,*APT] #bb ,AUTO ,WORK]S ,L9E ,UP ,= ,BATTLE #aideaide ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSE ,PESOTTA ,TEXT 3 ,*,A,P,T,] #bb ,AUTO ,WORK]S ,L9E ,UP ,= ,BATTLE ,H,O,M,] ,M,>,T,9 ,R,E,M,9,D,$ ,M,E ( MY PROMISE 9 ,M>*4 ,HE WIR$ FROM ,DETROIT ASK+ IF ,I W\LD SPEAK AT A S]IES ( MASS-MEET+S4 ,MY COOP]ATION1 & ?AT ( ,LEO ,KRZYCKI1 WAS ESPECIALLY NE$$ N[ TO R\ND UP DELEGATES = ! SECOND CONV5TION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S1 TO BE HELD 9 ,S\? ,B5D1 ,9DIANA1 BEG9N+ ,APRIL #b#g4 ,A SIZABLE NUMB] ( SU* DELEGATES HAD TO BE F\ND :O W]E BO? 9TELLIG5T & WILL+ TO RISK LOS+ !IR JOBS4 ,SO ,I W5T TO ,DETROIT1 :]E ,M>T91 ,$ ,HALL1 SECRET>Y-TREASUR]1 & O!RS ( ! Y\NG]1 PROGRESSIVE GR\P 9 ! ,U,A,W WELCOM$ ME AT !IR (FICES 9 ! ,H(FMAN ,BUILD+4 ,!Y 9TRODUC$ ME TO !IR PROVISIONAL PRESID5T1 ,FRANCIS ,J4 ,DILLON1 :O HAD BE5 APPO9T$ BY ,PRESID5T ,WILLIAM ,GRE5 ( ! ,A ,F ( ,L1 & :OSE T]M W\LD EXPIRE ) ! COM+ CONV5TION4 ,DILLON WAS A COLORLESS P]SON1 ! C>TOON PROTOTYPE ( A UNION (FICIAL1 POT-BELLI$1 ALWAYS ) A L>GE CIG>4 ,HE SPOKE D]ISIVELY ( ! ACTIVITIES ( HIS Y\NG] FELL[-(FIC]S & AB\T WORK]S G5]ALLY4 ,HE KNEW NO?+ AB\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LADIES' ,G>M5T ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 7& SEEM$ PR\D ( ?AT71 SAID ,I WAS WA/+ MY TIME 9 ,MI*IGAN4 ,IT WAS %E] 9SANITY = ! ,U,A,W TO HOLD ! S*$UL$ MEET+S1 HE ADD$2 NONE ( ! AUTO WORK]S W\LD %[ UP4 ,I LE>N$ AFT]W>DS ?AT ,DILLON URG$ ! ,DETROIT ,BO>D ( ,$UCATION TO REFUSE US ! USE ( HI< S*OOL AUDITORIUMS6 ,LEO ,KRZYCKI >RIV$ ! SAME DAY1 & WE BO? SPOKE AT SEV]AL MEET+S 9 ,DETROIT & ,HAMTRAMCK4 ,MY JOB P>TICUL>LY WAS TO P]SUADE ! WOM51 :O ALMO/ 9V>IABLY CAME ) !IR M51 TO 5C\RAGE !M TO S]VE AS CONV5TION DELEGATES4 ,AT ?OSE GA!R+S ,I WAS GREET$ BY ,RUSSIANS & ,UKRA9IANS :OM ,I HAD MET ON PREVI\S VISITS4 ,!Y W]E FE>FUL ( FUTURE REP]CUSSIONS 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION4 ,NEXT DAY1 MORE MEET+S4 ,9 ! EV5+ ,M>T91 ,LEO1 & ,I SPOKE 9 ,P5GELLY ,HALL1 ! UNION'S HEADQU>T]S 9 ,FL9T4 ,?\< ! PLACE C\LD HAVE HELD HUNDR$S1 ONLY A FEW DOZ5 P]SONS %[$ UP4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT DAMP5 MY >DOR4 ,I KNEW ?AT ?OSE PRES5T W]E GOOD UNION MAT]IAL OR !Y W\LDN'T HAVE COME4 ,!Y HAD C\RAGE ,I RECALL$ TIMES :5 ,I VISIT$ ,DETROIT 9 BEHALF ( ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI1 & SPOKE TO SMALL GR\PS ( AUTO WORK]S1 MO/LY =EIGN-BORN1 :O APPE>$ ) !IR :OLE FAMILIES4 ,!Y W]E L>GELY FROM ,S\!RN & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,PRIOR TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! AUTOMOTIVE 9DU/RY MA9TA9$ AG5CIES ABROAD TO RECRUIT UNSKILL$ LABOR AMONG ! PEASANTRY4 ,! W> %UT (F ?IS TRAFFIC1 & DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL BOOM ! MANUFACTUR]S TURN$ TO ! NATIVE LABOR SUPPLY4 ,AFT] ! PASSAGE ( ! #aibd IMMIGRATION QUOTA LAW !Y DEP5D$ ALMO/ :OLLY ON NATIVE S\RCES4 ,MEAN:ILE TE*NOLOGICAL IMPROVEM5TS 9 PRODUCTION PROCESSES DISPLAC$ M5 BY ! T5S ( ?\S&S1 SO ?AT ,DETROIT & O!R AUTO C5T]S H>BOR$ L>GE NUMB]S ( UNEMPLOY$4 ,N[ MO/ ( ! WORK]S ,I MET 9 ! AUTOMOBILE FIELD W]E ,AM]ICAN-BORN SONS & DAULI]1 & AS 9 ,AKRON M5 & WOM5 :O HAD LO/ !IR MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD DUR+ ! DEPRESSION4 ,! M5 9 ! 9DU/RY W]E AUTOMATONS 9 ! M]CILESS CONVEYOR-BELT PRODUCTION SY/EM1 & FAC$ ! PROSPECT ( BE+ BURN$ \T BE=E !Y W]E #d BY ! SPE$-UP'S T]RIBLE GR9D4 ,WE KEPT \R SPEE*ES %ORT1 T\*+ *IEFLY ON ! REC5T VICTORIES ( ! ,AKRON RUBB] WORK]S1 ! COAL M9]S1 G>M5T WORK]S1 & O!R AGGRESSIVE SECTIONS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,WE EMPHASIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY BE=E ! AUTOMOBILE WORK]S1 CONT5D+ ?AT !Y MU/ ORGANIZE SOLIDLY_/9 AN 9DU/RIAL UNION_/TO GET A LIV+ WAGE & DEC5T WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,SO LONG AS ANY WORK] /OOD ALONE1 ! BOSS C\LD 9TIMIDATE HIM1 & ! BOSS W\LD ALWAYS W94 ,! COM+ CONV5TION W\LD GIVE ! AUTO WORK]S A *ANCE TO S]VE NOTICE ON !IR EMPLOY]S ?AT !Y 9T5D$ TO /& TOGE!R4 ,! UNION LEAD]S W]E WELL SATISFI$ ) ! \TCOME ( ?OSE MEET+S4 ,5\< OP5-EY$ CONV5TION DELEGATES W]E ELECT$ TO GIVE ! PROGRESSIVE GR\P CONFID5CE ?AT !Y C\LD PUT ?R\< OBVI\SLY NE$$ RE=MS 9 ! ,U,A,W4 ,CLOSE TO #e1 WORK]S W]E !N EMPLOY$ 9 ! AUTOMOBILE 9DU/RY4 ,! ,U,A,W HAD A MEMB]%IP ( AB\T #b#h11 SPREAD AMONG SOME #d COMPANIES4 ,A CLOS$ %OP AGREEM5T ) ,NA% 9 ,K5O%A1 ,WISCONS91 COV]$ #h1 WORK]S4 ,9 ,S\? ,B5D ! ,/UDEBAK] & ,B5DIX PLANTS HAD BE5 COMPLETELY UNIONIZ$1 ) MORE ?AN #g1 MEMB]S4 ,!RE WAS A CONTRACT1 TOO1 ) ! ,:ITE ,COMPANY 9 ,CLEVEL&1 WON ?R\< A %ORT SIT-D[N /RIKE 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,NEXT 9 L9E = ORGANIZATION WAS ! GIANT ,G5]AL ,MOTORS ,CORPORATION1 :I* PRODUC$ ,*EVROLET1 ,PONTIAC1 ,BUICK1 ,OLDSMOBILE1 ,LA ,SALLE1 & ,CADILLAC C>S1 ,FI%] BODIES1 & ,*EVROLET & ,G,M,C TRUCKS4 ,N9ETE5 ,?IRTY-,F\R ALSO HAD SE5 A BITT]LY F\S ( EXI/5CE1 HAD BE5 FRU/RAT$ BY ! P[]FUL EMPLOY+ GR\PS4 ,! OP5 %OP HAD G5]ALLY PREVAIL$1 & ! BIG COMPANIES NOTABLY ,=D1 ,*RYSL]1 & ,G5]AL ,MOTORS_/HAD WIDELY US$ 9DU/RIAL SPIES & FO/]$ COMPANY UNIONS1 ?9LY DISGUIS$ AS 0VOLUNT>Y0 EMPLOYES' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,A SEMI-9DU/RIAL UNION CALL$ ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE1 ,AIRCRAFT1 & ,VEHICLE WORK]S1 AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,A ,F ( ,L1 BUILT UP CONSID]ABLE /R5G? DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & BY #aib CLAIM$ A MEMB]%IP ( #d#e14 ,BUT DEMOBILIZATION ( 9DU/RY FOLL[+ ! W> & LOSS ( A /RIKE = :I* IT WAS NOT ADEQUATELY PREP>$1 PLUS ATTEMPTS ( ! ,A ,F ( ,L TO SPLIT IT 9TO CRAFTS1 CAUS$ IT TO DIS9TEGRATE4 ,AT ! ,A ,F ( ,L CONV5TION 9 ,DETROIT 9 #a#i#b#f1 PLANS W]E \TL9$ = A DRIVE TO UNIONIZE ! AUTO WORK]S4 ,! CRAFT 9T]NATIONALS W]E ASK$ TO WAIVE QUE/IONS ( JURISDICTION :ILE ! CAMPAIGN WAS ON1 BUT !Y DEMURR$1 ?\< AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTUR+ WAS A MASS PRODUCTION 9DU/RY & ! BULK ( WORK]S 9 IT UNSKILL$4 ,HEADS ( SOME ( ! #ag 9T]NATIONALS CONC]N$ DID MAKE SYMPA!TIC GE/URES :5 ! DRIVE WAS />T$ BY SIX ORGANIZ]S 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b#g1 BUT ?AT WAS ALL1 & ! CAMPAIGN SOON FIZZL$ \T4 ,EV5 IF ! CRAFT UNIONS HAD BE5 COOP]ATIVE1 O!R CIRCUM/ANCES W]E /RONGLY AGA9/ IT_/! HUGE LABOR TURNOV]1 ! %UTT+ D[N ( ! GREAT ,=D WORKS :ILE PREP>ATIONS W]E MADE TO PRODUCE ! NEW ,MODEL ,A1 & ! PRES5CE ( #a#b#e1 JOBLESS WORK]S 9 ,DETROIT4 ,SO ! AUTO WORK]S REMA9$ UNORGANIZ$1 & NE>LY SIX YE>S W]E TO PASS BE=E ANY?+ TANGIBLE WAS DONE AB\T ! PROBLEM4 ,:5 ! ,NATIONAL ,9DU/RIAL ,RECOV]Y ,ACT BECAME LAW 9 #a#i#c#c1 ! AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTUR]S BALK$ AT SIGN+ AN ,N,R,A ,CODE ( FAIR COMPETITION1 DELAY+ BEH9D A B>RAGE ( PATRIOTIC S\ND+ UTT]ANCES4 ,:5 A CODE F9ALLY WAS AGRE$ UPON1 IT CONTA9$ A 0M]IT CLAUSE0 5ABL+ ! COMPANIES TO EVADE OBS]VANCE ( ,SECTION #g-A1 :I* =BADE DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ UNION MEMB]S4 ,?IS CLAUSE GAVE !M FRE$OM TO HIRE WORK]S 0ACCORD+ TO M]IT_/?AT IS1 COMPET5CE ON ! JOB AS JUDG$ BY ! EMPLOY]40 ,WAGE CUTS BEL[ ! CO/ ( LIV+ & VICI\S WORK+ CONDITIONS BR\Y1 & ?R\< ! YE> WALK\TS CLOS$ OR CRIPPL$ #cc PLANTS 9 EI_/! ,ME*ANICS' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY ( ,AM]ICA1 ! ,ASSOCIAT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S1 & ! ,AUTOMOBILE ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION4 ,! FIR/ TOOK 9 ONLY SKILL$ TOOL & DIE MAK]S AT ! />T1 BUT LAT] WID5$ ITS SCOPE4 ,O!RS 9 ACTION 9 ?IS FIELD W]E ! BATTLE-SC>R$ ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD & ! ,COMMUNI/-L$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 DEVELOP$ FROM A REMNANT ( ! OLD ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE1 ,AIRCRAFT1 & ,VEHICLE ,WORK]S4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ! 9DEP5D5T UNIONS >\S$ ! ,A ,F ( ,L TO NEW ORGANIZ+ EF=T4 ,IT SET UP F$]AL LOCALS 9 ! AUTO 9DU/RY1 & NEW MEMB]S FLOCK$ 9 BY ! ?\S&S4 ,BY #aicd ! ,A ,F ( ,L HAD L9$ UP MORE ?AN #b#a1 AUTO WORK]S 9 !SE LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ LOCALS4 ,A G5]AL /RIKE1 TO COMPEL UNION RECOGNITION1 WAS 0PO/PON$0 AT ,PRESID5T ,ROOSEVELT'S REQUE/4 ,! 0SETTLEM5T0 >RANG$ PROV$ A ,GREEK GIFT TO ! WORK]S1 = IT ADD$ TO ! ,N,R,A ,CODE A SECTION PROVID+ = 0PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION'3 = ,A ,F ( ,L UNIONS1 9DEP5D5T UNIONS1 & COMPANY UNIONS1 ON ALL COMMITTEES = COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ & ADJU/M5T ( GRIEVANCES4 ,?US COMPANY UNIONS W]E GIV5 ! SAME RECOGNITION AS LEGITIMATE UNIONS BY ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME AN ,AUTOMOBILE ,LABOR ,BO>D1 HEAD$ BY ,LEO ,WOLMAN1 WAS SET UP1 SUPPOS$LY TO UPHOLD LABOR'S RIGA9+ & PREV5T DISCRIM9ATION4 ,ITS DECISIONS1 H[EV]1 USUALLY FAVOR$ ! EMPLOY]S1 & ! ,A ,F ( ,L D5\NC$ IT AS UNFAIR TO LABOR4 ,AL?\< ! G5]AL /RIKE PLAN HAD BE5 DIT*$ BY ! ,PRESID5T'S '9T]V5TION1' AUTOMOBILE /RIKES OCCURR$ ?AT YE> 9 AT LEA/ N9E CITIES4 ,ONE /RIKE1 AT ! ,HUDSON PLANT 9 ,DETROIT1 PO9T$LY PROV$ ! FALLACY ( CRAFT ORGANIZATION4 ,AN ,A ,F ( ,L ORGANIZ] L$ A H&FUL ( ,A ,F ( ,L ME*ANICS1 :O HAD WON A UNION CONTRACT1 ?R\< AN ,A ,F ( ,L PICKET-L9E ,I ,BY ?\S&S ! DISILLUSION$ MEMB]S N[ DROPP$ \T ( ! ,F$]ATION4 ,TRANSF]R$ FROM F$]AL UNIONS 9TO CRAFT LOCALS1 !Y HAD SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT ?IS K9D ( UNIONISM HAD NO VALUE = !M4 ,BUT ! CONFLICT OV] ! ,N,R,A ,CODE & ! RISE ( COMPANY UNIONISM UND] ! SANCTION ( ! 0PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION0 AM5DM5T BR\P FOCUS ! NE$ = SELF-ORGANIZATION BY ! AUTO WORK]S4 ,LIKE ALL 9 MASS PRODUCTION1 !Y NE$$ AN 9DU/RIAL UNION4 ,\TSPOK5 M5 :O REMA9$ 9 ! ,A ,F ( ,L PRESS$ = AN 9T]NATIONAL ( !IR [N1 & WON IT 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,?OSE :O DEM&$ AN 9DU/RIAL UNION W]E L>GELY =M] COAL M9]S1 :O KNEW ! P[] ( ?AT =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,= DECADES ! HEADS ( ! MOTOR 9DU/RY HAD BE5 SO SURE ( !IR POSITION ?AT !Y HAD DEFI$ LAW & DISREG>D$ COMMON DEC5CY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,ON ONE H& !Y D]IV$ PR(ITABLE FREE PUBLICITY FROM EMPLOYEE WELF>E PROGRAMS MORE %[Y ?AN REAL2 ON ! O!R1 !Y RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$ !IR WORK+ =CES4 ,M5 LAID (F 9 ONE DEP>TM5T1 :]E !Y HAD WORK$ UP TO A FAIRLY SUB/ANTIAL WAGE1 W\LD BE RE-HIR$ 9 ANO!R DEP>TM5T AT R$UC$ PAY4 ,WORK]S :O BECAME VOCAL AB\T PLANT CONDITIONS W]E FIR$ AS 0TR\BLE MAK]S40 ,9 #aicb ,DE>BORN POLICE HAD FIR$ 9TO A CR[D ( #d1 SEEK+ 5TRANCE TO ! ,=D PLANT TO PROTE/ AGA9/ MASS LAY-(FS1 & HAD KILL$ F\R M5 & W\ND$ MANY O!RS4 ,EV] S9CE ,H5RY ,=D ANN\NC$ A @s#e-A-DAY M9IMUM WAGE = UNSKILL$ LABOR 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! AUTOMOBILE 9DU/RY HAD HAD ! REPUTATION ( PAY+ 0FAT0 WAGES4 ,BUT ! AUTO WORK]S RECEIV$ LESS ?AN AN AV]AGE ( @s#a1#c A YE> 9 #a#i#b#e1 :5 TIMES W]E GOOD1 & LESS ?AN @s#a1 9 #a#i#c#e4 ,A REPORT TO ! ,N,R,A 7BY ! ,H5D]SON COMMITTEE7 %[$ ?AT #de P] C5T ( !SE WORK]S W]E PAID LESS ?AN @s#a1 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,9 ONE PLANT ?REE-FIF?S ( ! EMPLOYES RECEIV$ LESS ?AN @s#h1 :ILE A ?IRD GOT LESS ?AN @s#d4 ,U,A,W AGGRESSIV5ESS 9 #aicf EVID5TLY WAS FELT BY ! C> MANUFACTUR]S4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,H5RY ,=D1 ALWAYS AN 9DEP5D5T1 !Y ACT$ 9 CONC]T 9 MO/ MATT]S AFFECT+ ! 9DU/RY4 ,N[ !Y W]E SP5D+ @s#a1 JO9TLY = 0$UCATIONAL PURPOSES10 :I* MEANT PROPAG&A ADV]SE TO UNIONISM4 ,?IS SUM WAS TO BE SP5T )9 SIX MON?S ON RADIO BROADCA/S1 PRESS1 S*OOLS1 RECREATION & SOCIAL CLUBS 9 ! PLANTS1 & G5]AL WELF>E PRACTICES1 AS WELL AS F9ANC+ COMPANY UNIONS1 :I* W]E BE+ ORGANIZ$ FEV]I%LY TO (FSET ! GR[+ MOVEM5T AMONG ! AUTO WORK]S = A LEGITIMATE TRADE UNION ( !IR [N4 ,G]M]1 ,LEO ,KRZYCKI1 ,P[]S ,HAPGOOD1 & ,I >RIV$ 9 ,S\? ,B5D ON ! EVE ( ! ,U,A,W CONV5TION4 ,WE WORK$ ) V>I\S COMMITTEES1 GIV+ !M ! B5EFIT ( \R EXP]I5CE 9 PREP>+ REPORTS ON RESOLUTIONS4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE DELEGATES1 FROM #f SEP>ATE LOCALS1 W]E Y\NG M51 & A FEW W]E Y\NG WOM54 ,9-! MA91 !Y W]E ATT5D+ SU* A CONCLAVE = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,SPOKESM5 = TWO 9DEP5D5T UNIONS CAME AS 0IMP>TIAL OBS]V]S40 ,ONE ( !SE1 :O ADDRESS$ ! DELEGATES1 WAS A L>GE1 HEAVILY BUILT Y\NG MAN :O WORE A GOLD FOOTBALL ON HIS WAT*-*A94 ,?IS WAS ,RI*>D ,FRANK5/E51 =M] ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN FOOTBALL PLAY]1 WORK] 9 ! ,DODGE PLANT 9 ,DETROIT1 & PRESID5T ( ! ,AUTOMOTIVE ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION4 ,! O!R WAS ,A4 ,E4 ,GRE]1 HEAD ( ! ,ASSOCIAT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA4 ,LAT] ,FRANK5/E5'S ORGANIZATION JO9$ ! ,U,A,W & HE BECAME A MEMB] ( ITS G5]AL EXECUTIVE BO>D4 ,& SUBSEQU5TLY ,GRE] WAS EXPOS$ AS A ,P9K]TON SPY4 ,PRESID5T ,WILLIAM ,GRE5 ( ! ,A ,F ( ,L SPOKE ON ! OP5+ DAY & TURN$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL OV] TO ! CONV5TION1 LIFT+ ! PROBATION>Y P]IOD & AUTOMATICALLY FREE+ ! ,U,A,W FROM ITS APPO9T$ (FIC]S4 ,HIS VOICE VIBRAT$ ) EMOTION AS HE VIEW$ ! FUTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T ) APPREH5SION1 OBVI\SLY REF]R+ TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ! SIX-MON?S-OLD ,COMMITTEE = ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION1 :I* ACT$ 9DEP5D5TLY1 ?\< )9 ! ,A ,F ( ,L4 ,PROVISIONAL ,PRESID5T ,DILLON1 9 HIS SWAN SONG1 VOIC$ GREAT CONC]N OV] ! WELL-BE+ ( ! NATION'S WORK]S1 & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 9 ! AUTOMOBILE 9DU/RY4 ,:AT HE HAD SAID TO ME 9 ! PRIVACY ( HIS (FICE COMPLETELY BELI$ ! S5TIM5TS HE N[ EXPRESS$ FROM ! PLAT=M4 ,(FIC]S W]E ELECT$ ON ! ?IRD DAY4 ,HOM] ,M>T9 WAS NAM$ AS PRESID5T2 ,WYNDHAM ,MORTIM] ( ,CLEVEL&1 ,$ ,HALL ( ,MILWAUKEE1 & ,WALT] ,N4 ,WELLS ( ,DETROIT AS FIR/1 SECOND1 & ?IRD VISE-PRESID5T2 & ,GEORGE ,ADDES ( ,TOL$O AS G5]AL SECRET>Y-TREASUR]4 ,ADDE1 ONE ( ! Y\NG] LEAD]S ( ! #aicd ,AUTOLITE /RIKE1 /ILL HOLDS ?AT POSITION4 ,M>T91 !N #h#d1 HAD BE5 A ,BAPTI/ M9I/] 9 ,KANSAS ,CITY1 ,MISS\RI1 HIS CONGREGATION 9CLUD+ MANY EMPLOYES ( ! ,G5]AL ,MOTORS PLANT !RE4 ,BECAUSE ( S]MONS DEAL+ ) ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 HE WAS REMOV$ BY ! BO>D ( DEACONS1 & W5T TO WORK 9 A ,*EVROLET FACTORY1 :]E HE WAS ELECT$ PRESID5T ( ! F$]AL LOCAL UNION4 ,LAT] HE WAS APPO9T$ VISE-PRESID5T ( ! ,U,A,W BY ,WILLIAM ,GRE54 ,MORTIM]1 A =M] COAL M9]1 WORK$ = ! ,:ITE ,MOTOR ,COMPANY 9 ,CLEVEL&4 ,$ ,HALL WAS A ,WORLD ,W> VET]AN1 EMPLOY$ BY ! ,SEAMAN ,BODY ,COMPANY4 ,EV]Y DELEGATE HAD RECEIV$ A MIMEOGRAPH$ LETT]1 SIGN$ 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY10 5DORS+ ,M>T9 & ,MORTIM] = ! TWO TOP (FICES4 ,E>L ,BR[D]1 HEAD ( ?AT P>TY1 WIR$ A QUICK REPUDIATION ( ?IS TE/IMONIAL4 ,CLE>LY IT WAS ! WORK ( AN AG5T PROVOCATEUR1 DESIGN$ TO DEFEAT ! *ANCES ( ! TWO C&IDATES4 ,! TRICK FAIL$4 ,I WAS 9VIT$ TO ADDRESS ! CONV5TION ON ,MAY ,DAY ,EVE4 ,A RESOLUTION TO EXPEL ALL ,COMMUNI/S HAD BE5 HOTLY DEBAT$1 & ,I TOOK ISSUE ) ITS PURPOSE4 ,I REM9D$ ! DELEGATES ( ! GREAT PRICE ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD PAID TO E/ABLI% ! RI SOCIAL CAUSES1 SACRIFIC+ LIB]TY & LIFE4 ,I SPOKE ( ! ,AN>*I/S HANG$ 9 ,*ICAGO 9 #ahhg BECAUSE !Y HAD F\$ SPEAK \T AGA9/ EXPLOITATION4 ,REG>DLESS ( ! FAULTS ( ,COMMUNISM1 ,I >GU$1 \R NATION WAS CONFRONT$ BY AN EV5 GREAT] DANG]_/,FASCISM1 :ATEV] IT MIILY AN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION2 MEMB]S MU/ WORK TOGE!R = ! GOOD ( ALL DESPITE !IR POLITICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,?R\< SUCCE$+ MON?S WE KEPT 9 CLOSE T\* ) ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S4 ,QUICKLY & EFFECTIVELY !Y /R5G!N$ !IR L9ES AT EV]Y POSSIBLE PO9T1 & !IR ORGANIZATION CAMPAIGN 9 ! BIG PRODUCTION C5T]S /EADILY GA9$ MOM5TUM4 ,C>RY+ \T A M&ATE ( ! CONV5TION1 !Y E/ABLI%$ AN EFFICI5T $UCATIONAL DEP>TM5T AK9 TO \RS 9 ! ,I,L,G,W,U1 & A COMPET5TLY /AFF$ RESE>* DIVISION1 BEGAN TO PUBLI% A NEWSPAP]1 & ISSU$ V>I\S PAMPHLETS & LEAFLETS4 ,SEV]AL 9DEP5D5T LOCALS HAD JO9$ ! ,U,A,W SOON AFT] ! CONV5TION1 ADD+ P]HAPS #h1 TO ITS NUMB]S4 ,) MEMB]S COM+ 9 BY HUNDR$S EA* WEEK1 ! Y\NG 9T]NATIONAL MOV$ ON T[>D ! 9EVITABLE %[-D[N ) ,G5]AL ,MOTORS4 ,ALL ALONG IT HAD ! CON/ANT SUPPORT ( ! ,COMMITTEE = ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION4 ,!N ! UNION'S 9T]NATIONAL (FIC]S1 9 AN EF=T TO DEAL ) ! NUM]\S GRIEVANCES1 ASK$ = A CONF]5CE ) ,WILLIAM ,S4 ,KNUDS51 EXECUTIVE VISE-PRESID5T ( ,G5]AL ,MOTORS4 ,HE CURTLY ADVIS$ !M TO SUBMIT COMPLA9TS TO PLANT MANAG]S4 ,?IS WAS SIMPLY A RUN>\ND1 = ! MANAG]S HAD NO AU?ORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS ON QUE/IONS ( MAJOR IMPORT4 ,BUT ! UNION LEAD]S DECID$ TO GO ?R\< ! MOTIONS ( FOLL[+ ,KNUDS5'S ADVICE1 TO SEE H[ F> !Y W\LD GET4 ,!Y DREW UP A T5TATIVE CONTRACT1 H&$ IT TO ! MANAG] ( ! ,FI%] ,BODY ,WORKS 9 ,FL9T1 [N$ BY ! ,G,M,C1 & REQUE/$ AN ANSW] )9 SEV5 DAYS4 ,OV]NIS = %IPM5T TO ,PONTIAC & ,LANS+1 :]E ! ,U,A,W HAD NOT YET ATTA9$ /R5G?4 ,BUT ?AT 0LESSON0 DEFEAT$ ITS [N PURPOSE = AT ONCE SEV]AL HUNDR$ M5 9 ,PLANT ,NO4 ,I ALSO SAT D[N4 ! ,BELT_/! PRODUCTION L9E_/:I* DEP5D$ ON !IR CONT9UAL ACTIVITY1 /OPP$ AS !Y /AY$ AT !IR USUAL PLACES IDLE4 ,ALL RUSES BY COMPANY *IEFS TO GET ! /RIK]S TO LEAVE ! BUILD+S FAIL$4 ,SO LONG AS !Y REMA9$ 9SIDE1 ! ,G,M,C C\LD NEI!R PRODUCE BODIES NOR REMOVE ANY MORE EQUIPM5T4 ,ON ! F\R? DAY ( ?IS /RIKE ! COMPANY OBTA9$ FROM ,JUDGE ,$W>D ,S4 ,BLACK AN 9JUNCTION PROHIBIT+ ! UNION FROM OCCUPY+ ! TWO FACTORY BUILD+S1 FROM PICKET+1 & FROM 9T]F]+ 9 ANY WAY ) NON-/RIK+ EMPLOYES4 ,! SIT-D[N]S JE]$ ! %]IFF AS HE READ ! 9JUNCTION TO !M1 & REMA9$ :]E !Y W]E4 ,!Y KNEW !IR ONE *ANCE TO W9 WAS TO RETA9 POSSESSION ( ! BUILD+S4 ,?AT 9JUNCTION WAS NEV] 5=C$1 BECAUSE ! UNION EXPOS$ ! FACT ?AT ,JUDGE ,BLACK [N$ #a1 %>ES ( ,G5]AL ,MOTORS' /OCK4 ,BY SITT+ 9 A CASE 9 :I* HE HAD A P]SONAL 9T]E/1 HE HAD VIOLAT$ A /ATE LAW4 ,! UNION BEGAN IMPEA*M5T PROCE$+S AGA9/ HIM4 ,A WEEK AFT] ! ,FI%] ,BODY /RIKE />T$1 ,HOM] ,M>T9 WIR$ ME3 0,PLEASE COME N[40 ,ADOLPH ,G]M]1 ,LEO ,KRZYCKI1 & ,P[]S ,HAPGOOD ALREADY W]E ON ! SC5E4 ,I WAS !N 9 ,MONTREAL1 :]E WE HAD BE5 C>RY+ ON AN AGGRESSIVE ORGANIZATION CAMPAIGN1 & WAS LEAV+ = ! ,I,L,G,W,U G5]AL EXECUTIVE BO>D MEET+ 9 ,WA%+TON4 ,AFT] ?AT MEET+1 ) ! CONS5T ( ,PRESID5T ,DUB9SKY1 ,I TOOK A MIDNIY #h = ,DETROIT4 ,>RIV+ !RE %ORTLY AFT] #d A4M41 ,I TOOK ! ONLY CAB AT ! AIRPORT1 & W5T TO ! ,=T ,WAYNE ,HOTEL1 = A FEW H\RS' SLEEP ,BY #a ,I WAS AT ,U,A,W HEADQU>T]S1 :]E ,I MET ! /RIKE LEAD]S2 9CLUD+ ,JOHN ,BROPHY1 :O HAD COME FROM ,WA%+TON TO HELP4 ,AT ! TIME ( MY PREVI\S VISIT ?IS HEADQU>T]S HAD BE5 AS DEAD AS A DOORNAIL4 ,N[ IT WAS TEEM+ ) ACTIVITY4 ,AFT] ! MORN+ PRESS CONF]5CE ,M>T9 ,BROPHY1 ,WYNDHAM ,MORTIM]1 & ,GEORGE ,ADDES W]E LEAV+ 9 A C> = ,FL9T1 & TOOK ME ) !M4 ,AS WE DROVE T[>D ! EMBATTL$ >EA1 !Y TOLD ME :AT HAD BE5 HAPP5+ 9 ,FL9T S9CE ! SIT-D[N BEGAN_/ AB\T ! EXPOSURE ( ! JUDGE :O HAD GRANT$ ! 9JUNCTION2 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 0,FL9T ,ALLIANCE10 A BACK-TO-WORK VIGILANTE SET-UP1 BY ,GEORGE ,BOYS51 EX-MAYOR ( ! CITY & =M] ,BUICK PAYMA/]2 & AN ATTACK TWO DAYS E>LI] ON AN \TDOOR UNION MEET+ ( ,*EVROLET WORK]S BY HOODLUMS :O WRECK$ ! ,U,A,W S\ND EQUIPM5T4 ,9 ,FL9T WE W5T TO ! ,P5GELLY BUILD+1 :]E ,I HAD SPOK5 ! PREVI\S SPR+4 ,N[ US$ AS /RIKE HEADQU>T]S1 ! PLACE WAS CR[D$4 ,9 ! UNION (FICE NEW MEMB]S W]E /EADILY BE+ 5ROLL$4 ,A PL$GE SIGN$ BY ALL IMPRESS$ ME DEEPLY4 ,EA* MAN PROMIS$ TO BUY ONLY UNION-MADE GOODS :5EV] POSSIBLE2 NEV] TO DISCRIM9ATE AGA9/ A FELL[ WORK]1 OR WRONG HIM OR SEE HIM WRONG$1 0IF IT IS 9 MY P[] TO PREV5T IT02 TO 0SUBORD9ATE EV]Y SELFI% IMPULSE TO ! TASK ( ELEVAT+ ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL CONDITION ( ! AUTOMOBILE WORK]02 & TO 0BE RESPECTFUL 9 WORD & ACTION TO EV]Y WOMAN40 ,ON ! SECOND FLOOR1 ! /RIKE PUBLICITY DEP>TM5T1 DIRECT$ BY ,C>L ,HO/L]1 WAS TURN+ \T FREQU5T NEWS RELEASES4 ,ITS (FICE WAS A C5T] = WRIT]S & >TI/S ATTRACT$ TO ,FL9T TO RECORD AN EPO*AL *APT] ( LABOR HI/ORY4 ,AMONG ! WRIT]S W]E ,M>Y ,HEATON ,VORSE & ,JOSEPH9E ,H]B/4 ,9 ANO!R ROOM MAT]IAL WAS BE+ PREP>$ = ! ,FL9T ,AUTO ,WORK]1 WEEKLY ORGAN ( ! /RIK]S1 BY ITS $ITOR1 ,H5RY ,KRAUS1 & HIS ASSI/ANTS4 ,& VOLUNTE] /UD5TS FROM ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN_/BO? BOYS & GIRLS_/W]E BUSY PUTT+ \T A MIMEOGRAPH$ BULLET91 ,! ,PUN* ,PRESS1 & MISCELLANE\S LEAFLETS4 ,MRS4 ,BUD ,SIMON1 WIFE ( ! UNION *AIRMAN 9 ,FI%] ,BODY ,NO4 #a1 WAS 9 *>GE ( ! COMMISS>Y 9 ,COOK'S RE/AURANT1 ACROSS ! /REET4 ,NORMALLY ,COOK HAD 5JOY$ A HEAL?Y PATRONAGE FROM ! M5 9 ,NO4 #a4 ,:5 ! /RIKE CAME1 RA!R ?AN CLOSE HIS DOORS1 HE (F]$ ! RE/AURANT TO ! UNION1 TO USE AS LONG AS NE$ BE4 ,ALL HE ASK$ WAS ?AT ! ,U,A,W PAY = R5T1 GAS1 & LI\ND 9SIDE4 ,SLIM1 E>NE/ LOOK+1 & APP>5TLY 9 HIS E>LY =TIES1 HE TOOK HIS RESPONSIBILITIES AS *AIRMAN ( ,FI%] ,NO4 ,I S]I\SLY4 ,HE WAS ANXI\S TO AVOID ALL UNNECESS>Y DI/URBANCE & CONFLICT1 & TO PREV5T ANY POSSIBLE PROP]TY DAMAGE4 ,BRILLIANTLY LID$ 9SIDE & \TSIDE_/TO KEEP /RIKE-BREAK]S & O!R 9T]LOP]S FROM 5T]+1 & TO PROTECT ! BUILD+ & ITS CONT5TS4 ,ESPECIALLY DID !SE /RIK]S GU>D ! COMPANY'S DIES4 ,NO LIQUOR WAS P]MITT$ ON ! PREMISES1 & SMOK+ WAS PROHIBIT$ ON ALL PRODUCTION FLOORS4 ,=TY-FIVE M5 W]E ASSIGN$ TO POLICE PATROL DUTY 9SIDE4 ,!IR WORD WAS LAW4 ,PRODUCTION BE+ AT A /&/ILL1 A LONG L9E ( ,FI%] BODIES HUNG FROM ! MOTIONLESS CONVEYOR-BELT1#a AS IF FROZ5 9 SPACE4 ,BUT ?R\<\T ! BUILD+ !RE WAS CEASELESS MOVEM5T & WAT*FULNESS4 ,ONE SECTION HAD BE5 FITT$ UP LIKE A HOTEL LOBBY1 ) S(T CU%IONS FROM C> BODIES TO SIT ON4 ,NEWSPAP]S & P]IODICALS ( V>I$ POLITICAL %ADES1 LABOR PAP]S1 & MY/]Y MAGAZ9ES W]E AMONG ! READ+ MATT] 9 EVID5CE4 ,HAV+ ORGANIZ$ AN OR*E/RA & A *ORUS1 !Y /AG$ NI ( ! SONGS HAD BE5 COMPOS$ ESPECIALLY = ! ,FL9T /RIK]S3 ,:5 !Y TIE A CAN TO A UNION MAN ,SIT D[N6 ,SIT D[N6 ,:5 !Y GIVE HIM ! SACK1 !Y'LL TAKE HIM BACK1 ,SIT D[N6 ,SIT D[N6 ,SIT D[N1 JU/ TAKE A SEAT ,SIT D[N1 & RE/ Y\R FEET ,SIT D[N1 Y\'VE GOT 'EM BEAT ,SIT D[N6 ,SIT D[N6 ,MO/ ( !SE M5 HAD WORK$ = ,FI%] ,BODY FROM F\R TO #ab YE>S4 ,!Y TOLD ME IT WAS T\< TO SIT >\ND & DO NO?+ AFT] ! SPE$-UP HAD GOT 9TO !IR BLOOD4 0,BUT ,I'LL SIT H]E TILL ,HELL FREEZES UND] ME10 SAID ONE4 0,I WON'T GIVE UP ! FIT91 ,HAPGOOD1 ,VICTOR ,REU!R1 & ,I SPOKE TO A KE5LY RECEPTIVE AUDI5CE1 9 :I* MANY D>$ = ! FIR/ TIME TO LI/5 TO SU* SPEE*ES ) HE>TS & M9DS OP5 TO CONVICTION4 ,ON ?IS1 ! TWELF? DAY ( ! /RIKE1 ! SC5E WAS :OLLY PEACEFUL4 ,) ! S+LE EXCEPTION ( ! BREAK+ UP ( ! MEET+ NE> ! ,*EVROLET FACTORY1 :5 ! UNION S\ND EQUIPM5T WAS SMA%$1 NO VIOL5CE HAD BE5 US$ AGA9/ ! ,FL9T /RIK]S4 ,I HAD TO LEAVE ?AT EV5+ TO FILL A SPEAK+ 5GAGEM5T 9 ,PITTSBUR< & RETURN TO ,MONTREAL1 :]E PRESS+ AFFAIRS DEM&$ MY ATT5TION4 0,Y\ DON'T REALLY NE$ ME10 ,I TOLD ,JOHN ,BROPHY4 0,Y\ HAVE ! SITUATION WELL 9 H&1 & Y\'RE MOV+ 9 ! RIY40 0,Y\ MAY BE SURE WE'LL NE$ Y\ BE=E WE GET ?R\< H]E10 ,BROPHY ANSW]$4 0,?IS WON'T BE AN EASY FILY 9 ,FEBRU>Y A LONG DI/ANCE CALL FROM ,$ ,HALL1 ,U,A,W VISE- PRESID5T1 TO ! ,I,L,G,W,U 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 WAS RELAY$ TO ME 9 ,MONTREAL4 ,I MU/ GO TO ,FL9T AT ONCE2 ! SITUATION WAS CRITICAL4 ,AT ANY H\R ! LEAD]S EXPECT$ TO BE >RE/$4 ,!Y WANT$ ME TO BE ON H&1 READY TO TAKE *>GE ( /RIKE HEADQU>TE RS IF ?AT %\LD HAPP54 ,FL9T1 ,I ALREADY KNEW FROM NEWSPAP] DISPAT*ES1 HAD BECOME A BATTLEGR\ ND ! DAY AFT] ,I LEFT !RE1 ) /RIK]S AS ! CASUALTIES4 ,MORE ?AN #d1 /ATE TROOPS1 S5T 9 BY ! NEW ,GOV]NOR1 ,FRANK ,MURPHY1 W]E ON GU>D 9 ! /RIKE >EA4 ,TAK+ A MIDNIRIV$ 9 ,DETROIT NEXT AFT]NOON1 & HA/5$ TO ! ,HOTEL ,/ATL]1 :]E ! ,U,A,W G5]AL /RATEGY COMMITTEE WAS QU>T]$4 ,H]E ! NEGOTIATIO NS ) ! ,G5]AL ,MOTORS SPOKESM5 W]E BE+ CONDUCT$ BY ,JOHN ,L4 ,LEWIS1 ?\< HE WAS SICK 9 B$1 ) ASSI/ANCE FROM ,JOHN ,BROPHY1 ,ADOLPH ,G]M]1 & ! ,U,A,W (FICIALS4 ,BY ?IS TIME ! WORK+S ( ! F>-FL UNG ,G,M,C SY/EM HAD BE5 CRIPPL$ SO BADLY ?AT IT WAS PRODUC+ ONLY #a1#e C>S A WEEK 9 CONTRA/ TO #e#c1 9 MID- ,DECEMB]4 ,NE>LY ALL ITS #b1 EMPLOYES EI!R W]E ON /RIKE OR W]E PREV5T$ FROM WORK+ BECAUSE ESS5TIAL P>TS W]E UNAVAILABL E4 ,EIRE/S ( /RIK]S HAD BEGUN4 ,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S #a4 ,ORD9>ILY ! WORD BELT SUGGE/S LEA!R ,BUT 9 ?9 CASE ! CONVEYOR-BELT IS MORE EASILY PICTUR$ IF ?\*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidd 3 ,*APT] #bb -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #bb -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/