,*APT] #aa - ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY 

#aiifaiif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,X,I4 ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY 

  
  

,! SPLIT BETWE5 LIFE & WORK IS PROBABLY ! GREATE/ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,Y\ CANNOT EXPECT M5 TO TAKE A RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE & TO DISPLAY 9ITIATIVE 9 DAILY LIFE :5 !IR :OLE WORK+ EXP]I5CE DEPRIVES !M ( ! *ANCE ( 9ITIATIVE & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! P]SONALITY CANNOT BE SUCCESSFULLY DIVID$ 9TO WAT]TI<T COMP>TM5TS1 & EV5 ! ATTEMPT TO DO SO IS DANG]\S3 IF A MAN IS TAU<T TO RELY UPON A PAT]NALI/IC AU?ORITY )9 ! FACTORY1 HE WILL BE READY TO RELY UPON ONE \TSIDE4 ,IF HE IS R5D]$ IRRESPONSIBLE AT WORK BY LACK ( OPPORTUNITY = RESPONSIBILITY1 HE WILL BE IRRESPONSIBLE :5 AWAY FROM WORK TOO4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL TR5D T[>DS A C5TRALIZ$1 PAT]NALI/IC1 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY ONLY REFLECTS CONDITIONS :I* ALREADY EXI/ )9 ! FACTORY4  
  
  

,GORDON ,RATTRAY ,TAYLOR1 ,>E ,WORK]S ,HUMAN8 

,! NOVELI/ ,NIGEL ,BAL*91 WAS ONCE 9VIT$ TO ADDRESS A CONF]5CE ON 09C5TIVES0 9 9DU/RY4 ,HE REM>K$ ?AT 0,9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S MU/ /OP MESS+ AB\T ) TRICKY & +5I\S BONUS S*EMES & F9D \T :Y A MAN1 AFT] A H>D DAY'S WORK1 W5T HOME & 5JOY$ DIGG+ 9 HIS G>D540 

,BUT DON'T WE ALREADY KN[ :Y8 ,HE 5JOYS GO+ HOME & DIGG+ 9 HIS G>D5 BECAUSE !RE HE IS FREE FROM =EM51 MANAG]S & BOSSES4 ,HE IS FREE FROM ! MONOTONY & SLAV]Y ( DO+ ! SAME ?+ DAY 9 DAY \T1 & IS 9 CONTROL ( ! :OLE JOB FROM />T TO F9I%4 ,HE IS FREE TO DECIDE = HIMSELF H[ & :5 TO SET AB\T IT4 ,HE IS RESPONSIBLE TO HIMSELF & NOT TO SOMEBODY ELSE4 ,HE IS WORK+ BECAUSE HE WANTS TO & NOT BECAUSE HE HAS TO4 ,HE IS DO+ HIS [N ?+4 ,HE IS HIS [N MAN4 

,! DESIRE TO 0BE Y\R [N BOSS0 IS V]Y COMMON 9DE$4 ,?9K ( ALL ! PEOPLE :OSE SECRET DREAM OR *]I%$ AMBITION IS TO RUN A SMALL-HOLD+ OR A LITTLE %OP OR TO SET UP 9 TRADE ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY MEAN WORK+ NI<T & DAY ) LITTLE PROSPECT ( SOLV5CY4 ,FEW ( !M >E SU* OPTIMI/S AS TO ?9K !Y WILL MAKE A =TUNE ?AT WAY4 ,:AT !Y WANT ABOVE ALL IS ! S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE & ( CONTROLL+ !IR [N DE/9IES4 

,! FACT ?AT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & S]VICES IS F> TOO COMPLICAT$ TO BE RUN BY MILLIONS ( ONE-MAN BUS9ESSES DOESN'T LESS5 ?IS URGE = SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & ! POLITICIANS1 MANAG]S & GIANT 9T]NATIONAL CORPORATIONS KN[ IT4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y PRES5T EV]Y K9D ( S*EME = 0WORK]S' P>TICIPATION01 0JO9T MANAGEM5T01 0PR(IT %>+01 09DU/RIAL CO-P>TN]%IP01 EV]Y?+ 9 FACT FROM SUGGE/ION BOXES TO WORKS C\NCILS1 TO GIVE ! WORK] ! FEEL+ ?AT HE IS MORE ?AN A COG 9 ! 9DU/RIAL MA*9E :ILE MAK+ SURE ?AT EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( 9DU/RY IS KEPT \T ( ! H&S ( ! MAN ON ! FACTORY FLOOR4 ,!Y >E 9 FACT LIKE ! RI* MAN 9 ,TOL/OY'S FABLE -- !Y WILL DO ANY?+ = ! WORK] EXCEPT GET (F HIS BACK4 

,9 EV]Y 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY1 & PROBABLY 9 EV]Y AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY1 ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R -- AS A DEM&1 AN ASPIRATION1 A PROGRAM OR A DREAM4 ,TO CONF9E \RSELVES TO ONE C5TURY & ONE C\NTRY1 IT WAS ! BASIS ( TWO P>ALLEL MOVEM5TS 9 ,BRITA9 >\ND ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ,SYNDICALISM & ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM4 ,!SE TWO MOVEM5TS DW9DL$ AWAY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 BUT EV] S9CE !N !RE HAVE BE5 SPORADIC & P]IODIC ATTEMPTS TO RE-CREATE A MOVEM5T = WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4 ,FROM SOME PO9TS ( VIEW ! ADVOCATES ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAD MU* MORE REASON = OPTIMISM 9 #aib ?AN TODAY4 ,9 ?AT YE> ! ,SANKEY ,REPORT 7A MAJORITY REPORT ( A ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION7 ADVOCAT+ 0JO9T CONTROL0 & PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! M9+ 9DU/RY 9 ,BRITA91 WAS TURN$ D[N BY ! GOV]NM5T = BE+ TOO RADICAL1 & BY ! %OP /EW>DS = NOT BE+ RADICAL 5\<4 ,:5 ! M9ES W]E ACTUALLY NATIONALIZ$ AFT] ALMO/ ?IRTY YE>S1 NO?+ EV5 AS MILD AS JO9T CONTROL WAS EI!R PROPOS$ OR DEM&$4 ,9 #a#i#b1 TOO1 ! ,BUILD+ ,GUILDS BEGAN !IR BRIEF BUT SUCCESSFUL EXI/5CE4 ,9 \R [N DAY IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT L>GE LOCAL AU?ORITIES W\LD LET BIG BUILD+ CONTRACTS TO GUILDS ( WORK]S1 OR ?AT ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T W\LD F9ANCE !M4 ,! IDEA ?AT WORK]S %\LD HAVE SOME SAY 9 ! RUNN+ ( !IR 9DU/RIES WAS ACCEPT$ !N 9 A WAY ?AT IT HAS NEV] BE5 S9CE4 

,& YET ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T TODAY IS IMMEASURABLY /RONG] ?AN IT WAS 9 ! DAYS :5 WORK]S' CONTROL WAS A WIDESPREAD DEM&4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE HAS ACCEPT$ ! NOTION ?AT Y\ GA9 MORE BY SETTL+ = LESS4 ,9 MO/ ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 AS ,AN?ONY ,CROSL& PO9T$ \T1 ! UNIONS1 0GREATLY AID$ BY PROPITI\S *ANGES 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BACKGR\ND1 HAVE A*IEV$ A MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROL ?R\< ! 9DEP5D5T EX]CISE ( !IR COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ /R5G? ?AN !Y W\LD EV] HAVE A*IEV$ BY FOLL[+ ! PA? 7BESET AS IT IS BY PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ON :I* ALL PA/ EXP]IM5TS HAVE F\ND]$7 ( DIRECT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,9DE$ WE MAY RISK ! G5]ALIZATION ?AT ! GREAT] ! P[] ( ! UNIONS ! LESS ! 9T]E/ 9 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T40.<#a#a#d.> 

,HIS OBS]VATION IS TRUE1 EV5 IF IT IS UNPALATABLE = ?OSE :O W\LD LIKE TO SEE ! UNIONS1 OR SOME MORE MILITANTLY SYNDICALI/ K9D ( 9DU/RIAL UNION1 AS ! VEHICLE = WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,MANY ADVOCATES ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAVE SE5 ! UNIONS AS ! ORGANS ?R\< :I* IT IS TO BE EX]CIS$1 ASSUM+ PRESUMABLY ?AT ! ATTA9M5T ( WORK]S' CONTROL W\LD BR+ COMPLETE COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/ 9 9DU/RY & ?AT ! DEF5SIVE ROLE ( ! UNIONS W\LD BECOME OBSOLETE4 7,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ASSUMPTION BEH9D TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE74 ,I ?9K ?IS VIEW IS A GROSS OV]-SIMPLIFICATION4 ,BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,WEBBS PO9T$ \T ?AT 0! DECISIONS ( ! MO/ DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ) REG>D TO WAGES1 H\RS & CONDITIONS ( EMPLOYM5T ( P>TICUL> SECTIONS ( !IR FELL[ WORK]S1 DO NOT ALWAYS SATISFY ! LATT]1 OR EV5 SEEM TO !M TO BE JU/04 ,& ! ,YUGOSLAV S*OL>1 ,BRANKO ,PRIBICEVIC1 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! %OP-/EW>DS' MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA91 EMPHASIZES ?IS PO9T 9 CRITICIZ+ ! RELIANCE ON ! IDEA ( CONTROL BY 9DU/RIAL UNIONS3  
  

,CONTROL ( 9DU/RY IS L>GELY 9COMPATIBLE ) A UNION'S *>ACT] AS A VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION ( ! WORK]S1 =M$ PRIM>ILY TO PROTECT & REPRES5T !IR 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 I4 E4 A SY/EM 9 :I* ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE A %>E 9 CONTROL1 !RE W\LD /ILL BE A NE$ = UNIONS 444 ,N[ IF WE ASSUME ?AT MANAG]S W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! BODY ( WORK]S1 WE CANNOT EXCLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( 9DIVIDUAL 9JU/ICES & MI/AKES4 ,SU* CASES MU/ BE TAK5 UP BY ! UNION 444 ,IT SEEMS MO/ IMPROBABLE ?AT A UNION C\LD FULFILL ANY ( !SE TASKS SUCCESSFULLY IF IT W]E ALSO ! ORGAN ( 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 IF IT HAD CEAS$ TO BE A VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION 444 

,IT WAS UN=TUNATE ?AT ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY ID5TIFI$ ) ! CONCEPT ( UNION CONTROL 444 ,IT WAS OBVI\S ?R\<\T ?AT ! UNIONS W\LD OPPOSE ANY DOCTR9E AIM+ AT CREAT+ A REPRES5TATIVE /RUCTURE 9 9DU/RY P>ALLEL ) !IR [N4.<#a#a#e.>  
  

,9 FACT1 9 ! ONLY 9/ANCES WE KN[ ( 9 ,BRITA91 ( EI!R COMPLETE OR P>TIAL WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! TRADE UNION /RUCTURE IS 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM ! ADM9I/RATION1 & !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT IT %\LD BE O!RWISE4 ,:AT >E !SE EXAMPLES8 ,WELL1 !RE >E ! COOP]ATIVE CO-P>TN]%IPS :I* MAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 SOME ( ! FOOTWE> SOLD 9 RETAIL COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 ,!SE >E1 SO F> AS !Y GO1 G5U9E EXAMPLES ( WORK]S' CONTROL 7NE$LESS TO SAY ,I AM NOT SPEAK+ ( ! FACTORIES RUN BY ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETY ON OR?ODOX CAPITALI/ L9ES71 BUT !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE ANY CAPACITY = EXPANSION1 OR TO EX]CISE ANY 9FLU5CE ON 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL4 ,!RE >E ! FI%]M5 ( ,BRIXHAM 9 ,DEVON1 & ! M9]S ( ,BRORA ON ! COA/ ( ,SU!RL& 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,?IS PIT WAS TO HAVE %UT D[N1 BUT 9/EAD ! M9]S TOOK IT OV] FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D & =M$ A COMPANY ( !IR [N4 ,!N !RE >E ?OSE FIRMS :]E SOME =M ( CONTROL BY ! EMPLOYES HAS BE5 S\<T BY IDEALI/IC EMPLOY]S4 7,I AM ?9K+ ( FIRMS LIKE ,SCOTT ,BAD] ,LTD41 & ,F>M] & ,CO41 NOT ( ?OSE HEAVILY PAT]NALI/IC *OCOLATE MANUFACTUR]S OR ( SPURI\S CO-P>TN]%IPS74 ,!RE >E ALSO ODD SMALL WORK%OPS LIKE ! FACTORIES 9 ,SCOTL& & ,WALES ( ! ,R[5 ,5G9E]+ ,COMPANY4 

,I M5TION !SE EXAMPLES1 NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE ANY ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE1 BUT BECAUSE ! G5]AL VIEW IS ?AT CONTROL ( 9DU/RY BY WORK]S IS A BEAUTIFUL IDEA :I* IS UTT]LY IMPRACTICABLE BECAUSE ( SOME UNSPECIFI$ DEFICI5CY1 NOT 9 ! IDEA1 BUT 9 ?OSE PEOPLE LABEL$ AS 0WORK]S04 ,! ,LABOR ,CORRESPOND5T ( ,! ,TIMES REM>K$ ( V5TURES ( ?IS K9D ?AT1 :ILE !Y PROVIDE 0A MEANS ( H>MONI\S SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 A SMALL CONC]N01 !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT !Y PROVIDE 0ANY SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( E/ABLI%+ DEMOCRACY 9 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY04 ,& EV5 MORE WIDESPREAD ?AN ! OP9ION ?AT WORK]S HAVE A BUILT-9 CAPACITY = MANAG+ !MSELVES1 IS ! REGRETFUL CONCLUSION ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL IS A NICE IDEA1 BUT ONE :I* IS TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( REALIZATION BECAUSE ( ! SCALE & COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 RECOMM5DS AN 9T]PRETATION ( AN>*ISM :I* 0RE/S UPON L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY1 UP-TO-DATE TE*NIQUES1 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 & 9T]NATIONALISM ON A WORLD SCALE04 ,BUT HE DOES NOT TELL US H[4 ,ON ! FACE ( IT1 WE C\LD C\NT] ! >GUM5T AB\T SCOPE & SCALE BY PO9T+ \T H[ *ANGES 9 S\RCES ( MOTIVE P[] MAKE ! GEOGRAPHICAL CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY OBSOLETE1 & H[ *ANG+ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 7AUTOMATION = EXAMPLE7 MAKE ! CONC5TRATION ( VA/ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE OBSOLETE TOO4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION IS P]FECTLY FEASIBLE1 & PROBABLY ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGE\S )9 ! /RUCTURE ( 9DU/RY AS IT IS TODAY4 ,BUT ! >GUM5TS BAS$ ON ! COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY ACTUALLY MEAN SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T4 

,:AT ! SKEPTICS REALLY MEAN IS ?AT :ILE !Y CAN IMAG9E ! ISOLAT$ CASE ( A SMALL 5T]PRISE 9 :I* ! %>ES >E HELD BY ! EMPLOYES1 BUT :I* IS RUN ON ORD9>Y BUS9ESS L9ES -- LIKE ,SCOTT ,BAD] ,LTD4 -- OR :ILE !Y CAN ACCEPT ! ODD EXAMPLE ( A FIRM 9 :I* A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE IS ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S -- LIKE ! COOP]ATIVE CO-P>TN]%IPS -- !Y CANNOT IMAG9E ?OSE :O MANIPULATE ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY BE+ EI!R DI/URB$ BY OR1 LEA/ ( ALL1 9FLU5C$ BY1 !SE ADMIRABLE SMALL-SCALE PREC$5TS4 ,& !Y >E RI<T1 ( C\RSE3 ! M9ORITY ASPIRATION = WORK]S' CONTROL :I* NEV] COMPLETELY DIES1 HAS AT ! SAME TIME NEV] BE5 WIDESPREAD 5\< TO *ALL5GE ! CONTROLL]S ( 9DU/RY1 9 SPITE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! 0WORK-904 

,! T9Y M9ORITY :O W\LD LIKE TO SEE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES NE$ NOT *]I% ANY ILLUSIONS AB\T ?IS4 ,NEI!R 9 ! POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! ,LEFT NOR 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T WILL !Y F9D MORE ?AN A SIMIL> M9ORITY 9 AGREEM5T4 ,NOR DOES ! HI/ORY ( SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ANY C\NTRY1 EV5 ,SPA91 GIVE !M ANY CAUSE = OPTIMISM4 ,GE(FREY ,O/]GA>D PUTS !IR DILEMMA 9 !SE T]MS3 0,TO BE EFFECTIVE AS DEF5SIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 ! UNIONS NE$$ TO EMBRACE AS MANY WORK]S AS POSSIBLE & ?IS 9EVITABLY L$ TO A DILUTION ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! SYNDICALI/S W]E FAC$ ) ! *OICE ( UNIONS :I* W]E EI!R RE=MI/ & PURELY DEF5SIVE OR REVOLUTION>Y & L>GELY 9EFFECTIVE40.<#a#a#f.> 

,IS !RE A WAY \T ( ?IS DILEMMA8 ,AN APPROA* :I* COMB9ES ! ORD9>Y DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE ( WORK]S 9 9DU/RY OV] WAGES & CONDITIONS ) A MORE RADICAL ATTEMPT TO %IFT ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 ! FACTORY8 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS1 9 :AT ! SYNDICALI/S & GUILD SOCIALI/S US$ TO DESCRIBE AS 05CROA*+ CONTROL0 BY MEANS ( ! 0COLLECTIVE CONTRACT04 ,! SYNDICALI/S SAW ?IS AS 0A SY/EM BY :I* ! WORK]S )9 A FACTORY OR %OP W\LD UND]TAKE A SPECIFIC AM\NT ( WORK 9 RETURN = A LUMP SUM TO BE ALLOCAT$ BY ! WORK-GR\P AS IT SAW FIT1 ON CONDITION ?AT ! EMPLOY]S ABDICAT$ !IR CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ITSELF04 ,! LATE ,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE1 :O RETURN$ TO ! ADVOCACY ( ! COLLECTIVE CONTRACT SY/EM T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0! EFFECT W\LD BE TO L9K ! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ GR\P TOGE!R 9 A COMMON 5T]PRISE UND] !IR JO9T AUSPICES & CONTROL1 & TO EMANCIPATE !M FROM AN EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ DISCIPL9E 9 RESPECT ( !IR ME?OD ( GETT+ ! WORK DONE04 ,I BELIEVE ?AT IT HAS1 & MY EVID5CE = ?IS BELIEF COMES FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ! GANG SY/EM WORK$ 9 SOME ,COV5TRY FACTORIES :I* HAS SOME ASPECTS 9 COMMON ) ! COLLECTIVE CONTRACT IDEA1 & ! 0,COMPOSITE WORK0 SY/EM WORK$ 9 SOME ,DURHAM COAL M9ES1 :I* HAS EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON ) IT4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE1 ! GANG SY/EM1 WAS DESCRIB$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN PR(ESSOR ( 9DU/RIAL & MANAGEM5T 5G9E]+1 ,SEYM\R ,MELMAN1 9 HIS BOOK ,DECISION-,MAK+ & ,PRODUCTIVITY1 :]E HE S\<T 0TO DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE >E REALI/IC ALT]NATIVES TO MANAG]IAL RULE OV] PRODUCTION04 ,I HAVE BE5 PUBLICIZ+ ?IS BOOK = YE>S SIMPLY BECAUSE 9 ALL ! PRET5TI\S DRIVEL ( 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T LIT]ATURE 7:I* MAY NOT FOOL ! WORK]S1 BUT C]TA9LY FOOLS MANAGEM5T7 IT IS ! ONLY PIECE ( RESE>* ,I HAVE COME ACROSS :I* RAISES ! KEY QUE/ION3 IS MANAGEM5T NECESS>Y8 ,MELMAN S\<T \T AN ID5TICAL PRODUCT MADE UND] DISSIMIL> CONDITIONS1 & F\ND IT 9 ! ,F]GUSON TRACTOR MADE UND] LIC5SE 9 BO? ,DETROIT & ,COV5TRY4 ,HIS ACC\NT ( ! OP]ATION ( ! GANG SY/EM 9 ,COV5TRY WAS CONFIRM$ = ME BY A ,COV5TRY 5G9E]+ WORK]1 ,REG ,WRI<T4 

,( ,/&>D'S TRACTOR FACTORY 7HE IS WRIT+ ( ! P]IOD BE=E ,/&>D SOLD ! PLANT TO ,MASSEY-,F]GUSON 9 #a#i#e#f1 & BE=E ,LEYL& TOOK OV] ,/&>D71 ,MELMAN DECL>ES1 0,9 ?IS FIRM WE WILL %[ ?AT AT ! SAME TIME ?\S&S ( WORK]S OP]AT$ VIRTUALLY )\T SUP]VISION AS CONV5TIONALLY UND]/OOD1 & AT HI< PRODUCTIVITY3 ! HI<E/ WAGE 9 ,BRITI% 9DU/RY WAS PAID2 HI< QUALITY PRODUCTS W]E PRODUC$ AT ACCEPTABLE PRICES 9 EXT5SIVELY ME*ANIZ$ PLANTS2 ! MANAGEM5T CONDUCT$ ITS AFFAIRS AT UNUSUALLY L[ CO/S2 ALSO1 ORGANIZ$ WORK]S HAD A SUB/ANTIAL ROLE 9 PRODUCTION DECISION-MAK+40 ,! PRODUCTION POLICY ( ! FIRM AT ?AT TIME WAS MO/ UNOR?ODOX = ! MOTOR 9DU/RY & WAS ! RESULTANT ( TWO 9T]-RELAT$ DECISION-MAK+ SY/EMS1 ?AT ( ! WORK]S & ?AT ( MANAGEM5T3 0,9 PRODUCTION1 ! MANAGEM5T HAS BE5 PREP>$ TO PAY A HI< WAGE & TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION VIA ! GANG SY/EM :I* REQUIRES MANAGEM5T TO DEAL ) A GR\P$ WORK =CE1 RA!R ?AN ) S+LE WORK]S1 OR ) SMALL GR\PS 444 ! =EM5 >E CONC]N$ ) ! DETAIL$ SURVEILLANCE ( ?+S RA!R ?AN ) ! DETAIL$ CONTROL OV] PEOPLE 444 ,! OP]ATION ( 9TEGRAT$ PLANTS EMPLOY+ #a1 PRODUCTION WORK]S DID NOT REQUIRE ! ELABORATE & CO/LY HALLM>K ( BUS9ESS MANAGEM5T40.<#a#a#g.> 

,9 ! MOTOR-C> FACTORY FIFTE5 GANGS RANG$ 9 SIZE FROM FIFTY TO FIVE HUNDR$ PEOPLE & ! TRACTOR FACTORY WAS ORGANIZ$ AS ONE HUGE GANG4 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PRODUCTION WORK]S 0! GANG SY/EM LEADS TO KEEP+ TRACK ( GOODS 9/EAD ( KEEP+ TRACK ( PEOPLE04 ,= PAYM5T PURPOSES ! \TPUT ?AT WAS MEASUR$ WAS ! \TPUT ( ! :OLE GR\P4 ,9 RELATION TO MANAGEM5T1 ,MELMAN PO9TS \T3 0,! GR\P$ VOICE ( A WORK =CE HAD GREAT] IMPACT ?AN ! PRESSURE ( S+LE WORK]S4 ,?IS EFFECT ( ! GANG SY/EM1 C\PL$ ) TRADE UNIONISM1 IS WELL UND]/OOD AMONG MANY ,BRITI% MANAGEM5TS4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANY MANAGEM5TS HAVE OPPOS$ ! USE ( ! GANG SY/EM & HAVE >GU$ ! VALUE ( S+LE WORK] 9C5TIVE PAYM5TS4 

,9 A TELL+ COMP>ISON1 ,MELMAN CONTRA/S ! 0PR$ATORY COMPETITION0 :I* *>ACT]IZES ! MANAG]IAL DECISION-MAK+ SY/EM ) ! WORK]S0 DECISION-MAK+ SY/EM 9 :I* 0,! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! DECISION-=MULAT+ PROCESS IS ?AT ( MUTUALITY 9 DECISION-MAK+ ) F9AL AU?ORITY RESID+ 9 ! H&S ( ! GR\P$ WORK]S !MSELVES40 

,EMPHASIZ+ ! HUMAN SIGNIFICANCE O,E?IS MODE ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 ,REG ,WRI<T SAYS3  
  

,! GANG SY/EM SETS M5'S M9DS FREE FROM MANY WORRIES & 5ABLES !M TO CONC5TRATE COMPLETELY ON ! JOB4 ,IT PROVIDES A NATURAL FRAME ( SECURITY1 IT GIVES CONFID5CE1 %>ES MONEY EQUALLY1 USES ALL DEGREES ( SKILL )\T DI/9CTION & 5ABLES JOBS TO BE ALLOCAT$ TO ! MAN OR WOMAN BE/ SUIT$ TO !M1 ! ALLOCATION FREQU5TLY BE+ MADE BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,*ANGE ( JOB TO AVOID MONOTONY IS AN EASY MATT]4 ,! 0GAFF]0 IS ABOLI%$ & =EM5 >E N[ TE*NICIANS CALL$ 9 TO ADVISE1 OR TO ACT 9 A BREAKD[N OR O!R EM]G5CY4 ,9 SOME FIRMS A  
GANG] WILL RUN1 NOT ! M51 BUT ! JOB4 ,HE WILL BE PAID \T ( GANG E>N+S1 & WILL WORK HIMSELF ON A SMALL GANG4 ,ON A L>G] GANG HE WILL BE FULLY OCCUPI$ ) ORGANIZATION & SUPPLY ( P>TS & MAT]IALS4 ,A L>G] GANG MAY HAVE A DEPUTY GANG] AS A SECOND /R+ & ALSO A GANG-/EW>D :O1 BE+ A KE5 TRADE UNIONI/ OR WORK]S' MAN1 WILL ACT AS A CORRECTIVE %\LD ! GANG]S TRY TO FAVOR MANAGEM5T UNDULY OR 9T]F]E ) ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 UNDESIRABLE WAYS4 ,GANG MEET+S >E CALL$ AS NECESS>Y1 BY ! LATT] & ALL MEMB]S ( ! GANG >E KEPT 9=M$ & MAY 7& DO7 CRITICIZE EV]Y?+ & EV]YBODY4 ,ALL ?REE >E SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E USUALLY ! RESULT ( ONE OR TWO PEOPLE ?9K+ \T & TRY+ \T NEW ?+S -- ?IS IS TAK+ PLACE CONT9U\SLY 444.<#a#a#h.>  
  

,HE REM>KS ?AT 0,! FACT ( TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY 9 ANY ( !SE CAPACITIES IS $UCATIVE 9 EV]Y S5SE40 ,C]TA9LY ! USUAL ME?ODS ( WORK ORGANIZATION >E NOT ONLY DIVISIVE 70,!Y'D CUT Y\R ?ROAT = A BIT MORE OV]TIME10 A ,=D WORK] TOLD ,GRAHAM ,TURN]7 BUT >E PR(\NDLY DE-$UCATIVE1 R$UC+ ! WORK]1 AS ,]IC ,GILL US$ TO PUT IT1 TO A 0SUBHUMAN CONDITION ( 9TELLECTUAL IRRESPONSIBILITY04 

,MY SECOND EXAMPLE COMES FROM ! M9+ 9DU/RY 9 ,DURHAM4 ,DAVID ,D\GLASS 9 HIS BOOK ,PIT ,LIFE 9 ,C\NTY ,DURHAM1 CRITICIZES ! ATTEMPTS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D TO 9TRODUCE MORE & MORE SUP]VISION 9TO ! M9]'S WORK1 ) ! 9T5TION ( WORK+ ! M9ES LIKE FACTORIES1 REM>K+ ?AT 0ONE ( ! FEW R$EEM+ FEATURES ( PIT WORK1 & ONE ?AT ! M9]S WILL FI<T TO MA9TA91 IS ?AT ( 9DEP5D5T JOB CONTROL01 = :ILE 0MO/ FACTORY WORK]S W\LD REG>D ! M9E PURELY & SIMPLY AS A BLACK & FIL?Y HOLE1 FUNNILY 5\< ! M9] 9 TURN REG>DS ! FACTORY AS A PRISON & ITS OP]ATIVES AS CAPTIVES04 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( M9+ 9 ,DURHAM1 HE EXPLA9S1 0! M9] WAS PRACTICALLY A SELF-GOV]N+ AG5T4 ,! HEW]S W]E ALL[$ TO MANAGE !IR [N JOBS ) PRACTICALLY A TOTAL LACK ( SUP]VISION4 ,! DEGREE ( JOB CONTROL 7?\< NECESS>ILY LIMIT$ BY PRIVATE [N]%IP7 WAS ALMO/ COMPLETE40 ,D\GLASS DESCRIBES SU* TRADITIONS AS ! CAVIL+ SY/EM 7SELECTION ( WORK+-PLACE BY BALLOT 9 ORD] TO EQUALIZE E>N+ OPPORTUNITIES7 AS3  
  

! FUNDAM5TAL WAY 9 :I* ! ,DURHAM M9] MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 AN EQUITABLE SY/EM ( WORK1 & MANAG$ TO /AVE (F ! COMPETITIV5ESS1 BULLY+ & 9JU/ICE ( ! HAT$ BUTTY SY/EM4 ,9 ESS5CE IT WAS AN EMBRYO ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ITS ABILITY TO H&LE DISPUTES BETWE5 SETS ( WORK]S )\T REC\RSE TO \TSID]S4 ,IT WAS A LITTLE ,SOVIET :I* HAD GR[N UP )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9 A S5SE IT WAS ( NECESSITY RE/RICT$ 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 A FEATURE ( ! WORK] 9T]V5+ 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS 9 A CONSCI\S WAY TO SAY3 ?IS IS H[ ,I RUN IT1 Y\ ADAPT IT ACCORD+LY4 .<#a#a#i.>  
  

,! SAME K9D ( ATTEMPT TO RUN ! M9ES AS FACTORIES ?AT ,DAVID ,D\GLASS COMPLA9S (1 ACCOMPANI$ ! 9TRODUCTION 9 ! PO/W> YE>S ( ! 0LONG-WALL0 SY/EM ( WORK+4 ,A COMP>ATIVE /UDY WAS MADE BY ! ,TAVI/OCK ,9/ITUTE ( CONV5TIONAL LONG-WALL WORK+ ) ITS 9TRODUCTION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ( FACTORY-TYPE ME?ODS1 & ! COMPOSITE LONG-WALL ME?OD ADOPT$ BY ! M9]S 9 SOME PITS4 ,ITS IMPORTANCE = MY >GUM5T CAN B E SE5 FROM ! OP5+ WORDS ( ONE ( ! ,TAVI/OCK REPORTS3  
  

,?IS /UDY CONC]NS A GR\PS ( M9]S :O CAME TOGE!R TO EVOLVE A NEW WAY ( WORK+ TOGE!R1 PLANN+ ! TYPE ( *ANGE !Y WANT$ TO PUT ?R\<1 & TE/+ IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,! NEW TYPE ( WORK ORGANIZATION :I* HAS COME TO BE KN[N 9 ! 9DU/RY AS COMPOSITE WORK+1 HAS 9 REC5T YE>S EM]G$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T PITS 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,ITS ROOTS GO BACK TO AN E>LI] TRADITION :I* HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY DISPLAC$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ C5TURY BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( WORK TE*NIQUES BAS$ ON TASK SEGM5TATION1 DIFF]5TIAL /ATUS & PAYM5T1 & EXTR9SIC HI]>*ICAL CONTROL4.<#a#b.>  
  

,A FUR!R REPORT NOTES H[ ! 9VE/IGATION %[S 0! ABILITY ( QUITE L>GE PRIM>Y WORK GR\PS ( #d-#e MEMB]S TO ACT AS SELF-REGULAT+1 SELF-DEVELOP+ SOCIAL ORGANISMS ABLE TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 A /EADY /ATE ( HI< PRODUCTIVITY 4440.<#a#b#a.> ,P4 ,G4 ,H]B/ DESCRIBES ! SY/EM ( COMPOSITE WORK+ 9 A WAY :I* %[S ITS RELATION%IP TO ! GANG SY/EM3  
  

,! COMPOSITE WORK ORGANIZATION MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ONE 9 :I* ! GR\P TAKES OV] COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY = ! TOTAL CYCLE ( OP]ATIONS 9VOLV$ 9 M9+ ! COAL FACE4 ,NO MEMB] ( ! GR\P HAS A FIX$ WORK-ROLE4 ,9/EAD1 ! M5 DEPLOY !MSELVES1 DEP5D+ ON ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! ONGO+ GR\P TASK4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( TE*NOLOGICAL & SAFETY REQUIREM5TS !Y >E FREE TO EVOLVE !IR [N WAY ( ORGANIZ+ & C>RY+ \T !IR TASK4 ,!Y >E NOT SUBJECT TO ANY EXT]NAL AU?ORITY 9 ?IS RESPECT1 NOR IS !RE )9 ! GR\P ITSELF ANY MEMB] :O TAKES OV] A =MAL DIRECTIVE LEAD]%IP FUNCTION4 ,:]EAS 9 CONV5TIONAL LONG-WALL WORK+ ! COAL-GETT+ TASK IS SPLIT 9TO F\R OR EI<T SEP>ATE WORK ROLES1 C>RI$ \T BY DIFF]5T TEAMS1 EA* PAID AT A DIFF]5T RATE1 9 ! COMPOSITE GR\P MEMB]S >E NO LONG] PAID DIRECTLY = ANY ( ! TASKS C>RI$ \T4 ,! ALL-9 WAGE AGREEM5T IS1 9/EAD1 BAS$ ON ! NEGOTIAT$ PRICE P] TON ( COAL PRODUC$ BY ! TEAM4 ,! 9COME OBTA9$ IS DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG TEAM MEMB]S4.<#a#b#b.>  
  

,!SE EXAMPLES ( ON-!-JOB WORK]S' CONTROL >E IMPORTANT 9 EVOLV+ AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y DO NOT 5TAIL SUBMISSION TO PAT]NALI/IC MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES -- 9 FACT !Y DEMOLI% ! MY?S ( MANAG]IAL EXP]TIZE & 9DISP5SABILITY4 ,!Y >E A =CE = SOLID>ITY RA!R ?AN DIVISIV5ESS BETWE5 WORK]S ON ! BASIS ( PAY & /ATUS4 ,!Y ILLU/RATE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BR+ DECISION-MAK+ BACK TO ! FACTORY FLOOR & ! FACE-TO-FACE GR\P4 ,!Y EV5 SATISFY -- ?\< ?IS IS NOT MY CRIT]ION = RECOMM5D+ !M -- ! CAPITALI/ TE/ ( PRODUCTIVITY4 ,!Y1 LIKE ! GR[+ CONCEPT ( WORK]S' RI<TS ( POSSESSION 9 ! JOB TACITLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 R$UNDANCY PAYM5T LEGISLATION1 ACTIVELY DEMON/RAT$ BY WORK]S TAK+ OV] PHYSICAL POSSESSION ( ! WORKPLACE AS 9 ! 0WORK-90 AT ,UPP] ,CLYDE ,%IPBUILD]S -- HAVE ! GREAT TACTICAL M]IT ( COMB9+ %ORT-T]M AIMS ) LONG-T]M ASPIRATIONS4 

,C\LD ! WORK]S RUN 9DU/RY8 ,( C\RSE !Y C\LD4 ,!Y DO ALREADY4 ,NEI!R ( ! TWO EXAMPLES ,I HAVE GIV5 ( SUCCESSFUL 0ON ! JOB0 CONTROL1 EXI/S 9 ! SAME =M TODAY1 = REASONS :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) EI!R !IR EFFICI5CY OR !IR PRODUCTIVITY4 ,9 ! ,DURHAM EXAMPLE IT HAS TO DO ) ! %IFT ( EMPHASIS 9 ! 7PUBLICLY-[N$7 ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D TO ! COALFIELDS ( ,S\? ,YORK%IRE & ,NOTT+HAM1 & 9 ! CASE ( ,/&>DS ) ! M]G]S 7SPONSOR$ BY A ,LABOR GOV]NM5T7 :I* L$ TO ! =MATION ( ,BRITI% ,LEYL& AS A COMB9E L>GE 5\< TO COMPETE = M>KETS ) ! GIANT ,AM]ICAN-[N$ & ,EUROPEAN FIRMS4 

,9DU/RY IS NOT DOM9AT$ BY TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE1 BUT BY ! SALES MANAG]1 ! ACC\NTANT & ! F9ANCIAL TYCOON :O NEV] MADE ANY?+ 9 !IR LIVES EXCEPT MONEY4 

,= A LUCKY FEW WORK IS 5JOYABLE = ITS [N SAKE1 BUT ! PROPORTION ( SU* PEOPLE 9 ! TOTAL WORK+ POPULATION GR[S SMALL] AS WORK BECOMES EI!R MORE ME*ANIZ$ OR MORE FRAGM5T$4 ,AUTOMATION1 :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO R$UCE ! %E] DRUDG]Y ( MANUAL LABOR & ! %E] M5TAL DRUDG]Y ( CL]ICAL WORK1 IS FE>$ BECAUSE 9 PRACTICE IT SIMPLY R$UCES ! NUMB] ( 9COME-GA9+ OPPORTUNITIES4 ,IT IS A SAV+ ( LABOR1 NOT BY ! WORK]1 BUT BY ! [N]S OR CONTROLL]S ( CAPITAL4 ,! LUCKY FEW >E DE/9$ = ! JOBS :I* >E EI!R CREAT$ BY OR >E UNAFFECT$ BY AUTOMATION4 ,! UNLUCKY MAJORITY1 CONDEMN$ FROM *ILDHOOD TO ! DRE>Y JOBS1 F9D !M EI!R DIM9I%$ OR EXT+UI%$ BY ! 0RATIONALIZATION0 ( WORK4 

,CAN WE IMAG9E ?AT 9 A SITUATION :]E ! CONTROL ( AN 9DU/RY1 A FACTORY1 ANY K9D ( WORKPLACE1 WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE :O WORK !RE1 !Y W\LD JU/ C>RY ON PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & BOTTLE-WA%+ 9 ! WAYS WE >E FAMILI> ) TODAY8 ,EV5 )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7?\< NOT )9 ! 0PUBLIC SECTOR0 :I* BELONGS TO 0! PEOPLE07 SOME EMPLOY]S F9D ?AT :AT !Y CALL JOB 5L>GEM5T OR JOB 5RI*M5T1 ! REPLACEM5T ( CONVEYOR BELT TASKS BY COMPLETE ASSEMBLY JOBS1 OR DELIB]ATE ROTATION FROM JOB TO JOB 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS CAN 9CREASE PRODUCTION SIMPLY BY R$UC+ BOR$OM4 ,:5 EV]YONE 9 AN 9DU/RY HAS A VOICE 9 IT1 W\LD !Y /OP AT ?IS PO9T8 

,9 HIS BRILLIANT ESSAY ,WORK & ,SURPLUS1 ,KEI? ,PATON IMAG9ES :AT W\LD HAPP5 9 A C> FACTORY TAK5 OV] P]MAN5TLY BY ITS WORK]S4 0,AFT] ! C>NIVAL ( REVOLUTION COME ! APPEALS TO RETURN TO WORK0 BUT 0TO GET 9TO ! HABIT ( RESPOND+ TO ORD]S OR EXHORTATIONS TO RAISE ! ,G,N,P W\LD BE TO SELL ! PASS /RAI<T AWAY4 ,ON ! O!R H& PRODUCTION MU/ EV5TUALLY BE GOT GO+ ON SOME BASIS OR O!R4 ,:AT BASIS8 ,RETURN TO :AT SORT ( WORK80  
  

,SO 9/EAD ( RE/>T+ ! ASSEMBLY TRACK 7IF ! Y\NG WORK]S HAV5'T ALREADY SMA%$ IT7 !Y SP5D TWO MON?S DISCUSS+ ! PO9T ( !IR WORK1 & H[ TO RE>RANGE IT4 ,PRIVATE C>S8 ,:Y DO PEOPLE ALWAYS WANT TO GO SOME:]E ELSE8 ,IS IT BECAUSE :]E !Y >E IS SO 9TOL]ABLE8 ,& :AT P>T DID ! AUTOMOBILE PLAY 9 MAK+ ! NE$ TO ESCAPE8 ,:AT AB\T DAY TO DAY CONV5I5CE8 ,IS BE+ /UCK 9 A TRAFFIC JAM CONV5I5T8 ,:AT AB\T ! CO/ TO ! C\NTRY8 ,BUGG] ! 0CO/ TO ! C\NTRY01 ?AT'S JU/ ! SAME CRAP AS ! NATIONAL 9T]E/4 ,HAVE Y\ SE5 ! FACES ( OLD PEOPLE AS !Y TRY TO CROSS A BUSY MA9 ROAD8 ,:AT AB\T ! 9CONV5I5CE TO P$E/RIANS8 ,:AT'S ! REASON = BUY+ A C>8 ,IS IT JU/ WANT+ TO ,H,A,V,E IT8 ,DO WE ?9K ! VALUE ( A C> RUBS (F ON US8 ,BUT ?AT'S ! WRONG WAY R\ND4 ,DOES HAV+ A C> REALLY SAVE TIME8 ,:AT'S ! AV]AGE H\RS WORK$ 9 MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY8 ,LET'S LOOK IT UP 9 ! LIBR>Y3 #d#e4#g H\RS WORK A WEEK4 ,:AT'S ! AM\NT ( ! FAMILY'S SP5D+ MONEY 9 A WEEK ?AT GOES ON C>S8 #a4#c P]C5T ( ALL FAMILY 9COME4 ,:I* MEANS MORE LIKE #b P]C5T IF Y\'VE GOT A C> BECAUSE HALF ( US DON'T HAVE ONE4 ,:AT'S #be P]C5T ( #de H\RS8 ,*RI/1 #i H\RS6 ,?AT'S A HELL ( A LONG TIME SP5T 0SAV+ TIME06 ,!RE MU/ BE A BETT] WAY ( GETT+ FROM ,A TO ,B4 ,BY BUS8 ,O,K1 LET'S MAKE BUSSES4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! POLLUTION & ?AT8 ,:AT AB\T ?OSE ELECTRIC C>S !Y %[$ ON ! TELLY ONCE8 ,ETC41 ETC4.<#a#b#c.>  
  

,HE 5VISAGES ANO!R MON? ( DISCUSSION & RESE>* 9 COMPLEXLY CROSS-CUTT+ GR\PS1 UNTIL ! WORK]S REA* A CONS5SUS = EV5TUAL SELF-R$EPLOYM5T = MAK+ PRODUCTS :I* ! WORK]S CONSID] TO BE SOCIALLY USEFUL4 ,!SE 9CLUDE C> REFURBI%+ 7TO 9CREASE ! USE-VALUE ( MODELS ALREADY ON ! ROAD71 BUSSES1 OV]HEAD MONORAIL C>S1 ELECTRIC C>S & SCOOT]S1 :ITE BICYCLES = COMMUNAL USE 7AS DEVIS$ BY ! ,AM/]DAM PROVOS7 1 H\S+ UNITS1 M9IMAL WORK = DROP-\TS1 & = KIDS & OLD PEOPLE :O LIKE TO MAKE !MSELVES USEFUL BUT HE SEES O!R ASPECTS ( ! WORK]S' TAKE-OV]1 VOLUNT>Y EXTRA WORK = EXAMPLE3 0,AS WORK BECOMES MORE & MORE PLEASURABLE1 AS TE*NOLOGY & SOCIETY DEVELOP TO ALL[ MORE & MORE CRAFT ASPECTS TO RETURN AT HI< TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL1 ! IDEA ( VOLUNT>Y EXTRA OV] ! 7R$UC$7 FIX$ WORK+ WEEK BECOMES FEASIBLE4 ,EV5 ! FIX+ ( ! WORK+ WEEK BECOMES SUP]S$$40 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS VOLUNT>Y EXTRA8 0,NEW ,DELHI NE$S BUSSES1 PROVIDE !M BY VOLUNT>Y WORK40.<#a#b#d.> 

,! FACTORY ITSELF IS OP5 TO ! COMMUNITY1 9CLUD+ *ILDR52 0?US EV]Y FACTORY WORK] IS A POT5TIAL '5VIRONM5TAL /UDIES' 9/RUCTOR1 IF A *ILD COMES UP & ASKS HIM H[ SOME?+ WORKS40 ,! FACTORY 9 FACT BECOMES A UNIV]SITY1 AN 9/ITUTE ( LE>N+ RA!R ?AN ( 5=C$ /UPIDITY1 0US+ M5 TO A MILLION? ( !IR CAPACITIES0 AS ,NORB]T ,WE9] PUT IT4 

,! EVOLUTION & TRANS=MATION ( ! FACTORY 5VISAG$ BY ,KEI? ,PATON LEADS US BACK TO ! IDEA ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP 5VISAG$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]4 ,WE T5D TO ?9K ( ! MOTOR 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE1 AS ONE 9 :I* IRON ORE COMES 9 AT ONE 5D & A COMPLETE C> ROLLS \T AT ! O!R 7?\< ! PUR*AS] ( A 0,FRIDAY C>0 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY HAD BETT] WAT* \T1 = ?AT C> ROLL$ (F ! ASSEMBLY L9E :5 ! WORK]S W]E WAIT+ = !IR REAL LIFE AT ! WEEK5D TO BEG974 ,BUT 9 FACT TWO ?IRDS ( ! FACTORY VALUE ( A C> IS REPRES5T$ BY COMPON5TS B\<T BY ! MANUFACTUR]S FROM \TSIDE SUPPLI]S4 ,! MOTOR 9DU/RY1 LIKE MANY O!RS1 IS AN ASSEMBLY 9DU/RY4 ,! FACT ?AT ?IS IS SO ( MO/ CONSUM] GOODS 9DU/RIES1 C\PL$ ) ! MOD]N FACTS ( WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ 9DU/RIAL SKILL & MOTIVE P[]1 MEANS ?AT1 AS ! ,GOODMAN BRO!RS SAID 9 ,COMMUNITAS3 0,9 L>GE >EAS ( \R OP]ATION1 WE C\LD GO BACK TO OLD-FA%ION$ DOME/IC 9DU/RY ) P]HAPS EV5 A GA9 9 EFFICI5CY1 = SMALL P[] IS EV]Y:]E AVAILABLE1 SMALL MA*9ES >E *EAP & +5I\S1 & !RE >E EASY MEANS TO COLLECT MA*9$ P>TS & C5TRALLY ASSEMBLE !M40.<#a#b#e.> ,BUT IT ALSO MEANS ?AT WE C\LD LOCALLY ASSEMBLE !M4 ,IT ALREADY HAPP5S ON ! 9DIVIDUAL SP>E-TIME LEVEL4 ,BUILD-IT-Y\RSELF RADIO1 RECORD-PLAY+1 & TELEVISION KITS >E A COMMONPLACE1 & Y\ CAN ALSO BUY ASSEMBLE-IT-Y\RSELF C>S & REFRIG]ATORS4 

,GR\PS ( COMMUNITY WORK%OPS C\LD COMB9E = BULK ORD]+ ( COMPON5TS1 OR = %>+ ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY ! PRODUCTION ( COMPON5TS = MUTUAL EX*ANGE & = LOCAL ASSEMBLY4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIAL FIELD ( PLA/ICS 7ASSUM+ ?AT 9 A TRANS=M$ FUTURE SOCIETY1 PEOPLE F9D IT A G5U9E ECONOMY TO USE !M7 (F] MANY UNEXPLOIT$ POSSIBILITIES = ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP4 ,!RE >E ?REE MA9 K9DS ( PLA/ICS TODAY3 !RMOSETT+ RES9S :I* >E MOLD$ UND] HEAT ) V]Y HI< PRESSURES & CONSEQU5TLY REQUIRE PLANT :I* IS AT PRES5T EXP5SIVE & COMPLEX2 !RMOPLA/ICS1 :I* >E %AP$ BY EXTRUSION & BY 9JECTION MOLD+ 7!RE >E ALREADY DO-IT-Y\RSELF ELECTRIC !RMOPLA/IC 9JECTION MA*9ES ON ! M>KET72 & POLYE/] RES9S1 US$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) RE9=C+ MAT]IALS LIKE GLASS FIB] :I* CAN BE MOLD$ AT L[ PRESSURES BY SIMPLE CONTACT MOLD+1 & >E ?US EM95TLY SUITABLE = ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP4 

,AS WE >E FREQU5TLY REM9D$ BY \R [N EXP]I5CE AS CONSUM]S1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS 9 \R SOCIETY >E BUILT = A LIMIT$ LIFE AS WELL AS = AN E>LY OBSOLESC5CE4 ,! PRODUCTS :I* >E AVAILABLE = PUR*ASE >E NOT ! PRODUCTS :I* WE W\LD PREF] TO HAVE4 ,9 A WORK]-CONTROLL$ SOCIETY IT W\LD NOT BE WOR? ! WORK]S' :ILE TO PRODUCE >TICLES ) A DELIB]ATELY LIMIT$ LIFE1 NOR TO MAKE ?+S :I* W]E UNREPAIRABLE4 ,PRODUCTS W\LD HAVE TRANSP>5CY ( OP]ATION & REPAIR4 ,:5 ,H5RY ,=D FIR/ M>KET$ HIS ,MODEL ,T HE AIM$ AT A PRODUCT :I* 0ANY HICK UP A DIRT ROAD0 C\LD REPAIR ) A HAMM] & A SPANN]4 ,HE NE>LY BANKRUPT$ HIS FIRM 9 ! PROCESS1 BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY ! K9D ( PRODUCT :I* AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD NE$3 OBJECTS :OSE FUNCTION+ IS TRANSP>5T & :OSE REPAIR CAN BE UND]TAK5 READILY & SIMPLY BY ! US]4 

,9 HIS BOOK ,! ,WORK] 9 AN ,AFFLU5T ,SOCIETY1 ,F]DYN& ,ZWEIG MAKES ! 5T]TA9+ OBS]VATION ?AT 0QUITE (T5 ! WORK] COMES TO WORK ON ,MONDAY WORN \T FROM HIS WEEK5D ACTIVITIES1 ESPECIALLY FROM ',DO-IT-Y\RSELF'4 ,QUITE A NUMB] SAID ?AT ! WEEK5D IS ! MO/ TRY+ & EXACT+ P]IOD ( ! :OLE WEEK1 & ,MONDAY MORN+ 9 ! FACTORY1 9 COMP>ISON1 IS RELAX+40.<#a#b#f.> ,?IS LEADS US TO ASK -- NOT 9 ! FUTURE1 BUT 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY -- :AT IS WORK & :AT IS LEISURE IF WE WORK H>D] 9 \R LEISURE ?AN AT \R WORK8 ,! FACT ?AT ONE ( !SE JOBS IS PAID & ! O!R IS NOT SEEMS ALMO/ =TUIT\S4 ,& ?IS 9 TURN LEADS US TO A FUR!R QUE/ION4 ,! P>ADOXES ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM MEAN ?AT !RE >E VA/ NUMB]S ( :AT ONE ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/ CALLS  
NO-PEOPLE3 ! >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ :O >E EI!R UNWANT$ BY1 OR :O CONSCI\SLY REJECT1 ! MEAN+LESS ME*ANIZ$ SLAV]Y ( CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,C\LD !Y MAKE A LIVELIHOOD = !MSELVES TODAY 9 ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP8 ,IF ! WORK%OP IS CONCEIV$ M]ELY AS A SOCIAL S]VICE = 0CREATIVE LEISURE0 ! ANSW] IS ?AT IT W\LD PROBABLY BE AGA9/ ! RULES4 ,MEMB]S MI<T COMPLA9 ?AT SO-&-SO WAS ABUS+ ! FACILITIES PROVID$ BY US+ !M 0COMM]CIALLY04 ,BUT IF ! WORK%OP W]E CONCEIV$ ON MORE IMAG9ATIVE L9ES ?AN ANY EXI/+ V5TURE ( ?IS K9D1 ITS POT5TIALITIES C\LD BECOME A S\RCE ( LIVELIHOOD 9 ! TRUE/ S5SE4 ,9 SEV]AL ( ! ,NEW ,T[NS 9 ,BRITA91 = EXAMPLE1 IT HAS BE5 F\ND NECESS>Y & DESIRABLE TO BUILD GR\PS ( SMALL WORK%OPS = 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL BUS9ESSES 5GAG$ 9 SU* WORK AS REPAIR+ ELECTRICAL EQUIPM5T OR C> BODIES1 WOODWORK+ & ! MANUFACTURE ( SMALL COMPON5TS4 ,! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP W\LD BE 5HANC$ BY ITS CLU/] ( SEP>ATE WORKPLACES = 0GA9FUL0 WORK4 ,C\LDN'T ! WORK%OP BECOME ! COMMUNITY FACTORY1 PROVID+ WORK OR A PLACE = WORK = ANYONE 9 ! LOCALITY :O WANT$ TO WORK ?AT WAY1 NOT AS AN OPTIONAL EXTRA TO ! ECONOMY ( ! AFFLU5T SOCIETY :I* REJECTS AN 9CREAS+ PROPORTION ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT AS ONE ( ! PR]EQUISITES ( ! WORK]-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY ( ! FUTURE8 

,KEI? ,PATON AGA91 9 A F>-SI<T$ PAMPHLET ADDRESS$ TO MEMB]S ( ! ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNION1 URG$ !M NOT TO COMPETE = MEAN+LESS JOBS 9 ! ECONOMY :I* HAS ?R[N !M \T AS R$UNDANT1 BUT TO USE !IR SKILLS TO S]VE !IR [N COMMUNITY4 7,ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! AFFLU5T WORLD IS ?AT IT D5IES ITS POOR ! OPPORTUNITY TO FE$1 CLO!1 OR H\SE !MSELVES1 OR TO MEET !IR [N & !IR FAMILIES' NE$S1 EXCEPT FROM GRUDG+LY DOL$-\T WELF>E PAYM5TS74 ,HE EXPLA9S ?AT3  
  

,:5 WE TALK ( 0DO+ \R [N ?+0 WE >E NOT ADVOCAT+ GO+ BACK TO DO+ EV]Y?+ BY H&4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ONLY OPTION 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,BUT S9CE !N ELECTRICAL P[] & 0AFFLU5CE0 HAVE BR\<T A SPREAD ( 9T]M$IATE MA*9ES1 SOME ( !M V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$1 TO ORD9>Y WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITIES4 ,EV5 IF !Y DO NOT [N !M 7AS MANY CLAIMANTS DO NOT7 ! POSSIBILITY EXI/S ( BORR[+ !M FROM NEI<BORS1 RELATIVES1 EX-WORKMATES4 ,KNITT+ & SEW+ MA*9ES1 P[] TOOLS & O!R DO-IT-Y\RSELF EQUIPM5T COMES 9 ?IS CATEGORY4 ,G>AGES CAN BE CONV]T$ 9TO LITTLE WORK%OPS1 HOME-BREW KITS >E POPUL>1 P>TS & MA*9]Y CAN BE TAK5 FROM OLD C>S & O!R GADGETS4 ,IF !Y SAW !IR OPPORTUNITY1 TRA9$ METALLURGI/S & ME*ANICS C\LD GET 9TO ADVANC$ SCRAP TE*NOLOGY1 RECYCL+ ! METAL WA/ES ( ! CONSUM] SOCIETY = ?+S :I* C\LD BE US$ AGA9 REG>DLESS ( :E!R !Y W\LD FET* ANY?+ 9 A %OP4 ,MANY HOBBY 5?USIA/S C\LD BEG9 TO SEE !IR 9T]E/S 9 A NEW LI<T4.<#a#b#g.>  
  

0,WE DO01 HE AFFIRMS1 0NE$ EA* O!R & ! 5ORM\S POOL ( 5]GY & MORALE ?AT LIES UNTAPP$ 9 EV]Y <ETTO1 CITY DI/RICT & E/ATE40 ,! FUNNY ?+ IS ?AT :5 WE DISCUSS ! QUE/ION ( WORK FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! FIR/ QUE/ION PEOPLE ASK IS3 ,:AT W\LD Y\ DO AB\T ! LAZY MAN1 ! MAN :O WILL NOT WORK8 ,! ONLY POSSIBLE ANSW] IS ?AT WE HAVE ALL BE5 SUPPORT+ HIM = C5TURIES4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT FACES EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & EV]Y SOCIETY IS QUITE DIFF]5T1 IT IS H[ TO PROVIDE PEOPLE ) ! OPPORTUNITY !Y YE>N =3 ! *ANCE TO BE USEFUL4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiie 3 ,*APT] #aa - ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #aa - ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/