,CLASS ,W> 9 ,SPA9 
,! ,WRIT+S ( ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE BY ,FRANK ,M9TZ 

,FR5*3 ,GU>ANTIR LA REVOLUTION 

7,S\RCES ( 9=MATION & QUOTATIONS3 ,U4 ,M>ZOC*I & ,V4 ,RABITTI1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA #a#f? ,JULY #a#i#f#f2 ,U4 ,F$ELI1 ,ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#a2 ,P5SI]I E ,BATTAGLIE #a#i#c#h47 

0,TO GU>ANTEE REVOLUTION1 IT IS NOT 5\< = ! MOB TO BE >M$ OR = !M TO HAVE EXPROPRIAT$ ! B\RGEOISIE3 IT IS NECESS>Y = !M TO DE/ROY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 5TIRELY & TO ORGANIZE !IR [N SY/EM4 ,!Y MU/ BE ABLE TO COMBAT ! IDEAS PUT =W>D BY ,/AL9I/ & RE=MI/ LEAD]S ) ! SAME VIGOR ) :I* !Y ATTACK CAPITALI/ 9DIVIDUALS & ! LEAD]S ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,AS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ANY REVOLUTION>Y 5DEAVOR ?AT DOES NOT REMA9 FAI?FUL TO ?IS EXP]I5CE CONDEMNS ITSELF PURELY & SIMPLY TO NOT EXI/+4 ,ATTACK+ ! /ATE1 UNHESITAT+LY CONFRONT+ ! ,/AL9O-RE=MI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION3 SU* >E ! DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! COM+ REVOLUTION40 

,!SE EXTRACTS FROM ! SECRET REPUBLICATION 9 ,SPANI% ( ,B5]I'S WRIT+S 9 #aigc BY ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T 7:OSE SYMBOLIC FIGURE IS ,PULG ,ANTI* :O WAS G>ROT$ ON #bND ,M>* #a#i#g#d7 EXPLA9 ! REASON = ! PUBLICATION ( !SE WRIT+S4 

,WE HAVE ADD$ SOME PAGES ( ,B]N]I'S FROM ?IS P]IOD :I* BE/ REVEAL HIS ?\<TS ON ,M>XISM & ! MILITIAS4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO KN[ ?AT ,B]N]I & NUM]\S O!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & ANTI-FASCI/S MADE !IR WAY TO ,SPA9 TO FI<T WEAPON 9 H&4 

,HAV+ >RIV$ ON #b#i? ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ON #g? ,AUGU/ ,B]N]I PUT =W>D HIS PLAN = AN ,ITALIAN COLUMN COMPOS$ ( AN>*I/S1 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S 7,GIU/IZIA E ,LIB]TA71 COMMUNI/S1 MON>*I/S & REPUBLICANS4 ,ON #a#g? ,AUGU/ ! COLUMN WAS =M$ 7TEXT 9 ,L ',AUTOGE/ION DANS L',ESPAGNE REVOLUTIONNAIRE P4#b#g#h74 ,! NEXT DAY1 ! COLUMN SET \T = ,>AGON ) #ac M54 ,IT EV5TUALLY CONTA9$ AB\T #d#e4 ,ON ! #b#h? !Y RECEIV$ !IR BAPTISM ( FIRE AT ,MONTE ,PELADO1 :I* !Y HELD DESPITE !IR NUM]ICAL 9F]IORITY4 

,B5]I WAS SOMETIMES AT ! ,FRONT1 SOMETIMES 9 ,B>CELONA TO ORGANIZE ! COLUMN & PROPAG&A4 ,& AS ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE1 HE SETTL$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 )\T COMPLETELY 5D+ HIS CONTACT ) ! ,FRONT 9 P]SON4 

,SO ,B5]I WAS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME FI<T+ ) ! RIFLE & ) ! P54 ,! RE=MI/ C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS BR++ EV] /RONG] PRESSURE TO BE>3 ',SP5D+ FROM #b TO #bb H\RS ON 5D IMM]S$ 9 POLITICAL & MILIT>Y PROBLEMS 9EVITABLY RESULTS 9 A SORT ( M5TAL NAUSEA44 ' 7#a#f? ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g72 ',ISSUE ,NUMB] #h ( ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE WILL APPE> :5 IT CAN4 ,! ,COMMITTEE 7,C,N,T-,F,A,I7 HAS DEALT ) IT 9 ! SAME WAY AS ) ,L',ESPAGNE ,ANTI-FASCI/E .<#a.> & ,I DON'T WANT TO BE ACCUS$4' 7,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g74 

,B]N]I'S >TICLES REFLECT ! FEEL+S ( ! AN>*I/S--,SPANI>DS & =EIGN]S--:O VOLUNTE]$ TO SACRIFICE !IR LIVES = ANTI-HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL *ANGE & = ! B5EFIT ( ALL WORK]S & NOT = ! PATRIOTIC & REPUBLICAN DEMAGOGY ( ! PRIVILEG$4 

,CAMILLO ,B]N]I BY ,FRANK ,M9TZ 

,BORN 9 ,LODI ON #b#h? ,MAY #a#h#i#g1 HE SP5T HIS *ILDHOOD AT ,REGGIO ,EMILIA & WAS ACTIVE 9 A ,SOCIALI/ Y\? GR\P4 ,HE DECID$ TO RESIGN BY S5D+ AN OP5 LETT] :I* CAUS$ SOME DI/URBANCE3 0444! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAS />T$ ON A DISA/R\S DESC5T T[>DS ! DEP?S ( DE/RUCTIVE EGOISM1 ?US FOLL[+ 9 ! PA? ( ! MORAL /R5G? ( ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* GREW /RONG ?ANKS TO ITS M>TYRS & FELL 9TO DECAY :5 ! SACRIFICES ( ITS FOLL[]S CEAS$40 0,WE NE$ A NEW BUR/ ( 5]GY1 WE MU/ RETURN TO A TIME :5 TO LOVE AN IDEA MEANT NOT TO FE> DEA? & TO SACRIFICE ONE'S :OLE LIFE TO TOTAL SUBMISSION40 7#a#i#a#e74 ,?IS DEEP1 MILITANT COMMITM5T :I* ONE MEETS AGA9 & AGA9 RI<T UP UNTIL HIS ASSASS9ATION WAS NEV]1 H[EV]1 A BL9D FAI?1 AS WE %ALL SEE4 

,9 #aiag HE WAS DRAFT$4 ,DID HE WANT TO BE AN OBJECTOR OR DES]T8 0,!RE >E OCCASIONS :5 TO GET ONESELF KILL$ IS ! MO/ LOGICAL SOLUTION1 & TO GET ONESELF KILL$ BECOMES A MORAL NECESSITY4 ,CASES ( CONSCI5CE >E MORE T]RIBLE ?AN ,AU/RIAN BULLETS OR ASPHYXIAT+ GASES40 0,ONE FI<TS & ONE DIES4 ,VIOLETS GR[ ON ! BLOOD-SOAK$ E>?1 ALONG ! DIT*ES ( R$ WAT]40 

,AFT] ! W> HE F9I%$ HIS /UDIES :ILE V]Y ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS4 ,HE BECAME A HUMANITIES TEA*] 9 A HI< S*OOL44 ,! COM+ ( ! ,FASCI/ REGIME & HIS REFUSAL TO GIVE ANY LOYALTY AS A CIVIL S]VANT TO ?IS REGIME MEANT ?AT HE HAD TO GO 9TO EXILE4 

,?US BEGAN A LONG S]IES ( >RE/S & EXPULSIONS FROM ,FRANCE1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,G]MANY1 ,BELGIUM1 ,LUXEMB\RG & ,HOLL&1 TO :I* W]E ADD$ ! USUAL PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL EXILES3 >GUM5TS1 FITS ( 5?USIASM DISAPPO9TM5TS1 SPY+ ETC4 0,I DREAM$ ( BUILD+ A SOLID & SPACI\S $IFICE1 BUT ,I HAVE F\ND \T ?AT MY 5]GY IS %ORT-LIV$3 ,I HAVE WEI<$ MY BRA91 ,X-RAY$ MY HE>T & ,I FEEL ?AT ,I AM SOMETIMES VILE & SOMETIMES PR\D4 ,I WOND] :E!R MY POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS NO MORE ?AN A PO9TLESS /IRR+ ( ! DRY LEAVES ( AN IDEOLOGY 9 DECL9E4 ,MY FAI? :I* WAS A F9E1 T5D] & RI* GRE5 IS N[ BR[N LIKE ! V9ES 9 AUTUMN40 

,B]N]I WAS LIV+ ) HIS WIFE & TWO DAU<T]S :O W]E 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 #aic HE WROTE FROM A ,BELGIAN PRISON TO HIS DAU<T] ,GILIANA3 0,ONE DAY Y\ WILL P]HAPS UND]/& H[ MU* PAPA LOV$ Y\R MO!R & Y\ TWO1 AL?\< HE SO (T5 MADE H] SUFF]1 & AL?\< HE HAS NOT BE5 SO AFFECTIONATE ) Y\40 7WRITT5 9 ,FR5*74 

,BUT DESPITE !SE PHYSICAL & MORAL OB/ACLES1 ,B]N]I WAS 9TELLECTUALLY FULLY ACTIVE3 0,! CURI\S ?+ IS ?AT ON ! ONE H& ,I AM COMPELL$ T[>DS MILITANT POLITICS1 & ON ! O!R H&1 9 ! FIELD ( CULTURE1 MY PREF]R$ /UDIES >E EI!R ( A MO/ PECULI> ]UDITION 7,I HAVE SQU&]$ SO MU* TIME ON /UPID ?+S3 PSY*OLOGY1 ZOOLOGY1 TELEPA?Y ETC7 OR EXTREMELY AB/RACT 7,I HAVE A L>GE BOOK ( MAT]IAL ON ,F9ALISM74 ,! RESULT IS A G5]AL UNEASE40 7,LETT] TO ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#i74 

0,! MORE ,I READ \R PRESS ! MORE ,I ?9K ,I AM DREAM+4 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT ,I CAN'T HELP IT & ?AT ,I H>DLY AGREE ) ANYONE4 74447 ,AS = ! UNIONS1 L BELIEVE ?AT IT IS ! ONLY >EA 9 :I* WE C\LD BUILD ANY?+1 AL?\< ,I CANNOT ACCEPT UNION (FICIALS & ,I CAN CLE>LY SEE DRAWBACKS & DANG]S 9 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 PRACTICE4 ,IF ,I BLAME 9DIVIDUAL-ISM1 IT IS BECAUSE1 AL?\< LESS IMPORTANT NUM]ICALLY1 IT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 9FLU5C+ VIRTUALLY ALL ( ! MOVEM5T4 74447 ,MY DREAM IS TO 9/IGATE ! 9VE/IGATION ( A LONG SUCCESSION ( PROBLEMS1 & !N1 BY COLLECT+ TOGE!R CRITICAL REM>KS1 ANNOTATIONS4 SOLUTIONS ETC41 FROM ! PEOPLE :O WILL BE DISCUSS+ !M1 TO >RIVE AT A PROGRAM = #aicb OR #a#i#c#c1 TO PUT IT =W>D AS ! PROGRAM ( A GR\P ( AN>*I/S :O WILL LET O!RS LIVE 9 PEACE BUT :O WI% TO ADVANCE BY A R\TE ( !IR [N40 

7,LETT] TO ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 ,JULY #a#i#c74 

,IT DOES NOT SEEM ?AT ?IS PROJECT SAW ! LI<T ( DAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,B]N]I WROTE NUM]\S >TICLES & ANTI-RELIGI\S LEAFLETS ON ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM54 ,HE ALSO PUT =W>D A !ORY :I* WAS PUBLI%$ AS ',! ,ANTI-,SEMITIC ,JEW' 9 :I* HE /UDI$ ! COMPULSORY OR VOLUNT>Y ASSIMILATION ( ! ,JEWS4 ,&RE ,SPIRE1 POET & ,ZIONI/1 JUDG$ ! BOOK TO BE 0( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE40 

,BUT HIS MO/ IMPORTANT WRIT+S W]E ',FASCI/ ,ESPIONAGE ,ABROAD' 79 ,ITALIAN7 & ',MUSSOL9I & ! ,CONQUE/ ( ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S1' & HIS MILITANT >TICLES FROM :I* WE %ALL GIVE ?REE QUOTATIONS :I* SEEM TO SUM UP ,B]N]I BE=E HIS >RIVAL AS A VOLUNTE] 9 ,SPA94 

0,HAPPILY ! ,MASONIC PH5OM5ON IS COMPLETELY NEGLIGIBLE 9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ CAMP4 ,BUT !RE HAS BE5 A CONSID]ABLE M9ORITY ( AN>*I/S :O1 5TIC$ BY ! HOPE ( 'EXTREME MEASURES1' HAVE ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE DRAWN 9TO ! POLITICAL GAMES ( ?IS AMBIGU\S =M ( ANTI-FASCISM40 0,FREEMASONRY SUPPORTS ANY MOVEM5T :I* CAN HELP ! B\RGEOISIE & FI<TS ANY ?AT MI<T H>M IT40 

0,IT IS NECESS>Y TO LEAVE ROMANTICISM BEH9D4 ,TO SEE ! MASSES1 L W\LD SAY1 9 P]SPECTIVE4 

0,!RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS ! PEOPLE1 A HOMOG5E\S 5TITY1 BUT CR[DS1 V>I$ & SEP>AT$ 9TO CATEGORIES4 ,!RE IS NO REVOLUTION>Y WILL ( ! MASSES1 BUT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 :I* ! MASSES >E AN 5ORM\S LEV]4 74447 ,IF WE WI% TO >RIVE AT A POT5TIAL RECONSID]ATION ( \R REVOLUTION>Y /R5G?1 :I* IS NOT 9SIGNIFICANT1 WE MU/ GET RID ( \R IDEOLOGICAL APRIORISMS1 & ( ! HABIT ( PUTT+ ?+S (F UNTIL A FUTURE DATE ?AT IS CONV5I5T = SETTL+ PROBLEMS ( TACTICS & RECON/RUCTION4 ,I SAY RECON/RUCTION BECAUSE ! GREATE/ DANG] ( ! HALT+ & DEVIATION ( ! REVOLUTION LIES 9 ! CONS]VATIVE T5D5CY ( ! MASSES40 

7#a#i#c74 

0,TO WAIT = ! PEOPLE TO AWAKE1 TO TALK ( MASS ACTION1 TO R$UCE ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T & MA9T5ANCE ( ! RANKS ( ! P>TY & ! UNION 9/EAD ( CONC5TRAT+ ONE'S MEANS & ONE'S WILL ON REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 :I* ALONE CAN *ANGE ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( MORAL DEGRADATION 9 :I* ! ,ITALIAN PROLET>IAT IS 9 ! PROCESS ( BECOM+ 5TIRELY CORRUPT$1 IS DESPICABLE1 IT IS %E] IDIOCY & AN ACT ( BETRAYAL0 

7#a#i#c#d1 5D ( ',WORK]-IDOLATRY'7 

,AT ! NEWS ( ! UPRIS+ 9 ,SPA91 ,B]N]I & ! MAJORITY ( ! ,ITALIAN ANTI-FASCI/S MADE !IR WAY !RE IMM$IATELY4 ,!Y =M$ A COLUMN :I* WAS TO BE 9TEGRAT$ 9 ! ,ASCASO COLUMN ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 ORGANIZ$ BY ,B]N]I & ,C>LO ,ROSSELLI 7A LEFT-W+ ,SOCIALI/74 ,B]N]I TOOK P>T 9 ! BATTLE ( ,MONTE ,PELADO 7#b#h? ,AUGU/1 #a#i#c#f7--0,WE DEF5D$ ! POSITION ) #ac AGA9/ R\<LY #f TRA9$ & WELL EQUIPP$ M51 & ?AT 9 F\R H\RS ( FI<T+0--& ( ,HUESCA 7#cRD ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f7 

,HE 5D$ UP DEVOT+ HIMSELF MA9LY TO PROPAG&A )\T /OPP+ OCCUPY+ HIMSELF ) ! ,ITALIAN COLUMN4 ,HE RAN ! MAGAZ9E ',GU]RA DI ,CLASSE' 79 ,ITALIAN7 & SPOKE ON ! ,C,N,T_/,F,A,I RADIO 9 TRANSMISSIONS TO ,ITALY4 ,! BOOK ',P5SI]I E BATTAGLIE' 7,P>IS #a#i#c#h7 GIVES US A C]TA9 NUMB] ( COMM5TS ON ! SITUATION :I* ,B]N]I NOT$ D[N4 ,ONE CAN SEE H[ !Y CL>IFY HIS >TICLES AS REG>DS ! DANG] ( A COMMUNI/ PUTS* & ! /RA9$ RELATION%IPS ) ! AN>*I/ GOV]NM5TALI/S4 

0,ONE GR\P ( PEOPLE REALLY GET ON MY N]VES1 IT IS ! VOLUNTE]S :O HAVE COME AS OBS]V]S 7,FR5* = ! MO/ P>T74 ,!Y COME H]E ) ! AIRS ( PRIE/S & GOT UP LIKE C[BOYS TO SP5D HALF ! TIME 9 CAFES40 

7#b#a/ ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f74 

0,! >TICLE 9 ,NUMB] #f HAS IRRITAT$ ! ,CONSUL ,G5]AL ( ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ,B>CELONA1 :O HAS ASK$ ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE 7( ! ,C,N,T7 IF !Y APPROV$ IT4 ,I DON'T KN[ :AT !Y REPLI$40 

7,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g74 

0,ISSUE ,NUMB] #h ( ',GU]RA DI ,CLASSE' WILL APPE> :5 IT CAN4 ,! ,COMMITTEE 7REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T7 HAS DEALT ) IT 9 ! SAME WAY AS ) ',L',ESPAGNE ,ANTI-FASCI/E'.<"9.> & ,I DON'T WANT TO BE ACCUS$4 ,H[EV]1 IT DID DI/RESS ME SLI<TLY4 ,I %ALL MAKE UP = IT BY CONTRIBUT+ TO MAGAZ9ES & ,I %ALL WRITE SOME PAMPHLETS40 

7,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g74 

0,= SOME TIME WE HAVE (T5 HAD SUFF]]S 9 \R CAMP BECAUSE ( ! ,/AL9I/S40 

7,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g74 

0,GIOPP HAS BE5 RELEAS$ BECAUSE ( ! 9T5TION ( ,ESPLA & ,>IETO1 BUT HIS CASE IS S]I\S1 & !Y HAVE ESCORT$ HIM & MADE HIM LEAVE BY PLANE = FE> ( A DIRTY TRICK BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,*EKA :I* IS 9 COMM& AT ,VALNECIA40 74447 0,I CANNOT SEE :5 ,I %ALL F9I% ! PAMPHLET AB\T ! ,BALE>ICS 7:I* ,I AM =C+ MYSELF TO WORK ON DESPITE MY MISGIV+S67 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO />T AN AVALAN*E ( >TICLES ON ! SITUATION H]E :I* IS 9 DANG] ( BE+ UPSET BY ! ,BOL%IES60 

7,M>* #a#i#c#g74 

0,I :O AM NOT G5]ALLY AFRAID 9 ! FACE ( DANG]1 ,I AM SOMETIMES SEIZ$ BY A FE> ( DEA? )\T !RE BE+ ANY P>TICUL>LY OBJECTIVE REASON40 

7LETT] TO HIS WIFE1 #b#e? ,APRIL1 #a#i#c#g74 

,T5 DAYS LAT]1 ON #e? ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I1 BO? AN>*I/S1 W]E >RE/$ AT HOME BY T5 >M$ PLA9-CLO!S POLICEM5 ON ! *>GE ( BE+ 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES' ,AT ,B>BI]I'S PROTE/S1 ONE POLICEMAN TOOK \T HIS C>D1 ,NO4 #aai 7NOT$ BY ,B>BI]I'S WIFE74 .<,WEB MA9TA9]S NOTE3 ,BO? W]E MURD]$ LAT] ?AT DAY.> 

,B]N]I'S LA/ TWO WORKS W]E ',US & ! ,P,\,M' PUBLI%$ BY AN ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PAP] 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 )\T D\BT BECAUSE ( ! CRITICAL DEF5SE ,B]N]I WROTE WAS NOT PUBLI%ABLE 9 ,SPA9 9 ,APRIL-,MAY #a#i#c#g2 & A SPEE* ( #cRD ,MAY #aicg ON ! ,C,N,T_/,F,A,I RADIO TO ,ITALY ON ! OCCASION ( ! DEA? ( ,GRAMSCI1' 0HE T5ACI\S & DIGNIFI$ MILITANT :O WAS \R OPPON5T1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 CONV9C$ ?AT HE LAID HID A /ONE 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ! NEW SOCIETY40 

7,?IS BIOGRAPHY BAS$ L>GELY ON ,ISRAEL ,R5('S 9 ',NOIR ] ,R\GE' REPLACES ,LUIGI ,FABBRI'S OV]-S5TIM5TAL ONE74 

,AL?\< ! NAME ( ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I WAS UNIT$ FRAT]NALLY ) ?AT ( ,FRANCISCO ,B>BI]I BY !IR DEA?S1 ?IS AN>*I/ COMRADE IS R>ELY 9TRODUC$4 

,BORN #a#a? ,NOVEMB] #ahie 9 ,BRIATTICA 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,CATANZ>O1 ,B>BI]I WAS ACTIVE AS AN AN>*I/ FROM HIS Y\?1 & ) ! COM+ ( ,FASCISM1 HE EMIGRAT$ TO ,>G5T9A4 

,>G5T9A WAS 9 ! MID/ ( SOCIAL DI/URBANCE3 VIOL5T /RIKES REPRESS$ BY ! >MY 7#b1 DEAD 9 ,PATAGONIA 9 #a#i#b#a72 P[]FUL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 ( :I* ,=,A WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,B>BI]I MEAN:ILE BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,ITALO,>G5T9IAN AN>*I/ GR\P ( ,SEV]9O DI ,GIOVANNI :I* FIR/ ATTACK$ ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN E/ABLI%M5TS ) BOMBS AT ! TIME ( ! MURD] ( ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI1 & !N ,FASCI/ ,ITALIAN FIRMS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! GR\P C>RI$ \T SEV]AL HOLDUPS TO F9ANCE A SECRET PRESS :I* 9 #aic WAS TO PUBLI% TWO VOLUMES ( ',SOCIAL ,WRIT+S' BY ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 9 ,ITALIAN4 

,:5 DI ,GIOVANNI & HIS COMRADES W]E >RE/$1 ,B>BI]I WAS ABLE TO MAKE SEV]AL COMPROMIS+ DOCUM5TS DISAPPE> & ESCAPE TO ,BRAZIL FROM :]E HE WAS EXPELL$ TO ,ITALY TO BE IMPRISON$4 ,HE SUCCE$$ 9 ESCAP+ & 5T]+ ,FRANCE4 ,BUT1 ACCUS$ ( SU+ FALSE PAP]S1 HE WAS IMPRISON$ & EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE TO ,SWITZ]L& FROM :]E HE WAS SIMIL>LY EXPELL$ TO >RIVE 9 ,SPA9 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#e4 ,BUT1 D5\NC$ BY ! ,ITALIAN SECRET POLICE :O DEM&$ HIS EXTRADITION1 HE PASS$ SECRETLY 9TO ,SWITZ]L& :I* IS :]E HE WAS :5 ! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 BEGAN4 ,B>BI]I REA*$ ,B>CELONA AGA91 >RIV+ !RE ON #b#e? ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 

,BECAUSE ( ILLNESS1 ,B>BI]I F\ND HIMSELF 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,MAY #aicg AFT] HAV+ F\<T ON ! ,HUESCA ,FRONT4 7,9=MATION CONTA9$ 9 P>T 9 ! >TICLE BY ,L4 ,MA/RODICASA1 ',GU]RA DI ,CLASSE1' #b#cRD ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#g74 

,B\ND TOGE!R BY !IR DEA?1 ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I ILLU/RATE TWO COMPLEM5T>Y ASPECTS ( AN>*ISM3 ! UNREL5T+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ DICTATOR%IPS & !IR IDEOLOGIES4 

- ,MAGAZ9E $IT$ BY ,PRUDHOMMEAUX :O HAD TO RETURN TO ,FRANCE TO BE ABLE TO PUBLI% )\T C5SOR%IP4 

,WRIT+S ( ,CAMILO ,B]N]I 

,UNPUBLI%$ LETT] ON MILIT>IZATION1 ,OCTOB]1 #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,A PROPOS DE LA MILIT>IZATION 7LETTRE 9$ITE7 

,ROSSELLI .<#b.> 5VISAGES HAV+ ! MAXIMUM CONTACT BETWE5 \R COLUMN & ! O!R 7! ,ITALIAN SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES ATTA*$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE71 WELL ,I REFUSE IT4 ,BUT ! IMPORTANT PROBLEM IS ?AT ( ! AUTONOMY ( \R SECTION1 AUTONOMY :I* ,ROSSELLI PROPOSES1 BUT :I* ,I DO NOT F9D ADVISABLE1 BECAUSE IT AM\NTS TO CUTT+ (F ! MAJORITY ( ! SECTION :I* WE HAVE =M$ FROM A MILITIA RESPONSIVE TO \R IDEAS2 BECAUSE ,I DO NOT SEE H[ MILIT>IZATION W\LD EXCLUDE US :5 IT DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 SEP>AT+ US FROM ! ,ASCASO COLUMN4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME1 !RE=E1 EASI] TO ESCAPE MILIT>IZATION BY REMA9+ )9 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I MILITIA1 RA!R ?AN SUBMITT+ DIRECTLY TO ! MILIT>Y COMM&4 

,!RE REMA9S ! QUE/ION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SECTION4 ,! ,ITALIAN COLUMN ( ,ALBACETE 7! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES' BASE4 ,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE7 CONTA9S A ?\S& M51 & !RE IS ALSO A COLUMN ( ,G]MANS SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$ BY ! COMMUNI/S :O NUMB] #b4 ,FROM A TRU/WOR?Y S\RCE1 WE KN[ ?AT S9CE ! />T SOME #h1 ,G]MANS HAVE 5T]$ ,SPA91 COMM&$ BY ',RUSSIAN (FIC]S4' ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ,MADRID IS ORGANIZ+ ITS [N ',T]CIO'3 A =EIGN LEGION :I*1 WELL >M$ & WELL COMM&$ WILL BE ABLE TO RE/ORE ORD]4 ,! 9CREASE 9 ! POLICE =CES 7GU>DIAS DE ASALTO & GU>DIAS CIVILES7 & ! MASS >RIVAL ( ,MOSC['S ,MOROCCANS MU/ GIVE US PAUSE = ?\<T4 ,ALL ?OSE :O W\LD BE ON \R SIDE 9 ! EV5T ( ANY ATTEMPT TO /IFLE ! REVOLUTION CAN BE CONSID]$ AS GOOD ALLIES4 ,ON ! O!R H& ,I CONT9UE TO CONSID] USEFUL ! POLITICALLY HET]OG5E\S *>ACT] ( \R COLUMN4 ,BATTI/ELLI1 TO GIVE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE1 IS AN IDEAL (FIC] = A COLUMN SU* AS \RS1 & ,S4 W\LD NOT BE4 

,! MORE ! W> 9T5SIFIES1 ! MORE ! NE$ TO P]FECT ! COMM&+ RANKS WILL 9CREASE4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME 9 CONCLUSION ?AT ! PRES5CE ( NON-AN>*I/ ELEM5TS 9 \R COLUMN HAS BE5 MILIT>ILY & POLITICALLY NOT NEGATIVE4 

,SETT+ ASIDE ! BREAK+ UP ( \R COLUMN & \R MILITIA1 ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 US & ! MEMB]S ( ,GIU/IZIA E ,LIB]TA C\LD RE/ ON !SE TWO PO9TS3 

#a7 JO9T RECRUIT+ COMMITTEES2 

#b7 JO9T AID COMMITTEES 

,IT IS UP TO Y\ TO EXAM9E & RESOLVE ?IS AGREEM5T4 .<#c.> 

,! ,/ATE & ! ,CLASSES 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #b ( #a#g? ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 PAGE #d & SIGN$ ,C4,B4 

,FR5*3 ,L',ETAT ET LES CLASSES 

,L59 9 #aiba DEF9$ ! ,SOVIET ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE AS 0A WORK]S' /ATE ) A BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATION 9 A C\NTRY ) A PEASANT MAJORITY40 ,?IS DEF9ITION MU/ N[ADAYS BE MODIFI$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE IS A BUREAUCRATIC ,/ATE :]E A BUREAUCRATIC MIDDLE CLASS & A WORK]S L[] MIDDLE CLASS >E 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION :ILE ! AGR>IAN MIDDLE CLASS /ILL SURVIVES4 

,BORIS ,S\V>9 9 HIS BOOK ON ',/AL9' 7,P>IS #a#i#c#e7 GIVES ?IS PORTRAYAL ( ! SOCIAL APPE>ANCE ( ! ,U,S,S,R3 

0,! SO-CALL$ SOVIET SOCIETY IS BAS$ 9 JU/ ! SAME WAY ON ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 ( ! PRODUC] BY ! BUREAUCRAT--TE*NICIAN ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS VALUE IS SUCCE$$ BY A COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION BY ! ,/ATE1 A P>ASITIC D$UCTION FROM CONSUMPTION C>RI$ \T BY ! BUREAUCRACY444,(FICIAL DOCUM5TS LEAVE US 9 NO D\BT3 ! BUREAUCRACY D$UCTS AN UNW>RANT$ PORTION FROM ! WORK ( ! SUBJECT CLASSES :O >E =C$ TO UND]GO AN UNREL5T+ SY/EM ( SWEAT$ LABOR1 & :I* CORRESPONDS MORE OR LESS TO ! OLD CAPITALI/ PR(IT4 ,?US A NEW SOCIAL CATEGORY HAS =M$ >\ND ! ,P>TY1 :I* IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! CURR5T ORD] & 9 ! P]PETUATION ( ! ,/ATE :OSE EXT9CTION ,L59 PR$ICT$ AS RELAT$ TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASSES4 ,IF ! ,BOL%EVIKS DO NOT HAVE ! LEGAL [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & MEANS ( EX*ANGE1 !Y POSSESS ! MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* ALL[S !M TO C>RY \T ALL !SE ACTS ( PLUND] 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( IMPOS+ SALE PRICES ?AT >E MU* HI<] ?AN CO/ PRICES CONTA9S ! TRUE SECRET ( BUREAUCRATIC-TE*NICAL EXPLOITATION :I* IS *>ACT]IZ$ BESIDES ?IS BY ADM9I/RATIVE & MILIT>Y OPPRESSION40 

,BONAP>TISM IS NO MORE ?AN ! POLITICAL REFLECTION ( ! T5D5CY ( ?IS NEW B\RGEOISIE TO CONS]VE & 5HANCE ITS [N SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,9 ! APPEAL TO ! WORLD PROLET>IAT BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,L59I/ ,TAMBOV ( #a#i#c#e1 ONE CAN READ3 

0,! AIM ( ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY CONSI/S SOLELY ( ! ISOLATION & TORTURE ( OPPON5TS SO ?AT !Y NEV] PUBLICLY BECOME USELESS1 ?AT IS TO SAY UN=TUNATE APOLITICAL BE+S4 ,! BUREAUCRAT1 9 FACT1 DOES NOT WI% Y\ TO BE A TRUE ,COMMUNI/4 ,HE DOES NOT NE$ ?AT4 ,= HIM ?AT IS H>MFUL & MORTALLY DANG]\S4 ,! BUREAUCRAT DOES NOT WANT 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNI/S1 HE WANTS MIS]ABLE SLAVES1 EGOI/S & CITIZ5S ( ! WOR/ SORT4444 

0,IT W\LD ?US BE POSSIBLE ?AT UND] A TRUE PROLET>IAN P[]1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY1 AGA9/ ! ?IEVES & BRIG&S :O IMPUD5TLY APPROPRIATE ! GOODS ( ! SOVIETS & :O >E ! CAUSE ( ! LOSS ( ?\S&S ( M5 ?R\< COLD & FAM9E1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE ?AT A /RUGGLE OR A SIMPLE PROTE/ W\LD BE CONSID]$ AS A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y (F5SE80 

,! CRUEL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 'REVOLUTION>Y' OPPOSITIONS & 'CONS]VATIVE' OR?ODOXY IS A PH5OM5ON ?AT IS QUITE NATURAL 9 ! SETT+ ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 ,! ,L59I/ OPPOSITION HAS GOOD REASON TO PO9T \T TO ! WORLD PROLET>IAT ! DE=MITIES & DEG5]ACY'S ( ,/AL9ISM1 BUT IF ! OPPOSITION'S DIAGNOSIS IS ALMO/ ALWAYS CORRECT1 ! ETIOLOGY IS ALMO/ ALWAYS 9ADEQUATE4 ,/AL9ISM IS ONLY ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,L59I/ SET UP ( ! POLITICAL PROBLEM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,TO OPPOSE ! EFFECTS )\T GO+ BACK TO ! CAUSES1 TO ! ORIG9AL S9 ( ,BOL%EVISM 7BUREAUCRATIC DICTATOR%IP AS A FUNCTION ( DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,P>TY71 IS EQUIVAL5T TO >BITR>ILY SIMPLIFY+ ! *A9 ( CAUSALITY :I* LEADS FROM ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,L59 )\T ANY GREAT BREAKS 9 CONT9UITY4 ,LIB]TY )9 A P>TY :I* D5IES ! FREE PLAY ( COMPETITION AMONG ! PROGRESSIVE P>TIES )9 ! SOVIET SY/EM W\LD TODAY BE A SPECTACUL> MIRACLE4 ,WORK]S' HEGEMONY1 ,BOL%EVIK ABSOLUTISM1 ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 9DU/RIAL FETI%ISM3 !SE SE$S ( CORRUPTION C\LD ONLY PRODUCE POISON$ FRUIT SU* AS ! ABSOLUTISM ( A FACTION & ! HEGEMONY ( A CLASS4 

,TROTSKY 9 ! ROLE ( ,SA9T ,GEORGE /RUGGL+ ) ! ,/AL9I/ DRAGON CANNOT MAKE US =GET ! ,TROTSKY ( ,KRON/ADT4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = CURR5T ,/AL9ISM GOES BACK TO ! =MULATION & PRACTICE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 ! SAME WAY AS TO ! ILLUSION ( ! EXT9CTION ( ! ,/ATE AS A FRUIT ( ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASSES UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 

,:5 ,TROTSKY WROTE 7#f? ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#e73 0,! HI/ORICAL ABSURDITY ( AUTOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY 9 A CLASSLESS SOCIETY CANNOT BE SU/A9$ & WILL NOT BE SU/A9$ 9DEF9ITELY10 HE WAS SAY+ AN ABSURD ?+ AB\T ! 'HI/ORICAL ABSURDITY4' ,9 HI/ORY !RE IS NO ABSURDITY4 ,AN AUTOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY IS A CLASS1 !RE=E IT IS NOT ABSURD ?AT IT %\LD EXI/ 9 A SOCIETY :]E CLASSES REMA9 ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS & ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,IF ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A 'CLASSLESS' SOCIETY1 IT W\LD ALSO BE A SOCIETY )\T A BUREAUCRATIC AUTOCRACY1 :I* IS ! NATURAL FRUIT ( ! P]MAN5T EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,IT IS BECAUSE ( ITS FUNCTION AS ! P>TY CONTROLL+ ! ,/ATE MA*9E ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY BECAME A C5T] ( ATTRACTION = C>E]I/ PETTY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS & = LAZY & OPPORTUNI/ WORK]S4 

,! BUREAUCRATIC W\ND HAS NOT BE5 OP5$ & 9FECT$ BY ,/AL9ISM3 IT IS CONTEMPORANE\S ) ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP4 

,H]E >E SOME NEWS ITEMS FROM #aiah & #a#i#a#i1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK PRESS4 ',VETS]TSIA ,ISVE/IA' ( #b#cRD ,AUGU/ #aiah TALK+ ( ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! PO/AL S]VICE1 /ATES ?AT DESPITE ! #f.0 DECREASE 9 CORRESPOND5CE ! NUMB] ( EMPLOYES HAD 9CREAS$ BY #a.0 COMP>$ TO ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 

',PRAVDA' ( #a#a? ,FEBRU>Y #aiai PO9TS \T ! CONT9UAL CREATION ( NEW (FICES1 ( NEW BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 = :I* (FICIALS >E NAM$ & REMUN]AT$ BE=E !SE NEW 9/ITUTIONS BEG9 TO OP]ATE4 0,& ALL !SE NEW EMPLOYES10 SAYS ',PRAVDA' ( #b#bND ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#i1 0OV]RUN & OCCUPY 5TIRE PALACES1 :51 SEE+ !IR NUMB]1 A FEW ROOMS W\LD BE 5\<40 

,WORK IS SL[ & OB/RUCTIONI/1 EV5 9 (FICES ) 9DU/RIAL FUNCTIONS4 0,AN EMPLOYEE ( ! ,COMMIS>IAT ( ,LIPETZK10 RELATES ',ISVE/IA' ( #b#i? ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 09 ORD] TO BUY N9E BOXES ( NAILS AT ! PRICE ( #dag RUBLES HAD TO FILL 9 TW5TY =MS1 OBTA9 T5 ORD]S & ?IRTE5 SIGNATURES1 & HE HAD TO WAIT TWO DAYS TO GET !M AS ! BUREAUCRATS :O %\LD HAVE SIGN$ C\LD NOT BE F\ND40 

',PRAVDA' 7,NO4#b#h#a7 D5\NC$ 0! 9VASION ( \R ,P>TY BY PETTY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS0 & COMPLA9TS AB\T REQUISITIONS 0( A ,SELFI% NATURE40 ,9 ! #bND ,M>* #aiai ISSUE1 ! SAME PAP] /ATES 0,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT REC5TLY COMRADES :O >E 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY = !IR FIR/ YE> HAVE BEGUN TO MAKE USE ( ME?ODS ?AT >E 9ADMISSIBLE 9 \R ,P>TY4 ,MAK+ IT !IR DUTY NOT TO TAKE ANY NOTICE ( ! ADVICE ( LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS1 BELIEV+ !MSELVES *>G$ TO ACT P]SONALLY ON ! BASIS ( !IR RA!R LIMIT$ AU?ORITY1 !Y ORD] & COMM& )\T RHYME OR REASON4 ,FROM ?IS COMES ! LAT5T DISCONT5T BETWE5 ! C5T] & ! P]IPH]Y1 A SUCCESSION ( ABUSES PROVOK$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL DICTATOR%IP40 

,SPEAK+ ( ! PROV9CE ( ,P5SA1 ! ,COMMISS>Y ( ! ,9T]IOR ,N>KOMVNUDEL SAID1 0,! LOCAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T BEHAVE NOT LIKE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT LIKE TRUE DICTATORS4 ,A S5ES ( FACTS & PRO(S ?AT !SE /RANGE REPRES5TATIVES GO >M$ TO ! POORE/ ( PEOPLE1 TAK+ FROM !M ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 ?REAT5+ TO KILL !M1 & :5 !Y PROTE/1 !Y BEAT !M ) /ICKS4 ,! POSSESSIONS !Y HAVE ?US REQUISITION$ >E RESOLD1 & ) ! MONEY !Y RECEIVE1 !Y ORGANIZE SC5ES ( DRUNK5NESS & ORGIES40 

,ANO!R ,BOL%EVIK1 ,MES]IKOV1 WROTE1 0EA* ONE ( US SEES EA* DAY 9NUM]ABLE CASES ( VIOL5CE1 ( ABUSE ( P[]1 ( CORRUPTION1 ( LAZ9ESS ETC4 ,ALL ( US KN[ ?AT 9TO \R SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 CRET9S & 9COMPET5TS HAVE 5T]$ 5 MASSE4 ,WE ALL REGRET !IR PRES5CE 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,P>TY1 BUT WE DO NO?+ TO CLEAN \RSELVES ( !SE IMPURITIES4440 0444,IF AN 9/ITUTION *ASES \T AN 9COMPET5T1 !Y /RAI<T AWAY F9D ANO!R TO REPLACE HIM1 & !Y 5TRU/ HIM ) A RESPONSIBLE PO/4 ,(T5 9/EAD ( PUNI%M5T HE GETS PROMOTION40 7,PRAVDA1 #e? ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#i74 

,9 A SPEE* GIV5 AT ! ,EI<? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7#a#a?-#a#b? ,M>* #a#i#a#i7 ,L59 ACKN[L$G$1 0,!RE >E H]E & !RE C>E]I/S1 SOLDI]S ( =TUNE :O HAVE FA/5$ ON TO US4 ,!Y CALL !MSELVES ,COMMUNI/S1 BUT 9 REALITY !Y SEEK ONLY TO DECEIVE US AS TO !IR TRUE IDEAS4 ,!Y HAVE '/UCK' !MSELVES TO US BECAUSE WE >E 9 P[]1 & BECAUSE ! MO/ HONE/ BUREAUCRATIC ELEM5TS REFUSE TO COLLABORATE ) US BECAUSE ( !IR BACKW>D IDEAS1 :]EAS !SE O!RS' DO NOT EV5 HAVE HONE/ IDEAS1 !Y >E M]ELY CLIMB]S4'0 

,! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T REVEAL$ ITSELF TO BE P[]LESS 9 ! FACE ( A BUREAUCRACY :I* IS SUP]-ABUNDANT1 P>ASITIC1 DESPOTIC & DI%ONE/4 

,FIVE MILLION BUREAUCRATS BECAME NE>LY T5 MILLION4 ,9 #aibe !RE W]E #d1 (FICIALS 9 ! ,COOP]ATION 7',PRAVDA' #b? ,APRIL1 #a#i#b#f71 ,9 #aibg ! ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ATION ( ,FOOD ,WORK]S HAD SOME #d1#b#h#g (FICIALS = #d#e#a1#g#b MEMB]S1 & ! ,MOSC[ ,METALWORK]S ,UNION SOME #g (FICIALS = #a#c1 UNION C>DS4 7',TRUDA' #a#b? ,JUNE #a#i#b#h74 

,?IS PLE?ORIC BUREAUCRACY DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO 9T5SE & EFFICI5T ADM9I/RATIVE ACTIVITY4 0,! DIRECTORATE ( ! SOVIET SY/EM FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE HAS A FUNCTION ( PAP]-%UFFL+4 ,! PROV9CIAL COMMITTEE USUALLY S5DS \T ONE OR TWO CIRCUL>S EV]Y DAY ON EV]Y POSSIBLE & IMAG9ABLE QUE/ION & JUDGES ?AT IT HAS ?US FULFILL$ ITS OBLIGATIONS40 0,! NUMB] ( CIRCUL>S GIV+ DIRECTIVES :I* >E RECEIV$ BY LOCAL CELLS V>IES BETWE5 #c & #a MON?LY40 7,PRAVDA1 #g? ,JUNE #a#i#b#e74 

,A TOP (FICIAL1 ,DZ]J9SKY WROTE1 0,!Y DEM& FROM 5T]PRISES ! MO/ V>I$ SORT ( 9=MATION1 REPORTS & /ATI/ICAL FACTS1 :I* 9 \R SY/EM =M A TORR5T ( PAP] :I* OBLIGES US TO EMPLOY AN EXCESSIVE NUMB] ( P]SONNEL & DAMAGES \R REAL WORK2 A SEA ( PAP] IS CREAT$ 9 :I* HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE >E LO/2 ! SITUATION ( ACC\NTABILITY & /ATI/ICS IS QUITE SIMPLY CATA/ROPHIC2 BUS9ESSES WE>ILY SUPPORT ! BURD5 ( SUPPLY+ 9=MATION ON T5S & HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T =MS1 N[ !Y MEASURE ACC\NTABILITY 9 P\DS40 7,ONE P\D "7 #a#f1#c#h KG74 7,PRAVDA1 #b#cRD ,JUNE #a#i#b#f74 

"4"4"4 

,?IS PH5OM5ON ( ! RECON/ITUTION ( CLASSES '?ANKS TO ! ,/ATE' WAS =ESE5 BY US & VIRUL5TLY D5\NC$ BY US4 ,! ,L59I/ OPPOSITION DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 DEEP5+ !IR ETIOLOGICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! PH5OM5ON1 & IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT !Y DID NOT COME TO REVISE ! ,L59I/ POSITION 9 ! FACE ( ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,/ATE & ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,ABOLITION & ,EXT9CTION ( ! ,/ATE 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #c1 ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 PAGE #d & SIGN$ ,C4,B4 "9 

,FR5*3 ,ABOLITION ET EXT9CTION DE L',ETAT 

,:]EAS WE AN>*I/S DESIRE ! EXT9CTION ( ! /ATE ?R\< ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! CON/ITUTION ( AN AUTONOMI/ F$]AL ORD]1 ! ,L59I/S DESIRE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE & MOREOV] ! CONQUE/ ( ! /ATE BY ! 'PROLET>IAT4' ,! 'PROLET>IAN' /ATE4 !Y SAY1 IS A SEMI-/ATE S9CE ! COMPLETE /ATE IS ! B\RGEOIS ONE DE/ROY$ BY ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,& EV5 ?IS SEMI-/ATE W\LD DIE1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,M>XI/S1 A NATURAL DEA?4 

,?IS !ORY ( ! EXT9CTION ( ! /ATE :I* IS ! BASIS ( ,L59'S BOOK ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION' HAS BE5 D]IV$ BY HIM FROM ,5GELS :O 9 ',ANTI-,DUHR+' SAYS1 0,! PROLET>IAT SEIZES ! P[] ( ! /ATE & FIR/ ( ALL TRANS=MS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! PROP]TY ( ! /ATE4 ,BUT BY A*IEV+ ?IS IT DOES AWAY ) ITSELF AS PROLET>IAT1 IT DOES AWAY ) ALL CLASS DIFF]5CES & ALL CLASS ANTAGONISMS & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO ) ! /ATE AS ! /ATE4 ,SOCIETY AS IT WAS & AS IT IS AT PRES5T :I* IS ACTUAT$ BY ! ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 ! CLASSES1 NE$$ ! /ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY AN ORGANIZATION ( ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS ) A VIEW TO MA9TA9+ ! \TW>D CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 MORE P>TICUL>LY ) A VIEW TO MA9TA9+ BY =CE ! EXPLOIT$ CLASS 9 ! OPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS DEM&$ BY ! EXI/+ MODE ( PRODUCTION 7SLAV]Y1 S]FDOM1 WAGE LABOR74 ,! /ATE WAS ! (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 ITS SYN!SIS 9 VISIBLE =M1 BUT IT WAS ONLY ?IS TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT WAS ! /ATE ( ! CLASS :I* ITSELF REPRES5T$ 9 ITS TIME ! 5TIRE SOCIETY3 ! /ATE ( CITIZ5S :O [N$ SLAVES 9 ANTIQUITY1 ! /ATE ( ! FEUDAL NOBILITY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! /ATE ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 \R TIME4 ,BUT BY BECOM+ AT LA/ ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! :OLE SOCIETY1 IT R5D]S ITSELF SUP]FLU\S4 ,AS SOON AS !RE IS NO LONG] A SOCIAL CLASS TO MA9TA9 9 OPPRESSION2 AS SOON AS ! CLA%ES ( 9T]E/ & ! EXCESSES >E ABOLI%$ AT ! SAME TIME AS CLASS DOM9ATION & ! /RUGGLE = 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE :I* IS F\ND$ 9 ! OLD AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION FROM :I* !Y RESULT1 !RE IS NO?+ MORE TO REPRESS1 & A SPECIAL =CE = REPRESSION1 ! /ATE1 CEASES TO BE NECESS>Y4 ,! FIR/ ACT BY :I* ! /ATE CONFIRMS ITSELF 9 REALITY AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY--TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY--IS AT ! SAME TIME ! LA/ PROP] ACT ( ! /ATE4 ,! 9T]V5TION ( ! P[] ( ! /ATE 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOMES SUP]FLU\S 9 ONE >EA AFT] ANO!R1 & EV5TUALLY DIES AWAY ( ITS [N ACCORD4 ,GOV]NM5T ( PEOPLE IS REPLAC$ BY ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S & CONTROL ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! /ATE IS NOT 'ABOLI%$'2 IT WI!RS AWAY4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ONE MU/ APPRAISE ! EXPRESSION3 'A FREE POPUL> /ATE' AS MU* = ITS %ORT-LIV$ 9T]E/ = DISCUSSION AS = ITS DEF9ITIVE SCI5TIFIC 9ADEQUACY2 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ALSO MU/ ! CLAIMS ( ?OSE :O >E CALL$ AN>*I/S & :O DESIRE ?AT ! /ATE %\LD BE ABOLI%$ OV]NI<T BE APPRAIS$40 

,BETWE5 ! ,/ATE-,TODAY & ! ,AN>*Y-,TOMORR[ !RE W\LD BE ! SEMI-/ATE4 ,! /ATE :I* DIES IS ! '/ATE AS ! /ATE' ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ONE MU/ TAKE ! PHRASE :I* AT FIR/ SI<T SEEMS TO CONTRADICT ! PROPOSITION ( ! SOCIALI/ /ATE4 0,! FIR/ ACT BY :I* ! /ATE CONFIRMS ITSELF 9 REALITY AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY--TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! NAME ( SOCIETY--IS AT ! SAME TIME ! LA/ PROP] ACT ( ! /ATE40 ,TAK5 LIT]ALLY & \T ( CONTEXT1 ?IS PHRASE W\LD SIGNIFY ! TEMPORAL SIMULTANEITY ( ECONOMIC SOCIALIZATION & ! EXT9CTION ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ALSO1 TAK5 LIT]ALLY & \T ( CONTEXT1 ! PHRASES RELAT+ TO ! PROLET>IAT DE/ROY+ ITSELF AS PROLET>IAT 9 ! ACT ( SEIZ+ ! P[] ( ! /ATE W\LD 9DICATE ! LACK ( NE$ = ! ',PROLET>IAN ,/ATE4' ,9 REALITY1 ,5GELS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( 'DIDACTIC /YLE' EXPRESSES HIMSELF 9 AN UN=TUNATE MANN]4 ,BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE TODAY & ! SOCIALI/-AN>*I/ TOMORR[1 ,5GELS RECOGNIZES A *A9 ( SUCCESSIVE ]AS DUR+ :I* ! /ATE & ! PROLET>IAT REMA94 ,IT IS TO ?R[ SOME LI<T ON ! DIALECTICAL OBSCURITY ?AT HE ADDS ! F9AL ALLUSION TO ! AN>*I/S 0:O DESIRE ?AT ! /ATE %\LD BE ABOLI%$ OV]NI<T0 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :O DO NOT ALL[ ! TRANSITORY P]IOD AS REG>DS ! /ATE1 :OSE 9T]V5TION ACCORD+ TO ,5GELS BECOMES SUP]FLU\S1 09 ONE >EA AFT] ANO!R0 ?AT IS TO SAY1 GRADUALLY4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! ,L59I/ POSITION ON ! PROBLEM ( ! /ATE CO9CIDES EXACTLY ) ?AT TAK5 BY ,M>X & ,5GELS :5 ONE 9T]PRETS ! SPIRIT ( ! WRIT+S ( !SE LATT] )\T LETT+ ONESELF BE DECEIV$ BY ! AMBIGUITY ( C]TA9 TURNS ( PHRASE4 

,! /ATE IS1 9 ,M>XI/-,L59I/ POLITICAL ?\<T1 ! TEMPOR>Y POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( SOCIALIZATION1 TEMPOR>Y 9 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! /ATE1 :I* IS ?AT ( AN ORGANISM = ! DOM9ATION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R4 ,! SOCIALI/ /ATE1 BY ABOLI%+ CLASSES1 COMMITS SUICIDE4 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E METAPHYSICIANS :O FREQU5TLY CAME TO S*EMATIZE HI/ORICAL PROCESSES FROM LOVE ( SY/EM4 

',! ,PROLET>IAT' :I* SEIZES ! /ATE1 BE/[+ ON IT ! COMPLETE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & DE/ROY+ ITSELF AS PROLET>IAT & ! /ATE 'AS ! /ATE' IS A METAPHYSICAL FANTASY1 A POLITICAL HYPO!SIS ( SOCIAL AB/RACTIONS4 .<#d.> 

,IT IS NOT ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT ?AT HAS SEIZ$ ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 BUT RA!R ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY :I* HAS NOT DE/ROY$ ! PROLET>IAT AT ALL & :I* HAS ON ! O!R H& CREAT$ A ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 A NEW B\RGEOIS CLASS1 A SET ( 9T]E/S B\ND TO ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE :I* T5D TO PRES]VE !MSELVES BY PRES]V+ ! /ATE4 

,! EXT9CTION ( ! /ATE IS FUR!R AWAY ?AN EV] 9 ! ,U,S,S,R :]E /ATIC 9T]V5TIONISM IS EV] MORE IMM5SE & OPPRESSIVE1 & :]E CLASSES >E NOT DISAPPE>+4 

,! ,L59I/ PROGRAM = #aiag 9CLUD$ !SE PO9TS3 ! DISCONT9UANCE ( ! POLICE & ! /&+ >MY1 ABOLITION ( ! PR(ESSIONAL BUREAUCRACY1 ELECTIONS = ALL PUBLIC POSITIONS & (FICES1 REVOCABILITY ( ALL (FICIALS1 EQUALITY ( BUREAUCRATIC WAGES ) WORK]S' WAGES1 ! MAXIMUM ( DEMOCRACY1 PEACEFUL COMPETITION AMONG ! P>TIES )9 ! SOVIETS1 ABOLITION ( ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,NOT A S+LE ONE ( ! PO9TS 9 ?IS PROGRAM HAS BE5 A*IEV$4 

,WE HAVE ! ,U,S,S,R A GOV]NM5T1 A DICTATORIAL OLIG>*Y4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 7#a#i MEMB]S7 DOM9ATES ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :I* 9 TURN DOM9ATES ! ,U,S,S,R4 

,ALL ?OSE :O >E NOT 'LOYAL SUBJECTS' >E *>G$ ) BE+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION HAS 5G5D]$ A SATURNAL .<#e.> GOV]NM5T1 :I* DEPORTS ,RIAZANO1 F\ND] ( ! ,M>X-,5GELS ,9/ITUTE1 AT ! TIME :5 HE IS PREP>+ ! COMPLETE & ORIG9AL $ITION ( ',DES ,KAPITAL2' :I* CONDEMNS TO DEA? ,Z9ONEV1 PRESID5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,KAM5EV & MANY O!RS AMONG ! BE/ PROPAGATORS ( ,L59ISM1 :I* EXCLUDES FROM ! P>TY1 !N EXILES1 !N EXPELS FROM ! ,U,S,S,R A 'DUCE' LIKE ,TROTSKY1 :I* 9 %ORT IS DEAD SET AGA9/ #h.0 ( ! SUPPORT]S ( ,L59ISM4 

,9 #aib ,L59 WAS SPEAK+ V]Y HI<LY ( SELF-CRITICISM )9 ! LAP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & SPOKE ( 'MI/AKES' RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ',P>TY' & NOT ( ! RI<T ( ! CITIZ5 TO D5\NCE !SE MI/AKES1 OR ?OSE ?+S :I* SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE SU* ( ! P>TY 9 GOV]NM5T4 ,:5 ,L59 WAS DICTATOR1 :OEV] CAUS$ A /IR 9 D5\NC+ ! SAME MI/AKES :I* ,L59 HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ 9 RETROSPECT RISK$ OR UND]W5T O/RACISM1 PRISON OR DEA?4 ,BOL%EVIK ,SOVIETISM WAS AN ATROCI\S JOKE EV5 = ,L59 :O VAUNT$ ! GOD-LIKE P[] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY OV] ALL ! ,U,S,S,R 9 SAY+3 0,NO IMPORTANT QUE/ION BE IT ONE ( POLITICAL DISCIPL9E OR RELAT+ TO ORGANIZATION1 IS DECID$ ON BY A /ATE 9/ITUTION 9 \R ,REPUBLIC )\T A DIRECTIVE EMANAT+ FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY40 

,:OEV] SAYS 'PROLET>IAN ,/ATE' SAYS ',/ATE ,CAPITALISM' :OEV] SAYS 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT' SAYS ',DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY2' :OEV] SAYS '/RONG GOV]NM5T' SAYS ',CZ>I/ OLIG>*Y ( POLITICIANS4' 

,L59I/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,BORDI<I/S1 ,C5TRI/S >E ONLY DIVID$ BY DIFF]5T TACTICAL IDEAS4 ,ALL ,BOL%EVIKS1 TO :ATEV] /REAM OR FACTION !Y BELONG >E SUPPORT]S ( POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP & ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 ,ALL >E UNIT$ BY ! =MULA3 ',DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT' AN AMBIGU\S PHRASE :I* CORRESPONDS TO ',! ,PEOPLE ,SOV]EIGN' ( ,JACOB9ISM4 ,:ATEV] ,JACOB9ISM IS1 IT IS C]TA9 TO CAUSE ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION TO DEVIATE4 ,& :5 IT DEVIATES1 '! %AD[ ( A ,BONAP>TE' IS CA/ ACROSS IT4 

,ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE BL9D NOT TO SEE ?AT ! ,BONAP>TISM ( ,/AL9 IS M]ELY ! HORRIBLE & LIV+ %AD[ ( ,L59I/ ,DICTATORIALISM4 

,CAMILLO ,B]N]I 

- ,CITATION FROM ,FR5* TRANSLATION 9 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I3 ,GU]RE DE ,CLASSES 5 ,ESPAGNE ET ,TEXTES LIB]TAIRES 7,P>IS3 ,SP>TACUS1 #a#i#g#g7 

,:AT CAN WE DO8 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #c1 #b#d? ,OCTOB]4 #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,QUE FAIRE8 

#a4 ,TO BELIEVE ?AT1 ?ANKS TO A POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION1 ONE CAN ELIM9ATE ! POSSIBILITY ( AN 9T]NATIONAL >M$ CONFLICT IS TO PROCRA/9ATE :ILE ! PROBLEMS WORS54 ,IT W\LD P]MIT ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY & ,PORTUGAL TO PREP>E !MSELVES BETT] = ! W> & ALL[ ! ,SPANI% ,FASCI/ =CES TO LAY 9 SUPPLIES ( >MS & MUNITIONS4 

,IF ,FASCISM W]E VICTOR1 ,FRANCE W\LD HE ?REAT5$ 9 ! S\? & ! BALANCE ( =CES 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN W\LD BE P]MAN5TLY UPSET 9 FAVOR ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY :O W\LD EM]GE FROM ?IS ADV5TURE /RONG] & MORE AGGRESSIVE4 ,ITALY IS S]I\SLY COMMITT$ 9 ,E?IOPIA1 & ,G]MANY IS 9 A V]Y BAD F9ANCIAL SITUATION2 DO !Y WANT A W> 'IMM$IATELY8' ,NO4 ,!Y C\LD GO TO W> BUT !Y DO NOT DELIB]ATELY WANT A W> /RAI<T AWAY4 ,IF !Y WANT$ IT1 !Y W\LD ALREADY HAVE SET IT 9 MOTION 9 ,SPA94 ,WE !RE=E HAVE TO ADOPT A =CEFUL =EIGN POLICY1 HAV+ AS ITS BASIS ,PORTUGAL :I* HAS ELUD$ ! CONTROL ( ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,G5EVA IS P[]LESS4 ,! ONLY ?+ TO DO IS !RE=E TO BREAK ) ,PORTUGAL BY MEANS ( ! FOLL[+ MEASURES3 ! IMM$IATE EXPULSION ( ALL ,PORTUGUESE DIPLOMATIC REPRES5TATIVES2 IMM$IATE & COMPLETE CLOSURE ( ! BORD] ) ,PORTUGAL2 CONFISCATION ( ALL GOODS BELONG+ TO ,PORTUGUESE CAPITALI/S RESID5T 9 ,SPA94 

,AS = ,G]MANY & ,ITALY3 ! IMM$IATE EXPULSION ( ALL !IR DIPLOMATIC REPRES5TATIVES1 SUSP5SION ( ! RI<T ( ,G]MAN AIRL9ES TO FLY OV] ,SPANI% T]RITORY1 ! PROHIBITION ( ALL %IPS FLY+ ,G]MAN OR ,ITALIAN COLORS FROM 5T]+ ,SPANI% PORTS1 ! SUSP5SION ( ALL IMMUNITY = B\RGEOIS ,G]MANS & ,ITALIANS RESID+ 9 ,SPA94 

,SU* A =EIGN POLICY W\LD HAVE AS ITS IMM$IATE EFFECT ?AT ( =C+ ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE TO ADOPT A DEF9ITE POSITION4 ,IF IT W]E TO GIVE RISE TO ! >M$ 9T]V5TION ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 ?AT 9T]V5TION W\LD AT LEA/ BE PROVOK$ N[ & NOT AT ! TIME *OS5 BY !SE P[]S4 

#b4 ,! OP]ATIONAL BASE ( ! FASCI/ >MY IS ,MOROCCO4 ,WE MU/ 9T5SIFY \R PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ,MOROCCAN AUTONOMY ?R\<\T ! PAN-,ISLAMIC >EA ( 9FLU5CE4 ,WE MU/ DICTATE TO ,MADRID UNAMBIGU\S DECL>ATIONS ANN\NC+ ! AB&ONM5T ( ,MOROCCO & ! PROTECTION ( ,MOROCCAN AUTONOMY4 ,FRANCE W\LD ANXI\SLY 5VISAGE ! POSSIBILITY ( 9SURRECTION>Y REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & 9 ,SYRIA2 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 W\LD SEE ! MOVEM5TS = SELF-RULE 9 ,EGYPT & AMONG ,>ABS 9 ,PALE/9E GR[+ /RONG]4 ,WE MU/ EXPLOIT SU* ANXIETIES BY MEANS ( A POLICY :I* ?REAT5S TO UNLEA% REVOLT ?R\<\T ! ,>AB WORLD4 

,= SU* A POLICY WE NE$ MONEY & WE NE$ URG5TLY TO S5D AGITATORS & ORGANIZ]S AS EMISS>IES TO ALL ! C5T]S ( ,>AB MIGRATION1 9TO ALL ! FRONTI] ZONES ( ,FR5* ,MOROCCO4 ,ON ! FRONTS 9 ,>AGON1 ! ,C5T]1 ! ,A/URIAS & ,&ALUSIA A FEW ,MOROCCANS W\LD BE 5\< TO FULFILL ! ROLE ( PROPAG&I/S 7?R\< ! RADIO1 TRACTS1 ETC474 

#c4 ,GIV5 \R LACK ( >MS & MUNITIONS1 WE MU/ EXP& PRODUCTION ON ! SPOT BY MAK+ USE ( =EIGN TE*NICIANS1 :OSE UTILIZATION HAS BE5 V]Y BADLY ORGANIZ$2 WE MU/ ALSO RAPIDLY CREATE ALL ! W> 9DU/RIES POSSIBLE & PUT AN 5D TO ! WA/AGE ( MUNITIONS BY GIV+ F>-REA*+ 9/RUCTIONS & DECISIVE ORD]S4 

#d4 ,WE MU/ A*IEVE 'UNITY' JU/ AS MU* 9 ! G5]AL & SPECIFIC PLAN ( ! MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS :I* MU/ BE C>RI$ \T ON ALL FRONTS AS 9 LIAISON AMONG ! COMM&S ( ! >EAS BY MEANS ( A ,G5]AL ,/AFF CONTROLL$ BY A ',NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE4' 

#e4 ,WE MU/ COMPLETELY & )\T PITY ELIM9ATE ! ,FASCI/ REMA9S :I* OBLIGE US TO MA9TA9 A FRONT L9E )9 \R RANKS & HAVE REC\RSE TO SY/EMATIC SE>*ES1 MASS >RE/S ( PEOPLE :O >E NOT 9 UNIONS :O >E ( ! RI<T AGE & PHYSICAL CONDITION = MILIT>Y S]VICE1 /RICT CONTROL ( NEW RECRUITS TO ! TRADE UNIONS ETC44444 

#f4 ,WE MU/ =CE ,MADRID TO RECON/ITUTE IMM$IATELY ALL ! ,SPANI% DIPLOMATIC CORPS :I* WILL HAVE TO BE RE=M$ ) MEMB]S *OS5 BY ! ',NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE4' 

,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT & ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO #d1 #e? ,NOVEMB]1 #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,DICTATURE DU PROLET>IAT ET SOCIALISME D',ETAT 

,! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT IS A ,M>XI/ CONCEPTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L59 0ONLY HE IS A ,M>XI/ :O EXT5DS HIS ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE TO AN ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT40 ,L59 WAS RI<T3 ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT IS1 9 EFFECT1 = ,M>X NO MORE ?AN ! CONQUE/ ( ! /ATE BY ! PROLET>IAT :I*1 ORGANIZ$ 9 A POLITICALLY DOM9ANT CLASS1 >RIVES1 BY WAY ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 AT ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL CLASSES4 

,9 ! ',CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM' WRITT5 BY ,M>X 9 #ahge WE READ3 

0,BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/ SOCIETY LIES ! P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( ! ONE 9TO ! O!R4 ,!RE CORRESPONDS TO ?IS ALSO A POLITICAL TRANSITION P]IOD 9 :I* ! ,/ATE CAN BE NO?+ BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 

,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O HE WAS ALREADY SAY+3 

0,! FIR/ /EP ON ! PA? TO ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION IS ! ELEVATION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS4444,! PROLET>IAT WILL GA9 FROM ITS POLITICAL DOM9ATION BY LITTLE BY LITTLE TE>+ AWAY FROM ! B\RGEOISIE ALL CAPITAL1 BY C5TRALIZ+ ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF ORGANIZ$ AS ! RUL+ CLASS40 

,L591 9 ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1' ONLY CONFIRMS ! ,M>XI/ !ORY3 

0,! PROLET>IAT ONLY NE$S ! /ATE = A C]TA9 L5G? ( TIME4 ,IT IS NOT ! ELIM9ATION ( ! ,/ATE AS A F9AL AIM ?AT SEP>ATES US FROM ! AN>*I/S4 ,BUT WE ASS]T TO ATTA9 ?IS 5D1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO UTILIZE TEMPOR>ILY AGA9/ HE EXPLOIT]S ! 9/RUM5TS1 ! MEANS & ! PROC$URES ( POLITICAL P[]1 9 ! SAME WAY AS IT IS ESS5TIAL 9 ORD] TO ELIM9ATE ! CLASSES TO 9/IGATE ! TEMPOR>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS0 

0,! ,/ATE WILL DISAPPE> 9 SO F> AS !RE >E NO MORE CAPITALI/S1 !RE >E NO MORE CLASSES & IT IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO OPPRESS 'ANY CLASS'4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE IS NOT COMPLETELY DEAD AS LONG AS 'B\RGEOIS RI<TS' :I* SANCTIFY DE FACTO 9EQUALITY SURVIVE4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ! ,/ATE DIES COMPLETELY1 ! ADV5T ( 9TEGRAL COMMUNISM IS NECESS>Y40 

,! ,PROLET>IAN ,/ATE IS CONCEIV$ ( AS A TEMPOR>Y POLITICAL /RUCTURE DE/9$ TO DE/ROY ! CLASSES4 ,GRADUAL EXPROPRIATION & ! IDEA ( ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM >E AT ! BASIS ( ?IS CONCEPTION4 ,L59'S ECONOMIC PROGRAM3 ( ! EVE ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 5DS ) ?IS PHRASE3 0,SOCIALISM IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/ ,MONOPOLY04 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L593 0,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,AN>*I/S CONSI/S ( ?IS3 

#a4 ,! ,M>XI/S1 AL?\< !Y PROPOSE ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 BELIEVE ?AT ?IS CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CLASSES BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 & AS A RESULT ( ! TRIUMPH ( SOCIALISM :I* WILL COME TO AN 5D ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE2 ! ,AN>*I/S WANT ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! ,/ATE OV]NI<T )\T UND]/&+ :AT >E ! CONDITIONS :I* MAKE IT POSSIBLE4 

#b4 ,! ,M>XI/S PROCLAIM ! NECESSITY = ! PROLET>IAT ( SECUR+ POLITICAL P[]1 ( DE/ROY+ 5TIRELY ! OLD MA*9]Y ( ,/ATE & ( REPLAC+ IT BY A NEW ME*ANISM CONSI/+ ( AN ORGANIZATION ( >M$ WORK]S ( ! TYPE ( ! ,COMMUNE2 ! ,AN>*I/S1 9 CALL+ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! MA*9]Y ( ,/ATE1 DO NOT REALLY KN[ ') :AT' ! PROLET>IAT WILL REPLACE IT NOR ':AT USE' IT WILL MAKE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y P[]2 !Y EV5 GO AS F> AS TO CONDEMN ALL USE ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT & REJECT ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

#c4 ,! ,M>XI/S WANT TO PREP>E ! PROLET>IAT = ! ,REVOLUTION BY US+ ! MOD]N ,/ATE2 ! ,AN>*I/S REJECT ?IS ME?OD40 

,L59 WAS DISGUIS+ ! FACTS4 ,! ,M>XI/S 0DO NOT HAVE ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 M9D01 BUT !Y =ESEE ! NATURAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,/ATE AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CLASSES BY ! MEANS ( '! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT'1 ?AT IS TO SAY ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 :]EAS ! ,AN>*I/S DESIRE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CLASSES BY MEANS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* ELIM9ATES1 ) ! CLASSES1 ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,M>XI/S1 MOREOV]1 DO NOT PROPOSE ! >M$ CONQUE/ ( ! ,COMMUNE BY ! :OLE PROLET>IAT1 BUT !Y PROPOSE ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,/ATE BY ! P>TY :I* IMAG9ES ?AT IT REPRES5TS ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,AN>*I/S ALL[ ! USE ( DIRECT P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT !Y UND]/& ! ORGAN ( ?IS P[] TO BE =M$ BY ! 5TIRE CORPUS ( SY/EMS ( COMMUNI/ ADM9I/RATION--CORPORATE ORGANIZATIONS1 COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BO? REGIONAL & NATIONAL--FREELY CON/ITUT$ \TSIDE & 9 OPPOSITION TO ALL POLITICAL MONOPOLY BY P>TIES & 5DEAVOR+ TO R$UCE TO A M9IMUM ADM9I/RATIONAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,L591 9 ! 9T]E/S ( POLEMIC1 >BITR>ILY SIMPLIFI$ ! FACTS AB\T ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & US4 

,! ,L59I/ PHRASE3 0,! ,M>XI/S WANT TO PREP>E ! PROLET>IAT = ! ,REVOLUTION BY US+ ! MOD]N ,/ATE0 IS ! BASIS ( ,L59I/ ,JACOB9ISM JU/ AS IT IS ! BASIS ( ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,GOV]NM5T & ,SOCIAL ,RE=MI/ ,M9I/]IALISM4 

,AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESSES ( ,LONDON 7#a#h#i#f7 & ,P>IS 7#a#i7 IT WAS E/ABLI%$ ?AT ONLY P>TIES & WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS :I* RECOGNIZ$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 0,SOCIALI/ CONQUE/ ( ! PUBLIC AU?ORITIES BY ! PROLET>IAN FACTION ORGANIZ$ 9 A P>TY AS A CLASS0 C\LD BELONG TO ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! SPLIT CAME AB\T AT ?IS PO9T1 BUT 9 EFFECT ! EXCLUSION ( ! ,AN>*I/S FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ONLY A TRIUMPH ( ,M9I/]IALISM1 OPPORTUNISM1 & ',P>LIAM5T>Y ,CRET9ISM'4 

,! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y TRADE UNIONI/S & SEV]AL COMMUNI/ FACTIONS QUOT+ ,M>XISM AS AU?ORITY REJECT$ ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y OR REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ CONQUE/ ( ! PUBLIC AU?ORITIES4 

,:OSOEV] LOOKS BACK ON ! HI/ORY ( ,SOCIALISM AFT] ! EXCLUSION ( ! ,AN>*I/S CAN SEE = !MSELVES ! GRADUAL DEG5]ATION ( ,M>XISM AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?R\< ! 9T]PRETATIONS & PRACTICES ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS4 

,L59ISM CON/ITUTES1 )\T ANY D\BT1 A RETURN TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ,M>XISM1 BUT IT ALSO CON/ITUTES A RETURN TO ! FALLACIES & AB/RACTIONS ( ,M>XI/ METAPHYSICS4 

,BEW>E1 ,DANG]\S ,CORN]6 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #d1 #e? ,NOVEMB]1 #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,ATT5TION1 T\RNANT DANGEUREUX 

#a4 ,I %ALL NOT SAY LIKE SOME PEOPLE3 ,I CANNOT BE SIL5T6 ,NO1 ,I WANT TO TALK4 ,I HAVE A DUTY TO DO IT & ,I HAVE A RI<T TO DO IT 9 ! NAME ( ! SELF-CRITICISM :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( ANY P>TY OR MOVEM5T CONC]N$ TO RETA9 ITS [N APPE>ANCE & TO ACCOMPLI% ITS [N HI/ORIC MISSION ,P]SUAD$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION IS RAPIDLY APPROA*+ A DANG]\S CORN]1 ,I SEIZ$ MY P5 AS ,I W\LD SEIZE A RIFLE OR A REVOLV] ,) ! SAME DET]M9ATION1 BUT ALSO ) ! SAME F]OCITY4 ,PLEASE ALL[ ME A /YLE SUIT$ TO ! ATMOSPH]E ( W> 9 :I* ,I LIVE3 ! /YLE ( A HAIL ( MA*9E GUN FIRE4 

#b4 ,! MILIT>Y SITUATION HAS NOT IMPROV$4 ,!SE >E ! PR9CIPAL REASONS3 LACK OR SC>CITY ( >MS & AMMUNITION1 ABS5CE ( A UNIT$ COMM&1 G5]AL 9ADEQUACY ( ! LEAD]S1 ! CAPITULAT+ ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 DUALISM & ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 ,IT APPE>S CLE>LY ?AT WE MU/ *ANGE FROM A W> ( POSITIONS TO A W> ( MOVEM5T1 UNLEA%+ ! (F5SIVE ACCORD+ TO A BROAD & SOLID G5]AL PLAN4 ,H5CE=? TIME IS AGA9/ US4 ,WE MU/ DEF9ITELY ACCEL]ATE ! PROCESS ( W> 9 ORD] TO PASS BEYOND ! PHASE ( ! W> 9TO ! FULL] & MORE PR(\ND ONE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

#c ,WE MU/ MA/] ! W>1 BUT WE %ALL NOT MA/] ! W> BY LIMIT+ ! PROBLEM TO ! /RICTLY MILIT>Y CONDITIONS ( VICTORY4 ,WE MU/ ABOVE ALL TAKE ACC\NT ( ! 'SOCIO--POLITICAL' CONDITIONS ( VICTORY4 

,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA9 BE+ AN 9T]NATIONAL CONFLICT1 IT IS ON 9T]NATIONAL GR\ND ?AT WE MU/ POSE ! PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 T]MS ( W>1 IT IS AT ITS WEAK PO9TS3 ,MOROCCO & ,PORTUGAL ?AT WE MU/ CRUELLY W\ND ,SPANI% ,FASCISM4 ,UP TILL N[ ! OBSESS+ PREOCCUPATION ) EQUIPM5T = W> HAS NOT P]MITT$ US TO IMPLEM5T A PLAN ( ACTION :I* C>RI$ \T 9 A TIMELY & SKILLFUL MANN] W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO FRU/RATE ! ,FASCI/ ,PUTS* ,! ,AN>*I/S :O ASSUME ! ROLES ( G5]ALS W\LD DO WELL TO REMEMB] !IR [N EXP]I5CES AS REVOLUTION>IES4 

#d4 ,:5 ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MADRID DECL>ES ?AT 'EL GOBI]NO DE ,MADRID NO SABE D+IR LA GU]RA' 7! GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO RUN ! W>71 ?IS 9EVITABLY POSES ! PROBLEM NOT ONLY ( ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! W> BUT ALSO ( ! CONDITIONS & =M ( SU* AN 9T]V5TION4 ,IT IS NOT A MATT] ( SUP]HUMAN RE=MS1 BUT SIMPLY ( A BROAD1 PR(\ND & RAPID RE=M ( ! CONTROLL+ GR\PS & ! ORGANS & MEANS ( LIAISON AMONG ! V>I\S COLUMNS4 ,! MILIT>IZATION ( ! MILITIAS IS NOT A SOLUTION ( A TE*NICAL NATURE ONLY1 & IT IS A POLITICAL FAULT TO HAVE ACCEPT$ IT PEACEFULLY )\T CL>IFY+ ITS PURPOSES1 )\T ILLU/RAT+ ITS OBSCURE PO9TS & )\T HAV+ DISCUSS$ ITS PR9CIPAL \TL9ES4 ,! 'COLUMN SPIRIT' 5D ! CONFUSION BETWE5 ! P[] ( POLITICAL CONTROL & ! P[] ( MILIT>Y COMM& CAN JU/IFY 9 P>T ! DECREE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALONIA1 BUT SU* A DECREE DOES NOT HELP AT ALL T[>DS ! SOLUTION ( ! VITAL PROBLEMS ( ! MILIT>Y VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 

#e4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO F9D A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( ! NE$S ( ! W> UNTIL AFT] WE HAVE RESOLV$ ! QUE/ION ( ,SPANI% POLITICS4 

,FABREGAS1 C\NCILOR = ECONOMICS ( ,CATALONIA C\LD DECL>E1 0,WE S5T TO ,MADRID A COMMISSION TO ASK ! ,GOV]NM5T = CR$IT ( #c MILLION PESETAS & ALSO = ! PUR*ASE ( EQUIPM5T = ! W> & #ae MILLION FRANCS = ! PUR*ASE ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,WE (F]$ AS SECURITY #a MILLION PESETAS 9 GOV]NM5T BONDS BELONG+ TO \R SAV+S BANKS & DEPOSIT$ ) ! ,BANK ( ,SPA94 ,ALL ?AT HAS BE51 REFUS$ US40 7,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 #b#i? ,SEPTEMB]74 

,MADRID IS NOT CONT5T JU/ TO REIGN1 IT WANTS TO GOV]N AS WELL4 ,AS A :OLE ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T IS JU/ AS HO/ILE TO ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION AS TO ,MON>*I/ & CL]ICAL FASCISM4 ,MADRID DESIRES A 'RETURN TO LEGALITY' & NO?+ ELSE4 ,>M+ ,CATALONIA1 F9ANC+ ,CATALONIA1 ?AT SIGNIFIES TO ,MADRID >M+ ! COLUMNS :I* C>RY ! REVOLUTION ON ! PO9TS ( !IR BAYONETS & SUPPLY+ ! NEW EGALIT>IAN ECONOMIC ORD]4 

,WE MU/ !RE=E1 ADDRESS+ \RSELVES TO ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID1 GIVE IT ! *OICE BETWE5 DEFEAT 9 ! W> & ! REVOLUTION & VICTORY4 

#f4 ,GIV5 ?AT IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID IS DEVELOP+ A 'POLICY ( W>' CAPABLE ( 5SUR+ ITS POLITICAL HEGEMONY & BLOCK+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION2 ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7FOLL[+ DIRECTIVES LAID D[N BY ,MOSC[7 IS T5D+ TO BECOME ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION ( ,DEMOCRACY & ,SPANI% ,LIB]ALISM & ?AT ,SPANI% ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ITS CONTROLL+ RANKS IS REVOLUTION>Y4449 ! MANN] ( ,CABALL]O2 IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y ?AT \R PRESS 7)\T EV5 RAIS+ ! ?REAT ( W>1 ( A 'M>* ON ,MADRID' )\T EV5 UNLEA%+ A POLEMIC AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,SOCIALI/S1 )\T EV5 ?REAT5+ ! /ABILITY ( ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T7 IS AT ! V]Y LEA/ CUR$ ( ITS 9TOXICATION ) ! UN=TUNATE SP9S ( 'HOLY UNION' :I* HAS 5D$ UP BY R$UC+ POLITICAL CRITICISM TO AN IMP]CEPTIBLE M9IMUM4 ',SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A' BY EXALT+ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ALBEIT 9 P>5!SES1 A*IEV$ ! SUMMIT ( POLITICAL NAIVETE4 

#g4 ,! PURG+ ( ! 9T]NAL FRONT IS H5CE=? RE/RA9$ BY ! NORMALIZATION1 9 T]MS ( ! POLICE & ! JUDICI>Y1 ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM4 ,! FACT ?AT SOME ELEM5TS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I HAVE GONE 9TO POLICE ORGANIZATIONS IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY COMP5SAT$ BY AN AUTONOMY :I* W\LD HAVE ALL[$ SPE$ & DISCRETION 9 !IR DUTIES & MISSIONS4 ,& WE MU/ ADD TO ?AT C]TA9 ABSURD >RANGEM5TS & C]TA9 R$-TAPISMS ?AT %\LD HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I CONT9UE TO EXI/ & >E HAV+ DISA/R\S EFFECTS4 

#h4 ,! WORK ( SELECT+ MILIT>Y1 HEAL? & ADM9I/RATIVE P]SONNEL IS V]Y 9COMPET5T4 ,?IS SELECTION C\LD HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T BY BE+ BAS$ ON ! POSSIBILITY ( REPLAC+ IMM$IATELY & EQUALLY1 9COMPET5T & UNSAFE ELEM5TS BY =EIGN ELEM5TS FAI?FUL TO ! CAUSE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 OR AT LEA/ TE/$ ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,?IS HAS NOT BE5 TRI$4 

,9 ! SAME WAY ! ,C,N,T DOES NOT MAKE SUFFICI5T USE ( EXP]TS :O C\LD AT PRES5T REPLACE 9COMPET5T & SUSPECT EXP]TS & TOMORR[ CON/ITUTE ! GUID+ CADRES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM 

#i4 ,SOME TIME AGO ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I ADOPT$1 ) RESPECT TO ! 'NORMALIZATION' ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 AN ATTITUDE ( SELF-D5IAL4 ',L',ESPAGNE ,ANTIFASCI/E' HAS D5\NC$ ?IS PH5OM5ON ) GREAT C\RAGE & KE5NESS1 ,I %ALL !RE=E NOT DWELL ON IT4 ,9 %ORT3 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! MILITIAS AS WELL AS ! P[] ( ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES CON/ITUTES AN \TRAGE AGA9/ ! TRADE UNION CONTROL ( ! MILITIAS4 ,I ?9K ?AT IT IS NOT )\T REASON ?AT ',LE ,TEMPS' HEAVES A SI< ( RELIEF :ILE /AT+ ?AT ! 'SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALONIA IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE EGALIT>IAN4' 

#a4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ECONOMY IS BASICALLY NO?+ O!R ?AN ! ',ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL' 9/ITUT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEM TO ME TO BE A SUFFICI5T COMP5SATION = ! ,M9I/]ALISM ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 EV5 9 ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO DEPLORE1 MOREOV]1 ! ADVANCE ( BOL%EVISATION )9 ! RANKS ( ! ,C,N,T *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EV] DIM9I%+ POSSIBILITY = ELEM5TS AT ! P[] BASE TO EX]CISE A VIGILANT1 ACTIVE & DIRECT CONTROL OV] ! WORKS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ORGANIZATION'S REPRES5TATIVES )9 GOV]NM5T COMMITTEES & ,C\NCILS4 ,WE %\LD CREATE A S]IES ( COMMISSIONS ELECT$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I :I* HAVE ! AIM ( FACILITAT+1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ( RECTIFY+ :5EV] NECESS>Y ! WORKS ( \R REPRES5TATIVES )9 ! ,C\NCILS ( ,W> & ,ECONOMY4 

,?IS W\LD BE NECESS>Y 9 ! SAME WAY 9 ORD] TO CREATE PO9TS ( CONTACT BETWE5 ! P]SONAL WORK ( !SE REPRES5TATIVES & ! NECESSITIES & POSSIBILITIES ( ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I 9ITIATIVES4 

#a#a4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO RECONCILE 'CURR5T' CONSID]ATIONS1 9H]5T 9 ! NECESSITIES ( ! HI/ORIC MOM5T1 ) ! DIRECTION ( ! 'TR5D' :I* DOES NOT SEEM TO ME TO DEVIATE FROM !SE NECESSITIES4 ,I AM NOT PROPOS+ ANY 'CORRECT DIRECTION' TO PILOTS NAVIGAT+ BETWE5 SURFACE %OALS & P[]FUL CURR5TS4 ,POLICY HAS ITS [N NECESSITIES & ! MOM5T IMPOSES ON ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S ! NECESSITY ( A 'POLICY4' ,BUT WE MU/ BE UP TO ! M>K ( ! HI/ORIC ROLE :I* IT HAS BE5 DEEM$ USEFUL TO ASSUME4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y NOT TO BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E PR(\ND BREAKS ( CONT9UITY 9 ! DIRECTIONS ( CURR5T TR5DS4 

,TO RECONCILE ! 'NECESSITIES' ( ! W>1 ! 'WILL' ( ! REVOLUTION & ! 'ASPIRATIONS' ( ,AN>*ISM3 !RE LIES ! PROBLEM4 ,?IS PROBLEM MU/ BE RESOLV$4 ,ON IT DEP5D ! MILIT>Y VICTORY AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 ! CREATION ( A NEW ECONOMY1 ! SOCIAL DELIV]ANCE ( ,SPA9 & ! EVALUATION ( ! ,AN>*I/S' BELIEFS & ACTIONS4 ,?REE GREAT ?+S :I* M]IT EV]Y SACRIFICE & IMPOSE ON EA* ! DUTY TO HAVE ! C\RAGE TO /ATE HIS [N BELIEFS 9 !IR 5TIRETY4 

,MADRID1 SUBLIME CITY 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #e1 #bND ,DECEMB]1 #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,MADRID VILLE SUBLIME 

,PILATE IS JU/ AS 9FAM\S AS ,JUDAS4 ,:O IS ,PILATE TODAY8 ,HE IS NOT EV5 ! ASSEMBLY ( ,G5EVA FOXES1 HE IS NOT EV5 ! O/RI*ES ( ,SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT ,M9I/]IALISM4 ,PILATE IS Y\1 ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT6 

,CAN Y\1 OH T5D] PROLET>IAN MO!R TUCK Y\R LITTLE *ILD 9TO ITS B$ )\T SEE+ MANGL$ *ILDR5 LY+ AB&ON$ 9 ! ROADS LIKE C>RION4 ,CAN Y\ PLAY LOV+LY ) Y\R *ILD1 OH PROLET>IAN1 )\T ?9K+ ( ! *ILDR5 LY+ 9 PA9 9 HOSPITALS1 SUFF]+ ! TORTURES ( !IR W\ND$ FLE% & ! ANGUI%ES ( FE>4 

,& YET Y\ READ LEFT-W+ PAP]S & Y\ KN[ ?AT !RE EXI/S A GREAT CITY RUNN+ ) BLOOD1 TORN AP>T & R$UC$ TO A%ES BY EXPLOSIONS ( %ELLS2 !Y TELL ?AT ! *ILDR5 HAVE BE5 SURPRIS$ BY DEA? :5 !Y W]E %\T+ TO ! HEAV5S ! SONGS ( !IR UNCONC]N1 ?AT !IR MO!RS ROAM AB\T SE>*+ = ! FRUIT ( !IR WOMBS & C>RY !IR BLOOD-/A9$ BODIES 9 SE>* ( UNLIKELY OR BELAT$ HELP4 ,! /5* ( DEA? RISES FROM DISPAT*ES & CORRESPOND5CE FROM ,MADRID4 ,! SKY OV] ,MADRID IS R$ ) FIRES :I* %\LD SET ! WORLD AFLAME4 ,& YET1 EV]Y?+ COLLAPSES1 EV]Y?+ BURNS1 A :OLE POPULATION IS DY+--)\T ! MASSES BE+ AFFECT$4 

,9 ! AGONY ( ,MADRID !RE IS ALL ! HORROR ( A RAPE 9 ! M>KET-PLACE ON M>KET DAY4 

,DEA? CAN CONT9UE TO /RIKE1 SUDD5 AS HAIL 9 SUMM] & UNAVOIDABLE AS LI<TN+4 ,! ,F\R ,HORSEM5 ( ! ,APOCALYPSE HAD = !MSELVES ! CALM ( HI< ALTITUDES & ! MORAL VOID ( ! EPOQUE4 ,LET !M %AKE IT1 LET !M R5D IT AP>T1 LET !M BURN IT SL[LY1 ?IS M>TYR$ CITY2 MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS DON'T C>E AT ALL AB\T IT4 ,IS ,MADRID RESI/+8 ,MANY WOND] H[ LONG IT CAN HOLD \T4 ,IT IS A ,EUROPEAN BULLFI<T4 ,IT IS A DISGRACE TO ! PEOPLES & NOT M]ELY TO ! GOV]NM5TS & ! CLASSES4 ,IT IS ! BLOCKADE ( ANTI-FASCI/ 9DIFF]5CE ?AT ADDS ITSELF TO ! CRIM9AL ,FASCI/ SIEGE4 ,MEET+S WILL NOT /OP ! AIRCRAFT FROM FLY+ ?R\< ! SKY OV] ,MADRID & SCATT]+ DEA? & RU94 ,! COLD SWEAT ?AT WEI<S ON ! BR[S ( MO!RS1 ! EYES ( *ILDR5 5L>G$ BY FE>1 ! BODIES P\ND$ & %AK5 BY ! CONVULSIONS1 >E NO MORE ?AN A FUTURE VISION ( :AT Y\ WILL SUFF]1 Y\ :O >E 5TR5*$ 9 NON9T]V5TION6 ,TODAY1 ! W> IS 9 ! SKY OV] ,MADRID1 TOMORR[ IT WILL BE 9 ! SKY OV] IT ,B>CELONA1 ! DAY AFT] TOMORR[ 9 ! SKY OV] ,P>IS4 ,! ,EUROPEAN W> HAS />T$ AGA94 ,IT EXI/S1 EV5 IF IT HAS NOT BE5 DECL>$4 ,!SE >E ! AIRCRAFT & PILOTS ( ,MUSSOL9I'S ,ITALY & ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY :I* >E MASSACR+ & RU9+ ,MADRID4 

,! HORROR ( IT NO LONG] T\*ES PEOPLE'S CONSCI5CES8 ,WELL !N1 ! BOMBS WILL WAK5 !M4 ,& ?AT WILL BE ,HI/ORIC JU/ICE4 

,MADRID1 ! JOY\S ,VI5NA ( ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SUL> IS REVIV+ ! DE$S ( ,SAGONTE4 ,IT HAS PASS$ FROM ! LOV]S' WALTZ TO ! ,H]OIC ,SYMPHONY4 ,EPIC WITNESS ( ! ACTS ( H]OISM ( ! MASSES & ! MILITIAS1 BESIDE :I* ?OSE ( ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS PALE 9 COMP>ISON2 IT IS DISAPPO9T+ ! W>LIKE HOPES ( ! G5]ALS IT WILL EXPOSE !IR C>EFUL CALCULATIONS1 IT WILL GIVE ! LIE TO !IR BOA/FULNESS4 ,IT IS RESI/+ & WILL RESI/4 ,IF ! COMPASSION ( ! MASSES IS DEAF1 IT ,EUROPE IS 9CAPABLE ( ANG]1 WELL !N1 ! :OLE WORLD WILL BE BR&$ BY ! 5]GY ( ?IS CITY4 ,MADRID WILL NOT BE TAK54 ,IT CAN BE COMPLETELY DE/ROY$1 BUT IT WILL NOT BE TAK5 ALIVE4 ,DEA?1 EXODUS & ! FLAMES WILL MAKE ( IT A NEW ,POMPEII TO ! V]Y 5D4 

,IF IT IS NOT ! W+S ( VICTORY1 IT WILL BE ?OSE ( ,NEMESIS ?AT >E UNFOLD$ ABOVE IT4 ,! REPUTATION ( ! ,FASCI/ G5]ALS IS ASSUR$1 BUT IT WILL BE ! REPUTATION ( ,G5<IS ,KHAN4 ,IT WILL HE ANO!R ,COMMUNE4 BUT IT WILL NOT BE A F9AL GLIMM]2 IT WILL BE ! BLAZ+ UP ( A FIRE ?AT WILL BR+ ALL ! 'SPECTATORS' \T ( !IR LAIRS1 AT LEA/ AS LONG AS IT DOES NOT BURN !M !RE 9 !IR ,BLUMI/ B$S4 

,MADRID :]E H]E ?\S&S ( M5 >E FI<T+ ) AN >DOR N\RI%$ & SU/A9$ BY ! PRES5CE ( ?\S&S ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 IS 9 ! PROCESS ( PILLORY+ ITS HANGM5 & ! BL9D & DEAF MASSES4 ,IT IS 9 ! PROCESS ( LI<T+ = ALL A LI<T :I* WILL ONCE MORE P]MIT ( HOPE 9 MAN4 

,MADRID1 ! M>TYR CITY1 ALREADY M]ITS ! TITLE ( SUBLIME4 

,BETWE5 ! W> & ! ,REVOLUTION 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #f1 #a#f? ,DECEMB] #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,5TRE LA GU]RE ET LA REVOLUTION 

,!RE >E MANY AMONG US :O HAVE >RIV$ AT ! PO9T ( DESCRIB+ ! >M$ 9T]V5TION ( P[]S :I* HAVE ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y 9T]E/S OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY4 

,IF !SE TWO NATIONS 5T] ! LI/S ) ALL ! =CES ?AT !Y HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ONLY ! 9T]V5TION ( ,RUSSIA1 ,FRANCE & ,GREAT ,BRITA9 REUNIT$ C\LD ASSURE ,SPANI% ANTI-FASCISM ( VICTORY 9 ! W>4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT BE=E ! >M$ 9T]V5TION ( !SE P[]S C\LD CRU% ! FASCI/ =CES1 5\< TIME C\LD HAVE ELAPS$ TO ALL[ ! FASCI/S TO CRU% ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 

,! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* CAPITALI/ /ATES HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 PREV5T+ ! VICTORY ( ! ,SPANI% FASCI/S COM+ TO ! PO9T AT :I* IT IS EXPLOIT$ BY ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 BUT !Y HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 SEE+ ! ,IB]IAN REVOLUTION TRIUMPH4 ,9 ! SITUATION 9 :I* ,ITALY & ,G]MANY W]E TO 9T]V5E 9 ,SPA9 ) ! IMM$IATE 9T5TION ( ATTACK+ ,FRANCE 7A SURPRISE ATTACK 9 ! WE/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN71 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE ?AT ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,RUSSIA W\LD 9T]V5E IMM$IATELY4 ,BUT IT SU* W]E NOT ! CASE1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE = ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION TO BE CRU%$ BE=E ! 9T]V5TION C\LD TAKE PLACE4 

,WE CANNOT PLACE ANY HOPE1 AS DO C]TA9 NAIVE & NUM]\S HYPOCRITE1 9 ! P>ALYTIC ( ,LAKE ,G5EVA4 ,MADRID IS BE+ TORTUR$ BY ,FIATS1 ,CAPRONIS & ,JUNK]S PILOT$ BY ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN AVIATORS2 ,! ,BALE>ICS >E SUBJECT TO ! T]RORIZ+ DICTATOR%IP ( A CLOSE-CROPP$ ,ITALIAN FASCI/1 & ?\S&S ( ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN M]C5>IES >E L&+ 9 ,SPA9 ) >MS & BAGGAGE4 ,! ,ITALO--,G]MAN >M$ 9T]V5TION C\LD NOT BE MORE OBVI\S1 MORE ACTIVE1 MORE 5GROSS+4 ,! APPEALS S5T TO ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS BY ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T F\ND AN ASSEMBLY ( SPONTANE\SLY DEAF M5 LUDICR\SLY OCCUPI$ 9 TANGL+ UP PROC$URAL *ICAN]IES4 

,WE CANNOT HOPE = MORE ,FRANCE ,9 ! SAME WAY AS ,$5 PLAC$ 9 ! SCALES ( 9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,E?IOPIA & WORLD W>1 ,BLUM HAS PLAC$ !RE ! LIB]TY ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE & WORLD W>4 ',W>3 ?AT IS ! RANSOM4 ,WE DO NOT ACCEPT IT6' 

,NO ONE HATES W> MORE ?AN US1 BUT WE BELIEVE ?AT ! MOM5T HAS COME :5 ! TRU? ( ! PHRASE ONCE /AT$ BY ,LEON ,BLUM WILL BE PROV$3 0,WE MU/ ACCEPT ! POSSIBILITY ( W> TO SAVE PEACE40 

,! POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION HAS NOT /OPP$ ,BOLIVIA ATTACK+ ,URUGUAY TO DISPUTE ITS RI<T TO ! ,*ACO1 IT HAS NOT /OPP$ ,JAPAN ANNEX+ ,MAN*URIA1 IT HAS NOT /OPP$ ,ITALY'S FI]CE CONQUE/ ( ,E?IOPIA4 ,PACIFISM FOLL[S A ROAD PAV$1 LIKE ?AT TO ,HELL1 ) GOOD 9T5TIONS1 BUT ?IS ROAD LEADS 9TO ! ABYSS4 

,! PEACE ( ,G5EVA IS HEAVY ) MASSACRES & RU9S4 ,! PEACE ( ,G5EVA3 IT IS AN >MS RACE1 ! CRU%+ ( ! MILIT>ILY MO/ FEEBLE PEOPLES1 IT IS ! ,ITALIAN ,DUCE & ! ,G]MAN ,FUHR]1 EV] MORE P[]FUL & ALWAYS HELP+ 9 ! CREATION ( NEW ,FASCI/ /ATES4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL CONT9UE TO ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ?IS TACTIC ( NON9T]V5TION SUPPORT$ BY ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% GOV]NM5TS1 & DUR+ ?IS TIME1 ! ,FASCI/ 9T]V5TION HAS P5ETRAT$ TO ! V]Y HE>T ( ,SPA94 ,! MASS ( WORK+ PEOPLE MU/ *OOSE3 EI!R !IR 9T]V5TION OR ! TRIUMPH ( ,FASCISM4 ,& !Y DO NOT MOVE4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT !Y REPEAT3 0,SPA9 IS ! SC5E ( A /RUGGLE :I*1 BY ITS CONSEQU5CES1 GOES BEYOND ! FRONTI]S ( ! C\NTRY1 BECAUSE IT IS 9 ,SPA9 ?AT ,FASCISM IS PLAY+ ITS LA/ C>D40 

,WE MU/ NOT OV]E/IMATE ! IMP]IALI/ DESIGNS ( ! ,ITALO--,G]MAN 9T]V5TION & 5VISAGE !M EXCLUSIVELY 9 RELATION TO FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS 9 !IR ,M$IT]RANEAN EXPANSION4 ,SPA9 IS = ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL] AN IMM$IATE CONQUE/1 A CURR5T PROBLEM4 ,OV]COM+ ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION IS EQUIVAL5T = ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN FASCISM TO ! CONQUE/ ( ,SPA94 ,FASCISM VICTORI\S 9 ,SPA9 MEANS ! REVOLUTION BROK5 & ! WAY OP5 TO IMP]IALI/ CONQUE/S4 ,?IS WILL !RE=E MEAN W>1 ! 5SLAV+ ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT1 A 'NEW ,MIDDLE ,AGES4' 

,! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT WILL DO NO?+ TO HELP ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS USELESS = US TO DELUDE \RSELVES4 ,IT W\LD BE DI%ONE/ TO DO IT TO \RSELVES4 

,& SO IT IS ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ?AT IS 9 DANG]1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! \TCOME ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,A SURPRISE >M$ 9T]V5TION ON ! P>T ( ,BRITA91 ,RUSSIA & ,FRANCE IS NOT LIKELY1 BUT SU* AN 9T]V5TION W\LD NOT BE AT ALL IMPOSSIBLE AT ! MOM5T :5 ,SPA9 IS ON ! PO9T ( DY+4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! 9T]V5TION ( ! LIONS AGA9/ ! HY5AS4 ,IT W\LD P]HAPS BE ! 9T]V5TION ?AT W\LD SNAT* ,SPA9 FROM ,ITALO--,G]MAN IMP]IALISM1 BUT IT W\LD BE TO /IFLE ! FIRE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,ALREADY TODAY1 ,SPA9 IS BETWE5 TWO FIRES ,BURGOS & ,MOSC[4 

,! /R5G? ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T MU/ NOT DAZZLE US4 ,ON ! DAY :5 ! >MY CORPS ( ,FRANCE ,BRITA9 & ,RUSSIA 9T]V5E AFT] AN EXHAU/+ /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES & ! ,HISPANO--,ITALO--,G]MAN ,FASCI/ COALITION1 ON ?AT DAY ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION WILL BE HALT$ & ! WAY OP5$ TO ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,ONCE ,FASCISM HAS BE5 CRU%$ IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,F,A,I & ,C,N,T WILL CONT9UE TO FI<T TO A*IEVE !IR SOCIAL PROGRAM4 ,BUT 9 ?AT CASE ! ,SOCIALI/ COMMUNI/ BLOC WILL OPPOSE !M4 

,IT IS ,LE ,POPULAIRE ( #b#g? ,NOVEMB]1 #aicf :I* GIVES US ?IS VIEW4 

,! ,REPUBLICANS1 ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S & ! ,COMMUNI/S >E ALREADY AGRE$ ON A 'CON/ITUTIONALI/' PLAT=M4 ,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY REC5TLY DECL>$ ?AT 9 ! CURR5T /RUGGLE IT 9T5DS TO DEF5D DEMOCRACY & SAFEGU>D PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,!RE IS A SMELL ( ,NOSKE 9 ! AIR4 ,IF ,MADRID W]E NOT 9 FLAMES1 ONE W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO RECALL ,KRON/ADT AGA94 ,BUT ! POLICY ( ,MADRID IS ON ! PO9T ( TRIUMPH+4 ,IT HAS REFUS$ >MS OR MONEY TO REVOLUTION>Y ,CATALONIA 9 ORD] TO PLACE ITSELF 9 ! H&S ( ! ,U,S,S,R :I* HAS PROVID$ >MS & ! (FIC]S :O >E DE/9$ TO CONTROL ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE & TO HALT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM4 

,! DILEMMA ',MADRID OR ,FRANCO' HAS P>ALYZ$ ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM4 ,TODAY ,B>CELONA IS SITUAT$ BETWE5 ,BURGOS1 ,ROME1 ,B]L91 ,MADRID ADD ,MOSC[4 ,BESIEG$4 

,BLACK CL\DS >E BUILD+ UP ON ! HORIZON & WE >E BL9D$ BY FOGS4 

,LET US SET \R LI<TS & HOLD ! TILL] ) A H& ( /EEL4 ,WE >E ON ! HI< SEAS & ! TEMPE/ IS RAG+4 ,BUT WE CAN /ILL P]=M MIRACLES4 ,CAU<T BETWE5 ! ,PRUSSIANS & ,V]SAILLES1 ! COMMUNE LIT A FIRE :I* /ILL LI<TS ! WORLD4 

,BETWE5 ,BURGOS & ,MADRID !RE IS ,B>CELONA4 

,LET ! ,GODETS ( ,MOSC[ ?9K ON ?AT 

,! ,?IRD ,/AGE 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #g1 #a#h? ,JANU>Y1 #aicg "9 

,FR5*3 ,TROISIEME ETAPE 

,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA9 HAS 5T]$ 9TO ITS ?IRD PHASE4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ( ! ',FASCI/ MILIT>Y PUTS*' CURB$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ) ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I AT !IR HEAD1 & BY ! RESI/ANCE ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT ( ! ',CIVIL ,W>2' ON ONE SIDE >E P>T ( ! >MY & ! POLICE =CES L$ BY FACTI\S .<FASCI/8.> (FIC]S1 ON ! O!R SIDE >E ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' MILITIAS GUID$ BY LOYALI/ (FIC]S & CONTROLL$ BY ! DIFF]5T ADVANC$ OR PROGRESSIVE P>TIES4 ,IT IS A CIVIL W> ) A GU]RILLA ASPECT1 ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS ( :I* >E CLO!D 9 A REVOLUTION>Y & COLLECTIVI/ *>ACT]1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANT >EAS :I* COME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I4 ,WE >E /ILL 9 ?IS SECOND PHASE ON :I* A ?IRD '9T]NATIONAL' PHASE IS H[EV] COM+ TO SUP]IMPOSE ITSELF1 DUE TO ! OV]T 9T]V5TION ( ,ITALO--,G]MAN ,FASCISM ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ON ! O!R ( ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM4 

,H5CE=? ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]NAL SITUATION IS SUBJECT 9 ! MA9 TO =EIGN FACTORS4 ,!SE >E ! ,HITL]IANS & ! ANTI-FASCI/ EMIGRES ( ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 ! ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/S & ANTI-FASCI/S1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIANS & ! ,:ITE ,RUSSIANS1 ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,IRI% ,CA?OLICS--:O >E AT GRIPS ) ONE ANO!R ON ! ,MADRID FRONT4 ,! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! =CES >E 9 ! PROCESS ( *ANG+1 MILIT>ILY & POLITICALLY4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> IS 9 ! PROCESS ( TAK+ ON A FA/] RHY?M1 AN EV5 BROAD] FIELD ( ACTION1 A MORE DECID$ *>ACT]1 :IL/ ! ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TION ASSURES ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,COMMUNI/ =CES :I* UP TO N[ W]E COMPLETELY DOM9AT$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ =CES4 

,I HAVE SAID & ,I REPEAT3 ! ,CIVIL ,W> CAN BE WON 9 ! MILIT>Y >5A1 BUT ! TRIUMPH ( ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ?REAT5$4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! FUTURE 9 ,SPA9 >E H5CE=? 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$ TO ! 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,! FACT ?AT ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% GOV]NM5TS >E TRANS=M+ !IR LEGATIONS 9 ,ADDIS ,ABABA 9TO CONSULATES LEADS ONE TO EXPECT ?AT !Y WILL RECOGNIZE ! ,ITALIAN CONQUE/ ( ,E?IOPIA4 ,WILL ,MUSSOL9I SEP>ATE FROM ,G]MANY1 AB&ON+ ! ,FASCI/ 9T]V5TION 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ,SPA98 ,I DO NOT ?9K SO4 ,= ?AT IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y = ! ,QUAI D',ORSAY & ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE TO TAKE ! DECISION TO SAY FIRMLY1 ,5\<6 ,BUT1 TO ! CONTR>Y1 :AT DO WE SEE8 

,! ,BLUM ,CAB9ET1 OBSESS$ BY FE> ( W>1 PUTS UP ) ANY?+3 IT ALL[S !M TO %OOT ! ,FR5* J\RNALI/ ,AGUILL>D1 TO KILL ,DEIAPREE1 ! ,P>IS-,SOIR CORRESPOND5T :O WAS FLY+ TO ,MADRID 9 A PLANE BELONG+ TO ! ,FR5* EMBASSY & IT EV5 P]MITS !M TO %ELL AN ,AIR ,FRANCE PLANE ON ,FR5* T]RITORY4 ,LET ! ,FASCI/ =CES ?REAT5 TO CUT ! L9E BETWE5 ,C]B]E & ,PORT ,B\4 ,LET !M ?REAT5 TO SCUTTLE ! ,FR5* VESSELS LIKE !Y SCUTTL$ ! ,RUSSIAN /EAM] ',KOMSOSNOL' LET !M BUSY !MSELVES ) UNLEA%+ ! ,MOROCCAN UPRIS+3 ALL ?IS WILL NOT SNAKE ! ,BLUM ,GOV]NM5T DECIDE TO REMON/RATE ) ! BRIG&S ( ,BURGOS4 

,! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T IS RECRUIT+ 'VOLUNTE]S' = ,FRANCO & SETT+ !M D[N 9 !IR ?\S&S 9 ,PORTUGAL & ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO4 ,AN ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/ BRIGADE HAS ALREADY REVEAL$ ITSELF ON ! ,MADRID FRONT AT ! \TPO/S 9 ! ,C>ABAN*EL ,SECTOR4 ,& ,HITL] CONT9UES TO S5D ?\S&S ( VOLUNTE]S TO SWELL ,FRANCO'S RANKS4 

,! MILIT>Y VICTORY ( ,FASCISM 9 ,SPA9 W\LD CORRESPOND TO ! ,ITALO-,G]MAN 5CIRCLEM5T ( ,FRANCE4 ,! ',AMI DU ,PEUPLE' COMM5TS ?US ON ! REPORT 9 ! ',NEWS ,*RONICLE' ( ! S5D+ ( AT LEA/ FIVE ,G]MAN DIVISIONS TO ,SPA93 

0,FROM ! RATE AT :I* ! ,G]MAN L&+S 9 ! P59SULA >E GO+1 IT IS NO LONG] JU/ ALONG ! ,RH9E ?AT WE MU/ BE ON \R GU>D1 BUT ALSO ON ! ,PYR5NES4 ,LET ! ,FUHR] DEVELOP HIS S*EMES & ,FRANCE RISKS BE+ SURR\ND$1 OR AT ! LEA/ HAV+ TWO ,G]MAN FRONTI]S4 ,SU* IS ! /]N TRU?4 ,IT MANIFE/LY TRANSC5DS DOCTR9AL PREF]5CES = ONE OR ! O!R ( ! ,IB]IAN FACTIONS40 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT AT PRES5T A REACTION>Y OP9ION 9 FAVOR ( NEUTRALITY 9 ! W> 9 ,SPA9 IS EM]G+ /RONGLY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS A *ANGE ( DIRECTION :I* C\LD FAVOR IMM5SELY A FIRM POLICY 9 FAVOR ( ANTI FASCI/ ,SPA9 ON ! P>T ( ! ,BLUM ,CAB9ET4 

,MANY ,FR5* PEOPLE JU/IFY !IR GOV]NM5T'S POLICY AS REG>DS ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> BY SAY+3 ,BRITA9 IS NOT BEH9D US4 ,WE HAVE REA*$ IT IS TRUE A 'G5TLEMAN'S AGREEM5T' BETWE5 ,ITALY & ,BRITA94 ,MUSSOL9I ACCEPT$ ! CONDITIONS :I* HE HAD REFUS$ A FEW MON?S E>LI] 9 ORD] TO R5EW COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ) ,BRITA91 HE SIGN$ ! PROTOCOL ON SUBM>9E W>F>E1 ,ITALY CONFIRM$ ONCE AGA9 ?AT HE HAS NO 9T5TION ( 9VAD+ ! ,BALE>ICS4 ,! ,M$IT]RANEAN3 ?AT IS :AT PREOCCUPIES ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE4 ,MUSSOL9I1 HAV+ 9 HIS SPEE* ( #a/ ,NOVEMB] LA/ CLAIM$ ! RI<T TO ,ITALIAN EXPANSION 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 HAD AL]T$ ,BRITA9 AS MU* AS ,YUGOSLAVIA1 ,GREECE & ,TURKEY4 

,MUSSOL9I1 AFT] HAV+ CALM$ ! ,=EIGN ,(FICE ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN QUE/ION1 CONT9UES HIS FLIRTATION ) ,WILHELM/RASSE1 :ILE ! ,QUAI D',ORSAY P]SEV]ES 9 ITS ROLE AS ! EASY GO+ CUCKOLD4 ,& ,HITL]1 P]SUAD$ ?AT ,FRANCE WILL NOT MOVE1 IS 9 ! PROCESS ( PREP>+ 7ACCORD+ TO 'L',OEUVRE'7 TO /RIKE AGA9/ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA4 

,9 BRIEF1 :ILE ,MUSSOL9I1 ,HITL] & ,$5 >E PLAY+ = HI< /AKES1 ! ,BLUM ,CAB9ET IS LI<T+ C&LES & RECIT+ ,NOV5E )\T ANY PLAN ( ACTION1 )\T ANY %[ ( BRAV]Y & )\T ! LEA/ DIGNITY4 

,UNCONC]N$ & NEUTRAL 9 ! FACE ( ! SACRIFICE ( ,IRUM1 APA!TIC & PRUD5T AT ! M>TYRDOM ( ,MADRID1 ,BLUM WAITS & HOPES4 ,HE IS FULL ( CONFID5CE & HE POLI%ES ! FEA!RS ( HIS :ITE DOVE1 :ILE DELUD+ HIMSELF & O!RS4 

,IRUN1 ,HEUSCA & ,S>AGOSSA W\LD HAVE BE5 ! TOMBS ( ,FASCISM IF WE HAD PREV5T$ ,BR5N & ,CES> FROM ?R[+ !IR [N SWORDS UNTO ! ,FASCI/ SIDE ( ! BALANCE ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,N[ ! /AKE IS ,MADRID3 EV5 IF IT CO/S MASSACRES & RU9S4 

,! TIME :I* HAS ELAPS$ BETWE5 ! NEUTRALITY ( SABOTAGE & HELP 9 DRIBS & DRABS HAS ALL[$ A GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN 7:I* W\LD RAPIDLY HAVE DRI$ UP OR 5D$ 9 ! VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAN MILITIAS7 TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A CIVIL W> :I* HAS ALL ! HORRORS ( A MAJOR W> & :I* IS A DANG] TO ! EQUILIBRIUM 9 ,EUROPE4 

,AT ! TIME :5 A DET]M9$ SURGEON WAS NECESS>Y1 ,BLUM HAS BE5 NO MORE ?AN A TIMID HOMEOPA?4 

,IF ! DIVISION ( 'BLOND ,MOORS' & ,BLACK ,%IRTS COME TO RE9=CE ,FRANCO'S RANKS1 ALL ,SPA9 WILL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A !AT] ( DESP]ATE /RUGGLES4 ,ONE CANNOT LIMIT SU* A CONFLAGRATION4 ,& ?OSE :O DID NOT WI% TO & DID NOT KN[ H[ TO EXT+UI% ! FIRE :5 IT />T$ WILL BE> ! BURD5 ( A TREM5D\S RESPONSIBILITY4 

,! CRUCIFI$ CITY ( ,MADRID IS ALREADY D5\NC+ ITS ,PONTIUS ,PILATE4 ,LEON ,BLUM8 ,NOT JU/ HIM BUT ?\S&S1 MILLIONS ( M54 ,EV5 Y\1 ,FR5* PROLET>IAT6 ,A MAN1 :ATEV] HE MAY BE1 DOES NOT B> ! ROAD TO ! MASSES :5 !Y >E M>*+ T[>DS LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 

,TO SAVE ,DREYFUS1 Y\R B\LEV>DS1 ,P>IS1 HAVE BE5 9 UPRO>4 ,SO !Y W]E TO SAVE ,F]R]4 ,!Y W]E AGA9 TO SAVE ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI4 

,N[ !Y >E NOT CRY+ \T 9 ANG]1 !Y >E NOT ANY LONG] ! >T]IES ( ,FRANCE'S HE>T1 !Y >E NO LONG] ! B$S ( ?OSE P[]FUL TORR5TS ( PROTE/ :I* WA%$ AWAY SO MANY DISGRACES TO SAVE MAN'S DIGNITY4 ,MADRID IS CRUCIFI$4 ,MADRID IS TO BE BURNT AT ! /AKE4 ,:AT IS ,P>IS DO+8 

,P>IS APPLAUDS ,LA ,PASSION>IA1 ,P>IS CRIES1 0,AIRCRAFT = ,SPA910 ,P>IS S5DS AMBULANCES1 SUPPLIES & VOLUNTE]S4 

,?AT IS NOT 5\<1 ,P>IS IS NOT GIV+ ITS RI*E/1 MO/ P[]FUL MO/ ,EUROPEAN POSSESSION3 ITS ANG]1 ITS L\D VOICE ( PROTE/4 

,IF ,P>IS IS 5RAG$1 ! :OLE WORLD IS SIL5T & TURNS TO LI/54 ,! 0GREAT TRANSMITT] ( ALL JU/ CAMPAIGNS IT CANNOT S5D \T ITS P[]FUL ,S,O,S = REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA94 

,P>IS1 YELL \T Y\R PITY = ! M>TYR$1 SUBLIME CITY ( ,MADRID1 Y\R PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT'S EXECUTION]S1 Y\R HATE = ! 5EMIES ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN & ! ,CITIZ5 :I* Y\ HAVE AFFIRM$ ) ?REE GREAT REVOLUTIONS4 

,LET Y\R P[]FUL VOICE CONDEMN ,BURGOS1 ,ROME & ,B]L92 LET IT /R5G!N ,MADRID & ! O!R M>TYR$ CITIES2 LET IT 5C\RAGE ! G5]\S FI<T]S ( ! ANTI--FASCI/ MILITIAS :O >E DEF5D+ ! RI<TS ( ! PRODUC]S & ! DIGNITY ( ! CITIZ5S2 LET IT FILL ! PROCRA/9AT+ M9I/]S ) %AME2 LET IT BE F9ALLY Y\R GREAT G5]\S VOICE1 ! VOICE ( Y\R GREATE/ DAYS1 ! VOICE ?AT COMES FROM ! V]Y DEP?S ( Y\R HE>T4 

,?IS VOICE HAS ?UND]$ SO MANY TIMES ) ! LOVE ?AT MU/ TAKE UP ! AX & IT IS ?AT1 ! DEEPE/ LOVE6 

- ,CITATION FROM ,FR5* TRANSLATION 9 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I3 ,GU]RE DE ,CLASSES 5 ,ESPAGNE ET ,TEXTES LIB]TAIRES 7,P>IS3 ,SP>TACUS1 #a#i#g#g7 

,! ,WISDOM ( A ,PROV]B 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #h1 #a/ ,FEBRU>Y1 #aicg 

,FR5*3 ,LA SAGESSE D'UN PROV]BE 

,! ,SWISS ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL WAS ! FIR/ TO 9AUGURATE1 9 ! NAME ( 'NEUTRALITY1' A REGIME ( P]SECUTION AGA9/ ! FRI5DS ( ,FREE ,SPA91 DESIR+ BY ?IS S]VILE & REACTION>Y ATTITUDE TO PAY HOMAGE TO ! OGRES ( ,B]L9 & ,ROME4 

,AN \TCRY ( SC&AL !N >OSE FROM ! SYNAGOGUES ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,& ,/AL9'S ADMIR]S PROTE/$ VEHEM5TLY4 

,SOON AFT]1 ! ,BELGIAN GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS COMPOS$ ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC M9I/]S1 EXPELL$ ,CANON ,GALLEGOS & ,FA!R ,LOBO1 ,CA?OLIC PRIE/S GUILTY M]ELY ( HAV+ DECL>$ AT PRIVATE MEET+S !IR SOLID>ITY ) ! LEGAL GOV]NM5T ( ,SPA94 

,!N !RE WAS ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T DRAGG+ \T FROM ! DU/ ( C5TURIES A LAW ( #ahg :I* PUNI%ES ! 5ROLLM5T ( ,BRITI% CITIZ5S 9 =EIGN MILITIAS4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 !IR TURN BR\<T UP = DISCUSSION A LAW ( #ahaa =BIDD+ ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S 5ROLL+ ABROAD4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T OBTA9$ FROM ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES FULL P[]S TO SURR\ND ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 ) A 'CORDON SANITAIRE' AGA9/ ! 9FLUX ( =EIGN VOLUNTE]S4 ,& !SE P[]S1 IT RECEIV$ !M FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ GR\PS 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,!RE IS NO?+ SURPRIS+ 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,IT CO9CIDES ) ?AT ( ',POPULAIRE' & ONLY S]VES TO CONFIRM IT4 ,BUT ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S CON/ITUTES A SC&AL\S *ANGE ( POLICY4 ,! ,5GLI% ,COMMUNI/S HAD PROTE/$ AT ! BLOCKADE ( VOLUNTE]S4 ,T$ ,B>NALES1 HEAD ( ! ,LONDON SECTION ( ! ,5GLI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD DECL>$ 9 ONE ( HIS SPEE*ES ON #a#a? ,NOVEMB] LA/3 

0,= OR EA* ,G]MAN SOLDI] 9 ,SPA91 WE WILL S5D A SEASON$ ,5GLI% FI<T]4 ,?IS IS \R REPLY TO ! DECISION TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T TO PREV5T VOLUNTE]S DEP>T+ = ,SPA940 

,& L',HUMANITE1 AT ! NEWS ?AT ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T 9T5D$ TO =BID ! 5ROLLM5T ( VOLUNTE]S1 BUR/ \T 9 REPEAT$ PROTE/S4 ,A PLATONIC GE/URE ON ! P>T ( ! ,FR5* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT & ,/AL9I/ LEAD]S1 B\ND UP TO ! V]Y 5D ) ! WET-BLANKET GOV]NM5T & ! HUMAN O/RI*4 

,! ,PETIT ,P>ISI5 ( #a#e? ,DECEMB] ANN\NC$ A '/R5G!N+ ( CONTROL' ON ! P>T ( ,FRANCE1 & ,GABRIEL ,P]I WROTE 9 L',HUMANITE3 

0,PETIT ,P>ISI5 IS ! UN(FICIAL MONITOR ( ! ,QUAI D',ORSAY4 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO KN[ :E!R ! PLAN :I* IT IS ANN\NC+ HAS1 AS ! ,PETIT ,PETIT ,P>ISI5 9DICATES1 ! APPROVAL ( ,M4 ,DELBOS4 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO KN[ IF IT HAS ! APPROVAL ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,IF NOT WE W\LD LIKE TO READ A D5IAL AS SOON AS POSSIBLE40 

,9/EAD ( A PROMPT D5IAL1 ! ,POPULAIRE ( #h? ,JANU>Y WROTE3 

0,WE BELIEVE ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO DIFFICULTY 9 ADOPT+ ! ADVICE ( ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T :I* IS PROPOS+1 9 ITS REPLY1 TO REMOVE FROM ,SPA91 ALL =EIGN]S TAK+ P>T 9 ! FI<T+ 9CLUD+ ! POLITICAL AGITATORS & PROPAG&I/S4 ) ! AIM ( REE/ABLI%+ ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS EXI/+ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f40 

,& IT CONCLUD$3 

0,WE MU/ NOT LOSE ANY TIME 9 USELESS 9VE/IGATION ( !IR 9T5TIONS BY TRY+ TO DISCOV] ! 'TRAPS' :I* !RE MAY BE 9 ! REPLIES ( ,B]L9 & ,ROME4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 WAY ( OV]COM+ ALL DIFFICULTIES4 ,IT IS BY APPLY+ & MAK+ ALL O!RS APPLY A POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION 9 ,SPA92 BY ELIM9AT+ FROM ,SPA9 ALL COMBATANTS :O >E NOT ,SPANI%4 ,WE MU/ DO IT AT & DO IT QUICKLY40 

,) ,P]I1 ,CA*91 ,VAILLANT--,C\TURI] & COMPANY PROTE/$4 ,BUT ,MOSC[ TOOK ! HELM4 ,& :O W\LD ASSOCIATE !MSELVES DIRECTLY 9 ! NAME ( ! ,COMMUNI/ GR\P 9 P>LIAM5T ) ! ,BLUMI/ 'FACTION8' ,P]I WAS ! V]Y MAN1 HE :O HAD MA9TA9$ ) ! GREATE/ OB/9ACY & VEHEM5CE ?AT ,FRANCE %\LD HAVE A POLICY OV]TLY 9 FAVOR ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC4 ,! BUFFOONS & IDIOTS ( ,BOL%EVISM >E AS BAD AS ! BUFFOONS & IDIOTS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ P>LIAM5T>Y GR\P TRAMPL$ ON ! LA/ RESOLUTION ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ( ! ,I,O,S & ! ,F,S,I :I* DECL>ES ?AT1 

0! MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE1 :I* IS ! SUPREME ASSET ( ! WORK]S ( AIL C\NTRIES &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PRIM>Y CONC]N ( GOV]NM5TS UND] ,SOCIALI/ CONTROL OR ) ,SOCIALI/ P>TICIPATION1 CAN ONLY BE ASSUR$ ON ! CONDITION ?AT ,DEMOCRACY OPPOSES AN ATTITUDE B5T ON BLACKMAIL OR FASCI/ M5ACES40 

,! ,COMMUNI/ P>LIAM5T>Y GR\P1 = ITS P>T1 COMPLETELY D5I$ AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( EXPLICIT DECL>ATIONS AGA9/ ,FR5* 'NEUTRALITY' DECL>ATIONS MADE AT ITS MEET+S & PUBLI%$ 9 ITS PAP]S1 MA9LY 9 ',HUMANITE4' 

,NON9T]V5TION PLAYS 9TO ! H&S ( ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I1 >ID ?US ( ,FRANCO4 ,! ,5GLI% ,MEMOR&UM & ! ,FR5* MORATORIUM PROPOS+ TO ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5TS ?AT !Y /OP S5D+ VOLUNTE]S TO ,SPA9 GO BACK TO #cRD ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,ITALO--,G]MAN REPLY CAME ON #g? ,JANU>Y4 ,?IRTY-FIVE DAYS (444M$ITATION1 ?IRTY-FIVE DAYS ( MASSIVE DISPAT* ( M5 & MILIT>Y EQUIPM5T TO ,FRANCO4 

,! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T RECRUIT$ 'VOLUNTE]S' BY MEANS ( ORD]S S5T ?R\< ! MILIT>Y DI/RICTS2 IT DIRECT$ T[>DS ,SPA9 BY MEANS ( =CE1 M5 RECRUIT$ TO WORK 9 ,E?IOPIA1 IT CONC5TRAT$ VOLUNTE]S = ,SPA9 9 ! B>RACKS4 IT EV5 US$ COMMON LAW CONVICTS TO SWELL ! RANKS ( ! VOLUNTE]S3 IT CREAT$ CONC5TRATIONS ( EXP$ITION>Y =CES 9 LA ,SPEZIZ1 ,EBOLI1 ,SAL]NO & ,CAGLI>I3 & IT TRANSPORT$ !M 9 ! ,/ATE %IPS AS F> AS ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO4 

,AFT] ! BOMB+S C>RI$ \T OV] ,SPANI% T]RITORY BY ,ITALIAN PLANES1 US+ = !IR BASE ! AIRFIELD ( ,ELMAS AFT] ! OCCUPATION ( ,MAJORCA1 WE HAVE ALL ! ELEM5TS ( PRO( TO %[ ?AT ,ITALY HAS 9T]V5$ MILIT>ILY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,MUSSOL9I HAS NO 9T5TION ( R5\NC+ ,SPA94 ',ROMA ,FASCI/A' DOES NOT HESITATE TO DECL>E4 0,WE >E FI<T+ & WE %ALL W9 9 ,SPA940 ',IL ,GIORNALE D'LTALIA' IMPLIES ?AT ,FR5* CONTROL ( ACCESS R\TES TO ,SPA9 ON L& WILL BE VIRTUAL4 ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I >E DEM&+ ! IMPOSSIBLE ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* GOV]NM5TS3 LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 SUPPRESS+ PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ,SPA9 & REMOV+ FROM ,SPA9 ALL =EIGN ANTI-FASCI/S4 

,! BAD FAI? ( ,MUSSOL9I & ,HITL] APPE>S ) AS MU* CL>ITY AS ! OV] C>EFUL /UPIDITY ( ,BLUM4 ,MUSSOL9I1 9 CONTEMPT = ALL 9T]NATIONAL LAW1 HAS S5T AT LEA/ #b1 M5 TO ,SPA91 & !RE >E BESIDES 7ACCORD+ TO ',AMI DU ,PEUPLE'7 AT LEA/ #c1 ,G]MAN SOLDI]S 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T & ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T WILL CONT9UE TO S5D M51 >MS & AMMUNITION :ATEV] PROMISES !Y MAKE4 

,! ,ANGLO-,FR5* 0NEUTRALITY0 HAS BE51 IS & WILL ALWAYS BE A HYPOCRITICAL 9T]V5TION 9 FAVOR ( ,SPANI%1 ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN ,FASCISM4 

,TO ACCEPT ! SUP]VISORY BLOCKADE1 IS ! SAME AS PUTT+ ON ! SAME PLACE ! LOYAL GOV]NM5T & AN >MY ( REBELS1 IT IS ! SAME AS PUTT+ ,EUROPE 9 ! DILEMMA3 W> OR ! TRIUMPH ( FASCISM4 ,& ! TRIUMPH ( FASCISM IS ! 9EVITABLE W> ( ! V]Y NE> FUTURE4 

,! ,BLUMI/ POLICY HAS NEV] HAD A CLE> & COH]5T L9E ( ACTION BECAUSE IT IS DOM9AT$ BY FE> & A T5D5CY TO COMPROMISE4 ,IT IS A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POLICY4 

,! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BY ADH]+ TO ?IS POLICY1 HAS ]AS$ ONE ( ! FEW F9E PAGES 9 ITS HI/ORY1 ,! 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS WILL HAVE PR(\ND CONSEQU5CES4 ,AS WILL ! REP]CUSSIONS ON ,FR5* 9T]NAL POLITICS4 ,BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ = US IS1 = ! MOM5T1 TO EXAM9E ! NE$S ( \R /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 9 RELATION TO ! NEW SITUATION4 ,WE WILL DEAL ) ?AT ELSE:]E4 ,TODAY WE >E EXP]I5C+ AN AGONIZ+ & TR\BL+ EMOTION AS WE SEE ! WISDOM ( ! POPUL> PROV]B BE+ CONFIRM$3 0,MAY ,GOD GU>D ME FROM MY FRI5DS4 ,I CAN TAKE C>E ( MY 5EMIES40 7I4E4 ,) FRI5DS LIKE !SE1 :O NE$S 5EMIES8--,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE74 

,SPA91 SURR\ND$ BY DECL>$ 5EMIES & FALSE FRI5DS WILL NOT CONT9UE ON ITS [N PA? ANY LESS BECAUSE ( !M4 ,WE WI% ) ALL \R FILIAL LOVE = ?IS MAGNIFIC5T PEOPLE ?AT ?IS PA? WILL LEAD TO ! %9+ HEI<TS ( TRIUMPH4 ,BUT EV5 IF IT LEADS US TO ! DEEPE/ ABYSS ( DEFEAT1 WE W\LD ALWAYS HAVE ! CONSOLATION ( HAV+ WANT$ TO BE ) ! 9NOC5T VICTIMS & NOT ) ! MURD]]S ( UN>M$ PEOPLE2 ( HAV+ DEF5D$ ! SACR$ CAUSE ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE & NOT ! RETURN TO TYRANNY & FEUDAL PRIVILEGE2 ( HAV+ TAK5 P>T 9 ! MELEE1 *OOS+ \R SIDE DECISIVELY1 & HAV+ REJECT$ ! DEGRAD+ %>E ( C[>DLY & /UPID COMPROMISES4 

,PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION3 ! ,CITY & ! ,C\NTRY 

,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g1 TRANSLAT$ FROM ,VOLONTA1 #a/ ,DECEMB] #aie 

,FR5*3 ,LA ,VILLE ET LA ,CAMPAGNE 7PROBLEMES DE LA REVOLUTION7 

,EMILE ,P\GET WROTE 9 #aif 7,ALMANAC ( ! ,REVOLUTION710,!RE >E NO POSSIBLE OR EFFECTIVE REVOLUTIONS EXCEPT :5 WORK]S & PEASANTS P>TICIPATE 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,IF ON ! CONTR>Y ONLY ONE ( !SE CATEGORIES IS ON ! MOVE :E!R IT IS ! PEASANTS OR ! WORK]S ! MOVEM5T WILL MISC>RY40 

,MORE ?AN 9 ANY O!R CIRCUM/ANCE1 ?IS NECESSITY ( ! UNION ( ! PEASANT & ! WORK] HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$ BY SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A4 ,UP TO N[1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS %[N A REM>KABLE SYN*RONISM BETWE5 COLLECTIVI/ ACTION 9 ! T[NS & ! C\NTRY1 & ! OPPOSITION :I* EXI/$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTIONS HAVE NOT PRES5T$ !MSELVES4 ,?AT DOES NOT MEAN TO SAY H[EV] ?AT !Y WILL NOT APPE> TOMORR[1 & ! ,SPANI% COMRADES MU/ ( NECESSITY CONT9UE1 AS UP TO N[1 !IR EF=T TO MA9TA9 AN 9TELLIG5T BALANCE BETWE5 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY4 

,! FIR/ ANTAGONISM ?AT LOOMS UP BETWE5 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION COMES FROM ! URG5CY ( ! PROBLEM ( PROVID+ PROVISIONS4 ,SPA9 HAS HAD A GREAT ADVANTAGE = ITSELF3 NAMELY A C]TA9 AUTONOMY 9 RELATION TO =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,H[EV] ,SPA9 IS BEG9N+ TO RUN 9TO DIFFICULTIES 9 RESOLV+ ! PROBLEM ( PROVISION+ ! T[NS4 ,& ?IS PROBLEM C\LD BECOME MORE & MORE DIFFICULT4 

,TWO T5D5CIES APPE> 9 ! MID/ ( ! MASSES ( WORK+ PEOPLE 9 ! T[NS3 FIR/LY =C$ REQUISITION+1 !N A MORE PACIFIC & RATIONAL SOLUTION4 

,=C$ REQUISITION+ IS A GREAT MI/AKE4 ,ALL HI/ORY ( REVOLUTIONS %[S ?IS4 ,! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ( #agic TRI$ TO USE ! '/RONG' ME?OD1 & ! RESULTS W]E DISA/R\S3 #a#a? ,APRIL #agid ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY ORD]$ ! REQUISITION ( ONE PIG 9 EI<T4 ,! [N] WAS TO WORK ON IT UNTIL IT HAD ATTA9$ ! MAXIMUM WEI<T4 ,A GREAT %[ ( CIRCUL>S & MEASURES TO 9SPECT1 PAY1 CONS]VE1 C5TRALIZE ETC4 WAS MADE4 ,SEV]AL MON?S LAT] :5 ! COMMISS> PRES5T$ HIMSELF TO TAKE ! ANIMAL1 HE ONLY F\ND A SKELETON OR A PIG MORE DEAD ?AN ALIVE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION (F]S A MORE REC5T EXAMPLE ( ! DISA/R\S EFFECTS ( A POLICY ( =C$ REQUISITION4 ,IT FULLY CONFIRMS ,KROPOTK9'S PR$ICTIONS 9 ',! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD'3 0,:5 ! ,REVOLUTION BREAKS \T1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS WILL KEEP !IR BREAD = !MSELVES & !IR FAMILIES40 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES RECOGNIZ$ ! ]ROR ( =C$ REQUISITION AT ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOVIETS :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,! RESULTS ( ! EXP$ITIONS ( PROVISION+ P>TIES W]E DISA/R\S3 DISORD]1 PLOTS1 PEASANT REVOLTS 7,LUNIVSK1 ,PAULOVSK1 ,MOKOOVSK1 ,BIELIEH1 ,PONIKOLSK ETE71 VIOL5T SUPPRESSION1 BAD ECONOMIC RESULTS4 ,! FRI<T5$ PEASANTS S[$ LESS4 ,! LIVE/OCK SIMIL>LY DIM9I%$ GREATLY4 ,RI* >EAS1 ,TAMBOV1 SUFF]$ SC>CITY4 

,! POLICY ( REQUISITION COMPLETELY *ECK$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TUM ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN REC\NTS AN ANECDOTE :I* CLE>LY ILLU/RATES ! MIS]ABLE CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS3 ,A GR\P ( PEASANTS PRES5T$ !MSELVES BE=E ,L59 ONE DAY TO DISCUSS !IR LOT4 

0,MAY ,GOD PROTECT Y\10 SAID ! OLDE/ ( ! PEASANTS4 

0,>E Y\ NOT HAPPY1 MY FRI5D8 ,Y\ HAVE L&S1 C[S1 *ICK5S1 :AT MORE DO Y\ WANT80 REPLI$ ,L594 

0,PRAISE BE TO ,GOD1 WE HAVE L&1 BUT Y\ TAKE ALL ! CORN2 *ICK5S1 BUT Y\ TAKE AWAY ! EGGS1 C[S1 BUT \R *ILDR5 HAVE NO MILK4 ,?AT1 MY FRI5D1 IS :Y WE >E ASK+ Y\ TO HELP US40 

,! AB&ONM5T ( REQUISITION1 :I* WAS AGA9 DEM&$ BY ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS ON #a/ ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 WAS NOT ANN\NC$ UNTIL ! #a#b? BY ,L59 AT ! OP5+ ( ! ,T5? ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,CONGRESS :5 ,TROTSKY WAS PUTT+ D[N ,KRON/ADT4 

,IT IS LEFT TO US TO EXAM9E ! ACQUISITION ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,9 ?IS TOO1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION (F]S SIGNIFICANT EXAMPLES ( ! DANG] ( US+ MONEY REFUS$ BY ! PEASANTS & EXCESSIVELY L[ PRICES4 

,IF 9 #agic ! C\NTRYSIDE CAUS$ FAM9E 9 ! L>GE CITIES1 ?IS WAS NOT DUE TO A FALL 9 C]EAL PRODUCTION1 BUT BECAUSE ! PEASANTS REFUS$ PROMISSORY NOTES )\T ANY SECURITY 9 GOLD4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG TO BELIEVE ?AT ONLY ! RI* PEASANTS REFUS$ TO SELL !IR PRODUCTS1 ! SMALL F>M]S W]E EQUALLY OPPOS$ TO EX*ANG+ ! FRUIT ( !IR SWEAT = !SE PROMISSORY NOTES1 ON :ILE ,KROPOTK9 COMM5TS AS FOLL[S 9 ,! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION3 

0,AS LONG AS !Y (F] ! PEASANTS A WOR?LESS SCRAP ( PAP]1 ! SITUATION DID NOT DEVELOP4 ,! FOOD/UFFS REMA9$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 EV5 IF !Y HAD REC\RSE TO ! GUILLOT9E40 

,! POLICY ( IMPOS$ PRICES HAD NO BETT] EFFECTS3 ! FOOD/UFFS BECAME SC>CE4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY L[]$ RETAIL PRICES BY DECREE 7#b#i? ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#i#c71 ANTICIPAT+ ?AT :OLESALE PRICES W\LD FOLL[4 ,:OLESALE DEAL+ /OPP$1 & COMM]CE ALSO4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION (F]S O!R EXAMPLES4 ,SEE+ ?AT VIOL5CE DID NOT PRODUCE RESULTS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO BUY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 BUT IT MADE A NEW MI/AKE4 ,! PRICE WAS TOO L[4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( CORN ! PRICE ( :I* WAS SLI<TLY HI<] ?AN BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION :5 ! PRICES ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS HAD 9CREAS$ BY ?IRTY TO =TY TIMES4 

"4"4"4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT NEI!R =C$ REQUISITION NOR PROMISSORY NOTES HAVE GIV5 GOOD RESULTS4 ,!RE ONLY REMA9S ! EX*ANGE ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 

,KROPOTK91 9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 PRES5T$ ?IS SOLUTION AS BR+ V]Y EFFECTIVE1 AL?\< A CONTRIBUTOR TO ,MALATE/A'S MAGAZ9E 7,C>LO ,MOLASEHI 9 ',P5SI]O E ,VOLONTA' ,ROME #a/ ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#e7 CONSID]S IT TO BE AN 'UNKN[N QUANTITY'4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,I WROTE 9 ,FABBRI'S ',LOTTE ,UMANA' 7,P>IS1 ,M>* #a#i#b#h73 0,:5 ,KROPOTK9 WAS WRIT+1 HE WAS ?9K+ ( ! TOR* ?AT WAS GO+ TO REPLACE ! P>AFF9 LI<T1 ( ! SPADE ?AT W\LD REPLACE ! PL[ ETC40 ,TODAY ! PEASANT'S NE$ = AGRICULTURAL MA*9ES IS RELATIVE1 & 9 C]TA9 >EAS & = C]TA9 =MS ( CULTIVATION !Y >E UNUSABLE4 ,HE POSSESSES MANY >TICLES ( CONV5I5CE & NO LONG] NE$S EV]Y?+4 ,FEW PEASANTS W\LD EX*ANGE !IR CORN = A VEGETABLE CLEAN]4 ,BE=E ! NE$S ( ! PEASANTS 9CREASE & 9DU/RY AB&ONS ! PRODUCTION ( LUXURY >TICLES A C]TA9 TIME WILL PASS4 0,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PEASANTS WILL BE PAID 9 MONEY1 CA% ( A RECOGNIZ$ WEI<T & VALUE40 

,LUIGI ,FABBRI ADD$ A NOTE 9 :I* HE OBS]V$1 

0,IF ! M5TALITY ( ! PEASANT IS SO BACKW>D ?AT HE DEM&S MONEY1 IT WILL BE A GOOD IDEA TO EXAM9E H[ ?IS DEM& CAN BE SATISFI$4 ,IT IS A HYPO!SIS :I* = GOOD REASONS W\NDS ! AN>*I/S :O MU/ DO ALL !Y CAN1 BY PROPAG&A & BY RESE>*+ O!R MEANS1 TO AVOID SU* A *OICE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ADVISABLE TO BE> IT 9 M9D ?AT1 FROM AN AN>*I/1 REVOLUTION>Y1 HUMANE & ALSO PRACTICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ?IS *OICE IS PREF]ABLE TO ! SY/EM ( CO]CION & ( AU?ORIT>IAN REQUISITION40 

,AS ONE CAN SEE1 ,FABBRI WAS EXCLUD+ REQUISITION & WAS NOT REJECT+ MONEY1 BUT HE WAS NOT TACKL+ ! PROBLEM4 ,9 MY >TICLE ',! AN>*I/S & AGR>IAN SMALLHOLD+'7,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA1 #a#e? ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#b71 AFT] DECL>+ MYSELF 9 FAVOR ( ! USE ( MONEY 9 TRAD+ BETWE5 ! T[NS & ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ,I WROTE1 

0,NATURALLY A SY/EM = ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS1 ( WORK1 ( MEANS ( TRANSPORT IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! SY/EM ( BUY+ & SELL+40 ,IF ! LOCAL C\NCILS OR ! TRADE UNIONS1 OR BO? AT ! SAME TIME1 W]E ! 9T]M$I>Y ORGANIZATIONS BETWE5 ! RURAL SMALLHOLD]S & ! F>M+ COOP]ATIVES & BETWE5 ! LATT] & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 !Y W\LD BE ABLE TO FACILITATE ?IS EX*ANGE )\T MONEY4 

,= EXAMPLE1 A LOCAL C\NCIL ?AT HAS ORGANIZ$ ! PRODUCTION ( BREAD WANTS TO BE PROVID$ ) CORN4 ,IT APPLIES TO ! PEASANTS1 (F]+ !M 9 EX*ANGE = !IR CORN WORK PROVID$ BY ! BUILD+ COOP]ATIVE1 TO :I* ! LOCAL C\NCIL WILL GIVE ! NECESS>Y MAT]IALS4 ,ONE C\LD F9D 9F9ITE EXAMPLES4 

,AT ! TIME ,I HAD OMITT$ A FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM3 AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! PRICES ( ! FACTORIES & ! PEASANTS' ABILITY & DESIRE TO BUY4 ,! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES BETWE5 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY IS AN IDEAL =M :I* IS NOT ALWAYS ATTA9ABLE4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! WEAK PO9TS ( ,SOCIALI/ ECONOMICS4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?IS WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS 9 ! TRANSITION FROM ! ,S,E,P 7,SOCIALI/ ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY7 TO ! ,N,E,P 7,NEW ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY74 

,COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! URBAN & AGR>IAN ECONOMIES IS MU* MORE DIFFICULT ?AN IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$ AMONG ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! ,CATALAN PEASANTS REFUSAL ( ! PROPOSALS = EX*ANGE PUT TO !M BY ! ,B>CELONA ,WOOD ,SYNDICATE IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,! PEASANTS G5]ALLY HAVE NE$ ( SE$S1 *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S1 AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y & ONLY LAT] DO ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T & SPIRITUAL DEVELOPM5T GIVE !M ! NE$ = CONV5I5CES1 ES!TIC & LUXURY ITEMS4 

,! URBAN SOCIETY MU/ !RE=E RESPOND TO !SE POSSIBILITIES & TO ! PEASANTS' PREF]5CES IF ONE WANTS TO AVOID ANTAGONISMS LOOM+ UP BETWE5 ! T[NS & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,AS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R :]E AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRICES >E SO WIDELY DIFF]5T ?AT !Y CON/ITUTE & P]PETUATE DIV]G5T 9T]E/S1 ! C5TRAL PO9T ( ALL ! V>IATIONS 9 ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMIC POLICY1 & :I* EXPLA9S ALMO/ ALL ASPECTS ( 9T]NAL POLITICAL /RUGGLES4 

,TO RECAP1 ,I %\LD SAY ?AT AN>*I/S 9 T[NS %\LD REFUSE TO TAKE P>T 9 EXP$ITIONS = =CEFUL REQUISITION & EV5 PREV5T !M1 DEM&+ ?AT ! PROBLEM ( PROVISION+ ! T[NS & ! MILITIAS BE RESOLV$ BY A COMMON AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! WORK]S ON ! PUR*ASE ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 :E!R ) A /ABLE CURR5CY OR BY EX*ANGE & CR$IT C]TIFICATES4 

,AS = ! AN>*I/S :O LIVE 9 ! C\NTRY1 !Y MU/ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME1 REPEL REQUISITION & FI<T ALL ATTEMPTS AT BUY+ UP & SABOTAGE1 & C>RY \T AN 9T5SE CAMPAIGN ( P]SUASION ON ! SUBJECT ( ! T[NS' PROBLEMS1 LIKE PROVISION+1 9 ORD] TO FACILITATE AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! WORK]S 9 ! C\NTRY & ! WORK]S & TE*NICIANS 9 ! T[NS1 9 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE F$]ATION BETWE5 ! URBAN & RURAL COOP]ATIVES1 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE & SUPPORT ALL SPONTANE\S EXP]I5CE :I* W\LD T5D TO R$UCE ! MONEY SUPPLY4 ,H>MONY BETWE5 ! T[NS & ! C\NTRYSIDE IS ONLY POSSIBLE BY AVOID+ ! ,U,S,S,R'S MI/AKES3 =C$ REQUISITION1 DE/RUCTION ( CONSUM] COOP]ATIVISM1 C5TRALIZATION ( DI/RIBUTION1 9CREASE ( FACTORY PRICES1 TRANSITION FROM SUPPRESSION TO TOL]ANCE ( SPECULATORS1 MONET>Y 9FLATION ETC4 

,I AM NOT A PROPHET4 ,I HAVE !RE=E BE5 ABLE TO AIR SOME PO9TS ( VIEW ?AT >E COMPLETELY SUP]FICIAL1 AS MU* TO ! PRES5T AS = ! FUTURE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I CONSID] ?AT IT IS NOT USELESS TO SUGGE/ PLANS = RELATIONS BETWE5 ! T[NS & ! C\NTRYSIDE1 GIV5 ?AT ?IS PROBLEM DRAWS \R ATT5TION & DEM&S DEEP & METICUL\S /UDY & ELABORATION4 ,I LEAVE ?AT TASK TO ?OSE :O >E MORE COMPET5T1 = ,I AM NO ECONOMI/4 

,OP5 LETT] TO COMRADE ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #a#b1 #a#d? ,APRIL #aicg 

,FR5*3 ,LETTRE \V]TE A LA COM>ADE ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y 

,DE> ,COMRADE1 

,IT WAS MY 9T5TION TO ADDRESS MYSELF TO ALL Y\ COMRADE M9I/]S1 BUT ONCE ! P5 WAS 9 MY H&1 ,I ADDRESS$ MYSELF SPONTANE\SLY TO Y\ ALONE & ,I DID NOT WI% TO GO AGA9/ ?IS 9/9CTIVE IMPULSE4 

,! FACT ?AT ,I AM NOT ALWAYS 9 AGREEM5T ) Y\ NEI!R A/ONI%ES Y\ NOR IRRITATES Y\1 & Y\ HAVE %[N Y\RSELF CORDIALLY OBLIVI\S TO CRITICISMS :I* IT W\LD ALMO/ ALWAYS HAVE BE5 FAIR1 BECAUSE IT IS HUMAN1 TO CONSID] AS UNJU/ & EXCESSIVE4 ,?IS IS NOT A M9OR QUALITY 9 MY EYES1 & IT BE>S WITNESS TO ! AN>*I/ NATURE ( \R M9D4 ,IT IS A C]TA9TY ?AT EFFECTIVELY COMP5SATES1 AS F> AS MY NATURAL FRI5D%IP IS CONC]N$ = ! IDEOLOGICAL PECULI>ITIES :I* Y\ HAVE (T5 REVEAL$ 9 Y\R >TICLES 9 Y\R V]Y P]SONAL /YLE & 9 Y\R SPEE*ES ( ADMIRABLE ELOQU5CE4 

,I C\LD NOT SIT BACK & ACCEPT ! ID5TITY ?AT Y\ CLAIM$ BETWE5 ,BAKUNI/ AN>*ISM & ! F$]ALI/ ,REPUBLICANISM ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL4 ,I CANNOT P>DON Y\ = HAV+ WRITT5 0?AT 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS NOT ,L59 ! TRUE BUILD] ( ,RUSSIA1 BUT ,/AL9 9 FACT1 ! EFFECTIVE SPIRIT1 ETC40 ,& ,I APPLAUD$ ,VOL9E'S REPLY 9 ',T]RE ,LIBRE' TO Y\R 5TIRELY FALSE CLAIMS AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,BUT IT IS NOT AB\T ?AT ?AT ,I WI% TO TALK ) Y\4 ,ON !SE MATT]S1 & 9DE$ ON O!RS1 ,I HOPE ONE DAY OR ANO!R TO TALK TO Y\ P]SONALLY4 ,IF ,I ADDRESS Y\ 9 PUBLIC1 IT IS AB\T MATT]S ?AT >E 9F9ITELY MORE S]I\S1 TO REM9D Y\ ( ! 5ORM\S RESPONSIBILITIES1 ( :I* Y\ >E P]HAPS NOT AW>E BECAUSE ( Y\R MODE/Y 

,9 Y\R SPEE* ( #cRD ,JANU>Y1 Y\ SAID1 

0,! AN>*I/S HAVE COME 9TO ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! ,REVOLUTION FROM DEVIAT+ FROM ITS C\RSE & 9 ORD] TO PURSUE IT BEYOND ! W>1 & ALSO 9 ORD] TO OPPOSE ALL POSSIBILITY ( DICTATORIAL 5DEAVORS1 :]EV] !Y %\LD COME FROM40 

,WELL !N1 COMRADE1 9 ,APRIL1 AFT] ?REE MON?S ( COLLABORATIONI/ EXP]I5CE1 WE F9D \RSELVES FACE TO FACE ) A SITUATION 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* S]I\S ACTIONS >E TAK+ PLACE1 :ILE O!R1 WORSE ONES >E TAK+ %APE4 

,:]E1 AS 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 9 ! ,LEVANT & 9 ,CA/ILLE1 \R MOVEM5T IS NOT IMPOS$ BY GRASS-ROOTS /R5G?1 9 O!R WORDS BY VA/ RANKS ( UNIONI/S & BY ! PREPOND]ANT ADH]5CE ( ! MASSES1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION IS OPPRESS+ PEOPLE & ?REAT5S TO CRU% EV]Y?+4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T IS AT ,VAL5CIA & IT IS FROM !RE ?AT ASSAULT GU>DS >E SETT+ \T1 DE/9$ TO DIS>M ! REVOLUTION>Y CELLS =M$ = DEF5SE4 ,ONE CALLS TO M9D ,CASAS-,VIEJAS :ILE ?9K+ ( ,VILANESA.<#f.>4 ,IT IS ! CIVIL GU>DS & ! ASSAULT GU>DS :O >E RETA9+ !IR >MS2 IT IS !Y TOO :O 9 ! RE> MU/ CONTROL ! 'UNCONTROLLABLE1' 9 O!R WORDS DIS>M ! REVOLUTION>Y CELLS EQUIPP$ ) A FEW RIFLES & A FEW REVOLV]S4 ,?IS HAPP5S :ILE ! 9T]NAL FRONT HAS NOT BE5 LIQUIDAT$4 ,?IS HAPP5S DUR+ ! C\RSE ( A CIVIL W> 9 :I* EV]Y SURPRISE IS POSSIBLE & 9 REGIONS :]E ! FRONT IS V]Y CLOSE & EXTREMELY JAGG$ IS NOT MA!MATICALLY C]TA94 ,?IS1 :ILE A POLITICAL DI/RIBUTION ( >MS APPE>S CLE>LY1 T5D+ TO >M ONLY 9 /RICT NECESSITY 7/RICT NECESSITY1 :I* WE HOPE WILL APPE> ADEQUATE7 ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 ! >M$ GU>D ( AGR>IAN COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,>AGON & BUTTRESS ( ,CATALONIA1 ?AT ,IB]IAN ,UKRA9E4 ,Y\ >E 9 A GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS (F]$ ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 ADVANTAGES 9 ,MOROCCO1 :]EAS1 S9CE ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO PROCLAIM ( (FICIALLY ! POLITICAL AUTONOMY ( ,MOROCCO4 ,I CAN IMAG9E :AT Y\1 AN>*I/1 MU/ ?9K ( ?IS AFFAIR :I* IS AS DISGRACEFUL AS IT IS /UPID2 BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! TIME HAS COME TO MAKE IT KN[N ?AT Y\ & ! O!R AN>*I/ M9I/]S >E NOT 9 AGREEM5T AS REG>DS ! NATURE & ! PURPORT ( SU* PROPOSITIONS4 

,ON #b#d? ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ,I WROTE 9 ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE3 

0,! OP]ATIONAL BASE ( ! ,FASCI/ >MY IS ,MOROCCO4 ,WE MU/ 9T5SIFY \R PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ,MOROCCAN AUTONOMY ?R\<\T ! PAN-,ISLAMIC >EA ( 9FLU5CE4 ,WE MU/ DICTATE TO ,MADRID UNAMBIGU\S DECL>ATIONS ANN\NC+ ! AB&ONM5T ( ,MOROCCO & ! PROTECTION ( ,MOROCCAN AUTONOMY4 ,FRANCE W\LD ANXI\SLY 5VISAGE ! POSSIBILITY ( 9SURRECTION>Y REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ,SYRIA2 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 W\LD SEE ! MOVEM5TS = SELF-RULE 9 ,EGYPT & AMONG ,>ABS 9 ,PALE/9E GR[+ /RONG]4 ,WE MU/ EXPLOIT SU* ANXIETIES BY MEANS ( A POLICY :I* ?REAT5S TO UNLEA% REVOLT ?R\<\T ! ,>AB WORLD4 

0,= SU* A POLICY WE NE$ MONEY & WE NE$ URG5TLY TO S5D AGITATORS & ORGANIZ]S AS EMISS>IES TO ALL ! C5T]S ( ,>AB MIGRATION1 9TO ALL ! FRONTI] ZONES ( ,FR5* ,MOROCCO4 ,ON ! FRONTS 9 ,>AGON1 ! ,C5T]1 ! ,A/URIAS & ,&ALUSIA A FEW ,MOROCCANS W\LD BE 5\< TO FULFILL ! ROLE ( PROPAG&I/S 7?R\< ! RADIO1 TRACTS1 ETC4740 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT ONE CANNOT SIMULTANE\SLY GU>ANTEE ,BRITI% & ,FR5* 9T]E/S 9 ,MOROCCO & C>RY ON ) 9SURRECTION>Y WORK4 ,VAL5CIA IS CONT9U+ ! POLICIES ( ,MADRID4 ,?IS MU/ *ANGE4 ,& TO *ANGE IT1 ONE MU/ /ATE ALL ONE'S [N ?\<TS CLE>LY & /RONGLY1 BECAUSE 9 ,VAL5CIA !RE >E 9FLU5CES ACT+ :I* T5DS T[>DS TREAT+ ) ,FRANCO4 

,JEAN ,ZYROMSKI WROTE 9 ',POPULAIRE' ( #cRD ,M>*3 0,! MANEUV]S >E VISIBLE & !Y >E AIM+ AT ! CONCLUSION ( A PEACE :I*1 9 REALITY1 W\LD SIGNIFY NOT ONLY ! HALT+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO ! ANNULM5T ( ! SOCIAL CONQUE/S ALREADY A*IEV$4 

0,NEI!R ,CABALL]O NOR ,FRANCO1 SU* W\LD BE ! =MULA :I* W\LD EXPRESS BRIEFLY A CONCEPTION :I* EXI/S1 & ,I AM NOT SURE ?AT IT DOES NOT HAVE ! FAVOR ( C]TA9 POLITICAL1 DIPLOMATIC & EV5 GOV]NM5TAL CIRCLES 9 ,BRITA9 & ALSO 9 ,FRANCE40 

,!SE 9FLU5CES1 !SE MANEUV]S EXPLA9 DIFF]5T OBSCURE PO9TS3 = EXAMPLE ! 9ACTIVITY ( ! LOYALI/ FLEET4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( TROOPS COM+ FROM ,MOROCCO1 ! ACTS ( PIRACY AGA9/ ',CAN>IES' 5D ',BALE>ICS1' ! CAPTURE ( ,MALAGA >E ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS 9ACTIVITY4 ,& ! W> IS NOT F9I%$6 ,IF ,PRIETO IS 9CAPABLE & 9DOL5T1 :Y TOL]ATE HIM8 ,IF ,PRIETO IS B\ND-BY A POLICY ?AT MAKES HIM P>ALYZE ! FLEET1 :Y NOT D5\NCE ?IS POLICY8 

,Y\ AN>*I/ M9I/]S1 Y\ MAKE ELOQU5T SPEE*ES & Y\ WRITE BRILLIANT >TICLES1 BUT IT IS NOT ) SPEE*ES & >TICLES ?AT ONE W9S ! W> & DEF5DS ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! =M] CAN BE WON & ! LATT] CAN BE DEF5D$ BY ALL[+ US TO PASS FROM ! DEF5SIVE TO ! (F5SIVE4 ,! /RATEGY ( HOLD+ \R POSITION CANNOT LA/ = EV]4 ,! PROBLEM CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY ?R[+ \T ORD]S3 G5]AL MOBILIZATION1 >MS TO ! ,FRONT1 SOLE COMM&1 POPUL> >MY ETC4 ETC4 ,! PROBLEM CAN BE RESOLV$ BY A*IEV+ IMM$IATELY :AT CAN BE A*IEV$4 

,! ,T\L\SE ,DISPAT* ( #a#g? ,JANU>Y WROTE1 

0,! MA9 PREOCCUPATION ( ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR IS ) REE/ABLI%+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE OV] ?AT ( ! GR\PS & OV] ?AT ( ! UNCONTROLLABLE :ATEV] !IR ORIG940 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT :5 = MON?S !Y TRY TO ANNIHILATE ! 'UNCONTROLLABLES'1 !Y CANNOT RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ',FIF? ,COLUMN.<#g.>4' ,! SUPPRESSION ( ! 9T]NAL FRONT HAS AS ITS PRIM>Y CONDITION ACTIVITY AIM$ AT 9VE/IGATION & REPRESSION :I* CAN ONLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY TRI$ & TE/$ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AN 9T]NAL POLICY ( COLLABORATION BETWE5 ! CLASSES & ( FLATT]Y T[>DS ! MIDDLE CLASSES LEADS 9EVITABLY TO TOL]ANCE T[>DS POLITICALLY AMBIGU\S ELEM5TS4 ,! ,FIF? ,COLUMN IS COMPOS$ NOT ONLY ( ELEM5TS BELONG+ TO ,FASCI/ BODIES1 BUT ALSO ( ALL ! MALCONT5TS :O DESIRE A MOD]ATE REPUBLIC4 ,N[1 IT IS !SE LATT] ELEM5TS :O PR(IT FROM ! TOL]ANCE ( ! HUNT]S ( ! 'UNCONTROLLABLES'4 

,! LIQUIDATION ( ! 9T]NAL FRONT WAS A CONDITION ( FULL & RADICAL ACTIVITY BY ! ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES SET UP BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T4 

,WE >E ASSI/+ 9 ! 9FILTRATION 9TO ! CONTROLL+ RANKS ( ! POPUL> >MY ( AMBIGU\S ELEM5TS )\T (F]+ GU>ANTEES ( POLITICAL & UNION ORGANIZATION4 ,! COMMITTEES & POLITICAL DELEGATES ( ! MILITIAS W]E EX]CIS+ A B5EFICIAL CONTROL1 :I*1 TODAY1 IS WEAK5$ BY ! PR$OM9ANCE ( /RICTLY MILIT>Y SY/EMS ( ADVANCEM5T & PROMOTION4 ,WE MU/ /R5G!N !SE COMMITTEES & !SE DELEGATES4 

,WE >E ASSI/+ ! NEW SITUATION :I* C\LD HAVE DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES1 A SITUATION 9 :I* :OLE BATTALIONS >E COMM&$ BY (FIC]S :O DO NOT 5JOY ! E/EEM & AFFECTION ( ! SOLDI]S4 ,?IS SITUATION IS GRAVE BECAUSE ! VALUE ( ! ,SPANI% MILITIA-M5 IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ! CONFID5CE 5JOY$ BY !IR [N COMM&]4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO REE/ABLI% ! SY/EM ( DIRECT ELECTION & ! RI<T ( DISMISSAL BY ?OSE BEL[4 

,A GRAVE ]ROR HAS BE5 COMMITT$ BY ACCEPT+ AU?ORIT>IAN =MULAS1 NOT BECAUSE !Y >E SU* FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR =M2 BUT BECAUSE !Y CONTA9 TREM5D\S ]RORS & POLITICAL AIMS ?AT HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! NECESSITIES ( ! W>4 

,I HAD ! *ANCE TO TALK TO S5IOR ,ITALIAN ,FR5* & ,BELGIAN (FIC]S & ,I ASC]TA9$ ?AT !Y GIVE A CLE> 9DICATION ( KN[+ ! REAL NECESSITIES ( DISCIPL9E1 A MU* MORE MOD]N & RATIONAL CONCEPTION ?AN C]TA9 NEO-G5]ALS :O CLAIM TO BE REALI/S4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ! H\R HAS COME TO =M ! CONF$]AL >MY1 9 ! SAME WAY AS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAS SET UP ITS [N COMPANY3 ! #e? REGIM5T ( ! POPUL> MILITIAS4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! H\R HAS COME TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( SOLE COMM& BY EFFECTIVELY A*IEV+ UNITY ( COMM& :I* ALL[S US TO MOVE ONTO ! (F5SIVE ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! H\R HAS COME TO F9I% ) ! ?\S&S ( CIVIL GU>DS & ASSAULT GU>DS :O DO NOT GO TO ! ,FRONT BECAUSE !IR JOB IS TO CONTROL ! 'UNCONTROLLABLES4' ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! H\R HAS COME TO CREATE A W> 9DU/RY 9 E>NE/4 ,& ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! H\R HAS COME TO F9I% ) C]TA9 FLAGRANT EXTRAVAGANCES3 LIKE ?OSE ( RESPECT = ,SUNDAY AS A DAY ( RE/ & ( C]TA9 'RI<TS = ! WORK]S' SABOTAG+ ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,WE MU/1 ABOVE ALL1 KEEP UP ! MORALE ( ! COMBATANTS4 ,L\IS ,B]TONI1 9T]PRET+ ! S5TIM5TS EXPRESS$ BY V>I\S ,ITALIAN COMRADES FI<T+ ON ! ,HUESCA ,FRONT1 WROTE NOT SO LONG AGO3 

0,! W> 9 ,SPA91 ?US /RIPP$ ( ALL NEW FAI?1 ( ALL IDEAS ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y GREATNESS1 ( ALL UNIV]SAL MEAN+1 IS NO MORE ?AN A COMMON W> ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* MU/ BE E>N$ \T TO AVOID ! EXT]M9ATION :I* ! WORLD PLUTOCRACY HAS 9 M9D4 ,!RE REMA9S ! T]RIBLE QUE/ION ( LIFE OR DEA?1 BUT IT IS NO LONG] A W> TO ASSURE A NEW REGIME & A NEW HUMANITY4 ,PEOPLE WILL SAY ?AT ALL IS NOT YET LO/2 BUT 9 REALITY1 EV]Y?+ IS ?REAT5$ & BELEAGU]$2 \R SIDE USE ! LANGUAGE ( R5UNCIATION1 ! SAME AS WAS US$ BY ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALISM AT ! ADVANCE ( ,FASCISM3 ,BEW>E ( PROVOCATION6 ,CALM & S]5ITY6 ,ORD] & DISCIPL9E6 ,ALL ! ?+S ?AT 9 PRACTICE BOIL D[N TO DO+ NO?+4 ,& AS 9 ,ITALY ,FASCISM F9I%$ UP BY TRIUMPH+1 9 ,SPA91 ANTI-SOCIALISM 9 REPUBLICAN G>B CANNOT BUT W91 UNLESS ANY?+ ?AT WE HAVE NOT =ESE5 %\LD COME TO PASS4 ,IT IS USELESS TO ADD ?AT WE >E SIMPLY SETT+ IT D[N1 )\T CONDEMN+ ?OSE ON \R SIDE2 WE C\LD NOT SAY H[ ! BEHAVIOR ( !SE PEOPLE C\LD BE DIFF]5T & EFFICACI\S1 AS LONG AS ! ,ITALO-,G]MAN PRESSURE GR[S AT ! ,FRONT & ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIK B\RGEOIS GR[S 9 \R RE>40 

,I DO NOT HAVE ,L\IS ,B]TONI'S MODE/Y4 ,I HAVE ! PRET5SION TO ASS]T ?AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE A POLITICAL L9E DIFF]5T FROM ! PREVAIL+ ONE2 ,I CLAIM TO BE ABLE BY CAPITALIZ+ ON :AT ,I KN[ ( EXP]I5CES 9 V>I\S GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( REC5T YE>S & ON :AT ,I READ 9 ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN PRESS ITSELF1 TO ADVISE C]TA9 L9ES ( CONDUCT4 

,I BELIEVE ?AT Y\ MU/ POSE Y\RSELF ! PROBLEM ( KN[+ IF Y\ >E BETT] DEF5D+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 IF Y\ >E MAK+ A GREAT] CONTRIBUTION TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 OR IF Y\ W\LD NOT BE 9F9ITELY MORE USEFUL C>RY+ ! FLAME ( Y\R MAGNIFIC5T SKILL ) WORDS AMONG ! COMBATANTS & TO ! RE>4 

,! TIME HAS ALSO COME TO CL>IFY ! SIGNIFICANCE = UNIFICATION ?AT \R P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD HAVE4 ,WE MU/ SPEAK TO ! MASSES1 APPEAL TO !M TO JUDGE :E!R ,M>CEL ,CA*9 IS RI<T :5 HE /ATES 9 L',HUMANITE ( #b#cRD ,M>*3 

0,! RESPONSIBLE AN>*I/S >E MULTIPLY+ !IR EF=TS T[>DS UNIFICATION1 & !IR APPEALS >E EV] MORE S5SIBLE40 

444,OR :E!R ,PRAVDA & ,IZVE/RA >E RI<T :5 !Y SL&] ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CALL+ !M SABOTEURS ( UNITY4 ,TO APPEAL TO ! MASSES TO JUDGE ! MORAL COMPLICITY & POLICY ( SIL5CE ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ PRESS AS REG>DS ! DICTATORIAL (F5SES ( ,/AL91 ! P]SECUTION ( ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S1 ! MON/R\S CASE AGA9/ ! ,L59I/ & ,TROTSKYI/ OPPOSITION1 A SIL5CE DES]V$LY REW>D$ BY ,IZVE/IA'S LIBEL+ ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 

,TO APPEAL TO ! MASSES TO JUDGE :E!R C]TA9 ACTS ( SABOTAGE ( PROVISION+ DO NOT FALL )9 ! PLAN ANN\NC$ ON #a#g? ,DECEMB] #aicf BY ,PRAVDA3 

0,AS = ,CATALONIA1 ! PURG+ ( ,TROTSKYI/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ELEM5TS HAS BEGUN2 ?IS WORK WILL BE C>RI$ \T ) ! SAME 5]GY ) :I* IT WAS DONE 9 ! ,U,S,S,R40 .<#h.> 

,! TIME HAS COME TO F9D \T :E!R ! AN>*I/S >E 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T TO BE ! VE/AL VIRG9S T5D+ A FIRE ?AT IS ON ! PO9T ( GO+ \T1 OR EV5 IF !Y >E !RE FROM N[ ON TO S]VE AS A ',PHYRGIAN CAP'.<#i.> = POLITICIANS FLIRT+ ) ! 5EMY OR ) ! =CES = ! RE/ORATION ( ! ',REPUBLIC ( ALL CLASSES4' ,! PROBLEM IS SET BY ! CLE> EVID5CE ( A CRISIS :I* IS \T/RIPP+ ! M5 :O >E ! P]SONAGES :O EMBODY IT4 

,! DILEMMA3 W> OR REVOLUTION NO LONG] HAS ANY MEAN+4 ,! ONLY DILEMMA IS ?IS ONE3 EI!R VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO ?ANKS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y W>1 OR DEFEAT4 

,! PROBLEM = Y\ & ! O!R COMRADES IS TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! ,V]SAILLES ( ,?I]S & ! ,P>IS ( ! ,COMMUNE1 BE=E ,?I]S & ,BISM>CK =M ! HOLY ALLIANCE4 ,IT IS UP TO Y\ TO REPLY1 = Y\ >E ! 0LI<T UND] ! BU%EL40 

,W> & ,REVOLUTION 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #a#c1 #b#a/ ,APRIL #aicf 

,FR5*3 ,GU]RE ET REVOLUTION 

,! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC WAS BORN 9 ,APRIL #aica \T ( A POLITICAL REVOLUTION ?AT WAS ALMO/ PEACEABLE4 ,A ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ LEAD] RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION 'NO HABIA REMOVIDO LAS 5TRANAS DEL PAIS4' ,! MASS ( ! PEOPLE W]E DECEIV$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC :I* WAS NOT GIV5 ANY SOCIAL CONSOLIDATION S9CE IT DID NOT GIVE L& TO ! PEASANTS4 ,! AGR>IAN RE=M VOT$ = BY ! ,CORTES DRAGG$ ON FROM S*EME TO S*EME & WAS APPLI$ 9 HOMEOPA?IC DOSES4 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 AN ,&ALUSIAN PEASANT REPRES5T$ SEV]AL MILLION ( HIS FELL[S :5 HE SAID TO ,B]TR& DE ,J\V5EL1 0,! ,SOCIALI/S PROMIS$ US L&4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT ! APPLICATION ( AGR>IAN RE=M IS A V]Y COMPLICAT$ BUS9ESS4 ,& WE >E /ILL WORK+ = ?REE PESETAS A DAY40 

,! ,REPUBLIC HAD EQUALLY DECEIV$ ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! T[NS4 ,:5 ,]NE/ ,TOLL] ASK$ A ,CATALAN WORK] :AT HE ?\<T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 HE RECEIV$ ! FOLL[+ V]Y SIGNIFICANT RESPONSE1 0,IT'S JU/ ! OLD DOG ) A NEW COLL>40 

,A ,REPUBLIC ?AT %[$ ITSELF DET]M9$ TO IMPROVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 POLITICALLY /RONG 5\< NOT TO FE> A ,FASCI/ 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,REPUBLIC DID NOT PROTECT CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S SOLIDLY 5\<2 NO MORE DID IT 5C\RAGE ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT2 IT HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 ! ACCOMPLICE ( ,FASCISM 9 ITS OB/9ACY 9 SE>*+ = A COMPROMISE BY MEANS ( GOV]NM5TAL GR\P+S 9/EAD ( CONSOLIDAT+ ITS POSITION BY MEANS ( FIRM1 ,SOCIALI/ POLICIES4 

,:5 ! ,FASCI/ 9SURRECTION BROKE \T1 ! ,REPUBLIC HAD SUCCE$$ 9 POLITICALLY POL>IZ+ ALL ! PROGRESSIVE TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES SOLELY BECAUSE IT APPE>$ FREE ( OBVI\S REACTION>Y 9FILTRATION1 AS ! ONLY L9E ( DEF5SE BEH9D :I* ! ATTACK ON CONS]VATIVE =CES C\LD BE SU/A9$4 ,IT WAS ! ,/ATE ?AT WAS ACCEPT$ MORE ?AN ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT APPE>$ TO BE AN 9DISP5SABLE ORGAN ( LIAISON BETWE5 ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS ( DEF5SE & ! NEW ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES1 & ALSO AS A REGULAT+ & UNIFY+ C5T] = ! DIV]SE LEFT-W+ POLITICAL =CES4 

,B5EA? ?IS APP>5T UNION1 A DEEP SPLIT P]SI/$4 ,ON ! ONE H& !RE W]E ! 'LOYALI/S'1 SIMPLY ,REPUBLICANS & MORE OR LESS PROGRESSIVE4 ,CLOSE TO !M W]E ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS = :OM ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,FASCISM & ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION C\LD BE R$UC$ TO A W> BETWE5 ,FASCISM & ANTI-FASCISM4 ,ON ! O!R H& ONE C\LD F9D ! AN>*I/S & ! CREAM ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BO? CONV9C$ ?AT ! 9/RUCTION1 'TO W9 ! W>' ONLY HAD ANY REAL MEAN+ AS AN 9DICATION ( AN IMM$IATE AIM4 ,A*IEV+ ?IS AIM WAS A VITAL ABSOLUTE NECESSITY = ALL ! LEFT-W+ P>TIES & = ALL ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS2 IT WAS ALSO ! CONDITION = ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROGRESS ( ! :OLE NATION4 ,BUT ?AT DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION HAD TO BE LIMIT$ TO A W> 'BETWE5 ,MADRID & ,BURGOS'1 TO A W> 'BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,AZANA & ! GOV]NM5T ( ,FRANCO4' 

,! 'W>' IS 9 ,SPA9 A 'CIVIL W>1' ?AT IS A POLITICAL & SOCIAL >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,& IT IS ?IS ALL ! MORE FROM ! FACT ?AT IT IS NOT A MATT] !RE ( /RAI<T=W>D FACTIONS FI<T+ AMONG !MSELVES & HAV+ FEW CONTACTS ) ! LIFE ( ! MASSES4 ,?IS EV5T HAS NONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A FI<T 9 H]METIC ISOLATION4 ,A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! SUPPORT]S ( ,FRANCO & ! SUPPORT]S ( ,AZANA C\LD HAVE PRES5T$ 5\< ANALOGIES 9 :I* ! SOCIAL CONQUE/S ( ,CATALONIA1 ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANT HAVE BE5 />T$2 ) ?IS /RUGGLE 9 :I* ! W9N]S WILL TRANS=M ! :OLE LIFE ( ! NATION FOLL[+ A PRE-DET]M9$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL DIRECTION2 ) ?IS /RUGGLE :I* C\LD NOT 5D 9 A RETREAT ( TROOPS1 BUT ONLY 9 ! EXODUS ( ! CONQU]$4 

,! NATURE & EXT5T ( ! CONFLICT1 ITS MODES ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! 9EVITABLE CONDITIONS ( ITS RESOLUTION >E SU* ?AT ! FEATURES ( ?IS >M$ /RUGGLE >E ?OSE ( 'W>1' BUT ?AT ITS ESS5CE IS ?AT ( ! ',SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4' 

,! PROLET>IAT IS 5GAG$ 9 A /RUGGLE ) ! B\RGEOISIE :ILE ! HI< CL]GY & ! MILIT>Y CLASS >E WAG+ W> ON IT1 'MONEY PROVIDES ! S9EWS ( W>' AS ! ,FR5* SAY4 

,! ECONOMIC BURD5 ( ! W> CAN NO LONG] BE BORN BY ! B\RGEOISIE2 A NEW 'W> ECONOMY' MU/ !RE=E BE /RESS$4 ,AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION ( A P[]FUL '9DU/RY ( W>' IS A 'W> ECONOMY' :I* TO EXI/ AS AN ECONOMY MU/ HAVE AS ITS AIM & AS ITS ESS5TIAL RAISON D'ETRE WIDESPREAD USEFULNESS4 

,F9ANCIAL & MONET>Y PROBLEMS1 LIKE ALL O!R ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 CAN NOT BE SOLV$ '9 ECONOMIC T]MS' )\T DAMAG+ ! 9T]E/S ( C]TA9 SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,H[EV]1 WE MU/ NOT1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( ! NECESSITY ( W9N+ ! W>1 FALL TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME FROM ! CONS]VATIVES1 9TO ,SOCIALI/ EXTREMISM :I* W\LD NOT TAKE ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! NECESSITIES ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE BUT FROM ! =MULAS & PROGRAMS :OSE A*IEVEM5T IS V]Y F> (F4 

,! MO/ FRUITFUL POSITION IS ! 'C5TRI/' POSITION4 ,I AM GO+ TO DEP5D1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ALL AMBIGUITY1 ON A CLE> EXAMPLE4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! SOCIALIZATION ( L>GE & M$IUM SCALE 9DU/RY IS A 'NECESSITY ( ! W>' & AN 9DISP5SABLE CREATION ( '! ECONOMY ( W>4' ,C]TA9 ANTI-FASCI/S >E AS MU* P]SUAD$ ( ?IS AS ,I AM1 BUT !Y >E NOT AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE COLLECTIVI/S4 ,BY SUPPORT+ ! 'CURR5T NECESSITY' ( ! SOCIALIZATION ( L>GE & M$IUM-SCALE 9DU/RY1 ,I %ALL HAVE ON MY SIDE !SE ANTI FASCI/S :O WILL CONS5T TO IT & WILL EV5TUALLY COME TO ASSI/4 

,I HAVE1 ON ! O!R H&1 MANY RES]VATIONS AB\T ! SOCIALIZATION ( SMALL SCALE 9DU/RY ) REG>D TO ! 'NECESSITIES ( ! W>' 5D ,I AM OBLIG$ TO 5T] 9TO DISPUTE ) COMRADES :O W\LD WANT TO EXT5D 9DU/RIAL SOCIALIZATION TO ITS MAXIMUM4 

,I CALL MY POSITION 'C5TRI/4' ,ON MY RI<T ,I HAVE ?OSE :O >E OPPOS$ TO SOCIALIZATION1 ON MY LEFT ?OSE :O FAVOR IT ABSOLUTELY & :O HAVE MAXIMALI/ T5D5CIES2 9 ! C5T] ,I F9D MYSELF 9 ! COMPANY ( ALL ! COLLECTIVI/S :O ?9K LIKE ME & ( PLA9 ANTI-FASCI/S1 :O RETA9+ ! BELIEF ?AT ! CREATION ( A FIRM W> ECONOMY IS 9DISP5SABLE1 ?9K ?AT ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS ( ?IS ECONOMY IS ! SOCIALIZATION ( L>GE & M$IUM-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,! C5TRI/ POSITION DOES NOT TAKE ACC\NT SOLELY ( ! /RICTLY ECONOMIC & CURR5T REASONS :I* MILITATE 9 FAVOR ( TOL]ANCE AS REG>DS ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 BUT IT ALSO TAKES ACC\NT ( PSY*OLOGICAL REASONS4 

,! ,RUSSIAN PETTY B\RGEOISIE F\<T ON ! SIDE ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM #aiag TO #a#i#b2 DUR+ ! 9SURRECTION ( ,M>* & ,APRIL #aib 9 ! ,RUHR1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE TOOK P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,KAPP & AGA9/ ! BLACK ,REI*SWEHR2 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd 9 ,MADRID & 9 ,CATALONIA ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE AGA9 TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! 9SURRECTION1 & IT WAS ! SAME 9 ! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION4 ,TODAY :ILE WE >E FI<T+ AGA9/ ,FASCISM1 WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT IF ! PEASANTS :O W]E DECEIV$ BY ! FAIL$ AGR>IAN RE=M P>TICIPAT$ ONLY WEAKLY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ 9SURRECTION ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 IT WAS ! >M$ 9T]V5TION ( ! ,RABASSAIRES 7V9E-GR[]S' ASSOCIATION7 :I* 9 ,JULY #aicf WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS 9 ! DEFEAT ( ,FASCISM 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,BETWE5 ! CONS]VATIVE DECL>ATIONS ( ,CABALL]O & C]TA9 DOCTR9ALLY MAXIMALI/ CRITICISMS ( ! OPPORTUNISM ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT WE MU/ 9 A FAIR & TIMELY FA%ION GIVE A PLACE TO A /RAI<T =W>DLY RATIONAL SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! 'W> ECONOMY4' 

,SU* A RE/ATEM5T WILL C]TA9LY NOT SUFFICE TO SET UP BRIDGES BETWE5 US & ! ,P,\,M ON ! ONE H& & ! CONTROLL+ GR\PS ( ! ,P,S,U,C ON ! O!R4 ,BUT IT WILL BE ABLE TO FACILITATE A S9C]E & ACTIVE UND]/&+ AMONG ALL TRUE ANTI-FASCI/S1 & SECONDLY WILL ALL[ A MORE 9TIMATE COLLABORATION AMONG ALL ?OSE :O >E S9C]ELY ,SOCIALI/S4 

- ,CITATION FROM ,FR5* TRANSLATION 9 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I3 ,GU]RE DE ,CLASSES 5 ,ESPAGNE ET ,TEXTES LIB]TAIRES 7,P>IS3 ,SP>TACUS1 #a#i#g#g7 

"4"4"4 

,C\NT] ,REVOLUTION ON ! ,M>* 

,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE ,NO4 #a#e1 #e? ,MAY #aicg 

,FR5*3 ,LA CONTRE-REVOLUTION 5 M>*E 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c1 ,AZANA :O WAS A MEMB]1 ) ,ZAMORA & ,L]\X1 ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 SAID AT A MEET+ 9 ,MADRID1 0,WE >E GO+ TO CONQU] LIB]TY BY CALL+ ON ALL ANTI-MON>*I/ =CES1 NO MATT] :AT NAME !Y CALL !MSELVES1 NO MATT] :]E !Y >E40 ,SU* WAS ! PHRAS+ ( ! FIR/ 'HOLY ALLIANCE3' ?IS ALLIANCE ADOPT$ AS ITS POLITICAL COMMON D5OM9ATOR ,REPUBLICANISM4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #aica ! ,REPUBLIC BELIEV$ ITSELF TO BE /RONG 5\< TO PRECIPITATE ! SEP>ATION ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES :I* W]E DIV]G+ FROM ! GOV]NM5T2 ! DEPORTATIONS ( AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S TO ! PRISON] %IPS ( ,GU9EA W]E ORD]$ BY DECREE4 #b? ,OCTOB] #aica ! ,CORTES1 9CLUD+ ! ,SOCIALI/ DEPUTIES1 VOT$ 9 ! ,BILL '= ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC' :I* WAS PUT 9TO OP]ATION BY REPRESSION ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,FROM #aicb ONW>DS ! PRONUNCIAM5TO ( ,SEVILLE %[$ ?AT ,REPUBLICAN ,FASCISM IS A GREAT] DANG] ?AN ! MON>*I/ RE/ORATION1 BUT ,AZANA1 SPEAK+ 9 ! ,CORTES ( ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO'S ATTEMPT$ UPRIS+1 PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC WAS NOT SICK & 0?AT IT HAS PURG$ ITSELF ( ! SCATT]$ REMNANTS ( ! OLD REGIME :I* IT /ILL CONTA9$40 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c1 ,AZANA ORD]$ ! MASSACRE ( ! 9SURG5TS AT ,CASAS-,VIEJAS :I* WAS APPROV$ ON #bND ,FEBRU>Y BY #ae ,SOCIALI/ ,DEPUTIES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 9 AN 9T]VIEW 9 ',P>IS-,S\'1 ,AZANA /AT$ ?AT ,L]R\X & ,GIL ,ROBLES W]E LIQUIDAT$2 HE DECL>$1 0,WE DESIRE ABOVE ALL ?AT ORD] %\LD PREVAIL444,/ATE IT CLE>LY1 WE DO NOT WANT TO MAKE A REVOLUTION444,I WANT TO GOV]N LEGALLY4 ,NO DANG]\S 9NOVATIONS444,WE WANT SOCIAL PEACE1 WE DESIRE ORD]1 WE >E MOD]ATES4' 

,AFT] ! ,FASCI/ 9SURRECTION HAD BROK5 \T1 ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES RETURN$ TO ,AZANA'S PHRASE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c3 DEF5SE ( ! DEMOCRATIC1 P>LIAM5T>Y ,REPUBLIC4 ,!Y /ILL P]SI/ 9 ?IS POSITION1 OP5+ UP A R\TE TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,L\IS ,PI]>D1 ,DEPUTY 9 ! ,BELGIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 REC5TLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ',REG>DS' ?AT 0,SOCIALISM WAS PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T 9 ,CATALONIA BE=E ! #a#i? ,JULY40 ,! ,U,G,T :I* HAD AT ?AT TIME #i1 MEMB]S 9 ,CATALONIA1 N[ HAS #e14 ,SU* A RAPID EXPANSION IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,! ,U,G,T IS DRAW+ ! MIDDLE CLASS TO IT4 ,! FI%-M]*ANTS ( ,B>CELONA HAVE JO9$ ?IS ORGANIZATION 5 MASSE TO AVOID ! 'COLLECTIVIZATION ( FI%' :I* FIGURES 9 ! ,C,N,T'S PROGRAM4 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ,B>CELONA HAS OCCURR$ EQUALLY 9 ALL ( ,CATALONIA1 9 ,>AGON & 9 ! ,LEVANT4 ,! 5EMIES ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L&1 ( 9DU/RY & ( COMM]CE HAVE JO9$ ! ,U,G,T & ! ,P,S,U,C 5 MASSE4 ',TREBALL1' ! M\?PIECE ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 FI<TS COLLECTIVIZATION & SOCIALIZATION1 :ILE ! ,C,N,T & ,P,\,M DEF5D IT4 ,H5CE=?1 ! UNION BETWE5 ! OPPORTUNI/ POSSIBILISM ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,P,S,U,C & ! B\RGEOIS & PETTY B\RGEOIS :O HAVE 5T]$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT IS EVID5T4 ,ALREADY1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! 9SURRECTION 9 ,A/URIAS1 WE HAVE WITNESS$ ! RAPID PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y MIMICRY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,:5 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MI]ES CALL$ ON EMPLOYES1 M9]S1 =EM5 ETC444441 WE WITNESS$ ! FOLL[+ PH5OM5ON1 DESCRIB$ 9 ! ',DI>Y ( A ,M9]' PUBLI%$ BY ,GIU/IZIA E ,LIB]TA3 

0,SC>CELY HAD !Y READ ! PROCLAMATION1 ?AN ! RI<T-W+ ELEM5TS RU%$ TO PUT !MSELVES UND] \R COMM&2 !Y W5T SO F> AS TO >GUE AMONG !MSELVES1 EA* ONE WANT+ TO BE FIR/4 ,SUSPICI\S EXCESS ( ZEAL4 ,!Y >E ! FIR/ TO SALUTE BY RAIS+ !IR FI/ & TO PRAISE ! ,REVOLUTION :5 !Y GREET WORK]S4 ,9 EX*ANGE !Y RECEIVE RATIONS ( FOOD1 TOBACCO & O!R PRODUCTS1 SOMETIMES SUP]IOR TO ?OSE ( ! REVOLUTION>IES !MSELVES4 ,! PROLET>IANS >E C>ELESS & G5]\S LIKE *ILDR540 

,9 CONTRA/1 ! B\RGEOISIE DISPLAY CLEV]NESS & HYPOCRISY1 0ABOVE ALL :5 !IR LIFE IS AT RISK40 ,AFT] #a#i? ,JULY 9 ,CATALONIA1 9 ,>AGON & 9 ! ,LEVANT ?IS SAME PH5OM5ON C\LD BE WITNESS$1 BUT 9 ?IS CASE TO A F> GREAT] EXT5T4 

,:5 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PUBLI%$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aicf A MANIFE/O SIGN$ BY ,JESUS ,H]N&EZ1 DECL>+ ?AT !Y W]E FI<T+ SOLELY = A DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC1 :5 ! SAME P>TY CONFIRM$ ! SAME L9E ( ACTION ON #a#e? ,DECEMB] ( ! SAME YE>1 ?IS WAS NOT SO MU/ ! EXT]NAL PLUTOCRACY ( ! 'DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS' :I* ?IS ORGANIZATION WI%$ TO REASSURE1 BUT 9 FACT ! ?\S&S ( PSEUDO-NEOPHYTES :O HAD 9FILTRAT$ ITS RANKS & ?OSE ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,EV5 !4 ,UNIT$ ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T 7,J,S,U7 DISAV[$ ,SOCIALISM2 ?US !IR ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL1 ,SANTIAGO ,C>RILLO1 WAS ABLE TO DECL>E TO ! NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,J,S,U1 :I* WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA ON #a#e? ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g1 0,WE >E NOT FI<T+ = A ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,\R ORGANIZATION IS NEI!R ,SOCIALI/1 NOT ,COMMUNI/4414 ,! ,J,S,U IS NOT ,M>XI/ Y\?40 ',AHORA1' M\?PIECE ( ! ,J,S,U SUPPORT$ ?IS !SIS1 REJECT+ ! CLASS-BAS$ L9ES ( POLICY4 

,! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DECL>ATIONS :I* ,JUAN ,CASANOVAS1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALAN ,P>LIAM5T1 MADE 9 ! ',DEPE*E DE ,T\L\SE' LA/ ,M>*1 CO9CIDE ) ?OSE ( ,COMOR]A1 A MILITANT 9 ! VIEW ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 MADE LA/ ,DECEMB]4 ,! ELEM5TS ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD :O1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 SUPPORT$ ! AUTONOMI/-FASCI/ PUTS* L$ BY ! TRIUMVIRATE ( ,BADIA-,D5CAS-,M5DEZ HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$4 ,MORE PRO( IS FURNI%$ BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y /ATEM5TS ( ,NICOLAU D',OLW]4 ',ACCION ,CATALANA'1 ! RI<T ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ,GAL>ZA & HIS ASSOCIATES3 !RE >E ! =CES ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION F9DS ITSELF CAU<T BETWE5 ,BURGOS & ,BILBAO 7:]E ! ,CA?OLICS1 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,REPUBLICANS E/ABLI% !IR 'HOLY ALLIANCE' MORE & MORE BY SUSP5D+ ! ',C,N,T DEL ,NORTE' & IMPRISON+ ! ,REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T74 ,IT IS LOCK$ BETWE5 ,BURGOS & ,VAL5CIA1 :]E #bah ADH]5TS ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,AN>*I/ ,Y\? 7,F,I,J,L7 >E IMPRISON$ & :]E ! AN>*I/ J\RNAL ',NOSOTROS' IS P]SECUT$4 ,IT IS W$G$ BETWE5 ,BURGOS & ,ALM]IA :]E OLD MAN ,MORON HELD 9 PRISON ONE ( ! MO/ H]OIC ANTI-FASCI/ FI<T]S3 ,FRANCISCO ,M>OTO4 

,! %AD[ ( ,NOSKE LOOMS UP4 ,MON>*I/-,CA?OLIC-TRADITIONALI/ ,FASCISM IS ONLY ONE SECTOR ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID1 ,WE MU/ NOT BE A P>TY TO ! MANEUV]S ( ?IS GREAT ',FIF? ,COLUMN' :OSE T5ACI\S VITALITY & R$\BTABLE MIMICRY HAVE BE5 %[$ BY SIX YE>S ( ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC4 

,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> IS DEVELOP+ ON TWO POLITICO-SOCIAL FRONTS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION MU/ TRIUMPH ON TWO FRONTS4 ,& IT WILL OV]COME4 

,9T]VIEW 9 ,SPA9 & ! ,WORLD 

,TRANSLATION FROM ,L',ESPAGNE ,N\VELLE1 ,FEBRU>Y #aicg 

,! FIR/ QUE/ION WE ASK$ ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I CONC]NS ! MILIT>Y SITUATION AS HE SAW IT4 

0,I HAVE NO SPECIAL SKILL 9 MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE01 HE REPLI$1 0BUT ,I CAN 9=M Y\ ( ! IMPRESSIONS ,I RECEIV$ ON ! ,HUESCA ,FRONT :I* ,I KN[ WELL BECAUSE ,I HAVE FULFILL$ 9 TURN ! ROLES ( ORD9>Y ,MILITIA MAN1 ( POLITICAL DELEGATE ( ! ',ITALIAN SECTION' ( ! ,ASCASO ,COLUMN & N[ ( DELEGATE TO ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL4 ,I HAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! MILITIA HAS MADE GREAT ADVANCES4 ,AT ! />T1 ONE WAS AW>E ( A GREAT LACK ( EXP]I5CE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MOD]N 5G9ES ( W>3 = EXAMPLE TIME WAS WA/$ 9 %OOT+ AT AIRCRAFT FLY+ AT HI< ALTITUDES1 AUTOMATIC WEAPONS W]E NEGLECT$ 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE :I* COMRADES W]E US$ TO H&L+2 ! PROBLEM ( ROADS WAS AB&ON$2 AMMUNITION WAS 9 %ORT SUPPLY2 LIAISON BETWE5 DIFF]5T >MS & UNITS WAS DEFECTIVE & SOMETIMES ABSOLUTELY Z]O4 

0,AT ! PRES5T MOM5T ! MILITIA-M5 HAVE PR(IT$ FROM ! LESSONS ( ! LA/ SIX MON?S1 TRANSPORT HAS BEGUN TO BE RATIONALIZ$1 ROADS >E BE+ REPAIR$1 EQUIPM5T IS MORE ABUNDANT & BETT] DI/RIBUT$1 & 9TO ! 'M9D ( ! COLUMN' IS SLIPP+ ?IS IDEA2 ! NECESSITY ( COORD9AT+ COMM&4 

0,WE >E =M+ DIVISIONS1 & ?IS WILL COMPLETE ! ECONOMIC PLAN ( W>1 & ! BE/ KN[N REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I HAVE MADE !MSELVES ITS SUPPORT]S4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS !SE TWO ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E ! FIR/ TO PROPOSE A UNIT$ COMM& 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO EX]T A DECISIVE PRESSURE ON ! WEAK PO9TS ( ! 5EMY L9ES1 TO RELIEVE ! PRESSURE :I* ! 5EMY IS EX]T+ ON BESIEG$ T[NS & TO PREV5T UNFAVORABLE MANEUV]S & CONC5TRATIONS0 

,SO1 WE OBS]V$1 !RE IS SOME GOOD 9 MILIT>IZATION0 

0,C]TA9LY10 ,B]N]I REPLI$ ) CONVICTION1 0BUT !RE IS A DI/9CTION TO BE MADE3 !RE IS ON ! ONE SIDE MILIT>Y =MALISM :I* IS NOT ONLY RIDICUL\S1 BUT ALSO USELESS & DANG]\S1 & ON ! O!R SIDE !RE IS SELF-DISCIPL9E4 ,! LATT] CAN BE EXTREMELY /RICT1 AS IS ! CASE 9 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN4 ,MILIT>Y =MALISM CAN BE MET1 = EXAMPLE1 9 C]TA9 COLUMNS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY = ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A1 ,P,\,M74 ,:5 ONE ASS]TS1 AS IS WRITT5 9 ! CODE ( DUTY ( ! ,URIB>RI ,COLUMN1 ?AT 0! SOLDI] :O KN[S H[ TO SALUTE PROP]LY ALSO KN[S H[ TO FI<T01 ONE IS GUILTY ( /UPIDITY REM9ISC5T ( ,FR$]ICK ,I,I OR ,PET] ! ,GREAT4 

0,= MY P>T ,I SUPPORT A LEGITIMATE COMPROMISE3 WE MU/ NEI!R LAPSE 9TO MILIT>Y =MALISM NOT 9TO SUP]/ITI\S ANTI-MILIT>ISM4 ,BY ACCEPT+ & A*IEV+ ! RE=MS IMPOS$ ON US BY ! NATURE ( ?+S1 WE %ALL BY ! SELF-SAME MEANS1 BE 9 A POSITION TO RESI/ ! MANEUV]S ( ,MADRID & ,MOSC[1 :I* >E TRY+ TO E/ABLI%1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( MILIT>IZATION1 !IR MILIT>Y HEGEMONY OV] ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M IT 9TO ! 9/RUM5T ( !IR POLITICAL HEGEMONY4 

0,AS = MYSELF1 ,I CONSID] IT A MI/AKE TO TALK1 AS DO C]TA9 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ( AN OV]ALL OR 'SUPREME' COMM& 9/EAD ( A UNITY ( COMM&4 7,?AT IS TO SAY COORD9ATION 9 MATT]S ( ! CONTROL ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE74 ,!IR 9T5TIONS >E GOOD1 BUT ! T]MS US$ LEADS TO DANG]\S CONFUSION'S6 

0,ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 !RE=E1 ! RE=MS NE$$ 9 ! MILITIA1 9 MY OP9ION1 W\LD BE ! FOLL[+3 A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 MILIT>Y COMM& & POLITICAL CONTROL1 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! PREP>ATION & EXECUTION ( ! OP]ATIONS ( W>2 /RICT FULFILLM5T ( ORD]S RECEIV$1 BUT MA9T5ANCE ( C]TA9 FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS3 ?AT ( NOM9AT+ & DEGRAD+ (FIC]S40 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION CAME TO \R LIPS3 0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! 9T]NAL POLITICAL SITUATIONS AS REG>DS ! POSITION TAK5 BY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I8 

0,! NECESSITY ( ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE ( ALL ANTI-FASCI/ =CES HAS L$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TO CONSID] AS 'COMRADES' MANY ( !IR 5EMIES ( YE/]DAY & TO ACCEPT FROM !IR H&S A P>T ( ! GOV]NM5TAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TO DRAW UP AN EXACT BALANCE %EET ( ! PR(IT'S & LOSSES D]IV+ FROM ?IS EXP]I5CE1 BUT ,I ?9K ?AT TODAY WE HAVE SUFFICI5T 9=MATION = APPRAISAL TO BE AL>M$ AT ! ,RUSSO-,BOL%EVIK 9FILTRATION 9TO MILIT>Y & TE*NICAL SPH]ES1 ADD+ ITSELF TO ! DICTATORIAL DESIGNS ( ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES4 ,ON ?IS LA/ PO9T1 ONE CAN SEE A C]TA9 WEAK5+ ( ! ,C,N,T1 & ! SITUATION IS DANG]\S4 ,BUT ,I HOPE ?AT WE %ALL OV]COME IT VICTORI\SLY1 BECAUSE AMONG ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 !RE IS NO LACK ( M5 :O SEE CLE>LY & UND]/& ! NECESSITY ( RETURN+ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE TO ! RI<T PA?40 

,& COLLECTIVIZATION IS IT PROGRESS+8 

0,IT IS PROGRESS+ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 AS Y\ C\LD REALIZE Y\RSELVES4 ,ONE MU/ BE IGNORANT & ( BAD FAI? TO TALK1 AS C]TA9 DISSID5T ,COMMUNI/S >E DO+1 ( A 'DEADPO9T' 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 OR TO REPRES5T ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S AS 'CONS]VATIVES' 7EXACTLY :5 COLLECTIVIZATION IS SPREAD+ & /R5G!N+ ITSELF 9 REGIONS1 LIKE ! ,LEVANT & ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! AN>*I/S HAVE ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE71 

0,IF !RE IS A CONS]VATIVE FACTION ON ! LEFT1 IT IS COMPOS$ )\T D\BT1 ( ! RI<T-W+]S ( ,SPANI% ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY & ( ! OR?ODOX ORGANIZATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM4 ,= US ! /RUGGLE IS ON BETWE5 ,FASCISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,= ! 'MOD]ATES1' IT IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( ! DEF5SE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT AL?\< ! POLITICAL HORIZONS >E DI/9CT & OPPOS$1 ! PLAN ( BATTLE REUNITES ALL ! FACTIONS ON ! LEFT4 ,! MA9 ?+ IS TO KN[ :E!R ! 'COMRADES' :O >E OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WILL GO SO F> 9 LIMIT+ IT AS TO BETRAY ! PROMISE !Y HAVE GIV540 

,COMRADE ,B]N]I WAS ON ! PO9T ( LEAV+ US1 & WE HA/5$ TO PUT A LA/ QUE/ION3 0,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE AS REG>DS ,ROME & ,B]L9'S POLICY ( 9T]V5TION0 

0,IT IS AS C[>DLY AS IT IS /UPID4 ,! ,FASCI/S HAVE BOMB$ ,PORT-,B\1 AN 9T]NATIONAL /ATION & ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T HAS /OPP$ S5D+ TRA9S 9 ?AT DIRECTION6 ,ANO!R BOMB+ ( AN ,AIR ,FRANCE PLANE & NO ,FR5* MA*9E WILL CROSS ! BORD] ( ! ,PYR5EE'S6 ,N[ ,FRANCE IS BUSY PREV5T+ ANTI-FASCI/S FROM COM+ TO FI<T 9 ,SPA91 :ILE ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I CONT9UE TO S5D M51 >MS1 PLANES & AMMUNITION TO ! ,FASCI/ =CES4 ,A REASONABLE POLICY ( SUPPORT = ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE ALL[$ ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIAS TO SORT \T ! MILIT>Y MUT9Y 9 A FEW DAYS4 ,BUT ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T P]SI/S 9 BELIEV+ NEUTRALITY IS POSSIBLE :ILE IT CON/ITUTES 5C\RAGEM5T TO ! TRIPLE ALLIANCE ( ,HITL]1 ,MUSSOL9I & ,FRANCO4 ,ONLY BROAD-BAS$ & DECISIVE POPUL> ACTION 9 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 CAN =CE ! RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5TS ( !SE C\NTRIES TO1 ADOPT A LESS ABSURD BEHAVIOR40 

,! ,DEA? ( ,B]N]I BY ,FRANK ,M9TZ 

,FR5*3 ,LES D]NI]S JORS 

,9 A LETT] TO HIS WIFE1 HE WROTE ON #b#e? ,APRIL #a#i#c#g1 0,I :O AM NOT G5]ALLY AFRAID 9 ! FACE ( DANG]1 ,I AM SOMETIMES SEIZ$ BY A FE> ( DEA?1 )\T !RE BE+ ANY P>TICUL>LY OBJECTIVE REASON40 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ( ! #cRD & #d? ,MAY HE WROTE TO HIS DAU<T] ,MANE-,L\ISE3 

0,:AT EVIL ! ,COMMUNI/S >E DO+ H]E TOO6 ,IT IS ALMO/ #b O'CLOCK & ,I AM GO+ TO B$4 ,! H\SE IS ON ITS GU>D TONI<T4 ,I (F]$ TO /AY AWAKE TO LET ! O!RS GO TO SLEEP1 & EV]YONE LAU<$1 SAY+ ?AT ,I W\LD NOT EV5 HE> ! CANNON6 ,BUT AFT]W>DS1 ONE BY ONE1 !Y FELL ASLEEP1 & ,I AM WAT*FUL OV] ALL ( !M1 :ILE WORK+ = ?OSE :O >E TO COME4 ,IT IS ! ONLY COMPLETELY BEAUTIFUL ?+4 ,MORE ABSOLUTE ?AN LOVE & TRU] ?AN REALITY ITSELF3 ,:AT W\LD HUMANITY BE )\T ?IS S5SE ( DUTY1 )\T ?IS EMOTION ( FEEL+ B\ND TO ?OSE :O W]E1 :O >E DI/ANT1 IGNOR$1 LO/8 ,SOMETIMES ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS ,MESSIANIC S5SE IS NO MORE ?AN ESCAPISM1 IS NO MORE ?AN ! SE>* = & CON/RUCTION ( AN EQUILIBRIUM1 A /ABILITY :I* O!RWISE W\LD PRECIPITATE US 9TO DISORD] OR DESPAIR4 ,:ATEV] IT IS1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! MO/ 9T5SE S5TIM5TS >E ! MO/ HUMAN4 

0,ONE CAN LOSE ONE'S ILLUSIONS AB\T EV]Y?+ & AB\T EV]YONE1 BUT NOT AB\T :AT ONE AFFIRMS ) ONE'S MORAL CONSCI5CE4 ,IF IT WAS POSSIBLE = LIFE TO SAVE ,BILBAO ) MY LIFE1 ,I %\LD NOT HESITATE = ONE 9/ANT4 74447 

0,ALL ?AT ,I HAVE SAID ABOVE HAS A SLI<TLY RIDICUL\S SOLEMNITY = ANYONE :O DOES NOT LIVE H]E4 ,BUT P]HAPS ONE DAY1 IF ,I CAN TALK TO Y\ ( !SE MON?S1 Y\ WILL UND]/&40 

#a#i#c#g-#a#i#g#g3 ,F\R ,DECADES )\T A ,HI/ORY BY ,FRANK ,M9TZ 

TRANSLAT$ BY ,SIMON ,B5NETT 

,FR5*3 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#g#g3 ,V>IATIONS COMMUNI/ES SUR LES J\RNEES SANGLANTES DE ,B>CELONE 

,! ,P>ISIAN PUBLI%] ,SP>TACUS PUBLI%$ SEV]AL MON?S AFT] !SE EV5TS ! BOOKLET BY ,M>CEL ,OLLIVI] ',! ,BLOODY ,DAYS ( ,B>CELONA--,! ,G,P,U 9 ,SPA9' 7REPUBLI%$ 9 #aigf ) O!RS1 UND] ! TITLE ( ',SPA9--,! ,GRAVE-DIGG]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION'74 

,TO :AT EXT5T DO HI/ORICAL RESE>* & ! PUBLICATION ( V>I\S EYE-WITNESS ACC\NTS CORRECT OR EMPHASIZE ,OLLIVI]'S 9QUIRIES & 9T]PRETATIONS8 

,IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HI/ORIANS RECOGNIZE YE> AFT] YE> ?AT ! QUE/ION NE$S TO BE /UDI$ ?OR\<LY3 ,ORWELL 9 #ai* 9 ',HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA' 7:I* IS AN EYE WITNESS ACC\NT & A BASIC /UDY72 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT5 9 ',! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE2' ,CES> ,LOR5ZO 9 ',LES ,AN>*I/ES ESPAGNOLS ET LE P\VOIR2' & ONE MI<T WOND] IF !RE IS ANY?+ TO *ANGE S9CE !N1 AS 9 #aigd ,C>LOS ,SEMPRUN ,MAURA 9 ',REVOLUTION ET C\NT]-REVOLUTION 5 ,CATALOGNE' MAKES EXT5SIVE USE ( ,OLLIVI]'S EVID5CE4 

,TO ,OLLIVI]'S QUE/ION3 ',WAS !RE 9 FACT AN 9/RUCTION ISSU$8' :I* HE HALF ANSW]$1 WE CAN N[ ANSW] NO4 ,& ?AT = BO? ANTAGONI/S4 

,H4 ,?OMAS RI<TLY EXPLA9S ?AT IF ! ,COMMUNI/S & !IR ,CATALAN ,NATIONALI/ & ,REPUBLICAN B\RGEOIS ALLIES HAD WANT$ TO ATTACK & WIPE \T AN>*ISM & HET]ODOX ,M>XISM1 !Y W\LD HAVE \/$ !IR DIVISIONS1 AS !Y DID 9 ,>AGON 9 ,AUGU/ #aicg 9 ORD] TO SUPPRESS AUTONOMY & WORK]S' CONTROL4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 IF ! AN>*I/S & ! ,P,\,M HAD WANT$ TO EXT]M9ATE ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,B>CELONA & ,CATALONIA1 !Y W\LD AS A PRELIM9>Y MEASURE1 HAVE \/$ !IR DIVISIONS2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 A SY/EMATIC S]IES ( 9CID5TS W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ 9 !IR FIEFS 7?AT IS TO SAY ALL ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES & MO/ ( ! VILLAGES74 ,N[1 9 ,L]IDA :]E ! ,P,\,M W]E P>TICUL>LY /RONG1 9 ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT1 ,CORNELLA1 ,BADALONA1 ,MAT>O1 ! SUBURB ( ,B>CELONA ) ,F,A,I GR\PS WELL-KN[N = !IR ACTIVISM1 NO?+ HAPP5$4 

,MOREOV]1 9 SPITE ( ! PROPAG&A AB\T >MS HELD BACK 9 RES]VE1 ! WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,P,\,M W]E %ORT ( >MS & AMMUNITION 7SEE ,ORWELL74 ,AS = ! MUNITIONS FACTORIES CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ! >TILL]Y AT ,MONTJUI* OP]AT$ BY ! AN>*I/S1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I REFUS$ TO USE !M1 & ONLY MADE USE ( !M TO EX]T PRESSURE DUR+ NEGOTIATIONS 7,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ',POR QUE P]DIMOS LA GU]RA1' #a#i#d74 ,ONLY FIVE >MOR$ C>S--! T]M IS MORE ACCURATE ?AN TANK--W]E US$ TO444PROTECT ! ,H,Q ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7NOT TO DEF5D ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE67 AS ,S\*Y SAVE 9 ',! TRAGIC WEEK 9 ,MAY'1 #a#i#c#g4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S REFUSE !SE 9T]PRETATIONS TOTALLY1 & IF ! T]M3 AN>*I/ & ,TROTSKYI/ 'PUTS*' HAS BE5 US$ AUTOMATICALLY FROM #aif 7,MAIDANIK1 ',ISPANSKI PROLET>IAT V NATSIONALNOE REVOLIUTSONNOE VO9E'7 TO #aigg 7,VIDIELLA1 9 ',HI/ORIA #a#f'7 !RE IS ALSO A DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 A GRAVE RESPONSIBILITY IS 9V>IABLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,FRANCO'S AG5TS ACCORD+ TO ! EVID5CE ( ,VON ,FAUPEL1 ,NAZI AMBASSADOR TO ,FRANCO 7MESSAGE ( #a#c? ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! DI/URBANCES 9 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 PROVOK$ BY HIS AG5TS1 9 ,G]MAN POLITICAL >*IVES72 N[ ,C>RILLO 9 ',DEMA9 ,I',ESPAGNE1' #a#i#g#d1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ,VIVIELLA 9 ,APRIL #aigg TALK ( '! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! ,SOVIET REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES4444TRANSPOS$ ONTO ! 9T]NATIONAL PLAN1' & --ON ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,P,\,M LEAD] ,&RES ,N9--IT WAS AN 'ASSASS9ATION4 ,BUT ,I W\LD CLAIM ?AT NEI!R ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY NOR ! ,P,S,U,C--,CATALAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY--HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) IT4' ,A PHRASE FROM ,VIDIELLA ?AT IS ALL ! MORE SURPRIS+ ?AN ?AT HE CLAIMS ON ! SAME PAGE ?AT ,SOVIET AG5TS DID NOT 9T]V5E 'AT ALL4' 

,OLLIVI]'S *RONOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION IS /ILL ACCURATE1 BUT ONE IS AW>E ( LACUNAE = ! #e? ,MAY ) ! ABS5CE ( ANY M5TION ( ! ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,B]N]I & ,B>BI]I & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,SESE4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! REFUSAL ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S ( ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! AN>*I/ DIVISIONS & ! ,P,\,M SECTIONS IS P]FECTLY TRUE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 :I* IS SO (T5 /RESS$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S & !IR B\RGEOIS ALLIES1 IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT ! DAY AFT] ! TR\BLES1 ! #d? ,MAY ! ,CATALAN ,GOV]NM5T US$ ! ALP9E MILITIAS 7A FACT ?AT IS PO9T$ \T BY ,MANUEL ,CRUELLS HIS FAM\S BUT 9COMPLETE BOOK1 ,MAYO ,SANGRI5TO'1 #a#i#f#i7 :O HAD BE5 SUMMON$ 9 HA/E 7SEE ',S]RA D',OR1 SPECIAL ISSUE ON ',CATALAN T\RISM ( #a#i#g#f7 ?US AB&ON+ ! ,FRONT4 

,AS = ! DESCRIPTION (F]$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 IT HAS UND]GONE LIKE ?AT ( ! ROLE ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 A DEVELOPM5T4 ,MAIDANIK1 9 #aif (F]$ A FIR/ V]SION 7AT ! TIME ,ORWELL %[$ ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,5GLI% ,COMMUNI/ J\RNALS73 ! GU>DS W]E ATTACK$ BY PROVOCATEURS & \TCA/S FROM ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE1 BUT 9 ! FI<T !RE W]E #a1 MEMB]S ( ! ,P,\,M & #f1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,F,M & ! ,AN>*I/ ,Y\?4 ,9 ! ,LEVANT & ,MADRID ',! ,C,N,T DID NOT JO9 A COMMON CAUSE4' 

,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ,PRITSK] 9 ',PODVIK ISPANSKOY RESPUBLIKI' ADD$ ! 'PRO(' ( ! QUOTATION FROM ! ,NAZI >*IVES AB\T ,FRANCO'S AG5TS 7CLE>LY ?IS WAS A MATT] ( BOA/+ TO IMPRESS ,HITL]74 ,! ,SOVIET EX-AMBASSADOR TO ! ,LONDON ,NON9T]V5TION ,COMMITTEE1 N[ A DOY5 ( ,SOVIET ,HISPANISM1 IS ! MO/ ORIG9AL ( !SE ,COMMUNI/ HI/ORIANS1 S9CE 9 ',C>NETS ESPAGNOLS 7#a#i#f#d-#a#i#f#f7 HE CLAIMS ?AT ! PUTS* DIS>M$ ! GU>DS & SEIZ$ ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE4 ,G5]AL ,BATOV1 MILIT>Y ADVIS] 9 ,SPA9 7( ,LUKAS ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g1 :]E HE WAS SEV]ELY W\ND$ BY A %ELL AT ! SAME TIME AS ,GU/AV ,REGL] & ,LUKAS1 :O DI$7 WROTE 9 ,BAJO LA B&]A DE LA ,ESPANA REPUBLICANA' 7,RUSSIAN ORIG9AL ( #a#i#f#e7 ?AT ! PUTS* 'WAS QUELL$ BY ! WORK]S ( ! FACTORIES & FIRMS 9 ,B>CELONA4' ,F9ALLY 9 #aiga 9 ',GU]RA Y ,REVOLUCION 5 ,ESPANA' 7,MOSC[1 ,VOLUME ,I,I,I1 BY A ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,COLLECTIVE7 WE READ ( '! LACK ( =ESI<T ( ,AIGUAD]' & ! NEUTRALITY ( ! 'CONF$]AL WORK+-CLASS MASSES4' ,ONE CAN HOPE ?AT FROM N[ UNTIL ! YE> #b ! ,COMMUNI/ HI/ORIANS WILL /ILL PROVIDE US ) MANY DETAILS4 

,! NUMB] ( VICTIMS ( !SE DAYS WAS MORE ?AN #h DEAD ACCORD+ TO ,OLLIVI]4 ,! MAJORITY ( AU?ORS QUOTE BETWE5 #d & #e DEAD & #a1 W\ND$4 ,S\*Y WRITES ( #a1#e W\ND$ & ,MAIDANIK ( #ie DEAD & #b1#f W\ND$ 7! COLLECTIVE ( ! ,SPANI% ,C,P SAYS #e & #a74 ,9 FACT !SE FIGURES DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$ !SE DAYS 9 ,MAY4 ,ORWELL ASS]TS ?AT !SE FIGURES >E HI<] ?AN ! NUMB] OR VICTIMS DUR+ ! DAYS ( ,JULY #aicf 9 ,B>CELONA AGA9/ ,FRANCO'S TROOPS4 ,?OMAS1 QUOT+ AN>*I/ S\RCES1 GIVES #e DEAD 7( :I* #b W]E ANTIFASCI/S7 & #c1 W\ND$ 7= TWO DAYS71 :I* 9VALIDATES ,ORWELL'S OP9ION4 

,OLLIVI]'S CONCLUSIONS AB\T '! /R5G? ( ! AN>*I/S2 ! 9DECISION ( !IR LEAD]S' & ! /R5G!N+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS %>$ AT ! TIME BY ! ',AMIGOS DE ,DURRUTI'3 9 ',HACIA UNA NUEVA REVOLUCION' 7,B>CELONA #a#i#c#g71 !Y WROTE '9 ,MAY1 IT WAS TIME = US TO SAVE ! ,REVOLUTION1 0WE W]E ! ONLY ONES TO BE EQUAL TO ! SITUATION4' 

,N[1 !SE CONCLUSIONS APPE> ID5TICAL 9 ! WORKS ( ALL ! AU?ORS 9 FAVOR ( REVOLUTION FROM BEL[2 ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,MUNIS ETC4 

,WE WILL F9I% ) AN EXTRACT FROM ,GU]RA DI ,CLASSE1 FROM AN 9S]T ( #i? ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 A SUPPLEM5T TO ,NO4 #ae DAT$ #cRD ,MAY4 ,IT %[S ! IDEAS ( ,B]N]I'S COMRADES3 

',ONCE MORE & AS ALWAYS1 IT HAS BE5 PROV$ ?AT ALL ?AT IS VITAL & EFFECTIVE 9 A SOCIAL MOVEM5T CANNOT BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN A SPONTANE\S & 9/9CTIVE EXPRESSION ?AT COMES FROM BEL[4' 

,! RANK & FILE HAVE F\<T & !Y HAVE F\<T WELL & !Y W\LD HAVE SEIZ$ ,B>CELONA 9 ! FIR/ #bd H\RS ( ! FI<T+ IF !IR MAGNIFIC5T & H]OIC IMPETUS HAD NOT BE5 BRAK$ BY REPEAT$ ORD]S FROM ! CONTROLL+ BODIES4' 

.<#a.> ,?IS WAS ! MAGAZ9E ( ,PRUDHOMMEAUX & HIS COMRADES 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,TO AVOID ,C,N,T C5SOR%IP1 !Y HAD TO RETURN TO ,BEZI]S 9 ,FRANCE4 

.<#b.> ,C>LO ,RORSSELLI & HIS BRO!R W]E BEH9D ! ',GIU/IZIA E ,LIB]TA' GR\P :I* CALL$ = A UNIT$ ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT = A ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,B]N]I FOLL[$ !IR POSITION CLOSELY4 7,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE74 

.<#c.> ,B]N]I WAS NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! COLUMN S9CE HE WAS RUNN+ ',GU]RA DI ,CLASSE'4 ,! LETT] SEEMS TO BE FROM ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,VOLONTA1 #a#i? ,JULY #a#i#e#a4 

.<#d.> ,HYPO/ASIS3 9 !OLOGY ?IS WORD IS EQUIVAL5T TO 'NUANCE1' ?US ! FA!R1 SON & HOLY <O/ >E ?REE HYPO/ASES ( A S+LE DIV9E SUB/ANCE ,H]E ! PROLET>IAT'S ACT ( SEIZ+ P[] IS A HYPO/ASIS :I* CONTA9S SEV]AL MAGIC PROCESSES3 DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE & ! PROLET>IAT4 

.<#e.> ,SATURNAL3 AN ALLUSION TO ! MY? ( ,SATURN :O ATE HIS [N *ILDR54 ,! ,P>TY DEV\R$1 ,TROTSKY1 !N ,/AL91 !N ,KRU%*EV ETC4 

.<#f.> ,VILANESA1 SMALL ,SPANI% VILLAGE :]E MANY ,C,N,T MILITANTS W]E MASSACR$ AFT] !IR UNION PREMISES HAD BE5 LOOT$4 

.<#g.> ,FIF? ,COLUMN1 NAME GIV5 9 ,SPANI% PRESS TO ! GR\P+ ( ,FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS EXI/+ BEH9D ! ,REPUBLICAN ,FRONT4' 

.<#h.> ,! TRANSLATION IS 9CORRECT1 BUT ! S5SE IS SIMIL>2 SEE ,M9TZ ',SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA94' 

.<#i.> ,PHRYGIAN CAP1 EMBLEM ( LIB]TY .<,S,C,B.>4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #a#h1 #bb 3 ,CLASS ,W> 9 ,SPA9 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,CLASS ,W> 9 ,SPA9 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/