL NE$S3 FOOD1 DR9KS1 HEAT+1 CLO?+2 EQUALLY IT ASSURES M$ICAL & PH>MACEUTICAL S]VICES & EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ COLLECTIVE NE$S & DEVELOPM5T2 IT ALSO DISPOSES ( F\R OIL CRU%]S1 ONE FL\R MILL1 A SOAP FACTORY 79 CONJUNCTION ) OIL CRU%]S = ! PRODUCTION ( L[] GRADE OIL71 A LYE FACTORY1 ?REE LIMEKILNS1 ?REE = C]AMICS & BRICKS1 & ONE ELECTRICITY G5]ATOR4 

,>T4 #a#c4 ,EV]Y COLLECTIVI/ HAS ! RI<T TO RE> PIGS1 H5S1 TURKEYS1 GEESE1 RABBITS1 :]E HE LIVES1 9 ORD] TO ASSURE A SURPLUS4 #a.0 ( ! P\LTRY & RABBITS WILL BE H&$ OV] TO ! COLLECTIVI/ UNITS1 & ANY SURPLUS EGGS WILL BE PASS$ TO ! COOP]ATIVE 9 ORD] TO SUPPLY ?OSE WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 9DU/RIAL WORK & ALL ?OSE :O MAY NE$ !M UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! NEW COLLECTIVE UNITS CAN PRODUCE !M = !MSELVES4 

,>T4 #a#d4 ,ALL COLLECTIVI/S WORK+ 9 9DU/RY & ALL ?OSE :O1 NOT BE+ AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 CANNOT CULTIVATE VEGETABLES WILL RECEIVE SUPPLIES = !MSELVES & !IR FAMILIES FREE ( *>GE4 

,>T4 #a#e4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE GU>ANTEES TO ! HEAD ( EA* FAMILY A WEEKLY WAGE 9 LOCAL MONEY4 ,! SCALE ( PAYM5TS 9 LOCAL MONEY IS AS FOLL[S3 

,A Y\NG C\PLE 444 444 444 444 444 #b#e4 PESETAS 

,AN OLD C\PLE 444 444 444 444 444 #b#a4 PESETAS 

,?REE ADULTS 444 444 444 444 444 444 #c#c4 PESETAS 

,= EA* ADDITIONAL P]SON 444 444 444 #a4 PESETA P] DAY 

,= EA* M9OR 444 444 444 444 444 4#g PESETA P] DAY 

,= TWO S+LE WOM5 444 444 444 444 #b4 PESETAS P] WEEK 

,= A S+LE MAN 444 444 444 444 444 #a#h4 PESETAS P] WEEK 

,= A S+LE WOMAN 444 444 444 444 #a#d4 PESETAS P] WEEK 

,= ?OSE TAK+ !IR MEALS AT ! ,COLLECTIVE'S CANTE5 444 444 444 #i4 PESETAS 

,!SE FIGURES CAN BE MODIFI$ UP OR D[N DEP5D+ ON CIRCUM/ANCES1 & G5]AL EXAM9ATION BY ! ASSEMBLY ( COLLECTIVI/S4 

,>T4 #a#f4 ,ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE )\T SEX DISCRIM9ATION1 WILL HAVE TO WORK FROM ! AGE ( F\RTE5 TO SIXTY EXCEPT 9 CASES ( PHYSICAL DISABILITY M$ICALLY CONFIRM$2 9 SU* CASES WORK WILL BE VOLUNT>Y & NOT OBLIGATORY4 

,>T4 #a#g4 ,EXP5SES = M$ICAL TREATM5T1 M$ICAM5TS1 LI<T & %ELT] >E BORNE BY ! ,COLLECTIVE1 AS WELL AS SUPPLIES ( $IBLE OIL = ! :OLE YE>4 

,>T4 #a#h4 ,:5 A MEMB] ( ! ,COLLECTIVE TAKES A COMPANION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 WI%ES TO />T A NEW FAMILY1 ! ,COLLECTIVE GU>ANTEES H] MAT]IAL NE$S4 

,>T4 #a#i4 ,:5 = VALID REASONS OR UNAVOIDABLE CIRCUM/ANCES A COLLECTIVI/ IS OBLIG$ TO GO & LIVE ELSE:]E1 ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! EXP5SES 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVE4 

,>T4 #b4 ,EV]Y COLLECTIVI/ COMRADE WILL HAVE ! 9ALI5ABLE RI<T ( )DRAW+ FROM ! ,COLLECTIVE :5EV] HE WI%ES TO DO SO2 BUT #a#e.0 ( ! VALUE ( ! ASSETS ?AT HE BR\<T ON JO9+ WILL BE RETA9$4 

,>T4 #b#a4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMISSION WILL CONSI/ ( ONE DELEGATE = EA* SECTION OR ZONE2 ! DELEGATES WILL DECIDE AMONG !MSELVES ! POSITION & FUNCTIONS ( EA*4 ,! NOM9ATION ( ! DELEGATES & ! TASKS ( ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL TAKE PLACE AT A G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,COLLECTIVI/S2 ! DURATION ( !SE FUNCTIONS WILL NOT BE LIMIT$2 !Y WILL 5D AT ! REQUE/ ( ! DELEGATES !MSELVES1 & :5 ! ,ASSEMBLY EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 !SE T]MS4 

,R,U,L,E,S ,= ,! ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E ,( ,S,A,L,A,S ,A,L,T,A,S 

,! UND]SIGN$ GA!R$ TOGE!R 9 G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY & AFT] HAV+ DEF9$ COLLECTIVI/ NORMS1 FREELY DECIDE TO ORGANIZE A ,COLLECTIVE & TO JO9 IT4 ,& !Y APPROVE ! FOLL[+ BASES TO 5SURE ITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 

#a4 ,EV]Y 9HABITANT 9 ,SALAS ,ALTAS1 :ATEV] HIS CONDITION & )\T DI/9CTION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATION OR P>TY1 MAY BELONG TO ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#b4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL NOM9ATE A ,COMITE CONSI/+ ( A *AIRMAN1 VISE-*AIRMAN1 A SECRET>Y1 AN ACC\NTANT1 A TREASUR]1 & AS MANY MEMB]S AS DEEM$ NECESS>Y1 ACCORD+ TO ! TASKS TO BE DEALT )4 

#c4 ,?IS ,COMITE WILL HAVE A PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE *>ACT] & WILL EXPLA9 ITS ACTIVITIES BE=E ! ASSEMBLIES ( COLLECTIVI/S :O WILL BE ABLE TO APPROVE ( !M OR DISMISS !M IF !Y HAVE NOT C>RI$ \T !IR M&ATE SATISFACTORILY4 

#d4 ,MEMB]S WILL BR+ ALL !IR GOODS & *ATTELS2 L&1 CULTIVAT+ TOOLS1 DRAFT ANIMALS1 MONEY & V>I\S MEANS ( WORK4 

#e4 ,! COLLECTIVI/S WILL LIKEWISE BR+ !IR P\LTRY ) A VIEW TO E/ABLI%+ A L>GE COLLECTIVE P\LTRY UNIT TO 9CREASE ?IS VALUABLE ASSET4 ,?IS TASK WILL BE UND]TAK5 BY ?OSE TO BE *OS5 BY ! ,ASSEMBLY4 

#f4 ,COMMUNAL /ABLES WILL BE ORGANIZ$ SO ?AT ALL DRAFT ANIMALS CAN BE BR\<T TOGE!R & ATT5D$ BY A COMPET5T /AFF4 ,9 ?IS WAY DRIV]S WILL WORK %ORT] H\RS ?AN ! TIME REQUIR$ = AGRICULTURAL JOBS OR TRANSPORT4 

#g4 ,%EEP WILL BE MADE UP 9TO FLOCKS1 & ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL NOM9ATE %EPH]DS TO H&LE !M & TAKE !M TO ! PA/URES4 ,A SKILL$ P]SON WILL BE *OS5 = SLAU<T]+4 ,HE WILL DECIDE :I* %EEP %\LD BE KILL$4 

#h4 ,! PRODUCE ( ! L& & GROC]IES WILL BE /OR$ 9 COLLECTIVE W>EH\SES TO 5SURE BETT] SUP]VISION4 

#i4 ,ONE OR MORE COOP]ATIVES WILL BE CON/ITUT$2 !SE WILL SECURE ! PRODUCTS ?AT HAVE TO BE OBTA9$ BY B>T]2 !Y KILL DI/RIBUTE CONSUM] GOODS ON PRES5TATION ( A PRODUC]'S TOOK1 & ON ! BASIS ( ! SCALES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY4 

#a4 ,!SE SCALES CAN BE MODIFI$ UPW>DS OR D[NW>D DEP5D+ ON ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#a#a4 ,NOBODY %ALL CONSUME TO EXCESS4 ,9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES SU* AS 9 ! CASE ( ! SICK1 ! REQUE/ WILL HAVE TO BE SUPPORT$ BY A DOCTOR'S C]TIFICATE4 

#a#b4 ,! ASSEMBLY WILL DECIDE ON ! ANNUAL HOLIDAYS :I* MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL TAKE4 

#a#c4 ,! MONEY AVAILABLE TO ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL BE US$ ONLY TO PUR*ASE GOODS 9 ?OSE REGIONS :]E MONEY /ILL EXI/S4 

#a#d4 ,9 ALL BRAN*ES ( WORK 7AGRICULTURE1 /OCK RE>+1 M9ES7 DELEGATES MAY BE REELECT$2 !IR 9/RUCTIONS MU/ BE RESPECT$2 :]E !Y W]E NOT ! ,COLLECTIVE W\LD TAKE ! /EPS IT DEEM$ NECESS>Y4 

#a#e4 ,OV] ! AGE ( FIFTE5 ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,COLLECTIVE WILL HAVE TO WORK4 ,! ASSEMBLY WILL HAVE TO DECIDE :AT Y\NG M>RI$ WOM5 OR PEOPLE :O >E UNFIT TO WORK1 %\LD DO4 

#a#f4 ,COLLECTIVI/S OV] ! AGE ( SIXTY >E EXEMPT$ FROM WORK2 NEV]!LESS IF SU* IS !IR WI% & !IR PHYSICAL CONDITION P]MITS IT1 !Y CAN UND]TAKE WORK ?AT SUITS !IR PHYSICAL CONDITION 9 ORD] TO HELP ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#a#g4 ,ANYONE :O )\T JU/IFICATION )DRAWS FROM ! ,COLLECTIVE1 WILL HAVE NO RI<TS OV] ! COLLECTIVE ASSETS4 

#a#h4 ,RESOLUTIONS WILL BE PASS$ ON A MAJORITY VOTE ( ! ASSEMBLY4 

#a#i2 ,EV]Y MEMB] WILL RECEIVE A RECEIPT = ! ASSETS BR\<T BY HIM ON JO9+4 

#b4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY IS SOV]EIGN & ITS AGREEM5TS >E LAW EV5 IF !Y MODIFY ! PRES5T ,/ATUTES4 

,SU* IS ! COLLECTIVI/ ,/ATUTE :I* WE UND]TAKE TO IMPLEM5T4 ,SALAS ,ALTAS1 ,DECEMB] #g1 #a#i#c#f4 

,T,E,X,T ,( ,! ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,/ ,R,E,S,O,L,U,T,I,O,N ,( ,A,L,B,A,L,A,T,E ,D,E ,C,9,C,A 

0,9 ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA ON ,JANU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#c#g1 ALMO/ ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! LOCALITY MET 9 A G5]AL ASSEMBLY UND] ! *AIRMAN%IP ( ,ISIDORO ,CA/RO ,GIL1 *AIRMAN ( ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 ,! SECRET>Y READ ! M9UTES ( ! PREVI\S MEET+ :I* W]E APPROV$ UNANIM\SLY4 ,!N ONE PASS$ ON TO EXAM9E ! ,PROPOSAL PRES5T$ BY ! ,C\NCIL1 ! TEXT ( :I* READS3 

0,SO LONG AS PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES CONT9UE ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION WILL BE REPRES5T$ BY ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 :OEV] MAY BE ! PEOPLE COMPRIS+ IT4 

0,AS RESPONSIBLE BODY = LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ! ,C\NCIL PROPOSES TO E/ABLI% FAMILY RATION+ AU?ORIZ+ A MAXIMUM CONSUMPTION P] P]SON P] DAY4 ,ALL EXP5SES WILL BE 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS SUM EXCEPT = ?OSE ( A M$ICAL OR PH>MACEUTICAL NATURE4 ,EQUALLY IT PROPOSES TO FIX A PAYM5T = ?OSE :O DO NOT PRODUCE FOOD/UFFS1 SU* AS BLACKSMI?S1 JO9]S1 C>T]S1 WORK]S 9 ! COOP]ATIVE1 ! PH>MACY & O!R ACTIVITIES :I* >E USEFUL TO ALL ( US1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! PO/S ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL :O MU/ WORK )\T PAYM5T1 :I* ALSO EXEMPTS !M FROM PAY+ = :AT !Y OBTA9 TO LIVE4 

0,IT ALSO PROPOSES ?AT A WORK]S' ,C5T] BE OP5$ :]E C(FEE & W9E WILL BE S]V$4 ,A C>ETAK] WILL HAVE TO BE NOM9AT$ = ?IS4 

0,! QUE/ION ( ! ,COOP]ATIVE !N FOLL[$4 ,IT WAS A QUE/ION ( H[ CLO?+ W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$1 ESPECIALLY W>M CLO?+4 ,SEV]AL COMRADES DECL>$ ?AT ?OSE :O HAD NOT YET PAID !IR DEBTS %\LD NOT BE SUPPLI$4 ,GABRIEL ,S5D] ,CA/RO 9T]V5$ TO PROPOSE A SATISFACTORY SOLUTION & RECOMM5D$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( UND]WE> TO ALL ! 9HABITANTS :E!R !Y HAD PAID !IR DEBTS OR NOT1 & ?AT DONE ONE W\LD FIRMLY DEM& REPAYM5T ( DEBTS FROM ?OSE :O C\LD PAY1 BY ?REAT5+ !M ) NOT SUPPLY+ W>M CLO?+ IF !Y DIDN'T4 ,?IS TACTIC WAS ADOPT$4 

0,TO V>I\S QUE/IONS ,TOMAS ,ALMUNIA DECL>$ ?AT 9/EAD ( S]V+ C(FEE1 :I* WAS NOT 9DISP5SABLE1 IT W\LD BE BETT] TO SAVE ! MONEY = ?REE MON?S & TO SP5D IT ON A C9EPROJECTOR ) S\ND IF POSSIBLE4 ,! *AIRMAN REPLI$ ?AT !Y W\LD IMM$IATELY DO !IR BE/ TO GET BO? ?+S DONE4 

0,FELIX ,GAL9DO PROPOS$ ! NOM9ATION ( CONTROLL]S = ! BUY+ & SELL+ OP]ATIONS & ?IS WAS TURN$ D[N4 ,& ! MEET+ WAS CLOS$40 

,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,E ,( ,P,9,A ,D,E ,E,B,R,O 

7,BASES APPROV$ BY ! LOCAL ,ASSEMBLY ON ,JAN4 #c1 #a#i#c#g7 

7,AFT] A PROLOGUE CONSI/+ ( S5TIM5TAL REVOLUTION>Y REF]5CES1 ! TEXT COMES TO ! PO9T73 

0,9 VIEW ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID1 WORK]S & PEASANTS RIS+ TO ! DEM&S ( ! H\R1 F\NDS ITS VOLUNT>Y ,COLLECTIVE ON ! FOLL[+ BASES3 

#a4 ,MEMB]%IP ( ! ,COLLECTIVE IS VOLUNT>Y = ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE1 :ATEV] MAY BE !IR ECONOMIC SITUATION & SO LONG AS !Y ACCEPT ! ,/ATUTE N[ E/ABLI%$4 

#b4 ,ALL MEMB]S 9 AGREEM5T ) ?IS NEW SOCIAL REGIME WILL BR+ ALL !IR ASSETS TO ! ,COLLECTIVE3 L&1 IMPLEM5TS1 WORK+ ANIMALS1 MONEY & TOOLS4 

#c4 ,AS SOON AS CIRCUM/ANCES W>RANT IT1 EF=TS WILL BE MADE TO BUILD COLLECTIVE /ABLES 9 ORD] TO H\SE ALL ANIMALS SUITABLE = WORK+ ! L&1 ! SAME WILL BE DONE = CATTLE & %EEP & SKILL$ H&S WILL BE *OS5 = ! TASK4 

#d4 ,W>EH\S+ ( ALL FOOD/UFFS1 GROC]IES & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 9 COLLECTIVE /ORES TO 5SURE ADEQUATE CONTROL2 EQUALLY4 ,ORGANIZATION ( ONE OR MORE COOP]ATIVES = ! DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD/UFFS & DIFF]5T IMPLEM5TS ?AT WILL BE REQUIR$ BY ! COLLECTIVI/S4 

#e4 ,! QUANTITY ( PRODUCTS DI/RIBUT$ TO ! COLLECTIVI/S MAY 9CREASE OR DECREASE1 DEP5D+ ON ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#f4 ,WORK WILL BE C>RI$ \T BY GR\PS AT ! HEAD ( :I* !RE WILL BE A RESPONSIBLE DELEGATE4 ,EF=TS WILL BE MADE TO ORGANIZE SECTIONS ( C>T]S & H]DSM5 & ( WORK]S ) A TRADE1 SO ?AT TAL5T$ COMRADES CAN RELIEVE EA* O!R 9 !SE TASKS4 

#g4 ,ALL MEMB]S ( BO? SEXES OV] ! AGE ( #ae WILL HAVE TO WORK = ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,ONLY PEOPLE OV] SIXTY OR 9CAPACITAT$ >E EXEMPT$ UNLESS !IR PHYSICAL CONDITION ALL[S !M TO UND]TAKE LI<T WORK = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#h4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE )DRAWS COMPLETELY FROM ?OSE :O W\LD WI% TO CONT9UE TO LIVE 9 AN 9DIVIDUALI/ REGIME2 SO MU* SO ?AT !Y WILL NOT BE ABLE TO HAVE REC\RSE TO !M 9 ANY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,!Y WILL WORK !IR L&S !MSELVES2 ALL L& ?AT REMA9S UNCULTIVAT$ 9 !IR H&S WILL BE TAK5 OV] BY ! ,COLLECTIVE4 

#i4 ,ANY SUSPICION ( EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN IS ABOLI%$2 & CONSEQU5TLY ALL =MS ( T5ANT F>M+1 %>ECROPP+ OR PAID EMPLOYM5T4 ,?IS MEASURE WILL BE APPLI$ TO ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! LOCALITY :ATEV] !IR SITUATION4 

#a4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY IS SOV]EIGN & OP]ATES ON A MAJORITY BASIS4 ,IT IS AT ! ,ASSEMBLIES ?AT DECISIONS WILL BE TAK5 REG>D+ MEMB]S :O MI<T DI/URB ! SMOO? RUNN+ ( ! ,COLLECTIVE40 

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