,AUTONOMY & ,IMM$IACY 9 ,ORGANISATIONAL ,PRACTICE ,BUNDS1 ,B&S & ,AFF9ITY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S ,TEXT 3 ,AB/RACT ,?IS >TICLE PROPOSES ! BUND 7,PET]SON1 #b#a7 & ! B& 7,+OLD1 #b#d7 BO? AS A WAY ( ANALYZ+ AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,A,S,MS7 & AS A BASIS = A FUTURE ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY4 ,IT BEG9S BY REVIEW+ ! LIT]ATURE ON SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 %[+ ITS LIMITS 9 RELATION TO ! GR\P =MS ( ,A,S,MS4 ,MANY !ORIES ASSUME ?AT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS NECESS>ILY TAKE ORGANIZATIONAL 7GEME9S*AFT7 OR COMMUNITY 7GESELLS*AFT7 =MS1 & SUCCUMB TO ! LOGIC ( HEGEMONY4 ,O!RS BASE !IR ANALYSIS ( ,A,S,MS ON NETWORKS OR CON/ITU5T P[]1 BUT )\T %[+ H[ ?IS P[] IS ACTUALIZ$ OR H[ ! NODES ( NETWORKS >E COMPOS$4 ,IT !N \TL9ES ! !ORIES ( ! BUND & B&1 BE=E REVIEW+ LIT]ATURE FROM )9 ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN ,A,S,MS & DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! KEY ELEM5TS ( ! BUND_/B& LOGIC >E PRES5T 9 !SE MOVEM5TS4 ,! BUND1 B& OR AFF9ITY GR\P IS UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( COMMUNION OR RITUAL 79CLUD+ POLITICAL ACTION7 AS ! BASIS = UNITY 79/EAD ( A HEGEMONIC SIGNIFI]71 ! EXI/5CE ( 9T5SE MUTUAL 9T]P]SONAL KN[L$GE1 & ! MA9T5ANCE ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 ,! >TICLE ALSO %[S ?AT ! BUND IS EFFECTIVELY !ORIZ$ AS ! BASIS = A FUTURE SOCIETY 9 ! AN>*I/ UTOPIA ,BOLO'BOLO 7,P4,M41 #a#i#h#c74 ,IT CONCLUDES ?AT ! IDEA ( ! BUND_/B&_/AFF9ITY GR\P IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & ORGANIZATION /UDIES4 ,9TRODUCTION ,! POSSIBILITY ( 'ANO!R WORLD'1 & ! PROPOSAL ( TRANS=MATIVE PRACTICES1 >E COMMON ELEM5TS ( RADICAL POLITICS4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y RADICAL !ORY SEEMS1 H[EV]1 TO BE LACK+ 9 CONCRETE SUGGE/IONS AS TO ! MEANS TO CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY4 ,?IS >TICLE IS A CONTRIBUTION TO RADICAL !ORY :I* SEEKS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT A CONCRETE SOCIAL =M IS ALREADY AVAILABLE :I* S]VES AS A BASIS = SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 & :I* CAN S]VE AS ! NUCLEUS ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY4 ,AN >GUM5T WILL BE ADVANC$ ?AT AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,A,S,MS7 >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY A DI/9CT ORGANIZATIONAL =M1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,PET]SON 7#b#a7 AS ! BUND1 A =M EM]G+ 9 ! SOCIOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE AS A ?IRD ALT]NATIVE TO GEME9S*AFT 7COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY1 USUALLY ) 9VOLUNT>Y1 ASCRIB$ CONNECTIONS7 & GESELLS*AFT 7=MAL ORGANIZATION74 ,?IS =M IS SIMIL> TO ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( ! B& 7,+OLD1 #b#d2 ,BIRD-,DAVID1 #a#i#i#d71 & 5TAILS ! ABS5CE - & BY EXT5SION1 ! NON-NECESSITY - ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( GEME9S*AFT & GESELLS*AFT =MS1 SU* AS NORMATIVITY1 HEGEMONY1 HI]>*Y & R5UNCIATION4 ,A BUND DOES NOT HAVE A MA/]-SIGNIFI]1 A UNIFY+ /RUCTURE1 OR A COMMON MORAL CODE2 IT CON/RUCTS SOCIALITY ?R\< ! 9TEGRAT+1 *>ISMATIC =CE ( POLITICAL !AT]4 ,TO SUPPORT ?IS !ORY1 ! >TICLE WILL EXPLORE ! WRIT+S ( V>I\S AU?ORS FROM ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN ,A,S,MS :O ADDRESS ISSUES ( ORGANIZATION1 AUTONOMY & AFF9ITY4 ,IT WILL %[ ?AT ! BUND IS ALREADY PRES5T AS A PROPOSAL & AN EXP]I5TIAL ELEM5T 9 ACTIVI/ TEXTS1 & ?AT IT HAS EV5 BE5 CONSID]$ AS ! BASIS = ANO!R WORLD4 ,IT WILL PROPOSE ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL PROVIDES A COMPREH5SIVE ALT]NATIVE TO ! DOM9ANT SY/EM1 & ?AT IT %\LD BE A MAJOR ORI5TATION 9 ORGANIZATIONAL !ORY1 SOCIOLOGY1 & RADICAL POLITICS4 ,AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & SOCIAL MOVEM5T /UDIES ,! /UDY ( ,A,S,MS IS BROADLY LOCAT$ 9 ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T /UDIES LIT]ATURE1 BUT AT A DIGRESSION FROM ! DOM9ANT P]SPECTIVES4 ,AUTONOM\S OR 'NEWE/' SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E G5]ALLY TAK5 TO BE DI/9CT BO? FROM 'OLD' SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS TRADES UNIONS1 & 'NEW' SOCIAL MOVEM5TSBAS$ ON ID5TITY 7,DAY1 #b#e1 P4 #i74 ,A,S,MS >E DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( AUTO-VALORIZATION & 9DEP5D5CE FROM HI]>*ICAL =MS SU* AS P>TIES 7,KATSIAFICAS1 #b#f1 PP4 #g-#h74 ,9 ,DAY'S ANALYSIS1 !Y >E SAID TO BE BAS$ ON AFF9ITY 9/EAD ( HEGEMONY AS A MODEL ( MOVEM5T 9TEGRATION 7#b#e1 P4 #i74 ,9 G5]AL1 H[EV]1 SU* DISCUSSIONS >E LIMIT$ 9 SAY+ TOO LITTLE AB\T ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( EM]G+ MOVEM5TS1 & ! MEAN+ ( AFF9ITY 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS >TICLE CONTRIBUTES TO ! LIT]ATURE BY CL>IFY+ ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( ,A,S,MS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! WAY GR\P-=MATION CAN OCCUR )\T ! AUTONOMY-VIOLAT+ IMP]ATIVE ( HEGEMONY4 ,?IS APPROA* REJECTS ! DOM9ANT TR5DS 9 ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T LIT]ATURE4 ,SOCIAL MOVEM5T !ORY IS G5]ALLY TRAC$ TO COLLECTIVE ACTION APPROA*ES1 :I* SEE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS AS SOLV+ COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEMS & POOL+ RES\RCES = RATIONAL 9DIVIDUALS PURSU+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S 7,T>R[ #a#i#i#h2 ,S*W>TZ1 #a#i#g#f74 ,LAT] APPROA*ES EMPHASIZ$ ! POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY /RUCTURE AS AN 9FLU5CE ON MOVEM5T EM]G5CE & *OICES1 ) ! POSSIBILITY ( SUCCESS EFFECTIVELY G5]AT+ MOVEM5TS TO EXPLOIT IT 7,MC,ADAM1 #a#i#i#i2 ,TILLY1 #a#i#g#h74 ,H[EV]1 !SE APPROA*ES ASSUME RATIONAL1 GOAL-ORI5T$ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS :I* COALESCE 9 =MALIZ$ SOCIAL MOVEM5T ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS GOAL-DRIV5 MODEL ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS IS L>GELY 9APPROPRIATE = NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,PEOPLE >E ASSUM$ TO BE 7CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY7 RATIONAL UTILITY-MAXIMIZ]S )9 ! GESELLS*AFT LOGIC ( CAPITALI/ MOTIVATION1 ) ORGANIZATIONS MOBILIZ+ SELF-9T]E/$ ACTORS ?R\< =MAL ORGANIZATIONS = 9/RUM5TAL GOALS4 ,A,S,M'S ALSO T5D TO BE ME?ODOLOGICALLY ILLEGIBLE TO ,AM]ICAN-/YLE SOCIAL MOVEM5T !ORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,FI%] ET AL4 7#b#e7 F\ND ?AT SOCIAL MOVEM5T ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ AFF9ITY GR\PS1 MO/LY OP]ATE TO MOBILIZE & TRANSPORT NON-LOCAL PROTE/ P>TICIPANTS4 ,H[EV]1 !IR ABILITY TO ASSESS AN>*I/ & AUTONOM\S P>TICIPANTS WAS FRU/RAT$ BY !IR HI< REFUSAL RATE 9 ! SURVEY 7#b#e1 P4 #a#g74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! V]Y EXCLUSIVITY1 SECRECY & QUALITATIVE FOCUS ( ,A,S,MS R5D] !M RESI/ANT TO ?IS K9D ( /UDY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,M>XI/S T5D TO R$UCE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO A TWO-WAY *OICE BETWE5 DESIRABLE1 CLASS-BAS$1 =MAL ORGANIZATION OR NAIVE SPONTANEITY - = EXAMPLE1 9 ,H>VEY'S 7#a#i#i#e7 !ORY ( MILITANT P>TICUL>ISMS & ,HOBSBAWM'S 7#a#i#e#i7 ACC\NT ( PEASANT REBELLIONS4 ,!SE APPROA*ES COMP>E ,A,S,MS DISFAV\RABLY ) =MAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5T !ORIES BREAK ) OLD] APPROA*ES BY EMPHASIZ+ AFFECT1 EMBODIM5T1 ID5TITY & MEAN+-CON/RUCTION 7E4G4 ,MELUCCI1 #a#i#h#i2 ,(FE1 #a#i#h#e2 ,LACLAU & ,M\FFE1 #a#i#h#e74 ,N,S,MS >E TAK5 TO EMPHASIZE *ANG+ LIFE/YLES & CULTURE1 9/EAD ( POLITICAL *ANGE 7,PI*>DO1 #a#i#i#g74 ,N,S,M'S >E ANALYZ$ AS PO/-MAT]IALI/ 7,+ELH>T1 #a#i#i7 & AS POSIT+ ESS5TIALI/ ID5TITIES AS A BASIS = ACTION 7,Y\NG1 #a#i#i#e1 P4 #a#e#g71 & AS OCCURR+ )9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION ( SYMBOLS1 RELATIONS & ID5TITIES1 9/EAD ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD ( RES\RCES 7,MELUCCI1 #a#i#h#i74 ,!Y >E ASSOCIAT$ !ORETICALLY ) ! NEW MIDDLE CLASS 7,MELUCCI1 #a#i#h#i2 ,(FE1 #a#i#h#e2 ,P>K91 #a#i#f#h74 ,H[EV]1 ,A,S,M'S DIFF] FROM NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ?AT !Y >E EXPLICITLY POLITICAL OR ANTI-POLITICAL1 & TAKE ON MANY 'OLD' SOCIAL MOVEM5T ISSUES SU* AS CAPITALISM4 ,!Y >E NOT AB\T 9DIVIDUAL SELF-REALIZATION )9 ! DOM9ANT SY/EM4 ,ATTEMPTS TO R$UCE ,A,S,MS TO A LOGIC ( HEGEMONY HAVE LIMIT$ ! APPLICABILITY ( ,N,S,M !ORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BOHM ET AL 7#b#a1 P4 #a#h7 PORTRAY ,A,S,MS >E COMPLICIT 9 ! LOGIC ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 :I* ALSO EMPHASIZES AUTONOMY & FLEXIBILITY4 ,?IS FOLL[S FROM >GUM5TS ( S*OL>S SU* AS ,?OMASS5 7#b#g7 & ,LACLAU 7#b#a74 ,= !SE !ORI/S1 IMMAN5T EV]YDAY PRACTICES >E NECESS>ILY 9COMPLETE1 UNLESS SUTUR$ BY A HEGEMONIC SIGNIFI]4 ,!Y ?US UND]/& ,A,S,MS AS MOVEM5TS BAS$ ON AUTONOMY UND]/OOD AS AN EMPTY SIGNIFI] 7,BOHM ET AL41 #b#a1 P4 #b#h74 ,SU* A SIGNIFI]1 EQUIVAL5T TO ,LACAN'S MA/]-SIGNIFI]1 FUNCTIONS TO REPRES5T ! ABS5T FULLNESS ( SOCIETY :I* IS ALWAYS 7IM7POSSIBLE1 & NOT TO CREATE IMM$IACY4 ,MOVEM5TS ?US REQUIRE AN 'OV]>*+' 9TEGRATION BY TRANSC5D5TAL1 HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL =MS 7,?OMASSON1 #b#g1 P4 #a#b71 & LIFE )\T A /ATE OR REPRES5TATIONAL POLITICS IS TAK5 TO BE RADICALLY IMPOSSIBLE 7,LACLAU & ,M\FFE1 #a#i#h#e1 PP4 #c#e1 #f#i74 ,A,S,M !ORI/S CONT5D ?AT ?IS READ+ R$UCES ,A,S,MS TO OLD =MS ( POLITICS 7,DAY1 #b#e1 PP4 #a#f#h-#i74 ,LACLAUIANS >E COMMITT$ TO ! VIEW ?AT '.H]E IS ONLY ONE WAY TO 0DO POLITICS01 :I* IS TO SEEK TO REPRES5T A MULTITUDE ( FLOAT+ SIGNIFI]S UND] ! UMBRELLA ( A DESPOTIC SIGNIFI]2 ULTIMATELY ?IS MEANS A /ATI/ POLITICS' 7,ROB9SON & ,TORMEY1 #b#iA1 P4 #a#c#c74 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! NECESSITY ( ! =MATION ( HEGEMONY1 COMPLETE ) A MA/]_/EMPTY_/DESPOTIC_/SOV]EIGN SIGNIFI]1 IS ASS]T$ RA!R ?AN DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,LACLAUIAN !ORY4 ,?IS PROBLEM >ISES BECAUSE ,N,S,M !ORIES T5D TO ASSUME A GEME9S*AFT MODEL ( CULTURE1 REPRES5TATION1 ID5TITY & BELONG+ 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,ANO!R /R& 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5T LIT]ATURE FOCUSES ON CULTURAL MEAN+S4 ,HI/ORICAL AU?ORS SU* AS ,RUDE 7#a#i#f#d71 ,TILLY 7#a#i#g#h7 & ,?OMPSON 7#a#i#g#a7 EMPHASIZE ! BASIS ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 EV]YDAY CULTURES & MEAN+S1 SU* AS MORAL ECONOMIES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 S*OL>S SU* AS ,SCOTT 7#a#i#i7 & ,GUHA 7#a#i#i#i7 SITUATE PEASANT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 WID] SOCIAL CONTEXTS & SCRIPTS1 :ILE O!RS APPLY SIMIL> CONCEPTS TO WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS 7,FANTASIA1 #a#i#h#h2 ,BURAWOY1 #a#i#h#b2 ,PIV5 & ,CL[>D1 #a#g#g74 ,!SE AU?ORS PROVIDE P[]FUL ACC\NTS ( HI/ORICAL & COMMUNAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 & A CLE> S5SE ( :Y & H[ P>TICUL> MODALITIES ( /RUGGLE OCCUR4 ,H[EV]1 !SE !ORIES >E ( LIMIT$ USEFULNESS :5 DISCUSS+ MOVEM5TS :I* >ISE 9 ALI5AT$ SOCIAL CONTEXTS1 SEP>ATE FROM WID] ID5TITY-CATEGORIES1 & :I* EFFECTIVELY HAVE TO SELF-G5]ATE !IR [N SOCIAL WORLD1 (T5 ALMO/ FROM SCRAT*4 ,A,S,MS >E ULTIMATELY RA!R DIFF]5T FROM ! TYPES ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS :I* >E ROOT$ 9 GEME9S*AFT SOCIAL =MS1 EV5 :5 ! TACTICS US$ >E SIMIL>4 ,!RE IS ALSO A DI/9CT LIT]ATURE ON ,A,S,MS4 ,EXI/+ WORKS ON AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS (T5 FOCUS ON TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS1 =UMS & PROTE/S 7E4G4 ,*E/]S & ,WEL%1 #b#f2 ,S5 ET AL41 #b#d71 OR ON N>RATIVE HI/ORIES ( MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE 7,KATSIAFICAS1 #a#i#i#g2 ,WRIS1 AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TYPICALLY 'SEE !IR EV]YDAY EXP]I5CES & CREATIONS AS ! REVOLUTION !Y >E MAK+' 7,SITR91 #b#a#a1 P4 #b#g#a71 & USE HORIZONTAL1 NON-HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES 7,SITR9 & ,AZZEL9I1 #b#a#d74 ,= EXAMPLE1 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES (T5 9VOLVE ALT]NATIVE =MS ( WORK & BELONG+ 7,FIR?1 #b#a#b1 P4 #a#a74 ,A,S,MS >E SOMETIMES *>ACT]IZ$ AS 'ANTI-ID5TIT>IAN' 7,FLET*] ,FOM9AYA1 #b#a1 P4 #c#i#i71 & >E (T5 COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE :O >E 'NOT REALLY (' ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY 7,HEB]LE1 #a#i#i#e1 P4 #e#h74 ,! ROLE ( RITUAL 9 MOVEM5TS IS SOMETIMES DISCUSS$ 7,ISSA1 #b#g71 AS IS ! PRIMACY ( PRACTICE & ! PRACTICAL 7,GRAEB]1 #b#d1 PP4 #e-#g2 ,GORDON1 #b#g74 ,A NUMB] ( S*OL>S HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( AFFECT 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,JURIS1 #b#h2 ,SULLIVAN1 #b#d2 ,R\TL$GE & ,SIMONS1 #a#i#i#e2 ,PET]SON1 #b#a74 ,AFF9ITY IS ALSO CONSID]$ CONSI/5T ) NETWORK$ MODELS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 SU* AS ,DELEUZIAN !ORY 7,ANON41 #a#i#i#i7 & ACTOR-NETWORK !ORY 7,GIRAUD1 #b#a#e71 & PRAIS$ = ITS USEFULNESS 9 COORD9AT+ DIRECT ACTION 9 NON-HI]>*ICAL WAYS 7,DUPUIS-,D]I1 #b#a1 PP4 #d1 #e#d2 ,LEA*1 #b#a#c1 P4 #a#h#i74 ,L>S5 & ,JOHNSON 7#b#a#b1 P4 #f#c#b7 DEF9E AFF9ITY POLITICS AS 'CREAT+ NONCO]CIVE1 COOP]ATIVE1 & SPONTANE\S RELATION%IPS' ?R\< 'SITUAT$NESS'4 ,!Y SUGGE/ ?AT SU* POLITICS R5D]S DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS '9CREAS+LY R$UNDANT' 7#b#a#b1 P4 #f#c#d74 ,H[EV]1 !IR ,D]RIDEAN FRAMEWORK R5D]S !M SUSPICI\S AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( G5]AL SY/EMIC-LEVEL *ANGE4 ,DUPUIS-,D]I 7#b#a7 PROVIDES A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ! IDEA ( AFF9ITY GR\PS1 SUGGE/+ ?AT !Y >E BAS$ ON FRI5D%IP4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,LEA* 7#b#i7 >GUES ?AT ,G]MAN AUTONOM\S GR\PS HAVE AN UN/RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL & >E RESI/ANT TO 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( !IR PRACTICE OR IDEOLOGY4 ,9 L>GE MOBILIZATIONS1 DIFF]5T GR\PS TAKE ON DIFF]5T TASKS 9 AN 9=MAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ WAY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS LITTLE WORK ON ! NATURE ( ! SOCIAL TIE 9 ,A,S,MS4 ,EXI/+ ,A,S,M WORKS 7E4G4 ,*E/]S & ,WAL%1 #b#f2 ,CLEAV]1 #a#i#i#i2 ,KLE91 #b#b71 9CLUD+ ! AU?OR'S E>LI] WORK 7,K>ATZOGIANNI & ,ROB9SON1 #b#i71 >GUABLY OV]EMPHASIZE ! NETWORK NATURE ( RELATIONS AMONG NODES 9 ,A,S,MS1 & NEGLECT ! 9T]NAL DYNAMICS & =MATIVE CONDITIONS ( NODES !MSELVES4 ,:ILE NETWORK+ OR RHIZOMATICS IS CRUCIAL TO MOBILIZATIONS1 A NETWORK COMPOS$ ( ATOMIZ$1 PREC>I\S 9DIVIDUALS ULTIMATELY LACKS RESILI5CE1 & SUCCUMBS TO ! K9D ( PRESSURES :I* HAVE G5]AT$ ! CURR5T1 P]=MATIVELY NEOLIB]AL SOCIAL M$IA-SCAPE 7,C\LDRY1 #b#h1 PP4 #a#f-#a#g74 ,9 NETWORK-!ORETICAL T]MS 7,GRANOVETT]1 #a#i#g#c71 BOND+ TIES MAY ULTIMATELY BE MORE IMPORTANT ?AN BRIDG+ TIES 9 CREAT+ & SU/A9+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,:ILE PLACE-9DEP5D5T1 9/ANTANE\S COMMUNICATIONS PROVIDE REM>KABLE OPPORTUNITIES = ,A,S,MS1 !Y >E EFFECTIVE ONLY IF AUTONOM\S ACTORS EXI/ AT A LOCAL LEVEL :O >E ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( SU* NETWORKS4 ,9 E>LI] WORK1 ! AU?OR HAS DISCUSS$ ! BASIS ( AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ACTIVE DESIRE & NETWORKS 7,K>ATZOGIANNI & ,ROB9SON1 #b#i71 & 9 ! POLITICS ( ! EXCLUD$ 7,ROB9SON1 #b#a74 ,H[EV]1 ! AU?OR HAS NOT PREVI\SLY EXPLOR$ ! ORGANIZATION ( AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS AT ! MICROSOCIAL LEVEL1 & ?IS HAS LEFT E>LI] ANALYZES SOME:AT TOO AB/RACT4 ,ANO!R !ORETICAL LIT]ATURE !ORIZES ,A,S,MS 9 DIFF]5T T]MS1 BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( 'CON/ITU5T P[]' OR A FAMILY ( RELAT$ CONCEPTS4 ,!SE APPROA*ES !ORIZE AN UND]LY+ CREATIVE =CE :I* IS MORE BASIC ?AN SOCIAL CATEGORIES & CONFLICT1 :I* IS CONCEIV$ AS AUTOPOIETIC1 EXCESSIVE OV] REPRES5TATION1 SELF-UNFOLD+ & PROCESSUAL1 & G5]ATIVE ( NEWNESS1 NEW SITUATIONS1 & RESI/ANCE TO 5TR5*$ P[]4 ,NEGRI 7#a#i#i#i7 USES ! T]M 'CON/ITU5T P[]'1 & SIMIL> =MULATIONS APPE> 9 ,GRAEB] 7#b#g7 & ,VIRNO 7#b#d74 ,HOLL[AY 7#b#e7 T]MS IT 'P[]-)' 9 DI/9CTION TO 'P[]-OV]'1 ,GULLI 7#b#e7 T]MS IT 'LABOR'1 ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#i#g7 & ,W>D 7#a#i#g#c7 T]M IT ! 'SOCIAL PR9CIPLE' 7V]SUS ! 'POLITICAL PR9CIPLE' ( ! /ATE71 & ,CA/ORIADIS 7#a#i#i#h7 T]MS IT ! SOCIALLY 9/ITUT+ IMAG9>Y4 ,AGAMB5'S 7#a#i#i7 ':ATEV]-S+UL>ITY'1 LABOR OR SELF-ACTIVITY 9 ! E>LY ,M>X 7#a#h#d#d71 ,DELEUZE_/,NIETZS*E'S 'ACTIVE =CE' 7,DELEUZE1 #a#i#i7 & ,B]GSON'S 7#a#i#a#a7 ELAN VITAL ALSO HAVE FAMILY RESEMBLANCES TO !SE CONCEPTS4 ,9 EA* CASE1 CON/ITU5T P[] 7OR ! EQUIVAL5T =CE7 IS TREAT$ AS MORE-OR-LESS ONTOLOGICAL1 & H5CE1 EV]-PRES5T 9 HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,9 ,NEGRI1 = 9/ANCE1 CONSI/U5T P[] IS A 'COLLECTIVE SUBJECTIVITY' :I* 'WR5*ES FREE FROM ALL ! CONDITIONS & CONTRADICTIONS' TO :I* IT IS SUBJECT$ 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #c#b#d74 ,REPRESSIVE SOCIAL =CES1 CONS]VATISM & 9]TIA >E EXPLA9$ AS ALI5AT$ OR REACTIVE EXPRESSIONS OR 9T]NAL BLOCKAGES ( ?IS =CE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,NEGRI TREATS EXHAU/ION AS AN EFFECT ( MY/IFICATION 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #c#b#g74 ,:AT IS (T5 MISS+ 9 !SE ACC\NTS IS A DISCUSSION ( H[ ! CREATIVE =CE IS MANIFE/$ OR ACTUALIZ$ 9 PRACTICE1 & :Y ?IS =CE SOMETIMES REVOLUTIONIZES ! WORLD1 :]EAS AT O!R TIMES IT IS TRAPP$ 9 ALI5AT$ =MS OR 9]TIA4 ,A !ORY ( GR\P-=MATION1 ( ! CREATION ( SOCIAL CONTEXTS :I* ACTUALIZE CREATIVE =CE1 IS NECESS>Y TO !ORIZE H[ ?IS =CE CAN OP]ATE AT AN \T]-WORLDLY1 NOT SIMPLY AN ONTOLOGICAL1 LEVEL4 ,S\!RN ,A,S,MS >E ALSO (T5 BAS$ ON EXI/+ COMMUNITIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! TRADITIONAL AYLLU IS C5TRAL TO ,&EAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,CRABTREE1 #b#e2 ,ZIBE*I1 #b#a2 DE LA ,CAD5A1 #b#a#e2 ,BURMAN1 #b#a#d74 ,AS ,ZIBE*I >GUES1 ,BOLIVIAN ,A,S,MS >ISE FROM 'A D5SE NETWORK ( RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 RELATION%IPS ?AT >E ALSO =MS ( ORGANIZATION444 9 EV]YDAY LIFE444 BETWE5 FRI5DS1 BETWE5 COMRADES1 OR BETWE5 FAMILY'1 RELATIONS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! GESELLS*AFT =MS ( UNION1 P>TY & /ATE 7#b#a1 PP4 #a#c-#a#d74 ,AN >GUM5T IS SOMETIMES MADE = ! SUP]IORITY ( ,S\!RN AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS BAS$ ON !IR ROOTS 9 LOCAL TRADITIONS 7DE ,ACO/A1 #b#g2 ,MOTTA1 #b#a#b74 ,H[EV]1 ?IS POSITION IS ( LITTLE HELP 9 REBUILD+ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 CONTEXTS :]E SU* TRADITIONS >E SIMPLY ABS5T4 ,IF ,NOR!RN ACTIVI/S BEG9 AS ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O COALESCE 9 BUNDS1 & NOT FROM GEME9S*AFT-LIKE COMMUNITIES1 !N ?IS IS NOT A MISRECOGNITION BAS$ ON ,NOR!RN SUBJECTIVITY4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ATOMIZATION IS ! ACTUAL CONDITION ( LIFE 9 ,NOR!RN SOCIETIES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 RESPOND+ TO ID5TITY POLITICS 9 ! ,U,S 7:I* HE SEES AS REPRODUC+ DOM9ANT OPPRESSIVE CATEGORIES71 ,A,S,M ACTIVI/ ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS SUGGE/S ?AT1 9 HIS EXP]I5CE1 '.LL ! ID5TITIES ?AT SOCIETY TRI$ TO /IT* ME 9TO DON'T FIT'1 & HIS ANCE/ORS' COMPLICITY 9 CAPITALISM LEFT HIM ') AN 9H]ITANCE /RIPP$ ( ANY?+ ,I VALUE' 7#b#a1 P4 #g74 ,?IS CREATES ! SITUATION :]E COMMON /RUGGLE & ! EXP]I5CE ( ALI5ATION BECOME ! FOCAL PO9TS ( ACTIVISM 7#b#a1 P4 #f74 ,9 ADDITION1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ MOVEM5TS RISK REPRODUC+ OPPRESSIVE ASPECTS ( GEME9S*AFT SOCIETIES 7,LA*APELLE ET AL41 #b#d2 ,COLLOR$O-,MANSFELD1 #b#i74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,S\!RN ,A,S,MS ALSO DEVELOP BUND-LIKE SOCIAL =MS SU* AS AN EMPHASIS ON DEEPLY KN[+ ONE ANO!R 7,NEKA1 #b#c7 & ! IDEA ( *ANG+ SOCIAL RELATIONS 7,C,S & ,M,T,D,S1 #b#b74 ,A,S,MS SEEK TO TRANS=M & POLITICIZE COMMUNITIES1 & !RE=E1 >E >GUABLY CREAT+ BUND /RUCTURES ALONGSIDE1 OR HYBRIDIZ$ )1 GEME9S*AFT /RUCTURES4 ,!RE IS ALSO A BASIS = !ORIZ+ ,A,S,MS 9 ,DELEUZIAN !ORY4 ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( 9TR9SIC 9T5SITY )9 A PLANE ( CONSI/5CY1 9/EAD ( 9/RUM5TAL ACTION T[>DS AN 5D 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #b#b74 ,! ,DELEUZOGUATT>IAN CONCEPT ( ! W>-MA*9E 7#a#i#h#d1 PP4 #c#e#b-#g7 IS BAS$ ON ,CLA/RES' 7#a#i#i#d7 !ORY ( 9DIG5\S W>4 ,9 ?IS MODEL1 W>-MA*9ES >E TAK5 TO DET]RITORIALISE SOCIAL ASSEMBLAGES1 RELEASE FL[S ( BECOM+1 & =M PACKS & B&S 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #c#e#b74 ,IT IS ! =M TAK5 BY M>G9AL GR\PS 9 REVOLT 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #c#f#f74 ,?IS MODEL EMPHASIZES ! TRANS=MATIVE =CE ( W>-MA*9ES RA!R ?AN !IR 9T]NAL /RUCTURE1 ?\< ! ROLE ( AFFECT IS ALSO EMPHASIZ$ 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #d74 ,!Y !ORIZE A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! /ATE'S ANTIPRODUCTIVE CONTROL ME*ANISMS & ! NOMADISM ( PACKS & B&S 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #c#h#f74 ,A PACK IS AN UN/ABLE TYPE ( GR\P :I* LIMITS ITS NUMB]S1 AVOIDS HI]>*IES1 & IS DI/9CT FROM ! 'MASS' 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #c#c74 ,GUATT>I ALSO DEVELOPS A CONCEPT ( ! SUBJECT-GR\P :I* P>ALLELS AFF9ITY GR\PS TODAY4 ,:]EAS ! SUBJUGAT$ GR\P IS /RUCTUR$ 9 A SEGM5T>Y WAY & ?R\< GR\P FANTASIES1 ! SUBJECT-GR\P RELATES DIRECTLY TO ITS 5TIRE CONTEXT 7#a#i#h#d1 PP4 #f-#g74 ,LIKE A W>-MA*9E1 A SUBJECT-GR\P PRACTICES CONTEXTUALITY1 OP5NESS1 AUTONOMY & ! FLUIDIFICATION ( ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #b#i74 ,9/EAD ( A GR\P FANTASY1 A SUBJECT-GR\P HAS CONT+5T 'TRANSITIONAL OBJECTS' BAS$ ON ITS 9CLUSION 9 ACTION 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #d#b74 ,IT BECOMES 'SOME?+ AP>T FROM SOCIETY' 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #b#i7 & ?US CAPABLE ( TRANS=MATIVE UTT]ANCES 7#a#i#h#d1 P4 #a#i#d74 ,S>TRE'S 7#a#i#g#f7 CONCEPTION ( ! FUZ$ GR\P %\LD ALSO BE CONSID]$ 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,S>TRE =MULATES A TYPOLOGY ( FIVE 9T]P]SONAL >RANGEM5TS1 ( :I* TWO 7ORGANIZATION & S]IALITY7 CORRESPOND TO GESELLS*AFT & ANO!R 79/ITUTION7 TO GEME9S*AFT4 ,! REMA9+ =MS1 ! GR\P-9-FUSION & ! PL$G$ GR\P1 >GUABLY CORRESPOND TO DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( BUND 7! ACTION-GR\P & IDEOLOGICAL SECT RESPECTIVELY74 ,TO CONCLUDE ?IS LIT]ATURE REVIEW1 MO/ EXI/+ !ORIES REMA9 TRAPP$ 9 CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7& SOCIAL LIFE MORE BROADLY7 AS EI!R A GEME9S*AFT OR GESELLS*AFT4 ,! ?IRD ALT]NATIVE ( ! BUND REMA9S OCCLUD$1 & ,A,S,MS ?US REMA9 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,! LIT]ATURE DIRECTLY ON ,A,S,MS1 & ! CON/ITUTIVE P[] & ,DELEUZIAN LIT]ATURES1 PROVIDE P>TIAL EXCEPTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 !SE LIT]ATURES >E LIMIT$ 9 ?AT !Y EMPHASIZE ! NETWORK ASPECTS ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & ! UND]LY+ CREATIVE P[]1 BUT NEGLECT ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS :I* R5D] ! SOCIAL ACTUALIZATION ( CREATIVE P[] POSSIBLE4 ,?IS >TICLE SEEKS TO FILL ! GAP BY EXPLOR+ ! FUNCTION+ ( AFF9ITY GR\PS AS VIEW$ BY !ORI/S )9 ,A,S,MS4 ,BE=E CONSID]+ ! MODEL US$ 9 ! >TICLE1 A CAUTION IS NE$$ ON ME?ODOLOGY4 ,MANY CRITICS FROM DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES >GUE ?AT SPEAK+ 'OV]'1 OR FROM \TSIDE1 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS IS DOM9ATORY1 REPRODUC+ 'KN[L$GE-OV]' :I* TURNS 9TO 'P[]-OV]' 7E4G4 ,MIGNOLO1 #b1 PP4 #c-#d#h2 ,TIS*L]1 #b#h2 ,MOTTA1 #b#a#a2 ,COX1 #b#a#e2 DE ,S\ZA ,SANTOS1 #b#g2 ,DUSSEL1 #a#i#i#h74 ,?IS >TICLE 9/EAD SEEKS TO 5GAGE ) VOICES ( !ORETICAL PRODUCTION )9 ,A,S,MS1 TREAT+ !SE VOICES ON A P> ) ACADEMIC !ORIES SO AS TO CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSLAT+ ! PRACTICES ( ,A,S,MS 9TO ORGANIZATIONAL !ORY4 ,! AIM1 9 P>TICUL>1 IS TO MAKE VISIBLE ! EXP]I5CE ( AUTONOMY AS A MODE ( SOCIAL RELATIONALITY1 :I* IS OBSCUR$ 9 DOM9ANT ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS US$ 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5T !ORY4 ,! AU?OR IS 9VOLV$ 9 ,A,S,MS1 BUT DOES NOT CLAIM EPI/EMIC PRIVILEGE ON ?IS BASIS4 ,RA!R1 ! AIM ( ! >TICLE IS TO 5C\RAGE P>TICIPATORY CONSCI\SNESS 7,HE%USIUS1 #a#i#i#d7 9 ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( ,A,S,MS4 ,BUNDS1 ,B&S & ,AFF9ITY ,?IS >TICLE >GUES ?AT ,A,S,MS >E BAS$ ON ! BUND AS A SOCIAL =M4 ,?IS CONCEPT1 9V5T$ BY ,S*MAL5BA* 7#a#i#f#a71 HAS BE5 APPLI$ TO ,A,S,MS BY ,PET]SON 7#b#a74 ,IT WAS DESIGN$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! CLASSIC SOCIOLOGICAL PAIR+ ( GEME9S*AFT & GESELLS*AFT1 D]IV$ FROM ,TONNIES 7#a#i#e#e7 & /ILL OP]ATIVE TODAY ?R\< SIMIL> PAIR+S SU* AS ,JIHAD V]SUS ,MC,WORLD 7,B>B]1 #a#i#i#f71 LIB]ALISM V]SUS COMMUNIT>IANISM1 & 7CAPITALI/7 NET V]SUS 7ID5TIT>IAN7 SELF 7,CA/ELLS1 #a#i#i#f1 PP4 #c1 #b#b-#c2 #a#i#i#h1 P4 #c#h#c74 ,GESELLS*AFT IS EASILY UND]/OOD AS ! NORMAL =M ( CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,AS ! MO/ VISIBLE ALT]NATIVE1 GEME9S*AFT 9VOLVES 5DUR+ CONNECTIONS :I* >E 9VOLUNT>Y & ASCRIB$ 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #c#b74 ,H[EV]1 LIKE GESELLS*AFT1 GEME9S*AFT RELIES ON A NORMATIVE UND]P9N+4 ,NORMATIVITY 9VOLVES ! CREATION ( AN EXT]NAL CRIT]ION1 A NORM1 AGA9/ :I* 9DIVIDUAL 0BEHAVIOR0 IS ASSESS$4 ,IT IS A PRODUCT ( DISCIPL9>Y P[] 7,F\CAULT1 #a#i#g#g1 P4 #b#b#c7 :I* LEADS TO G5]AL SOCIAL 9AU!NTICITY1 TREAT+ PEOPLE AS DESITUAT$ SUBJECTS 7,MALDONADO-,TORRES1 #b#f1 P4 #a#a7 & G5]AT+ AN ABJECT$1 ABYSSAL UND]SIDE 7,AGAMB51 #a#i#i#h2 DE ,S\ZA ,SANTOS1 #b#g74 ,BO? GEME9S*AFT & GESELLS*AFT =MS ( BOND+ RELY ON R5UNCIATION AS A C5TRAL DYNAMIC - AS NORMATIVITY 9 ! =M] CASE1 & CONTRACTUAL SELF-LIMITATION 9 ! LATT]4 ,! BUND =M1 9 CONTRA/1 DOES NOT REQUIRE R5UNCIATION = ITS FUNCTION+1 BUT RA!R1 IS LIV$ AS AN EXPRESSION ( AUTONOM\S DESIRE4 ,S*MAL5BA* DEVELOP$ ! CONCEPT ( ! BUND AS A ?IRD ALT]NATIVE TO GEME9S*AFT & GESELLS*AFT AS MODELS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ?IS !ORY1 ! BUND 7OR SECT7 IS A =M ( 'PURE COMMUNION' 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #c74 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ASCRIPTIVE BONDS & NORMS ( GEME9S*AFT & ! =MAL >RANGEM5TS ( GESELLS*AFT1 ! BUND RELIES ON ! *>ISMA ( EC/ATIC1 9T5SE MOM5TS ( COLLECTIVE 5?USIASM & EMOTION 7#b#a1 P4 #c#a74 ,= ,S*MAL5BA* & ,PET]SON1 ?IS IS A DI/9CT =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! 9TIMATE EMOTIONAL BOND >IS+ FROM EXP]I5CES ( COMMUNION REPLACES ! HEGEMONIC_/DESPOTIC_/SOV]EIGN_/MA/]-SIGNIFI] AS ! S\RCE ( SOCIAL CONNECTIONS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO GEME9S*AFT1 A BUND OR 'COMMUNION' IS ELECTIVE1 & HAS NO NATURAL OR NATURALIZ$ BASIS 7#b#a1 PP4 #c#b-#c74 ,9 ,S*MAL5BA*'S T]MS1 A BUND 9VOLVES 'FUSION'1 RA!R ?AN CONTRACT 7GESELLS*AFT7 OR COALESC5CE 7GEME9S*AFT7 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #c#c74 ,MEMB]S POLITICALLY 'FUZE' 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #c#d7 9 MOM5TS ( 'COLLECTIVE EC/ASY' 7,GURVIT*1 #a#i#d#a74 ,?IS IS SIMIL> TO ! ,BAKHT9IAN IDEA ( ! C>NIVALESQUE AS JOYFUL IMM$IACY 7,ROB9SON & ,TORMEY1 #b#iA1 PP4 #a#d#d-#e71 & EXPLA9S :Y ,A,S,M UTOPIAS T5D TO BE IMM$IATE RA!R ?AN DEF]R$ 7,ROB9SON & ,TORMEY1 #b#iB74 ,COMMUNION 9VOLVES A '/ATE ( 9T5SE & COMPREH5SIVE SOLID>ITY' :I* DOES NOT NE$ ANY BASIS 9 COMMON DESC5T1 RESID5CE1 ORIG9 OR SEXUAL RELATIONS 7,%ILS1 #a#i#e#g1 PP4 #a#c#c-#d74 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* NATURALIZ$ BASES1 COMMUNION MU/ BE CON/ANTLY 5ACT$ & REASS]T$ 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #c#c74 ,9 CONTRA/ TO TRANSC5D5TAL =MS1 IT REQUIRES IMMAN5T1 IMM$IATE EXI/5CE 9 ORD] TO OP]ATE1 OR AT LEA/ P]IODIC REUNIONS 7#b#a1 P4 #e#h74 ,A BUND IS ELECTIVE1 EXCLUSIVE1 & (T5 REQUIRES A P>TICUL> EXP]I5CE AS A BASIS = 5TRY4 ,IT (T5 SEEKS TO SEV] CONNECTIONS ) MA9/REAM SOCIETY & PREF]S ISOLATION TO COMPROMISE 7,BECK]1 #a#i#d#f1 P4 #h#c74 ,MEAN+ >ISES DUR+ ! ACTION - NOT BE=E 7AS 9 RATIONAL ACTION7 OR AFT] 7AS 9 IRRATIONAL ACTION7 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #f#f74 ,?IS LOCATES ACTION 9 ! TIME ( KAIROS OR TRANS=MATIVE IMM$IACY 7C4F4 ,FIR? & ,ROB9SON1 #b#a#d2 ,NEGRI1 #b#d2 ,B5JAM91 #a#i#g#d74 ,PET]SON ALSO >GUES ?AT MILITANT RESI/ANCE GETS ITS =CE1 SUBV]SIV5ESS1 CREATIVITY & CR$IBILITY FROM ITS 'SUB-POLITICAL >TICULATION 9 EV]YDAY LIFE' 7#b#a1 P4 IX74 ,AUTONOM\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS >E NOT SIMPLY POLITICAL GR\PS1 BUT 'A WAY ( LIFE' 7#b#a1 P4 #e#b74 ,?IS CONTRA/S ) TRADITIONAL ACTIVISM1 :I* 5ACTS POLITICS \TSIDE EV]YDAY LIFE 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 VIII2 ,FLACKS1 #a#i#h#h74 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! CRITICISM ( ,A,S,MS = ALL[+ 9=MAL HI]>*Y IS OV]PLAY$1 & SU* GR\PS >E ACTUALLY MORE 9CLUSIVE ?AN HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS 7,DUPUIS-,D]I1 #b#a1 P4 #e2 ,LEA*1 #b#a#c1 P4 #a#h#i74 ,! P>TICUL> ,A,S,M =M ( COMMUNION IS ! POLITICAL !AT] ( COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,ACTION IS VALORIZ$1 & SE5 AS A S\RCE ( EMP[]M5T 7#b#a1 P4 #a74 ,ID5TITY-CON/RUCTION IS BAS$ ON ! 'EMOTIONAL /ATES' EM]G+ FROM CONFRONTATIONS & DIRECT ACTION4 ,ID5TITY IS P>ADOXICALLY BO? A CAUSE & EFFECT ( ACTION 7#b#a1 P4 XII74 ,SU* ACTION IS 'HOT' & PASSIONATE1 & V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ,C>TESIAN RATIONALISM 7#b#a1 P4 XIII74 ,?IS LEADS TO :AT ,HEA!R+TON T]MS 'EXPRESSIVE ID5TITIES' 7#a#i#i#h1 P4 #a#g71 DEVELOP+ DI/9CT LIFE/YLES & SYMBOLS :I* 9VOLVE EXPRESSIVE ME?ODS ( =M+ DIFF]5CE & RESI/ANCE 7#a#i#i#h1 P4 #c#g74 ,ACTIVI/ COMMUNITIES >E 'EMOTIONAL COMMUNITIES' AS MU* AS MORAL COMMUNITIES 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #b#d74 ,ACTION IS (T5 FOCUS$ ON RITUAL EV5TS OR MASS PROTE/ OR DIRECT ACTION 7#b#a1 P4 #b74 ,RITUALIZ$ CONFRONTATIONS ) POLICE OR RIVAL GR\PS CREATE A 'M5TALITY ( EMBATTLEM5T' & AN US-!M DIVISION 7#b#a1 PP4 #b#i1 #e#e74 ,ACTIONS 'SPEAK L\D] ?AN WORDS' BECAUSE ( !IR EMOTIONAL EFFECTS 7#b#a1 P4 #c#f74 ,ACTIONS & EV5TS >E !MSELVES *>ISMATIC1 & >E MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN *>ISMATIC LEAD]S 9 CREAT+ COLLECTIVE 5]GY4 ,SU* 5]GY IS (T5 EXP]I5CES AS 'AU!NTIC1 UNM$IAT$ P]SONAL RELATION%IPS' 7,HE!R+TON1 #a#i#i#h1 PP4 #i#c-#d74 ,PET]SON BELIEVES ?IS FEEL+ ( 'NECESS>Y =CE' IS ACTUALLY CON/RUCT$ ?R\< ! RITUAL ITSELF 7#b#a1 P4 #e#h74 ,LIKE O!R RITUALS1 !SE RITUALIZ$ ACTIONS LEAD TO A S5SE ( 'WE'1 ( SOLID>ITY 7#b#a1 P4 #e#c71 G5]AT+ AN 'EMOTIONALLY *>G$ S5SE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE' 7#b#a1 P4 #e#e74 ,9 ! 'MAGICAL MOM5T ( GR\P FUSION'1 PEOPLE FEEL '/R5G!N$ & EXP&$' & 'P>T ( SOME?+ L>G]' 7#b#a1 P4 #e#i71 >GUABLY )\T LOS+ !IR AUTONOMY4 ,= ,PET]SON1 ! ROLE ( RITUAL IS EV5 GREAT] 9 C\NT]CULTURAL GR\PS ?AN 9 MA9/REAM SOCIETY 7#b#a1 PP4 #e#c-#d1 #f74 ,FOLL[+ ,E%]ICK & ,WASS]/ROM 7#a#i#i71 ,PET]SON SUGGE/S ?IS P>TICUL> K9D ( RITUAL IS 'POLITICAL !AT]' 7RA!R ?AN RITUAL 9 ! CONS]VATIVE S5SE71 BECAUSE IT DEP>TS FROM TRADITIONAL SCRIPTS & *ALL5GES ! /ATUS QUO 7#a#i#i1 P4 #e#d74 ,9 A BUND1 RITUAL CAN CON/RUCT SOLID>ITY )\T COMMON BELIEFS OR NORMS 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #e#i74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT PRECLUDES ! NECESSITY = A HEGEMONIC MOM5T OR ( NORMATIVITY4 ,?IS EXPRESSES ITSELF DISCURSIVELY 9 IDEAS SU* AS NON-R5UNCIATION ( DESIRE & RADICAL OPPOSITION TO ! SOCIAL SY/EM1 (T5 CONCEIV$ AS SOME?+ EXT]NAL TO ! ACTOR1 FROM :I* !Y HAVE SEC$$ & ) :I* !Y >E 9 CONFLICT4 ,PET]SON1 FOLL[+ ,S*MAL5BA* & ,DURKHEIM1 SEES BUNDS AS EPHEM]AL4 ,!Y T5D TO H>D5 9TO GEME9S*AFT OR GESELLS*AFT =MS OV] TIME 7,PET]SON1 #b#a1 P4 #c#c7 & >E 'FLEET+' DUE TO ! 9T5SITY REQUIR$ 7,S*MAL5BA*1 #a#i#f#a1 PP4 #c#c#c-#d74 ,H[1 !N1 CAN !Y =M A BASIS = ALT]NATIVE SOCIALITY8 ,?IS >TICLE SUGGE/S ?AT ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON HUNT]-GA!R] B&S PROVIDES A CLE> S5SE ( ! POSSIBILITY ( SOME?+ SIMIL> TO ! BUND-=M P]SI/+ 9 TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,+OLD >GUES ?AT ! 'IMM$IACY1 P]SONAL AUTONOMY & %>+' ( B& LIFE >E 'UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! CONCEPT ( SOCIETY' 9 ITS DOM9ANT 7I4E4 GEME9S*AFT OR GESELLS*AFT7 DEF9ITIONS 7#b#d1 P4 #f#g74 ,B&S TYPICALLY HAVE NO =MAL AU?ORITY1 EXT5SIVE 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY 7,BIRD-,DAVID1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#h#f2 ,MY]S1 #a#i#h#f7 & WEAK OR NONEXI/5T GR\P B\ND>IES 7,BIRD-,DAVID1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#i#a2 ,LEE & ,DE,VORE1 #a#i#f#h1 P4 #h2 ,+OLD1 #b#d1 P4 #f2 ,TURNBULL1 #a#i#f#h74 ,P>TICIPATION DEP5DS ON 'VOLUNT>Y1 UN/ABLE & REV]SIBLE RELATION%IPS444 = ! LIMIT$ P]IOD DUR+ :I* . ACTIVELY P>TICIPATES FULLY 9 COMMON ACTIVITIES' 7,MEILLASS\X1 #a#i#h#a1 P4 #a#h74 ,RELATION%IPS EXI/ 9 A =M ( IMM$IACY :I* 'RESPONDS TO ! FL[ ( ! JO9T EXP]I5CE' 9 A COMMON SPACE & TIME 7,S*UTZ & ,LUCKMANN1 #a#i#g#c2 ,BIRD-,DAVID1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#i#h74 ,ILONGOT SOCIETY1 = 9/ANCE1 LACKS WORDS = LEAD]S & =MAL /RUCTURES1 ) LIFE BE+ 'CASUAL & 9=MAL' 7,ROSALDO1 #a#i#h1 P4 #a74 ,B&S DIFF] FROM ! GEME9S*AFT 9 !IR OP5 MEMB]%IP & LACK ( ASCRIPTIVE TIES4 ,H[EV]1 !Y DIFF] FROM ! GESELLS*AFT 9 9VOLV+ 9CLUSIVE 'WE-RELATION%IPS' BAS$ ON 'DEEP MUTUAL KN[L$GE' 7,+OLD1 #b#d1 P4 #f#d74 ,B&S >E NEI!R 9TIMATE & EXCLUSIVE NOR ANONYM\S & IMP]SONAL 7,BIRD-,DAVID1 #a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#i#a74 ,!Y CONSID] SOCIAL RELATIONS AS FUSION :I* DOES NOT OV]RIDE 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY & IS REV]SIBLE 7#a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#i#f-#g74 ,B&S 9VOLVE A P>TICUL> K9D ( 'WE RELATION%IPS' 9VOLV+ A '%>+ P]SPECTIVE' 7#a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#h#c7 & RELATION%IPS 'CULTURALLY EMPHASIZ+ A FL[ ( JO9T EXP]I5CE1 & KN[L$GE ( O!RS 9 !IR 0VIVID0 PRES5CE' 7#a#i#i#d1 P4 #e#i#i74 ,! FUNCTION :I* ELSE:]E IS P]=M$ BY ! US-!M B\ND>Y IS 9 B&S FOCUS$ ON ! SOCIAL CORE ( 5]GY2 PEOPLE 'ORGANIZE !IR SOCIAL LIVES ?R\< FOCUS+ ATT5TION RA!R ?AN REF]R+ IT TO A RIGID /RUCTURE' 7,WILSON1 #a#i#h#h1 P4 #e74 ,KN[L$GE-=MATION IS ALSO RECOGNIZ$ AS RELATIONAL1 OP]AT+ )\T ! MA/]-SIGNIFI] FUNCTION 7,SMI?1 #b#g1 P4 #h#a2 ,ROB9SON & ,TORMEY1 #b#iA1 PP4 #a#d#b-#c2 DE ,S\ZA ,SANTOS1 #b#g74 ,A C]TA9 TYPE ( LEAD]%IP IS POSSIBLE1 BAS$ ON P[]-) :I* IS GR\ND$ ON TRU/ & ! ABS5CE ( CO]CION 7,H5RIKIS51 #a#i#g#c2 ,CLA/RES1 #a#i#g#g2 ,+OLD1 #b#d1 PP4 #f#b1 #f#f74 ,REFLECT+ ?IS TRADITION1 ,CANADIAN ,9DIG5\S !ORI/ ,TAIAIAKE ,ALFR$ >GUES = AN 9DIG5\S APPROA* BAS$ ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY 7#b#i1 P4 #c#i71 LEAD]%IP ?R\< P]SUASION RA!R ?AN CO]CION 7#b#i1 PP4 #a#g1 #a#a#f7 & 'CREAT+ 5GAGEM5T'1 RA!R ?AN P[]-OV] 7#b#i1 P4 #g#d74 ,AFFECT MAY ALSO HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 MOTIVATION 9 ! ABS5CE ( 9/RUM5TALISM1 AS IS SUGGE/$ 9 ,ROSALDO'S 7#a#i#h7 EMPHASIS ON LIGET - AN ,ILONGOT CONCEPT D5OT+ PASSION1 ANG] OR 9T5SITY4 ,LIGET IS ! S\RCE ( ! 5]GY :I* MOTIVATES WORK 9 A SOCIETY )\T WORK-COMPULSION 7#a#i#h1 PP4 #b#g1 #d#d71 & RITUALS SUGGE/ '! REPRODUCTION ( AN UNCON/RA9$ & VITAL LIFE' 7,ROSALDO1 #a#i#h1 P4 #e#f74 ,OV]ALL1 !SE *>ACT]I/ICS >E SIMIL> TO ?OSE DISCUSS$ BY ,PET]SON & ,S*MAL5BA* 9 RELATION TO ! BUND4 ,SOCIAL LIFE 9 B&S IS 9TEGRAT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( CON/ITU5T P[] & AN EXP]I5CE ( IMM$IACY1 )\T HEGEMONIC FUNCTION+ & ) ONLY WEAK NORMATIVE ASPECTS4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT ! BUND OR B& CAN PROVIDE A G5]AL ALT]NATIVE TO DOM9ANT SOCIAL =MS4 ,SEV]AL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! BUND OR B& CAN BE SUMM>IZ$1 :I* CAN !N BE S\E SMALL-GR\P BAS$1 ) IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE AMONG MEMB]S REPLAC+ HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES4 ,H5CE1 !Y RELY ON 9TIMATE MUTUAL KN[L$GE4 ,!Y RELY ON 9T5SE EXP]I5CES ( COMMUNION1 9/EAD ( =MAL /RUCTURES OR HEGEMONIC MA/]-SIGNIFI]S1 = GR\P 9TEGRATION4 ,!Y >E ?US ACTION-GR\PS ) SOME K9D ( RITUAL OR !AT] AS !IR 9TEGRATIVE =CE4 ,!Y ALSO PRES]VE ! AUTONOMY ( MEMB]S1 :ILE ALSO PROVID+ SOME K9D ( COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CE4 ,! ,AUTONOM\S ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5T ,LIT]ATURE ON ,AFF9ITY ,GR\PS ,SO F>1 ! IDEAS ( BUND & B& HAVE BE5 RECON/RUCT$ FROM AN ACADEMIC P]SPECTIVE4 ,!IR RELATION%IP TO IMMAN5T CONCEPTIONS )9 ,A,S,MS REMA9S 9 D\BT4 ,H[EV]1 ,A,S,MS HAVE A RI* VE9 ( IMMAN5T SOCIAL !ORY CON/RUCT$ )9 ! MOVEM5T BY ITS P>TICIPANTS4 ,WE CAN TREAT !SE !ORIES AS A K9D ( IMMAN5T ORGANIC IDEOLOGY G5]AT$ BY PEOPLE :O HAVE !MSELVES P>TICIPAT$ 9 AFF9ITY AS A =M ( LIFE4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE SUGGE/S ?AT SU* MOVEM5TS DO1 9DE$1 USE SOME?+ LIKE ! BUND_/B& MODEL1 & ?AT IT IS ! MEANS BY :I* !Y ACTUALIZE CON/ITU5T P[] & ! BASE UNIT ( RHIZOMATIC NETWORKS4 ,! IMMAN5T APPE>ANCE ( SU* AN ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL1 SOMETIMES 9 A HI$ 9 PRACTICE 9 ,A,S,MS1 & HAS HAD A LA/+ IMPACT ON P>TICIPANTS4 ,! TEXTS REVIEW$ 9CLUDE MO/ ( ?OSE HO/$ ON ! ,AN>*I/ ,LIBR>Y WEBSITE :I* M5TION AFF9ITY GR\PS1 AS WELL AS O!R TEXTS FAMILI> TO ! AU?OR4 ,IMMAN5T ,A,S,M !ORI/S (T5 ORI5T T[>DS AN EXPRESSIVE VIEW ( CON/ITU5T P[]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,F]AL ,FAUN WRITES3 ',I WANT TO KN[ ! FREE-SPIRIT$ WILDNESS ( MY UNREPRESS$ DESIRES REALIZ+ !MSELVES 9 FE/IVE PLAY' 7,FAUN1 #a#i#h#h74 ,?IS IS AN 5]GY ,FAUN REMEMB]S FROM *ILDHOOD1 :I* 9VOLVES 9T5SE EMOTION1 FE/IVE LIV+ & 'VITAL 5]GY' 7#a#i#h#h1 P4 #a#b74 ,BONANNO SIMIL>LY WRITES ( A 'VITAL IMPULSE' & EXCITEM5T 9 PLAY1 :I* IS CREATIVE ( NEW VALUES 7#a#i#g#g1 PP4 #a#e-#a#f71 & ,BEY EMPHASIZES ! IMPORTANCE ( PEAK EXP]I5CE1 :I* IS 'VALUE-TRANS=MATIVE ON ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL' & TRANS=MS EV]YDAY LIFE 7,BEY1 N4D4A74 ,9SURRECTION>Y AN>*I/ ,ALFR$O ,BONANNO PROVIDES A CLASSIC & 9FLU5TIAL !ORY ( AFF9ITY GR\PS :I* L>GELY REPRODUCES BUND FEATURES4 ,9 ,BONANNO'S !ORY1 ! MOM5T ( REBELLION IS TAK5 TO BE FIR/ ( ALL 9T]NAL1 A REBELLION '( A P]SONAL NATURE' 9 :I* ONE REJECTS ! EXI/+ SY/EM BAS$ ON AN 9N] 'IDEA-=CE'4 ,AFF9ITY 5TAILS ! GR\P+ ( PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 ?R\< SU* AN 9N] RUPTURE 7#a#i#i#f1 P4 #a#a74 ,PEOPLE FEEL AN 9N] AUTONOM\S SPACE 9 :I* 'WE CAN MOVE AB\T AS WE PLEASE'1 & PROJECT ?IS SPACE ONTO SOCIAL REALITY1 :I* IS CONTROLL$ BY ! SY/EM 7#a#i#i#f1 P4 #a#b74 ,ACTIONS >E IMPORTANT AS AN 'EXPRESSIVE MOM5T' ( ONE'S LIFE 7,BONANNO1 #a#i#i#f1 P4 #b74 ,ACTION 'PROJECTS ITSELF 9TO ! FUTURE' 7#a#i#i#f1 P4 #i7 9 A MANN] T]M$ PROPULSIVE 7N4D474 ,H5CE1 ,BONANNO DOES NOT SEE ACTION AS CON/ITUTIVE ( ! ACTION-GR\P1 BUT RA!R1 AS ITS EFFECT4 ,H[EV]1 ACTION PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT CRIT]ION 9 PRACTICE4 ,! WAY ONE TELLS A TRUE RADICAL FROM A RECUP]AT$ PSEUDO-RADICAL IS ?AT ! PSEUDO-RADICAL'S LIFE IS QUANTITATIVE & NOT QUALITATIVE ACTION 7#a#i#i#f1 P4 #b74 ,H5CE1 ! FACT ( ACTION1 OR AT LEA/ ( EXPRESSIVE LIV+1 IS ! DECISIVE CRIT]ION ( ! 'WE' = ,BONANNO4 ,ANO!R 9SURRECTION>Y PIECE1 ',9DIVIDUAL ,PROJECTUALITY & ,AFF9ITY'1 SIMIL>LY >GUES ?AT AFF9ITY GR\PS >ISE FROM '9DIVIDUAL PROJECTUALITY'4 ,PEOPLE JO9 ) O!RS TO 'C>RY ON A SPECIFIC COMMON PROJECT' 7,ANON41 #b#i1 P4 #c74 ,ONLY :5 PEOPLE KN[ :AT !Y WANT FROM !IR LIVES CAN !Y DISCOV] PO9TS ( AFF9ITY ) O!RS 7#b#i1 P4 #c74 ,TO REALIZE SU* EXPRESSIVE ACTION1 ,BONANNO ?US CALLS = 'SMALL GR\PS BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( AFF9ITY'1 GR\PS :I* CAN EV5 BE 'T9Y' IF NECESS>Y1 BUT :I* ACTUALIZE 'KN[L$GE ( ! O!R' 7#a#i#i#f1 P4 #a71 A '/R5G? ( MUTUAL P]SONAL KN[L$GE' 7#a#i#i#h1 P4 #a#a71 OR 'RECIPROCAL KN[L$GE' 7#a#i#i#c1 P4 #a#b74 ,SU* KN[L$GE ( ! O!R IS ,BONANNO'S WORK+ DEF9ITION ( AFF9ITY3 ',AFF9ITY IS ACQUIR$ BY HAV+ WORK+ KN[L$GE ( EA* O!R' 7#a#i#i#i1 PP4 #e-#f74 ,AFF9ITY IS NEV] P]FECT1 AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO MI/AK5LY BELIEVE ONE HAS AFF9ITY4 ,IT REQUIRES ?AT ONE 'REVEAL' ONESELF TO ! O!R P]SON1 DISP5S+ ) ! 'AFFECTATIONS' ( SIMULAT$ SOCIALITY4 ,?IS IS :Y ACTION IS MORE APPROPRIATE ?AN PHATIC SOCIALITY 9 DISCOV]+ AFF9ITY 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #f74 ,BONANNO EMPHASIZES ?AT 'AFF9ITY %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ 9 S5TIM5T'1 & CAN >ISE EV5 AMONG PEOPLE :O DO NOT LIKE ONE ANO!R1 OR BE ABS5T AMONG ?OSE :O DO4 ,H[EV]1 !RE MU/ BE SOME K9D ( CONNECTION BETWE5 AFFECT & POLITICAL MOTIVATION 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #a#b74 ,! PROCESS IS SE5 9 T]MS ( F9D+ EA* O!R 7AS FELL[ REBELS71 DEVELOP+ ANALYSIS1 & !N ACT+ TOGE!R 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #a#b74 ,A RELAT$ BUT ANONYM\S TEXT >GUES ?AT AFF9ITY IS NOT SYMPA?Y OR S5TIM5T1 BUT KN[L$GE ( ! O!R 7,ANON41 #b#i1 P4 #a74 ,SU* KN[L$GE IS A COMMON EFFECT ( ! GR\P PROCESS1 BUT NOT ITS 'PRIMAL AIM'4 ,! AIM1 RA!R1 IS ACTION1 BAS$ ON '! QUALITATIVE /R5G? ( A NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS WORK+ TOGE!R 9 A PROJECTUALITY ?AT !Y DEVELOP TOGE!R AS !Y GO ALONG' 7#b#i1 P4 #b2 C4F4 ,ANON41 #b#a74 ,!SE GR\PS DEVELOP 'MEANS ( 9T]V5TION 9 COMMON'1 &1 :ILE IT IS HELD TOGE!R BY AFF9ITY1 ! GR\P'S 'PROPULSIVE ASPECT IS ACTION' 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #a#c74 ,!Y AIM = A /ATE ( 'BE+ AW>E ( EA* O!R & FEEL+ AT ONE ) EA* O!R1 %>+ ! T5SION T[>DS ACTION & ! DESIRE TO TRANS=M ! WORLD'1 ACT+ '=W>D TOGE!R 9TO A FUTURE 9 :I* WE BUILD \R COMMON PROJECT' 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #f74 ,!Y >E 'CAPABLE ( C>RY+ \T SPECIFIC COORD9AT$ ACTIONS AGA9/ ! 5EMY' 7#a#i#i#h1 P4 #a#a74 ,ACTION IS IMPORTANT SO AS TO WEAK5 ! BONDS TO MA9/REAM SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ 9T]NAL BONDS SU* AS MORALITY & OB$I5CE 7#a#i#i#i1 P4 #e74 ,9/EAD ( AIM+ = GR[?1 SU* GR\PS LIMIT !MSELVES TO 'BECOM+ A PO9T ( REF]5CE' = 9T]E/$ PEOPLE TO EX*ANGE 'AFF9ITY1 FRI5D%IP1 AFFECTION' 7#a#i#i#c1 P4 #a#b74 ,!SE >E DESIRABLE1 NOT TO WID5 ONE'S FRI5D%IP CIRCLE1 BUT TO POOL EXP]I5CES SO AS TO EXP& 'POSSIBILITIES ( /RUGGLE' & ACTION 7#a#i#i#c1 P4 #a#b74 ,! EXP]I5CE TO REBELLION G5]ATES AN ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT REBELS (T5 SUCCUMB TO ! 'NE$S ( ! MOM5T' UNLESS EQUIPP$ ) A 'PROJECT' :I* UNITES HE>T & HEAD 7#a#i#i#i1 PP4 #c-#d74 ,! WORD 'PROJECT' H]E C>RIES ! IDEA ( A PROPULSIVE OR PROJECTILE =CE1 D]IV$ FROM ! PH5OM5OLOGICAL USE ( ! T]M4 ,BONANNO SOMETIMES DI/+UI%ES SU* GR\PS FROM ORGANIZATIONS ( SYN!SIS1 :I* T5D TO SYN!SIZE /RUGGLES1 USE HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS1 & ULTIMATELY BECOME FIXAT$ ON !IR [N ORGANIZATIONAL SURVIVAL 7#a#i#i#i1 PP4 #a#c-#a#d74 ,?IS IMPLICITLY EMPHASIZES ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 BUND & GESELLS*AFT4 ,9 ,BONANNO'S DEF9ITION1 AFF9ITY GR\PS HAVE ! TW9 *>ACT]I/ICS AS BE+ ACTION GR\PS 7SIMIL> TO ,PET]SON'S ACTION SECTS7 & GR\PS BAS$ ON 9TIMATE MUTUAL KN[L$GE 7SIMIL> TO ,+OLD'S B&S74 ,! IMM$IATI/ AN>*I/ ,HAKIM ,BEY 7AKA ,PET] ,LAMBORN ,WILSON7 SIMIL>LY >TICULATES !MES RESONANT ) ! BUND_/B& APPROA*4 ,= ,BEY1 *AOS IS ! BASIC ONTOLOGICAL /ATE ( EXI/5CE1 & ORD] IS AN ALI5AT+ ILLUSION 7#a#i#i#dA1 P4 #b#c74 ,! ONTOLOGICAL PRIMACY ( *AOS UND]CUTS HEGEMONIC SY/EMS 7,GRE]1 #b#a#c1 P4 #a#g#f74 ,9 ! FIELD ( *AOS1 ?+S >E HELD TOGE!R BY ATTRACTION OR AFF9ITY 7,BEY1 #b#h1 P4 #a#e74 ,?IS IS ! ONLY VIABLE =M ( GOV]NM5T1 & 9VOLVES A /ATE ( ABUNDANCE 7#a#i#i#dB1 PP4 #b-#c74 ,HEGEMONY IS ?US ONTOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE1 & ,BEY PROPOSES 9T5SITY SIMIL> TO COMMUNION AS AN ALT]NATIVE BASIS = MEAN+4 ,PEAK EXP]I5CES - ,BEY'S EQUIVAL5T ( MY/ICAL COMMUNION - >E C5TRAL TO VALUE-=MATION & ! POSSIBILITY ( ADOPT+ ONTOLOGICAL AN>*ISM 7,BEY1 N4D4A2 ,WILSON1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #c#a74 ,SU* EXP]I5CES ALL[ = ACCESS TO ! IMAG9AL REALM1 OR ! UNCONSCI\S 7,BEY1 #a#i#i#dA1 P4 #a#a#a2 ,WILSON1 #a#i#i#i1 P4 #b#b74 ,BEY >GUES = ! POSSIBILITY ( CREAT+ VALUES FROM DESIRES1 BY MEANS ( ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! FOCAL PO9T CAN ONLY BE EXP]I5C$ 9 IMM$IACY1 & NOT REPRES5T$ 7,BEY1 #a#i#i#e1 P4 #c#b2 #a#i#i#dA1 P4 #a#c#c74 ,?IS LEADS TO PROPOSALS = ORGANIZATIONAL =MS DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY4 ,BEY'S BE/-KN[N ORGANIZATIONAL PROPOSAL IS ! ,TEMPOR>Y ,AUTONOM\S ,ZONE 7,T,A,Z74 ,A ,T,A,Z IS A %ORT-LIV$ AUTONOM\S SPACE 9 :I* PEAK EXP]I5CE & ALT]$ CONSCI\SNESS >E REALIZ$4 ,HE MA9TA9S ?AT ! ,T,A,Z IS SELF-EXPLANATORY TO ?OSE :O HAVE EXP]I5C$ IT 7,SELL>S1 #b#a1 P4 #a#c74 ,IT IS EXP]I5C$ AS 9T5SITY & ABUNDANCE 7#a#i#i#dA1 P4 #a#a#b74 ,9 WORKS WRITT5 AFT] ,T,A,Z1 ,BEY MULTIPLIES ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS HE WROTE ( ',P]MAN5T ,T,A,Z'S' 7#a#i#i#cA74 ,MORE (T51 H[EV]1 HE FOCUS$ ON SMALL-SCALE1 IMM$IATE1 & (T5 CL&E/9E GR\PS SU* AS ! 'BEE' 7#a#i#i#cB7 & ! 'TONG' 7N4D4B74 ,TONGS >E MUTUAL AID GR\PS = M>G9AL OR ILLICIT GOALS 7#a#i#i#dB1 P4 #c74 ,A MOD]N TONG W\LD BE A NUCLEUS ( 'SELF-*OS5 ALLIES' :O SEEK TO RECLAIM SPACE & TIME = PLAY OR 9T5SITY1 =M+ ! BASIS = A NEW SOCIETY 7#a#i#i#dB1 P4 #a#g74 ,BEY ASSOCIATES SU* APPROA*ES ) ! B& OR GANG 7#a#i#i#dA1 PP4 #b#b1 #a#d74 ,9 ANO!R WORK1 ,BEY >RANGES IMM$IATI/ GR\PS BY SIZE & P]MAN5CE3 GA!R+S1 POTLAT*ES1 BEES1 TONGS1 ,T,A,ZES1 & 9SURRECTIONS4 ,( !SE1 ONLY ?OSE UP TO ! TONG CAN BE PR$ET]M9$ 7N4D4A74 ,!SE GR\PS DO NOT HAVE A COMMON MORAL CODE1 BUT RA!R1 A 'MATRIX ( FRI5D%IP' 7#a#i#i#dB1 P4 #a#i74 ,! ACT ( SIMPLY COM+ TOGE!R \TSIDE ( SY/EM-PROVID$ CATEGORIES IS ALREADY A MAJOR VICTORY1 PROVID+ 'VIRTUALLY EV]Y?+ ,IMM$IATISM YE>NS =' 7#a#i#i#dB1 P4 #b#a74 ,PEOPLE %\LD SEEK TO CULTIVATE FRE$OM1 LOVE1 JU/ICE & 9SIE ALI5AT$ OR MISGUID$ =MS ( ?IS BASIC LEVEL ( VALUE-=MATION4 ,! ASPECTS ( 9T5SE EXP]I5CE1 PROJECTUAL SMALL-GR\P =MATION1 IMM$IACY & AUTONOMY >E /RONGLY RESONANT ) ! CONCEPTS ( BUND & B&4 ,SIMIL>LY ,WOLFI ,L&/REI*] >GUES ?AT AUTONOM\S SELF-ORGANIZATION OCCURS :5EV] PEOPLE >E 'ANG]$ BY !IR CONDITIONS' & 'DECIDE TO ACT = !MSELVES' 7N4D41 P4 #c74 ,! TW9 ELEM5TS ( AFFECT & ACTION >E ?US FUNDAM5TAL4 ,LIKE ,BONANNO1 HE SEES ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O IS ALREADY ANG]$1 AS ! BASIC UNIT ( ORGANIZATION 7N4D41 P4 #c74 ,PEOPLE F9D ?AT !Y NE$ O!RS AS 'MEANS NECESS>Y' = !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SY/EM1 LEAD+ TO A COLLECTIVE PRACTICE 7N4D41 P4 #d74 ,= ,L&/REI*]1 ?IS R$ISCOV]Y ( 9DIVIDUALITY - 9CLUD+ DI/9CT 'DESIRES1 NE$S & DREAMS :I* HAVE NO RELATION TO :AT CAPITAL HAS TO (F]'1 :I* >E BE/ MET 9 MUTUAL AFF9AL RELATIONS - IS ! SAME AS ! SELF-ABOLITION ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS 7N4D41 P4 #d74 ,! RESULTANT GR\PS >E BAS$ ON '! DEVELOPM5T ( RELATION%IPS ( MUTUALITY' 9 RELATION TO PEOPLE'S /RUGGLES1 DREAMS & DESIRES1 & NOT ON 'CON=M+ 9DIVIDUALS TO AN ORGANIZATION IMPOS$ ON !M' 7N4D41 P4 #d74 ,SU* GR\PS REJECT ALL REPRES5TATION 7N4D41 P4 #c74 ,?IS ONCE MORE REPEATS ! KEY *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! BUND4 ,FIR/LY1 GR\PS DO NOT RE/RICT DESIRES1 BUT RA!R1 >E =M$ TO PURSUE !M4 ,SECONDLY1 !IR BASIS IS ACTION & AFF9ITY1 NOT NORMATIVITY4 ,?IRDLY1 ! PROCESS ( DESIRE-=MATION ( SUBJECTS 9 SU* GR\PS IS BOTTOM-UP & DIFFUSE1 & NOT G5]AT$ EI!R BY ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY OR BY ! GR\P ITSELF4 ,SIMIL> ELEM5TS APPE> 9 ,CA?Y ,LEV9E'S FEM9I/ RESPONSE TO ,JO ,FREEMAN'S ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS 7,FREEMAN1 #a#i#g2 ,LEV9E1 #a#i#g#i74 ,LEV9E >GUES ?AT L>GE ORGANIZATIONS TURN MEMB]S 9TO COGS 9 ! :EEL1 TURN+ SIZE 9TO AN OB/ACLE TO P>TICIPATION4 ,9 CONTRA/1 SMALL GR\PS 'MULTIPLY ! /R5G? ( EA* MEMB]' 7#a#i#g#i1 P4 #d74 ,SMALL GR\PS >E A REACTION AGA9/ A LACK ( CONTROL 9 L>GE ORGANIZATIONS1 & H5CE >E 'A SOLUTION' TO ! PROBLEM ( BUILD+ A CULTURE CONSI/5T ) A NEW SOCIETY 7#a#i#g#i1 P4 #g74 ,PEOPLE1 & POLITICAL GR\PS1 >E P>ALYZ$ BY 'FEEL+S ( P]SONAL %ITT9ESS' :I* WILL P>ALYZE SOCIAL /RUGGLE IF !Y >E NOT F\TICLE1 ,LEV9E USES A L>GELY ,REI*EAN APPROA* TO DESIRE1 VIEW+ REPRESSION AS A S\RCE ( NEUROSES :I* 9 TURN IMP$E RADICAL ACTION & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,%E RECOGNIZES ?AT DIFF]5CES 9 P]SONAL /YLE1 SOMETIMES %AP$ BY SOCIAL POSITIONALITIES1 MAKE SOME PEOPLE MORE ASS]TIVE & O!RS MORE DEF]5TIAL1 DEP5D5T1 OR PASSIVE4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE L>GE ORGANIZATIONS TURN !SE /YLI/IC DIFF]5CES 9 P[]-DIFF]5TIALS OR IGNORE OR ANNIHILATE !M1 SMALL GR\PS CAN APPRECIATE & UTILIZE !M AS P>TICUL> P[]S ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL 7#a#i#g#i1 P4 #g74 ,! IDEA ?AT GR\PS BAS$ ON P]SONAL 9TIMACY CAN ALSO BE RELATIVELY NON-NORMATIVE IS A NOTABLE CONT9UITY BETWE5 ,LEV9E'S TEXT & ! IDEA ( ! BUND_/B&4 ,:ILE %E DOES NOT EXPLORE ! ACTION & 9T5SITY ASPECTS ( ! PH5OM5ON1 %E CLE>LY C\NT]POSES SMALL GR\PS TO GESELLS*AFT-TYPE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ANO!R E>LY TEXT1 FROM A DIFF]5T MILIEU1 IS ! ,R$ ,SUN%9E ,GANG PAMPHLET ,ANTI-,MASS1 :I* %[S CLE> ,SITUATIONI/ & ,MAOI/ 9FLU5CES4 ,9 ?IS PAMPHLET1 'MASS' IS DEF9$ AS A '=M ( ORGANIZATION' DOM9ANT 9 TODAY'S 'MASS SOCIETY'1 :I* ALSO AFFECTS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,R,S,G1 #a#i#g1 P4 #c74 ,?IS MODE ( ORGANIZATION R5D]S PEOPLE SPECTATORS ( !IR [N LIVES 7#a#i#g1 P4 #f71 & OPPRESSES PEOPLE BY SUPPRESS+ DIFF]5CES1 9CLUD+ CLASS1 RACE1 & SEX DIFF]5CES4 ,IT IS A 'NIE ( COMPROMISE & SUPPRESS$ DESIRES' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #g74 ,IT IS CONTRA/$ ) 'CLASS'1 :I* 9 ?IS IDIOSYNCRATIC USAGE1 REF]S TO 'A CONSCI\SLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL =CE' BAS$ ON 'ACTIVE 7SUBJECTIVE7 P>TICIPATION' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #c74 ,PEOPLE MAKE ! REVOLUTION BY 'ACTUALLY *ANG+ SOCIAL RELATIONS' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #d71 PRESUMABLY FROM MASS TO CLASS4 ,AN ASPIRATION IS EXPRESS$ = QUALITATIVE1 SELF-DET]M9$ SUBJECTIVITY1 9 CONTRA/ TO CONDITION$1 BEHAVIORI/ REACTIONS 7#a#i#g1 PP4 #g-#h74 ,9 ?IS LANGUAGE1 'MASS' IS R\E PROPOS$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO MASSIFICATION4 ,! 'SMALL GR\P' IS A NECESS>Y MEANS TO 'BREAK \T ( ! MASS'1 DRIV5 BY A FELT 'NE$ = COLLECTIVITY'4 ,BY ITSELF1 SU* A GR\P IS DRAGG$ ALONG BY WID] POLITICAL =CES4 ,IT BECOMES A 'COLLECTIVE'1 ) AN '9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE'1 :5 ITS MEMB]S 'AGREE ON ! ME?OD ( /RUGGLE' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #c74 ,A COLLECTIVE IS A SUBJECT RA!R ?AN AN OBJECT ( HI/ORY4 ,IT %\LD BE NON-HI]>*ICAL & SELF-ORGANIZ$1 AS SIMPLE AS POSSIBLE1 & L[ ON ADM9I/RATION4 IT %\LD ALSO BE NO L>G] ?AN A B&1 & AIM TO REPRODUCE ITSELF 9 NEW AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVES1 NOT TO RECRUIT & GR[ 7#a#i#g1 P4 #d74 ,A COLLECTIVE %\LD NOT COMMUNICATE ) ! MASS1 BUT ) O!R COLLECTIVES & 9DIVIDUALS1 REMA9+ ISOLAT$ IF NECESS>Y 7#a#i#g1 P4 #e74 ,IT IS '\T ( ! MA9/REAM &444 FEELS NO REGRET' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #f74 ,IT FOCUSES ON LOCAL ACTION1 BUT )\T 'BECOM+ PROV9CIAL' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #g74 ,ITS /R5G? IS BAS$ ON 'RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE'1 NOT ON 'NUMB]S' 7#a#i#g1 P4 #e74 ,SMALL SIZE ALL[S DIRECT COMMUNICATION1 LIMITS ! P[] ( ANY LEAD] :O EM]GES1 & LEADS TO A MULTITUDE ( GR\PS :I* IS H>D] TO DE/ROY ?AN A L>GE ORGANIZATION 7#a#i#g1 P4 #e74 ,! COLLECTIVE IS ! 'NUCLEUS ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY'1 & A MEANS TO SEP>ATE - LIBID9ALLY AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY - FROM ALI5AT$ & COLLAPS+ 9/ITUTIONS 7#a#i#g1 P4 #d74 ,H5CE1 ! SOCIALLY TRANS=MATIVE ROLE ( ! SMALL GR\P IS CLE>LY !ORIZ$ H]E1 AS IS ITS QUALITATIVE BASIS4 ,AGA91 P]SONAL 9TIMACY & ACTION PROVIDE /RONG BOND+ ELEM5TS4 ,9 ! FAM\S ,FR5* AUTONOMI/_/AN>*I/ WORK ,! ,COM+ ,9SURRECTION1 SIMIL> P]SPECTIVES EM]GE4 ,! ,9VISIBLE ,COMMITTEE DISCUSS ! CORE PROJECT ( AFF9ITY GR\PS 9 T]MS ( A ,BADI\SIAN !ORY ( TRU?4 ',!RE'S A TRU? UND]LY+ EV]Y GE/URE1 EV]Y PRACTICE1 EV]Y RELATION%IP1 EV]Y SITUATION4 ,\R HABIT IS TO ELUDE IT1 TO MANAGE IT' 7,I,C1 #b#h1 P4 #d#a74 ,AFF9ITIES >E EFFECTS ( TRU?S4 ',WE HAVE COME UP ) A NEUTRAL IDEA ( FRI5D%IP1 AS PURE AFFECTION )\T CONSEQU5CE4 ,BUT ALL AFF9ITIES >E AFF9ITIES )9 A COMMON TRU?' 7#b#h1 P4 #d#a74 ,9 E/ABLI%+ AFF9ITY1 EV]YDAY NON-SUBMISSION IS CRUCIAL TO %[ TRUE AFF9ITY 7#b#h1 P4 #d#b74 ,! 'COMMUNE'1 OR AFF9ITY GR\P1 IS C\NT]POS$ TO ! 'MILIEU'1 ) 9=MAL HI]>*IES1 GOSSIP & SO ON 7#b#h1 P4 #d#b74 ,LIKE ORGANIZATIONS = O!R AU?ORS1 MILIEUS = ! ,I,C >E 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y' BECAUSE !Y EXI/ ONLY = !IR [N PRES]VATION 7#b#h1 P4 #d#c74 ,A MILIEU IS R\E 'NOT DEF9$ BY ! P]SONS ?AT MAKE !M UP1 BUT BY ! SPIRIT ?AT ANIMATES !M' 7#b#h1 P4 #d#c74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 SOCIAL 9TEGRATION 9 A COMMUNE IS AN EFFECT ( COMMUNION1 & NOT ( NORMATIVE HI]>*IES4 ,FLUIDITY AMONG COMMUNES IS IMPORTANT TO PREV5T !IR H>D5+ 9TO MILIEUS 7#b#h1 P4 #d#g74 ,COMMUNES =M ! BASIS ( A NEW SOCIETY1 REPLAC+ ! V>I\S SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS S*OOLS & UNIONS 7#b#h1 P4 #d#c74 ,COMMUNES :I* EXP& & SPREAD CAN OV]TAKE ! P[] ( ! SY/EM 7#b#h1 P4 #d#g74 ,ON A /RATEGIC LEVEL1 !Y ALSO PROVIDE POSSIBILITIES = MUTUAL AID & 'MORAL SURVIVAL'1 PROVID+ A BASIS TO BREAK ) DEP5D5CY ON ! SY/EM & PIT ONE'S /R5G? AGA9/ IT 7#b#h1 P4 #d#c74 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT 'ESCAPES WORK' 7#b#h1 P4 #d#d71 AVOID+ CONTRACTUAL AS MU* AS NORMATIVE BASES = COMMONALITY4 ,! ,CURI\S ,GEORGE ,BRIGADE PROVIDE SIMIL> REFLECTIONS ON MOVEM5TS 9 ! E>LY #bS4 ,!Y >GUE ?AT ORGANIZATIONAL APPROA*ES LEAD TO GR\PS :I* 'L>GELY EXI/ TO PROPAGATE !MSELVES &1 SADLY1 DO LITTLE ELSE' 7,C,G,B1 #b#bA1 P4 #c74 ,!IR MEET+S & PROC$URES >E A 'GRE$Y MAW' :I* CONSUMES ACTIVI/S' TIME & 5]GY1 :I* C\LD 9/EAD BE DEVOT$ TO ACTION 7#b#bA1 P4 #c74 ,!IR IMPLICIT DEF9ITION ( AFF9ITY DEP5DS ON DO+ ?+S BAS$ ON ATTRACTION3 'PEOPLE %\LD 5GAGE 9 ACTIVITIES BAS$ ON !IR AFF9ITIES'1 :I* >E 'MEAN+FUL1 PRODUCTIVE & 5JOYABLE' 7#b#bA1 P4 #d74 ,HI]>*IES >E FUNDAM5TALLY BAS$ ON MI/RU/1 FE>1 & P[]-HO>D+ 7#b#bA1 P4 #e74 ,PEOPLE NE$ TO BE ABLE TO DECIDE = !MSELVES ) :OM TO =M AFF9ITY GR\PS & COLLECTIVES1 & NOT SACRIFICE !IR DESIRES OR AUTONOMY SO AS TO WORK ) O!RS 7#b#bA1 P4 #e74 ,?IS LEADS TO MUTUAL TRU/4 ,TO PROTECT AGA9/ !SE T5D5CIES1 ONE %\LD 'BE CRITICAL ( ANY?+ ?AT DEM&S ! REALIGNM5T ( \R AFF9ITIES & PASSIONS = ! GOOD ( AN ORGANIZATION OR AB/RACT PR9CIPLE' 7#b#bA1 P4 #e74 ,?IS IS 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! VALORIZATION ( SELF-TRANS=MATION 9 MU* ( ! RADICAL ACADEMIC LIT]ATURE4 ,9 ANO!R PIECE1 !Y CELEBRATE ! USE ( 'PULS+ & SW>M+ TACTICS'1 ) A 'CON/ANT FL[ ( PEOPLE JO9+1 BREAK+ UP & REJO9+' 9 NEW COMB9ATIONS1 & A PRACTICE ( HITT+ MULTIPLE T>GETS )\T A SET PATT]N4 ,!SE TACTICS MAKE PROTE/S IMPOSSIBLE TO ANALYZE & NEUTRALIZE1 & !Y REQUIRE DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION 7#b#bB1 P4 #a74 ,! IDEA ( TRU/ AS ! BASIS = ORGANIZATION E*OES ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL DISCUSSION ( B&S4 ,:ILE ! ,BRIGADE'S WORK RESONATES ) NETWORK !ORIES1 !Y ALSO !ORIZE ACTION 9 T]MS ( AFFECTIVE 9T5SITY1 E*O+ ! IDEA ( COMMUNION 9 ! !ORY ( ! BUND4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 & ALSO US+ A ,M>XISANT VOCABUL>Y ) ,SITUATIONI/ 9FLECTIONS1 ! ,U,S GR\P ,UP ,AGA9/ ! ,WALL ,MO!RFUCK]S 7,U,A,W-,M,F7 SEE AFF9ITY GR\PS AS A MEANS TO 'PROJECT A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS' & 'DEVELOP =MS = P>TICUL> /RUGGLES'1 & 9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 TO BECOME ! C5TRAL UNIT ( >M$ /RUGGLE 7#a#i#f#h1 P4 #a74 ,!Y DEF9E AN AFF9ITY GR\P AS A '/REET GANG ) AN ANALYSIS' 7#a#i#f#h1 P4 #a71 OR A 'SMALL 9TIMATE GR\P' ) TACTICAL-!ORETICAL POSSIBILITIES 7#a#i#f#h1 P4 #a74 ,?IS GR\P IS '! S\RCE ( BO? SPONTANEITY & NEW =MS ( /RUGGLE' 7#a#i#f#h1 P4 #b74 ,IT IS A CONTEXT 9 :I* PEOPLE :O 'DO NOT ANY LONG] KN[ H[ TO LIVE TOGE!R - TO %>E ! :OL5ESS ( !IR LIVES' CAN F9D A 'MU* MORE COMPLEX & MULTIF>I\S LIFE' 7N4D41 P4 #a74 ,! 'SMALL' ACTIONS ( DIFF]5T SMALL GR\PS WILL CREATE A G5]ALIZ$ REBELLION & REVOLUTION 7#a#i#f#h1 PP4 #a-#b74 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS CAN GR[ SECRETLY & RESI/ REPRESSION 7N4D41 P4 #a74 ,SU* GR\PS >E C\NT]POS$ TO ! 'HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION' OR 'SOCIALISM'1 AS WELL AS TO 'B\RGEOIS' P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY 7N4D41 P4 #a74 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS >ISE FROM A DESIRE = SELF-FULFILLM5T ACROSS DIFF]5T LEVELS ( LIFE1 & IS PSY*OLOGICALLY 'PRE-ORGANIZATIONAL'1 EXPRESS+ ! 'DRIVE \T ( :I* ORGANIZATION IS =M$' 7N4D41 P4 #a74 ,!Y >E ALSO ! BASIC =M ( PO/-REVOLUTION>Y LIFE 7N4D41 P4 #a74 ,! BASIC IDEA ( ! AFF9ITY GR\P AS A S\RCE BO? ( CREATIVE 5]GY & CONCRETE ACTION IS SIMIL> TO ! O!R APPROA*ES DISCUSS$ H]E4 ,:ILE COM+ FROM A RANGE ( !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES - AN>*ISM1 PO/-,SITUATIONISM1 LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM1 FEM9ISM - ! TEXTS DISCUSS$ H]E REPRODUCE SIMIL> ASPECTS ( ! BUND_/B& MODEL4 ,MANY ( ! TEXTS EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( 'QUALITATIVE' P[]1 CREATIVE 5]GY & 9TIMACY 9 SMALL-GR\P ORGANIZATION4 ,SOME ALSO L9K ?IS TO CON/ITU5T P[] OR TO ! CAPACITY TO NETWORK ACROSS GR\PS4 ,! SMALL GR\P (T5 APPE>S AS ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M 9 :I* CON/ITU5T P[] OR DESIRE CAN F9D EXPRESSION & ACTUALIZATION4 ,9T5SE1 PASSIONATE EXP]I5CE IS TAK5 TO BE C5TRAL TO GR\P =MATION1 & SEEMS TO FUNCTION AS ! SOCIALLY-9TEGRATIVE FEATURE 9 ! ABS5CE ( HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES4 ,ACTION IS SOMETIMES C5TRAL TO GR\P-=MATION1 & SOMETIMES CONCEIV$ AS ITS EFFECT4 ,OV]ALL1 SU* !ORIES PO9T TO AN AW>5ESS - PRESUMABLY ROOT$ 9 EXP]I5CES ( P>TICIPATION 9 GR\PS ( ?IS K9D - ?AT A C]TA9 K9D ( PASSIONATELY 9T5SE SMALL GR\P CAN PROVIDE A G5]AL ORGANIZATIONAL ALT]NATIVE TO HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SU* GR\PS >E (T5 SE5 AS PROVID+ BO? A MEANS = DISP]S$ RESI/ANCE & ! BASIC UNIT ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY4 ,! ?REE C5TRAL ASPECTS ( ! BUND OR B& - 9T5SE MUTUAL KN[L$GE1 COMMUNION 9/EAD ( HEGEMONY1 & PRES]VATION ( AUTONOMY - >E C5TRAL ASPECTS ( ! AFF9ITY GR\P OR O!R SMALL GR\P ADVOCAT$ BY ! V>I\S IMMAN5T ,A,S,M !ORI/S4 ,! ,BUND AS ,MODEL = ,SOCIETY3 ,BOLO'BOLO ,:ILE ! ABOVE TEXTS SUGGE/ ?AT ! BUND IS A LIV$ P>T ( ,A,S,M EXP]I5CE1 ! F9AL TEXT DISCUSS$ H]E - ,P4,M4'S ,BOLO'BOLO 7#a#i#h#c71 SUGGE/S A VISION ( ! BUND AS A MODEL = ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 TO PROVIDE ! 'AU!NTIC1 P]SONAL EXP]I5CE' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #b#e7 LACK+ 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORK-SY/EM4 ,! BOLO OR COLLECTIVE UNIT IS A TYPE ( RELATION AMONG IBUS 7HUMAN BE+S7 DESIGN$ TO REPLACE MONEY AS ! G5]AL /RUCTURE ( LIFE4 ,IT IS PR9CIPALLY A 'SELF-HELP NETWORK' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #c#e74 ,ON ?IS MODEL1 '9 A BOLO CULTURALLY DEF9$ PEOPLE LIVE TOGE!R & !IR MOTIVATIONS >E NOT DET]M9$ BY A COMPULSORY SET ( MORAL LAWS4 ,EA* BOLO IS DIFF]5T' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #c#f-#g74 ,NOT EV]YONE WILL JO9 BOLOS1 BU IF 5\< DO1 MONEY CAN VANI% & NEV] RETURN 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #c#h74 ,:ILE BOLOS >E FAIRLY L>GE UNITS1 EV]YDAY LIFE IS USUALLY CONDUCT$ 9 ! KANA1 :I* IS ANALOG\S TO ! HUNT]-GA!R] B& 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #d#g74 ,! KANA IS A L>GE H\SEHOLD OR SIMIL> UNIT1 BUT IS DEF9$ BY ! NIMA ( ITS BOLO4 ,BOLOS WILL BE SELF-SUFFICI5T1 BUT NETWORK$ ?R\< HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #g#h74 ,A CRUCIAL ASPECT ( ! BOLO SY/EM IS NIMA1 SOMETIMES DEF9$ AS 'CULTURAL ID5TITY' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #c#i74 ,?IS PROVIDES ! 'REAL MOTIVATION = IBUS TO LIVE TOGE!R' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #d#h7 & ! 'REAL WEAL? ( ! BOLOS' 9 ! S5SE ( 'MANIFOLD SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES' 7#a#i#h#c1 PP4 #d#i-#e74 ,A NIMA IS R\XISM1 AN>*ISM1 NIHILISM1 DADAISM71 SUBCULTURES 7PUNK1 SUBURBANISM1 VEGET>IANISM1 MA*ISMO1 RETRO71 SEXUALITIES 7,B,D,S,M1 LESBIANISM1 /RAI ORI5TATION TO ,BONANNO'S AUTONOM\S DESIRES & ,BEY'S CREATION ( VALUES4 ,IT PROVIDES A BASIS = COMMUNION >\ND :I* SMALL & M$IUM GR\PS CAN COALESCE1 PROVID+ A BASIS = SOCIAL UNITY ) LITTLE NORMATIVITY OR =MAL ORGANIZATION1 & NO OV]>*+ CO]CIVE /RUCTURES4 ,A BOLO IS NOT A 'SOCIETY'1 AS SOCIETY ALWAYS MEANS POLICE1 POLITICS & REPRESSION4 ,SOCIAL CONTROL 9 BOLOS OP]ATES ?R\< REPUTATION 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #c#g74 ,!RE >E ALSO V>I\S O!R QUASI-NORMATIVE /RUCTURES NOT \TL9$ H]E1 SU* AS A HOSPITALITY SY/EM 5ABL+ A RID ACC\NTABILITY4 ,! GOAL ( BOLO'BOLO IS NIMA RA!R ?AN SURVIVAL 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #d#i71 & NIMA IS SOMETIMES T]M$ 'SACROSANCT'1 EV5 9 CASES :]E IT LEADS TO GREAT H>M 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #a#d74 ,H5CE1 BOLO'BOLO 7! WORLD OR SY/EM ( BOLOS7 IS A 'FRAMEWORK = ! LIV+-UP ( ALL K9DS ( LIFE /YLES1 PHILOSOPHIES1 TRADITIONS & PASSIONS'1 NOT A LIFE/YLE 9 ITSELF 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #d#i74 ,IT IS EXPECT$ TO 9VOLVE A 'MORE OR LESS FREE FL[ ( PASSIONS1 P]V]SIONS1 AB]RATIONS1 ETC' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #e71 & 'NEW L[-WORK_/HI<-PLEASURE LIFE/YLES' 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #f#d74 ,BOLOS WILL LEAD TO DIV]SIFICATION 9 FIELDS SU* AS >*ITECTURE1 AS EA* BOLO PURSUES ITS NIMA 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #f#i74 ,IT IS EXPECT$ ?AT PEOPLE WILL SEEK TO EXP& !IR CULTURAL HORIZONS1 & ?IS WILL BECOME MO/ PEOPLE'S MA9 ACTIVITY 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #g#f74 ,NIMAS >E SACR$ & HAVE TO BE TOL]AT$ & EV5 5ABL$1 EV5 :5 !Y LEAD TO PROBLEMS 7SU* AS ! =MATION ( B&IT-BOLOS74 ,SOME PEOPLE'S NIMAS MAY PRECLUDE SOCIAL LIV+1 & SU* PEOPLE CAN LIVE \TSIDE OR 9 ! 9T]/ICES ( ! BOLOS 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #d#h74 ,REACTION>Y & T]RORI/IC BOLOS >E POSSIBLE1 ?\< ! WID] /RUCTURE T5DS TO UND]M9E !M BY MAK+ REPRESSION CO/LY 7#a#i#h#c1 PP4 #e-#a74 ,:ILE NIMA HAS BROAD & V>I\S IMPLICATIONS1 ONE ( ITS SUGGE/IONS IS T[>DS ! LIV$ 9TIMACY ( COMMON EXP]I5CE :I* PROVIDES ! BASIS = ! BUND4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 BOLO'BOLO IS A SOCIETY ( BUNDS1 EA* ORI5T$ TO ITS [N IMMAN5T PRACTICE ( A P>TICUL> PHILOSOPHY OR LIFE/YLE1 EXT5D$ 9TO A GLOBAL SOCIAL NETWORK PRECLUD+ ANY NE$ = GESELLS*AFT =MS SU* AS ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,! AU?OR PROPOSES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ?IS MODEL ON A BASIS SIMIL> TO AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ',PROVISIONAL ELEM5TS ( BOLO'BOLO1 SE$L+S ( ITS /RUCTURES1 MU/ OCCUPY ALL FREE 9T]/ICES1 AB&ON$ >EAS1 CONQU]$ BASES1 & PREFIGURATE ! NEW RELATION%IPS'1 9 A PROCESS COMPLEM5T>Y ) SUBV]T+ ! DOM9ANT SY/EM 7#a#i#h#c1 P4 #b#c74 ,NEW NETWORKS WILL MEET 9CREAS+ NUMB]S ( PRACTICAL TASKS1 (T5 UNP]CEIV$1 UNTIL ! SY/EM LOSES ITS 9FLU5CE 7#a#i#h#c1 PP4 #c#a-#b74 ,:ILE IT IS NOT 5TIRELY EXPLICIT1 NIMA SEEMS TO FUNCTION AS ! ELEM5T ( COMMUNION 9 ! WORLD ( BOLO'BOLO1 & ! GR\P /RUCTURE - ( SMALL1 9TIMATE GR\PS ) EXT5SIVE 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY - O!RWISE REFLECTS ! BUND_/B& MODEL V]Y CLOSELY4 ,CONCLUSION ,! CONCLUSION ( ! ABOVE DISCUSSION IS CLE>4 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL =M DESCRIB$ BY ,S*MAL5BA* 7#a#i#f#a7 & ,PET]SON 7#b#a7 AS ! BUND PROVIDES AN EXT5SIVE1 G5]AL ALT]NATIVE TO GEME9S*AFT & GESELLS*AFT MODELS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,SMALL GR\PS1 9TEGRAT$ BY 9T5SE EXP]I5CES ( COMMUNION RESULT+ FROM ACTION OR RITUAL1 CAN PROVIDE A SOCIAL LIFE )\T ANY NECESSITY = HEGEMONY1 MA/]-SIGNIFI]S1 NORMATIVITY1 =MAL ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 OR CO]CIVE LEAD]%IP4 ,A,S,MS (T5 OP]ATE 9 ?IS WAY1 & !RE=E DEFY ! ASSUMPTIONS ( MO/ SOCIAL MOVEM5T !ORI/S4 ,A,S,M P>TICIPANTS >E NEI!R RATIONAL ACTORS )9 GESELLS*AFT ORGANIZATIONS PURSU+ 9/RUM5TAL GOALS1 NOR >E !Y SUBJECTS SEEK+ REPRES5TATION )9 HEGEMONIC SY/EMS4 ,RA!R1 !Y >E BUILD+ ALT]NATIVE WORLDS :I* DO NOT REQUIRE MO/ ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9DE$1 SU* GR\PS PROVIDE A VIABLE1 COMPREH5SIVE ALT]NATIVE TO DOM9ANT1 HI]>*ICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! EFFECTIVE BASES ( SU* A WORLD >E ?REEFOLD3 9TIMATE MUTUAL KN[L$GE AMONG AN ELECTIVE GR\P ( P>TICIPANTS1 COMMUNION 7PEAK EXP]I5CE1 ACTION1 OR NIMA7 AS A REPLACEM5T = HEGEMONY & NORMATIVITY1 & ! PRES]VATION ( AUTONOMY 9 A WORLD :I* IS NONE!LESS RELATIONAL4 ,A,S,M LIT]ATURE SEEMS TO %[ ?AT BUNDS HAVE EXI/$1 & BE5 EXP]I5C$1 BY P>TICIPANTS 9 ,A,S,MS4 ,! HI/ORY ( B& SOCIETIES %[S ! SU/A9ABILITY ( SU* A SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,!RE=E1 ! SU/A9ABILITY ( BUNDS IS NOT 9 ITSELF A PROBLEM4 ,H[EV]1 SU* GR\PS >E (T5 VULN]ABLE TO REPRESSION & RECUP]ATION1 BECAUSE ! LOSS ( ! 9TEGRATIVE MOM5T ( POLITICAL ACTION OR COLLECTIVE RITUAL IS MORE DE/RUCTIVE ( SOCIAL BONDS ?AN IT W\LD BE = O!R ORGANIZATIONAL TYPES4 ,SECURITY RESE>*]S ADMIT ?AT SU* GR\PS >E H>D] TO 9FILTRATE & CRU% ?AN L>GE ORGANIZATIONS 7DE ,>MOND1 #b#a1 P4 #b#c74 ,H[EV]1 ! C\NT]9SURG5CY APPROA* ( 'DISRUPT+ RADICAL NETWORKS'1 ! TREATM5T ( FRI5D%IP ITSELF AS SUSPECT1 & ! REPRESSIVE1 SECURITIZ$ SOCIAL CONTEXT 9 G5]AL1 IS HAV+ DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS ON ! POSSIBILITY ( SU/A9+ ! POLITICAL !AT] :I* IS ORGANIZATIONALLY C5TRAL TO BUNDS4 ,:]E BUNDS COLLAPSE1 !IR P>TICIPANTS (T5 SUFF] A LOSS ( !IR BASIS ( SOCIAL MEAN+ AK9 TO ! LOSS ( ! MA/]-SIGNIFI] = MA9/REAM SOCIAL ACTORS4 ,! CONSEQU5CES >E PR$ICTABLE3 DEPRESSION1 TRAUMA1 CYNICISM1 & EV5 'MADNESS' 7SEE ,ROLNIK1 #b#a#a2 ,I,P,C1 #b#a#d74 ,! MALAISE >IS+ FROM SURVIV+ ! DEFEAT ( A BUND IS ALSO1 H[EV]1 A P>TIAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES = ! DEFEAT ( P>TICUL> BUNDS >E CONT+5T1 & ! BUND REMA9S POT5TIALLY VIABLE AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO DOM9ANT MODELS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !RE MAY WELL BE A /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL BETWE5 ! BUND & ITS RIVALS1 ! GEME9S*AFT & GESELLS*AFT SOCIAL LOGICS4 ,! POSSIBILITY = A MEAN+FUL1 5JOYABLE1 9T5SE1 SUBJECTIVELY AU!NTIC LIFE LIES ) ! BUND4 ,POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y P[] LIE 7= N[7 ) ITS RIVALS4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! EXI/5TIAL IMPORTANCE ( RECOGNIZ+1 VALORIZ+ & /R5G!N+ ! BUND AS A SOCIAL LOGIC IS VITAL4 ,! BUND1 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ALI5ATION1 MAY BE ! 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