,AN>*O,SYNDICALISM 
,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 

#ai* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TAGS 3 IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM 9 FRANCE1 P[] ( ! /ATE1 DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 /&>D ( LIV+1 F$]ATION ( LABOR1 TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,AIMS & ,PURPOSES 

      #g1#b#i#h ,WORDS2 #d#e1#f#f#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,SYNDICALISM 

      #g1#c#h#i ,WORDS2 #d#f1#c#e#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,OBJECTIVES ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM 

      #h1#a#d#i ,WORDS2 #e#a1#f#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,ME?ODS ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

      #f1#e#g#f ,WORDS2 #d#a1#b#h#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

      #f1#g#e#c ,WORDS2 #d#c1#i#i#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,PROLET>IAT & ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 

      #f1#d#a#e ,WORDS2 #c#i1#e#h#i ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,AIMS & ,PURPOSES 

.<,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #ai* BY ,M>T9 ,SECK] & ,W>BURG ,LTD.> 

,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,AIMS & ,PURPOSES2 ,! ,PROLET>IAT & ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T2 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,SYNDICALISM2 ,! ,OBJECTIVES ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM2 ,! ,ME?ODS ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM2 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM4 

#a4 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,AIMS & ,PURPOSES 

,AN>*ISM V]SUS ECONOMIC MONOPOLY & /ATE P[]2 ,=]UNN]S ( MOD]N ,AN>*ISM2 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 & HIS WORK ON ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE2 ,P4,J4 ,PR\DHON & HIS IDEAS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEC5TRALIZATION2 ,MAX ,/IRN]'S WORK1 ,! ,EGO & ,ITS ,[N2 ,M4 ,BAKUN9 ! ,COLLECTIVI/ & F\ND] ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T2 ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 ! EXPON5T ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM & ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,MUTUAL ,AID2 ,AN>*ISM & REVOLUTION2 ,AN>*ISM A SYN!SIS ( ,SOCIALISM & ,LIB]ALISM2 ,AN>*ISM V]SUS ECONOMIC MAT]IALISM & ,DICTATOR%IP2 ,AN>*ISM & ! /ATE2 ,AN>*ISM A T5D5CY ( HI/ORY2 ,FRE$OM & CULTURE4  

,AN>*ISM IS A DEF9ITE 9TELLECTUAL CURR5T 9 ! LIFE ( \R TIMES1 :OSE ADH]5TS ADVOCATE ! ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES & ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS )9 SOCIETY4 ,9 PLACE ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC ORD] ,AN>*I/S W\LD HAVE A FREE ASSOCIATION ( ALL PRODUCTIVE =CES BAS$ UPON COOP]ATIVE LABOR1 :I* W\LD HAVE AS ITS SOLE PURPOSE ! SATISFY+ ( ! NECESS>Y REQUIREM5TS ( EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 & W\LD NO LONG] HAVE 9 VIEW ! SPECIAL 9T]E/ ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES )9 ! SOCIAL UNION4 

,9 PLACE ( ! PRES5T /ATE ORGANIZATION ) !IR LIFELESS MA*9]Y ( POLITICAL & BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ,AN>*I/S DESIRE A F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNITIES :I* %ALL BE B\ND TO ONE ANO!R BY !IR COMMON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/ & %ALL >RANGE !IR AFFAIRS BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T & FREE CONTRACT4 

,ANYONE :O /UDIES AT ALL PR(\NDLY ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM WILL EASILY RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE OBJECTIVES DO NOT SPR+ FROM ! ,UTOPIAN IDEAS ( A FEW IMAG9ATIVE 9NOVATORS1 BUT ?AT !Y >E ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( A ?OR\< EXAM9ATION ( ! PRES5T-DAY SOCIAL MALADJU/M5TS1 :I* ) EV]Y NEW PHASE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS MANIFE/ !MSELVES MORE PLA9LY & MORE UN:OLESOMELY4 ,MOD]N ONOPOLY1 CAPITALISM & ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE >E M]ELY ! LA/ T]MS 9 A DEVELOPM5T :I* C\LD CULM9ATE 9 NO O!R RESULTS4 

,! PORT5T\S DEVELOPM5T ( \R PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 LEAD+ TO A MI<TY ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES & TO A CONT9U\S IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 PREP>$ ! WAY = ! PRES5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL REACTION4 & BEFRI5D$ IT 9 EV]Y WAY4 ,IT SACRIFIC$ ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO ! PRIVATE 9T]E/ ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ?US SY/EMATICALLY UND]M9$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 ,PEOPLE =GOT ?AT 9DU/RY IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 BUT %\LD ONLY BE A MEANS TO 5SURE TO MAN HIS MAT]IAL SUBSI/5CE & TO MAKE ACCESSIBLE TO HIM ! BLESS+S ( A HI<] 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 ,:]E 9DU/RY IS EV]Y?+ & MAN IS NO?+ BEG9S ! REALM ( A RU?LESS ECONOMIC DESPOTISM :OSE WORK+S >E NO LESS DISA/R\S ?AN ?OSE ( ANY POLITICAL DESPOTISM4 ,! TWO MUTUALLY AUGM5T ONE ANO!R1 & !Y >E F$ FROM ! SAME S\RCE4 

,! ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! MONOPOLIES & ! POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE >E ! \TGR[? ( ! SAME POLITICAL OBJECTIVES1 & ! DIRECTORS ( BO? HAVE ! PRESUMPTION TO TRY TO R$UCE ALL ! C\NTLESS EXPRESSIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE TO ! ME*ANICAL TEMPO ( ! MA*9E & TO TUNE EV]Y?+ ORGANIC TO ! LIFELESS MA*9E ( ! POLITICAL APP>ATUS4 ,\R MOD]N SOCIAL SY/EM HAS SPLIT ! SOCIAL ORGANISM 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 9TO HO/ILE CLASSES 9T]NALLY1 & EXT]NALLY IT HAS BROK5 ! COMMON CULTURAL CIRCLE UP 9TO HO/ILE NATIONS2 & BO? CLASSES & NATIONS CONFRONT ONE ANO!R ) OP5 ANTAGONISM & BY !IR CEASELESS W>F>E KEEP ! COMMUNAL SOCIAL LIFE 9 CONT9UAL CONVULSIONS4 ,! LATE ,WORLD ,W> & ITS T]RIBLE AFT] EFFECTS1 :I* >E !MSELVES ONLY ! RESULTS ( ! PRES5T /RUGGLES = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[]1 >E ONLY ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS UN5DURABLE CONDITION1 :I* WILL 9EVITABLY LEAD US TO A UNIV]SAL CATA/ROPHE IF SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT TAKE A NEW C\RSE SOON 5\<4 ,! M]E FACT ?AT MO/ /ATES >E OBLIG$ TODAY TO SP5D FROM FIFTY TO SEV5TY P]C5T ( !IR ANNUAL 9COME = SO-CALL$ NATIONAL DEF5SE & ! LIQUIDATION ( OLD W> DEBTS IS PRO( ( ! UNT5ABILITY ( ! PRES5T /ATUS1 & %\LD MAKE CLE> TO EV]YBODY ?AT ! ALLEG$ PROTECTION :I* ! /ATE AF=DS ! 9DIVIDUAL IS C]TA9LY PUR*AS$ TOO DE>LY4 

,! EV] GR[+ P[] ( A S\LLESS POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY :I* SUP]VISES & SAFEGU>DS ! LIFE ( MAN FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE IS PUTT+ EV] GREAT] OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ! SOLID>IC COOP]ATION ( HUMAN BE+S & CRU%+ \T EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( NEW DEVELOPM5T4 ,A SY/EM :I* 9 EV]Y ACT ( ITS LIFE SACRIFICES ! WELF>E ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 YES1 ( :OLE NATIONS1 TO ! SELFI% LU/ = P[] & ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( SMALL M9ORITIES MU/ ( NECESSITY DISSOLVE ALL SOCIAL TIES & LEAD TO A CON/ANT W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL4 ,?IS SY/EM HAS BE5 M]ELY ! PACEMAK] = ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL REACTION :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION TODAY 9 MOD]N ,FASCISM1 F> SURPASS+ ! OBSESSION = P[] ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y ( PA/ C5TURIES & SEEK+ TO BR+ EV]Y SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY UND] ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,JU/ AS = ! V>I\S SY/EMS ( RELIGI\S !OLOGY1 ,GOD IS EV]Y?+ & MAN NO?+1 SO = ?IS MOD]N POLITICAL !OLOGY1 ! /ATE IS EV]Y?+ & ! MAN NO?+4 ,& JU/ AS BEH9D ! 0WILL ( ,GOD0 !RE ALWAYS LAY HIDD5 ! WILL ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES1 SO TODAY !RE HIDES BEH9D ! 0WILL ( ! /ATE0 ONLY ! SELFI% 9T]E/ ( ?OSE :O FEEL CALL$ TO 9T]PRET ?IS WILL 9 !IR [N S5SE & TO =CE IT UPON ! PEOPLE4 

,AN>*I/ IDEAS >E TO BE F\ND 9 EV]Y P]IOD ( KN[N HI/ORY1 AL?\< !RE /ILL REMA9S A GOOD DEAL ( WORK = HI/ORICAL WORK 9 ?IS FIELD4 ,WE 5C\NT] !M 9 ! ,*9ESE SAGE1 ,LAO-,TSE 7,! ,C\RSE & ,! ,RI<T ,WAY7 & 9 ! LAT] ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S1 ! ,H$ONI/S & ,CYNICS & O!R ADVOCATES ( SO-CALL$ 0NATURAL RI<T10 & 9 P>TICUL> 9 ,Z5O :O1 AT ! OPPOSITE POLE FROM ,PLATO1 F\ND$ ! ,/OIC S*OOL4 ,!Y F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! TEA*+ ( ! ,GNO/IC1 ,K>POCRATES1 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 & HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE 9FLU5CE ON C]TA9 ,*RI/IAN SECTS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY & ,HOLL&1 ALMO/ ALL ( :I* FELL VICTIMS TO ! MO/ SAVAGE P]SECUTIONS4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,BOHEMIAN RE=MATION !Y F\ND A P[]FUL *AMPION 9 ,PET] ,*ELCICKY1 :O 9 HIS WORK1 0,! ,NET ( ,FAI?10 PASS$ ! SAME JUDGM5T ON ! *UR* & ! /ATE AS ,TOL/OY DID LAT]4 ,AMONG ! GREAT HUMANI/S !RE WAS ,RABELAIS1 :O 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! HAPPY ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME 7,G>GANTUA7 PRES5T$ A PICTURE ( LIFE FRE$ FROM ALL AU?ORIT>IAN RE/RA9TS4 ,( O!R PIONE]S ( LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ WE WILL M5TION H]E ONLY ,LA ,BOETIE1 ,SYLVAN ,M>E*AL1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ,DID]OT1 9 :OSE VOLUM9\S WRIT+S ONE F9DS ?ICKLY /REWN ! UTT]ANCES ( A TRULY GREAT M9D :I* HAD RID ITSELF ( EV]Y AU?ORIT>IAN PREJUDICE4 

,MEAN:ILE1 IT WAS RES]V$ = MORE REC5T HI/ORY TO GIVE CLE> =M TO ! AN>*I/ P]CEPTION ( LIFE & TO CONNECT IT ) ! IMM$IATE PROCESSES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS DONE = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9'S SPL5DIDLY CONCEIV$ WORK1 ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE & ITS ,9FLU5CE UPON ,G5]AL ,VIRTUE & ,HAPP9ESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#g#i#c4 ,GODW9'S WORK WAS1 WE MI<T SAY1 ! RIP5$ FRUIT ( ?AT LONG EVOLUTION ( ! CONCEPTS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL& :I* PROCE$S 9 A CONT9U\S L9E FROM ,GEORGE ,BU*ANAN ?R\< ,RI*>D ,HOOK]1 ,G]>D ,W9/ANLEY1 ,ALG]NON ,SIDNEY1 ,JOHN ,LOCKE1 ,ROB]T ,WALLACE & ,JOHN ,BELL]S TO ,J]EMY ,B5?AM1 ,JOSEPH ,PRIE/LEY1 ,RI*>D ,PRICE & ,?OMAS ,PA9E4 

,GODW9 RECOGNIZ$ V]Y CLE>LY ?AT ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL EVILS IS TO BE S\<T1 NOT 9 ! =M ( ! /ATE1 BUT 9 ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,JU/ AS ! /ATE PRES5TS ONLY A C>ICATURE ( A G5U9E SOCIETY1 SO ALSO IT MAKES ( HUMAN BE+S :O >E HELD UND] ITS ET]NAL GU>DIAN%IP M]ELY C>ICATURES ( !IR REAL SELVES BY CON/ANTLY COMPELL+ !M TO REPRESS !IR NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS & HOLD+ !M TO ?+S ?AT >E REPUGNANT TO !IR 9N] IMPULSES4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY IS IT POSSIBLE TO MOLD HUMAN BE+S TO ! E/ABLI%$ =M ( GOOD SUBJECTS4 ,A NORMAL HUMAN BE+ :O WAS NOT 9T]F]$ ) 9 HIS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T W\LD ( HIMSELF %APE ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT SUITS HIS 9BORN DEM& = PEACE & FRE$OM4 

,BUT ,GODW9 ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN ONLY LIVE TOGE!R NATURALLY & FREELY :5 ! PROP] ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = ?IS >E GIV51 & :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NO LONG] SUBJECT TO EXPLOITATION BY ANO!R1 A CONSID]ATION :I* ! REPRES5TATIVES ( M]E POLITICAL RADICALISM ALMO/ COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$4 H5CE !Y W]E LAT] COMPELL$ TO MAKE CONSI/5TLY GREAT] CONCESSIONS TO ?AT P[] ( ! /ATE :I* !Y HAD WI%$ TO RE/RICT TO A M9IMUM4 ,GODW9'S IDEA ( A /ATELESS SOCIETY ASSUM$ ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ALL NATURAL & SOCIAL WEAL?1 & ! C>RY+ ON ( ECONOMIC LIFE BY ! FREE COOP]ATION ( ! PRODUC]S2 9 ?IS S5SE HE WAS REALLY ! F\ND] ( ! LAT] COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM4 

,GODW9'S WORK HAD A V]Y /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ADVANC$ CIRCLES ( ! ,5GLI% WORK]S & ! MORE 5LI<T5$ SECTIONS ( ! LIB]AL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 HE CONTRIBUT$ TO GIVE TO ! Y\NG SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL&1 :I* F\ND ITS MATURE/ EXPON5TS 9 ,ROB]T ,[51 ,JOHN ,GRAY & ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 ?AT UNMI/AKABLE LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] :I* IT HAD = A LONG TIME1 & :I* IT NEV] ASSUM$ 9 ,G]MANY & MANY O!R C\NTRIES4 

,BUT A F> GREAT] 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AN>*I/ !ORY WAS ?AT ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9TELLECTUALLY GIFT$ & C]TA9LY ! MO/ MANY-SID$ WRIT] ( :OM MOD]N SOCIALISM CAN BOA/4 ,PR\DHON WAS COMPLETELY ROOT$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL LIFE ( HIS P]IOD1 & !SE 9SPIR$ HIS ATTITUDE UPON EV]Y QUE/ION HE DEALT )4 ,!RE=E1 HE IS NOT TO BE JUDG$1 AS HE HAS BE5 BY EV5 BY MANY ( HIS LAT] FOLL[]S1 BY HIS SPECIAL PRACTICAL PROPOSALS1 :I* W]E BORN ( ! NE$S ( ! H\R4 ,AMONG ! NUM]\S SOCIALI/ ?9K]S ( HIS TIME HE WAS ! ONE :O UND]/OOD MO/ PR(\NDLY ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL MALADJU/M5T1 & POSSESS$1 BESIDES1 ! GREATE/ BREAD? ( VISION4 ,HE WAS ! \TSPOK5 OPPON5T ( ALL SY/EMS1 & SAW 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION ! ET]NAL URGE TO NEW & HI<] =MS ( 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL LIFE1 & IT WAS HIS CONVICTION ?AT ?IS EVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE B\ND BY ANY AB/RACT G5]AL =MULAS4 

,PR\DHON OPPOS$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,JACOB9 TRADITION1 :I* DOM9AT$ ! ?9K+ ( ! ,FR5* DEMOCRATS & ( MO/ ( ! ,SOCIALI/S ( ?AT P]IOD ) ! SAME DET]M9ATION AS ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! C5TRAL /ATE & ECONOMIC POLICY 9 ! NATURAL PROCESSES ( SOCIAL ADVANCE4 ,TO RID SOCIETY ( !SE TWO CANC]\S GR[?S WAS = HIM ! GREAT TASK ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY REVOLUTION4 ,PR\DHON WAS NO COMMUNI/4 ,HE CONDEMN$ PROP]TY AS M]ELY ! PRIVILEGE ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT HE RECOGNIZ$ ! [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION BY ALL1 MADE EFFECTIVE BY 9DU/RIAL GR\PS B\ND TO ONE ANO!R BY FREE CONTRACT1 SO LONG AS ?IS RI<T WAS NOT MADE TO S]VE ! EXPLOITATION ( O!RS & AS LONG AS ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS 9DIVIDUAL LABOR WAS ASSUR$ TO EV]Y HUMAN BE+4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON RECIPROCITY 7MUTUALITE7 GU>ANTEES ! 5JOYM5T ( EQUAL RI<TS BY EA* 9 EX*ANGE = EQUAL S]VICES4 ,! AV]AGE WORK+ TIME REQUIR$ = ! COMPLETION ( ANY PRODUCT BECOMES ! MEASURE ( ITS VALUE & IS ! BASIS ( MUTUAL EX*ANGE4 ,9 ?IS WAY CAPITAL IS DEPRIV$ ( ITS USURIAL P[] & IS COMPLETELY B\ND UP ) ! P]=MANCE ( WORK4 ,BY BE+ MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL IT CEASES TO BE AN 9/RUM5T = EXPLOITATION4 

,SU* A =M ( ECONOMY MAKES AN POLITICAL CO]CIVE APP>ATUS SUP]FLU\S4 ,SOCIETY BECOMES A LEAGUE ( FREE COMMUNITIES :I* >RANGE !IR AFFAIRS ACCORD+ TO NE$1 BY !MSELVES OR 9 ASSOCIATION ) O!RS1 & 9 :I* MAN'S FRE$OM F9DS 9 ! FRE$OM ( O!RS NOT ITS LIMITATION1 BUT ITS SECURITY & CONFIRMATION4 0,! FRE]1 ! MORE 9DEP5D5T & 5T]PRIS+ ! 9DIVIDUAL IS 9 A SOCIETY1 ! BETT] = ! SOCIETY40 ,?IS ORGANIZATION ( ,F$]ALISM 9 :I* ,PR\DHON SAW ! IMM$IATE FUTURE SETS NO DEF9ITE LIMITATIONS ON FUR!R POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T1 & (F]S ! WIDE/ SCOPE TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,/>T+ \T FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ( ! F$]ATION1 ,PR\DHON COMBAT$ LIKEWISE ! ASPIRATIONS = POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ! AWAK5+ NATIONALISM ( ! TIME1 & 9 P>TICUL> ?AT NATIONALISM :I* F\ND 9 ,MAZZ9I1 ,G>IBALDI1 ,LELEWEL1 & O!RS1 SU* /RONG ADVOCATES4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ALSO HE SAW MORE CLE>LY ?AN MO/ ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,PR\DHON EX]T$ A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM1 :I* MADE ITSELF FELT ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ! SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUAL ,AN>*ISM1 :I* F\ND ABLE EXPON5TS 9 ,AM]ICA 9 SU* M5 AS ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS1 ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E1 ,LYS&] ,SPOON]1 ,FRANCIS ,D4 ,T&Y1 & MO/ NOTABLY 9 ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] RAN 9 SIMIL> L9ES1 ?\< NONE ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES C\LD APPROA* ,PR\DHON'S BREAD? ( VIEW4 

,AN>*ISM F\ND A UNIQUE EXPRESSION 9 ,MAX ,/IRN]'S 7,JOHANN ,KASP> ,S*MIDT'S7 BOOK1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM 7,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N71 :I*1 IT IS TRUE1 QUICKLY PASS$ 9TO OBLIVION & HAD NO 9FLU5CE AT ALL ON ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS SU*--?\< IT WAS TO EXP]I5CE AN UNEXPECT$ RESURRECTION FIFTY YE>S LAT]4 ,/IRN]'S BOOK IS PREEM95TLY A PHILOSOPHICAL WORK :I* TRACES MAN'S DEP5D5CE ON SO-CALL$ HI<] P[]S ?R\< ALL ITS DEVI\S WAYS1 & IS NOT TIMID AB\T DRAW+ 9F]5CES FROM ! KN[L$GE GA9$ BY ! SURVEY4 ,IT IS ! BOOK ( A CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE 9SURG5T1 :I* REVEALS NO REV]5CE = ANY AU?ORITY1 H[EV] EXALT$1 & !RE=E IMPELS P[]FULLY TO 9DEP5D5T ?9K+4 

,AN>*ISM F\ND A VIRILE *AMPION ( VIGOR\S REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY 9 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 :O TOOK HIS /& UPON ! TEA*+S ( ,PR\DHON1 BUT EXT5D$ !M ON ! ECONOMIC SIDE :5 HE1 ALONG ) ! COLLECTIVI/ W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 CAME \T = ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! L& & ( ALL O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & WI%$ TO RE/RICT ! RI<T ( PRIVATE [N]%IP TO ! FULL PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR4 ,BAKUN9 ALSO WAS AN OPPON5T ( ,COMMUNISM1 :I* 9 HIS TIME HAD A ?OR\<LY AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]1 LIKE ?AT :I* IT HAS AGA9 ASSUM$ TODAY 9 ,BOL%EVISM4 ,9 ONE ( HIS F\R SPEE*ES AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM 9 ,B]N 7#a#h#f#h71 HE SAID3 0,I AM NOT A ,COMMUNI/ BECAUSE ,COMMUNISM UNITES ALL =CES ( SOCIETY 9 ! /ATE & BECOMES ABSORB$ 9 IT2 BECAUSE IT 9EVITABLY LEADS TO ! CONC5TRATION ( ALL PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 :ILE ,I SEEK ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE--! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY & GOV]NM5TAL GU>DIAN%IP1 :I* UND] ! PRET5SE ( MAK+ M5 MORAL & CIVILIZ+ !M1 HAS UP TO N[ ALWAYS 5SLAV$1 OPPRESS$1 EXPLOIT$ & RU9$ !M40 

,BAKUN9 WAS A DET]M9$ REVOLUTION>Y & DID NO BELIEVE 9 AN AMICABLE ADJU/M5T ( ! EXI/+ CLASS CONFLICT4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES BL9DLY & /UBBORNLY OPPOS$ EV5 ! SLI<TE/ SOCIAL RE=M1 & ACCORD+LY SAW ! ONLY SALVATION 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* %\LD ABOLI% ALL ! ECCLE/ICAL1 POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y1 BUREAUCRATIC & JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM & 9TRODUCE 9 !IR /EAD A F$]ATION ( FREE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS TO PROVIDE = ! REQUIREM5TS ( DAILY LIFE4 ,S9CE HE1 LIKE SO MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 BELIEV$ 9 ! CLOSE PROXIMITY ( ! REVOLUTION1 HE DIRECT$ ALL HIS VA/ 5]GY TO COMB9E ALL ! G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS )9 & )\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO SAFEGU>D ! COM+ REVOLUTION AGA9/ ANY DICTATOR%IP OR RETROGRESSION TO ! OLD CONDITIONS4 ,?US HE BECAME 9 A V]Y SPECIAL S5SE ! REATOR ( ! MOD]N ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,AN>*ISM F\ND A VALUABLE ADVOCATE 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 :O SET HIMSELF ! TASK ( MAK+ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( MOD]N NATURAL SCI5CE AVAILABLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 HIS +5I\S BOOK ,MUTUAL ,AID--A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION1 HE 5T]$ ! LI/S AGA9/ SO-CALL$ ,SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM1 :OSE EXPON5TS TRI$ TO PROVE ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS FROM ! ,D>W9IAN !ORY ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE BY RAIS+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! /RONG AGA9/ ! WEAK TO ! /ATUS ( AN IRON LAW = ALL NATURAL PROCESSES1 TO :I* EV5 MAN IS SUBJECT4 ,9 REALITY ?IS CONCEPTION WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,MAL?USIAN DOCTR9E ?AT LIFE'S TABLE IS NOT SPREAD = ALL1 & ?AT ! UNNE$$ WILL JU/ HAVE TO RECONCILE !MSELVES TO ?IS FACT4 

,KROPOTK9 %[$ ?AT ?IS CONCEPTION ( NATURE AS A FIELD ( UNRE/RICT$ W>F>E IS ONLY A C>ICATURE ( REAL LIFE1 & ?AT ALONG ) ! BRUTAL /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 :I* IS F\<T \T ) TOO? & CLAW1 !RE EXI/S 9 NATURE ANO!R PR9CIPLE :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! SOCIAL COMB9ATION ( ! WEAK] SPECIES & ! MA9T5ANCE ( RACES BY ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL 9/9CTS & MUTUAL AID4 

,9 ?IS S5SE MAN IS NOT ! CREATOR ( SOCIETY1 BUT SOCIETY IS ! CREATOR ( MAN1 = HE 9H]IT$ FROM ! ?AT PREC$$ HIM ! SOCIAL 9/9CT :I* ALONE 5ABL$ HIM TO MA9TA9 HIMSELF 9 HIS FIR/ 5VIRONM5T AGA9/ ! PHYSICAL SUP]IORITY ( O!R SPECIES1 & TO MAKE SURE ( AN UNDREAM$-( HEI<T ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS SECOND T5D5CY 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE IS F> SUP]IOR TO ! FIR/1 AS IS %[N BY ! /EADY RETROGRESSION ( ?OSE SPECIES :I* HAVE NO SOCIAL LIFE & >E DEP5D5T M]ELY UPON !IR PHYSICAL /R5G?4 ,?IS VIEW1 :I* TODAY IS MEET+ ) CONSI/5TLY WID] ACCEPTANCE 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES & 9 SOCIAL RESE>*1 OP5$ :OLLY NEW VI/AS TO SPECULATION CONC]N+ HUMAN EVOLUTION4 

,! FACT IS ?AT EV5 UND] ! WOR/ DESPOTISM MO/ ( MAN'S P]SONAL RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[S >E >RANG$ BY FREE AGREEM5T & SOLID>IC COOP]ATIONS1 )\T :I* SOCIAL LIFE W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE AT ALL4 ,IF ?IS W]E NOT ! CASE EV5 ! /RONGE/ CO]CIVE >RANGEM5TS ( ! /ATE W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 ! SOCIAL ORD] = A S+LE DAY4 ,H[EV]1 !SE NATURAL =MS ( BEHAVIOR1 :I* >ISE FROM MAN'S 9MO/ NATURE1 >E TODAY CON/ANTLY 9T]F]$ ) & CRIPPL$ BY ! EFFECTS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & GOV]NM5TAL GU>DIAN%IP1 :I* REPRES5TS 9 HUMAN SOCIETY ! BRUTAL =M ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 :I* HAS TO BE OV]COME BY ! O!R =M ( MUTUAL AID & FREE COOP]ATION4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY & ?AT O!R PRECI\S GOOD ?AT HAS COME D[N TO MAN BY 9H]ITANCE FROM REMOTE ANTIQUITY3 ?AT CAPACITY = SYMPA?Y ) O!RS 9 :I* ALL SOCIAL E?ICS1 ALL IDEAS ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 HAVE !IR ORIG91 DEVELOP BE/ 9 FRE$OM4 

,LIKE ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 TOO WAS A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,BUT HE1 LIKE ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & O!RS1 SAW 9 REVOLUTION ONLY A SPECIAL PHASE ( ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 :I* APPE>S :5 NEW SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS >E SO RE/RICT$ 9 !IR NATURAL DEVELOPM5T BY AU?ORITY ?AT !Y HAVE TO %ATT] ! OLD %ELL BY VIOL5CE BE=E !Y CAN FUNCTION AS NEW FACTORS 9 HUMAN LIFE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 ADVOCAT$ COMMUNITY [N]%IP1 NOT ONLY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS WELL1 AS IT WAS HIS OP9ION ?AT 9 ! PRES5T /ATUS ( TE*NIQUE NO EXACT MEASURE ( ! VALUE ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR IS POSSIBLE1 BUT ?AT1 ON ! O!R H&1 BY A RATIONAL DIRECTION ( \R MOD]N ME?ODS ( LABOR IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO ASSURE COMP>ATIVE ABUNDANCE TO EV]Y HUMAN BE+4 ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM1 :I* BE=E HIM HAD ALREADY BE5 URG$ BY ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 & O!RS1 & :I* IS ADVOCAT$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,AN>*I/S TODAY1 F\ND 9 HIM ONE ( ITS MO/ BRILLIANT EXPON5TS4 

,M5TION MU/ ALSO BE MADE H]E ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 :O TOOK FROM PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY &1 ON ! BASIS ( ! E?ICAL PR9CIPLES LAID D[N 9 ! GOSPELS1 >RIV$ AT ! IDEA ( A SOCIETY )\T RUL]%IP4 #a 

,COMMON TO ALL ,AN>*I/S IS ! DESIRE TO FREE SOCIETY ( ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS :I* /& 9 ! WAY ( DEVELOPM5T ( A FREE HUMANITY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ,MUTUALISM1 ,COLLECTIVISM & ,COMMUNISM >E NOT TO BE REG>D$ AS CLOS$ SY/EMS P]MITT+ NO FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 BUT M]ELY AS ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS AS TO ! MEANS ( SAFEGU>D+ A FREE COMMUNITY4 ,!RE WILL EV5 PROBABLY BE 9 SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE DIFF]5T =MS ( ECONOMIC COOP]ATION OP]AT+ SIDE BY SIDE1 S9CE ANY SOCIAL PROGRESS MU/ BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ?AT FREE EXP]IM5T & PRACTICAL TE/+ \T = :I* 9 A SOCIETY ( FREE COMMUNITIES !RE WILL BE AF=D$ EV]Y OPPORTUNITY4 

,! SAME HOLDS TRUE = ! V>I\S ME?ODS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,MO/ ,AN>*I/S ( \R TIME >E CONV9C$ ?AT A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY CANNOT BE BR\<T AB\T )\T VIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y CONVULSIONS4 ,! VIOL5CE ( !SE CONVULSIONS1 ( C\RSE1 DEP5DS UPON ! /R5G? ( ! RESI/ANCE :I* ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL BE ABLE TO OPPOSE TO ! REALIZATION ( ! NEW IDEAS4 ,! WID] ! CIRCLES :I* >E 9SPIR$ ) ! IDEA ( A REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM & ,SOCIALISM1 ! EASI] WILL BE ! BIR? PA9S ( ! COM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,9 MOD]N AN>*ISM WE HAVE ! CONFLU5CE ( ! TWO GREAT CURR5TS :I* DUR+ & S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAVE F\ND SU* *>ACT]I/IC EXPRESSION 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( ,EUROPE3 ,SOCIALISM & ,LIB]ALISM4 ,MOD]N ,SOCIALISM DEVELOP$ :5 PR(\ND OBS]V]S 9 SOCIAL LIFE CAME TO SEE MORE & MORE CLE>LY ?AT POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS & *ANGES 9 ! =M ( GOV]NM5T C\LD NEV] GET TO ! BOTTOM ( ?AT GREAT PROBLEM ?AT WE CALL 0! SOCIAL QUE/ION40 ,ITS SUPPORT]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT A SOCIAL EQUALIZ+ ( HUMAN BE+S 1 DESPITE ! LOVELIE/ ( !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS1 IS NOT POSSIBLE SO LONG AS PEOPLE >E SEP>AT$ 9TO CLASSES ON ! BASIS ( !IR [N+ OR NOT [N+ PROP]TY1 CLASSES :OSE M]E EXI/5CE EXCLUDES 9 ADVANCE ANY ?\<T ( A G5U9E COMMUNITY4 ,& SO !RE DEVELOP$ ! RECOGNITION ?AT ONLY BY ELIM9ATION ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES & COMMON [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9 A WORD1 BY A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ALL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M1 DOES A CONDITION ( SOCIAL JU/ICE BECOME ?9KABLE1 A /ATUS 9 :I* SOCIETY %ALL BECOME A G5U9E COMMUNITY1 & HUMAN LABOR %ALL NO LONG] S]VE ! 5DS ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT %ALL S]VE TO ASSURE ABUNDANCE TO EV]YONE4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ,SOCIALISM BEGAN TO ASSEMBLE ITS =CES & BECAME A MOVEM5T1 !RE AT ONCE CAME TO LI<T C]TA9 DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT EV]Y POLITICAL CONCEPT FROM !OCRACY TO ,CAES>ISM & DICTATOR%IP HAVE AFFECT$ C]TA9 FACTIONS 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 MEAN:ILE1 !RE HAVE BE5 TWO GREAT CURR5TS 9 POLITICAL ?\<T :I* HAVE BE5 ( DECISIVE SIGNIFICANCE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,SOCIALI/IC IDEALS3 ,LIB]ALISM1 :I* P[]FULLY /IMULAT$ ADVANC$ M9DS 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES & ,SPA91 9 P>TICUL>1 & ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! LAT] S5SE TO :I* ,R\SSEAU GAVE EXPRESSION 9 HIS ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT1 & :I* F\ND ITS MO/ 9FLU5TIAL REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,FR5* ,JACOB9ISM4 ,:ILE LIB]ATION 9 ITS SOCIAL !ORIZ+ />T$ (F FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL & WI%$ TO LIMIT ! /ATE'S ACTIVITIES TO A M9IMUM1 ,DEMOCRACY TOOK ITS /& ON AN AB/RACT COLLECTIVE CONCEPT1 ,R\SSEAU'S 0G5]AL WILL10 :I* IT S\<T TO FIX 9 ! NATIONAL /ATE4 

,LIB]ALISM & ,DEMOCRACY W]E PREEM95TLY POLITICAL CONCEPTS1 & S9CE ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ORIG9AL ADH]5TS ( BO? MA9TA9$ ! RI<T ( [N]%IP 9 ! OLD S5SE1 !SE HAD TO R5\NCE !M BO? :5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T TOOK A C\RSE :I* C\LD NOT BE PRACTICALLY RECONCIL$ ) ! ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES ( ,DEMOCRACY1 & /ILL LESS ) ?OSE ( ,LIB]ALISM4 ,DEMOCRACY1 ) ITS MOTTO ( 0ALL CITIZ5S EQUAL BE=E ! LAW10 & ,LIB]ALISM ) ITS 0RI<T ( MAN OV] HIS [N P]SON10 BO? %IPWRECK$ ON ! REALITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =M4 ,SO LONG AS MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY HAD TO SELL !IR LABOR-P[] TO A SMALL M9ORITY ( [N]S1 & TO S9K 9TO ! MO/ WRET*$ MIS]Y IF !Y C\LD F9D NO BUY]S1 ! SO-CALL$ 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW0 REMA9S M]ELY A PI\S FRAUD1 S9CE ! LAWS >E MADE BY ?OSE :O F9D !MSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,BUT 9 ! SAME WAY !RE CAN ALSO BE NO TALK ( A 0RI<T OV] ONE'S [N P]SON10 = ?AT RI<T 5DS :5 ONE IS COMPELL$ TO SUBMIT TO ! ECONOMIC DICTATION ( ANO!R IF HE DOES NOT WANT TO />VE4 

,AN>*ISM HAS 9 COMMON ) ,LIB]ALISM ! IDEA ?AT ! HAPP9ESS & PROSP]ITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE ! /&>D ( ALL SOCIAL MATT]S4 ,&1 9 COMMON ) ! GREAT REPRES5TATIVES ( ,LIB]AL ?\<T1 IT HAS ALSO ! IDEA ( LIMIT+ ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T TO A M9IMUM4 ,ITS SUPPORT]S HAVE FOLL[$ ?IS ?\<T TO ITS ULTIMATE LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES1 & WI% TO ELIM9ATE EV]Y 9/ITUTION ( POLITICAL P[] FROM ! LIFE ( SOCIETY4 ,:5 ,JEFF]SON CLO!S ! BASIC CONCEPT ( ,LIB]ALISM 9 ! WORDS3 0?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS LEA/10 !N ,AN>*I/S SAY ) ,?OREAU3 0,?AT GOV]NM5T IS BE/ :I* GOV]NS NOT AT ALL40 

,9 COMMON ) ! F\ND]S ( SOCIALISM1 ,AN>*I/S DEM& ! ABOLITION ( ALL ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES & ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ! SOIL & ALL O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! USE ( :I* MU/ BE AVAILABLE = ALL )\T DI/9CTION2 = P]SONAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM IS CONCEIVABLE ONLY ON ! BASIS ( EQUAL ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES = EV]YBODY4 ,)9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF ! ,AN>*I/S REPRES5T ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ! W> AGA9/ CAPITALISM MU/ BE AT ! SAME TIME A W> AGA9/ ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL P[]1 = 9 HI/ORY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION HAS ALWAYS GONE H& 9 H& ) POLITICAL & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN & ! DOM9ION ( MAN OV] MAN >E 9SEP>ABLE1 & EA* IS ! CONDITION ( ! O!R4 

,AS LONG AS )9 SOCIETY A POSSESS+ & A NON-POSSESS+ GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S FACE ONE ANO!R 9 5MITY1 ! /ATE WILL BE 9DISP5SABLE TO ! POSSESS+ M9ORITY = ! PROTECTION ( ITS PRIVILEGES4 :5 ?IS CONDITION ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE VANI%ES TO GIVE PLACE TO A HI<] ORD] ( ?+S1 :I* %ALL RECOGNIZE NO SPECIAL RI<TS & %ALL HAVE AS ITS BASIC ASSUMPTION ! COMMUNITY ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 GOV]NM5T OV] M5 MU/ YIELD ! FIELD TO ! TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS1 OR TO SPEAK ) ,SA9T-,SIMON3 0,! TIME WILL COME :5 ! >T ( GOV]N+ MAN WILL DISAPPE>4 ,A NEW >T WILL TAKE ITS PLACE1 ! >T ( ADM9I/]+ ?+S40 

,& HIS DISPOSES ( ! !ORY MA9TA9$ BY ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S ?AT ! /ATE1 9 ! =M ( A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 IS A NECESS>Y TRANSITIONAL /AGE TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 9 :I* ! /ATE AFT] ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL CLASS CONFLICTS & !N ( CLASSES !MSELVES1 WILL DISSOLVE ITSELF & VANI% FROM ! CANVAS4 ,?IS CONCEPT1 :I* COMPLETELY MI/AKES ! REAL NATURE ( ! /ATE & ! SIGNIFICANCE 9 HI/ORY ( ! FACTOR ( POLITICAL P[]1 IS ONLY ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( SO-CALL$ ECONOMIC MAT]IALISM1 :I* SEES 9 ALL ! PH5OM5A ( HI/ORY M]ELY ! 9EVITABLE EFFECTS ( ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ( ! TIME4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS !ORY PEOPLE CAME TO REG>D ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ! /ATE & ALL O!R SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS A 0JURIDICAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE0 ON ! 0ECONOMIC $IFICE0 ( SOCIETY1 & ?\<T ?AT !Y HAD F\ND 9 ?AT !ORY ! KEY TO EV]Y HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 ,9 REALITY EV]Y SECTION ( HI/ORY AF=DS US ?\S&S ( EXAMPLES ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( A C\NTRY HAS BE5 SET BACK = C5TURIES & =C$ 9TO PRESCRIB$ =MS BY P>TICUL> /RUGGLES = POLITICAL P[]4 

,BE=E ! RISE ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL MON>*Y ,SPA9 WAS 9DU/RIALLY ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE & HELD ! FIR/ PLACE 9 ECONOMIC PRODUCTION 9 ALMO/ EV]Y FIELD4 ,BUT A C5TURY AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,*RI/IAN MON>*Y MO/ ( ITS 9DU/RIES HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,:AT WAS LEFT ( !N SURVIV$ ONLY 9 ! MO/ WRET*$ CONDITIONS4 ,9 MO/ 9DU/RIES !Y HAD REV]T$ TO ! MO/ PRIMITIVE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AGRICULTURE COLLAPS$1 CANALS & WAT]WAYS FELL 9TO RU91 & VA/ /RET*ES ( C\NTRY W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO DES]TS4 ,D[N TO ?IS DAY ,SPA9 HAS NEV] RECOV]$ FROM ?AT SETBACK4 ,! ASPIRATIONS ( A P>TICUL> CA/E = POLITICAL P[] HAD LAID ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T FALL[ = C5TURIES4 

,PR9CELY ABSOLUTISM 9 ,EUROPE1 ) ITS SILLY 0ECONOMIC ORD9ANCES0 & 09DU/RIAL LEGISLATION10 :I* PUNI%$ SEV]ELY ANY DEVIATION FROM ! PRESCRIB$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION & P]MITT$ NO NEW 9V5TIONS1 BLOCK$ 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS 9 ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES = C5TURIES1 & PREV5T$ ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,& W]E !RE NOT CONSID]ATIONS ( POLITICAL P[] :I* AFT] ! ,WORLD ,W> CON/ANTLY BALK$ ANY ESCAPE FROM ! UNIV]SAL ECONOMIC CRISIS & DELIV]$ ! FUTURE ( :OLE C\NTRIES TO POLITICS-PLAY+ G5]ALS & POLITICAL ADV5TUR]S8 ,:O WILL ASS]T ?AT MOD]N ,FASCISM WAS AN 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T8 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 :]E ! SO-CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 HAS RIP5$ 9TO REALITY1 ! ASPIRATIONS ( A P>TICUL> P>TY = POLITICAL P[] HAVE PREV5T$ ANY TRULY SOCIALI/IC RECON/RUCTION ( ECONOMY & HAVE =C$ ! C\NTRY 9TO ! SLAV]Y ( A GR9D+ /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 9 :I* NAIVE S\LS WI% TO SEE M]ELY A PASS+1 BUT 9EVITABLE1 TRANSITION /AGE TO REAL ,SOCIALISM1 HAS TODAY GR[N 9TO A FRI<TFUL DESPOTISM1 :I* LAGS BEH9D ! TYRANNY ( ! ,FASCI/ /ATES 9 NO?+4 

,! ASS]TION ?AT ! /ATE MU/ CONT9UE TO EXI/ UNTIL CLASS CONFLICTS1 & CLASSES ) !M1 DISAPPE>1 S\NDS1 9 ! LI<T ( ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 ALMO/ LIKE A BAD JOKE4 ,EV]Y TYPE ( POLITICAL P[] PRESUPPOSES SOME P>TICUL> =M ( HUMAN SLAV]Y1 = ! MA9T5ANCE ( :I* IT IS CALL$ 9TO BE+4 ,JU/ AS \TW>DLY1 ?AT IS1 9 RELATION TO O!R /ATES1 ! /ATE HAS TO CREATE C]TA9 >TIFICIAL ANTAGONISMS 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ITS EXI/5CE1 SO ALSO 9T]NALLY ! CLEAVAGE ( SOCIETY 9TO CA/ES1 RANKS1 & CLASSES IS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ITS CONT9UANCE4 ,! /ATE IS CAPABLE ONLY ( PROTECT+ OLD PRIVILEGES & CREAT+ NEW ONES2 9 ?AT ITS :OLE SIGNIFICANCE IS EXHAU/$4 

,A NEW /ATE :I* HAS BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN PUT AN 5D TO ! PRIVILEGES ( ! OLD RUL+ CLASSES1 BUT IT CAN DO ?IS ONLY BY IMM$IATELY SETT+ UP A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 :I* IT WILL REQUIRE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ITS RUL]%IP4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ BUREAUCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA UND] ! ALLEG$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT--:I* HAS NEV] BE5 ANY?+ BUT ! DICTATOR%IP ( A SMALL CLIQUE OV] ! PROLET>IAT & ! 5TIRE ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE--IS M]ELY A NEW 9/ANCE ( AN OLD HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE :I* HAS REPEAT$ ITSELF UNC\NTABLE TIMES4 ,?IS NEW RUL+ CLASS1 :I* TODAY IS RAPIDLY GR[+ 9TO A NEW >I/OCRACY1 IS SET AP>T FROM ! GREAT MASSES ( ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS & WORK]S JU/ AS CLE>LY AS >E ! PRIVILEG$ CA/ES & CLASSES 9 O!R C\NTRIES FROM ! MASS ( !IR PEOPLES4 

,IT C\LD P]HAPS BE OBJECT$ ?AT ! NEW ,RUSSIAN COMMIS>-OCRACY CANNOT BE PUT UP ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS ! P[]FUL F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL OLIG>*IES ( CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,BUT ! OBJECTION WILL NOT HOLD4 ,IT IS NOT ! SIZE OR ! EXT5T ( ! PRIVILEGE ?AT MATT]S1 BUT ITS IMM$IATE EFFECT ON ! DAILY LIFE ( ! AV]AGE HUMAN BE+4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN WORK+ MAN :O1 UND] MOD]ATELY DEC5T WORK+ CONDITIONS1 E>NS 5\< TO FE$1 CLO! & H\SE HIMSELF HUMANELY & HAS 5\< LEFT OV] TO PROVIDE HIMSELF ) SOME CULTUR$ 5JOYM5TS1 FEELS ! POSSESSION ( MILLIONS BY ! ,MELLONS & ,MORGANS LESS ?AN A MAN :O E>NS H>DLY 5\< TO SATISFY HIS MO/ URG5T NECESSITIES .<& :O.> FEELS ! PRIVILEGES ( A LITTLE CA/E ( BUREAUCRATS1 EV5 IF !SE >E NOT MILLIONAIRES4 ,PEOPLE :O CAN SC>CELY GET 5\< DRY BREAD TO SATISFY !IR HUNG]1 :O LIVE 9 SQUALID ROOMS :I* !Y >E (T5 OBLIG$ TO %>E ) /RANG]S1 & :O1 ON TOP ( ?IS1 >E COMPELL$ TO WORK UND] AN 9T5SIFI$ SPE$-UP SY/EM :I* RAISES !IR PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY TO ! UTMO/1 CAN BUT FEEL ! PRIVILEGES ( AN UPP] CLASS :I* LACKS NO?+1 MU* MORE KE5LY ?AN !IR CLASS COMRADES 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,& ?IS SITUATION BECOMES /ILL MORE UNBE>ABLE :5 A DESPOTIC /ATE D5IES TO ! L[] CLASSES ! RI<T TO COMPLA9 ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 SO ?AT ANY PROTE/ IS MADE AT ! RISK ( !IR LIVES4 

,BUT EV5 A F> GREAT] DEGREE ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY ?AN EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD /ILL BE NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ POLITICAL & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS :I* ,M>XISM & ALL ! O!R S*OOLS ( AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALISM HAVE NEV] UND]/OOD4 ,EV5 9 PRISON1 9 ! CLOI/] OR 9 ! B>RACKS ONE F9DS A FAIRLY HI< DEGREE ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 AS ALL ! 9MATES >E PROVID$ ) ! SAME DWELL+1 ! SAME FOOD1 ! SAME UNI=M & ! SAME TASKS4 ,! ANCI5T ,9CA /ATE 9 ,P]U & ! ,JESUIT /ATE 9 ,P>AGUAY HAD BR\<T EQUAL ECONOMIC PROVISION = EV]Y 9HABITANT TO A FIX$ SY/EM1 BUT 9 SPITE ( ?IS ! VILE/ DESPOTISM PREVAIL$ !RE1 & ! HUMAN BE+ WAS M]ELY ! AUTOMATON ( A HI<] WILL1 ON :OSE DECISIONS HE HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ 9FLU5CE4 ,IT WAS NOT )\T REASON ?AT ,PR\DHON SAW 9 A 0,SOCIALISM0 )\T FRE$OM ! WOR/ FROM ( SLAV]Y4 ,! URGE = SOCIAL JU/ICE CAN ONLY DEVELOP PROP]LY & BE EFFECTIVE :5 IT GR[S \T ( MAN'S S5SE ( P]SONAL FRE$OM & IS BAS$ ON ?AT4 ,9 O!R WORDS ,SOCIALISM WILL BE FREE OR IT WILL NOT BE AT ALL4 ,9 ITS RECOGNITION ( ?IS LIES ! G5U9E & PR(\ND JU/IFICATION = ! EXI/5CE ( ,AN>*ISM4 

,9/ITUTIONS S]VE ! SAME PURPOSE 9 ! LIFE ( SOCIETY AS BODILY ORGANS DO 9 PLANTS OR ANIMALS3 !Y >E ! ORGANS ( ! SOCIAL BODY4 ,ORGANS DO NOT RISE >BITR>ILY1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! DEF9ITE NECESSITIES ( ! PHYSICAL & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ! EYE ( A DEEP-SEA FI% IS =M$ V]Y DIFF]5TLY FROM ?AT ( AN ANIMAL ?AT LIVES ON L&1 BECAUSE IT HAS TO SATISFY QUITE DIFF]5T DEM&S4 ,*ANG$ CONDITIONS ( LIFE PRODUCE *ANG$ ORGANS4 BUT ! ORGAN ALWAYS P]=MS ! FUNCTION IT WAS EVOLV$ TO P]=M1 OR A RELAT$ ONE4 ,& IT GRADUALLY DISAPPE>S OR BECOMES RUDIM5T>Y AS SOON AS ITS FUNCTION IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO ! ORGANISM4 ,BUT AN ORGAN NEV] TAKES ON A FUNCTION ?AT DOES NOT ACCORD ) ITS PROP] PURPOSE4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y1 TOO1 DO NOT RISE >BITR>ILY1 BUT >E CALL$ 9TO BE+ BY SPECIAL SOCIAL NE$S TO S]VE DEF9ITE PURPOSES4 ,9 ?IS WAY ?IS MOD]N /ATE WAS EVOLV$ AFT] MONOPOLY ECONOMY1 & ! CLASS DIVISIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M HAD BEGUN TO MAKE !MSELVES MORE & MORE CONSPICU\S 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! OLD SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! NEWLY >ISE POSSESS+ CLASSES HAD NE$ ( A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( P[] TO MA9TA9 !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PRIVILEGES OV] ! MASSES ( !IR [N PEOPLE1 & TO IMPOSE !M FROM )\T ON O!R GR\PS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,?US >OSE ! APPROPRIATE SOCIAL CONDITIONS = ! EVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 AS ! ORGAN ( POLITICAL P[] ( PRIVILEG$ CA/ES & CLASSES = ! =CIBLE SUBJUGATION & OPPRESSION ( ! NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,?IS TASK IS ! POLITICAL LIFEWORK ( ! /ATE1 ! ESS5TIAL REASON = IT EXI/+ AT ALL4 ,& TO ?IS TASK IT HAS ALWAYS REMA9$ FAI?FUL1 MU/ REMA9 FAI?FUL1 = IT CANNOT ESCAPE FROM ITS SK94 

,ITS EXT]NAL =MS HAVE ALT]$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ITS FUNCTIONS HAVE ALWAYS REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,!Y HAVE EV5 BE5 CON/ANTLY BROAD5$ 9 JU/ ! MEASURE 9 :I* ITS SUPPORT]S HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ FUR!R FIELDS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY SUBS]VI5T TO !IR NE$S4 ,:E!R ! /ATE BE MON>*Y OR REPUBLIC1 :E!R HI/ORICALLY IT IS AN*OR$ TO AUTOCRACY OR 9 A NATIONAL CON/ITUTION1 ITS FUNCTION REMA9S ALWAYS ! SAME4 ,& JU/ AS ! FUNCTIONS ( ! BODILY ORGANS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS CANNOT BE >BITR>ILY ALT]$1 SO ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE CANNOT AT WILL HE> ) HIS EYES & SEE ) HIS E>S1 SO ALSO ONE CANNOT AT PLEASURE TRANS=M AN ORGAN ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,! /ATE CAN ONLY BE :AT IT IS3 ! DEF5D] ( MASS EXPLOITATION & SOCIAL PRIVILEGES1 ! CREATOR ( PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & CA/ES & ( NEW MONOPOLIES4 ,:O FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?IS FUNCTION ( ! /ATE DOES NOT UND]/& ! REAL NATURE ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] AT ALL1 & IS 9CAPABLE ( PO9T+ \T TO HUMANITY NEW \TLOOKS = ITS SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,AN>*ISM IS NO PAT5T SOLUTION = ALL HUMAN PROBLEMS1 NO ,UTOPIA ( A P]FECT SOCIAL ORD]1 AS IT HAS SO (T5 BE5 CALL$1 S9CE ON PR9CIPLE IT REJECTS ALL ABSOLUTE S*EMES & CONCEPTS4 ,IT DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ANY ABSOLUTE TRU?1 OR 9 DEF9ITE F9AL GOALS = HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 BUT 9 AN UNLIMIT$ P]FECTIBILITY ( SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS & HUMAN LIV+ CONDITIONS1 :I* >E ALWAYS /RA9+ AFT] HI<] =MS ( EXPRESSION1 & TO :I* = ?IS REASON ONE CAN ASSIGN NO DEF9ITE T]M9US NOR SET ANY FIX$ GOAL4 ,! WOR/ CRIME ( ANY TYPE ( /ATE IS JU/ ?AT IT ALWAYS TRIES TO =CE ! RI* DIV]SITY ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO DEF9ITE =MS & ADJU/ IT TO ONE P>TICUL> =M1 :I* ALL[S = NO WID] \TLOOK & REG>DS ! PREVI\SLY EXCIT+ /ATUS AS F9I%$4 ,! /RONG] ITS SUPPORT]S FEEL !MSELVES1 ! MORE COMPLETELY !Y SUCCE$ 9 BR++ EV]Y FIELD ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO !IR S]VICE1 ! MORE CRIPPL+ IS !IR 9FLU5CE ON ! OP]ATION ( ALL CREATIVE CULTURAL =CES1 ! MORE UN:OLESOMELY DOES IT AFFECT ! 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ANY P>TICUL> EPO*4 

,! SO-CALL$ TOTALIT>IAN /ATE1 :I* N[ RE/S LIKE A M\NTA9-WEI<T UPON :OLE PEOPLES & TRIES TO MOLD EV]Y EXPRESSION ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL LIFE TO ! LIFELESS PATT]N SET BY A POLITICAL PROVID5CE1 SUPPRESSES ) RU?LESS & BRUTAL =CE EV]Y EF=T AT ALT]ATION ( ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE IS A DIRE OM5 = \R TIME1 & %[S ) FRI<TFUL CL>ITY :I!R SU* A RETURN TO ! B>B>ITY ( PA/ C5TURIES MU/ LEAD4 ,IT IS ! TRIUMPH ( ! POLITICAL MA*9E OV] M9D1 ! RATIONALIZ+ ( HUMAN ?\<T1 FEEL+ & BEHAVIOR ACCORD+ TO ! E/ABLI%$ RULES ( ! (FICIALS4 ,IT IS CONSEQU5TLY ! 5D ( ALL 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE4 

,AN>*ISM RECOGNIZES ONLY ! RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE ( IDEAS1 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL =MS4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT A FIX$1 SELF-5CLOS$ SOCIAL SY/EM1 BUT RA!R A DEF9ITE TR5D 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D1 :I*1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! 9TELLECTUAL GU>DIAN%IP ( ALL CL]ICAL & GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 /RIVES = ! FREE UNH9D]$ UNFOLD+ ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL =CES 9 LIFE4 ,EV5 FRE$OM IS ONLY A RELATIVE1 NOT AN ABSOLUTE CONCEPT1 S9CE IT T5DS CON/ANTLY TO BECOME BROAD] & AFFECT WID] CIRCLES 9 MORE MANIFOLD WAYS4 ,= ! ,AN>*I/1 FRE$OM IS NOT AN AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT1 BUT ! VITAL CONCRETE POSSIBILITY = EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO BR+ TO FULL DEVELOPM5T ALL ! P[]S1 CAPACITIES & TAL5TS ) :I* NATURE HAS 5D[$ HIM1 & TURN !M TO SOCIAL ACC\NT4 ,! LESS ?IS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( MAN IS 9FLU5C$ BY ECCLESIA/ICAL OR POLITICAL GU>DIAN%IP1 ! MORE EFFICI5T & H>MONI\S WILL HUMAN P]SONALITY BECOME1 ! MORE WILL IT BECOME ! MEASURE ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT HAS GR[N4 

,?IS IS ! REASON :Y ALL GREAT CULTURE P]IODS 9 HI/ORY HAVE BE5 P]IODS ( POLITICAL WEAKNESS4 ,& ?AT IS QUITE NATURAL1 = POLITICAL SY/EMS >E ALWAYS SET UPON ! ME*ANIZ+ & NOT UPON ! ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL =CES4 ,/ATE & CULTURE >E 9 ! DEP? ( !IR BE+ IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITES4 ,NIETZS*E RECOGNIZ$ ?IS V]Y CLE>LY :5 HE WROTE3 

 0,NO ONE CAN F9ALLY SP5D MORE ?AN HE HAS4 ,?AT HOLDS GOOD = 9DIVIDUALS2 IT HOLDS GOOD = PEOPLES4 ,IF ONE SP5DS ONESELF = P[]1 = HI< POLITICS1 = HUSB&RY1 = COMM]CE1 P>LIAM5T>ISM1 MILIT>Y 9T]E/S--IF ONE GIVES AWAY ?AT AM\NT ( REASON1 E>NE/NESS1 WILL1 SELF-MA/]Y1 :I* CON/ITUTES ONE'S REAL SELF = ONE ?+1 HE WILL NOT HAVE IT = ! O!R4 ,CULTURE & ! /ATE--LET NO ONE BE DECEIV$ AB\T ?IS-->E ANTAGONI/S3 ! ',CULTURE ,/ATE' IS M]ELY A MOD]N IDEA4 ,! ONE LIVES ON ! O!R1 ! ONE PROSP]S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R4 ,ALL GREAT P]IODS ( CULTURE >E P]IODS ( POLITICAL DECL9E4 ,:ATEV] IS GREAT 9 A CULTUR$ S5SE IS NON POLITICAL1 IS EV5 ANTI-POLITICAL40  

,A P[]FUL /ATE ME*ANISM IS ! GREATE/ H9DRANCE TO ANY HI<] CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:]E ! /ATE HAS BE5 ATTACK$ BY 9T]NAL DECAY1 :]E ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL P[] ON ! CREATIVE =CES ( SOCIETY IS R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 !RE CULTURE ?RIVES BE/1 = POLITICAL RUL]%IP ALWAYS /RIVES = UNI=MITY & T5DS TO SUBJECT EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE TO ITS GU>DIAN%IP4 ,& 9 ?IS IT F9DS ITSELF 9 9ESCAPABLE CONTRADICTION TO ! CREATIVE ASPIRATIONS ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 :I* IS ALWAYS ON ! QUE/ AFT] NEW =MS & FIELDS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & = :I* FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 ! MANYSID$NESS & ! KALEIDOSCOPIC *ANGES ( ?+S1 >E JU/ AS VITALLY NECESS>Y AS RIGID =MS1 DEAD RULES & ! =CIBLE SUPPRESSION ( EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( SOCIAL LIFE :I* >E 9 CONTRADICTION TO IT4 

,EV]Y CULTURE1 IF ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T IS NOT TOO MU* AFFECT$ BY POLITICAL RE/RICTIONS1 EXP]I5CES A P]PETUAL R5EWAL ( ! =MATIVE URGE1 & \T ( ?AT COMES AN EV] GR[+ DIV]SITY ( CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,EV]Y SUCCESSFUL PIECE ( WORK /IRS ! DESIRE = GREAT] P]FECTION & DEEP] 9SPIRATION2 EA* NEW =M BECOMES ! H]ALD ( NEW POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ! /ATE CREATES NO CULTURE1 AS IS SO (T5 ?\<TLESSLY ASS]T$2 IT ONLY TRIES TO KEEP ?+S AS !Y >E1 SAFELY AN*OR$ TO /]EOTYPES4 ,?AT HAS BE5 ! REASON = ALL REVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY4 

,P[] OP]ATES ONLY DE/RUCTIVELY1 B5T ALWAYS ON =C+ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( LIFE 9TO ! /RAITJACKET ( ITS LAWS4 ,ITS 9TELLECTUAL =M ( EXPRESSION IS DEAD DOGMA1 ITS PHYSICAL =M BRUTE =CE4 ,& ?IS UN9TELLIG5CE ( ITS OBJECTIVES SETS ITS /AMP ON ITS SUPPORT]S ALSO & R5D]S !M /UPID & BRUTAL1 EV5 :5 !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY 5D[$ ) ! BE/ ( TAL5TS4 ,ONE :O IS CON/ANTLY /RIV+ TO =CE EV]Y?+ 9TO A ME*ANICAL ORD] AT LA/ BECOMES A MA*9E HIMSELF & LOSES ALL HUMAN FEEL+4 

,IT WAS FROM ! UND]/&+ ( ?IS ?AT MOD]N ,AN>*ISM WAS BORN & N[ DRAWS ITS MORAL =CE4 ,ONLY FRE$OM CAN 9SPIRE M5 TO GREAT ?+S & BR+ AB\T SOCIAL & POLITICAL TRANS=MATIONS4 ,! >T ( RUL+ M5 HAS NEV] BE5 ! >T ( $UCAT+ M5 & 9SPIR+ !M TO A NEW %AP+ ( !IR LIVES4 ,DRE>Y COMPULSION HAS AT ITS COMM& ONLY LIFELESS DRILL1 :I* SMO!RS ANY VITAL 9ITIATIVE AT ITS BIR? & CAN BR+ =? ONLY SUBJECTS1 NOT FREE M54 ,FRE$OM IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( LIFE1 ! IMPELL+ =CE 9 ALL 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! CREATOR ( EV]Y NEW \TLOOK = ! FUTURE ( MANK9D4 ,! LIB]ATION ( MAN FROM ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & FROM 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 :I* F9DS ITS F9E/ EXPRESSION 9 ! WORLD-PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM1 IS ! FIR/ PR]EQUISITE = ! EVOLUTION ( A HI<] SOCIAL CULTURE & A NEW HUMANITY4 

,NOTES 

#a ,! READ] WILL F9D 9 ! WORKS ( ,MAX ,NETTLAU LI/$ 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY A V]Y WELL 9=M$ HISORY ( ,AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES & MOVEM5TS4 

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O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,SYNDICALISM 
#c4 ,! ,=]UNN]S ( ,SYNDICALISM 

,ROB]T ,[5 & ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T2 ,! ,GR& ,NATIONAL ,CONSOLIDAT$ ,TRADE ,UNION2 ,WILLIAM ,B5B[ & ! IDEA ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE2 ,! P]IOD ( REACTION2 ,EVOLUTION ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,FRANCE2 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 ,! NEW CONCEPTION ( TRADE UNIONISM2 ,! IDEA ( ! LABOR C\NCILS2 ,LABOR C\NCILS V]SUS DICTATOR%IPS2 ,BAKUN9 ON ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S2 ,! 9TRODUCTION ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS BY ,M>X & ,5GELS & ! 5D ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4  

,! P]MEATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T BY ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS E>LY L$ TO T5D5CIES :I* HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE RELATION%IP TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ( \R DAY4 ,!SE T5D5CIES DEVELOP$ FIR/ 9 ,5GL&1 ! MO!R C\NTRY ( CAPITALI/ BIG 9DU/RY1 & = A TIME /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ ! ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,AFT] ! REPEAL ( ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS1 ! EF=T ( ! WORK]S WAS DIRECT$ *IEFLY TO GIV+ A BROAD] *>ACT] TO !IR TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 AS PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE HAD %[N !M ?AT PURELY LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NOT PROVIDE ! NE$$ SUPPORT 9 !IR /RUGGLES = DAILY BREAD4 ,/ILL !SE EF=TS W]E NOT AT FIR/ BAS$ ON ANY V]Y PR(\ND SOCIAL CONCEPTS4 ,! WORK]S1 9S(> AS !Y W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ! POLITICAL RE=M MOVEM5T ( ?AT TIME1 HAD NO GOAL :ATEV] 9 VIEW \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE BETT]M5T ( !IR ECONOMIC /ATUS4 ,NOT UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! #c'S DID ! 9FLU5CE ( ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS ON ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T BECOME PLA9LY APP>5T1 & ITS APPE>ANCE !N IS TO BE ASCRIB$ *IEFLY TO ! /IRR+ PROPAG&A ( ,ROB]T ,[5 & HIS FOLL[]S4 

,A FEW YE>S BE=E ! CONV5+ ( ! SO-CALL$ ,RE=M ,P>LIAM5T ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES  WAS F\ND$1 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT COMPON5T P>T BE+ ! WORK]S 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS COMB9ATION HAD SUMM$ UP ITS DEM&S 9 ! FOLL[+ F\R PO9TS3 #a4 ,TO EV]Y WORK] ! FULL VALUE ( HIS LABOR4 #b4 ,PROTECTION ( ! WORK] AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S BY EV]Y APPROPRIATE MEANS1 :I* MEANS WILL DEVELOP AUTOMATICALLY \T ( ! CURR5T CONDITIONS4 #c4 ,! RE=M ( P>LIAM5T & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = BO? M5 & WOM54 #d4 ,$UCATION ( WORK]S 9 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,ONE RECOGNIZES 9 !SE DEM&S ! /RONG 9FLU5CE ( ! POLITICAL RE=M MOVEM5T :I* JU/ AT ?AT TIME HELD ! 5TIRE C\NTRY UND] ITS SPELL3 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ONE NOTICES EXPRESSIONS :I* >E BORR[$ FROM ! DOCTR9ES ( ,ROB]T ,[54 

,! YE> #ahcb BR\<T ! ,RE=M ,BILL1 BY :I* ! LA/ POLITICAL ILLUSIONS = L>GE CIRCLES ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS W]E DE/ROY$4 ,:5 ! BILL HAD BECOME LAW IT WAS SE5 ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASS HAD1 9DE$1 WON A GREAT VICTORY OV] ! >I/OCRATIC L&[N]S1 BUT ! WORK]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 BETRAY$ AGA91 & ?AT !Y HAD M]ELY BE5 US$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE TO PULL ITS *E/NUTS \T ( ! FIRE4 ,! RESULT WAS A G5]AL DISILLUSIONM5T & ! /EADILY SPRAWL+ CONVICTION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD F9D NO HELP 9 AN ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IF1 BE=E !N1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAD BE5 AN ACTUALITY :I* ROSE SPONTANE\SLY \T ( ! CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! POSSESS+ & NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES1 IT HAD N[ TAK5 %APE AS A DEF9ITE CONVICTION 9 ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S & GAVE A DET]M9ATE C\RSE TO !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS TURN 9 ! ?9K+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS CLE>LY REVEAL$ 9 NUM]\S UTT]ANCES 9 LABOR PRESS DUR+ ?OSE YE>S4 ,! WORK]S W]E BEG9N+ TO UND]/& ?AT !IR REAL /R5G? LAY 9 !IR *>ACT] AS PRODUC]S4 ,! MORE KE5LY AW>E !Y BECAME ( ! FIASCO ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! POLITICAL RE=M MOVEM5T1 ! MORE FIRMLY ROOT$ BECAME !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ UND]/&+ ( !IR [N ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 9 SOCIETY4 

,!Y W]E /R5G!N$ 9 ?IS CONVICTION 9 HI< DEGREE BY ! PROPAG&A ( ,ROB]T ,[51 :O AT ?AT TIME WAS GA9+ CON/ANTLY /RONG] 9FLU5CE 9 ! RANKS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 ,[5 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! /EADY GR[? ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS FURNI%$ A FIRM BASIS = HIS EF=TS AT A FUNDAM5TAL ALT]ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD]1 & ?IS FILL$ HIM ) HI< HOPES4 ,HE %[$ ! WORK]S ?AT ! EXI/+ CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR C\LD NEV] BE SETTL$ BY ORD9>Y BATTLES OV] WAGES1 ?\<1 9 FACT1 HE BY NO MEANS OV]LOOK$ ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( !SE TO ! WORK]S4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE /ROVE TO CONV9CE ! WORK]S ?AT !Y C\LD EXPECT NO?+ :ATEV] FROM LEGISLATIVE BODIES1 & MU/ TAKE !IR AFFAIRS 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,!SE IDEAS F\ND WILL+ E>S AMONG ! ADVANC$ SECTORS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 & FIR/ MANIFE/$ !MSELVES /RONGLY AMONG ! BUILD+ TRADES4 ,! ,BUILD]S' ,UNION1 9 :I* W]E COMB9$ A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( LOCAL LABOR UNIONS1 WAS AT ?AT TIME ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ & MO/ ACTIVE ( LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 & WAS A ?ORN 9 ! FLE% ( ! MANAG]S4 ,9 ! YE> #a#h#c#a1 ,[5 HAD PRES5T$ HIS PLANS = ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY BE=E A MEET+ ( DELEGATES ( ?IS UNION 9 ,MAN*E/]4 ,! PLANS AM\NT$ TO A K9D ( ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM & CALL$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PRODUC]'S COOP]ATIVES UND] ! CONTROL ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! PROPOSALS W]E ADOPT$1 & %ORTLY AFT] ?IS ! ,BUILD]S' ,UNION WAS 9VOLV$ 9 A LONG S]I\S ( SEV]E CONFLICTS1 ! UNHAPPY \TCOME ( :I* S]I\SLY ?REAT5$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION & PUT A PREMATURE 5D TO ALL EF=TS 9 ! DIRECTION M>K$ \T BY ,[54 

,[5 DID NOT LET HIMSELF BE DISC\RAG$ BY ?IS1 BUT C>RI$ ON HIS ACTIVITIES ) R5EW$ ZEAL4 ,9 #ahcc !RE CONV5$ 9 ,LONDON A CONF]5CE ( TRADE UNIONS & COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 AT :I* ,[5 EXPLA9$ EXHAU/IVELY HIS PLAN = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,FROM ! REPORTS ( ! DELEGATES ONE CAN SEE PLA9LY :AT AN 9FLU5CE !SE IDEAS HAS ALREADY GA9$ & :AT A CREATIVE SPIRIT !N ANIMAT$ ! ADVANC$ CIRCLES ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4,! ,POOR ,MAN'S ,GU>DIAN V]Y JU/LY SUMM$ UP ITS REPORT ( ! CONF]5CE 9 !SE WORDS30,BUT F> DIFF]5T FROM ! PALTRY OBJECTS ( ALL =M] COMB9ATIONS IS ?AT N[ AIM$ AT BY ! CONGRESS ( DELEGATES4 ,!IR REPORTS %[ ?AT AN 5TIRE *ANGE 9 SOCIETY--A *ANGE AM\NT+ TO A COMPLETE SUBV]SION ( ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ! WORLD--IS CONTEMPLAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,!Y ASPIRE TO BE AT ! TOP 9/EAD ( ! BOTTOM ( SOCIETY--OR RA!R ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO BOTTOM OR TOP AT ALL40 

,! IMM$IATE RESULT ( ?IS CONF]5CE WAS ! F\ND+ ( ! ,GR& ,NATIONAL ,CONSOLIDAT$ ,TRADE ,UNION ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,IREL& AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#c#d4 ,!SE W]E /IRR+ TIMES4 ,! :OLE C\NTRY WAS %AK5 BY 9NUM]ABLE /RIKES & LOCK-\TS1 & ! NUMB] ( WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE UNIONS RAPIDLY SO>$ TO #h14 ,! F\ND+ ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 >OSE FROM ! EF=T TO GA!R ! SCATT]$ ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ONE GREAT F$]ATION1 :I* W\LD GIVE GREAT] EFFECTIVE =CE TO ! ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT :AT DI/+UI%$ ?IS ALLIANCE FROM ALL ! EF=TS 9 ?IS DIRECTION :I* HAD BE5 MADE PREVI\SLY WAS ?AT IT /OOD1 NEI!R = PURE TRADE UNIONISM1 NOT = COLLABORATION ( ! WORK]S ) ! POLITICAL RE=M]S4 ,! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS CONCEIV$ AS A FI<T+ ORGANIZATION TO L5D ALL POSSIBLE AID TO ! NE$$ BETT]M5T ( !IR CONDITION1 BUT IT HAD AT ! SAME TIME SET ITSELF ! GOAL ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS A :OLE & REPLAC+ IT ) ! COOP]ATIVE LABOR ( ALL PRODUC]S1 :I* %\LD NO LONG] HAVE 9 VIEW PR(ITS = ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( ALL4 ,! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS1 !N1 TO BE ! FRAMEWORK )9 :I* !SE ASPIRATIONS W\LD F9D EXPRESSION & BE TRANS=M$ 9TO REALITY4 

,! ORGANIZ]S WANT$ TO COMB9E 9 !SE F$]ATIONS ! WORK]S 9 ALL 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS & GR\P !M ACCORD+ TO !IR SPECIAL BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,EA* 9DU/RY W\LD CON/ITUTE A SPECIAL DIVISION :I* W\LD CONC]N ITSELF ) ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY & ! RELAT$ ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,:]EV] ?IS WAS POSSIBLE ! WORK]S 9 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES W]E TO PROCE$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COOP]ATIVE PLANTS1 :I* %\LD SELL !IR PRODUCE TO CONSUM]S AT ACTUAL CO/1 9CLUD+ ! EXP5SE ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,UNIV]SAL ORGANIZATION W\LD S]VE TO B9D ! SEP>ATE 9DU/RIES TOGE!R ORGANICALLY1 & TO REGULATE !IR MUTUAL 9T]E/S4 ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS ( ! COOP]ATIVE PLANTS WAS TO BE EFFECT$ ?R\< SO-CALL$ LABOR BAZA>S & ! USE ( SPECIAL EX*ANGE-MONEY OR LABOR TICKETS4 ,BY ! /EADY SPREAD ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS !Y HOP$ TO DRIVE CAPITALI/ COMPETITION FROM ! FIELD & ?US TO A*IEVE A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME !SE COOP]ATIVE AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S W]E TO S]VE TO MAKE ! DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD EASI]4 ,?IS IS %[N P>TICUL>LY 9 ?REE ( ! SEV5 PO9TS 9 :I* ! ,G4,N4,C4 HAD FRAM$ ITS DEM&S3 
 0,AS L& IS ! S\RCE ( ! FIR/ NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 & AS1 )\T ! POSSESSION ( IT1 ! PRODUC+ CLASSES WILL EV] REMA9 9 A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE SUBS]VI5T TO ! MONEY CAPITALI/S1 & SUBSEQU5T UPON ! FLUCTUATIONS ( TRADE & COMM]CE1 ?IS COMMITTEE ADVISES ?AT A GREAT EF=T %\LD BE MADE BY ! UNIONS TO SECURE SU* PORTIONS ( IT ON LEASE AS !IR FUNDS WILL P]MIT1 9 ORD] ?AT 9 ALL TURN-\TS ! M5 MAY BE EMPLOY$ 9 RE>+ ! GREAT] P>T1 IF NOT ! :OLE1 ( !IR SUBSI/5CE UND] ! DIRECTION ( PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL SUP]9T5D5TS1 :I* >RANGEM5TS W\LD NOT HAVE ! EFFECT ( L[]+ ! PRICE ( LABOR 9 ANY TRADE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y W\LD RA!R T5D TO 9CREASE IT BY DRAW+ (F ! AT PRES5T SUP]FLU\S SUPPLY 9 MANUFACTURES4  

 0,! COMMITTEES W\LD1 NEV]!LESS1 E>NE/LY RECOMM5D 9 ALL CASES ( /RIKES & TURN-\TS1 :]E IT IS PRACTICABLE1 ?AT ! M5 BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! MAK+ OR PRODUC+ ( COMMODITIES AS W\LD BE 9 DEM& AMONG !IR BRO!R UNIONI/S2 & ?AT TO EFFECT ?IS1 EA* LODGE %\LD BE PROVID$ ) A WORKROOM OR %OP 9 :I* !SE COMMODITIES MAY BE MANUFACTUR$ ON ACC\NT ( SU* LODGE1 :I* %ALL MAKE PROP] >RANGEM5TS = ! SUPPLY ( ! NECESS>Y MAT]IALS4 

 0,?AT 9 ALL CASES :]E IT IS PRACTICABLE1 EA* DI/RICT OR BRAN* %\LD E/ABLI% ONE OR MORE DEPOTS ( PROVISIONS & >TICLES 9 G5]AL DOME/IC USE3 BY :I* MEANS ! WORK+ MAN MAY BE SUPPLI$ ) ! BA/ COMMODITIES AT LITTLE ABOVE :OLESALE PRICES40 

,! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS1 !RE=E1 CONCEIV$ BY ITS F\ND]S AS AN ALLIANCE ( TRADE UNIONS & COOP]ATIVES4 ,BY HIS PRACTICAL P>TICIPATION 9 COOP]ATIVE UND]TAK+S ! WORK] WAS TO GA9 ! UND]/&+ NECESS>Y = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! 9DU/RY & ?US BE FITT$ TO BR+ EV] WID] CIRCLES ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION UND] !IR CONTROL1 UNTIL AT LA/ ! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE %\LD BE CONDUCT$ BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES & AN 5D PUT TO ALL EXPLOITATION4 ,!SE IDEAS F\ND SURPRIS+LY CLE> EXPRESSION 9 WORK]'S MEET+S &1 MORE P>TICUL>LY1 9 ! LABOR PRESS4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE READS ,! ,PIONE]1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 MANAG$ BY ,JAMES ,MORRISON1 ONE FREQU5TLY 5C\NT]S >GUM5TS ?AT S\ND ?OR\<LY MOD]N4 ,?IS IS REVEAL$ ESPECIALLY 9 ! DISCUSSIONS ) ! POLITICAL RE=M]S1 :O HAD 9SCRIB$ ON !IR BANN] ! DEMOCRATIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,!Y W]E TOLD 9 REPLY ?AT ! WORK]S HAD NO 9T]E/ :ATEV] 9 EF=TS ( ?AT SORT1 S9CE AN ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ S5SE W\LD R5D] ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS SUP]FLU\S4 ,ITS PLACE W\LD BE TAK5 BY ! LABOR BO>DS & ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 :I* W\LD CONC]N !MSELVES ) M]ELY ) ! PROBLEMS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS W]E DE/9$ TO TAKE OV] ! FUNCTIONS ( ! PRES5T 5TREPR5EURS2 ) COMMON [N]%IP ( ALL SOCIAL WEAL? !RE W\LD NO LONG] BE ANY NE$ = POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! WEAL? ( ! NATION W\LD NO LONG] BE DET]M9$ BY ! QUANTITY ( GOODS PRODUC$1 BUT BY ! P]SONAL ADVANTAGE ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL D]IV$ FROM !M4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS W\LD 9 ! FUTURE BE M]ELY A ,H\SE ( ,TRADES4 

,! ,G4,N4,C4 MET ) AN EXTRAORD9>Y RESPONSE FROM ! WORK]S4 ,9 A FEW MON?S IT EMBRAC$ MU* OV] HALF A MILLION MEMB]S1 & EV5 ?\< ITS ACTUAL AIMS W]E CLE>LY UND]/OOD AT FIR/ ONLY BY ! MO/ 9TELLECTUALLY ACTIVE ELEM5TS AMONG ! WORK]S1 /ILL ! GREAT MASSES RECOGNIZ$1 AT LEA/1 ?AT AN ORGANIZATION ( SU* DIM5SIONS C\LD L5D MU* GREAT] WEI<T TO !IR DEM&S ?AN C\LD LOCAL GR\PS4 ,! AGITATION = ! T5-H\R DAY HAD !N TAK5 FIRM HOLD ON ALL SECTIONS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 & ! ,G4,N4,C4 SET ITSELF ) ALL ITS 5]GY TO 5=CE ?IS DEM&4 ,[5 HIMSELF1 & HIS CLOSE FRI5DS ,DOH]TY1 ,FIELD5 & ,GRANT TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ! MILITANTS 9 ! ,G4,N4,C4 PLAC$ LITTLE HOPE 9 LEGISLATION1 BUT TRI$ TO CONV9CE ! WORK]S ?AT ! T5-H\R DAY C\LD ONLY BE WON BY ! UNIT$ ECONOMIC ACTION ( ! :OLE BODY ( WORK]S4 0,! ADULTS 9 FACTORIES MU/ BY UNIONS AMONG !MSELVES MAKE A ,%ORT ,TIME ,BILL = !MSELVES40 ,?IS WAS !IR SLOGAN4 

,! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE MET ) UNDIVID$ SYMPA?Y FROM ! ORGANIZ$ ,5GLI% WORK]S4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#c#b1 ,WILLIAM ,B5B[1 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE *AMPIONS ( ! NEW MOVEM5T1 HAD PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 5TITL$ ,GR& ,NATIONAL ,HOLIDAY & ,CONGRESS ( ! ,PRODUCTIVE ,CLASSES1 :I* HAD A TREM5D\S CIRCULATION1 & 9 :I* ! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE & ITS IMPORTANCE TO ! WORK+ CLASS WAS = ! FIR/ TIME TREAT$ 9 ITS FULL COMPASS4 ,B5B[ TOLD ! WORK]S ?AT IF ! 5=C$ SALE ( !IR LABOR P[] WAS ! CAUSE ( !IR SLAV]Y1 !N !IR ORGANIZ$ REFUSAL TO WORK MU/ BE ! MEANS ( !IR LIB]ATION4 ,SU* AN 9/RUM5T ( W>F>E DISP5S$ ) ANY USE ( PHYSICAL =CE & C\LD A*IEVE 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] EFFECTS ?AT ! BE/ >MY4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ TO BR+ AB\T ! D[NFALL ( ! SY/EM ( ORGANIZ$ 9JU/ICE WAS ?AT ! WORK]S %\LD GRASP ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS P[]FUL WEAPON & LE>N TO USE IT ) 9TELLIG5CE4 ,B5B[ ADVANCE A LOT ( PROPOSALS1 SU* AS PREP>ATION = ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! :OLE C\NTRY BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LOCAL COMMITTEES1 SO ?AT ! ]UPTION MI<T BUR/ ) ELEM5TAL =CE1 & HIS IDEAS AT ?AT TIME MET ) ! HE>TIE/ RESPONSE FROM ! WORK]S4 

,! RAPID GR[? ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 &1 EV5 MORE1 ! SPIRIT ?AT EMANAT$ FROM IT1 FILL$ ! EMPLOY]S ) SECRET FE> & BL9D HATR$ ( ! NEW COMB9ATION4 ,!Y FELT ?AT ! MOVEM5T MU/ BE /IFL$ AT ! V]Y \TSET BE=E IT HAD TIME TO BE SPREAD F>!R & BUILD UP & CONSOLIDATE ITS LOCAL GR\PS4 ,! 5TIRE B\RGEOIS PRESS D5\NC$ ! 0CRIM9AL PURPOSES0 ( ! ,G4,N4,C41 & UNANIM\SLY PROCLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS LEAD+ ! C\NTRY T[>D A CATA/ROPHE4 ,! FACTORY [N]S 9 EV]Y 9DU/RY BESIEG$ P>LIAM5T ) PETITIONS URG+ MEASURES AGA9/ 0UNLAWFUL COMB9ATIONS10 & 9 P>TICUL> AGA9/ ! COLLABORATION ( WORK]S 9 DIFF]5T CATEGORIES 9 9DU/RIAL DISPUTES4 ,MANY EMPLOY]S LAID BE=E !IR WORK]S ! SO-CALL$ 0DOCUM5T10 & (F]$ !M ! ALT]NATIVE ( )DRAW+ FROM !IR UNIONS OR BE+ ?R[N ON ! /REET BY A LOCK-\T4 

,P>LIAM5T DID NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 RE5ACT ! OLD ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS1 BUT ! GOV]NM5T 5C\RAG$ ! JUDGES TO DEAL ) ! 0EXCESSES0 ( ! WORK]S AS SEV]ELY AS !Y C\LD )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ LAWS4 ,& !Y DID SO 9 G5]\S MEASURE1 BE+ (T5 ABLE TO USE AS A H&LE ! FACT ?AT MANY UNIONS HAD RETA9$ FROM ! DAYS ( !IR UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY BE=E ! REPEAL ( ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS ! =MULA ( ! OA? & O!R C]EMONIAL =MS1 & ?AT ?IS WAS CONTR>Y TO ! LETT] ( ! LAW4 HUNDR$S ( WORK]S W]E S5T5C$ TO HORRIBLE PUNI%M5TS = ! MO/ TRIVIAL (F5SES4 ,AMONG ! T]RORI/ S5T5CES ( ?AT TIME ?AT IMPOS$ ON SIX FIELD H&S 9 ,DOR*E/] >\S$ ! BITT]E/ 9DIGNATION4 ,?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,G4,N4,C4 ! FIELD WORK]S 9 ,TOLPUDDLE1 A LITTLE VILLAGE NE> ,DOR*E/]1 HAD =M$ A UNION & DEM&$ AN 9CREASE ( WAGES FROM SEV5 %ILL+S TO EI<T %ILL+S A WEEK4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS SIX FIELD H&S W]E >RE/$ & S5T5C$ TO ! FRI<TFUL P5ALTY ( TRANSPORTATION = SEV5 YE>S TO ! P5AL COLONIES 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,!IR SOLE CRIME CONSI/$ 9 BELONG+ TO A UNION4 

,?US FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ! ,G4,N4,C4 WAS 9VOLV$ 9 A LONG S]IES ( IMPORTANT WAGE W>S & WAS SUBJECT$ BESIDES TO CON/ANT & BITT] PROSECUTIONS1 SO ?AT IT H>DLY F\ND TIME TO BEG9 9 E>NE/ ITS GREAT WORK ( $UCAT+ ! MASSES4 ,P]HAPS1 9 ANY CASE1 ! TIME = ?AT WAS NOT YET RIPE4 ,MANY ( ITS MEMB]S TURN$ TO ! AWAK5+ ,*>TISM1 :I* ACCEPT$ MANY ( ITS IMM$IATE DEM&S1 & ALONG ) O!R MATT]S KEPT UP ! PROPAG&A = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 CULM9AT+ 9 #ahdb 9 ?AT GREAT MOVEM5T :I* TI$ UP ALL ! 9DU/RIES ( ,LANCA%IRE1 ,YORK%IRE1 ,/AF=D%IRE1 ! ,POTT]IES1 ,WALES & ! COAL DI/RICTS ( ,SCOTL&4 ,BUT ! ORIG9AL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MOVEM5T HAD WORN (F1 & ,[5 HAD BE5 RI<T :5 HE ACCUS$ ,*>TISM ( LAY+ TOO MU* WEI<T ( POLITICAL RE=M & %[+ TOO LITTLE UND]/&+ ( ! GREAT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS4 ,! UNHAPPY REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i ON ! CONT95T L$ ALSO TO ! DECL9E ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 & PURE TRADE UNIONISM CAME ONCE MORE TO DOM9ATE ! FIELD = YE>S 9 ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,9 ,FRANCE ALSO ! ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALISM ) ! LABOR MOVEM5T QUICKLY L$ TO ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S TO OV]?R[ ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC ORD] & PAVE ! WAY = A NEW SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT HAD JU/ ACQUIR$ MA/]Y HAD ALREADY %[N ITSELF CLE>LY DUR+ ! /ORMS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION ! WORK]S HAD BE5 UNIT$ 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,COMPAGNONNAGES1 :OSE ORIG9 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,!SE W]E ASSOCIATIONS ( J\RNEYM5 CRAFTSM5 :I* HAD !IR P>TICUL> C]EMONIALS TRANSMITT$ FROM ! MIDDLE AGES1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E PL$GES TO MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE1 & :I* BUSI$ !MSELVES ) ! CONC]NS ( !IR CALL+1 BUT ALSO RESORT$ (T5 TO /RIKES & BOYCOTTS TO PROTECT !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,) ! ABOLITION ( ! GUILDS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY !SE BODIES GRADUALLY LO/ !IR IMPORTANCE & GAVE WAY TO NEW =MS ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION4 

,BY ! LAW ( ,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#g#i1 ALL CITIZ5S W]E CONC$$ ! RI<T ( FREE COMB9ATION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ LAWS1 & ! WORK]S AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( ?IS RI<T BY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES 9 TRADE UNIONS = ! SAFEGU>D+ ( !IR 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S4 ,A LOT ( LOCAL /RIKE MOVEM5TS 5SU$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY1 & CAUS$ ! EMPLOY]S A GREAT DEAL ( WORRY1 AS ! ORGANIZATIONS ( WORK]S GREW CON/ANTLY /RONG]1 C\NT+ #h1 MEMB]S 9 ,P>IS ALONE4 

,9 A MEMORIAL TO ! GOV]NM5T ! EMPLOY]S D5\NC$ !SE COMB9ATIONS ( WORK]S & DEM&$ ! PROTECTION ( ! /ATE AGA9/ ?IS 0NEW TYRANNY0 :I* PRESUM$ TO 9T]F]E ) ! RI<T ( FREE CONTRACT BETWE5 EMPLOY] & EMPLOYEE4 ,! GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ GRACI\SLY TO ?IS DEM& & =BADE ALL COMB9ATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( EFFECT+ ALT]ATIONS 9 ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 ASSIGN+ AS A REASON ?AT IT C\LD NOT P]MIT ! EXI/5CE ( A /ATE )9 ! /ATE4 ,?IS PROHIBITION CONT9U$ 9 =CE UNTIL #a#h#f#d4 ,BUT H]E ALSO IT WAS E>LY %[N ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES >E /RONG] ?AN ! LAW4 ,JU/ AS HAD ! ,5GLI%1 SO ALSO ! ,FR5* WORK]S RESORT$ TO SECRET ASSOCIATION1 S9CE ! LAW D5I$ !M ! RI<T TO URGE !IR DEM&S OP5LY4 

,! SO-CALL$ MUTUALITES1 H>MLESS MUTUAL B5EFIT SOCIETIES1 (T5 S]V$ 9 ?IS CONNECTION AS A COV]1 SPREAD+ ! MANTLE ( LEGALITY AS OV] ! SECRET ORGANIZATIONS = RESI/ANCE 7SOCIETES DE RESI/ANCE 74 ,!SE HAD1 IT IS TRUE1 (T5 TO 5DURE H>% PROSECUTIONS1 & TO MAKE MANY SACRIFICES1 BUT NO LAW WAS ABLE TO CRU% !IR RESI/ANCE4 ,UND] ! LAW ( ,L\IS ,PHILLIPE ! LAWS AGA9/ ! COMB9ATION ( WORK]S W]E /R5G!N$ /ILL FUR!R1 BUT EV5 ?AT C\LD NOT PREV5T ! /EADY GR[? ( ! SOCIETES DE RESI/ANCE1 NOR ! DEVELOPM5T ( A LONG S]IES ( GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS AS A RESULT ( !IR UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES4 ,( !SE ! FI<T ( ! WEAV]S 9 ,LYONS 9 #ahca GREW 9TO AN EV5T ( ,EUROPEAN IMPORTANCE4 ,BITT] NE$ HAD SPURR$ !SE WORK]S TO A DESP]ATE RESI/ANCE TO ! RAPACITY ( ! EMPLOY]S1 & [+ TO ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! MILITIA ?IS HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO AN \TRI<T REVOLT1 9TO :I* ! WORK]S C>RI$ !IR BANN] 9SCRIB$ ) ! SIGNIFICANT WORDS3 0,LIVE WORK+ OR DIE FI<T+60 

,AS E>LY AS ! #c'S A LOT ( !SE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS HAD BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 & AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ! ACQUA9TANCE AF=D$ ! BASIS = ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,WORK+M5S' ,ASSOCIATION1 A COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T ) A TRADE UNION TR5D1 :I* WORK$ = A RE%AP+ ( SOCIETY BY CON/RUCTIVE EF=T4 ,9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T ,S4 ,5GL&] PUTS ! NUMB] ( !SE ASSOCIATIONS AT AB\T TWO ?\S&4 ,BUT ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE PUT AN ABRUPT 5D TO ?IS HOPEFUL BEG9N+1 AS TO SO MANY O!RS4 

,ONLY ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS !RE A REVIVAL ( ! DOCTR9ES ( A MILITANT & CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALISM1 BUT AFT] ?AT !Y SPREAD 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* EX]CISE SU* A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! BODY ( ,EUROPEAN WORK]S1 & :I* EV5 TODAY HAS NOT LO/ ITS MAGNETIC ATTRACTION 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 WAS BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY ! COLLABORATION ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* WORK]S 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ GREAT ATTEMPT TO UNITE ! WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE :I* %\LD OP5 ! PA? = ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS FROM ! BEG9N+ DI/+UI%$ FROM ALL ! POLITICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM BY PO9T+ \T ?AT ! ECONOMIC SUBS]VI5CE ( ! WORK]S TO ! [N]S ( ! RAW MAT]IALS & ! TOOLS ( PRODUCTION WAS ! S\RCE ( ! SLAV]Y :I* REVEAL$ ITSELF 9 SOCIAL MIS]Y1 9TELLECTUAL DEGRADATION1 & POLITICAL OPPRESSION4 ,= ?IS REASON IT PROCLAIM$ 9 ITS /ATUTES ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! GREAT PURPOSE TO :I* EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T MU/ BE SUBORD9ATE4 

,S9CE ! MO/ IMPORTANT OBJECT WAS TO UNITE ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE = ?IS PURPOSE1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! VA/ WORK]S' ALLIANCE WAS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ,F$]ALISM1 :I* GU>ANTE$ TO EA* P>TICUL> S*OOL ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK+ = ?IS COMMON GOAL 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N CONVICTIONS & ON ! BASIS ( ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT /& = ANY DEF9$ SOCIAL SY/EM2 IT WAS RA!R ! EXPRESSION ( A MOVEM5T :OSE !ORETICAL PR9CIPLES SL[LY MATUR$ 9 ! PRACTICAL /RUGGLES ( EV]YDAY LIFE & TOOK CLE>] =M AT EV]Y /AGE ( ITS VIGOR\S GR[?4 ! FIR/ NE$ WAS TO BR+ ! WORK]S ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES CLOS] TO ONE ANO!R1 TO MAKE !M UND]/& ?AT !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 5SLAVEM5T WAS EV]Y:]E TRACEABLE TO ! SAME CAUSES1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ! MANIFE/ATION ( !IR SOLID>ITY MU/ REA* BEYOND ! >TIFICIAL B\ND>IES ( ! /ATES1 S9CE IT IS NOT TI$ UP ) ! ALLEG$ 9T]E/S ( ! NATION1 BUT ) ! LOT ( !IR CLASS4 

,! PRACTICAL EF=TS ( ITS SECTIONS TO 5D ! IMPORTATION ( =EIGN /RIKE-BREAK]S 9 TIMES ( 9DU/RIAL W>F>E1 & TO FURNI% MAT]IAL & MORAL ASSI/ANCE TO MILITANT WORK]S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY BY 9T]NATIONAL COLLECTIONS1 CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! WORK]S ?AN ! LOVELIE/ !ORIES C\LD HAVE DONE4 ,!Y GAVE ! WORK]S PRACTICAL $UCATION 9 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT WAS A FACT ?AT AFT] EV]Y CONSID]ABLE /RIKE ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL SO>$ MI<TILY1 & ! CONVICTION ( ITS NATIONAL COH]5CE & HOMOG5EITY WAS CON/ANTLY /R5G!N$4 

,?US ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAME ! GREAT S*OOL MI/RESS ( ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T & CONFRONT$ ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ) ! WORLD ( 9T]NATIONAL LABOR1 :I* WAS BE+ EV] MORE FIRMLY WELD$ TOGE!R 9 ! BONDS ( PROLET>IAN SOLID>ITY4 ,! FIR/ TWO CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AT ,G5EVA 9 #a#h#f#f1 & AT ,LAUSANNE 9 #a#h#f#g1 W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY A SPIRIT ( COMP>ATIVE MOD]ATION4 ,!Y W]E ! FIR/ T5TATIVE EF=TS ( A MOVEM5T :I* WAS ONLY SL[LY BECOM+ CLE> AS TO ITS TASK1 & WAS SEEK+ = A DEF9ITE EXPRESSION4 ,BUT ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,SWITZ]L& & O!R C\NTRIES GAVE ! ,9T]NATIONAL A P[]FUL =W>D IMPETUS & REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S1 A *ANGE TO :I* ! P[]FUL REVIVAL DUR+ ?AT P]IOD ( ! DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 :I* HAD SUFF]$ A SEV]E SETBACK AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i1 CONTRIBUT$ NOT A LITTLE4 

,! CONGRESS AT ,BRUSSELS1 9 #a#h#f#h1 WAS ANIMAT$ BY A TOTALLY DIFF]5T SPIRIT FROM ?AT ( ITS TWO PR$ECESSORS4 ,IT WAS FELT ?AT ! WORK]S EV]Y:]E W]E AWAK5+ TO NEW LIFE & W]E BECOM+ CON/ANTLY SUR] ( ! SUBJECT ( !IR 5DEAVORS4 ,! CONGRESS1 BY A L>GE MAJORITY1 DECL>$ ITSELF = ! COLLECTIVIZ+ ( ! L& & O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & CALL$ UPON ! SECTIONS 9 ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES TO GO EXHAU/IVELY 9TO ?IS QUE/ION1 SO ?AT AT ! NEXT CONGRESS A CLE> DECISION C\LD BE REA*$4 ,) ?IS ! 9T]NATIONAL TOOK ON AN \TSPOK5LY ,SOCIALI/IC *>ACT]1 :I* WAS MO/ HAPPILY COMPLEM5T$ BY ! \T/&+LY LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY ( ! WORK]S 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4 ,! RESOLUTION TO PREP>E ! WORK]S = A G5]AL /RIKE TO MEET ! DANG] ( A ?REAT5$ W>1 BECAUSE !Y W]E ! ONLY CLASS ?AT C\LD BY 5]GETIC 9T]V5TION PREV5T ! ORGANIZ$ MASS MURD]1 ALSO TE/IFI$ TO ! SPIRIT BY :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS P]MEAT$ AT ?AT TIME4 

,AT ! CONGRESS 9 ,BASEL 9 #ahfi ! IDEATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE REA*$ ITS Z5I?4 ,! CONGRESS CONC]N$ ITSELF ONLY ) QUE/IONS :I* HAD AN IMM$IATE CONC]N ) ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT RATIFI$ ! RESOLUTIONS :I* ! ,BRUSSELS CONGRESS HAD ADOPT$ CONC]N+ ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 LEAV+ ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR OP54 ,BUT ! 9T]E/+ DEBATES AT ! ,BASEL CONGRESS %[ V]Y PLA9LY ?AT ! ADVANC$ SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ALREADY BE5 GIV+ ATT5TION TO ?IS QUE/ION1 & HAD1 MOREOV]1 COME TO V]Y CLE> CONCLUSIONS AB\T IT4 ,! WAS REVEAL$ P>TICUL>LY 9 ! UTT]ANCES CONC]N+ ! IMPORTANCE ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ! REPORT UPON ! QUE/ION :I* ,EUG5E ,H9S LAID BE=E ! CONGRESS 9 ! NAME ( ! ,BELGIAN ,F$]ATION !RE WAS PRES5T$ = ! FIR/ TIME A :OLLY NEW PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* HAD AN UNMI/AKABLE RESEMBLANCE TO C]TA9 IDEAS ( ,[5 & ! ,5GLI% LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! #c'S4 

,9 ORD] TO MAKE A CORRECT E/IMATE ( ?IS ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( /ATE-SOCIALISM ( ?AT TIME ATTRIBUT$ TO ! TRADE UNIONS EI!R NO IMPORTANCE AT ALL OR AT BE/ ONLY A SUBORD9ATE ONE4 ,! ,FR5* ,BLANQUI/S SAW 9 ! TRADE UNIONS M]ELY A RE=M MOVEM5T1 ) :I* !Y WI%$ TO HAVE NO?+ TO DO1 AS !IR IMM$IATE AIM WAS A SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE DIRECT$ ALL HIS ACTIVITIES T[>D WIELD+ ! WORK]S 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY & WAS AN \TSPOK5 OPPON5T ( ALL TRADE UNION 5DEAVORS1 9 :I* HE SAW ONLY A H9DRANCE TO ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X1 & MORE ESPECIALLY HIS FRI5DS ( ?AT P]IOD 9 ,G]MANY1 RECOGNIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 ! NECESSITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 BETT]M5TS )9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL SY/EM1 BUT !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !IR ROLE W\LD BE EXHAU/$ ) ?IS1 & ?AT !Y W\LD DISAPPE> ALONG ) CAPITALISM1 S9CE ! TRANSITION TO ,SOCIALISM C\LD BE GUID$ ONLY BY A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,AT ,BASEL ?IS IDEA UND]W5T = ! FIR/ TIME A ?OR\< CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4 ,9 ! ,BELGIAN REPORT ,H9S LAID BE=E ! ,CONGRESS1 ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 :I* W]E EXPRESS$ BY ! DELEGATES FROM ,SPA91 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 & A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! ,FR5* SECTIONS1 IT WAS CLE>LY SET =? ?AT ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S NOT ONLY HAD A RI<T TO EXI/5CE )9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 BUT !Y W]E EV5 MORE TO BE REG>D$ AS ! SOCIAL CELLS ( A COM+ ,SOCIALI/ ORD]1 & IT WAS1 !RE=E1 ! TASK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO $UCATE !M = ?IS S]VICE4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS ! CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION30,! ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT ALL WORK]S %\LD /RIVE TO E/ABLI% ASSOCIATIONS = RESI/ANCE 9 !IR V>I\S TRADES4 ,AS SOON AS A TRADE UNION IS =M$ ! UNIONS ON ! SAME TRADE >E TO BE NOTIFI$ SO ?AT ! =MATION ( NATIONAL ALLIANCES 9 ! 9DU/RIES MAY BE BEGUN4 ,!SE ALLIANCES %ALL BE *>G$ ) ! DUTY ( COLLECT+ ALL MAT]IAL RELAT+ TO !IR 9DU/RY1 ( ADVIS+ AB\T MEASURES TO BE EXECUT$ 9 COMMON1 & ( SEE+ ?AT !Y >E C>RI$ \T1 TO ! 5D1 ?AT ! PRES5T WAGE SY/EM BE REPLAC$ BY ! F$]ATION ( FREE PRODUC]S4 ,! ,CONGRESS DIRECTS ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO PROVIDE = ! ALLIANCE ( ! TRADE UNIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES40 

,9 HIS >GUM5T = ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ! COMMITTEE ,H9S EXPLA9$ ?AT 0BY ?IS D\BLE =M ( ORGANIZATION ( LOCAL WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & G5]AL ALLIANCES = EA* 9DU/RY ON ! ONE H& ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! COMMITTEES1 & ON ! O!R1 ! G5]AL REPRES5TATION ( LABOR1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL WILL BE PROVID$ =4,! C\NCILS ( ! TRADE & 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T1 & ?IS REPRES5TATION ( LABOR WILL DO AWAY1 ONCE & =EV]1 ) ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! PA/4 0 

,?IS NEW & FRUITFUL IDEA GREW \T ( ! RECOGNITION ?AT EV]Y NEW ECONOMIC =M MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A NEW POLITICAL =M ( ! SOCIAL ORGANISM & C\LD ONLY ATTA9 POLITICAL EXPRESSION 9 ?IS4 ,!RE=E1 ,SOCIALISM ALSO HAD TO HAVE A SPECIAL POLITICAL =M ( EXPRESSION1 )9 :I* IT MAY BECOME A LIV+ ?+1 & !Y ?\<T !Y HAD F\ND ?IS =M 9 A SY/EM ( LABOR C\NCILS4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 9 :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL F\ND ITS PR9CIPAL SUPPORT1 DEVELOP$ !IR MOVEM5T ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS & ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A GR\PS1 & WORK$ 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! ,BASEL RESOLUTIONS4 

,AS !Y RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! /ATE ! POLITICAL AG5T & DEF5D] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 !Y DID NOT /RIVE AT ALL = ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 BUT = ! OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE & ( EV]Y =M ( POLITICAL P[]1 9 :I* ) SURE 9/9CT !Y SAW ! REQUISITE PRELIM9>Y CONDITIONS = ALL TYRANNY & ALL EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y DID1 !RE=E1 NOT *OOSE TO IMITATE ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES & SET UP A POLITICAL P>TY1 ?US PREP>+ ! WAY = A NEW CLASS ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 :OSE GOAL WAS ! CONQUE/ ( ! POLITICAL P[]4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT1 ALONG ) ! MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY1 ! MONOPOLY ( P[] MU/ ALSO BE DE/ROY$ IF COMPLETE RE%AP+ ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS TO BE A*IEV$4 ,PROCE$+ FROM !IR RECOGNITION ?AT ! LORD%IP ( MAN OV] MAN HAD HAD ITS DAY1 !Y S\<T TO FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S4 ,SO TO ! /ATE POLITICS ( ! P>TIES !Y OPPOS$ ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ON A ,SOCIALI/ PATT]N MU/ BE C>RI$ \T 9 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY & 9 ! DEP>TM5TS ( AGR>IAN PRODUCTION2 ( ?IS UND]/&+ WAS BORN ! IDEA ( A SY/EM ( LABOR C\NCILS4 

,IT WAS ?IS SAME IDEA :I* 9SPIR$ L>GE SECTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS AT ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION1 EV5 IF ! IDEA HAD NEV] BE5 ?\<T \T SO CLE>LY & SY/EMATICALLY 9 ,RUSSIA AS 9 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,UND] CZ>ISM ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S LACK$ ! REQUISITE 9TELLECTUAL PREP>ATION = ?IS4 ,BUT ,BOL%EVISM PUT AN ABRUPT 5D TO ?IS FRUITFUL IDEA4 ,= ! DESPOTISM ( DICTATOR%IP /&S 9 IRRECONCILABLE CONTRADICTION TO ! CON/RUCTIVE IDEA ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM1 ?AT IS1 TO A ,SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,! ATTEMPT TO COMB9E ! TWO BY =CE C\LD ONLY LEAD TO ?AT S\LLESS BUREAUCRACY :I* HAS BE5 SO DISA/R\S = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! C\NCIL SY/EM BROOKS NO DICTATOR%IPS AS IT PROCE$S FROM TOTALLY DIFF]5T ASSUMPTIONS4 ,9 IT IS EMBODI$ ! WILL FROM BEL[1 ! CREATIVE 5]GY ( ! TOIL+ MASSES4 ,9 DICTATOR%IP1 H[EV]1 ONLY LIVES B>R5 COMPULSION FROM ABOVE1 :I* WILL SUFF] NO CREATIVE ACTIVITY & PROCLAIMS BL9D SUBMISSION AS ! HI<E/ LAWS = ALL4 ,! TWO CANNOT EXI/ TOGE!R4 ,9 ,RUSSIA DICTATOR%IP PROV$ VICTORI\S4 ,H5CE !RE >E NO MORE SOVIETS !RE4 ,ALL ?AT IS LEFT ( !M IS ! NAME & A GRUESOME C>ICATURE ( ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+4 

,! C\NCIL SY/EM = LABOR EMBRACES L>GE P>T ( ! ECONOMIC =MS EMPLOY$ BY A CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALISM :I* ( ITS [N ACCORD OP]ATES & PRODUCES TO MEET ALL NATURAL REQUIREM5TS4 ,IT WAS ! DIRECT RESULT ( A FRUITFUL DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS GR[+ \T ( ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS P>TICUL> IDEA ROSE FROM ! EF=T TO PROVIDE A CONCRETE BASIS = ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,?IS BASIS WAS SE5 TO LIE 9 ! CON/RUCTIVE EMPLOYM5T ( EV]Y EFFICI5T HUMAN BE+4 ,BUT DICTATOR%IP 9 AN 9H]ITANCE FROM B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! TRADITIONAL PRECIPITATE ( ,FR5* ,JACOB9ISM :I* WAS DRAGG$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T BY ! SO-CALL$ ,BAB\VI/S & LAT] TAK5 OV] BY ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S4 ,! IDEA ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM IS 9TIMATELY 9T]GR[N ) ,SOCIALISM & IS UN?9KABLE )\T IT2 DICTATOR%IP1 H[EV]1 HAS NO?+ :ATEV] 9 COMMON ) ,SOCIALISM1 & AT BE/ CAN ONLY LEAD TO ! MO/ B>R5 ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,DICTATOR%IP IS A DEF9ITE =M ( /ATE P[]3 ! /ATE 9 /ATE ( SIEGE4 ,LIKE ALL O!R ADVOCATES ( ! /ATE IDEA1 SO ALSO ! ADVOCATES ( DICTATOR%IP PROCE$ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ANY ALLEG$ ADVANCE & EV]Y TEMPORAL NECESSITY MU/ BE =C$ ON ! PEOPLE FROM ABOVE4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION ALONE MAKES DICTATOR%IP ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO ANY SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! PROP] ELEM5T ( :I* IS ! FREE 9ITIATIVE & CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,DICTATOR%IP IS ! NEGATION ( ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T1 ( NATURAL BUILD+ FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 IT IS ! PROCLAMATION ( ! W>D%IP ( ! TOIL+ PEOPLE1 A GU>DIAN%IP =C$ UPON ! MASSES BY A T9Y M9ORITY4 ,EV5 IF ITS SUPPORT]S >E ANIMAT$ BY ! V]Y BE/ 9T5TIONS1 ! IRON LOGIC ( ! FACTS WILL ALWAYS DRIVE !M 9TO ! CAMP ( EXTREME/ DESPOTISM4 ,RUSSIA HAD GIV5 US ! MO/ 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,& ! PRET5SE ?AT ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 BECAUSE WE HAVE H]E TO DO ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS1 NOT ! DICTATOR%IP ( 9DIVIDUALS1 DECEIVES NO E>NE/ CRITIC2 IT IS ONLY A SOPHI/ICAT$ TRICK TO FOOL SIMPLETONS4 ,SU* A ?+ AS ! DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS IS UTT]LY UN?9KABLE1 S9CE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 9VOLV$ M]ELY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TICUL> P>TY :I* TAKES UPON ITSELF TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( A CLASS1 JU/ AS ! B\RGEOISIE JU/IFI$ ANY DESPOTIC PROCE$+ 9 ! NAME ( A PEOPLE4 

,! IDEA ( A C\NCIL SY/EM = LABOR WAS ! PRACTICAL OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE IDEA AS A :OLE2 IT /&S1 !RE=E1 9 FRANK ANTAGONISM TO ANY =M ( DICTATOR%IP1 :I* MU/ ALWAYS HAVE 9 VIEW ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ! P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,! PIONE]S ( ?IS IDEA 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ECONOMIC EQUALITY )\T SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIB]TY IS UN?9KABLE2 = ?IS REASON !Y W]E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! LIQUIDATION ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL P[] MU/ BE ! FIR/ TASK ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 SO AS TO MAKE ANY NEW =M ( EXPLOITATION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL WAS DE/9$ GRADUALLY TO GA!R ALL EFFECTIVE WORK]S 9TO ITS RANKS1 & AT ! PROP] TIME TO OV]?R[ ! ECONOMIC DESPOTISM ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 & ALONG ) ?IS ALL ! POLITICAL CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & TO REPLACE !SE BY A NEW ORD] ( ?+S4 ,?IS CONVICTION WAS HELD BY ALL LIB]T>IAN SECTIONS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ IT 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS30,S9E ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS AS ITS GOAL1 NOT ! SETT+ UP ( NEW /ATES OR DESPOTS1 BUT ! RADICAL DE/RUCTION ( EV]Y SEP>ATE SOV]EIGNTY1 IT MU/ HAVE AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( ! /ATE4 ,TO JU/ ! DEGREE ?AT ! LATT] IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 >TIFICIAL & VIOL5T1 ALI5 & HO/ILE TO ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T & ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 TO ?AT SAME DEGREE MU/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE FREE1 NATURAL & 9 EV]Y RESPECT 9 ACCORD ) !SE 9T]E/S & 9/9CTS4 ,BUT :AT IS ! NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES8 ,IT IS ONE BAS$ ON ! DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS ( !IR ACTUAL DAILY LIFE1 ON !IR V>I\S K9DS ( WORK1 ORGANIZATIONS ACCORD+ TO !IR OCCUPATIONS1 TRADE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:5 ALL 9DU/RIES1 9CLUD+ ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( AGRICULTURE1 >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 WILL BE F9I%$40 

,FROM ?IS L9E ( ?\<T >OSE LIKEWISE ! IDEA ( OPPOS+ TO ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS A ,*AMB] ( ,LABOR1 :I* PROCE$$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! ,BELGIAN ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,!SES LABOR *AMB]S W]E TO REPRES5T ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR ( EV]Y TRADE & ,9DU/RY1 & W]E TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) ALL QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ON A ,SOCIALI/ BASIS1 9 ORD] TO PREP>E PRACTICALLY = ! TAK+ OV] BY ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & 9 ?IS SPIRIT TO PROVIDE = ! 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+ ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,9 ADDITION !SE BODIES W]E TO PASS JUDGM5T FROM ! WORK]S' PO9T ( VIEW ON ALL QUE/IONS BR\<T UP 9 ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS :I* W]E ( 9T]E/ TO ! WORK]S1 SO AS TO CONTRA/ ! POLICIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ) ! VIEWS ( ! WORK]S4 ,MAX ,NETTLAU HAS GIV5 TO ! PUBLIC 9 HIS BOOK,D] ,AN>*ISMUS VON ,PR\DHON ZU ,KROPOTK91 A HI!RTO UNKN[N PASSAGE FROM ONE ( ,BAKUN9'S MANUSCRIPTS ?AT IS HI<LY 9DICATIVE ( ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS ON ?IS QUE/ION30444,ALL ?IS PRACTICAL & VITAL /UDY ( SOCIAL SCI5CE BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES 9 !IR TRADE SECTIONS & 9 !SE *AMB]S WILL1 & ALREADY HAS1 5G5D]$ 9 !M ! UNANIM\S1 WELL-CONSID]$1 !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY DEMON/RABLE CONVICTION ?AT ! S]I\S1 F9AL1 COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS POSSIBLE ONLY UPON ONE CONDITION1 ?AT ( ! APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL1 ?AT IS1 ( RAW MAT]IAL & ALL ! TOOLS ( LABOR1 9CLUD+ L& BY ! :OLE BODY ( WORK]S4 444,! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE SECTIONS1 !IR F$]ATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & !IR REPRES5TATION BY ! ,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR1 NOT ONLY CREATE A GREAT ACADEMY1 9 :I* ! WORK]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 COMB9+ !ORY & PRACTICE1 CAN & MU/ /UDY ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 !Y ALSO BE> 9 !MSELVES ! LIV+ G]MS ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 :I* IS TO REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,!Y >E CREAT+ NOT ONLY ! IDEAS BUT ALSO ! FACTS ( ! FUTURE ITSELF0 

,!SE IDEAS W]E AT ?AT TIME G5]ALLY DISSEM9AT$ 9 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,HOLL&1 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 & GAVE TO ! ,SOCIALISM ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE A PECULI> SOCIAL *>ACT]1 :I* ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICAL LABOR P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE WAS = A CONSID]ABLE TIME ALMO/ COMPLETELY =GOTT51 & ONLY 9 ,SPA9 NEV] EXHAU/$ ITS P[] TO W9 CONV]TS1 AS REC5T EV5TS 9 ?AT C\NTRY HAVE SO CLE>LY %[N4 ,!Y F\ND ACTIVE ADVOCATES 9 M5 LIKE ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,ADHEM> ,S*WITZGUEBEL1 ,EUG5E ,V>L91 ,L\IS ,P9DY1 ,CES> ,DE ,PAEPE1 ,EUG5E ,H9S1 ,HECTOR ,D5IS1 ,GUILLAUME ,DE ,GREEF1 ,VICTOR ,>N\LD1 ,R4 ,F>GA ,PELLIC]1 ,G4 ,S5T9ON1 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 TO M5TION H]E ONLY ! BE/-KN[N NAMES1 ALL M5 ( EXCELL5T REPUTATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! :OLE 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS TO BE ASCRIB$ TO ! 5?USIASM ( !SE LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS 9 IT1 & RECEIV$ NO /IMULUS FROM EI!R ! /ATE ,SOCIALI/ FACTIONS 9 ,G]MANY & ,SWITZ]L& OR PURE ,TRADES ,UNIONISM 9 ,5GL&4 

,SO LONG AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL PURSU$ !SE G5]AL L9ES1 & = ! BE/ RESPECT$ ! RI<T ( DECISION ( ! SEP>ATE F$]ATIONS1 AS WAS PROVID$ 9 ITS /ATUTES1 IT EX]CIS$ AN IRRESI/IBLE 9FLU5CE OV] ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,BUT ?AT *ANG$ AT ONCE :5 ,M>X & ,5GELS BEGAN TO USE !IR POSITION 9 ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL TO COMMIT ! SEP>ATE NATIONAL F$]ATIONS TO P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION4 ,?IS OCCURR$ FIR/ AT ! UNHAPPY ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,?IS BEHAVIOR WAS 9 %>P VIOLATION NOT ONLY ( ! SPIRIT BUT ALSO ( ! /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT C\LD BUT 5C\NT] ! UNIT$ RESI/ANCE ( ALL ! LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! MORE SO AS ! QUE/ION HAD NEV] PREVI\SLY BE5 BR\<T BE=E A CONGRESS = CONSID]ATION4 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION PUBLI%$ ! HI/ORIC CIRCUL> ON ,SONVILLI]1 :I* PROTE/$ 9 DET]M9$ & UNEQUIVOCAL WORDS AGA9/ ! >ROGANT PRESUMPTION ( ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,BUT ! CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #a#h#g#b1 9 :I* A MAJORITY HAD BE5 >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ BY ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! DIRTIE/ & MO/ REPREH5SIBLE ME?ODS1 CR[N$ ! WORK BEGUN BY ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE ( TRANS=M+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO AN ELECTORAL MA*9E4 ,9 ORD] TO OBVIATE ANY MISUND]/&+ ! ,BLANQUI/1 ,$W\>D ,VAILLANT1 9 HIS >GUM5T = ! RESOLUTION PROPOS$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ADVOCAT+ ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 EXPLA9$ ?AT 0AS SOON AS ?IS RESOLUTION HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS & SO 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,BIBLE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT WILL BE ! DUTY ( EV]Y MEMB] TO FOLL[ IT UND] P5ALTY ( EXPULSION40 ,BY ?IS ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S DIRECTLY PROVOK$ ! OP5 SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ALL ITS DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & 9AUGURAT$ ! P]IOD ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS :I* ( NATURAL NECESSITY L$ TO ?AT 9TELLECTUAL /AGNATION & MORAL DEG5]ATION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* WE CAN OBS]VE TODAY 9 MO/ C\NTRIES4 

,SOON AFT] ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ! DELEGATES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 5]GETIC F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MET 9 ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CONGRESS 9 ,/4 ,IMMI]1 :I* DECL>$ ALL ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ AT ! ,HAGUE NULL & VOID4 ,FROM !N ON DATES ! SPLIT 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ CAMP BETWE5 ! ADVOCATES ( DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ! SPOKESM5 = P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS1 :I* ) ! LAPSE ( TIME HAS GR[N CON/ANTLY WID] & MORE UNBRIDGEABLE4 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 W]E M]ELY ! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! OPPOS$ FACTIONS 9 ?IS /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE A BIG MI/AKE TO TRY TO EXPLA9 ?IS /RUGGLE AS M]ELY A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO P]SONALITIES2 IT WAS ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 TWO SETS ( IDEAS :I* GAVE TO ?IS /RUGGLE ITS REAL IMPORTANCE & /ILL GIVES IT TODAY4 ,?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS GAVE SU* A SPITEFUL & P]SONAL *>ACT] TO ! DISS5SION WAS A DISA/]4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD ROOM = EV]Y FACTION1 & A CONT9U\S DISCUSSION ( ! DIFF]5T VIEWS C\LD ONLY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO !IR CL>IFICATION4 ,BUT ! EF=T TO MAKE ALL S*OOLS ( ?\<T SUBS]VI5T TO ONE P>TICUL> S*OOL1 ONE :I*1 MOREOV]1 REPRES5T$ ONLY A M9ORITY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 C\LD BUT LEAD TO A CLEAVAGE & TO ! DECL9E ( ! GREAT ALLIANCE ( WORK]S1 C\LD BUT DE/ROY ?OSE PROMIS+ G]MS :I* W]E ( SU* GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 EV]Y L&4 

,! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 BY :I* ! FOCAL PO9T ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,G]MANY1 :OSE WORK]S HAD NEI!R REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS NOT ?AT RI* EXP]I5CE POSSESS$ BY ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! C\NTRIES TO ! WE/1 CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO ?IS DECL9E4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! 9CIPI5T REACTION 9 ,FRANCE1 :I* 9 A FEW YE>S SPREAD OV] ,SPA9 & ,ITALY AS WELL1 PU%$ ! FRUITFUL IDEA ( A C\NCIL SY/EM = LABOR F> 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES W]E = A LONG TIME ABLE TO C>RY ON ONLY AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE & W]E OBLIG$ TO CONC5TRATE ALL !IR /R5G? ON REPELL+ ! REACTION4 ,ONLY ) ! AWAK5+ ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE W]E ! CREATIVE IDEAS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL RESCU$ FROM OBLIVION1 ONCE MORE TO VITALIZE ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,OBJECTIVES ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM 
#d4 ,! ,OBJECTIVES ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM V]SUS POLITICAL SOCIALISM2 ,POLITICAL P>TIES & LABOR UNIONS2 ,F$]ALISM V]SUS  
,C5TRALISM2 ,G]MANY & ,SPA92 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM2 ,! IMPOT5CE ( POLITICAL  
P>TIES = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION2 ,! ,C,N,T 9 ,SPA93 ITS AIMS & ME?ODS2 ,CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! LABOR  
SYNDICATES & PEASANT COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA92 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM & NATIONAL POLITICS2 ,PROBLEMS ( \R  
TIME4  

,MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM IS A DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ?OSE  
SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS :I* TOOK %APE 9 ! BOSOM ( ! ,FIR/  
,9T]NATIONAL & :I* W]E BE/ UND]/OOD & MO/ /RONGLY HELD BY  
! LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE4 ,ITS PRES5T DAY  
REPRES5TATIVES >E ! F$]ATIONS 9 ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES ( !  
REVIV$ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION ( #a#i#b#b1 ! MO/  
IMPORTANT ( :I* IS ! P[]FUL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,CONF$]ACION  
,NATIONAL DE ,TRABAJO7 9 ,SPA94 ,ITS !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS >E BAS$ ON  
! TEA*+S ( ,LIB]T>IAN OR ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM1 :ILE ITS =M (  
ORGANIZATION IS L>GELY BORR[$ FROM REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM1 :I*  
9 ! YE>S FROM #ai TO #aia EXP]I5C$ A M>K$ UPSW+1  
P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT /&S 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! POLITICAL  
,SOCIALISM ( \R DAY1 REPRES5T$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>Y LABOR P>TIES 9  
! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,:ILE 9 ! TIME ( ?IS ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL  
B>ELY ! FIR/ BEG9N+S ( !SE P>TIES EXI/$ 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE  
& ,SWITZ]L&1 TODAY WE >E 9 A POSITION TO E/IMATE ! RESULTS (  
!IR TACTICS = ,SOCIALISM & ! LABOR MOVEM5T AFT] MORE ?AN  
SIXTY YE>S' ACTIVITY 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,P>TICIPATION 9 ! POLITICS ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATES HAS NOT  
BR\<T ! LABOR MOVEM5T A HAIRS' BREAD? CLOS] TO ,SOCIALISM1 BUT1  
?ANKS TO ?IS ME?OD1 ,SOCIALISM HAS ALMO/ BE5 COMPLETELY CRU%$ &  
CONDEMN$ TO 9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! ANCI5T PROV]B3 0,:O EATS ( ! POPE1  
DIES ( HIM10 HAS HELD TRUE 9 ?IS CONT5T ALSO2 :O EATS ( ! /ATE  
IS RU9$ BY IT4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS HAS AFFECT$  
! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T LIKE AN 9SIDI\S POISON4 ,IT DE/ROY$ !  
BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY &1 WOR/ (  
ALL1 ! IMPULSE TO SELF-HELP1 BY 9OCULAT+ PEOPLE ) ! RU9\S  
DELUSION ?AT SALVATION ALWAYS COMES FROM ABOVE4 

,?US1 9 PLACE ( ! CREATIVE ,SOCIALISM ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL1  
!RE DEVELOP$ A SORT ( SUB/ITUTE PRODUCT :I* HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON  
) REAL ,SOCIALISM BUT ! NAME4 ,SOCIALISM /EADILY LO/ ITS *>ACT]  
( A CULTURAL IDEAL1 :I* WAS TO PREP>E ! PEOPLES = !  
DISSOLUTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 &1 !RE=E1 C\LD NOT LET ITSELF  
BE HALT$ BY ! >TIFICIAL FRONTI]S ( ! NATIONAL /ATES4 ,9 !  
M9DS ( ! LEAD]S ( ?IS NEW PHASE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T !  
9T]E/S ( ! NATIONAL /ATE W]E BL5D$ MORE & MORE ) !  
ALLEG$ AIMS ( !IR P>TY1 UNTIL AT LA/ !Y BECAME UNABLE TO  
DI/+UI% ANY DEF9ITE B\ND>IES BETWE5 !M4 ,SO 9EVITABLY !  
LABOR MOVEM5T WAS GRADUALLY 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! EQUIPM5T ( !  
NATIONAL /ATE & RE/OR$ TO ?IS EQUILIBRIUM :I* IT HAD ACTUALLY  
LO/ BE=E4 

,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO F9D 9 ?IS /RANGE AB\T-FACE AN  
9T]NATIONAL BETRAYAL BY ! LEAD]S1 AS HAS SO (T5 BE5 DONE4 ,!  
TRU? IS ?AT WE HAVE TO DO H]E ) A GRADUAL ASSIMILATION TO !  
MODES ( ?\<T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I* IS A CONDITION ( !  
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES ( ! LABOR P>TIES ( TODAY1 & :I*  
NECESS>ILY AFFECTS ! 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDE ( !IR POLITICAL  
LEAD]S4 ,!SE V]Y P>TIES :I* HAD ONCE SET \T TO CONQU] ,SOCIALISM  
SAW !MSELVES COMPELL$ BY ! IRON LOGIC ( CONDITIONS TO SACRIFICE  
!IR ,SOCIALI/ CONVICTIONS BIT BY BIT TO ! NATIONAL POLICIES ( !  
/ATE4 ,!Y BECAME1 )\T ! MAJORITY ( !IR ADH]5TS EV]  
BECOM+ AW>E ( IT1 POLITICAL LI<TN+ RODS = ! SECURITY ( !  
CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! POLITICAL P[] :I* !Y HAD WANT$ TO  
CONQU] HAD GRADUALLY CONQU]$ !IR ,SOCIALISM UNTIL !RE WAS SC>CELY  
ANY?+ LEFT ( IT4 

,P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 :I* QUICKLY ATTA9$ A DOM9AT+ POSITION  
9 ! LABOR P>TIES ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 LUR$ A LOT (  
B\RGEOIS M9DS & C>E]-HUNGRY POLITICIANS 9TO ! ,SOCIALI/ CAMP1  
& ?IS HELP$ TO ACCEL]ATE ! 9T]NAL DECAY ( ORIG9AL ,SOCIALI/  
PR9CIPLES4 ,?US ,SOCIALISM 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME LO/ ITS CREATIVE  
9ITIATIVE & BECAME AN ORD9>Y RE=M MOVEM5T :I* LACK$ ANY  
ELEM5T ( GREATNESS4 ,PEOPLE W]E CONT5T ) SUCCESSES AT ! POLLS1  
& NO LONG] ATTRIBUT$ ANY IMPORTANCE TO SOCIAL UPBUILD+ &  
CON/RUCTIVE $UCATION ( ! WORK]S = ?IS 5D4 ,! CONSEQU5CES (  
?IS DISA/R\S NEGLECT ( ONE ( ! WEI<TIE/ PROBLEMS1 ONE (  
DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM1 W]E REVEAL$ 9  
!IR FULL SCOPE :5 AFT] ! ,WORLD ,W>1 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION  
>OSE 9 MANY ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! OLD SY/EM  
HAD1 9 SEV]AL /ATES1 PUT 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,SOCIALI/S ! P[]  
!Y HAD /RIV5 = SO LONG & PO9T$ TO AS ! FIR/ PR]EQUISITE  
= ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY !  
LEFT W+ ( /ATE ,SOCIALISM1 9 ! =M ( ,BOL%EVISM PAV$ ! WAY1  
NOT = A ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT = ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TYPE (  
BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM & A REV]SION TO ! POLITICAL  
ABSOLUTISM :I* WAS LONG AGO ABOLI%$ 9 MO/ C\NTRIES BY B\RGEOIS  
REVOLUTIONS4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 H[EV]1 :]E ! MOD]ATE W+ 9 ! =M (  
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ATTA9$ TO P[]1 ,SOCIALISM1 9 ITS LONG YE>S (  
ABSORPTION 9 R\T9E P>LIAM5T>Y TASKS1 HAD BECOME SO BOGG$ D[N  
?AT IT WAS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( ANY CREATIVE ACT :ATSOEV]4 ,EV5 A  
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC %EET LIKE ! ,FRANKFURT] ,ZEITUNG FELT OBLIG$ TO  
CONFIRM ?AT 0! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES HAS NOT PREVI\SLY  
PRODUC$ A REVOLUTION ?AT HAS BE5 SO POOR 9 CREATIVE IDEAS & SO  
WEAK 9 REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY40 

,BUT ?AT WAS NOT ALL3 NOT ONLY WAS POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM 9 NO  
POSITION TO UND]TAKE ANY K9D ( CON/RUCTIVE EF=T 9 ! DIRECTION  
( ,SOCIALISM1 IT DID NOT EV5 POSSESS ! MORAL /R5G? TO HOLD ON TO  
! A*IEVEM5TS ( B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY & ,LIB]ALISM1 & SURR5D]$  
! C\NTRY )\T RESI/ANCE TO ,FASCISM1 :I* SMA%$ ! 5TIRE  
LABOR MOVEM5T TO BITS ) ONE BL[4 ,IT HAD BECOME SO DEEPLY IMM]S$  
9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE ?AT IT HAD LO/ ALL S5SE ( CON/RUCTIVE  
,SOCIALI/ ACTION & FELT ITSELF TI$ TO ! B>R5 R\T9E ( EV]YDAY  
PRACTICAL POLITICS AS A GALLEY-SLAVE WAS *A9$ TO HIS B5*4 

,MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM IS ! DIRECT REACTION AGA9/ !  
CONCEPTS & ME?ODS ( POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1 A REACTION :I* EV5  
BE=E ! W> HAD ALREADY MADE ITSELF MANIFE/ 9 ! /RONG UPSURGE (  
! ,SYNDICALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & O!R C\NTRIES1  
NOT TO SPEAK ( ,SPA91 :]E ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S  
HAD ALWAYS REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! DOCTR9ES ( ! ,FIR/  
,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! T]M 0WORK]S' SYNDICATE0 MEANT 9 ,FRANCE M]ELY A TRADE UNION  
ORGANIZATION ( PRODUC]S = ! IMM$IATE BETT]M5T ( !IR ECONOMIC  
& SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,BUT ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM GAVE ?IS  
ORIG9AL MEAN+ A MU* WID] & DEEP] IMPORT4 ,JU/ AS ! P>T IS1 SO  
TO SPEAK1 ! UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION = DEF9ITE POLITICAL EF=T )9  
! MOD]N CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE1 & SEEKS TO MA9TA9 ! B\RGEOIS  
ORD] 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 SO1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,SYNDICALI/ VIEW1 !  
TRADE UNION1 ! SYNDICATE1 IS ! UNIFI$ ORGANIZATION ( LABOR &  
HAS = ITS PURPOSE ! DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRODUC]S )9  
EXI/+ SOCIETY & ! PREP>+ = & ! PRACTICAL C>RY+ \T (  
! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL LIFE AFT] ! PATT]N ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,IT  
HAS1 !RE=E1 A D\BLE PURPOSE3 #a4 ,AS ! FI<T+ ORGANIZATION (  
! WORK]S AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S TO 5=CE ! DEM&S ( ! WORK]S  
= ! SAFEGU>D+ & RAIS+ ( !IR /&>D ( LIV+2 #b4 ,AS !  
S*OOL = ! 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+ ( ! WORK]S TO MAKE !M  
ACQUA9T$ ) ! TE*NICAL MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ECONOMIC LIFE  
9 G5]AL SO ?AT :5 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION >ISES !Y WILL BE  
CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORGANISM 9TO !IR [N H&S &  
REM>K+ IT ACCORD+ TO ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT POLITICAL P>TIES1  
EV5 :5 !Y BE> A SOCIALI/ NAME1 >E NOT FITT$ TO P]=M EI!R  
( !SE TWO TASKS4 ,! M]E FACT ?AT1 EV5 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E  
POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM COMM&$ P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS & HAD MILLIONS (  
VOT]S BEH9D IT1 ! WORK]S HAD NEV] BE5 ABLE TO DISP5SE ) TRADE  
UNIONS BECAUSE LEGISLATION (F]$ !M NO PROTECTION 9 !IR /RUGGLE  
= DAILY BREAD1 TE/IFIES TO ?IS4 ,IT FREQU5TLY HAPP5$ ?AT 9 JU/  
!SE SECTIONS ( ! C\NTRY :]E ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E /RONGE/  
! WAGES ( WORK]S W]E L[E/ & ! CONDITIONS ( LABOR WOR/4  
,?AT WAS ! CASE1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! NOR!RN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS (  
,FRANCE1 :]E ,SOCIALI/S W]E 9 ! MAJORITY 9 NUM]\S CITY  
ADM9I/RATIONS1 & 9 ,SAXONY & ,SILESIA1 :]E ?R\<\T ITS  
EXI/5CE ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAD BE5 ABLE TO %[ A L>GE  
FOLL[+4 

,GOV]NM5TS & P>LIAM5TS SELDOM DECIDE ON ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL  
RE=MS ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 & :]E ?IS HAS HAPP5$ ?US F>  
! ALLEG$ IMPROVEM5TS HAVE ALWAYS REMA9$ A DEAD LETT] 9 ! VA/  
WA/E ( LAWS4 ,?US ! MODE/ ATTEMPTS ( ! ,5GLI% P>LIAM5T 9 !  
E>LY P]IOD ( BIG 9DU/RY1 :5 ! LEGISLATORS1 FRI<T5$ BY !  
HORRIBLE EFFECTS ( ! EXPLOITATION ( *ILDR51 AT LA/ RESOLV$ ON  
SOME TRIFL+ AMELIORATION'S1 = A LONG TIME HAD ALMO/ NO EFFECT4 ,ON  
! ONE H& !Y RAN AF\L ( ! LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! WORK]S  
!MSELVES1 ON ! O!R !Y W]E SABOTAG$ \TRI<T BY ! EMPLOY]S4  
,IT WAS MU* ! SAME ) ! WELL-KN[N LAW :I* ! ,ITALIAN  
GOV]NM5T 5ACT$ 9 ! MIDDLE #i'S TO =BID WOM5 :O W]E COMPELL$  
TO TOIL 9 ! SULFUR M9ES 9 ,SICILY FROM TAK+ !IR *ILDR5 D[N  
9TO ! M9ES ) !M4 ,?IS LAW ALSO REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]1 BECAUSE  
!SE UN=TUNATE WOM5 W]E SO POORLY PAID ?AT !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO  
DISREG>D ! LAW4 ,ONLY A CONSID]ABLE TIME LAT]1 :5 !SE WORK+  
WOM5 HAD SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+1 & ?US =C+ UP !IR /&>D (  
LIV+1 DID ! EVIL DISAPPE> ( ITSELF4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( SIMIL>  
9/ANCES 9 ! HI/ORY ( EV]Y C\NTRY4 

,BUT EV5 ! LEGAL AU?ORIZATION ( A RE=M IS NO GU>ANTEE (  
ITS P]MAN5CE UNLESS !RE EXI/ \TSIDE ( P>LIAM5T MILITANT MASSES  
:O >E READY TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ EV]Y ATTACK4 ,?US ! ,5GLI%  
FACTORY [N]S1 DESPITE ! 5ACTM5T ( ! T5-H\R LAW 9 #a#h#d#h1  
%ORTLY AFT]W>DS AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( AN 9DU/RIAL CRISIS TO COMPEL  
WORK]S TO TOIL = ELEV5 OR EV5 TWELVE H\RS4 ,:5 ! FACTORY  
9SPECTORS TOOK LEGAL PROCE$+S AGA9/ 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY]S ON ?IS  
ACC\NT1 ! ACCUS$ W]E NOT ONLY ACQUITT$1 ! ,GOV]NM5T H9T$ TO  
! 9SPECTORS ?AT !Y W]E NOT TO 9SI/ ON ! LETT] ( ! LAW1 SO  
?AT ! WORK]S W]E OBLIG$1 AFT] ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAD REVIV$  
SOME:AT1 TO MAKE ! FI<T = ! T5-H\R DAY ALL OV] AGA9 ON !IR  
[N RES\RCES4 ,AMONG ! FEW ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5TS :I* ! ,NOVEMB]  
,REVOLUTION ( #aiah BR\<T TO ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS  
! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,BUT IT WAS SNAT*$ BACK FROM ! WORK]S BY !  
EMPLOY]S 9 MO/ 9DU/RIES1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT WAS 9 !  
/ATUTES1 ACTUALLY AN*OR$ LEGALLY 9 ! ,WEIM> ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF4 

,BUT IF POLITICAL P>TIES >E ABSOLUTELY 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ !  
SLI<TE/ CONTRIBUTION TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! /&>D ( LIV+ (  
! WORK]S )9 PRES5T DAY SOCIETY1 !Y >E F> LESS CAPABLE TO  
C>RY ON ! ORGANIC UPBUILD+ ( A ,SOCIALI/ COMMUNITY OR EV5 TO PAVE  
! WAY = IT1 S9CE !Y UTT]LY LACK EV]Y PRACTICAL REQUIREM5T =  
SU* AN A*IEVEM5T4 ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY HAVE GIV5 QUITE SUFFICI5T  
PRO( ( ?IS4 

,! LANCEHEAD ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS1 !RE=E1 NOT !  
POLITICAL P>TY BUT ! TRAD] UNION1 T\<5$ BY DAILY COMBAT &  
P]MEAT$ BY ,SOCIALI/ SPIRIT4 ,ONLY 9 ! REALM ( ECONOMY >E !  
WORK]S ABLE TO DISPLAY !IR FULL SOCIAL /R5G?1 = IT IS !IR  
ACTIVITY AS PRODUC]S :I* HOLDS TOGE!R ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE1  
& GU>ANTEES ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY AT ALL4 ,9 ANY O!R FIELD !Y  
>E FI<T+ ON ALI5 SOIL & WA/+ !IR /R5G? 9 HOPELESS  
/RUGGLES :I* BR+ !M NOT AN IOTA NE>] TO ! GOAL ( !IR  
DESIRES4 9 ! FIELD ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS ! WORK] IS LIKE !  
GIANT ,ANTAEUS ( ! ,GREEK LEG5D1 :OM ,H]CULES WAS ABLE TO /RANGLE  
AFT] HE TOOK HIS FEET (F ! E>? :O WAS HIS MO!R4 ,ONLY AS  
PRODUC] & CREATOR ( SOCIAL WEAL? DOES HE BECOME AW>E ( HIS  
/R5G?2 9 SOLID>IC UNION ) HIS FELL[S HE CREATES 9 ! TRADE  
UNION ! 9V9CIBLE PHALANX :I* CAN )/& ANY ASSAULT1 IF IT IS  
AFLAME ) ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM & ANIMAT$ BY ! IDEAL ( SOCIAL  
JU/ICE4 

,= ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S ! TRADE UNION IS BY NO MEANS A M]E  
TRANSITORY PH5OM5ON B\ND UP ) ! DURATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1  
IT IS ! G]M ( ! ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 ! ELEM5T>Y  
S*OOL ( ,SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 ,EV]Y NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE MAKES ORGANS  
= ITSELF 9 ! BODY ( ! OLD ORGANISM4 ,)\T ?IS PRELIM9>Y ANY  
SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS UN?9KABLE4 ,EV5 REVOLUTIONS CAN ONLY DEVELOP &  
MATURE ! G]MS :I* ALREADY EXI/ & HAVE MADE !IR WAY 9TO !  
CONSCI\SNESS ( M52 !Y CANNOT !MSELVES CREATE !SE G]MS OR  
CREATE NEW WORLDS \T ( NO?+4 ,IT !RE=E CONC]NS US TO PLANT  
!SE G]MS :ILE !RE IS /ILL YET TIME & BR+ !M TO !  
/RONGE/ POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T1 SO AS TO MAKE ! TASK ( ! COM+  
SOCIAL REVOLUTION EASI] & TO 5SURE ITS P]MAN5CE4 

,ALL ! $UCATIONAL WORK ( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ IS AIM$ AT  
?IS PURPOSE4 ,$UCATION = ,SOCIALISM DOES NOT MEAN = !M TRIVIAL  
CAMPAIGN PROPAG&A & SO-CALL$ 0POLITICS-(-!-DAY10 BUT ! EF=T  
TO MAKE CLE> TO ! WORK]S ! 9TR9SIC CONNECTIONS AMONG SOCIAL  
PROBLEMS BY TE*NICAL 9/RUCTION & ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR  
ADM9I/RATIVE CAPACITIES1 TO PREP>E !M = !IR ROLE ( RE-%AP]S  
( ECONOMIC LIFE1 & GIVE !M ! MORAL ASSURANCE REQUIR$ = !  
P]=MANCE ( ! TASK4 ,NO SOCIAL BODY IS BETT] FITT$ = ?IS  
PURPOSE ?AN ! ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S2 IT  
GIVES A DEF9ITE DIRECTION TO !IR SOCIAL ACTIVITIES & T\<5S !IR  
RESI/ANCE 9 ! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE & !  
DEF5SE ( !IR HUMAN RI<TS4 ,?IS DIRECT & UNCEAS+ W>F>E )  
! SUPPORT]S ( ! PRES5T SY/EM DEVELOPS AT ! SAME TIME !  
E?ICAL CONCEPTS )\T :I* ANY SOCIAL TRANS=MATION IS IMPOSSIBLE3  
VITAL SOLID>ITY ) !IR FELL[S-9-DE/9Y & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY  
= !IR [N ACTIONS4 

,JU/ BECAUSE ! $UCATIONAL WORK ( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S IS  
DIRECT$ T[>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DEP5D5T ?\<T & ACTION1 !Y  
>E \TSPOK5 OPPON5TS ( ALL ?OSE C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES :I* >E  
SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL POLITICAL LABOR P>TIES4 ,BUT C5TRALISM1 ?AT  
>TIFICIAL ORGANIZATION FROM ABOVE :I* TURNS OV] ! AFFAIRS (  
EV]YBODY 9 A LUMP TO A SMALL M9ORITY1 IS ALWAYS ATT5D$ BY B>R5  
(FICIAL R\T9E2 & ?IS CRU%ES 9DIVIDUAL CONVICTION1 KILLS ALL  
P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE BY LIFELESS DISCIPL9E & BUREAUCRATIC  
OSSIFICATION1 & P]MITS NO 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,! ORGANIZATION (  
,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM IS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ,F$]ALISM1 ON FREE  
COMB9ATION FROM BEL[ UPW>D1 PUTT+ ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION  
( EV]Y MEMB] ABOVE EV]Y?+ ELSE & RECOGNIZ+ ONLY ! ORGANIC  
AGREEM5T ( ALL ON ! BASIS ( LIKE 9T]E/S & COMMON CONVICTIONS4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 *>G$ AGA9/ F$]ALISM ?AT IT DIVIDES !  
=CES & CRIPPLES ! /R5G? ( ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE1 &1 V]Y  
SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT HAS BE5 JU/ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! POLITICAL  
LABOR P>TIES & ( ! TRADE UNIONS UND] !IR 9FLU5CE :O HAVE  
KEPT REPEAT+ ?IS *>GE TO ! PO9T ( NAUSEA4 ,BUT H]E1 TOO1 !  
FACTS ( LIFE HAVE SPOK5 MORE CLE>LY ?AN ANY !ORY4 ,!RE WAS NO  
C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD :]E ! :OLE LABOR MOVEM5T WAS SO COMPLETELY  
C5TRALIZ$ & ! TE*NIQUE ( ORGANIZATION DEVELOP$ TO SU* EXTREME  
P]FECTION AS 9 ,G]MANY BE=E ,HITL]'S ACCESSION TO P[]4 ,A P[]FUL  
BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS COV]$ ! :OLE C\NTRY & DET]M9$ EV]Y  
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EXPRESSION ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,9 ! V]Y  
LA/ ELECTIONS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES UNIT$ OV]  
TWELVE MILLION VOT]S = !IR C&IDATES4 ,BUT AFT] ,HITL] SEIZ$  
P[] SIX MILLION ORGANIZ$ WORK]S DID NOT RAISE A F+] TO AV]T !  
CATA/ROPHE :I* HAD PLUNG$ ,G]MANY 9TO ! ABYSS1 & :I* 9 A FEW  
MON?S BEAT !IR ORGANIZATION COMPLETELY TO PIECES4 

,BUT 9 ,SPA91 :]E ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM HAD MA9TA9$ ITS HOLD  
UPON ORGANIZ$ LABOR FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & BY  
UNTIR+ LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&A & %>P FI<T+ HAD TRA9$ IT TO  
RESI/ANCE1 IT WAS ! P[]FUL ,C4,N4,T4 :I* BY ! BOLDNESS ( ITS  
ACTION FRU/RAT$ ! CRIM9AL PLANS ( ,FRANCO & HIS NUM]\S HELP]S  
AT HOME & ABROAD1 & BY !IR H]OIC EXAMPLE SPURR$ ! ,SPANI%  
WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ! BATTLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM--A FACT :I* ,FRANCO  
HIMSELF HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO ACKN[L$GE4 ,)\T ! H]OIC RESI/ANCE  
( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNIONS ! ,FASCI/ REACTIONS W\LD 9  
A FEW WEEKS HAVE DOM9AT$ ! :OLE C\NTRY4 

,:5 ONE COMP>ES ! TE*NIQUE ( ! F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATION (  
! ,C4,N4,T4 ) ! C5TRALI/IC MA*9E :I* ! ,G]MAN WORK]S HAD  
BUILT = !MSELVES1 ONE IS SURPRIS$ BY ! SIMPLICITY ( ! =M]4  
,9 ! SMALL] SYNDICATES EV]Y TASK = ! ORGANIZATION WAS P]=M$  
VOLUNT>ILY4 ,9 ! L>G] ALLIANCES1 :]E NATURALLY E/ABLI%$  
(FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES W]E NECESS>Y1 !SE W]E ELECT$ = ONE YE>  
ONLY & RECEIV$ ! SAME PAY AS ! WORK]S 9 !IR TRADE4 ,EV5 !  
,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ?IS IS  
AN OLD TRADITION :I* HAS BE5 KEPT UP 9 ,SPA9 S9CE ! DAYS ( !  
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS SIMPLE =M ( ORGANIZATION NOT ONLY SUFFIC$ !  
,SPANI% WORK]S = TURN+ ! ,C4,N4,T4 9TO A FI<T+ UNIT ( ! FIR/  
RANK1 IT ALSO SAFEGU>D$ !M AGA9/ ANY BUREAUCRATIC REGIME 9 !IR  
[N RANKS & HELP$ !M TO DISPLAY ?AT IRRESI/IBLE SPIRIT (  
SOLID>ITY & T5ACI\SNESS :I* IS SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS  
ORGANIZATION1 & :I* ONE 5C\NT]S 9 NO O!R C\NTRY4 

,= ! /ATE C5TRALIZATION IS ! APPROPRIATE =M (  
ORGANIZATION1 S9CE IT AIMS AT ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE UNI=MITY 9  
SOCIAL LIFE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,BUT  
= A MOVEM5T :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE DEP5DS ON PROMPT ACTION AT ANY  
FAVORABLE MOM5T & ON ! 9DEP5D5T ?\<T & ACTION ( ITS  
SUPPORT]S1 C5TRALISM C\LD BUT BE A CURSE BY WEAK5+ ITS P[] (  
DECISION & SY/EMATICALLY REPRESS+ ALL IMM$IATE ACTION4 ,IF1 =  
EXAMPLE1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,G]MANY1 EV]Y LOCAL /RIKE HAD FIR/ TO BE  
APPROV$ BY ! ,C5TRAL1 :I* WAS (T5 HUNDR$S ( MILS AWAY & WAS  
NOT USUALLY NOT 9 A POSITION TO PASS A CORRECT JUDGM5T ON ! LOCAL  
CONDITIONS1 ONE CANNOT WOND] ?AT ! 9]TIA ( ! APP>ATUS (  
ORGANIZATION R5D]S A QUICK ATTACK QUITE IMPOSSIBLE1 & !RE ?US  
>ISES A /ATE ( AFFAIRS :]E ! 5]GETIC & 9TELLECTUALLY AL]T  
GR\PS NO LONG] S]VE AS PATT]NS = ! LESS ACTIVE1 BUT >E  
CONDEMN$ BY !SE TO 9ACTIVITY1 9EVITABLY BR++ ! :OLE MOVEM5T  
TO /AGNATION4 ,ORGANIZATION IS1 AFT] ALL1 ONLY A MEANS TO AN 5D4 ,:5  
IT BECOMES AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 IT KILLS ! SPIRIT & ! VITAL  
9ITIATIVE ( ITS MEMB]S & SETS UP ?AT DOM9ATION BY M$IOCRITY  
:I* IS ! *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL BUREAUCRACIES4 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E1 !RE=E1 ( ! OP9ION ?AT TRADE  
UNION ORGANIZATION %\LD BE ( SU* A *>ACT] AS TO AF=D WORK]S  
! POSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ ! UTMO/ 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ !  
EMPLOY]S1 & AT ! SAME TIME PROVIDE !M ) A BASIS FROM :I*  
!Y WILL BE ABLE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION TO PROCE$ ) RE%AP+  
( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE4 

,!IR ORGANIZATION IS ACCORD+LY CON/RUCT$ ON ! FOLL[+  
PR9CIPLES3 ,! WORK]S 9 EA* LOCALITY JO9 ! UNIONS = !IR  
RESPECTIVE TRADES1 & !SE >E SUBJECT TO ! VETO ( NO ,C5TRAL BUT  
5JOY ! 5TIRE RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( A CITY  
OR RURAL DI/RICT COMB9E 9 A SO-CALL$ LABOR C>TEL4 ,! LABOR  
C>TELS CON/ITUTE ! C5T]S = LOCAL PROPAG&A & $UCATION2 !Y  
WELD ! WORK]S TOGE!R AS A CLASS & PREV5T ! RISE ( ANY N>R[- 
M9D$ FACTIONAL SPIRIT4 ,9 TIMES ( LOCAL LABOR TR\BLE !Y >RANGE  
= ! SOLID>IC COOP]ATION ( ! :OLE BODY ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9  
! USE ( EV]Y AG5CY AVAILABLE UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,ALL !  
LABOR C>TELS >E GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO DI/RICTS & REGIONS TO =M  
! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,C>TELS1 :I* MA9TA9 ! P]MAN5T  
CONNECTION BETWE5 ! LOCAL BODIES1 >RANGES = FREE ADJU/M5T ( !  
PRODUCTIVE LABOR ( ! MEMB]S ( ! DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS ON CO- 
OP]ATIVE L9ES1 PROVIDE = ! NECESS>Y COOP]ATION 9 ! FIELD (  
$UCATION1 9 :I* ! /RONG] C>TELS WILL NE$ TO COME TO ! AID (  
! WEAK] ONES1 & 9 G5]AL SUPPORT ! LOCAL GR\PS ) C\NCIL  
& GUIDANCE4 

,EV]Y TRADE UNION IS1 MOREOV]1 F$]ATIVELY ALLI$ ) ALL !  
SAME ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! SAME TRADE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 & !SE  
9 TURN ) ALL RELAT$ TRADES1 SO ?AT ALL >E COMB9$ 9 G5]AL  
9DU/RIAL ALLIANCES4 ,IT IS ! TASK ( !SE ALLIANCES TO >RANGE =  
! COOP]ATIVE ACTION ( ! LOCAL GR\PS1 TO CONDUCT SOLID>IC  
/RIKES :]E ! NECESSITY >ISES1 & TO MEET ALL ! DEM&S ( !  
DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 ,?US ! ,F$]ATION (  
,LABOR ,C>TELS & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ALLIANCES CON/ITUTE !  
TWO POLES AB\T :I* ! :OLE LIFE ( ! TRADE UNIONS REVOLVES4 

,SU* A =M ( ORGANIZATION NOT ONLY GIVES ! WORK]S EV]Y  
OPPORTUNITY = DIRECT ACTION 9 !IR /RUGGLES = DAILY BREAD1 IT  
ALSO PROVIDES !M ) ! NECESS>Y PRELIM9>IES = C>RY+ ?R\<  
! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE ON A ,SOCIALI/ PLAN BY !IR [N  
/R5G? & )\T ALI5 9T]V5TION1 9 CASE ( A REVOLUTION>Y  
CRISIS4 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E CONV9C$ ?AT A ,SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC  
ORD] CANNOT BE CREAT$ BY ! DECREES & /ATUTES ( A GOV]NM5T1 BUT  
ONLY BY ! SOLID>IC COLLABORATION ( ! WORK]S ) H& OR BRA9 9  
EA* SPECIAL BRAN* ( PRODUCTION2 ?AT IS1 ?R\< ! TAK+ OV] (  
! MANAGEM5T ( ALL PLANTS BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES UND] SU* =M  
?AT ! SEP>ATE GR\PS1 PLANTS & BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY >E  
9DEP5D5T MEMB]S ( ! G5]AL ECONOMIC ORGANISM & SY/EMATICALLY  
C>RY ON PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS 9 ! 9T]E/  
( ! COMMUNITY ON ! BASIS ( FREE MUTUAL AGREEM5TS4 

,9 SU* A CASE ! LABOR C>TELS W\LD TAKE OV] ! EXI/+  
SOCIAL CAPITAL 9 EA* COMMUNITY1 DET]M9E ! NE$S ( ! 9HABITANTS  
( !IR DI/RICTS1 & ORGANIZE LOCAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?R\< ! AG5CY  
( ! NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,C>TELS IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO  
CALCULATE ! TOTAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! C\NTRY & ADJU/ ! WORK (  
PRODUCTION ACCORD+LY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT W\LD BE ! TASK ( !  
,9DU/RIAL ,ALLIANCES TO TAKE CONTROL ( ALL ! 9/RUM5TS (  
PRODUCTION1 MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION & !  
LIKE1 & TO PROVIDE ! SEP>ATE PRODUC+ GR\PS ) :AT !Y NE$4  
,9 A WORD3 #a4 ,ORGANIZATION ( ! PLANTS BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES &  
DIRECTION ( ! WORK BY LABOR C\NCILS ELECT$ BY !M4 #b4  
,ORGANIZATION ( ! TOTAL PRODUCTION ( ! C\NTRY BY ! 9DU/RIAL  
& AGRICULTURAL ALLIANCES4 #c4 ,ORGANIZATION ( CONSUMPTION BY ! ,LABOR  
,C>TELS4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ALSO PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE HAS GIV5 ! BE/  
9/RUCTION4 ,IT HAS %[N US ?AT ECONOMIC QUE/IONS 9 ! ,SOCIALI/  
MEAN+ CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY A GOV]NM5T1 EV5 :5 ?AT IS MEANT !  
CELEBRAT$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! ,BOL%EVI/  
DICTATOR%IP /OOD = ALMO/ TWO :OLE YE>S HELPLESS BE=E ITS  
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS & TRI$ TO HIDE ITS 9CAPACITY BEH9D A FLOOD (  
DECREES & ORD9ANCES1 ( :I* N9ETY-N9E P]C5T W]E BURI$ AT ONCE  
9 ! V>I\S BUREAUS4 ,IF ! WORLD C\LD BE SET FREE BY DECREES1 !RE  
W\LD LONG AGO HAVE BE5 NO PROBLEMS LEFT 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ITS FANATICAL  
ZEAL = GOV]NM5T1 ,BOL%EVISM HAS VIOL5TLY DE/ROY$ JU/ ! MO/  
VALUABLE BEG9N+S ( A ,SOCIALI/ SOCIAL ORD]1 BY SUPPRESS+ ! CO- 
OP]ATIVES1 BR++ ! TRADE UNIONS UND] /ATE CONTROL1 & DEPRIV+  
! SOVIETS ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE ALMO/ FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,KROPOTK9  
SAID ) JU/ICE 9 HIS 0,MESSAGE TO ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN  
,C\NTRIES030,RUSSIA HAS %[N US ! WAY 9 :I* ,SOCIALISM CANNOT BE  
REALIZ$1 AL?\< ! POPULACE1 NAUSEAT$ ) ! OLD REGIME1 OPPOS$  
NO ACTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! EXP]IM5TS ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,! IDEA  
( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS = ! CONTROL ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC  
LIFE IS1 9 ITSELF1 ( EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE444,BUT SO LONG AS !  
C\NTRY IS DOM9AT$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( A P>TY1 ! WORK]S' &  
PEASANTS' C\NCILS NATURALLY LOSE !IR SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!Y >E !REBY  
DEGRAD$ TO ! SAME PASSIVE ROLE :I* ! REPRES5TATIVES ( !  
E/ATES US$ TO PLAY 9 ! TIME ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*IES4 ,A WORK]S'  
C\NCIL CEASES TO BE A FREE & VALUABLE ADVIS] :5 NO FREE PRESS  
EXI/S 9 ! C\NTRY1 AS HAS BE5 ! CASE ) US = OV] TWO YE>S4  
,WORSE /ILL3 ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS LOSE ALL !IR MEAN+  
:5 NO PUBLIC PROPAG&A TAKES PLACE BE=E !IR ELECTION1 & !  
ELECTIONS !MSELVES >E CONDUCT$ UND] ! PRESSURE ( P>TY  
DICTATOR%IP4 ,SU* A GOV]NM5T BY C\NCILS 7SOVIET GOV]NM5T7 AM\NTS  
TO A DEF9ITE /EP BACKW>D AS SOON AS ! ,REVOLUTION ADVANCES TO !  
]ECTION ( NEW SOCIETY ON A NEW ECONOMIC BASIS3 IT BECOMES JU/ A DEAD  
PR9CIPLE ON A DEAD F\NDATION40 

 ,! C\RSE ( EV5TS HAS PROV$ ,KROPOTK9 RI<T ON EV]Y PO9T4  
,RUSSIA IS TODAY F>!R FROM ,SOCIALISM ?AN ANY O!R C\NTRY4  
,DICTATOR%IP DOES NOT LEAD TO ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIB]ATION ( !  
TOIL+ MASSES1 BUT TO ! SUPPRESSION ( EV5 ! MO/ TRIVIAL FRE$OM  
& ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN UNLIMIT$ DESPOTISM :I* RESPECTS NO RI<TS  
& TREADS UND]FOOT EV]Y FEEL+ ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,:AT ! ,RUSSIAN  
WORK] HAS GA9$ ECONOMICALLY UND] ?IS REGIME IS A MO/ RU9\S =M  
( HUMAN EXPLOITATION1 BORR[$ FROM ! MO/ EXTREME /AGE (  
CAPITALISM1 9 ! %APE ( ! ,/AKHANOV SY/EM1 :I* RAISES HIS  
PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY TO ITS HI<E/ LIMIT & DEGRADES HIM TO GALLEY  
SLAVE1 :O IS D5I$ ALL CONTROL ( HIS P]SONAL LABOR1 & :O MU/  
SUBMIT TO EV]Y ORD] ( HIS SUP]IORS IF HE DOES NOT WI% TO EXPOSE  
HIMSELF TO P5ALTIES LIFE & LIB]TY4 ,BUT COMPULSORY LABOR IS ! LA/  
ROAD ?AT CAN LEAD TO ,SOCIALISM4 ,IT E/RANGES ! MAN FROM !  
COMMUNITY1 DE/ROYS HIS JOY 9 HIS DAILY WORK1 & /IFLES ?AT S5SE (  
P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY TO HIS FELL[S )\T :I* !RE CAN BE NO  
TALK ( ,SOCIALISM AT ALL4  

,WE %ALL NOT EV5 SPEAK ( ,G]MANY H]E4 ,ONE C\LD NOT REASONABLY  
EXPECT ( A P>TY LIKE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS--:OSE C5TRAL ORGAN  
,VORW>TS1 JU/ ON ! EV5+ BE=E ! ,NOVEMB] ,REVOLUTION ( #aiah  
W>N$ ! WORK]S AGA9/ PRECIPITANCY1 0AS ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE >E NOT  
READY = A REPUBLIC0--?AT IT W\LD EXP]IM5T ) ,SOCIALISM4 ,P[]1 WE  
MI<T SAY1 FELL 9TO ITS LAP OV]NI<T1 & IT ACTUALLY DID NOT KN[  
:AT TO DO ) IT4 ,ITS ABSOLUTE IMPOT5CE CONTRIBUT$ NOT A LITTLE TO  
5ABL+ ,G]MANY TO BASK TODAY 9 ! SUN ( ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 

,! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNIONS ( ,SPA91 & ESPECIALLY (  
,CATALONIA1 :]E !IR 9FLU5CE IS /RONGE/1 HAVE %[N US AN EXAMPLE  
9 ?IS RESPECT :I* IS UNIQUE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,SOCIALI/ LABOR  
MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?IS !Y HAVE ONLY CONFIRM$ :AT ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S  
HAVE ALWAYS 9SI/$ ON3 ?AT ! APPROA* TO ,SOCIALISM IS POSSIBLE ONLY  
:5 ! WORK]S HAVE CREAT$ ! NECESS>Y ORGANISM = IT1 & :5  
ABOVE ALL !Y HAVE PREVI\SLY PREP>$ = IT BY A G5U9ELY  
,SOCIALI/IC $UCATION & DIRECT ACTION4 ,BUT ?IS WAS ! CASE 9 ,SPA91  
:]E S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! WEI<T ( ! LABOR  
MOVEM5T HAD LA91 NOT 9 POLITICAL P>TIES1 BUT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y  
TRADE UNIONS4 

,:51 ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! CONSPIRACY ( ! ,FASCI/ G5]ALS  
RIP5$ 9TO OP5 REVOLT & WAS PUT D[N 9 A FEW DAYS BY ! H]OIC  
RESI/ANCE ( ! ,C4,N4,T47,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 & !  
,F4,A4,I47,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,IB]IA71 RIDD+ ,CATALONIA ( ! 5EMY  
& FRU/RAT+ ! PLAN ( ! CONSPIRATORS1 BAS$ AS IT WAS ON SUDD5  
SURPRISE1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! ,CATALONIAN WORK]S W\LD NOT /OP  
HALFWAY4 ,SO !RE FOLL[$ ! COLLECTIVIZ+ ( ! L& & ! TAK+  
OV] ( ! PLANTS BY ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' SYNDICATES2 & ?IS  
MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS RELEAS$ BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & !  
,F4,A4,I41 ) IRRESI/IBLE P[] OV]RAN ,>AGON1 ! ,LEVANTE & O!R  
SECTIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 & EV5 SWEPT ALONG ) IT A L>GE P>T (  
! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,U4,G4,T4  
7,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION74 ,! REVOLT ( ! ,FASCI/S HAD SET ,SPA9 ON !  
ROAD TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,?IS SAME EV5T REVEALS ?AT ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ WORK]S (  
,SPA9 NOT ONLY KN[ H[ TO FI<T1 BUT ?AT !Y >E FILL$ ) ?AT  
GREAT CON/RUCTIVE SPIRIT D]IV$ FROM !IR MANY YE>S ( ,SOCIALI/  
$UCATION4 ,IT IS ! GREAT M]IT ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA91  
:I* N[ F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I41 ?AT S9CE ! DAYS  
( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL IT HAS TRA9$ ! WORK]S 9 ?AT SPIRIT  
:I* TREASURES FRE$OM ABOVE ALL ELSE & REG>DS ! 9TELLECTUAL  
9DEP5D5CE ( ITS ADH]5TS AS ! BASIS ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,!  
LIB]T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 HAS NEV] LO/ ITSELF 9 !  
LABYR9? ( AN ECONOMIC METAPHYSICS :I* CRIPPL$ ITS 9TELLECTUAL  
BUOYANCY BY FATALI/IC CONCEPTIONS1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,G]MANY2 NOR HAS  
IT UNPR(ITABLY WA/$ ITS 5]GY 9 ! B>R5 R\T9E TASKS (  
B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS4 ,SOCIALISM WAS = IT A CONC]N ( ! PEOPLE1 AN  
ORGANIC GR[? PROCE$+ FROM ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES !MSELVES &  
HAV+ ITS BASIS 9 !IR ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS4 

,!RE=E ! ,C4,N4,T4 IS NOT SIMPLY AN ALLIANCE ( 9DU/RIAL  
WORK]S LIKE ! TRADE UNIONS 9 EV]Y O!R C\NTRY4 ,IT EMBRACES )9  
ITS RANKS ALSO ! SYNDICATES ( ! PEASANT & FIELD-WORK]S AS WELL  
AS ?OSE ( ! BRA9 WORK]S & ! 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IF ! ,SPANI%  
PEASANTS >E N[ FI<T+ %\LD] TO %\LD] ) CITY WORK]S AGA9/  
,FASCISM1 IT IS ! RESULT ( ! GREAT WORK ( ,SOCIALI/ $UCATION :I*  
HAS BE5 P]=M$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ITS =]UNN]S4 ,SOCIALI/S ( ALL  
S*OOLS1 G5U9E LIB]ALS & B\RGEOIS ANTI-FASCI/S :O HAVE HAD AN  
OPPORTUNITY TO OBS]VE ON ! SPOT HAVE ?US F> PASS$ ONLY ONE  
JUDGM5T ON ! CREATIVE CAPACITY ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & HAVE ACCORD$ TO  
ITS CON/RUCTIVE LABORS ! HI<E/ ADMIRATION4 ,NOT ONE ( !M C\LD  
HELP EXTOLL+ ! NATURAL 9TELLIG5CE1 ! ?\<TFULNESS &  
PRUD5CE1 & ABOVE ALL ! UNEXAMPL$ TOL]ANCE ) :I* ! WORK]S  
& PEASANTS ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 HAVE GONE AB\T !IR DIFFICULT TASK4 #a 
,WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 TE*NICIANS & M5 ( SCI5CE HAD COME TOGE!R =  
COOP]ATIVE WORK1 & 9 ?REE MON?S GAVE AN 5TIRELY NEW *>ACT] TO  
! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,CATALONIA4 

,9 ,CATALONIA TODAY ?REE-F\R?S ( ! L& IS COLLECTIVIZ$ &  
COOP]ATIVELY CULTIVAT$ BY ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES4 ,9 ?IS EA*  
COMMUNITY PRES5TS A TYPE BY ITSELF & ADJU/S ITS 9T]NAL AFFAIRS 9  
ITS [N WAY1 BUT SETTLES ITS ECONOMIC QUE/IONS ?R\< ! AG5CY (  
ITS ,F$]ATION4 ,?US !RE IS PRES]V$ ! POSSIBILITY ( FREE  
5T]PRISE1 9CIT+ NEW IDEAS & MUTUAL /IMULATION4 ,ONE-F\R? ( !  
C\NTRY IS 9 ! H&S ( SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 TO :OM HAS BE5  
LEFT ! FREE *OICE BETWE5 JO9+ ! COLLECTIVES OR CONT9U+ !IR  
FAMILY HUSB&RY4 ,9 MANY 9/ANCES !IR SMALL HOLD+S HAVE EV5 BE5  
9CREAS$ 9 PROPORTION TO ! SIZE ( !IR FAMILIES4 ,9 ,>AGON AN  
OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS DECL>$ = COLLECTIVE  
CULTIVATION4 ,!RE >E 9 ?AT PROV9CE OV] F\R HUNDR$ COLLECTIVE  
F>MS1 ( :I* AB\T T5 >E UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U4,G4,T41  
:ILE ALL ! RE/ >E CONDUCT$ BY SYNDICATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,AGRICULTURE  
HAS MADE SU* ADVANCES !RE ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( A YE> =TY P] C5T  
( ! =M]LY UNTILL$ L& HAS BE5 BR\<T UND] CULTIVATION4 ,9 !  
,LEVANTE1 9 ,&ALUSIA & ,CA/ILE1 ALSO1 COLLECTIVE AGRICULTURE UND]  
! MANAGEM5T ( ! SYNDICATES IS MAK+ CON/ANTLY GREAT] ADVANCES4  
,9 NUM]\S SMALL] COMMUNITIES A ,SOCIALI/ =M ( LIFE HAS ALREADY  
BECOME NATURALIZ$1 ! 9HABITANTS NO LONG] C>RY+ ON EX*ANGE BY  
MEANS ( MONEY1 BUT SATISFY+ !IR NE$S \T ( ! PRODUCT ( !IR  
COLLECTIVE 9DU/RY & CONSCI5TI\SLY DEVOT+ ! SURPLUS TO !IR  
COMRADES FI<T+ AT ! FRONT4 

,9 MO/ ( ! RURAL COLLECTIVES 9DIVIDUAL COMP5SATION = WORK  
P]=M$ HAS BE5 RETA9$1 & ! FUR!R UPBUILD+ ( ! NEW  
SY/EM PO/PON$ UNTIL ! T]M9ATION ( ! W>1 :I* AT PRES5T  
CLAIMS ! 5TIRE /R5G? ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 !SE ! AM\NT ( !  
WAGES IS DET]M9$ BY ! SIZE ( ! FAMILIES4 ,! ECONOMIC REPORTS 9  
! DAILY BULLET9S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 >E EXTREMELY 9T]E/+1 ) !IR  
ACC\NTS ( ! BUILD+ UP ( ! COLLECTIVES & !IR TE*NICAL  
DEVELOPM5T ?R\< ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9ES & *EMICAL  
F]TILIZ]S1 :I* HAD BE5 ALMO/ UNKN[N BE=E4 ,! AGRICULTURAL  
COLLECTIVES 9 ,CA/ILE ALONE HAVE DUR+ ! PA/ YE> SP5T MORE ?AN  
TWO MILLION PASETAS = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,! GREAT TASK ( COLLECTIVIZ+  
! L& WAS MADE MU* EASI] AFT] ! RURAL F$]ATIONS ( ! ,U4,G4,T4  
JO9$ ! G5]AL MOVEM5T4 ,9 MANY COMMUNITIES ALL AFFAIRS >E  
>RANG$ BY DELEGATES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,U4,G4,T41 BR++ AB\T A  
RAPPRO*EM5T ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS :I* CULM9AT$ 9 AN ALLIANCE  
( ! WORK]S 9 ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS4 

,BUT ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES HAVE MADE !IR MO/ A/\ND+  
A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! FIELD 9 9DU/RY1 S9CE !Y TOOK 9TO !IR H&S  
! ADM9I/RATION ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE AS A :OLE4 ,9 ,CATALONIA 9 !  
C\RSE ( A YE> ! RAILROADS W]E FITT$ \T ) A COMPLETE MOD]N  
EQUIPM5T1 & 9 PUNCTUALITY ! S]VICE REA*$ A PO9T ?AT HAD BE5  
HI!RTO UNKN[N4 ,! SAME ADVANCES W]E A*IEV$ 9 ! 5TIRE  
TRANSPORT SY/EM1 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 9 MA*9E CON/RUCTION1 9  
BUILD+1 & 9 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT 9 ! W> 9DU/RIES !  
SYNDICATES HAVE P]=M$ A G5U9E MIRACLE4 ,BY ! SO-CALL$ NEUTRALITY  
PACT ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T WAS PREV5T$ FROM IMPORT+ FROM ABROAD ANY  
CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( W> MAT]IALS4 ,BUT ,CATALONIA BE=E ! ,FASCI/  
REVOLT NOT A S+LE PLANT = ! MANUFACTURE ( >MY EQUIPM5T4 ,!  
FIR/ CONC]N1 !RE=E1 WAS TO REMAKE :OLE 9DU/RIES TO MEET ! W>  
DEM&S4 ,A H>D TASK = ! SYNDICATES1 :I* ALREADY HAD 9 !IR  
H&S FULL SETT+ UP ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BUT !Y P]FUM$ IT )  
AN 5]GY & A TE*NICAL EFFICI5CY ?AT CAN BE EXPLA9$ ONLY BY !  
WORK]S & !IR B\NDLESS READ9ESS TO MAKE SACRIFICES = !IR  
CAUSE4 ,M5 TOIL$ 9 ! FACTORIES TWELVE & F\RTE5 H\RS A DAY TO  
BR+ ! GREAT WORK TO COMPLETION4 ,TODAY ,CATALONIA POSSESSES #bhc HUGE  
PLANTS :I* >E OP]AT+ DAY & NI<T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( W>  
MAT]IALS1 SO ?AT ! FRONTS MAY BE KEPT SUPPLI$4 ,AT PRES5T ,CATALONIA  
IS PROVID+ = ! GREAT] P>T ( ALL W> DEM&S4 ,PR(ESSOR ,&RES  
,OLTM>ES DECL>$ 9 ! C\RSE ( AN >TICLE ?AT 9 ?IS FIELD !  
WORK]S' SYNDICATES ( ,CATALONIA 0HAD ACCOMPLI%$ 9 SEV5 WEEKS AS  
MU* AS ,FRANCE DID 9 F\RTE5 MON?S AFT] ! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD  
,W>40 

,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL BY A GREAT DEAL4 ,! UNHAPPY W> BR\<T 9TO  
,CATALONIA AN OV]:ELM+ FLOOD ( FUGITIVES FROM ALL ! W>-SWEPT  
DI/RICTS 9 ,SPA92 !IR NUMB] HAS TODAY GR[N TO A MILLION4 ,OV]  
FIFTY P] C5T ( ! SICK & W\ND$ 9 ! HOSPITALS ( ,CATALONIA >E  
NOT ,CATALONIANS4 ,ONE UND]/&S1 !RE=E1 ) :AT A TASK !  
WORK]S' SYNDICATES W]E CONFRONT$ 9 ! MEET+ ( ALL !SE DEM&S4  
,( ! RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! :OLE $UCATIONAL SY/EM BY ! TEA*]S'  
GR\PS 9 ! ,C4,N4,T41 ! ASSOCIATIONS = ! PROTECTION ( WORKS (  
>T1 & A HUNDR$ O!R MATT]S WE CANNOT EV5 MAKE M5TION H]E4 

,DUR+ ?IS SAME TIME ! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS MA9TA9+ #a#b1 ( ITS  
MILITIA1 :O W]E FI<T+ ON ALL FRONTS4 ,NO O!R ORGANIZATION HAS ?US  
F> MADE SU* SACRIFICES ( LIFE & LIMB AS ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 ,9 ITS  
H]OIC /& AGA9/ ,FASCISM IT HAS LO/ A LOT ( ITS MO/ DI/+UI%$  
FI<T]S1 AMONG !M ,FRANCISCO ,ASCO & ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURUTTI1 :OSE EPIC  
GREATNESS MADE HIM ! H]O ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS1 P]HAPS1 UND]/&ABLE ?AT !  
SYNDICATES HAVE NOT ?US F> BE5 ABLE TO BR+ TO COMPLETION !IR  
GREAT TASK ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 & = ! TIME BE+ W]E UNABLE  
TO GIVE !IR FULL ATT5TION TO ! ORGANIZATION ( CONSUMPTION4 ,!  
W>1 ! POSSESSION BY ! ,FASCI/ >MIES ( IMPORTANT S\RCES ( RAW  
MAT]IALS1 ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN 9VASION1 ! HO/ILE ATTITUDE (  
=EIGN CAPITAL1 ! ONSLAU<TS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ! C\NTRY  
ITSELF1 :I*1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 WAS BEFRI5D$ ?IS TIME BY ,RUSSIA & !  
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9--ALL ?IS & MANY O!R ?+S HAVE COMPELL$  
! SYNDICATES TO PO/PONE MANY GREAT & IMPORTANT TASKS UNTIL ! W>  
IS BR\<T TO A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION4 ,BUT BY TAK+ ! L& & !  
9DU/RIAL PLANTS UND] !IR [N MANAGEM5T !Y HAVE TAK5 ! FIR/  
& MO/ IMPORTANT /EP ON ! ROAD TO ,SOCIALISM4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !Y HAVE  
PROV$ ?AT ! WORK]S1 EV5 )\T ! CAPITALI/1 >E ABLE TO C>RY  
ON PRODUCTION & TO DO IT BETT] ?AN A LOT ( PR(IT-HUNGRY  
5TREPR5EURS4 ,:ATEV] ! \TCOME ( ! BLOODY W> 9 ,SPA9 MAY BE1  
TO HAVE GIV5 ?IS GREAT DEMON/RATION REMA9S ! 9DISPUTABLE S]VICE  
( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 :OSE H]OIC EXAMPLE HAS OP5$ =  
! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T NEW \TLOOKS = ! FUTURE4 

,IF ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S >E /RIV+ TO IMPLANT 9 ! WORK+  
CLASSES 9 EV]Y C\NTRY AN UND]/&+ ( ?IS NEW =M (  
CON/RUCTIVE ,SOCIALISM1 & TO %[ !M ?AT !Y MU/1 TODAY1 GIVE TO  
!IR ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ! =MS TO 5ABLE !M DUR+ A  
G5]AL ECONOMIC CRISIS TO C>RY ?R\< ! WORK ( ,SOCIALI/  
UPBUILD+1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !SE =MS MU/ EV]Y:]E BE CUT  
TO ! SAME PATT]N4 ,9 EV]Y C\NTRY !RE >E SPECIAL CONDITIONS :I*  
>E 9TIMATELY 9T]GR[N ) ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ITS  
TRADITIONS1 & ITS PECULI> PSY*OLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,! GREAT  
SUP]IORITY ( ,F$]ALISM IS1 9DE$1 JU/ ?AT IT TAKES !SE IMPORTANT  
MATT]S 9TO ACC\NT & DOES NOT 9SI/ ON A UNI=MITY ?AT DOES  
VIOL5CE TO FREE ?\<T1 & =CES ON M5 FROM )\T ?+S CONTR>Y  
TO !IR 9N] 9CL9ATIONS4 

,KROPOTK9 ONCE SAID ?AT1 TAK+ ,5GL& AS AN EXAMPLE1 !RE  
EXI/$ ?REE GREAT MOVEM5TS :I*1 AT ! TIME ( A REVOLUTION>Y  
CRISIS W\LD 5ABLE ! WORK]S TO C>RY ?R\< A COMPLETE OV]TURN (  
SOCIAL ECONOMY3 TRADES UNIONISM1 ! COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 & !  
MOVEM5T = MUNICIPAL ,SOCIALISM2 PROVID$ ?AT !Y HAD A FIX$ GOAL 9  
VIEW & WORK$ TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO A DEF9ITE PLAN4 ,! WORK]S MU/  
LE>N ?AT1 NOT ONLY MU/ !IR SOCIAL LIB]ATION BE !IR [N WORK1 BUT  
?AT LIB]ATION WAS POSSIBLE ONLY IF !Y !MSELVES ATT5D$ TO !  
CON/RUCTIVE PRELIM9>IES 9/EAD ( LEAV+ ! TASK TO !  
POLITICIANS1 :O W]E 9 NO WAY FITT$ = IT4 ,& ABOVE ALL !Y MU/  
UND]/& ?AT H[EV] DIFF]5T ! IMM$IATE PRELIM9>IES = !IR  
LIB]ATION MI<T BE 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 ! EFFECT ( CAPITALI/  
EXPLOITATION >E EV]Y:]E ! SAME & !Y MU/1 !RE=E1 GIVE TO  
!IR EF=TS ! NECESS>Y 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]4 

,ABOVE ALL !Y MU/ NOT TIE UP !SE EF=TS ) ! 9T]E/S (  
! NATIONAL /ATES1 AS HAS1 UN=TUNATELY1 HAPP5$ 9 MO/ C\NTRIES  
HI!RTO4 ,! WORLD ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR MU/ PURSUE ITS [N 5DS1 AS IT  
HAS ITS [N 9T]E/S TO DEF5D1 & !SE >E NOT ID5TICAL ) !  
/ATE OR ?OSE ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,A COLLABORATION ( WORK]S &  
EMPLOYES SU* AS WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! TRADE  
UNIONS 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! ,WORLD ,W> CAN ONLY RESULT 9 ! WORK]S  
BE+ CONDEMN$ TO ! ROLE ( ! POOR ,LAZ>US1 :O MU/ BE CONT5T TO  
EAT ! CRUMBS ?AT FALL FROM ! RI* MAN'S TABLE4 ,COLLABORATION IS  
POSSIBLE ONLY :]E ! 5DS &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY ( ALL1 ! 9T]E/S  
>E ! SAME4 

,NO D\BT SOME SMALL COM=TS MAY SOMETIMES FALL TO ! %>E (  
! WORK]S :5 ! B\RGEOISIE ( !IR C\NTRY ATTA9 SOME ADVANTAGE  
OV] ?AT ( ANO!R C\NTRY2 BUT ?IS ALWAYS HAPP5S AT ! CO/ (  
!IR [N FRE$OM & ! ECONOMIC OPPRESSION ( O!R PEOPLES4 ,!  
WORK] 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,HOLL&1 & SO ON1 P>TICIPATES TO SOME  
EXT5T 9 ! PR(ITS :I*1 )\T EF=TS ON !IR P>T1 FALL 9TO  
! LAPS ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( HIS C\NTRY FROM ! UNRE/RA9$  
EXPLOITATION ( COLONIAL PEOPLES2 BUT SOON] OR LAT] !RE COMES !  
TIME :5 !SE PEOPLE1 TOO1 WAKE UP1 & HE HAS TO PAY ALL ! MORE  
DE>LY = ! SMALL ADVANTAGES HE HAS 5JOY$4 ,EV5TS 9 ,ASIA WILL %[  
?IS /ILL MORE CLE>LY 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,SMALL GA9S >IS+ =  
9CREAS$ OPPORTUNITY ( EMPLOYM5T & HI<] WAGES MAY ACCRUE TO !  
WORK] 9 A SUCCESSFUL /ATE FROM ! C>V+ \T ( NEW M>KETS AT !  
CO/ ( O!RS2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME !IR BRO!RS ON ! O!R SIDE (  
! BORD] HAVE TO PAY = !M BY UNEMPLOYM5T & ! L[]+ (  
!IR /&>D ( LIV+4 ,! RESULT IS AN EV] WID5+ RIFT 9 !  
9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* NOT EV5 ! LOVELIE/ RESOLUTIONS  
BY 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES CAN PUT \T ( EXI/5CE4 ,BY ?IS RIFT !  
LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S FROM ! YOKE ( WAGE-SLAV]Y IS PU%$  
FUR!R & FUR!R 9TO ! DI/ANCE4 ,AS LONG AS ! WORK] TIES UP HIS  
9T]E/S ) ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( HIS C\NTRY 9/EAD ( )  
?OSE ( HIS CLASS1 HE MU/ LOGICALLY ALSO TAKE 9 HIS /RIDE ALL !  
RESULTS ( ?AT RELATION%IP4 ,HE MU/ /& READY TO FI<T ! W>S (  
! POSSESS+ CLASSES = ! RET5TION & EXT5SION ( !IR M>KETS1  
& TO DEF5D ANY 9JU/ICE !Y MAY P]PETRATE ON O!R PEOPLES4 ,!  
,SOCIALI/ PRESS ( ,G]MANY WAS M]ELY BE+ CONSI/5T :51 AT ! TIME  
( ! ,WORLD ,W>1 !Y URG$ ! ANNEXATION ( =EIGN T]RITORY4 ,?IS  
WAS M]ELY ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDE & !  
ME?ODS :I* ! POLITICAL LABOR P>TIES HAD PURSU$ = A LONG TIME  
BE=E ! W>4 ,ONLY :5 ! WORK]S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY %ALL COME TO  
UND]/& CLE>LY ?AT !IR 9T]E/S >E EV]Y:]E ! SAME1 & \T  
( ?IS UND]/&+ LE>N TO ACT TOGE!R1 WILL ! EFFECTIVE BASIS BE  
LAID = ! 9T]NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,EV]Y TIME HAS ITS P>TICUL> PROBLEMS & ITS [N PECULI>  
ME?ODS ( SOLV+ !SE PROBLEMS4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT IS SET = \R TIME  
IS ?AT ( FREE+ MAN FROM ! CURSE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION &  
POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5SLAVEM5T4 ,! ]A ( POLITICAL REVOLUTION IS  
OV]1 & :]E SU* /ILL OCCUR !Y DO NOT ALT] 9 ! LEA/ !  
BASES ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,ON ! ONE H& IT BECOMES  
CON/ANTLY CLE>] ?AT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY IS SO DEG5]ATE ?AT IT IS  
NO LONG] CAPABLE ( (F]+ EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! ?REAT (  
,FASCISM4 ,ON ! O!R H& POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM HAS LO/ ITSELF SO  
COMPLETELY ON ! DRY *ANNELS ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS ?AT IT NO LONG]  
HAS ANY SYMPA?Y ) ! G5U9ELY ,SOCIALI/IC $UCATION ( ! MASSES  
& NEV] RISES ABOVE ! ADVOCACY ( PETTY RE=MS4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T  
( CAPITALISM & ! MOD]N BIG /ATE HAVE BR\<T US TODAY TO A  
SITUATION :]E WE >E DRIV+ ON UND] FULL SAIL T[>D A UNIV]SAL  
CATA/ROPHE4 ,! LA/ ,WORLD ,W> & ITS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL  
CONSEQU5CES1 :I* >E TODAY WORK+ MORE & MORE DISA/R\SLY1 &  
:I* HAVE GR[N 9TO A DEF9ITE DANG] TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ALL  
HUMAN CULTURE1 >E S9I/] SIGNS ( ! TIMES :I* NO MAN ( 9SI<T  
CAN MIS9T]PRET4 ,IT !RE=E CONC]NS US TODAY TO RECON/RUCT !  
ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! PEOPLES FROM ! GR\ND UP & BUILD IT UP ANEW 9  
! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ONLY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES >E FITT$  
= ?IS TASK1 S9CE !Y >E ! ONLY VALUE-CREAT+ ELEM5T 9 SOCIETY  
\T ( :I* A NEW FUTURE CAN >ISE4 ,!IRS MU/ BE ! TASK ( FREE+  
LABOR FROM ALL ! FETT]S :I* ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION HAS FA/5$ ON  
IT1 ( FREE+ SOCIETY FROM ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS & PROC$URES (  
POLITICAL P[]1 & ( OP5+ ! WAY TO AN ALLIANCE ( FREE GR\PS (  
M5 & WOM5 BAS$ ON COOP]ATIVE LABOR & A PLANN$ ADM9I/RATION  
( ?+S 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,TO PREP>E ! TOIL+  
MASSES 9 CITY & C\NTRY = ?IS GREAT GOAL & TO B9D !M TOGE!R  
AS A MILITANT =CE IS ! OBJECTIVE ( MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 &  
9 ?IS ITS :OLE PURPOSE IS EXHAU/$4 

,NOTES 

#a ,H]E >E JU/ A FEW OP9IONS ( =EIGN J\RNALI/S :O HAVE NO  
P]SONAL CONNECTION ) ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,?US1 ,&REA ,OLTM>ES1  
PR(ESSOR 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,G5EVA1 9 ! C\RSE ( AN ADDRESS (  
SOME L5G?1 SAID30,9 ! MID/ ( ! CIVIL W> ! ,AN>*I/S HAVE PROV$  
!MSELVES TO BE POLITICAL ORGANIZ]S ( ! FIR/ RANK4 ,!Y K9DL$ 9  
EV]YONE ! REQUIR$ S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 & KNEW H[1 BY ELOQU5T  
APPEALS1 TO KEEP ALIVE ! SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE = ! G5]AL WELF>E  
( ! PEOPLE4 
 0,AS A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,I SPEAK H]E ) 9N] JOY & S9C]E  
ADMIRATION ( MY EXP]I5CES 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ANTI-CAPITALI/  
TRANS=MATION TOOK PLACE H]E )\T !IR HAV+ TO RESORT TO A  
DICTATOR%IP4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! SYNDICATES >E !IR [N MA/]S &  
C>RY ON ! PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR  
UND] !IR [N MANAGEM5T1 ) ! ADVICE ( TE*NICAL EXP]TS 9 :OM  
!Y HAVE CONFID5CE4 ,! 5?USIASM ( ! WORK]S IS SO GREAT ?AT  
!Y SCORN ANY P]SONAL ADVANTAGE & >E CONC]N$ ONLY = ! WELF>E  
( ALL40 

,! WELL-KN[N ANTI-,FASCI/1 ,C>LO ,ROSELLI1 :O BE=E ,MUSSOL9I'S  
ACCESSION TO P[] WAS ,PR(ESSOR ( ,ECONOMICS 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY (  
,G5OA1 PUT HIS JUDGM5T 9TO ! FOLL[+ WORDS30,9 ?REE MON?S ,CATALONIA HAS BE5 ABLE TO SET UP A NEW SOCIAL  
ORD] ON ! RU9S ( AN ANCI5T SY/EM4 ,?IS IS *IEFLY DUE TO !  
,AN>*I/S1 :O HAVE REVEAL$ A QUITE REM>KABLE S5SE ( PROPORTION1  
REALI/IC UND]/&+1 & ORGANIZ+ ABILITY444ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y  
=CES ( ,CATALONIA HAVE UNIT$ 9 A PROGRAM ( ,SYNDICALI/-,SOCIALI/  
*>ACT]3 SOCIALIZATION ( L>GE 9DU/RY2 RECOGNITION ( ! SMALL  
PROPRIETOR1 WORK]S' CONTROL444,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 HI!RTO SO DESPIS$1  
HAS REVEAL$ ITSELF AS A GREAT CON/RUCTIVE =CE444,I AM NOT AN ,AN>*I/1  
BUT ,I REG>D IT AS MY DUTY TO EXPRESS H]E MY OP9ION ( ! ,AN>*I/S  
( ,CATALONIA1 :O HAVE ALL TOO (T5 BE5 REPRES5T$ TO ! WORLD AS A  
DE/RUCTIVE1 IF NOT CRIM9AL1 ELEM5T4 ,I WAS ) !M AT ! FRONT1 9  
! TR5*ES1 & ,I HAVE LE>N$ TO ADMIRE !M4 ,! ,CATALONIAN  
,AN>*I/S BELONG TO ! ADVANCE GU>D ( ! COM+ REVOLUTION4 ,A NEW  
WORLD WAS BORN ) !M1 & IT IS A JOY TO S]VE ?AT WORLD40 

,& ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,I4,L4,P4 9 ,5GL& :O  
TRAVEL$ TO ,SPA9 AFT] ! ,MAY EV5TS 9 ,CATALONIA 7#a#i#c#g71 EXPRESS$  
HIS IMPRESSIONS 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS30,I WAS IMPRESS$ BY ! /R5G? ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,IT WAS UNNECESS>Y  
TO TELL ME ?AT IT WAS ! L>GE/ & MO/ VITAL ( ! WORK+-CLASS  
ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SPA94 ,! L>GE 9DU/RIES W]E CLE>LY1 9 ! MA91  
9 ! H&S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4--RAILWAYS1 ROAD TRANSPORT1 %IPP+1  
5G9E]+1 TEXTILES1 ELECTRICITY1 BUILD+1 AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ,VAL5CIA  
! ,U4,G4,T4 HAD A L>G] %>E ( CONTROL ?AN AT ,B>CELONA1 BUT  
G5]ALLY SPEAK+ ! MASS ( MANUAL WORK]S BELONG$ TO ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,!  
,U4,G4,T4 MEMB]%IP WAS MORE ( ! TYPE ( ! ':ITE-COLL>' WORK]444,I  
WAS IMM5SELY IMPRESS$ BY ! CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION>Y WORK :I* IS  
BE+ DONE BY ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,!IR A*IEVEM5T ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9  
9DU/RY IS AN 9SPIRATION4 ,ONE C\LD TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( ! RAILWAYS  
OR 5G9E]+ OR TEXTILES444,!RE >E /ILL SOME ,BRITI%]S & ,AM]ICANS  
:O REG>D ! ,AN>*I/S ( ,SPA9 AS IMPOSSIBLE1 UNDISCIPL9$1  
UNCONTROLLABLE4 ,?IS IS POLES AWAY FROM ! TRU?4 ,! ,AN>*I/S (  
,SPA91 ?R\< ! ,C4,N4,T41 >E DO+ ONE ( ! BIGGE/ CON/RUCTIVE  
JOBS EV] DONE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AT ! FRONT !Y >E FI<T+  
,FASCISM4 ,BEH9D ! FRONT !Y >E ACTUALLY CON/RUCT+ ! NEW  
,WORK]S' ,SOCIETY4 ,!Y SEE ?AT ! W> AGA9/ ,FASCISM & ! C>RY+  
?R\< ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,?OSE :O HAVE SE5  
& UND]/& :AT !Y >E DO+ MU/ HONOR !M & BE GRATEFUL TO  
!M4 ,!Y >E RESI/+ ,FASCISM4 ,!Y >E AT ! SAME TIME CREAT+ !  
,NEW ,WORK]S' ,ORD] :I* IS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ,FASCISM4 ,?AT IS  
SURELY ! BIGGE/ ?+S N[ BE+ DONE BY ! WORK]S 9 ANY P>T (  
! WORLD40 ,& 9 ANO!R PLACE3 0,! GREAT SOLID>ITY ?AT EXI/$  
AMONG ! ,AN>*I/S WAS DUE TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL RELY+ ON HIS [N  
/R5G? & NOT DEP5D+ ON LEAD]%IP4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS MU/1 TO BE  
SUCCESSFUL1 BE COMB9$ ) A FREE-?9K+ PEOPLE2 NOT A MASS1 BUT  
FREE 9DIVIDUALS40 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,ME?ODS ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 
#e4 ,! ,ME?ODS ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM & POLITICAL ACTION2 ,! ,SIGNIFICANCE ( POLITICAL RI<TS2 ,DIRECT ,ACTION V]SUS  
,P>LIAM5T>ISM2 ,! /RIKE & ITS MEAN+ = ! WORK]S2 ,! ,SYMPA!TIC ,/RIKE2 ,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE2  
,! ,BOYCOTT2 ,SABOTAGE BY ! WORK]S2 ,SABOTAGE BY CAPITALISM2 ,! SOCIAL /RIKE AS A MEANS ( SOCIAL  
PROTECTION2 ,ANTI-MILIT>ISM4  

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 *>G$ AGA9/ ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM ?AT IT HAS  
NO 9T]E/ 9 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 &  
CONSEQU5TLY NO 9T]E/ 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! TIME1 &  
CONF9ES ITS ACTIVITIES TO ! FI<T = PURELY ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,?IS  
IDEA IS ALTOGE!R ]RONE\S & SPR+S EI!R FROM \TRI<T IGNORANCE  
OR WILLFUL DI/ORTION ( ! FACTS4 ,IT IS NOT ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE AS  
SU* :I* DI/+UI%ES ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S FROM ! MOD]N LABOR  
P>TIES1 BO? 9 PR9CIPLE & 9 TACTICS1 BUT ! =M ( ?IS /RUGGLE  
& ! AIMS :I* IT HAS 9 VIEW4 ,!Y BY NO MEANS RE/ CONT5T )  
! IDEAL ( A FUTURE SOCIETY )\T LORD%IP2 !IR EF=TS >E ALSO  
DIRECT$1 EV5 TODAY1 AT RE/RICT+ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! /ATE &  
BLOCK+ ITS 9FLU5CE 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( SOCIAL LIFE :]EV] !Y  
SEE AN OPPORTUNITY4 ,IT IS !SE TACTICS :I* M>K (F ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALI/ PROC$URE FROM ! AIMS & ME?ODS ( ! POLITICAL LABOR  
P>TIES1 ALL ( :OSE ACTIVITIES T5D CON/ANTLY TO BROAD5 ! SPH]E  
( 9FLU5CE ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! /ATE & TO EXT5D IT 9  
EV] 9CREAS+ MEASURE OV] ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT BY ?IS1  
9 ! \TCOME1 ! WAY IS M]ELY PREP>$ = AN ]A ( /ATE  
CAPITALISM1 :I* ACCORD+ TO ALL EXP]I5CE MAY BE JU/ ! OPPOSITE  
( :AT ,SOCIALISM IS ACTUALLY FI<T+ =4 

,! ATTITUDE ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM T[>D ! POLITICAL P[] (  
! PRES5T-DAY /ATE IS EXACTLY ! SAME AS IT TAKES T[>D ! SY/EM  
( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,ITS ADH]5TS >E P]FECTLY CLE> ?AT !  
SOCIAL 9JU/ICES ( ?AT SY/EM RE/1 NOT ON ITS UNAVOIDABLE  
EXCRESC5CES1 BUT 9 ! CAPITALI/IC ECONOMIC ORD] AS SU*4 ,BUT1 :ILE  
!IR EF=TS >E DIRECT$ AT ABOLI%+ ! EXI/+ =M ( CAPITALI/  
EXPLOITATION & REPLAC+ IT BY A ,SOCIALI/ ORD]1 !Y NEV] = A  
MOM5T =GET TO WORK ALSO BY EV]Y MEANS AT !IR COMM& TO L[] !  
RATE ( PR(IT ( ! CAPITALI/S UND] EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 & TO  
RAISE ! PRODUC]'S %>E ( ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR TO ! HI<E/  
POSSIBLE4 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S PURSUE ! SAME TACTICS 9 !IR FI<T  
AGA9/ ?AT POLITICAL P[] :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! /ATE4  
,!Y RECOGNIZE ?AT ! MOD]N /ATE IS JU/ ! CONSEQU5CE (  
CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC MONOPOLY1 & ! CLASS DIVISIONS :I* ?IS HAS SET  
UP 9 SOCIETY1 & M]ELY S]VES ! PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ ?IS /ATUS  
BY EV]Y OPPRESSIVE 9/RUM5T ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,BUT1 :ILE !Y >E  
CONV9C$ ?AT ALONG ) ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ITS POLITICAL  
PROTECTIVE DEVICE1 ! /ATE1 WILL ALSO DISAPPE>1 TO GIVE PLACE TO !  
ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS ON ! BASIS ( FREE AGREEM5T1 !Y DO  
NOT ALL OV]LOOK ?AT ! EF=TS ( ! WORK] )9 ! EXI/+  
POLITICAL ORD] MU/ ALWAYS BE DIRECT$ T[>D DEF5D+ ALL A*IEV$  
POLITICAL & SOCIAL RI<TS AGA9/ EV]Y ATTACK ( REACTION1 CON/ANTLY  
WID5+ ! SCOPE ( !SE RI<TS :]EV] ! OPPORTUNITY = ?IS  
PRES5TS ITSELF4 

,= JU/ AS ! WORK] CANNOT BE 9DIFF]5T TO ! ECONOMIC  
CONDITIONS ( HIS LIFE 9 EXI/+ SOCIETY1 SO HE CANNOT REMA9  
9DIFF]5T TO ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( HIS C\NTRY4 ,BO? 9 !  
/RUGGLE = HIS DAILY BREAD & = EV]Y K9D ( PROPAG&A LOOK+  
T[>D HIS SOCIAL LIB]ATION HE NE$S POLITICAL RI<TS & LIB]TIES1  
& HE MU/ FI<T = !SE HIMSELF 9 EV]Y SITUATION :]E !Y >E  
D5I$ HIM1 & MU/ DEF5D !M ) ALL HIS /R5G? :5EV] !  
ATTEMPT IS MADE TO WRE/ !M FROM HIM4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 UTT]LY ABSURD  
TO ASS]T ?AT ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S TAKE NO 9T]E/ 9 !  
POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! TIME4 ,! H]OIC BATTLE ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 9  
,SPA9 AGA9/ ,FASCISM IS1 P]HAPS1 ! BE/ PRO( ?AT !RE IS NOT A  
GRA9 ( TRU? 9 ?IS IDLE TALK4 

,BUT ! PO9T ( ATTACK 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE LIES1 NOT 9 !  
LEGISLATIVE BODIES1 BUT 9 ! PEOPLE4 ,POLITICAL RI<TS DO NOT ORIG9ATE  
9 P>LIAM5TS2 !Y >E1 RA!R1 =C$ ON P>LIAM5TS FROM )\T4  
,& EV5 !IR 5ACTM5T 9TO LAW HAS = A LONG TIME BE5 NO GU>ANTEE  
( !IR SECURITY4 ,JU/ AS ! EMPLOY]S ALWAYS TRY TO NULLIFY EV]Y  
CONCESSION !Y HAD MADE TO LABOR AS SOON AS OPPORTUNITY (F]$1 AS  
SOON AS ANY SIGNS ( WEAKNESS W]E OBS]VABLE 9 ! WORK]S'  
ORGANIZATIONS1 SO GOV]NM5TS ALSO >E ALWAYS 9CL9$ TO RE/RICT OR TO  
ABROGATE COMPLETELY RI<TS & FRE$OMS ?AT HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ IF !Y  
IMAG9E ?AT ! PEOPLE WILL PUT UP NO RESI/ANCE4 ,EV5 9 !SE  
C\NTRIES :]E SU* ?+S AS FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 RI<T ( ASSEMBLY1  
RI<T ( COMB9ATION & ! LIKE HAVE LONG EXI/$1 GOV]NM5TS >E  
CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO RE/RICT !SE RI<TS OR TO RE9T]PRET !M BY  
JURIDICAL HAIRSPLITT+4 ,POLITICAL RI<TS DO NOT EXI/ BECAUSE !Y  
HAVE BE5 LEGALLY SET D[N ON A PIECE ( PAP]1 BUT ONLY :5 !Y HAVE  
BECOME ! +R[N HABIT ( A PEOPLE1 & :5 ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPAIR  
!M WILL MEET ) ! VIOL5T RESI/ANCE ( ! POPULACE4 ,:]E ?IS  
IS NOT ! CASE1 !RE IS NO HELP 9 ANY P>LIAM5T>Y ,OPPOSITION OR ANY  
,PLATONIC APPEALS TO ! CON/ITUTION4 ,ONE COMPELS RESPECT FROM O!RS  
:5 HE KN[S H[ TO DEF5D HIS DIGNITY AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,?IS IS NOT  
ONLY TRUE 9 PRIVATE LIFE1 IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! SAME 9 POLITICAL LIFE  
AS WELL4 

,! PEOPLES [E ALL ! POLITICAL RI<TS & PRIVILEGES :I* WE  
5JOY TODAY 9 GREAT] OR LESS] MEASURE1 NOT TO ! GOOD WILL ( !IR  
GOV]NM5TS1 BUT TO !IR [N /R5G?4 ,GOV]NM5TS HAVE EMPLOY$ EV]Y  
MEANS ?AT LAY 9 !IR P[] TO PREV5T ! ATTA9M5T ( !SE RI<TS  
OR TO R5D] !M ILLUSORY4 ,GREAT MASS MOVEM5TS AMONG ! PEOPLE &  
:OLE REVOLUTIONS HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO WRE/ !SE RI<TS FROM !  
RUL+ CLASSES1 :O W\LD NEV] HAVE CONS5T$ TO !M VOLUNT>ILY4 ,ONE  
NE$ ONLY /UDY ! HI/ORY ( ! PA/ ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S TO  
UND]/& BY :AT REL5TLESS /RUGGLES EV]Y RI<T HAS TO BE WRE/$  
9* BY 9* FROM ! DESPOTS4 ,:AT H>D /RUGGLES1 = EXAMPLE1 HAD !  
WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 & O!R C\NTRIES TO 5DURE TO  
COMPEL !IR GOV]NM5TS TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<T ( TRADE UNION  
ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! PROHIBITION AGA9/ TRADE UNIONS P]SI/$  
UNTIL #a#h#h#f4 ,HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! 9CESSANT /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S1  
!RE W\LD BE NO RI<T ( COMB9ATION 9 ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC EV5  
TODAY4 ,ONLY AFT] ! WORK]S HAD BY DIRECT ACTION CONFRONT$ P>LIAM5T  
) ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS1 DID ! GOV]NM5T SEE ITSELF OBLIG$ TO TAKE  
! NEW SITUATION 9TO ACC\NT & GIVE LEGAL SANCTION TO ! TRADE  
UNIONS4,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS NOT ?AT GOV]NM5TS HAVE DECID$ TO CONC$E  
C]TA9 RI<TS TO ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! REASON :Y !Y HAVE HAD TO DO  
?IS4 ,TO HIM :O FAILS TO UND]/& ! CONNECTION H]E HI/ORY WILL  
ALWAYS REMA9 A BOOK ) SEV5 SEALS4 

,( C\RSE1 IF ONE ACCEPTS ,L59'S PHRASE & ?9KS ( FRE$OM AS  
M]ELY A 0B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE10 !N1 TO BE SURE1 POLITICAL RI<TS &  
LIB]TIES HAVE NO VALUE AT ALL = ! WORK]S4 ,BUT !N ALL !  
C\NTLESS /RUGGLES ( ! PA/1 ALL ! REVOLTS & REVOLUTIONS TO  
:I* WE [E !SE RI<TS1 >E ALSO )\T VALUE4 ,TO PROCLAIM ?IS BIT  
( WISDOM IT W\LD H>DLY HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO OV]?R[ CZ>ISM1 =  
EV5 ! C5SOR%IP ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE HAD NO OBJECTION  
TO ! DESIGNATION ( FRE$OM AS A 0B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE40 ,MOREOV]1 !  
GREAT !ORI/S ( REACTION1 ,JOSEPH DE ,MAI/RE & ,L\IS ,BONALD1 HAS  
ALREADY DONE ?IS1 ?\< 9 DIFF]5T WORDS1 & ! DEF5D]S (  
ABSOLUTISM HAD BE5 V]Y GRATEFUL TO !M4 

,BUT ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S W\LD BE ! EV]Y LA/ TO MI/AKE  
! IMPORTANCE ( !SE RI<TS TO ! WORK]S4 ,IF !Y1 NEV]!LESS1  
REJECT ANY P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORK ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS1 IT IS NOT  
BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO SYMPA?Y ) POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9 G5]AL1 BUT  
BECAUSE !Y >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY IS = !  
WORK]S ! V]Y WEAKE/ & ! MO/ HOPELESS =M ( ! POLITICAL  
/RUGGLE4 ,= ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM IS )\T  
A D\BT AN APPROPRIATE 9/RUM5T = ! SETTLEM5T ( SU* CONFLICTS  
AS >ISE1 & = MAK+ PR(ITABLE COLLABORATION POSSIBLE1 AS !Y >E  
ALL EQUALLY 9T]E/$ 9 MA9TA9+ ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC ORD] &  
! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION = ! PROTECTION ( ?AT ORD]4 ,N[1 :]E  
A COMMON 9T]E/ EXI/S1 A MUTUAL AGREEM5T IS POSSIBLE & S]VICEABLE  
TO ALL P>TIES4 ,BUT = ! WORK+ CLASS ! SITUATION IS V]Y  
DIFF]5T4 ,= !M ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC ORD] IS ! S\RCE ( !IR  
ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & ! ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ! /ATE !  
9/RUM5T ( !IR POLITICAL & SOCIAL SUBJECTION4 ,EV5 ! FREE/  
BALLOT CANNOT DO AWAY ) ! GL>+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! POSSESS+  
& NON-POSSESS+ CLASSES 9 SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN ONLY S]VE TO IMP>T TO A  
SY/EM ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE ! /AMP ( LEGAL RI<T & TO 9DUCE !  
SLAVE TO SET ! /AMP ( LEGALITY ON HIS [N S]VITUDE4 

,BUT1 MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT  
! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK]S 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY CRIPPLES  
!IR P[] ( RESI/ANCE & DOOMS TO FUTILITY !IR W>F>E AGA9/  
! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,P>LIAM5T>Y P>TICIPATION HAS NOT BR\<T !  
WORK]S ONE IOTA NE>] TO !IR F9AL GOAL2 IT HAS EV5 PREV5T$ !M  
FROM PROTECT+ ! RI<TS !Y HAVE WON AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( !  
REACTION4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 ! L>GE/ /ATE 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E  
! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS UNTIL %ORTLY BE=E ,HITL]'S ACCESSION TO P[]  
W]E ! /RONGE/ P>TY 9 ! GOV]NM5T & HAD CONTROL ( ! MO/  
IMPORTANT M9I/RIES 9 ! C\NTRY1 ,H]R VON ,PAP51 AFT] HIS  
APPO9TM5T AS ,REI*SKANZL] BY ,H9D5BURG1 C\LD V5TURE TO VIOLATE !  
CON/ITUTION ( ! L& & DISSOLVE ! ,PRUSSIAN M9I/RY ) ONLY A  
LIEUT5ANT & A DOZ5 SOLDI]S4 ,:5 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ITS  
HELPLESSNESS C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ TO DO AFT] ?IS OP5 BREA* ( !  
CON/ITUTION EXCEPT TO APPEAL TO ! HI< C\RT ( ! ,REI* 9/EAD (  
MEET+ ! P]PETRATORS ( ! C\P D'ETAT ) OP5 RESI/ANCE1 !  
REACTION KNEW !Y HAD NO?+ MORE TO FE> & FROM !N ON C\LD (F]  
! WORK]S :AT !Y PLEAS$4 ,! FACT IS ?AT VON ,PAP5'S C\P D'ETAT  
WAS M]ELY ! />T ALONG ! ROAD TO ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 

,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 !N1 >E NOT 9 ANY WAY OPPOS$ TO !  
POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 BUT 9 !IR OP9ION ?IS /RUGGLE1 TOO1 MU/ TAKE  
! =M ( DIRECT ACTION1 9 :I* ! 9/RUM5TS ( ECONOMIC P[]  
:I* ! WORK+ CLASS HAS AT ITS COMM& >E ! MO/ EFFECTIVE4 ,!  
MO/ TRIVIAL WAGE FI<T %[S CLE>LY ?AT1 :5EV] ! EMPLOY]S F9D  
!MSELVES 9 DIFFICULTIES1 ! /ATE /EPS 9 ) ! POLICE1 & EV5  
9 SOME CASES ) ! MILITIA1 TO PROTECT ! ?REAT5$ 9T]E/S (  
! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,IT W\LD1 !RE=E1 BE ABSURD = !M TO  
OV]LOOK ! IMPORTANCE ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,EV]Y EV5T ?AT  
AFFECTS ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY IS ( A POLITICAL NATURE4 ,9 ?IS  
S5SE1 EV]Y IMPORTANT ECONOMIC ACTION1 SU*1 = EXAMPLE1 AS A G5]AL  
/RIKE1 IS ALSO A POLITICAL ACTION &1 MOREOV]1 ONE ( 9COMP>ABLY  
GREAT] IMPORTANCE ?AN ANY P>LIAM5T>Y PROCE$+4 ,( A POLITICAL  
NATURE IS LIKEWISE ! BATTLE ( ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S AGA9/  
,FASCISM & ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A1 A BATTLE :I* = DECADES  
WAS C>RI$ ON SOLELY BY ! LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALI/S & !  
,SYNDICALI/S1 & :I* WAS ATT5D$ BY TREM5D\S SACRIFICES4 

,! FACT IS ?AT1 :5 ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES HAVE WANT$ TO  
A*IEVE SOME DECISIVE POLITICAL RE=M1 !Y HAVE ALWAYS F\ND ?AT !Y  
C\LD NOT DO SO BY !IR [N /R5G? & HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO RELY  
:OLLY ON ! ECONOMIC FI<T+ P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!  
POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,SW$5 & ,AU/RIA = !  
ATTA9M5T ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE >E PRO( ( ?IS4 ,& 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS  
! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE ?AT 9 #aie PRESS$ !  
P5 9TO ! CZ>'S H& = ! SIGN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,:AT !  
H]OIC /RUGGLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO  
ACCOMPLI% 9 DECADES1 ! UNIT$ ECONOMIC ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES  
QUICKLY BR\<T TO FULFILLM5T4 

,! FOCAL PO9T ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE LIES1 !N1 NOT 9 !  
POLITICAL P>TIES1 BUT 9 ! ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( !  
WORK]S4 ,IT AS ! RECOGNITION ( ?IS :I* IMPELL$ ! ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALI/S TO C5T] ALL !IR ACTIVITY ON ! ,SOCIALI/ $UCATION (  
! MASSES & ON ! UTILIZATION ( !IR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL P[]4  
,!IR ME?OD IS ?AT ( DIRECT ACTION 9 BO? ! ECONOMIC & !  
POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! TIME4 ,?AT IS ! ONLY ME?OD :I* HAS BE5  
ABLE TO A*IEVE ANY?+ AT ALL 9 EV]Y DECISIVE MOM5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,&  
! B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS /RUGGLES AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM HAS ALSO MADE  
ABUNDANT USE ( ?IS ME?OD1 & BY REFUSAL TO PAY TAXES1 BY BOYCOTT &  
REVOLUTION1 HAS DEFIANTLY ASS]T$ ITS POSITION AS ! DOM9ANT CLASS 9  
SOCIETY4 ,SO MU* ! WORSE IF ITS REPRES5TATIVES ( TODAY HAVE  
=GOTT5 ! /ORY ( !IR FA!RS1 & H[L BLOODY MURD] AT !  
0UNLAWFUL ME?ODS0 ( ! WORK]S FI<T+ = LIB]ATION4 ,AS IF ! LAW  
HAD EV] P]MITT$ A SUBJECT CLASS TO %AKE (F ITS YOKE4 

,BY DIRECT ACTION ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S MEAN EV]Y ME?OD (  
IMM$IATE W>F>E BY ! WORK]S AGA9/ !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL  
OPPRESSORS4 ,AMONG !SE ! \T/&+ >E3 ! /RIKE1 9 ALL ITS  
GRADATIONS FROM ! SIMPLE WAGE-/RUGGLE TO ! G5]AL /RIKE2 !  
BOYCOTT2 SABOTAGE 9 ITS C\NTLESS =MS2 ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A2  
& 9 P>TICUL>LY CRITICAL CASES1 SU*1 = EXAMPLE1 AS ?AT 9 ,SPA9  
TODAY1 >M$ RESI/ANCE ( ! PEOPLE = ! PROTECTION ( LIFE &  
LIB]TY4 

,AMONG !SE FI<T+ TE*NIQUES ! /RIKE1 ?AT IS1 ORGANIZ$  
REFUSAL TO WORK1 IS ! MO/ US$4 ,IT PLAYS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL AGE !  
SAME ROLE = ! WORK]S AS DID !IR FREQU5T UPRIS+S = !  
PEASANTS 9 ! FEUDAL ]A4 ,9 ITS SIMPLE/ =M IT IS = ! WORK]S  
AN 9DISP5SABLE MEANS ( RAIS+ !IR /&>D ( LIV+ OR DEF5D+  
!IR ATTA9$ ADVANTAGES AGA9/ ! CONC]T$ MEASURES ( !  
EMPLOY]S4 ,BUT ! /RIKE IS = ! WORK]S NOT ONLY A MEANS = !  
DEF5SE ( IMM$IATE ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 IT IS ALSO A CONT9U\S  
S*OOL+ = !IR P[]S ( RESI/ANCE1 %[+ !M EV]Y DAY ?AT  
EV]Y LEA/ RI<T HAS TO BE WON BY UNCEAS+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ !  
EXI/+ SY/EM4 

,JU/ AS >E ! ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S1 SO  
ALSO >E ! DAILY WAGE-/RUGGLES A RESULT ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC  
ORD]1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 A VITAL NECESSITY = ! WORK]S4 ,)\T  
!SE !Y W\LD BE SUBM]G$ 9 ! ABYSS ( POV]TY4 ,C]TA9LY !  
SOCIAL PROBLEM CANNOT BE SOLV$ BY WAGE-/RUGGLES ALONE1 BUT !Y >E  
! BE/ $UCATIVE EQUIPM5T = MAK+ ! WORK]S ACQUA9T$ ) !  
REAL ESS5CE ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM1 TRA9+ !M = ! /RUGGLE =  
LIB]ATION FROM ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SLAV]Y4 ,IT MAY ALSO BE TAK5 AS  
TRUE ?AT SO LONG AS ! WORK] HAS TO SELL H&S & BRA9 TO AN  
EMPLOY]1 HE WILL 9 ! LONG RUN NEV] E>N MORE ?AN IS REQUIR$ TO  
PROVIDE ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,BUT !SE  
NECESSITIES ( LIFE >E NOT ALWAYS ! SAME1 BUT >E CON/ANTLY *ANG+  
) ! DEM&S :I* ! WORK] MAKES ON LIFE4 

,H]E WE COME TO ! G5]AL CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! LABOR  
/RUGGLE4 ,! ECONOMIC ALLIANCE ( ! PRODUC]S NOT ONLY AF=D !M A  
WEAPON = ! 5=CEM5T ( BETT] LIV+ CONDITIONS1 IT BECOMES =  
!M A PRACTICAL S*OOL1 A UNIV]SITY ( EXP]I5CE1 FROM :I* !Y  
DRAW 9/RUCTION & 5LI<T5M5T 9 RI*E/ MEASURE4 ,! PRACTICAL  
EXP]I5CES & OCCURR5CES ( ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S  
F9D AN 9TELLECTUAL PRECIPITATE 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 DEEP5 !IR  
UND]/&+1 & BROAD5 !IR 9TELLECTUAL \TLOOK4 ,BY ! CON/ANT  
9TELLECTUAL ELABORATION ( !IR LIFE EXP]I5CES !RE >E DEVELOP$  
9 9DIVIDUALS NEW NE$S & ! URGE = DIFF]5T FIELDS (  
9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 ,& PRECISELY 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T LIES ! GREAT  
CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ( !SE /RUGGLES4 

,TRUE 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE & ! DEM& = HI<] 9T]E/S 9  
LIFE DOES NOT BECOME POSSIBLE UNTIL MAN HAS A*IEV$ A C]TA9 MAT]IAL  
/&>D ( LIV+1 :I* MAKES HIM CAPABLE ( !SE4 ,)\T ?IS  
PRELIM9>Y ANY HI<] 9TELLECTUAL ASPIRATIONS >E QUITE \T ( !  
QUE/ION4 ,M5 :O >E CON/ANTLY ?REAT5$ BY DIRE/ MIS]Y CAN H>DLY  
HAVE MU* UND]/&+ ( ! HI<] CULTURAL VALUES4 ,ONLY AFT] !  
WORK]S1 BY DECADES ( /RUGGLE1 HAD CONQU]$ = !MSELVES A BETT]  
/&>D ( LIV+ C\LD !RE BE ANY TALK ( 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL  
DEVELOPM5T AMONG !M4 ,BUT IT IS JU/ !SE ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK]S  
:I* ! EMPLOY]S VIEW ) DEEPE/ DI/RU/4 ,= CAPITALI/S AS A  
CLASS1 ! WELL-KN[N SAY+ ( ! ,SPANI% M9I/]1 ,JUAN ,BRAVO  
,MURILLO1 /ILL HOLDS GOOD TODAY30,WE NE$ NO M5 :O CAN ?9K AMONG !  
WORK]S2 :AT WE NE$ IS BEA/S ( TOIL40 

,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT RESULTS ( ! DAILY ECONOMIC /RUGGLES  
IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOLID>ITY AMONG ! WORK]S1 & ?IS HAS =  
!M A QUITE DIFF]5T MEAN+ FROM ! POLITICAL COALITION ( P>TIES  
:OSE FOLL[+ IS COMPOS$ ( PEOPLE ( EV]Y SOCIAL CLASS4 ,A FEEL+  
( MUTUAL HELPFULNESS1 :OSE /R5G? IS CON/ANTLY BE+ R5EW$ 9 !  
DAILY /RUGGLE = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 :I* IS CON/ANTLY MAK+  
! MO/ EXTREME DEM&S ON ! COOP]ATION ( M5 SUBJECT$ TO !  
SAME CONDITIONS1 OP]ATES V]Y DIFF]5TLY FROM AB/RACT P>TY  
PR9CIPLES1 :I* = ! MO/ P>T >E ( ONLY ,PLATONIC VALUE4 ,IT GR[S  
9TO ! VITAL CONSCI\SNESS ( A COMMUNITY ( FATE1 & ?IS GRADUALLY  
DEVELOPS 9TO A NEW S5SE ( RI<T1 & BECOMES ! PRELIM9>Y E?ICAL  
ASSUMPTION ( EV]Y EF=T AT ! LIB]ATION ( AN OPPRESS$ CLASS4 

,TO *]I% & /R5G!N ?IS NATURAL SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S  
& TO GIVE TO EV]Y /RIKE MOVEM5T A MORE PR(\NDLY SOCIAL *>ACT]1  
IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASKS :I* ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S HAVE  
SET !MSELVES4 ,= ?IS REASON ! SYMPA!TIC /RIKE IS ONE ( !IR  
*OICE/ WEAPONS1 & HAS DEVELOP$ 9 ,SPA9 TO A COMPASS IT HAS NOT  
ATTA9$ 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY4 ,?R\< IT ! ECONOMIC BATTLE BECOMES A  
DELIB]ATE ACTION ( ! WORK]S AS A CLASS4 ,! SYMPA!TIC /RIKE IS  
! COLLABORATION ( RELAT$1 BUT ALSO ( UNRELAT$1 CATEGORIES (  
LABOR1 TO HELP ! BATTLE ( A P>TICUL> TRADE TO VICTORY BY EXT5D+  
! /RIKE TO O!R BRAN*ES ( LABOR1 :]E ?IS IS NECESS>Y4 ,9 ?IS  
CASE ! WORK]S >E NOT SATISFI$ ) GIV+ FI<T+ ASSI/ANCE TO  
!IR /RIK+ BRE?R51 BUT GO FUR!R1 & BY CRIPPL+ 5TIRE  
9DU/RIES CAUSE A BREAK 9 ! :OLE ECONOMIC LIFE 9 ORD] TO MAKE  
!IR DEM&S EFFECTIVE4 

,TODAY1 :5 BY ! =MATION ( NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL C>TELS  
& TRU/S PRIVATE CAPITALISM GR[S MORE & MORE 9TO MONOPOLY  
CAPITALISM1 ?IS =M ( W>F>E IS 9 MO/ CASES ! ONLY ONE BY :I*  
! WORK]S CAN /ILL PROMISE !MSELVES SUCCESS4 ,BECAUSE ( !  
9T]NAL TRANS=MATION 9 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ! SYMPA!TIC /RIKE  
BECOMES = ! WORK]S ! IMP]ATIVE ( ! H\R4 ,JU/ AS !  
EMPLOY]S 9 !IR C>TELS & PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS >E BUILD+ AN  
EV] BROAD] BASIS = ! DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S1 SO ALSO !  
WORK]S MU/ TURN !IR ATT5TION TO CREAT+ = !MSELVES BY AN EV]  
WID] ALLIANCE ( !IR NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC  
ORGANIZATIONS ! REQUIR$ BASIS = SOLID>IC MASS ACTION ADEQUATE =  
! DEM&S ( ! TIME4 ,! RE/RICT$ /RIKE IS TODAY LOS+ MORE &  
MORE ( ITS ORIG9AL IMPORTANCE1 EV5 IF IT IS NOT DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>  
ALTOGE!R4 ,9 ! MOD]N ECONOMIC /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR  
! BIG /RIKE1 9VOLV+ 5TIRE 9DU/RIES1 WILL PLAY A L>G] &  
L>G] P>T4 ,EV5 ! WORK]S 9 ! OLD CRAFT ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* >E  
AS YET UNT\*$ BY ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 HAVE GRASP$ ?AT1 AS IS %[N  
CLE>LY 5\< BY ! RAPID SPR++ UP ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONS 9 ,AM]ICA  
9 CONTRA/ ) ! OLD ME?ODS ( ! ,A4,F4( ,L4 

,DIRECT ACTION BY ORGANIZ$ LABOR F9DS ITS /RONGE/ EXPRESSION  
9 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 9 ! /OPPAGE ( WORK 9 EV]Y BRAN* (  
PRODUCTION BY ! ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ) ALL !  
CONSEQU5CES >IS+ FROM IT4 ,IT IS ! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON :I* !  
WORK]S HAVE AT !IR COMM&1 & GIVES ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE  
EXPRESSION TO !IR /R5G? AS A SOCIAL FACTOR4 ,AFT] ! ,FR5* TRADE  
UNION CONGRESS 9 ,M>SEILLES 7#a#h#i#b71 & ! LAT] CONGRESSES ( !  
,C4,G4,T4 7,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 HAD BY A L>GE MAJORITY DECL>$  
= ! PROPAG&A ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 IT WAS ! POLITICAL LABOR  
P>TIES 9 ,G]MANY & MO/ O!R C\NTRIES :I* ASSAIL$ MO/  
VIOL5TLY ?IS =M ( PROLET>IAN ACTION1 & REJECT$ IT AS 0,UTOPIAN40  
0,! G5]AL /RIKE IS G5]AL MADNESS0 WAS ! TR5*ANT PHRASE :I*  
WAS CO9$ AT ?AT TIME BY ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T LEAD]S ( !  
,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5T ( ! YE>S  
IMM$IATELY FOLL[+1 9 ,SPA91 ,BELGIUM1 ,ITALY1 ,HOLL&1 ,RUSSIA1 & SO  
ON1 %[$ CLE>LY ?AT ?IS ALLEG$ 0,UTOPIA0 LAY :OLLY )9 !  
REALM ( ! POSSIBLE & DID NOT >ISE FROM ! IMAG9ATION ( A FEW  
REVOLUTION>Y FANATICS4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE IS1 ( C\RSE1 NOT AN AG5CY ?AT CAN BE  
9VOK$ >BITR>ILY ON EV]Y OCCASION4 ,IT NE$S C]TA9 SOCIAL  
ASSUMPTIONS TO GIVE IT ITS PROP] MORAL /R5G? & MAKE IT A  
PROCLAMATION ( ! WILL ( ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!  
RIDICUL\S CLAIM1 :I* IS SO (T5 ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALI/S1 ?AT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO PROCLAIM A G5]AL /RIKE 9  
ORD] TO A*IEVE A ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 A FEW DAYS1 IS1 ( C\RSE1 JU/  
A SILLY 9V5TION ( EVIL-M9D$ OPPON5TS B5T ON DISCR$IT+ AN IDEA  
:I* !Y CANNOT ATTACK BY ANY O!R MEANS4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE CAN S]VE V>I\S PURPOSES4 ,IT CAN BE ! LA/  
/AGE ( A SYMPA!TIC /RIKE1 AS = EXAMPLE1 ! G5]AL /RIKE 9  
,B>CELONA 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#b1 OR ?AT 9 ,BILBAO 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c1 :I*  
5ABL$ ! M9E WORK]S TO GET RID ( ! HAT$ TRUCK SY/EM &  
COMPELL$ ! EMPLOY]S TO E/ABLI% SANIT>Y CONDITIONS ON ! M9ES4  
,IT CAN AS EASILY BE A MEANS BY :I* ORGANIZ$ LABOR TRIES TO 5=CE  
SOME G5]AL DEM&1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ATTEMPT$ G5]AL /RIKE 9  
! ,U4,S4,A4 9 #a#h#h#f1 TO COMPEL ! GRANT+ ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 ALL  
9DU/RIES4 ,! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE ( ! ,5GLI% WORK]S 9 #aibf WAS  
! RESULT ( A PLANN$ ATTEMPT BY ! EMPLOY]S TO L[] ! G5]AL  
/&>D ( LIV+ ( ! WORK]S BY A CUT 9 WAGES4 

,BUT ! G5]AL /RIKE CAN ALSO HAVE POLITICAL OBJECTIVES 9 VIEW1  
AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FI<T ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 #a#i#d1 = !  
LIB]ATION ( POLITICAL PRISON]S1 OR ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,CATALONIA 9  
,JULY1 #a#i#i1 TO COMPEL ! GOV]NM5T TO T]M9ATE ! W> 9 ,MOROCCO4  
,& ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S 9 #a#i#b1 :I* WAS  
9/ITUT$ AFT] ! SO-CALL$ ,KAPP PUTS* & PUT AN 5D TO A  
GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD ATTA9$ TO P[] BY A MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 BELONGS TO  
?IS CATEGORY2 AS DO ALSO ! MASS /RIKES 9 ,BELGIUM 9 #a#i#c1 & 9  
,SW$5 9 #a#i#i1 TO COMPEL ! GRANT+ ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & !  
G5]AL /RIKE ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S 9 #a#i#e1 = ! GRANT+ ( !  
CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT 9 ,SPA9 ! WIDESPREAD /RIKE MOVEM5T AMONG !  
WORK]S & PEASANTS AFT] ! ,FASCI/ REVOLT 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 DEVELOP$  
9TO A 0SOCIAL G5]AL /RIKE0 7HUELGA G5]AL7 & L$ TO >M$  
RESI/ANCE1 & ) ?IS TO ! ABOLI%M5T ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC  
ORD] & ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE BY ! WORK]S  
!MSELVES4 

,! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE LIES 9 ?IS3 AT ONE  
BL[ IT BR+S ! :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM TO A /&/ILL & %AKES IT  
TO ITS F\NDATIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 SU* AN ACTION IS 9 NO WISE DEP5D5T ON  
! PRACTICAL PREP>$NESS ( ALL ! WORK]S1 AS ALL ! CITIZ5S ( A  
C\NTRY HAVE NEV] P>TICIPAT$ 9 A SOCIAL OV]TURN4 ,?AT ! ORGANIZ$  
WORK]S 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RIES QUIT WORK IS 5\< TO CRIPPLE  
! 5TIRE ECONOMIC ME*ANISM1 :I* CANNOT FUNCTION )\T ! DAILY  
PROVISION ( COAL1 ELECTRIC P[]1 & RAW MAT]IALS ( EV]Y SORT4 ,BUT  
:5 ! RUL+ CLASSES >E CONFRONT$ ) AN 5]GETIC1 ORGANIZ$  
WORK+ CLASS1 S*OOL$ 9 DAILY CONFLICT1 & >E AW>E ( :AT !Y  
HAVE AT /AKE1 !Y BECOME MU* MORE WILL+ TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y  
CONCESSIONS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 !Y FE> TO TAKE A C\RSE ) ! WORK]S  
:I* MI<T DRIVE !M TO EXTREMES4 ,EV5 ,JEAN ,JAURES :O1 AS A ,SOCIALI/  
P>LIAM5T>IAN1 WAS NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) ! IDEA ( ! G5]AL  
/RIKE1 HAD TO CONC$E ?AT ! CON/ANT DANG] >IS+ FROM !  
POSSIBILITY ( SU* A MOVEM5T ADMONI%$ ! POSSESS+ CLASSES TO  
CAUTION1 &1 ABOVE EV]Y?+1 MADE !M %R9K FROM ! SUPPRESSION (  
H>D-WON RI<TS1 S9CE !Y SAW ?AT ?IS C\LD EASILY LEAD TO  
CATA/ROPHE4 

,BUT AT ! TIME ( A UNIV]SAL SOCIAL CRISIS1 OR :51 AS TODAY 9  
,SPA91 ! CONC]N IS TO PROTECT AN 5TIRE PEOPLE AGA9/ ! ATTACKS (  
B5I<T$ REACTION>IES1 ! G5]AL /RIKE IS AN 9VALUABLE WEAPON1 =  
:I* !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE4 ,BY CRIPPL+ ! :OLE PUBLIC LIFE IT  
MAKES DIFFICULT MUTUAL AGREEM5TS ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! RUL+  
CLASSES & ! LOCAL (FICIALS ) ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 EV5 :5  
IT DOES NOT 5TIRELY PREV5T !M4 ,EV5 ! USE ( ! >MY IS1 9 SU*  
CASES1 DIRECT$ AT V]Y DIFF]5T TASKS FROM ?OSE ( POLITICAL REVOLT4  
,9 ! LATT] CASE IT SUFFICES = ! GOV]NM5T1 SO LONG AS IT CAN  
RELY ON ! MILIT>Y1 TO CONC5TRATE ITS TROOPS 9 ! CAPITAL & !  
MO/ IMPORTANT PO9TS 9 ! C\NTRY1 9 ORD] TO MEET ! DANG] ?AT  
?REAT5S4 

,A G5]AL /RIKE1 H[EV]1 LEADS 9EVITABLY TO A SCATT]+ ( !  
MILIT>Y =CES1 AS 9 SU* A SITUATION ! IMPORTANT CONC]N IS !  
PROTECTION ( ALL IMPORTANT C5T]S ( 9DU/RY & ! TRANSPORT SY/EM  
AGA9/ ! REBELLI\S WORK]S4 ,BUT ?IS MEANS ?AT MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1  
:I* IS ALWAYS /RONGE/ :5 SOLDI]S OP]ATE 9 FIX$ =MATIONS1 IS  
RELAX$4 ,:]E ! MILIT>Y 9 SMALL GR\PS FACES A DET]M9$ PEOPLE  
FI<T+ = ITS FRE$OM1 !RE ALWAYS EXI/S ! POSSIBILITY ?AT AT  
LEA/ A P>T ( ! SOLDI]S WILL REA* SOME 9N] 9SI<T &  
COMPREH5D ?AT1 AFT] ALL1 IT IS !IR [N P>5TS & BRO!RS AT :OM  
!Y >E PO9T+ !IR WEAPONS4 ,= MILIT>ISM1 ALSO1 IS PRIM>ILY A  
PSY*OLOGIC PROBLEM1 & ITS DISA/R\S 9FLU5CE ALWAYS MANIFE/S  
ITSELF :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL IS GIV5 NO *ANCE TO ?9K AB\T HIS  
DIGNITY AS A HUMAN BE+1 NO *ANCE TO SEE ?AT !RE >E HI<] TASKS  
9 LIFE ?AN L5D+ ONESELF TO ! USES ( A BLOODY OPPRESSOR ( ONE'S  
[N PEOPLE4 

,= ! WORK]S ! G5]AL /RIKE TAKES ! PLACE ( !  
B>RICADES ( ! POLITICAL UPRIS+4 ,IT IS = !M A LOGICAL \TCOME  
( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM :OSE VICTIMS !Y >E TODAY1 & AT ! SAME  
TIME IT (F]S !M !IR /RONGE/ WEAPON 9 !IR /RUGGLE =  
LIB]ATION1 PROVID$ !Y RECOGNIZE !IR [N /R5G? & LE>N H[ TO  
USE ?IS WEAPON PROP]LY4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 ) ! PROPHETIC VISION (  
! POET1 =ESAW ?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 AFFAIR1 :51 9 HIS SPL5DID BOOK  
,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E1 HE HAS ! ,SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY  
PREC$$ BY A LONG S]IES ( G5]AL /RIKES ( EV] 9CREAS+  
VIOL5CE1 :I* %OOK ! OLD SY/EM TO ITS DEEPE/ F\NDATIONS1 UNTIL  
AT LA/ ITS SUPPORT]S W]E NO LONG] ABLE TO PUT UP ANY RESI/ANCE  
AGA9/ ?IS NEW 5LI<T5M5T ( ! TOIL+ MASSES 9 T[N &  
C\NTRY4 

,! :OLE DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 :I* IS TODAY GR[+  
9TO AN EV] GRAV] DANG] TO SOCIETY1 CAN BUT S]VE TO SPREAD ?IS  
5LI<T5M5T MORE WIDELY AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,! FRUITLESSNESS ( !  
P>TICIPATION ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 P>LIAM5TS1 :I* IS TODAY  
BECOM+ MORE & MORE MANIFE/ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 ( ITSELF COMPELS !M  
TO LOOK AB\T = NEW ME?ODS = ! EFFECTIVE DEF5SE ( !IR  
9T]E/S & !IR EV5TUAL LIB]ATION FROM ! YOKE ( WAGE SLAV]Y4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT FI<T+ DEVICE = DIRECT ACTION IS !  
BOYCOTT4 ,IT CAN BE EMPLOY$ BY ! WORK]S BO? 9 !IR *>ACT] (  
PRODUC]S & ( CONSUM]S4 ,A SY/EMATIC REFUSAL ( CONSUM]S TO BUY  
FROM FIRMS ?AT H&LE GOODS NOT PRODUC$ UND] CONDITIONS APPROV$ BY  
! LABOR UNIONS CAN (T5 BE ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE1 ESPECIALLY =  
?OSE BRAN*ES ( LABOR 5GAG$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES (  
G5]AL USE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! BOYCOTT IS V]Y WELL ADAPT$ TO  
9FLU5C+ PUBLIC OP9ION 9 FAVOR ( ! WORK]S1 PROVID$ IT IS  
ACCOMPANI$ BY SUITABLE PROPAG&A4 ,! UNION LABEL IS A EFFECTIVE MEANS  
( FACILITAT+ ! BOYCOTT1 AT IT GIVES ! PUR*AS] ! SIGN BY :I*  
TO DI/+UI% ! GOODS HE WANTS FROM ! SPURI\S4 ,EV5 ! MA/]S (  
! ,?IRD ,REI* EXP]I5C$ :AT A WEAPON ! BOYCOTT CAN BECOME 9 !  
H&S ( ! GREAT MASSES ( PEOPLE1 :5 !Y HAD TO CONFESS ?AT !  
9T]NATIONAL BOYCOTT AGA9/ ,G]MAN GOODS HAD 9FLICT$ S]I\S DAMAGE  
ON ,G]MAN EXPORT TRADE4 ,& ?IS 9FLU5CE MI<T HAVE BE5 GREAT]  
/ILL1 IF ! TRADE UNIONS HAD KEPT PUBLIC OP9ION AL]T BY 9CESSANT  
PROPAG&A1 & HAD CONT9U$ TO FO/] ! PROTE/ AGA9/ !  
SUPPRESSION ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,AS PRODUC]S ! BOYCOTT PROVIDES ! WORK]S ) ! MEANS (  
IMPOS+ AN EMB>GO ON 9DIVIDUAL PLANTS :OSE MANAG]S %[ !MSELVES  
ESPECIALLY HO/ILE TO TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 ,VAL5CIA & ,CADIZ !  
REFUSAL ( ! LONG%OREM5 TO UNLOAD ,G]MAN VESSELS COMPELL$ !  
CAPTA9S ( !SE VESSELS TO DIS*>GE !IR C>GOES 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICAN  
H>BORS4 ,IF ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! O!R C\NTRIES HAD RESOLV$ ON !  
SAME PROC$URE1 !Y W\LD HAVE A*IEV$ 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] RESULTS  
?AN BY ,PLATONIC PROTE/S4 ,9 ANY CASE ! BOYCOTT IS ONE ( ! MO/  
EFFECTIVE FI<T+ DEVICES 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & !  
MORE PR(\NDLY AW>E ( ?IS DEVICE ! WORK]S BECOME1 ! MORE  
COMPREH5SIVE & SUCCESSFUL WILL !Y BECOME 9 !IR EV]YDAY  
/RUGGLES4 

,AMONG ! WEAPONS 9 ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ >MORY IS ! ONE  
MO/ FE>$ BY ! EMPLOY] & MO/ H>%LY CONDEMN$ AS 0UNLAWFUL40 ,9  
REALTY WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) A ME?OD ( ECONOMIC PETTY W>F>E ?AT  
IS AS OLD AS ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION & POLITICAL OPPRESSION ITSELF4  
,IT IS1 9 SOME CIRCUM/ANCES1 SIMPLY =C$ UPON ! WORK]S1 :5 EV]Y  
O!R DEVICE FAILS4 ,SABOTAGE CONSI/S 9 ! WORK]S PUTT+ EV]Y  
POSSIBLE OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY ( ! ORD9>Y MODES ( WORK4 ,= ! MO/  
P>T ?IS OCCURS :5 ! EMPLOY]S TRY TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( A BAD  
ECONOMIC SITUATION OR SOME O!R FAVORABLE OCCASION TO L[] ! NORMAL  
CONDITIONS ( LABOR BY CURTAILM5T ( WAGES OR BY L5G!N+ ( !  
H\RS ( LABOR4 ,! T]M ITSELF IS D]IV$ FROM ! ,FR5* WORD1 SABOT1  
WOOD5 %OE1 & MEANS TO WORK CLUMSILY AS IF BY SABOT BL[S4 ,! :OLE  
IMPORT ( SABOTAGE IS EXHAU/$ 9 ! MOTTO3 = BAD WAGES1 BAD WORK4  
,! EMPLOY] HIMSELF ACTS ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 :5 HE CALCULATES !  
PRICE ( HIS GOODS ACCORD+ TO !IR QUALITY4 ,! PRODUC] F9DS  
HIMSELF 9 ! SAME POSITION3 HIS GOODS >E HIS LABOR-P[]1 & IT IS  
ONLY GOOD & PROP] ?AT HE %\LD TRY TO DISPOSE ( IT ON ! BE/  
T]MS HE CAN GET4 

,BUT :5 ! EMPLOY] TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ! EVIL POSITION ( !  
PRODUC] TO =CE ! PRICE ( HIS LABOR-P[] AS L[ AS POSSIBLE1 HE  
NE$ NOT WOND] :5 ! LATT] DEF5DS HIMSELF AS BE/ HE CAN & =  
?IS PURPOSE MAKES USE ( ! MEANS :I* ! CIRCUM/ANCES PUT 9 HIS  
H&S4 ,! ,5GLI% WORK]S W]E ALREADY DO+ ?IS LONG BE=E  
REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM WAS SPOK5 ( ON ! CONT95T4 ,9 FACT !  
POLICY ( 0CA' CANNY0 7GO SL[71 :I*1 ALONG ) ! PHRASE ITSELF1  
! ,5GLI% WORK]S TOOK OV] FROM !IR ,SCOTTI% BRE?R51 WAS !  
FIR/ & MO/ EFFECTIVE =M ( SABOTAGE4 ,!RE >E TODAY 9 EV]Y  
9DU/RY A HUNDR$ MEANS BY :I* ! WORK]S CAN S]I\SLY DI/URB  
PRODUCTION2 EV]Y:]E UND] ! MOD]N SY/EM ( DIVISION ( LABOR1  
:]E (T5 ! SLI<TE/ DI/URBANCE 9 ONE BRAN* ( ! WORK CAN  
BR+ TO A /&/ILL ! 5TIRE PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?US ! RAILWAY  
WORK]S 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY BY ! USE ( ! SO-CALL$ GREVE P]LEE  
7/R+-(-PE>LS-/RIKE7 ?REW ! :OLE SY/EM ( TRANSPORTATION 9TO  
DISORD]4 ,= ?IS !Y NE$$ TO DO NO?+ MORE ?AN TO ADH]E TO !  
/RICT LETT] ( ! EXI/+ TRANSPORT LAWS1 & ?US MADE IT  
IMPOSSIBLE = ANY TRA9 TO >RIVE AT ITS DE/9ATION ON TIME4 ,:5 !  
EMPLOY]S >E AT ONCE FAC$ ) ! FACT ?AT EV5 9 AN UNFAVORABLE  
SITUATION1 :]E ! WORK]S W\LD NOT D>E TO ?9K ( A /RIKE1 !Y  
/ILL HAVE 9 !IR H&S ! MEANS ( DEF5D+ !MSELVES1 !RE WILL  
ALSO COME TO !M ! UND]/&+ ?AT IT DOES NOT PAY TO MAKE USE (  
SOME P>TICUL> H>D SITUATION ( ! WORK]S ( =CE H>D] CONDITIONS  
( LIV+ UPON !M4 

,! SO-CALL$ SIT D[N /RIKE1 :I* WAS TRANSPLANT$ FROM ,EUROPE  
TO ,AM]ICA ) SU* SURPRIS+ RAPIDITY & CONSI/S ( ! WORK]S  
REMA9+ 9 ! PLANT DAY & NI<T )\T TURN+ A F+] 9 ORD]  
TO PREV5T ! 9/ALL+ ( /RIKE-BREAK]S1 BELONGS 9 ! REALM (  
SABOTAGE4 ,V]Y (T5 SABOTAGE WORKS ?US3 BE=E A /RIKE ! WORK]S  
PUT ! MA*9ES \T ( ORD] TO MAKE ! WORK ( POSSIBLE /RIKE- 
BREAK]S H>D]1 OR EV5 IMPOSSIBLE = A CONSID]ABLE TIME4 ,9 NO FIELD  
IS !RE AS SO MU* SCOPE = ! IMAG9ATION ( ! WORK] AS 9 ?IS4  
,BUT ! SABOTAGE ( ! WORK]S IS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S1 NEV]  
AGA9/ ! CONSUM]S4 ,9 HIS REPORT BE=E ! ,C4,G4,T4 9 ,T\L\SE 9  
#a#h#i#g1 ,EMILE ,P\GET LAID SPECIAL /RESS ON ?IS PO9T4 ,ALL ! REPORTS 9  
! B\RGEOIS PRESS AB\T BAK]S :O HAD BAK$ GLASS 9 !IR BREAD1 OR  
F>M H&S :O HAD POISON$ MILK1 & ! LIKE1 >E MALICI\S  
9V5TIONS1 DESIGN$ SOLELY TO PREJUDICE ! PUBLIC AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 

,SABOTAG+ ! CONSUM]S IS ! AGE OLD-PRIVILEGE ( !  
EMPLOY]S4 ,! DELIB]ATE ADULT]ATION ( PROVISIONS1 ! CON/RUCTION  
( WRET*$ SLUMS & 9SANIT>Y T5EM5TS ( ! POORE/ & *EAPE/  
MAT]IAL1 ! DE/RUCTION ( GREAT QUANTITIES ( FOOD/UFFS 9 ORD] TO  
KEEP UP PRICES1 :ILE MILLIONS >E P]I%+ 9 DIRE/ MIS]Y1 !  
CON/ANT EF=TS ( ! EMPLOY]S TO =CE ! SUBSI/5CE ( !  
WORK]S D[N TO ! L[E/ PO9T POSSIBLE1 9 ORD] TO GRAB =  
!MSELVES ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE PR(ITS1 ! %AMELESS PRACTICE ( !  
>MAM5T 9DU/RIES ( SUPPLY+ =EIGN C\NTRIES ) COMPLETE  
EQUIPM5T = W>1 :I*1 GIV5 ! APPROPRIATE OCCASION1 MAY BE  
EMPLOY$ TO LAY WA/E ! C\NTRY ?AT PRODUC$ !M1 ALL !SE & MANY  
MORE >E M]ELY 9DIVIDUAL ITEMS 9 AN 9T]M9ABLE LI/ ( TYPES (  
SABOTAGE BY CAPITALI/S AGA9/ !IR [N PEOPLE4 

,ANO!R =M ( DIRECT ACTION IS ! SOCIAL /RIKE1 :I* WILL1  
)\T D\BT1 9 ! IMM$IATE FUTURE PLAY A MU* L>G] P>T4 ,IT IS  
CONC]N$ LESS ) ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( ! PRODUC]S ?AN )  
! PROTECTION ( ! COMMUNITY AGA9/ ! MO/ P]NICI\S \TGR[?S  
( ! PRES5T SY/EM4 ,! SOCIAL /RIKE SEEKS TO =CE UPON !  
EMPLOY]S A RESPONSIBILITY TO ! PUBLIC4 ,PRIM>ILY IT HAS 9 VIEW !  
PROTECTION ( ! CONSUM]S1 ( :OM ! WORK]S !MSELVES CON/ITUTE  
! GREAT MAJORITY4 ,! TASK ( ! TRADE UNION HAS H]ET(ORE BE5  
RE/RICT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! PROTECTION ( ! WORK] AS  
PRODUC]4 ,AS LONG AS ! EMPLOY] WAS OBS]V+ ! H\RS ( LABOR  
AGRE$ ON & PAY+ ! E/ABLI%$ WAGE ?IS TASK WAS BE+ P]=M$4  
,9 O!R WORDS3 ! TRADE UNION IS 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 ! CONDITIONS  
UND] :I* ITS MEMB]S WORK1 NOT 9 ! K9D ( WORK !Y P]=M4  
,!ORETICALLY1 IT IS1 9DE$1 ASS]T$ ?AT ! RELATION BETWE5  
EMPLOY] & EMPLOYEE IS BAS$ UPON A CONTRACT = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T (  
A DEF9ITE PURPOSE4 ,! PURPOSE 9 ?IS CASE IS SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,BUT A  
CONTRACT HAS MEAN+ ONLY :5 BO? P>TIES P>TICIPATE EQUALLY 9 !  
PURPOSE4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 ! WORK] HAS TODAY NO VOICE 9  
DET]M9+ PRODUCTION1 = ?IS IS GIV5 OV] COMPLETELY TO !  
EMPLOY]4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT ! WORK] IS DEBAS$ BY DO+ A  
?\S& ?+S :I* CON/ANTLY S]VE ONLY TO 9JURE ! :OLE  
COMMUNITY = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! EMPLOY]4 ,HE IS COMPELL$ TO MAKE USE  
( 9F]IOR & (T5 ACTUALLY 9JURI\S MAT]IALS 9 ! FABRICATION (  
HIS PRODUCTS1 TO ]ECT WRET*$ DWELL+S1 TO PUT UP SPOIL$ FOOD/UFFS1  
& TO P]PETUATE 9NUM]ABLE ACTS ?AT >E PLANN$ TO *EAT !  
CONSUM]4 

,TO 9T]F]E VIGOR\SLY H]E IS1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALI/S1 ! GREAT TASK ( ! TRADE UNIONS ( ! FUTURE4 ,AN  
ADVANCE 9 ?IS DIRECTION W\LD AT ! SAME TIME 5HANCE ! POSITION (  
! WORK]S 9 SOCIETY1 & 9 L>GE MEASURE CONFIRM ?AT POSITION4  
,V>I\S EF=TS 9 ?IS FIELD HAVE ALREADY BE5 MADE1 AS WITNESS1 =  
EXAMPLE1 ! /RIKE ( ! BUILD+-WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA1 :O REFUS$ TO  
USE POOR MAT]IAL & ! WRECKAGE FROM OLD BUILD+S 9 ! ]ECTION (  
WORK]S' DWELL+ 7#a#i#b71 ! /RIKES 9 V>I\S L>GE RE/AURANTS 9  
,P>IS BECAUSE ! KIT*5 WORK]S W]E UNWILL+ TO PREP>E = S]V+  
*EAP1 DECAY+ MEAT 7#a#i#f71 & A LONG LI/ ( 9/ANCES 9 REC5T  
TIMES2 ALL GO+ TO PROVE ?AT ! WORK]S' UND]/&+ ( !IR  
RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETY IS GR[+4 ,! RESOLUTION ( ! ,G]MAN  
>MAM5T WORK]S AT ! CONGRESS 9 ,]FURT 7#a#i#a#i7 TO MAKE NO MORE  
WEAPONS ( W> & TO COMPEL !IR EMPLOY]S TO CONV]T !IR PLANTS TO  
O!R USES1 BELONGS ALSO TO ?IS CATEGORY4 ,& IT IS A FACT ?AT ?IS  
RESOLUTION WAS MA9TA9$ = ALMO/ TWO YE>S1 UNTIL IT WAS BROK5 BY  
! ,C5TRAL ,TRADES ,UNIONS4 ,! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ WORK]S ( ,SOMM]DA  
RESI/$ ) GREAT 5]GY TO ! LA/1 :5 !IR PLACE W]E TAK5 BY  
MEMB]S ( ! 0FREE LABOR UNIONS40 

,AS \TSPOK5 OPPON5TS ( ALL NATIONALI/ AMBITIONS !  
REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 HAVE  
ALWAYS DEVOT$ A V]Y CONSID]ABLE P>T ( !IR ACTIVITY TO ANTI- 
MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A1 SEEK+ TO HOLD ! WORK]S 9 SOLDI]S' COATS  
LOYAL TO !IR CLASS & TO PREV5T !IR TURN+ !IR WEAPONS AGA9/  
!IR BRE?R5 9 TIME ( A /RIKE4 ,?IS HAS CO/ !M GREAT SACRIFICES2  
BUT !Y HAVE NEV] CEAS$ !IR EF=TS1 BECAUSE !Y KN[ ?AT !Y  
CAN REGA9 !IR EF=TS ONLY BY 9CESSANT W>F>E AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT  
P[]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A  
CONTRIBUTES 9 L>GE MEASURE TO OPPOSE ! ?REAT ( W>S TO COME )  
! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S KN[ ?AT W>S >E ONLY  
WAG$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES2 !Y BELIEVE1 !RE=E1  
?AT ANY MEANS IS JU/IFIABLE ?AT CAN PREV5T ! ORGANIZ$ MURD] (  
PEOPLES4 ,9 ?IS FIELD ALSO ! WORK]S HAVE EV]Y MEANS 9 !IR H&S1  
IF ONLY !Y POSSESS ! DESIRE & ! MORAL /R5G? TO USE !M4 

,ABOVE ALL IT IS NECESS>Y TO CURE ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ITS 9N]  
OSSIFICATION & RID IT ( ! EMPTY SLOGANE]+ ( ! POLITICAL  
P>TIES1 SO ?AT IT MAY =GE AHEAD 9TELLECTUALLY & DEVELOP )9  
ITSELF ! CREATIVE CONDITIONS :I* MU/ PREC$E ! REALIZATION (  
,SOCIALISM4 ,! PRACTICAL ATTA9ABILITY ( ?IS GOAL MU/ BECOME = !  
WORK]S AN 9N] C]TA9TY & MU/ RIP5 9TO AN E?ICAL NECESSITY4 ,!  
GREAT F9AL GOAL ( ,SOCIALISM MU/ EM]GE FROM ALL ! PRACTICAL DAILY  
/RUGGLES1 & MU/ GIVE !M A SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ! PETTIE/  
/RUGGLE1 BORN ( ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T1 !RE MU/ BE MIRROR$ !  
GREAT GOAL ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION1 & EA* SU* /RUGGLE MU/ HELP TO  
SMOO? ! WAY & /R5G!N ! SPIRIT :I* TRANS=MS ! 9N]  
LONG+ ( ITS BE>]S 9TO WILL & DE$4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 
#f4 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE & ITS ,9FLU5CE ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE2 ,! ,9DU/RIAL  
,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD2 ,SYNDICALISM AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>2 ,! ,SYNDICALI/S & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL2  
,! F\ND+ ( ! NEW ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 9 ,SPA92 ,9  
,PORTUGAL2 ,9 ,ITALY2 ,9 ,FRANCE2 ,9 ,G]MANY2 ,9 ,SW$52 ,9 ,HOLL&2 ,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 

,! MOD]N ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE1 ) ! S+LE  
EXCEPTION ( ,SPA9 :]E FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL  
,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! DOM9ANT T5D5CY 9 ! LABOR  
MOVEM5T1 [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ! RISE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9  
,FRANCE1 ) ITS FIELD ( 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,C4,G4,T4 ,?IS MOVEM5T  
DEVELOP$ QUITE SPONTANE\SLY )9 ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS AS A  
REACTION AGA9/ POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1 ! CLEAVAGES 9 :I* = A LONG  
TIME P]MITT$ NO UNIFI$ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] ! FALL ( !  
,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! \TLAW+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,FRANCE !  
LABOR MOVEM5T !RE HAD TAK5 ON A COMPLETELY COLORLESS *>ACT] &  
HAD FALL5 COMPLETELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN1  
,J4 ,B>B]ET1 :OSE SLOGAN WAS3 0,H>MONY BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR60 ,NOT  
UNTIL ! CONGRESS 9 ,M>SEILLES 7#a#h#g#i7 DID ANY ,SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES  
AGA9 MANIFE/ !MSELVES & ! ,F$]ATION DES ,TRAVAILLEURS CAME 9TO  
BE+1 ITSELF TO COME QUICKLY & COMPLETELY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( !  
SO-CALL$ COLLECTIVI/S4 

,BUT EV5 ! COLLECTIVI/S DID NOT LONG REMA9 UNIT$1 & !  
CONGRESS ( ,/4 ,ETI5NE 7#a#h#h#b7 BR\<T A SPLIT 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,ONE  
SECTION FOLL[$ ! S*OOL ( ! ,M>XI/1 ,JULES ,GUESDE1 & F\ND$  
! ,P>TI ,\VRIE ,FRANCAIS1 :ILE ! O!R SECTION ATTA*$ ITSELF TO  
! =M] ,AN>*I/1 ,PAUL ,BR\SSE1 TO =M ! ,P>TI ,\VRI]  
,REVOLUTION>E ,SOCIALI/E ,FRANCAIS4 ,! =M] F\ND ITS SUPPORT *IEFLY  
9 ! ,F$]ATION ,NATIONALE DES ,SYNDICATS1 :ILE ! LATT] HAD ITS  
/RON<OLD 9 ! ,F$]ATION DES ,B\RSES DU ,TRAVAIL DE ,FRANCE  
7,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES ( ,FRANCE74 ,AFT] A %ORT TIME ! SO- 
CALL$ ,ALLEMANI/S1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,JEAN ,ALLEMAN1 BROKE AWAY  
FROM ! ,BR\SSI/S & ATTA9$ A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE 9 SOME ( !  
L>GE SYNDICATES2 !Y HAD GIV5 UP P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY COMPLETELY4  
,BESIDES !SE !RE W]E ! ,BLANQUI/S1 UNIT$ 9 ! ,COMITE  
,REVOLUTIONAIRE ,C5TRAL1 & ! 9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 :O BELONG$ TO  
! ,SOCIETE P\R ,L',ECONOMIE ,SOCIALE1 :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #ahhe BY  
,B5OIT ,MALON1 & \T ( :I* CAME BO? ,JEAN ,JAURES & ,MILL]&4 

,ALL ( !SE P>TIES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,ALLEMANI/S1 SAW  
9 ! TRADE UNIONS M]ELY RECRUIT+ S*OOLS = !IR POLITICAL  
OBJECTIVES1 & HAD NO UND]/&+ :ATEV] ( !IR REAL FUNCTIONS4  
,! CON/ANT DISS5SION AMONG ! V>I\S ,SOCIALI/ FACTIONS W]E  
NATURALLY C>RI$ OV] TO ! SYNDICATS1 ) ! RESULTS ?AT :5 !  
TRADE UNIONS ( ONE FACTION W5T ON /RIKE1 ! SYNDICATS ( ! O!R  
FACTIONS WALK$ 9 ON !M ON /RIKE-BREAK]S4 ,?IS UNT5ABLE SITUATION  
GRADUALLY OP5$ ! EYES ( ! WORK]S EYES1 ON AWAK5+ TO :I* !  
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y PROPAG&A ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 :O S9CE #ahhc HAD A  
/RONG FOLL[+ AMONG ! WORK]S 9 ,P>IS & ,LYONS1 CONTRIBUT$ NOT A  
LITTLE4 ,SO ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS AT ,NANTES 7#a#h#i#d7 *>G$ A SPECIAL  
COMMITTEE ) ! TASK ( DEVIS+ WAYS & MEANS = BR++ AB\T AN  
UND]/&+ AMONG ALL ! TRADE UNION ALLIANCES4 ,! RESULT WAS !  
F\ND+ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> AT ! ,CONGRESS 9 ,LIMONGES1 ( !  
,C4,G4,T41 :I* DECL>$ ITSELF 9DEP5D5T ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,IT  
WAS ! F9AL R5UNCIATION BY ! TRADE UNIONS ( POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM1  
:OSE OP]ATIONS HAD CRIPPL$ ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T & DEPRIV$ IT  
( ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE WEAPON 9 ! FI<T = LIB]ATION4 

,FROM !RE ON !RE EXI/$ ONLY TWO L>GE TRADE UNION GR\PS1 !  
,C4,G4,T4 & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES1 UNTIL 9 #a#i#b1 AT !  
,CONGRESS ( ,MONTPELLI] ! LATT] JO9$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 ,) ?IS !RE WAS  
BR\<T AB\T PRACTICAL UNITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,?IS EF=T AT !  
UNIFICATION ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR WAS PREC$$ BY AN 9T5SIVE PROPAG&A  
= ! G5]AL /RIKE1 = :I* ! CONGRESSES AT ,M>SEILLES 7#a#h#i#b71  
,P>IS 7#a#h#i#c71 & ,NANTES 7#a#h#i#d7 HAD ALREADY DECL>$ BY /RONG  
MAJORITIES4 ,! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS FIR/ BR\<T 9TO !  
TRADE UNION MOVEM5T BY ! ,AN>*I/ C>P5T]1 ,TORTELI]1 :O HAD BE5  
DEEPLY /IRR$ BY ! G5]AL /RIKE MOVEM5T ON ! ,U4,S4,A4 9 #a#h#h#f-#g1  
& IT HAD BE5 LAT] TAK5 UP BY ! ,ALLEMANI/S1 :ILE ,JULES ,GUESDE  
& ! ,FR5* ,M>XI/S HAD EMPHATICALLY PRON\NC$ AGA9/ IT4 ,H[EV]1  
BO? MOVEM5TS FURNI%$ ! ,C4,N4,T4 ) A LOT ( ITS MO/ DI/+UI%$  
REPRES5TATIVES3 FROM ! ,ALLEMANI/S CAME1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,V4  
,GRIFFUELLES2 FROM ! ,AN>*I/S1 ,F4 ,PELL\TI]1 ! DEVOT$ & HI<LY  
9TELLIG5T SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR ,EX*ANGES1 ,E4 ,P\GET1  
$ITOR ( ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,C4,G4,T41 ,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE1 ,P4  
,DELESALLE1 ,G4 ,YVETOT1 & MANY O!RS4 ,ONE (T5 5C\NT]S 9 O!R  
C\NTRIES1 ! WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ OP9ION1 :I* WAS FO/]$ BY ,W]N]  
,SOMB>T 9 P>TICUL>1 ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE [ES ITS  
ORIG9 TO 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ,G4 ,SOREL1 ,E4 ,B]? & ,H4 ,LAG>DELLE1 :O  
9 ! P]IODICAL1 ,LE ,M\VEM5T ,SOCIALI/E1 F\ND$ IT #a#h#i#i1 ELABORAT$  
9 !IR [N WAY ! 9TELLECTUAL RESULTS ( ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS  
UTT]LY FALSE4 ,!SE M5 NEV] BELONG$ TO ! MOVEM5T !MSELVES1 NOR  
HAD !Y ANY M5TIONABLE 9FLU5CE ON ITS 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T4  
,MOREOV]1 ! ,C4,G4,T4 WAS NOT COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( REVOLUTION>Y TRADE  
UNIONS1 C]TA9LY HALF ( ITS MEMB]S W]E ( RE=MI/ T5D5CY & HAD  
ONLY JO9$ ! ,C4,G4,T4 BECAUSE !Y RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! DEP5D5CE (  
! TRADE UNIONS ON ! POLITICAL P>TIES WAS A MIS=TUNE = !  
MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y W+1 :I* HAD ! MO/ 5]GETIC &  
ACTIVE ELEM5TS 9 ORGANIZ$ LABOR ON ITS SIDE & HAD AT ITS COMM&1  
MOREOV]1 ! BE/ 9TELLECTUAL =CES 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 GAVE TO !  
,C4,G4,T4 ITS *>ACT]I/IC /AMP1 & IT WAS !Y1 EXCLUSIVELY1 :O  
DET]M9$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM4 

,) IT ! IDEAS ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL WAK5$ TO NEW LIFE1  
& !RE WAS 9ITIAT$ ?AT /ORM-&-/RESS P]IOD ( ! ,FR5*  
LABOR MOVEM5T1 :OSE REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CES MADE !MSELVES FELT F>  
BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ,FRANCE4 ,! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS & !  
C\NTLESS PROSECUTIONS ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 BY ! GOV]NM5T M]ELY  
/R5G!N$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y V]VE1 & CAUS$ ! NEW IDEAS TO F9D  
!IR WAY ALSO 9TO ,SWITZ]L&1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM1  
,BOHEMIA1 & ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTIES4 ,9 ,5GL& ALSO ! ,SYNDICALI/  
,$UCATION ,LEAGUE1 :I* HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE 9 #aia BY ,TOM  
,MANN & ,GUY ,B[MAN1 & :OSE TEA*+S EX]CIS$ A V]Y /RONG  
9FLU5CE1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! RANK-&-FILE ( ! TRANSPORT &  
M9+ 9DU/RIES1 AS WAS REVEAL$ 9 ! GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS ( ?AT  
P]IOD1 [$ ITS EXI/5CE TO ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ,FR5* ,SYNDICALISM ON ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR  
MOVEM5T WAS /R5G!N$ 9 GREAT DEGREE BY ! 9T]NAL CRISIS :I*  
AT ?AT TIME LAID HOLD ( NE>LY ALL ! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES4 ,!  
BATTLE BETWE5 ! SO-CALL$ ,REVISIONI/S & ! RIGID ,M>XI/S1 &  
P>TICUL>LY ! FACT ?AT !IR V]Y P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES =C$  
! MO/ VIOL5T OPPON5TS ( REVISIONISM ( NATURAL NECESSITY TO TRAVEL  
9 PRACTICE ! REVISION>Y PA?1 CAUS$ MANY ( ! MORE ?\<TFUL  
ELEM5T TO REFLECT S]I\SLY4 ,?US IT CAME AB\T ?AT MO/ ( !  
P>TIES F\ND !MSELVES DRIV5 BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 (T5  
AGA9/ !IR WILL1 TO MAKE C]TA9 CONCESSIONS TO ! G5]AL /RIKE  
IDEA ( ! ,SYNDICALI/S4 ,BE=E ?IS ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ! PIONE] (  
! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,HOLL&1 HAD BR\<T UP 9 !  
,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,BRUSSELS 7#a#h#i#a7 A PROPOSAL =  
W>D+ (F ! APPROA*+ DANG] ( A W> BY PREP>+ ORGANIZ$  
LABOR = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 A PROPOSAL :I* WAS MO/ BITT]LY  
OPPOS$ BY ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNECT 9 P>TICUL>4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ?IS  
OPPOSITION ALMO/ ALL NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ CONGRESSES  
W]E SUBSEQU5TLY OBLIG$ TO CONC]N !MSELVES MORE & MORE ) ?IS  
QUE/ION4 

,AT ! ,SOCIALI/ CONGRESS 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#i#i1 ! FUTURE M9I/]1  
,>I/IDE ,BRI&1 >GU$ = ! G5]AL /RIKE ) ALL HIS FI]Y  
ELOQU5CE & SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ AN APPROPRIATE RESOLUTION ADOPT$ BY  
! CONGRESS4 ,EV5 ! ,FR5* ,GUESDI/S1 :O HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 !  
BITT]E/ FOES ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 F\ND !MSELVES OBLIG$ AT !  
CONGRESS 9 ,LILLE 7#a#i#d7 TO ADOPT A RESOLUTION FAVOR+ IT1 AS !Y  
FE>$ !Y W\LD O!RWISE LOSE ALL !IR 9FLU5CE ) ! WORK]S4  
,( C\RSE NO?+ WAS GA9$ BY SU* CONCESSIONS4 ,! SEE-SAW BACK &  
=? BETWE5 P>LIAM5T>ISM & DIRECT ACTION C\LD ONLY CAUSE  
CONFUSION4 ,/RAI<T=W>D M5 LIKE ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS & HIS FOLL[]S  
9 ,HOLL&1 & ! ,ALLEMANI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 DREW ! 9EVITABLE 9F]5CE  
FROM !IR NEW CONCEPTION ( ?+S & )DREW 5TIRELY FROM  
P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY2 = ! O!RS1 H[EV]1 !IR CONCESSIONS TO  
! IDEA ( ! G5]AL /RIKE W]E M]ELY LIP S]VICE1 ) NO CLE>  
UND]/&+ BEH9D IT4 ,:I!R ?AT L$ WAS %[N NICELY 9 ! CASE  
( ,BRI&1 :O1 AS A M9I/]1 F\ND HIMSELF 9 ! TRAGIC-COMIC  
SITUATION ( BE+ OBLIG$ TO PROHIBIT HIS [N ADDRESS 9 FAVOR ( !  
G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* ! ,C4,G4,T4 HAD DI/RIBUT$ 9 PAMPHLET =M BY !  
HUNDR$ ?\S&4 

,9DEP5D5T ( ,EUROPEAN ,SYNDICALISM !RE DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,A4  
! MOVEM5T ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 :I* WAS :OLLY  
! \TGR[? ( ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS4 ,/ILL IT HAD 9 COMMON )  
,SYNDICALISM ! ME?ODS ( DIRECT ACTION & ! IDEA ( A ,SOCIALI/  
REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY BY ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL  
ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,AT ITS F\ND+ CONGRESS 9  
,*ICAGO 7#a#i#e7 ! MO/ DIV]SE RADICAL ELEM5TS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR  
MOVEM5T W]E REPRES5T$3 ,EUG5E ,DEBS1 ,BILL ,HAYWOOD1 ,*>LES ,MOY]1  
,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON1 ,W4 ,TRAUTMANN1 ,MO!R ,JONES1 ,LUCY ,P>SONS & MANY  
O!RS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT SECTION = A TIME WAS ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION  
( ,M9]S :OSE NAME WAS KN[N EV]Y:]E = ITS DEVOT$ & SELF- 
SACRIFIC+ LABOR FI<TS 9 ,COLORADO1 ,MONTANA & ,IDAHO4 ,S9CE !  
GREAT MOVEM5T = ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 #a#h#h#f-#g1 :I* CAME TO ITS  
TRAGIC CONCLUSION ) ! EXECUTION ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 ,SPIES1 ,P>SONS1  
,FLET*]4 ,5GEL & ,L+G ON ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #a#h#g#g1 ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR  
MOVEM5T HAD BE5 COMPLETELY BOGG$ D[N SPIRITUALLY4 ,IT WAS BELIEV$  
?AT BY ! F\ND+ ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO PUT !  
MOVEM5T BACK ON ITS REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE1 AN EXPECTATION :I* HAS ?US  
F> NOT BE5 FULFILL$4 ,:AT *IEFLY DI/+UI%$ ! ,I4,W4,W4 FROM !  
,EUROPEAN ,SYNDICALI/S WAS ITS /RONGLY DEF9$ ,M>XI/ VIEWS1 :I* W]E  
IMPRESS$ ON IT MORE P>TICUL>LY BY ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON :ILE ,EUROPEAN  
,SYNDICALI/S HAD CONSPICU\SLY ADOPT$ ! ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( !  
LIB]T>IAN W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,I4,W4,W4 HAD AN ESPECIALLY /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! IT9]ANT  
WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/1 BUT !Y ALSO GA9$ SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG FACTORY  
WORK]S 9 ! EA/]N /ATES1 & CONDUCT$ A GREAT MANY WIDE-SPREAD  
/RIKES1 :I* PUT ! NAME ( ! 0,WOBBLIES0 9 EV]YBODY'S M\?4 ,!Y  
TOOK AN \T/&+ P>T 9 ! EMBITT]$ BATTLES = ! SAFEGU>D+  
( FRE$OM ( SPEE* 9 ! ,WE/]N /ATES1 & MADE MANY T]RIBLE  
SACRIFICES ( LIFE & LIB]TY 9 DO+ SO4 ,!IR MEMB]S FILL$ !  
JAILS BY ?\S&S1 MANY W]E T>R$ & FEA!R$ BY FANATICAL  
VIGILANTES1 OR LYN*$ \TRI<T4 ,! ,EV]ETT MASSACRE ( #a#i#a#f1 !  
EXECUTION ( ! LABOR POET1 ,JOE ,HILL1 9 #a#i#a#e1 ! ,C5TRALIA AFFAIR 9  
#a#i#a#i1 & A LOT ( SIMIL> CASES 9 :I* DEF5SELESS WORK]S FELL  
VICTIMS1 W]E ONLY A FEW MILE /ONES 9 ! ,I4,W4,W4'S HI/ORY (  
SACRIFICE4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,WORLD ,W> AFFECT$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T LIKE A  
NATURAL CATA/ROPHE ( 5ORM\S SCOPE4 ,AFT] ! ASSASS9ATIONS AT  
,S>AJEVO1 :5 EV]YBODY FELT ?AT ,EUROPE WAS DRIV+ UND] FULL SAIL  
T[>D A G5]AL W>1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 PROPOS$ TO ! LEAD]S  
( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONS ?AT ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES  
%\LD TAKE JO9T ACTION TO HALT ! ?REAT5$ DISA/]4 ,BUT ! ,G]MAN  
LABOR LEAD]S1 :O ALWAYS OPPOS$ ANY DIRECT MASS ACTION1 & 9 !IR  
LONG YE>S ( P>LIAM5T>Y R\T9E HAD LONG S9CE LO/ EV]Y TRACE (  
REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE1 C\LD NOT BE WON OV] TO SU* A PROPOSAL4 ,SO  
FAIL$ ! LA/ *ANCE = PREV5T+ ! FRI<TFUL CATA/ROPHE4 

,AFT] ! W> ! PEOPLES FAC$ A NEW SITUATION4 ,EUROPE WAS  
BLE$+ FROM A ?\S& W\NDS & WRI?+ AS IF 9 ! ?ROES ( A  
FEV]4 ,9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE ! OLD REGIME HAD COLLAPS$4 ,RUSSIA F\ND  
H]SELF 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( :I* NO ONE C\LD SEE  
! 5D4 ,( ALL ! EV5TS AFT] ! W> ! OCCURR5CES 9 ,RUSSIA HAD  
IMPRESS$ ! WORK]S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY MO/ DEEPLY4 ,!Y FELT  
9/9CTIVELY ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! MID/ ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1  
& ?AT1 IF NO?+ DECISIVE CAME \T ( IT N[1 ALL ! HOPES ( !  
TOIL+ MASSES W\LD BE DISPELL$ = YE>S4 ,! WORK]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT  
! SY/EM :I* HAD BE5 UNABLE TO PREV5T ! HORRIBLE CATA/ROPHE (  
! ,WORLD ,W>1 BUT 9/EAD = F\R YE>S HAD DRIV5 ! PEOPLES TO !  
SLAU<T]-P51 HAD =FEIT$ ITS RI<T TO EXI/5CE1 & !Y HAIL$ ANY  
EF=T :I* PROMIS$ !M A WAY \T ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *AOS  
:I* ! W> HAD CREAT$4 ,= JU/ ?IS REASON !Y PLAC$ !IR  
HI<E/ HOPES ON ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ?\<T IT M>K$ !  
9AUGURATION ( A NEW ]A 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES4 

,9 #aiai ! ,BOL%EVI/ P>TY1 :I* HAD ATTA9$ TO P[] 9  
,RUSSIA1 ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9  
! WORLD1 & 9VIT$ !M TO A CONGRESS :I* WAS TO MEET 9 ,RUSSIA 9  
! FOLL[+ YE> TO SET UP A NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES  
EXI/ AT ?AT TIME 9 ONLY A FEW C\NTRIES2 ON ! O!R H&1 !RE  
W]E 9 ,SPA91 ,PORTUGAL1 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 ,HOLL&1 ,SW$51 ,G]MANY1  
,5GL& & ! C\NTRIES ( ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA ,SYNDICALI/  
ORGANIZATIONS1 SOME ( :I* EX]CIS$ A V]Y /RONG 9FLU5CE4 ,IT WAS1  
!RE=E1 ( DEEP CONC]N TO ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S TO W9 !SE  
P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONS1 AS HE HAD SO ?OR\<LY ALI5AT$ HIMSELF FROM  
! ,SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES ?AT HE C\LD SC>CELY C\NT UPON !IR  
SUPPORT4 ,SO IT CAME AB\T ?AT1 AT ! CONGRESS = ! F\ND+ ( !  
,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b1 ALMO/ ALL ( ! ,SYNDICALI/  
& ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E REPRES5T$4 

,BUT ! IMPRESSIONS :I* ! ,SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES RECEIV$ 9  
,RUSSIA W]E NOT CALCULAT$ TO MAKE !M REG>D COLLABORATION ) !  
,COMMUNI/S AS EI!R POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE4 ,! 0DICTATOR%IP ( !  
PROLET>IAT0 WAS ALREADY REVEAL+ ITSELF 9 ITS WOR/ LI<T4 ,!  
PRISONS W]E FILL$ ) ,SOCIALI/S ( EV]Y S*OOL1 AMONG !M MANY  
,AN>*I/S & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL IT WAS PLA9 ?AT !  
NEW DOM9ANT CA/E WAS 9 NO WAY FITT$ = ! TASK ( G5U9E  
,SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION4 

,! F\NDATION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ) ITS DICTATORIAL  
APP>ATUS ( ORGANIZATION & ITS EF=T TO MAKE ! :OLE LABOR  
MOVEM5T ( ,EUROPE 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( ! =EIGN POLICY ( !  
,BOL%EVI/ /ATE1 QUICKLY MADE PLA9 TO ! ,SYNDICALI/S ?AT !RE WAS  
NO PLACE = !M 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT IT WAS V]Y NECESS>Y =  
! ,BOL%EVI/S1 & ,L59 9 P>TICUL>1 TO E/ABLI% A HOLD ON !  
SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ABROAD1 AS !IR IMPORTANCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 !  
,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 WAS WELL KN[N4 ,= ?IS REASON IT WAS DECID$ TO SET  
UP1 ALONGSIDE ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 A SEP>ATE 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE  
( ALL REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 9 :I* ! ,SYNDICALI/  
ORGANIZATIONS ( ALL %ADES C\LD ALSO F9D A PLACE4 ,! ,SYNDICALI/  
DELEGATES AGRE$ TO ! PROPOSAL & BEGAN NEGOTIATIONS ) ,LOSOVSKY1  
! COMMISSION] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT HE DEM&$ ?AT  
! NEW ORGANIZATION %\LD BE SUBORD9ATE TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1  
& ?AT ! ,SYNDICATES 9 ! SEV]AL C\NTRIES %\LD BE PLAC$ UND]  
! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 !IR C\NTRIES4 ,?IS  
DEM& WAS UNANIM\SLY REJECT$ BY ! ,SYNDICALI/ DELEGATES4 ,AS !Y  
W]E UNABLE TO COME TO AN AGREEM5T ON ANY T]MS1 IT WAS AT LA/ DECID$  
TO HOLD & 9T]NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS 9 ,MOSC[ ! FOLL[+  
YE>1 #a#i#b#a1 & TO LEAVE ! DECISION ( HIS QUE/ION TO IT4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#b1 AN 9T]NATIONAL ,SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE  
CONV5$ 9 ,B]L9 TO DECIDE UPON AN ATTITUDE T[>D ! APPROA*+  
CONGRESS 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! CONGRESS AGRE$ UPON SEV5 PO9TS1 ON !  
ACCEPTANCE ( :I* !IR 5TRANCE 9TO ! ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNION  
,9T]NATIONAL WAS MADE DEP5D5T4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE SEV5  
PO9TS WAS ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! MOVEM5T FROM ALL POLITICAL  
P>TIES1 & 9SI/5CE ON ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/  
REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY C\LD ONLY BE C>RI$ \T BY ! ECONOMIC  
ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PRODUC+ CLASSES !MSELVES4 ,AT ! CONGRESS 9  
,MOSC[ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ! ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 !  
M9ORITY4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS DOM9AT$ !  
5TIRE SITUATION & PUT ?R\< ALL ! RESOLUTIONS4 

,9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ?IRTE5? CONGRESS ( ! ,F4,A4,U4,D4 7,FREIE  
,>BEIT]-,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S1 ,FREE ,LABOR ,UNION ( ,G]MANY7 AT  
,DUSSELDORF 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#a1 !RE WAS HELD AN 9T]NATIONAL  
ORGANIZATION ( ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS AT :I* DELEGATES FROM  
,G]MANY1 ,SW$51 ,HOLL&1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & ! ,I4,W4,W4 9 ,AM]ICA W]E  
PRES5T4 ,! CONF]5CE VOT$ = ! CALL+ ( AN 9T]NATIONAL  
,SYNDICALI/ CONGRESS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#b4 ,B]L9 WAS SELECT$ AS !  
MEET+ PLACE4 ,9 ,JULY1 #a#i#b#b1 A CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ,B]L9 TO MAKE  
PREP>ATIONS = ?IS CONGRESS2 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,NORWAY1 ,SW$51  
,HOLL&1 ,SPA9 & ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/S 9 ,RUSSIA W]E  
REPRES5T$4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,RUSSIAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS HAD ALSO S5T  
A DELEGATE :O DID HIS BE/ TO PREV5T ! CALL+ ( ! CONGRESS1 &  
:5 HE HAD NO SUCCESS 9 ?IS LEFT ! CONGRESS4 ,! CONF]5CE WORK$  
\T A DECL>ATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM1 :I*  
WAS TO BE LAID BE=E ! COM+ CONGRESS = CONSID]ATION1 & MADE  
ALL ! NECESS>Y PREP>ATIONS = MAK+ ! CONGRESS A SUCCESS4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,SYNDICALI/S MET 9 ,B]L9 FROM  
,DECEMB] #b#e1 #a#i#b#b1 UNTIL ,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#b#c1 ! FOLL[+ ORGANIZATIONS  
BE+ REPRES5T$2 ,>G5T9A BY ! ,F$]ACTION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL  
,>G5T9A1 ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,*ILI BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( !  
,WORLD1 ) #b1 MEMB]S2 ,D5M>K BY ! ,UNION = ,SYNDICALI/  
,PROPAG&A1 ) #f MEMB]S2 ,G]MANY BY ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT]-,UNION1 )  
#a#b1 MEMB]S2 ,HOLL& BY ! ,NATIONAL ,>BEIDS ,SEKRET>IAT1 )  
#b#b1#e MEMB]S2 ,ITALY BY ! ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA1 #e1 MEMB]S2  
,MEXICO BY ! ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ) #c1  
MEMB]S2 ,NORWAY BY ! ,NORSK ,SYNDIKALI/IK ,F$]ASJON1 ) #b1  
MEMB]S2 ,PORTUGAL BY ! ,CONF$]ACAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO1 ) #a#e1  
MEMB]S2 ,SW$5 BY ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRALORGANISATION1 )  
#c#b1 MEMB]S4 ,! ,SPANI% ,C4,N4,T4 WAS AT ?AT TIME 5GAG$ 9 A  
T]RIFIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 & =  
?AT REASON HAD S5T NO DELEGATE1 BUT !Y REAFFIRM$ !IR ADH]5CE AT  
! SECRET CONF]5CE 9 ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#b#c4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E  
AFT] ! W> A SPLIT 9 ! ,C4,G4,T4 HAD TAK5 PLACE1 LEAD+ TO !  
F\ND+ ( ! ,C4,G4,T4,U41 ! LATT] HAD ALREADY JO9$ ! ,MUSCOVITES4  
,BUT !RE WAS A M9ORITY 9 ! ORGANIZATION :I* HAD COMB9$ TO =M  
! ,COMITE DE ,DEF5CE ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONAIRE4 ,?IS COMMITTEE1 :I*  
REPRES5T$ AB\T #a1 WORK]S1 TOOK ACTIVE P>T 9 ! PROCE$+S  
( ! ,B]L9 CONGRESS4 ,FROM ,FRANCE ! ,F$]ATION DES FEUNESSES DE LA  
,SE9E W]E LIKEWISE REPRES5T$4 ,TWO DELEGATES REPRES5T$ !  
,SYNDICALI/ M9ORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS4 

,! CONGRESS RESOLV$ UNANIM\SLY ON ! F\ND+ ( AN  
9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ( ALL ,SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS UND] ! NAME  
,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,IT ADOPT$ ! DECL>ATION (  
PR9CIPLES ?AT HAD BE5 WORK$ \T BY ! ,B]L9 PRELIM9>Y  
CONF]5CE1 :I* PRES5T$ AN \TSPOK5 PR(ESSION ( ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALISM4 ,! SECOND ITEM ON ?IS DECL>ATION RUNS AS FOLL[S30,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM IS ! CONFIRM$ 5EMY ( EV]Y =M (  
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL MONOPOLY1 & AIMS AT ITS ABOLITION BY MEANS (  
ECONOMIC COMMUNES & ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS ( FIELD & FACTORY WORK]S  
ON ! BASIS ( A FREE SY/EM ( C\NCILS1 5TIRELY LIB]AT$ FROM  
SUBORD9ATION TO ANY GOV]NM5T OR POLITICAL P>TY4 ,AGA9/ ! POLITICS  
( ! /ATE & ( P>TIES IT ]ECTS ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION (  
LABOR2 AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( M51 IT SETS UP ! ADM9I/RATION (  
?+S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT HAS = ITS OBJECT NOT ! CONQUE/ (  
POLITICAL P[]1 BUT ! ABOLITION ( EV]Y ,/ATE FUNCTION 9 SOCIAL  
LIFE4 ,IT CONSID]S ?AT1 ALONG ) ! MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY1 %\LD  
DISAPPE> ALSO ! MONOPOLY ( DOM9ATION1 & ?AT ANY =M ( !  
,/ATE1 9CLUD+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WILL ALWAYS BE !  
CREATOR ( NEW PRIVILEGES2 IT C\LD NEV] BE AN 9/RUM5T (  
LIB]ATION40 

,) ?IS ! BREA* ) ,BOL%EVISM & ITS ADH]5TS 9 !  
SEP>ATE C\NTRIES WAS COMPLET$4 ,! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 FROM !N ON TRAVEL$  
ITS [N ROAD & GA9$ A FOO?OLD 9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES :I* HAD  
NOT BE5 REPRES5T$ AT ! F\ND+ CONGRESS4 ,IT HOLDS ITS  
9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 ISSUES ITS BULLET9S1 & ADJU/S !  
RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,SYNDICALI/S ORGANIZATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T  
C\NTRIES4 ,AMONG ALL ! 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCES ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR IT  
IS ! ONE ?AT HAS MO/ FAI?FULLY *]I%$ ! TRADITIONS ( !  
,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! MO/ P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 IS  
! ,SPANI% ,C4,N4,T41 :I* IS MAK+ HI/ORY 9 ,EUROPE TODAY & IS1  
MOREOV]1 DIS*>G+ ONE ( ! H>DE/ TASKS ?AT HAS EV] BE5 SET  
BE=E ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a1 &  
)9 A FEW YE>S C\NT$ AS MEMB]S OV] A MILLION WORK]S &  
PEASANTS4 ,! ORGANIZATION WAS NEW ONLY 9 NAME1 NOT 9 OBJECTIVES OR  
ME?ODS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T IS %OT ?R\< )  
LONG P]IODS ( REACTION1 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ABLE TO C>RY  
ON ONLY AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,BUT AFT] EV]Y SU* P]IOD IT HAS  
ORGANIZ$ ANEW4 ,! NAME *ANGES1 BUT ! GOAL REMA9S ! SAME4 ,!  
LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 GOES BACK TO #a#h#d1 :5 ! WEAV]1 ,JUAN ,MUNTS1  
9 ,CATALONIA1 BR\<T 9TO BE+ 9 ,B>CELONA ! FIR/ TRADE UNION (  
TEXTILE WORK]S4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ?AT DAY S5T ,G5]AL ,ZAPAT]O TO  
,CATALONIA TO PUT D[N ! MOVEM5T4 ,! CONSEQU5CE WAS ! GREAT  
G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#h#e#e1 :I* L$ TO AN OP5 REVOLT 9 :I* ! WORK]S  
9SCRIB$ ON !IR BANN]S ! SLOGAN3 ,ASSOCIACION O ,MU]TE6 7,! RI<T TO  
ORGANIZE OR DEA?67 ,! REBELLION WAS BLOODILY SUPPRESS$1 BUT !  
GOV]NM5T GRANT$ ! WORK]S ! RI<T ( ORGANIZATION4 

,! FIR/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$  
BY ! IDEAS ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 LEAD] ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ALI/S &  
DISCIPLE ( ,PR\DHON4 ,PI Y ,M>GALL WAS ONE ( ! \T/&+ !ORI/S  
( HIS TIME & HAD A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T (  
LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 9 ,SPA94 ,HIS POLITICAL IDEAS HAD MU* 9 COMMON )  
?OSE ( ,RI*>D ,PRICE1 ,JOSEPH ,PRIE/LY1 ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ,JEFF]SON1 &  
O!R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN LIB]ALISM ( ! FIR/  
P]IOD4 ,HE WANT$ TO LIMIT ! P[] ( ! /ATE TO A M9IMUM &  
GRADUALLY REPLACE IT BY A ,SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,9 #a#h#f#h1 AFT] !  
ABDICATION ( ,K+ ,AMADEO ,I1 ,BAKUN9 ADDRESS$ HIS CELEBRAT$ MANIFE/  
TO ! ,SPANI% WORK]S1 & S5T A SPECIAL DELEGATION TO ,SPA9 TO W9  
! WORK]S TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S  
JO9$ ! GREAT WORK]S' ALLIANCE & ADOPT$ ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/  
IDEAS ( ,BAKUN91 TO :I* !Y HAVE REMA9$ LOYAL TO ?IS DAY4 ,AS A  
MATT] ( FACT1 ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION WAS ! /RONGE/ ORGANIZATION 9  
! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! FIR/ ,SPANI% REPUBLIC !  
,9T]NATIONAL WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 ,SPA91 BUT IT CONT9U$ TO EXI/ AS AN  
UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T1 ISSU$ ITS P]IODICALS1 & BADE DEFIANCE TO EV]Y  
TYRANNY4 ,& :51 F9ALLY1 AFT] SEV5 YE>S ( UNHE>D-( P]SECUTION1  
! EXCEPTIONAL LAW AGA9/ ! WORK]S WAS REPEAL$1 !RE IMM$IATELY  
SPRANG TO LIFE ! ,F$]ACTION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,REGION ,ESPANOLA1 AT  
:OSE SECOND CONGRESS 9 ,SEVILLA 7#a#h#h#b7 !RE W]E ALREADY REPRES5T$  
#bah LOCAL F$]ATIONS ) #g1 MEMB]S4 

,NO O!R WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9 ! WORLD HAS HAD TO 5DURE SU*  
FRI<TFUL P]SECUTION AS ! ,AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94  
,HUNDR$S ( ITS ADH]5TS W]E EXECUT$ OR HORRIBLE TORTUR$ BY 9HUMAN  
9QUISITORS 9 ! PRISONS ( ,J]EZ DE LA ,=NT]A1 ,MONTJUI*1 ,SEVILLA1  
,ALCALA DEL ,VALLE1 & SO ON4 ,! BLOODY P]SECUTIONS ( ! SO-CALL$  
,MANO ,NEGRA 7,BLACK ,H&71 :I* ACTUALLY NEV] EXI/$1 WAS A PURE  
9V5TION ( ! GOV]NM5T TO JU/IFY ! SUPPRESSION ( !  
ORGANIZATIONS ( ! FIELD WORK]S 9 ,&ALUSIA2 ! GRUESOME TRAG$Y (  
,MONTJUI*1 :I* 9 ITS DAY R\S$ A /ORM ( PROTE/ FROM ! 5TIRE  
WORLD2 ! ACTS ( T]RORISM ( ! ( ! ,CAMISAS ,BLANCAS 7,:ITE  
,%IRTS71 A GANG/] ORGANIZATION :I* HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE  
BY ! POLICE & ! EMPLOY]S TO CLE> AWAY ! LEAD]S ( !  
MOVEM5T BY ASSASS9ATION1 & TO :I* EV5 ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y (  
! ,C4,N4,T41 ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 FELL VICTIM -- !SE >E JU/ A FEW *APT]S  
9 ! LONG1 TORTURE-FILL$ /ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4  
,FRANSISCO ,F]R]1 F\ND] ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA &  
PUBLI%] ( ! PAP] ,LA ,HUELGA ,G5]AL 7,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE7 WAS ONE (  
ITS M>TYRS4 ,BUT NO REACTION WAS EV] ABLE TO CRU% ! RESI/ANCE (  
ITS ADH]5TS4 ,?AT MOVEM5T HAS PRODUC$ HUNDR$S ( ! MO/  
M>VEL\S *>ACT]S1 :OSE PURITY ( HE>T & 9FLEXIBLE IDEALISM HAD  
TO BE ACKN[L$G$ EV5 BY !IR GRIMME/ OPPON5TS4 ,! ,SPANI%  
,AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T HAD NO PLACE = POLITICAL C>E]I/S4 ,:AT IT  
HAD TO (F] WAS CON/ANT DANG]1 IMPRISONM5T1 & (T5 DEA?4 ,ONLY  
:5 ONE HAS BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! FRI<TFUL /ORY ( ! M>TYRS  
( ?IS MOVEM5T DOES ONE UND]/& :Y IT HAS ASSUM$ AT C]TA9  
P]IODS SU* A VIOL5T *>ACT] 9 DEF5SE ( ITS HUMAN RI<TS AGA9/  
! ONSLAU<TS ( BLACK REACTION>IES4 

,! PRES5T ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 EMBODIES ! OLD TRADITIONS ( !  
MOVEM5T4 ,9 CONTRA/ ) ! ,AN>*I/S ( MANY O!R C\NTRIES1 !IR  
COMRADES 9 ,SPA9 FROM ! BEG9N+ BAS$ !IR ACTIVITIES ON !  
ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4 TODAY  
EMBRACES A MEMB]%IP ( TWO & A HALF MILLION WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,IT  
CONTROLS ?IRTY-SIX DAILY PAP]S1 AMONG !M ,SOLID>$AD ,OBR]A 9  
,B>CELONA1 ) A CIRCULATION ( #b#d11 ! L>GE/ ( ANY PAP] 9  
,SPA91 & ,CA/ILLA ,LIBRE1 :I* IS ! MO/ READ PAP] 9 ,MADRID4  
,BESIDES !SE ! MOVEM5TS PUT \T A LOT ( WEEKLY PUBLICATIONS &  
POSSESSES SIX ( ! BE/ REVIEWS 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ YE>1  
9 P>TICUL>1 IT HAS PUBLI%$ A L>GE NUMB] ( EXCELL5T BOOKS &  
PAMPHLETS & HAS CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES ?AN  
HAS ANY O!R MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I4 IS1 TODAY1 ! BACKBONE ( !  
H]OIC /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FASCISM 9 ,SPA9 & ! S\L ( ! SOCIAL  
REORGANIZATION ( ! C\NTRY4 

,9 ,PORTUGAL1 :]E ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAS ALWAYS BE5 /RONGLY  
9FLU5C$ BY NEI<BOR+ ,SPA91 !RE WAS =M$ 9 #aiaa !  
,CONF$]ACCAO ,G]AL DO ,TRABALHO1 ! /RONGE/ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9  
! C\NTRY1 REPRES5T+ ! SAME PR9CIPLES AS ! ,C4,N4,T4 9 ,SPA94 ,IT  
HAS ALWAYS %>PLY ITS 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 & HAD  
CONDUCT$ A LOT ( BIG /RIKE MOVEM5TS4 ,BY ! VICTORY ( !  
DICTATOR%IP 9 ,PORTUGAL ! ,C4,G4,T4 WAS =C$ \T ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY  
& TODAY LEADS AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,! REC5T DI/URBANCES 9  
,PORTUGAL1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ REACTION1 >E *IEFLY TRACEABLE  
TO ITS ACTIVITIES4 

,9 ,ITALY !RE ALWAYS EXI/$1 FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/  
,9T]NATIONAL1 A /RONG ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :I*1 9 C]TA9 SECTIONS (  
! C\NTRY RETA9$ A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE OV] ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4  
,9 #aib ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY F\ND$ ! ,CONF$]AZIONE DEL ,LAVORO1 :I*  
WAS PATT]N$ AFT] ! MODEL ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS (  
! C\NTRY4 ,BUT IT NEV] ATTA9$ ?IS GOAL2 IT WAS NOT EV5 ABLE TO  
PREV5T A L>GE P>T ( ITS MEMB]%IP FROM BE+ /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY  
! IDEAS ( ! ,FR5* ,SYNDICALI/S4 ,A FEW BIG & SUCCESSFUL /RIKES1  
ESPECIALLY ! F>MLAB\R]S' /RIKE 9 ,P>MA & ,F]R>A1 GAVE A /RONG  
IMPETUS TO ! PRE/IGE ( ! ADVOCATES ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,9 #aiab !RE  
CONV5$ 9 ,MOD5A A CONF]5CE ( V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E NOT  
AT ALL 9 ACCORD ) ! ME?OD ( ! ,CONF$]ATION & ITS  
SUBS]VI5CE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,?IS CONF]5CE  
=M$ A NEW ORGANIZATION UND] ! NAME ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA4 ,?IS  
BODY WAS ! S\L ( A LONG LI/ ( LABOR /RUGGLES OP TO ! \TBREAK  
( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 P>TICUL> IT TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 !  
OCCURR5CES ( ! SO-CALL$ ,R$ ,WEEK 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#c4 ,! BRUTAL ATTACKS  
( ! POLICE ON /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ,ANCONA L$ TO G5]AL /RIKE1 :I*  
9 A FEW PROV9CES DEVELOP$ 9TO AN >M$ 9SURRECTION4 

,:51 9 FOLL[+ YE>1 ! ,WORLD ,W> BROKE \T1 A S]I\S CRISIS  
>OSE 9 ! ,U4,S4,I4 ,! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEAD] ( ! MOVEM5T1 ,ALCE/E  
DE ,AMBRIS1 :O HAD ALL ! TIME PLAY$ A RA!R AMBIGU\S ROLE1 TRI$ TO  
R\SE 9 ! ORGANIZATION A S5TIM5T = ! W>4 ,AT ! CONGRESS 9  
,P>MA 7#a#i#a#d71 H[EV]1 HE F\ND HIMSELF 9 ! M9ORITY1 &1 ) HIS  
FOLL[]S1 )DREW FROM ! MOVEM5T4 ,UPON ,ITALY'S 5TRANCE 9TO !  
W> ALL ! KN[N PROPAG&I/S ( ! ,U4,S4,I4 W]E >RE/$ &  
IMPRISON$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! W>4 ,AFT] ! W> A REVOLUTION>Y  
SITUATION >OSE 9 ,ITALY1 & ! EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 :OSE ACTUAL  
SIGNIFICANCE C\LD AT ?AT TIME1 ( C\RSE1 NOT BE =ESE51 R\S$ A  
VIGOR\S RESPONSE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,U4,S4,I4 9 A %ORT TIME AWOKE TO  
NEW LIFE & SOON C\NT$ #f1 MEMB]S4 ,A S]IES ( S]I\S LABOR  
DI/URBANCES %OOK ! C\NTRY1 REA*+ !IR PEAK 9 ! OCCUPATION (  
! FACTORIES 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#b4 ,ITS GOAL AT ?AT TIME WAS A FREE SOVIET  
SY/EM1 :I* WAS TO REJECT ANY DICTATOR%IP & F9D ITS BASIS 9 !  
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 

,9 ?AT SAME YE>1 ! ,U4,S4,I4 S5T ITS SECRET>Y1 ,>M&O ,BOR<I1  
TO ,MOSC[ TO ACQUA9T HIMSELF P]SONALLY ) ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA4  
,BOR<I RETURN$ TO ,ITALY SADLY DISILLUSION$4 ,9 ! 9T]IM !  
,COMMUNI/S HAD BE5 TRY+ TO GET ! ,U4,S4,I4 9TO !IR H&S2 BUT !  
CONGRESS AT ,ROME 9 #aibb L$ TO AN OP5 BREAK ) ,BOL%EVISM & !  
AFFILIATION ( ! ORGANIZATION ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,MEAN:ILE ,FASCISM HAD  
DEVELOP$ 9TO AN IMM$IATE DANG]4 ,A /RONG & UNIT$ LABOR MOVEM5T  
?AT WAS DET]M9$ TO RISK EV]Y?+ 9 DEF5SE ( ITS FRE$OM C\LD  
/ILL HAVE PUT A *ECK UPON ?IS DANG]@> ,BUT ! PITIFUL CONDUCT ( !  
,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 :I* WAS SUBJECT TO  
ITS 9FLU5CE1 WRECK$ EV]Y?+4 ,BESIDES ! ,U4,S4,I4 !RE REMA9$  
ONLY ! ONLY ! ,UNIONE ,AN>*IA ,ITALIANA TO RALLY R\ND !  
UNIV]SALLY REV]$ *AMPION ( ,ITALIAN ,AN>*ISM1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A4  
,:5 9 #aibb ! G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ ,FASCISM BROKE \T1 !  
DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T >M$ ! ,FASCI/ HORDES & ?ROTTL$ ?IS LA/  
ATTEMPT AT ! DEF5SE ( FRE$OM & RI<T4 ,BUT ,ITALIAN DEMOCRACY HAD  
DUG ITS [N GRAVE4 ,IT ?\<T IT C\LD USE ,MUSSOL9I AS A TOOL AGA9/  
! WORK]S1 BUT ?US IT BECAME ITS [N GRAVE-DIGG]4 ,) ! VICTORY  
( ,FASCISM ! :OLE ,ITALIAN LABOR MOVEM5T DISAPPE>$1 & ALONG )  
IT ! ,U4,S4,I4 & ALL OP5NESS 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 

,9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! W> ! SO-CALL$ RE=MI/ W+ HAD GA9$  
! UPP]-H& 9 ! ,C4,G4,T41 :]EUPON ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS  
SEC$$ & =M$ !MSELVES 9TO ! ,C4,G4,T4,U4 ,BUT S9CE ,MOSC[ HAD A  
V]Y /RONG 9T]E/ 9 GETT+ ?IS P>TICUL> ORGANIZATION 9TO ITS  
H&S1 !RE WAS />T$ 9 IT AN UNSCRUPUL\S UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY 9  
CELLS AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN PATT]N :I* W5T SO F> ?AT 9 #aibb TWO  
,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S W]E %OT D[N BY ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,P>IS ,TRADE  
,UNION H\SE4 ,!REUPON ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 ) ,PI]RE ,B]N>D1  
)DREW FROM ! ,C4,G4,T4,U41 & =M$ ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU  
,TRAVAIL ,SYNDICALI/E ,REVOLUTIONAIRE1 :I* JO9$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL  
,WORK+M5S' ,ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION HAS S9CE !N BE5  
VIGOR\SLY ACTIVE & HAS CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO KEEP ALIVE AMONG !  
WORK]S ! OLD PRE-W> IDEAS ( ! ,C4,G4,T4 ,! DISILLUSIONM5T OV]  
,RUSSIA &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! RES\ND+ E*O AMONG ! ,FR5* WORK]S (  
! ,SPANI% FI<T = FRE$OM1 L$ TO A /RONG REVIVAL ( REVOLUTION>Y  
,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 SO ?AT ONE CAN SAFELY C\NT ON A REBIR? ( !  
MOVEM5T )9 PR$ICTABLE TIME4 

,9 ,G]MANY !RE HAD EXI/$ = A LONG TIME BE=E ! W> !  
MOVEM5T ( ! SO-CALL$ ,LOCOLI/S1 :OSE /RON<OLD WAS ! ,FREIE  
,V]EIGUNG DEUTS*] ,GEW]KS*AFT51 F\ND$ BY ,G4,KESSL] & ,F4 ,KAT] 9  
#a#h#i#g4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS ORIG9ALLY 9SPIR$ BY PURELY ,SOCIAL  
,DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 BUT IT COMBAT$ ! C5TRALIZ+ T5D5CIES ( !  
G5]AL ,G]MAN TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,! REVIVAL ( REVOLUTION>Y  
,SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ?IS MOVEM5T1 & ?IS  
WAS NOTABLY /R5G!N$ :5 ! =M] ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT & LAT]  
,AN>*I/1 ,DR4 ,R4 ,FRI$B]G CAME \T = ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 #aih !  
,F4,V4,D4,G4 BROKE COMPLETELY ) ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & OP5LY PR(ESS$  
,SYNDICALISM4 ,AFT] ! W> ?IS MOVEM5T TOOK A %>P UPSW+ & 9 A  
%ORT TIME C\NT$ #a#b1 MEMB]S4 ,AT ITS CONGRESS 9 ,B]L9 9 #aiai  
! DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES WORK$ \T BY ,R4 ,ROCK] WAS ADOPT$2 ?IS  
WAS 9 ESS5TIAL AGREEM5T ) ! OBJECTIVES ( ! ,SPANI% ,C4,N4,T4 ,AT  
! CONGRESS 9 ,DUSSELDORF 7#a#i#b71 ! ORGANIZATION *ANG$ ITS NAME TO  
,FREIE ,>BEIT]-,UNION ,DEUTS*L&S4 ,! MOVEM5T C>RI$ ON AN UNUSUALLY  
ACTIVE PROPAG&A & TOOK AN ESPECIALLY 5]GETIC P>T 9 ! GREAT  
ACTIONS BY ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 ! ,RH5I% 9DU/RIAL FIELD4 ,!  
,F4,A4,U4,D4 R5D]$ A GREAT S]VICE ?R\< ! TIRELESS LABORS ( ITS  
ACTIVE PUBLI%+ H\SE1 :I*1 9 ADDITION TO A VOLUM\S PAMPHLET  
LIT]ATURE1 BR\<T \T A L>GE NUMB] ( LONG] WORKS BY ,KROPOTK91  
,BAKUN91 ,NETTLAU1 ,ROCK] & O!RS1 & BY ?IS ACTIVITY SPREAD !  
LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ( !SE M5 TO WID] CIRCLES4 ,! MOVEM5T1 9  
ADDITION TO ITS WEEKLY ORGAN1 ,D] ,SYNDIKALI/1 & ! !ORETICAL  
MON?LY1 ,DIE ,9T]NATIONALE1 HAD AT ITS COMM& A NUMB] ( LOCAL  
%EETS1 AMONG !M ! DAILY PAP]1 ,DIE ,S*OPFUNG1 9 ,DUSSELDORF4 ,AFT]  
,HITL]'S ACCESSION TO P[] ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,G]MAN ,AN>*O- 
,SYNDICALI/S VANI%$ FROM ! SC5E4 ,A GREAT MANY ( ITS SUPPORT]S  
LANGUI%$ 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS OR HAD TO TAKE REFUGE ABROAD4 ,9 SPITE  
( ?IS ! ORGANIZATION /ILL EXI/S 9 SECRET1 & UND] MO/  
DIFFICULT CONDITIONS C>RIES ON ITS UND]GR\ND PROPAG&A4 

,9 ,SW$5 !RE HAS EXI/$ = A LONG TIME A V]Y ACTIVE  
,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRALORGANIZATION1 :I*  
IS ALSO AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION NUMB]S OV]  
#d1 MEMB]S1 :I* CON/ITUTES A V]Y HI< P]C5TAGE ( ! ,SW$I%  
LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SW$I% WORK]S'  
MOVEM5T IS 9 V]Y EXCELL5T CONDITION4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS TWO DAILY  
PAP]S ONE ( !M1 ,>BET>51 MANAG$ BY ,ALB]T ,J5S5 9 ,/OCKHOLM4 ,IT  
HAS ITS DISPOSAL A L>GE NUMB] ( DI/+UI%$ PROPAG&I/S1 & HAS  
ALSO 9AUGURAT$ A V]Y ACTIVE ,SYNDICALI/ ,Y\? MOVEM5T4 ,! ,SW$I%  
,SYNDICALI/S TAKE A /RONG 9T]E/ 9 ALL ! WORK]S' /RUGGLES 9 !  
C\NTRY4 ,:51 ON ! OCCASION ( ! GREAT /RIKE ( ,ADAL51 !  
,SW$I% GOV]NM5T = ! FIR/ TIME S5T MILITIA AGA9/ ! WORK]S1  
FIVE M5 BE+ %OT D[N 9 ! AFFRAY1 & ! ,SW$I% WORK]S REPLI$  
) A G5]AL /RIKE1 ! ,SYNDICALI/S PLAY$ A PROM95T P>T1 & !  
GOV]NM5T WAS AT LA/ COMPELL$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! PROTE/  
MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S4 

,9 ,HOLL& AS ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T !RE WAS ! ,NATIONALE  
,>BEET]-,SEKRET>IAT 7,N4,A4,S471 :I* C\NT$ #d1 MEMB]S4 ,BUT :5  
?IS CAME MORE & MORE UND] ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE1 ! ,N$]L&IS*  
,SYNDIKALI/IS* ,VAKV]BOND SPLIT (F FROM IT & ANN\NC$ ITS  
AFFILIATION ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT UNIT 9 ?IS NEW  
ORGANIZATION IS ! METAL WORK]S' UNION UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,A4  
,R\SSEAU4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS C>RI$ ON1 ESPECIALLY 9 REC5T YE>S1 A  
V]Y ACTIVE PROPAG&A1 & POSSESSES 9 ,DIE ,SYNDIKALI/1 $IT$ BY  
,ALB]T ,DE ,JONG1 AN EXCELL5T ORGAN4 ,& ! MON?LY ,GROND-,SLAG51 :I*  
APPE>$ = A FEW YE>S UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,A4 ,MULL]-,LEHN+1  
DES]VES ALSO TO BE M5TION$ H]E4 ,HOLL& HAS BE5 FROM OLD !  
CLASSIC L& ( ANTI-MILIT>ISM4 ,DOMELA ,NEIUW5HUIS1 =M] PRIE/ &  
LAT] ,AN>*I/1 HI<LY RESPECT$ BY EV]YONE = HIS PURE IDEALISM1 9  
#aid F\ND$ ! ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I*1 H[EV]1 HAD  
9FLU5CE WOR? M5TION+ ONLY 9 ,HOLL& & ,FRANCE4 ,AT ! ?IRD  
ANTI-MILIT>I/ CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 7#a#i#b#a7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI- 
,MILIT>I/ ,BUREAU AGA9/ ,W> & ,REACTION WAS F\ND$1 :I* = !  
PA/ SIXTE5 YE>S HAS C>RI$ ON AN EXTREMELY ACTIVE 9T]NATIONAL  
PROPAG&A GR\P1 & HAS F\ND ABLE & UNSELFI% REPRES5TATIVES 9  
M5 LIKE ,B DE ,LIGT & ,ALB]T DE ,JONG4 ,! BUREAU WAS REPRES5T$ AT A  
NUMB] ( 9T]NATIONAL PEACE CONGRESSES & PUT \T A SPECIAL PRESS- 
S]VICE 9 SEV]AL LANGUAGES4 ,9 #aibe IT ALLI$ ITSELF ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4  
?R\< ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ANTI-MILIT>Y ,COMMITTEE1 & 9 ASSOCIATION  
) ?AT ORGANIZATION C>RIES ON A TIRELESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ REACTION  
& ! P]IL ( NEW W>S4 

,9 ADDITION TO !SE !RE EXI/ ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A  
GR\PS 9 ,NORWAY1 ,POL& & ,BULG>IA1 :I* >E AFFILIAT$ ) !  
,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,LIKEWISE ! ,JAPANESE ,JIYU ,R5GO ,DANTAI ,Z5KOKU ,KAIGI HAD  
5T]$ 9TO =MAL ALLIANCE ) ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 

,9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,>G5T9A1 ! MO/ ADVANC$  
C\NTRY ON ! S\!RN CONT95T1 ! Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T WAS FROM  
! V]Y BEG9N+ /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAS (  
,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 #ahi TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES FROM ,B>CELONA CAME ,PELLICE  
,P>AIRO1 :O HAD LIV$ ?R\< ! TIME ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL &  
WAS ONE ( ! *AMPIONS ( LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM 9 ,SPA94 ,UND] HIS  
9FLU5CE A CONGRESS ( TRADE UNIONS CONV5$ 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 #a#h#i#a1  
FROM :I* >OSE ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,>G5T9A1 :I* AT ITS' F\R?  
CONGRESS *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,SEGIONAL ,>G5T9A4 ,!  
,F4,O4,R4,A4 HAS C>RI$ ON S9CE !N )\T 9T]RUPTION1 EV5 ?\< ITS  
EFFICI5CY WAS (T51 AS IT IS AGA9 TODAY1 DI/URB$ BY P]IODS (  
REACTION1 & IT WAS DRIV5 TO UND]GR\ND ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS AN ,AN>*I/  
TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 & IT WAS ! S\L ( ALL ! GREAT LABOR  
/RUGGLES :I* HAVE SO (T5 %AK5 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 BEGAN  
ITS ACTIVITY ) #d1 MEMB]S1 :I* NUMB] HAS GR[N S9CE ! ,WORLD  
,W> TO #c14 ,ITS HI/ORY1 :I* ,D4 ,A4 DE ,SANTIALLAN HAS SKET*$ 9  
HIS WORK 0,F4,O4,R4,A410 IS ONE ( ! MO/ BATTLE-FILL$ *APT]S 9 !  
ANNALS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,= OV] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S  
! MOVEM5T HAD A DAILY PAP]1 ,LA ,PROTE/A1 :I* UND] ! $ITOR%IP  
( ,SANTIALLAN & ,>ANGO1 = YE>S PUBLI%$ A WEEKLY SUPPLEM5T TO  
:I* ! BE/ M9DS ( 9T]NATIONAL LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM CONTRIBUT$4  
,! PAP] WAS SUPPRESS$ AFT] ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,G5]AL ,URIBURA1 BUT  
IT CONT9UES TO APPE> 9 AN UND]GR\ND $ITION OV5 TODAY1 EV5 IF NOT  
QUITE DAILY4 ,MOREOV]1 ALMO/ EV]Y CONSID]ABLE TRADE UNION HAD ITS [N  
ORGAN4 ,! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 E>LY JO9$ ! ,I4,W4,M4,A41 HAV+ BE5 REPRES5T$  
AT ITS F\ND+ CONGRESS BY TWO DELEGATES4 

,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#b#i1 ! ,F4,O4,R4,A4 SUMMON$ A CONGRESS ( ALL ! ,S\?  
,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES1 TO MEET 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,TO IT ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 S5T  
FROM ,B]L9 ITS ,CORRESPOND+ ,SECRET>Y1 ,A4 ,S\*Y4 ,AT ?IS CONGRESS1  
BESIDES ! ,F4,O4,R4,A ( ,>G5T9A1 !RE W]E REPRES5T$3 ,P>AGUAY BY  
! ,C5TRO ,OBR>O DEL ,P>AGUAY2 ,BOLIVIA BY ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE LA  
,PAZ1 ,LA ,ANTOR*A1 & ,LUZ Y ,LIB]TAD2 ,MEXICO BY ! ,CONF$]ACION  
,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES2 ,GUATEMALA BY ! ,COMITE PRO ,ACCION ,S9DICAL2  
,URUGUAY BY ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,URUGUAYA2 ,FROM ,BRAZIL TRADE UNIONS  
FROM SEV5 ( ! T5 CON/ITU5T /ATES W]E REPRES5T$1 ,CO/A ,RICA  
WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ORGANIZATION1 ,HACIA LA ,LIB]TAD4 ,EV5 ! ,*ILEAN  
,I4,W4,W4 S5T REPRES5TATIVES1 AL?\< S9CE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,IBANEZ  
IT HAD BE5 ABLE TO C>RY ON ONLY UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES4 ,AT ?IS  
CONGRESS ! ,CONT95TAL ,AM]ICAN ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS BR\<T  
9TO EXI/5CE1 CON/ITUT+ ! ,AM]ICAN DIVISION ( ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 ,!  
SEAT ( ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS AT FIR/ 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 BUT LAT]1  
BECAUSE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 IT HAD TO BE TRANSF]R$ TO ,URUGUAY4 

,!SE >E ! =CES :I* ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM AT PRES5T HAS AT  
ITS DISPOSAL 9 ! SEV]AL C\NTRIES4 ,EV]Y:]E IT HAS TO C>RY ON A  
DIFFICULT /RUGGLE AGA9/ REACTION AS WELL AS AGA9/ ! CONS]VATIVE  
ELEM5TS 9 ! PRES5T LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?R\< ! H]OIC BATTLE (  
! ,SPANI% WORK]S ! ATT5TION ( ! WORLD IS TODAY DIRECT$ TO ?IS  
MOVEM5T1 & ITS ADH]5TS >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT A GREAT &  
SUCCESSFUL FUTURE LIES BE=E !M4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,PROLET>IAT & ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 
#b4 ,! ,PROLET>IAT & ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 

,! ]A ( MA*9E PRODUCTION & MOD]N ,CAPITALISM2 ,! RISE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT2 ,! FIR/ LABOR UNIONS & !IR /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE2 ,LUDDISM2 ,TRADE ,UNIONISM PURE & SIMPLE2 ,POLITICAL RADICALISM & LABOR2 ,! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T2 ,SOCIALISM & ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,MOD]N ,SOCIALISM WAS AT FIR/ ONLY A PR(\ND] UND]/&+ ( ! 9T]CONNECTIONS 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! CONTRADICTIONS IMPLICIT 9 ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] & TO GIVE A NEW CONT5T TO MAN'S RELATIONS ) HIS SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,ITS 9FLU5CE WAS1 !RE=E1 = A TIME CONF9$ TO A LITTLE CIRCLE ( 9TELLECTUALS1 :O = ! MO/ P>T CAME FROM ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,9SPIR$ ) A PR(\ND & NOBLE SYMPA?Y = ! 9TELLECTUAL & MAT]IAL NE$S ( GREAT MASSES !Y S\<T A WAY \T ( ! LABYR9? ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS 9 ORD] TO OP5 TO MANK9D NEW \TLOOKS = ITS FUTURE DEVELOPM5T4 ,= !M ,SOCIALISM WAS A CULTURAL QUE/ION2 !RE=E1 !Y MADE !IR APPEAL DIRECTLY & *IEFLY TO ! REASON & E?ICAL S5SE ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES1 HOP+ TO F9D !M RECEPTIVE TO ! NEW 9SI<TS4 

,BUT IDEAS DO NOT MAKE A MOVEM5T2 !Y >E !MSELVES M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( CONCRETE SITUATIONS1 ! 9TELLECTUAL PRECIPITATE ( P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,MOVEM5TS >ISE ONLY FROM ! IMM$IATE & PRACTICAL NECESSITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE & >E NEV] ! RESULT ( PURELY AB/RACT IDEAS4 ,BUT !Y ACQUIRE !IR IRRESI/IBLE =CE & !IR 9N] C]TA9TY ( VICTORY ONLY :5 !Y >E VITALIZ$ BY A GREAT IDEA1 :I* GIVES !M LIFE & 9TELLECTUAL CONT5T4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 VIEW$ ?US ?AT ! RELATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T TO ,SOCIALISM CAN BE CORRECTLY UND]/OOD & 9TELLIG5TLY VALU$4 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT ! CREATOR ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T2 RA!R1 IT GREW \T ( IT4 ! MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ AS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( A SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION \T ( :I* ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ WORLD WAS BORN4 ,ITS IMM$IATE PURPOSE WAS ! /RUGGLE = DAILY BREAD1 ! CONSCI\S RESI/ANCE TO A TR5D ( ?+S WAS CON/ANTLY BECOM+ MORE RU9\S = ! WORK]S4 

,! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T [ES ITS EXI/5CE TO ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION :I* WAS GO+ ON 9 ,5GL& 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & :I* HAS S9CE !N OV]FL[$ 9TO ALL FIVE CONT95TS4 ,AFT] ! SY/EM ( SO-CALL$ 0MANUFACTURES0 HAD AT AN E>LI] P]IOD OP5$ ! DOOR = A C]TA9 DEGREE ( DIVISION ( LABOR--A DIVISION :I* WAS1 H[EV]1 CONC]N$ MORE ) ! ME?ODS ( APPLY+ HUMAN LABOR ?AN ) ACTUAL TE*NICAL PROCESSES--! GREAT 9V5TIONS ( ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD BR\<T AB\T A COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( ALL ! APP>ATUS ( WORK2 ! MA*9E CONQU]$ ! 9DIVIDUAL TOOL & CREAT$ TOTALLY NEW =MS = PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES 9 G5]AL4 ! 9V5TION ( ! ME*ANICAL LOOM REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! :OLE TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RY 9 ,5GL&1 & L$ TO A COMPLETE NEW SET ( ME?ODS 9 ! PROCESS+ & DYE+ ( WOOL & COTTON4 

,?R\< ! UTILIZATION ( /EAM P[]1 MADE AVAILABLE BY ! EPO*-MAK+ 9V5TION ( ,JAMES ,WATT1 MA*9E PRODUCTION WAS FRE$ FROM ITS DEP5D5CE ON ! OLD MOTIVE =CES ( W9D1 WAT] & HORSE P[]1 & ! WAY FIR/ PROP]LY OP5$ = MOD]N MASS PRODUCTION4 ,! USE ( /EAM MADE POSSIBLE ! OP]ATION ( MA*9ES ( DIFF]5T FUNCTION 9 ! SAME ROOMS4 ,?US >OSE ! MOD]N FACTORY1 :I* 9 A FEW DECADES HAD %OV$ ! SMALL %OP TO ! BR9K ( ! ABYSS4 ,?IS HAPP5$ FIR/ 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY2 ! O!R BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION FOLL[$ AT %ORT 9T]VALS4 ! UTILIZATION ( ! P[] ( /EAM & ! 9V5TION ( CA/ /EEL L$ 9 A %ORT TIME TO A COMPLETE REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! IRON & COAL 9DU/RIES & RAPIDLY EXT5D$ !IR 9FLU5CE TO O!R L9ES ( WORK4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N BIG PLANTS HAD AS A RESULT ! FABUL\S GR[? ( ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES4 ,BIRM+HAM1 :I* 9 #aha BOA/$ ONLY #g#c1 9HABITANTS1 HAD 9 #ahdd A POPULATION ( #b14 ,%EFFIELD 9 ! SAME P]IOD GREW FROM #d#f1 TO #a#a14 ,O!R C5T]S ( ! NEW BIG 9DU/RIES GREW 9 ! SAME RATIO4 

,! FACTORIES NE$$ HUMAN FODD]1 & ! 9CREAS+LY IMPOV]I%$ RURAL POPULATION MET ! DEM& BY /REAM+ 9TO ! CITIES4 ,! LEGISLATURE HELP$1 :51 BY ! NOTORI\S ,5CLOSURE ,ACTS1 IT ROBB$ ! SMALL F>M]S ( ! COMMON L&S & BR\<T !M TO BEGG>Y4 ,! SY/EMATIC !FT ( ! COMMONS HAD ALREADY BEGUN UND] ,QUE5 ,ANNE 7#a#g#b-#a#g#a#d71 & BY #ahdd HAD TAK5 9 MORE ?AN ONE ?IRD ( ! TILLABLE L& ( ,5GL& & ,WALES4 ,:ILE 9 #a<f !RE HAD /ILL EXI/$ #b#e1 9DEP5D5T L&[N]S1 9 ! C\RSE ( ONLY ?IRTY YE>S !IR NUMB] HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO #c#b14 

,! NEW MA*9E PRODUCTION 9CREAS$ ! SO-CALL$ NATIONAL WEAL? ON AN UNDREAM$-( SCALE4 ,BUT ?IS WEAL? WAS 9 ! H&S ( A SMALL PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY & [$ ITS ORIG9 TO ! UNRE/RA9$ EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 :I* BY ! RAPID ALT]ATION ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( LIV+ WAS PLUNG$ 9TO ! MO/ REVOLT+ MIS]Y4 ,IF ONE READS ! DISMAL DESCRIPTIONS ( ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S ( ?AT P]IOD AS IT IS SET D[N 9 ! REPORTS ( ! ,5GLI% FACTORY 9SPECTORS1 ( :I* ,M>X MADE SU* EFFECTIVE USE 9 HIS ,CAPITAL2 OR IF ONE PICKS UP A BOOK LIKE ,EUG5E ,BURET'S ,DE LA MIS]E DES CLASSES LABEURIEUSES 5 ,ANGLET]RE ET ,FRANCE1 TO :I* ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS WAS SO DEEPLY 9DEBT$ 9 HIS 9ITIAL WORK1,! ,CONDITIONS ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES 9 ,5GL&2 OR ANY ONE ( NUM]\S WORKS BY CONTEMPOR>Y ,5GLI% AU?ORS1 ONE GETS A PICTURE ( ?AT TIME :I* /AGG]S ! M9D4 

,IF ,>?UR ,Y\NG1 9 HIS WELL-KN[N ACC\NT ( HIS TRAVELS 9 ,FRANCE JU/ BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 C\LD DECL>E ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! ,FR5* RURAL POPULATION /OOD ALMO/ ON ! LEVEL ( BEA/S1 HAV+ LO/ EV]Y TRACE ( HUMANITY AS A RESULT ( !IR HORRIBLE POV]TY1 ! COMP>ISON C\LD APPLY 9 L>GE MEASURE ALSO TO ! 9TELLECTUAL & MAT]IAL /ATUS ( ! GREAT MASSES ( ! RIS+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ! 9ITIAL P]IOD ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 

,! 5ORM\S MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S DWELT 9 MIS]ABLE DIRTY HOLES )\T EV5 A GLASS W9D[1 & !Y HAD TO SP5D FROM F\RTE5 TO FIFTE5 H\RS A DAY 9 ! SWEAT%OPS ( 9DU/RY1 9NOC5T ( EI!R HYGI5IC EQUIPM5T OR PROVISION = ! PROTECTION ( ! LIVES & HEAL? ( ! 9MATES4 ,& ?IS = A WAGE ?AT WAS NEV] 5\< TO SATISFY EV5 ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE ( NE$S4 ,IF AT ! 5D ( ! WEEK ! WORK] HAD 5\< LEFT TO 5ABLE HIM TO =GET ! HELL HE LIV$ 9 = A FEW H\RS BY GETT+ DRUNK ON BAD LIQUOR1 IT WAS ! MO/ HE C\LD A*IEVE4 ,! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 PRO/ITUTION1 DRUNK5NESS & CRIME4 ,! UTT] WRET*$NESS ( MANK9D DAWNS ON ONE :5 HE READS ( ! SPIRITUAL DEGRADATION & MORAL DEPRAVITY ( ?OSE MASSES :OM NO ONE PITI$4 

,! PITIFUL SITUATION ( ! FACTORY SLAVES WAS MADE /ILL MORE OPPRESSIVE BY ! SO-CALL$ TRUCK SY/EM1 UND] :I* ! WORK] WAS COMPELL$ TO PUR*ASE HIS PROVISIONS & O!R >TICLES ( DAILY USE 9 ! /ORES ( ! FACTORY-[N]S1 :]E (T5 OV]PRIC$ & UNUSABLE GOODS W]E H&$ \T TO HIM4 ,?IS W5T SO F> ?AT ! WORK] HAD SC>CELY ANY?+ LEFT ( !IR H>D-E>N$ WAGES1 & HAD TO PAY = UNEXPECT$ EXP5SES1 SU* AS DOCTORS1 M$IC9ES1 & ! LIKE ) ! GOODS !Y HAD RECEIV$ FROM ! FACTORY [N]S1 :I* !Y HAD1 ( C\RSE1 TO TURN 9 9 SU* CASES AT A L[] PRICE ?AN !Y HAD BE5 *>G$ = !M4 ,& CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S TELL H[ MO!RS1 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE BURIAL = A DEAD *ILD1 W\LD HAVE TO PAY ! UND]TAK] & ! GRAV$IGG] 9 ?IS WAY4 

,& ?IS LIMITLESS EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN LABOR-P[] WAS NOT CONF9$ TO M5 & WOM54 ,! NEW ME?ODS ( WORK HAD 5ABL$ ! MA*9E TO BE S]V$ ) JU/ A FEW MANUAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* C\LD BE LE>N$ ) NO GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,?IS L$ TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! *ILDR5 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :O W]E PUT TO WORK AT ! AGE ( ?REE OR F\R YE>S & HAD TO DRAG \T !IR Y\? 9 ! 9DU/RIAL PRISONS ( ! 5TREPR5EURS4 ,! /ORY ( *ILD LABOR1 ON :I* NO RE/RICTIONS ( ANY K9D W]E IMPOS$ AT FIR/1 IS ONE ( ! D>KE/ *APT]S 9 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT %[S TO :AT L5G?S ( HE>TLESSNESS A ,*RI/IAN MANAGEM5T W\LD GO1 UNTR\BL$ BY E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 & UN?9K+LY ACCU/OM$ TO UNRE/RICT$ EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 ,PROLONG$ LABOR UND] ! UN:OLESOME CONDITIONS ( ! FACTORIES AT LA/ RAIS$ *ILD MORTALITY TO ! PO9T :]E ,RI*>D ,C>LILE C\LD1 ) P]FECT JU/ICE1 SPEAK ( A 0GRUESOME REPETITION ( ! SLAU<T] ( ! 9NOC5TS AT ,BE?LEHEM40 ,NOT UNTIL !N DID P>LIAM5T 5ACT LAWS :I* W]E = A LONG TIME EVAD$ BY ! FACTORY [N]S1 OR SIMPLY BROK54 

,! /ATE L5T ITS BE/ ASSI/ANCE TO ! FREE+ ( MANAGEM5T FROM RE/RICTIONS BURD5SOME ON ITS LU/ = EXPLOITATION4 ,IT PROVID$ IT ) *EAP LABOR4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE WAS DEVIS$ ! NOTORI\S ,POOR ,LAW ( #a#h#c#d1 :I* R\SE SU* A /ORM ( 9DIGNATION1 NOT ONLY FROM ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 BUT FROM EV]YONE :O /ILL C>RI$ A HE>T 9 HIS BOSOM4 ,! OLD ,POOR ,LAW1 :I* HAD ORIG9AT$ 9 #afa UND] ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE?1 WAS AN \TCOME ( ! SUPPRESSION ( ! MONA/]IES 9 ,5GL&4 ,! MONA/]IES HAD MADE A PRACTICE ( EXP5D+ A ?IRD ( !IR 9COME ON ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! POOR4 ,BUT ! NOBLE PROPRIETORS TO :OM ! GREAT] P>T ( ! MONA/IC HOLD+S HAD FALL5 HAD NO ?\<T ( CONT9U+ TO DEVOTE ! REQUIR$ ?IRD TO ALMS1 SO ! LAW IMPOS$ ON ! P>I%ES ! DUTY ( C>+ = ! POOR & F9D+ SOME HUMAN MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ?OSE :OSE EXI/5CE HAD BE5 UPROOT$4 ! LAW SAW 9 POV]TY A P]SONAL MIS=TUNE = :I* ! HUMAN BE+ WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE1 & CONC$$ TO HIM ! RI<T TO CALL UPON SOCIETY = AID :5 ?R\< NO FAULT ( HIS [N HE HAD FALL5 9TO NE$ & WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO PROVIDE = HIMSELF4 ,?IS NATURAL CONSID]ATION GAVE ! LAW A SOCIAL *>ACT]4 

,! NEW LAW1 H[EV]1 BR&$ POV]TY AS CRIME1 & LAID ! RESPONSIBILITY = P]SONAL MIS=TUNE UPON ALLEG$ 9DOL5CE4 ,! NEW LAW HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE UND] ! FATEFUL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,MAL?USIAN DOCTR9E1 :OSE MISAN?ROPIC TEA*+S HAD BE5 HAIL$ BY ! POSSESS+ CLASSES AS A NEW REVELATION4 ,MAL?US1 :OSE WELL-KN[N WORK ON ! POPULATION PROBLEM HAD BE5 CONCEIV$ AS AN ANSW] TO ,GODW9'S ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 HAD ANN\NC$ 9 BLUNT WORDS ?AT ! POOR MAN =C$ HIS WAY 9TO SOCIETY AS AN UN9VIT$ GUE/1 & C\LD !RE=E LAY NO CLAIM TO SPECIAL RI<TS OR TO ! PITY ( HIS FELL[ M54 ,SU* A VIEW WAS1 ( C\RSE1 GRI/ TO ! MILL ( ! 9DU/RI\S B>ONS & GAVE ! REQUIR$ MORAL SUPPORT TO !IR UNLIMIT$ LU/ = EXPLOITATION4 

,! NEW LAW TOOK ! PROVISION = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! POOR \T ( ! H&S ( ! P>I% AU?ORITIES & PUT IT UND] A C5TRAL BODY APPO9T$ BY ! /ATE4 ,MAT]IAL SUPPORT BY MONEY OR PROVISIONS WAS = ! MO/ P>T ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY ! WORKH\SE1 ?AT NOTORI\S & HAT$ 9/ITUTION :I* 9 ! POPUL> SPEE* WAS CALL$ ! 0POOR LAW ,BA/ILLE40 ,HE :O1 SMITT5 BY FATE1 WAS COMPELL$ TO SEEK REFUGE 9 ! WORKH\SE1 SURR5D]$ HIS /ATUS AS A HUMAN BE+1 = ?OSE H\SES W]E \TRI<T PRISONS1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS PUNI%$ & HUMILIAT$ = HIS P]SONAL MIS=TUNE4 ,9 ! WORKH\SES AN IRON DISCIPL9E PREVAIL$1 :I* C\NT]$ ANY OPPOSITION ) /RICT PUNI%M5T4 ,EV]YONE HAD A DEF9ITE TASK TO P]=M2 ANYONE :O WAS NOT ABLE TO DO IT WAS DEPRIV$ ( FOOD 9 PUNI%M5T4 ,! FOOD WAS WORSE & MORE 9ADEQUATE ?AN 9 ACTUAL PRISONS1 & ! TREATM5T SO H>% & B>B>\S ?AT *ILDR5 W]E (T5 DRIV5 TO SUICIDE4 ,FAMILIES W]E SEP>AT$ & !IR MEMB]S P]MITT$ TO SEE ONE ANO!R ONLY AT /AT$ TIMES & UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! (FICIALS4 ,EV]Y EF=T WAS DIRECT$ TO MAK+ RESID5CE 9 ?IS PLACE ( T]ROR SO UN5DURABLE ?AT ONLY ! UTMO/ NECESSITY W\LD DRIVE HUMAN BE+S TO SEEK 9 IT A LA/ REFUGE4 ,= ?AT WAS ! REAL PURPOSE ( ! NEW POOR LAW4 ,MA*9E PRODUCTION HAD DRIV5 ?\S&S \T ( !IR OLD MEANS ( LIV+--9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES ALONE MORE ?AN #h1 H& WEAV]S HAD BE5 MADE BEGG>S BY ! MOD]N BIG PLANTS--& ! NEW LAW SAW TO IT ?AT *EAP LABOR WAS AT ! COMM& ( MANAGEM5T1 & ) IT ! POSSIBILITY ( CON/ANTLY =C+ WAGES L[]4 

,UND] !SE HORRIBLE CONDITIONS A NEW SOCIAL CLASS WAS BORN1 :I* HAD NO =]UNN]S 9 HI/ORY3 ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! SMALL CRAFTSMAN ( =M] TIMES1 :O S]V$ PR9CIPALLY ! LOCAL DEM&1 5JOY$ COMP>ATIVELY SATISFACTORY LIV+ CONDITIONS1 :I* W]E ONLY R>ELY DI/URB$ BY ANY CONSID]ABLE %OCK FROM )\T4 ,HE S]V$ HIS APPR5TICE%IP1 BECAME A J\RNEYMAN1 & (T51 LAT]1 A MA/] HIMSELF1 AS ! ACQUISITION ( ! NECESS>Y TOOLS ( HIS TRADE WAS NOT DEP5D5T ON ! POSSESSION ( ANY GREAT AM\NT ( CAPITAL1 AS IT BECAME 9 ! ]A ( ! MA*9E4 ,HIS WORK WAS WOR?Y ( A HUMAN BE+ & /ILL (F]$ ?AT NATURAL V>IETY :I* 9CITES TO CREATIVE ACTIVITY & GU>ANTEES 9N] SATISFACTION TO MAN4 

,EV5 ! SMALL HOME 9DU/RIALI/1 :O AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CAPITALI/ ]A WAS ALREADY DISPOS+ ( ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS PRODUCT TO ! RI* LORDS ( TRADE 9 ! CITIES1 WAS F> FROM BE+ A PROLET>IAN 9 ! PRES5T S5SE4 ,9DU/RY1 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 P>TICUL>1 HAD ITS C5T]S 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 SO ?AT ! SMALL CRAFTSM5 9 MO/ 9/ANCES HAD AT HIS DISPOSAL A T9Y BIT ( L&1 :I* MADE MA9T5ANCE EASI] = HIM4 ,& AS ! ONCOM+ CAPITALISM WAS BE=E ! DOM9ATION ( ! MA*9E1 /ILL TI$ TO ! H&ICRAFT /AGE ( 9DU/RY1 ITS POSSIBILITIES ( EXPANSION W]E = ! TIME LIMIT$1 S9CE ! DEM& = ! PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RY WAS AS A RULE GREAT] ?AN SUPPLY1 SO ?AT ! WORK] WAS SAFEGU>D$ AGA9/ S]I\S ECONOMIC CRISES4 

,H[EV]1 ALL ?AT WAS *ANG$ )9 A V]Y FEW YE>S AFT] MOD]N MA*9E PRODUCTION HAD BEGUN TO PLAY ITS P>T1 AS IT WAS DEP5D5T 9 ADVANCE ON MASS DEM&1 & H5CE ON ! CONQUE/ ( =EIGN M>KETS4 ,EA* NEW 9V5TION RAIS$ ! CAPACITY = PRODUCTION 9 EV] 9CREAS+ MEASURE & MADE 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL ! UNDISPUT$ MA/] ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY1 DOM9AT+ TRADE & F9ANCE4 ,& S9CE FREE COMPETITION1 :I* WAS HELD BY !ORI/S TO BE AN IRON ECONOMIC LAW1 PUT ANY PLANN$ CONTROL ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION \T ( ! QUE/ION1 AT LONG] OR %ORT] P]IODS !RE MU/ OCCUR P]IODS :51 [+ TO V>I\S CAUSES1 ! SUPPLY ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS \T/RIPP$ ! DEM&4 ,?IS BR\<T ON ABRUPT CESSATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 SO-CALL$ CRISES1 :I* W]E RU9\S TO ! PROLET>IAN POPULATION ( ! CITIES BECAUSE !Y CONDEMN$ ! WORK]S TO 5=C$ 9ACTIVITY & SO DEPRIV$ !M ( ! MEANS ( LIV+4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS PH5OM5ON ( SO-CALL$ 0OV] PRODUCTION0 :I* IS SO 9DICATIVE ( ! REAL NATURE ( MOD]N CAPITALISM--?IS CONDITION 9 :I*1 :ILE FACTORIES & W>EH\SES >E CRAMM$ ) W>ES1 ! ACTUAL PRODUC]S >E LANGUI%+ 9 BITT]E/ MIS]Y4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* REVEALS MO/ PLA9LY ! HORROR ( A SY/EM = :I* MAN IS NO?+ & DEAD POSSESSIONS EV]Y?+4 

,BUT ! DEVELOP+ PROLET>IAT WAS COMPLETELY EXPOS$ TO ! ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS ( ?IS SY/EM1 S9CE ITS MEMB]S HAD NO?+ TO DISPOSE ( EXCEPT ! LABOR ( !IR H&S4 ,! NATURAL HUMAN TIES :I* EXI/$ BETWE5 ! MA/]-WORKMAN & HIS J\RNEYM5 HAD NO MEAN+ = ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN4 ,HE WAS M]ELY ! OBJECT ( EXPLOITATION BY A CLASS ) :I* HE NO LONG] HAD ANY SOCIAL RELATION%IP4 ,= ! FACTORY [N] HE EXI/$ M]ELY AS A 0H&10 NOT ANY MORE AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,HE WAS1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! *AFF :I* ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ( ?AT TIME HAD SWEPT UP 9 HEAPS 9 ! CITIES1 AFT] HE HAD LO/ ALL SOCIAL /&+4 ,SOCIALLY UPROOT$1 HE HAD BECOME JU/ A COMPON5T ( A GREAT MASS ( %IPWRECK$ BE+S1 :O HAD ALL BE5 SMITT5 BY ! SAME FATE4 ,! MOD]N PROLET>IAN1 HE WAS ! MAN ( ! MA*9E1 A MA*9E ( FLE% & BLOOD :O SET ! MA*9E ( /EEL 9 MOTION1 TO CREATE WEAL? = O!RS1 :ILE ! ACTUAL PRODUC] ( ?IS WEAL? MU/ P]I% 9 MIS]Y4 

,& DWELL+ CLOSE-PACK$ ) HIS COMRADES-9-MIS=TUNE 9 ! GREAT C5T]S ( 9DU/RY NOT ONLY GAVE A P>TICUL> *>ACT] TO HIS MAT]IAL EXI/5CE1 IT ALSO GRADUALLY CREAT$ = HIS ?9K+ & FEEL+ NEW CONCEPTS :I* HE HAD NOT ORIG9ALLY KN[N4 ,TRANSPLANT$ 9TO A NEW WORLD ( P\ND+ MA*9ES & REEK+ *IMNEYS1 HE AT FIR/ M]ELY FELT HIMSELF AS A :EEL OR A COG 9 A MI<TY ME*ANISM AGA9/ :I* HE AS AN 9DIVIDUAL WAS HELPLESS4 ,HE D>$ NOT EV5 HOPE SOON] OR LAT] TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS CONDITION1 S9CE TO HIM1 AS ! TYPICAL DISPOSSESS$ ) NO MEANS ( KEEP+ ALIVE EXCEPT BY ! SALE ( HIS H&S1 EV]Y WAY \T WAS B>R$4 ,& NOT HE ALONE1 HIS PO/]ITY WAS DOOM$ AS WELL TO ! SAME FATE4 ,B]EFT ( EV]Y SOCIAL TIE1 HE WAS P]SONALLY A M]E NO?+ 9 COMP>ISON ) ?AT 5ORM\S P[] :I* WAS US+ HIM AS ! 9S5SATE TOOL ( ITS SELFI% 9T]E/S4 ,9 ORD] TO BECOME SOME?+ ONCE MORE & TO EFFECT SOME BETT]M5T ( HIS LOT1 HE W\LD HAVE TO ACT ALONG ) O!RS ( HIS K9D & CALL A HALT TO ! FATE ?AT HAD SMITT5 HIM4 ,SU* CONSID]ATIONS HAD SOON] OR LAT] TO CONTROL HIM IF HE DID NOT WI% SIMPLY TO S9K 9TO ! ABYSS2 !Y L$ TO ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN ALLIANCES1 TO ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 

,IT WAS NOT ! 0AGITATOR0 :O CONJUR$ ?IS MOVEM5T ( ! DISPOSSESS$ MASSES 9TO LIFE1 AS N>R[-M9D$ REACTION>IES & A RAPACI\S MANAGEM5T D>$ TO ASS]T !N1 & /ILL ASS]T EV5 TO-DAY2 IT WAS ! CONDITIONS !MSELVES :I* R\S$ TO LIFE ! MOVEM5T & ) IT ITS SPOKESM54 ,! COMB9ATION ( ! WORK]S WAS ! ONLY MEANS AT !IR COMM& = SAV+ !IR LIVES & =C+ MORE HUMAN CONDITIONS UND] :I* TO LIVE4 ,! FIR/ PROPOSALS ( ?OSE B&S ( ORGANIZ$ WAGE-WORK]S1 :I* CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! FIR/ HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 W5T NO FUR!R ?AN ! ABOLITION ( ! MO/ CRY+ EVILS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & SOME IMPROVEM5T ( ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LIV+4 

,S9CE #ace !RE HAD EXI/$ 9 ,5GL& A /ATUTE 9 ACCORDANCE ) :I* APPR5TICE%IP1 WAGES & H\RS W]E REGULAT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,! ALLIANCES ( ! ANCI5T CRAFT CORPORATIONS CONC]N$ !MSELVES ONLY ) QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES & ! RI<T ( DISPOSAL ( !M4 ,BUT :51 ) 9CIPI5T CAPITALISM1 & ! SPREAD ( 0MANUFACTURES10 WAGES BEGAN TO BE PU%$ D[N FUR!R & FUR!R1 ! FIR/ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOP$ AMONG ! NEW CLASS ( WAGE-WORK]S TO COMBAT ! T5D5CY4 ,BUT !SE EF=TS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S AT ONCE 5C\NT]$ ! UNANIM\S RESI/ANCE ( ! MANAG]S1 :O BESIEG$ ! GOV]NM5T ) PETITIONS TO UPHOLD ! ANCI5T LAW & SUPPRESS ! 0UNLAWFUL0 ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,& P>LIAM5T PROMPTLY RESPOND$ TO ?IS DEM& BY PASS+ ! SO-CALL$ ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS ( #a#g#i#i-#a#h1 :I* PROHIBIT$ ALL COMB9ATIONS = ! PURPOSE ( RAIS+ WAGES OR IMPROV+ ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( WORK & IMPOS$ SEV]E P5ALTIES = VIOLATION4 

,?US LABOR WAS GIV5 OV] UNCONDITIONALLY TO EXPLOITATION BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL1 & WAS FAC$ ) ! ALT]NATIVES (1 EI!R SUBMITT+ TO ! LAW & ACCEPT+ )\T RESI/ANCE ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ?IS 5TAIL$1 OR BREAK+ ! LAW :I* HAD CONDEMN$ !M TO \TRI<T SLAV]Y4 ,CONFRONT$ ) SU* A *OICE ! DECISION C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 TOO DIFFICULT = ! MORE C\RAGE\S SECTION ( ! WORK]S1 AS !Y HAD SC>CELY MORE TO LOSE ANYWAY4 ,!Y DEFI$ ! LAW :I* MOCK$ AT HUMAN DIGNITY1 & TRI$ BY EV]Y MEANS TO GET >\ND ITS PROVISIONS4 ,S9CE ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W]E AT FIR/ PURELY LOCAL 9 *>ACT] & CONF9$ TO P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES1 HAD BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ! LEGAL RI<T TO EXI/1 !RE SPRANG UP ALL OV] ! C\NTRY SO-CALL$ MUTUAL B5EFIT ASSOCIATIONS OR SIMIL> 9NOCU\S BODIES1 HAV+ AS !IR SOLE PURPOSE ! DIV]T+ ( ATT5TION FROM ! ACTUAL FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IANS4 

,= ! 9N] CORE ( !SE OP5 ASSOCIATIONS WAS COMPOS$ ( ! SECRET CONSPIRATORY BRO!RHOODS ( ! MILITANT ELEM5T AMONG ! WORK]S1 SMALL] OR L>G] GR\PS ( DET]M9$ M51 B\ND BY AN OA? TO PR(\NDE/ SECRECY & MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE4 ,9 ! NOR!RN 9DU/RIAL SECTIONS ( ,5GL& & 9 ,SCOTL& 9 P>TICUL> !RE W]E A L>GE NUMB] ( !SE SECRET ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* C>RI$ ON ! FI<T AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S & SPURR$ ! WORK]S TO RESI/ANCE4 ,IT LAY 9 ! NATURE ( ! AFFAIR ?AT MO/ ( !SE /RUGGLES ASSUM$ AN EXTREMELY VIOL5T *>ACT]1 AS IS EASY TO UND]/& :5 WE CONSID] ! MIS]ABLE SITUATION ( ! WORK]S RESULT+ FROM ! DISA/R\S DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & ! PITILESS PROSECUTIONS FOLL[+ EV5 ! MO/ MODE/ ATTEMPT AT IMPROVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN /&>D ( LIV+4 ,ANY VIOLATION ( ! LETT] ( ! LAW WAS VISIT$ ) HORRIBLE PUNI%M5T4 ,EV5 AFT] TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS W]E LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 #a#h#b#d1 ! PROSECUTIONS DID NOT CEASE = A LONG TIME4 ,CONSCI5CELESS JUDGES1 OP5LY & CYNICALLY PROTECT+ ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! EMPLOY]S1 9FLICT$ HUNDR$S ( YE>S IMPRISONM5T ON 9SUBORD9ATE WORK]S1 & A CONSID]ABLE TIME ELAPS$ BE=E SOME:AT 5DURABLE CONDITIONS PREVAIL$4 

,9 #a#h#a#b1 ! SECRET LABOR ORGANIZATIONS BR\<T AB\T A G5]AL /RIKE ( ! WEAV]S 9 ,GLASG[4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S ! :OLE ( ,NOR!RN ,5GL& WAS CONT9UALLY %AK5 BY /RIKES & UNRE/ AMONG ! WORK]S :I* F9ALLY CULM9AT$ 9 ! GREAT /RIKE ( ! SP9N]S & WEAV]S 9 ,LANCA/]%IRE 9 #a#h#a#h1 9 :I* ! WORK]S1 9 ADDITION TO ! USUAL DEM& = HI<] WAGES1 CALL$ = RE=M ( FACTORY LEGISLATION & HUMANE REGULATION ( ! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! SAME YE> BR\<T ! GREAT /RIKE ( ! ,SCOTTI% M9]S1 :I* WAS /AG$ BY !IR SECRET ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,SCOTTI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY WAS P]IODICALLY CRIPPL$ BY CESSATION ( LABOR4 ,(T5 ! /RIKES W]E ACCOMPANI$ BY >SON1 DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY & PUBLIC DISORD]1 SO ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS FREQU5TLY UND] ! NECESSITY ( ?R[+ ! MILITIA 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL SECTIONS4 

,AS LAT] 9 EV]Y O!R C\NTRY1 SO !N 9 ,5GL&1 ! RES5TM5T ( ! WORK]S WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! MA*9ES1 ! SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ( :I* !Y DID NOT YET RECOGNIZE1 & :I* W]E ! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( !IR WANT4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#g#f#i1 A SPECIAL LAW HAD BE5 5ACT$ = ! PROTECTION ( ! MA*9ES2 BUT LAT]1 :5 ! APPLICATION ( /EAM P[] />T$ A RAPID ADVANCE 9 MA*9E PRODUCTION1 &1 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 P>TICUL>1 ?\S&S ( H&WORK]S W]E ROBB$ ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & PLUNG$ 9TO DEEPE/ MIS]Y1 ! DE/RUCTION ( MA*9ES BECAME AN EV]YDAY OCCURR5CE4 ,?IS WAS ! P]IOD ( SO-CALL$ ,LUDDISM4 ,9 #a#h#a#a1 OV] TWO HUNDR$ MA*9E LOOMS W]E DE/ROY$ 9 ,NOTT+HAM4 ,9 ,>NOLD1 :]E ! 9TRODUCTION ( /OCK+-WEAV+ MA*9]Y HAD ?R[N HUNDR$S ( ! OLD /OCK+ WEAV]S ON ! PAYM5T1 ! WORK]S /ORM$ ! FACTORIES & DEMOLI%$ SIXTY ( ! NEW MA*9ES1 EA* ( :I* REPRES5T$ AN 9VE/M5T ( =TY P\NDS4 ,SIMIL> P]=MANCES W]E REPEAT$ EV]Y:]E4 

,:AT WAS ! GOOD ( LAWS1 SO LONG AS ! NE$ ( ! PROLET>IAN POPULATION WAS /EADILY 9CREAS+1 & MANAGEM5T & GOV]NM5T HAD NEI!R UND]/&+ NOR SYMPA?Y = !IR SITUATION6 ,K+ ,LUDD #a MADE HIS ROYAL 5TRY 9 9DU/RIAL CIRCLES EV]Y:]E1 & EV5 ! H>%E/ LAWS W]E UNABLE TO PUT A /OP TO HIS WORK ( DE/RUCTION4 0,/OP HIM :O D>ES2 /OP HIM :O CAN60 WAS ! WAT*WORD ( ! SECRET WORK]'S SOCIETIES4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! MA*9ES CEAS$ ONLY :5 A NEW UND]/&+ ( ! MATT] >OSE AMONG !MSELVES1 & !Y CAME TO SEE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT HALT TE*NICAL PROGRESS BY ?IS MEANS4 

,9 #a#h#a#b1 P>LIAM5T 5ACT$ A LAW IMPOS+ ! DEA? P5ALTY = ! DE/RUCTION ( MA*9ES4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS OCCASION ?AT ,LORD ,BYRON DELIV]$ HIS CELEBRAT$ 9DICTM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T & IRONICALLY DEM&$ ?AT1 IF ! BLOODY LAW WAS TO BE PUT 9TO =CE1 ! H\SE %\LD PROVIDE ?AT ! JURY %\LD ALWAYS CONSI/ ( TWELVE BUT*]S4 #b 

,! (FICIALS PUT A PRICE ( =TY ?\S& P\NDS 9 ! HEADS ( ! LEAD]S ( ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,JANU>Y ( #a#h#a#c1 EI<TE5 WORK]S CONVICT$ ( ,LUDDISM W]E HANG$ AT ,YORK1 & ! DEPORTATION ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S TO ! P5AL COLONIES 9 ,AU/RALIA 9CREAS$ AT A FRI<TFUL RATE4 ,BUT ! MOVEM5T ITSELF ONLY GREW ! FA/]1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ! GREAT BUS9ESS CRISIS SET 9 AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S1 & ! DIS*>G$ SOLDI]S & SAILORS W]E ADD$ TO ! >MIES ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,?IS SITUATION WAS MADE /ILL T5S] BY SEV]AL %ORT H>VE/S & ! NOTORI\S CORN LAWS ( #a#h#a#e1 BY :I* ! PRICE ( BREAD WAS RAIS$ >TIFICIALLY4 

,BUT AL?\< ?IS FIR/ PHASE ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T WAS 9 GREAT P>T A VIOL5T ONE1 IT /ILL WAS NOT REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! PROP] S5SE4 ,= ?IS IT LACK$ ?AT PROP] UND]/&+ ( ! ACTUAL CAUSES ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROCESSES :I* ONLY ,SOCIALISM C\LD GIVE IT4 ,ITS VIOL5T ME?ODS W]E M]ELY ! RESULT ( ! BRUTAL VIOL5CE :I* WAS 9FLICT$ ON ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! ME?ODS ( ! Y\NG MOVEM5T W]E NOT DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS SU* AT ALL1 BUT M]ELY AT ! ABOLI%M5T ( ITS MO/ P]NICI\S EXCRESC5CES & AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DEC5T HUMAN /&>D ( LIV+ = ! PROLET>IAT4 0,A FAIR DAYS' PAY = A FAIR DAY'S WORK0 WAS ! SLOGAN ( !SE FIR/ UNIONS1 & :5 ! EMPLOY]S RESI/$ ?IS MODE/ & C]TA9LY FULLY JU/IFI$ DEM& ( ! WORK]S ) ! UTMO/ BRUTALITY1 ! LATT] W]E OBLIG$ TO RESORT TO :ATEV] ME?ODS W]E AVAILABLE TO !M UND] ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 

,! GREAT HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MOVEM5T LAY AT FIR/ LESS 9 ITS ACTUAL SOCIAL OBJECTIVES ?AN 9 ITS SIMPLE EXI/5CE4 ,IT GAVE A FOOT+ ONCE MORE TO ! UPROOT$ MASSES :I* ! PRESSURE ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAD DRIV5 9TO ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,IT REVIV$ !IR SOCIAL S5SE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S AWAK5$ ! SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S & GAVE NEW MEAN+ TO !IR LIVES4 ,IT BREA!D NEW HOPE 9TO ! VICTIMS ( AN ECONOMY ( UNRE/RICT$ EXPLOITATION & %[$ !M A C\RSE :I* (F]$ !M ! POSSIBILITY ( SAFEGU>D+ !IR LIVES & DEF5D+ !IR \TRAG$ HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,IT /R5G!N$ ! WORK]S' SELF-RELIANCE & GAVE !M CONFID5CE 9 ! FUTURE ONCE MORE4 ,IT TRA9$ ! WORK]S 9 SELF-DISCIPL9E & ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE1 & DEVELOP$ 9 !M ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR /R5G? & !IR IMPORTANCE AS A SOCIAL FACTOR 9 ! LIFE ( !IR TIME4 ,?IS WAS ! GREAT MORAL S]VICE ( ?AT MOVEM5T :I* WAS BORN ( ! NECESSITIES ( ! SITUATION1 & :I* ONLY HE CAN UND]VALUE :O IS BL9D TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS & )\T SYMPA?Y = ! SUFF]+S ( HIS FELL[ M54 

,:51 !N1 9 #a#h#b#d1 ! LAWS AGA9/ ! COMB9ATION ( WORK]S W]E REPEAL$1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T & ?AT SECTION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS POSSESS$ ( 9SI<T HAD AT LA/ BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT EV5 ! H>%E/ P]SECUTION W\LD NEV] BREAK UP ! MOVEM5T1 ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S SPREAD OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY AT AN UNDREAM$-( RATE4 ,! E>LI] LOCAL GR\PS COMB9$ 9TO L>G] UNIONS & ?US GAVE TO ! MOVEM5T ITS REAL IMPORTANCE4 ,EV5 ! REACTION>Y TURNS 9 ! GOV]NM5T W]E NO LONG] ABLE TO CONTROL ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y M]ELY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( VICTIMS AMONG ITS ADH]5TS1 BUT !Y C\LD NOT TURN BACK ! MOVEM5T ITSELF4 

,! NEW UPSURGE ( POLITICAL RADICALISM 9 ,5GL& AFT] ! LONG ,FR5* W>S NATURALLY HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS ALSO4 ,M5 LIKE ,BURDETT1 ,H5RY ,HUNT1 ,MAJOR ,C>TWRI<T1 & ABOVE ALL ,WILLIAM ,COBBETT1 :OSE PAP] ! ,POLITICAL ,REGI/]1 AFT] ! PRICE HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO TWOP5CE1 ATTA9$ A CIRCULATION ( SIXTY ?\S&1 W]E ! 9TELLECTUAL HEADS ( ! NEW RE=M MOVEM5T4 ,?IS WAS DIRECT+ ITS ATTACKS *IEFLY AGA9/ ! CORN LAWS1 ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS ( #a#g#i#i-#a#h1 & MO/ ( ALL1 AGA9/ ! CORRUPT ELECTORAL SY/EM UND] :I* EV5 A L>GE P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASS WAS EXCLUD$ FROM ! FRAN*ISE4 ,HUGE MASS MEET+S 9 EV]Y SECTION ( ! C\NTRY1 & P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NOR!RN 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 SET ! POPULACE 9 MOTION4 ,BUT ! REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T UND] ,CA/L]EA< OPPOS$ ANY RE=M1 & WAS DET]M9$ FROM ! FIR/ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! RE=M PROCESS BY =CE4 ,:5 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#a#i1 SIXTY ?\S& PEOPLE P\R$ 9TO ! ,PET]SFIELD 9 ,MAN*E/] TO =MULATE A MASS PETITION TO ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ASSEMBLY WAS DISP]S$ BY ! MILITIA1 & F\R HUNDR$ P]SONS W]E W\ND$ OR KILL$4 

,TO ! /ORMY \TBUR/ 9 ! C\NTRY AGA9/ ! 9/IGATORS ( ! MASSACRE ( 0,PET]LOO0 ! GOV]NM5T REPLI$ ) ! NOTORI\S SIX GAG LAWS1 BY :I* ! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY & FRE$OM ( ! PRESS W]E 9 EFFECT SUSP5D$ & ! RE=M]S MADE LIABLE TO ! H>%E/ PROSECUTION4 ,BY ! SO-CALL$ 0,CATO ,/REET ,CONSPIRACY10 9 :I* ,>?UR ,?I/LEWOOD & HIS ASSOCIATES PLANN$ ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,CAB9ET1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS GIV5 ! WI%$ = OPPORTUNITY TO PROCE$ ) DRACONIC SEV]ITY AGA9/ ! RE=M MOVEM5T4 ,ON ,MAY #a1 #a#h#b1 ,?I/LEWOOD & F\R ( HIS COMRADES PAID = !IR ATTEMPT ON ! GALL[S3 ! HABEAS CORPUS ACT WAS SUSP5D$ = TWO YE>S1 & ,5GL& WAS DELIV]$ TO A REACTION>Y REGIME :I* RESPECT$ NONE ( ! RI<TS ( ITS CITIZ5S4 

,?IS PUT A /OP TO ! MOVEM5T = ! TIME BE+4 ,!N ! ,JULY REVOLUTION ( #ahc 9 ,FRANCE L$ TO A REVIVAL ( ! ,5GLI% RE=M MOVEM5T1 :I*1 ?IS TIME1 TOOK ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,! FI<T = P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M FL>$ UP ANEW4 ,BUT AFT] ! B\RGEOISIE SAW ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR DEM&S SATISFI$ BY ! ,RE=M ,BILL ( #a#h#c#b1 A VICTORY :I* !Y [N$ ONLY TO ! 5]GETIC SUPPORT ( ! WORK]S1 !Y OPPOS$ ALL FUR!R ATTEMPTS AT RE=M1 LOOK+ T[>DS UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & LEFT ! WORK]S TO DEP>T EMPTY-H&$4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT3 ! NEW P>LIAM5T 5ACT$ A NUMB] ( REACTION>Y LAWS BY :I* ! WORK]S' RI<T TO ORGANIZE WAS AGA9 S]I\SLY ?REAT5$4 ,! %9+ EXAMPLES AMONG !SE NEW LAWS W]E ! NOTORI\S POOR LAWS ( #a#h#c#d1 TO :I* REF]5CE HAS ALREADY BE5 MADE4 ,! WORK]S FELT ?AT !Y HAD BE5 SOLD & BETRAY$1 & ?IS FEEL+ L$ TO A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! MIDDLE CLASS4 

,! NEW RE=M MOVEM5T FROM N[ ON F\ND VIGOR\S EXPRESSION 9 ! DEVELOP+ ,*>TISM1 :I*1 IT IS TRUE1 WAS SUPPORT$ BY A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T EV]Y:]E TOOK & 5]GETIC P>T4 ,*>TISM1 ( C\RSE1 HAD 9SCRIB$ ON ITS BANN] ! CELEBRAT$ SIX PO9TS ( ! *>T]1 :I* AIM$ AT RADICAL P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M1 BUT IT HAD ALSO APPROPRIAT$ ALL ! SOCIAL DEM&S ( ! WORK]S & WAS TRY+ BY EV]Y =M ( DIRECT ATTACK TO TRANS=M !SE 9TO REALITIES4 ,?US ,J4,R4 ,/EV5S1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEAD]S ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 DECL>$ BE=E A GREAT MASS MEET+ 9 ,MAN*E/] ?AT ,*>TISM WAS NOT A POLITICAL QUE/ION :I* W\LD BE SETTL$ BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 BUT WAS 9/EAD TO BE REG>D$ AS A 0BREAD & BUTT] QUE/ION10 S9CE ! *>T] W\LD MEAN GOOD HOMES1 ABUNDANT FOOD1 HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS & %ORT H\RS ( LABOR = ! WORK]S4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT PROPAG&A = ! CELEBRAT$ ,T5-,H\R ,BILL PLAY$ SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,) ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T ,5GL& HAD 5T]$ UPON A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & WIDE CIRCLES ( BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK+ CLASS W]E CONV9C$ ?AT A CIVIL W> WAS CLOSE AT H&4 ,HUGE MASS MEET+S 9 EV]Y SECTION ( ! C\NTRY TE/IFI$ TO ! RAPID SPREAD ( ! MOVEM5T1 & NUM]\S /RIKES & CON/ANT UNRE/ 9 ! CITIES GAVE IT A ?REAT5+ ASPECT4 ,! FRI<T5$ EMPLOY]S ORGANIZ$ NUM]\S >M$ LEAGUES 0= ! PROTECTION ( P]SONS & PROP]TY0 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,?IS L$ TO ! WORK]S ALSO BEG9N+ TO >M4 ,BY A RESOLUTION ( ! ,*>TI/ CONV5TION1 :I* CONV5$ 9 ,LONDON 9 ,M>* ( #a#h#c#i1 & WAS LAT] MOV$ TO ,BIRM+HAM1 FIFTE5 ( !IR BE/ ORATORS W]E S5T \T TO EV]Y SECTION ( ! C\NTRY TO MAKE ! PEOPLE AQUAT9T$ ) ! AIMS ( ! MOVEM5T & TO COLLECT SIGNATURES TO ! ,*>TI/ PETITION4 ,!IR MEET+S W]E ATT5D$ BY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 & %[$ :AT A RESPONSE ! MOVEM5T HAD >\S$ AMONG ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 

,*>TISM HAD A L>GE NUMB] ( 9TELLIG5T & SELF-SACRIFIC+ SPOKESM5 7SU* AS ,WILLIAM ,LOVELL1 ,FE>GUS ,O',CONNOR1 ,BRANT]RE ,O',BRI51 ,J4,R4 ,/EPH5S1 ,H5RY ,HE!R+TON1 ,JAMES ,WATSON1 ,H5RY ,V9C5T1 ,JOHN ,TAYLOR1 ,A4,H4 ,BEAUMONT1 ,]NE/ ,JONES1 TO M5TION ONLY A FEW ( ! BE/ KN[N47 ,IT COMM&$1 9 ADDITION1 A FAIRLY WIDESPREAD PRESS1 ( :I* PAP]S LIKE,! ,POOR ,MAN'S ,GU>DIAN & ! ,NOR!RN ,/> EX]T$ ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE4 ,*>TISM WAS1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 NOT A MOVEM5T ) DEF9ITE AIMS1 BUT RA!R A CAT*BAS9 = ! SOCIAL DISCONT5T ( ! TIME1 BUT IT DID EFFECT A %AK+-UP1 ESPECIALLY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :OM IT MADE RECEPTIVE TO F>-REA*+ SOCIAL AIMS4 ,SOCIALISM ALSO =G$ VIGOR\SLY AHEAD DUR+ ! ,*>TI/ P]IOD1 & ! IDEAS ( ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 ,JOHN ,GRAY1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,ROB]T ,[51 BEGAN TO SPREAD MORE WIDELY AMONG ! ,5GLI% WORK]S4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM & ! ,RH9E C\NTRY ALSO1 :]E 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM FIR/ E/ABLI%$ ITSELF ON ! ,CONT95T1 IT WAS EV]Y:]E ACCOMPANI$ BY ! SAME PH5OM5A & L$1 ( NECESSITY1 TO ! 9ITIAL /AGES ( A LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,& ?IS MOVEM5T MANIFE/$ ITSELF AT FIR/ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ! SAME PRIMITIVE =M1 :I* ONLY GRADUALLY YIELD$ TO A BETT] UND]/&+1 UNTIL AT LA/ ITS P]MEATION BY ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS 5D[$ IT ) L(TI] CONCEPTIONS & OP5$ = IT NEW SOCIAL \TLOOKS4 ,! ALLIANCE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ) ,SOCIALISM WAS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = BO?4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL IDEAS :I* 9FLU5C$ ?IS1 ?AT OR ! O!R ,SOCIALI/ S*OOL DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T 9 EA* 9/ANCE1 & ITS \TLOOK = ! FUTURE AS WELL4 

,:ILE C]TA9 S*OOLS ( ,SOCIALISM REMA9$ QUITE 9DIFF]5T OR UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T1 O!RS ( !M REALIZ$ ! REAL IMPORTANCE ( ?IS MOVEM5T AS ! NECESS>Y PRELIM9>Y TO ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,!Y UND]/OOD ?AT IT MU/ BE !IR TASK TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S1 SO AS TO MAKE CLE> TO ! TOIL+ MASSES ! 9TIMATE CONNECTION BETWE5 !IR IMM$IATE DEM&S & ! ,SOCIALI/ OBJECTIVES4 ,= !SE /RUGGLES1 GR[+ \T ( ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T1 S]VE TO BR+ AB\T A CORRECT UND]/&+ ( ! PR(\ND IMPORTANCE ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! COMPLETE SUPPRESSION ( WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,AL?\< SPRUNG FROM ! IMM$IATE NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 ! MOVEM5T1 NEV]!LESS1 BORE )9 IT ! G]M ( ?+S TO COME1 & !SE W]E TO SET NEW GOALS = LIFE4 ,EV]Y?+ NEW >ISES FROM ! REALITIES ( VITAL BE+4 ,NEW WORLDS >E NOT BORN 9 ! VACUUM ( AB/RACT IDEAS1 BUT 9 ! FI<T = DAILY BREAD 9 ?AT H>D & CEASELESS /RUGGLE :I* ! NE$S & WORRIES ( ! H\R DEM& JU/ TO TAKE C>E ( ! 9DISP5SABLE REQUIREM5TS ( LIFE4 ,9 ! CON/ANT W>F>E AGA9/ ! ALREADY EXI/+1 ! NEW %APES ITSELF & COMES TO FRUITION4 ,HE :O DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO VALUE ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! H\R WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO CONQU] A BETT] FUTURE = HIMSELF & HIS FELL[S4 

,FROM ! DAILY BATTLES AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S & !IR ALLIES1 ! WORK]S GRADUALLY LE>N ! DEEP] MEAN+ ( ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,AT FIR/ !Y PURSUE ONLY ! IMM$IATE PURPOSE ( IMPROV+ ! /ATUS ( ! PRODUC]S )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT GRADUALLY !Y LAY B>E ! ROOT ( ! EVIL--MONOPOLY ECONOMY & ITS POLITICAL & SOCIAL ACCOMPANIM5TS4 ,= ! ATTA9M5T ( SU* AN UND]/&+ ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLES >E BETT] $UCATIVE MAT]IAL ?AN ! F9E/ !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS4 ,NO?+ CAN SO IMPRESS ! M9D & S\L ( ! WORK] AS ?IS 5DUR+ BATTLE = DAILY BREAD1 NO?+ MAKES HIM SO RECEPTIVE TO ! TEA*+S ( ,SOCIALISM AS ! 9CESSANT /RUGGLE = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 

,JU/ AS 9 ! TIME ( FEUDAL DOM9ATION ! BOND M5 PEASANTS BY !IR FREQU5T UPRIS+S--:I* HAD AT FIR/ ONLY ! PURPOSE ( WRE/+ FROM ! FEUDAL LORDS C]TA9 CONCESSIONS :I* W\LD MEAN SOME BETT]M5T ( !IR DRE>Y /&>D ( LIV+--PREP>$ ! WAY = ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION BY :I* ! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL PRIVILEGES WAS PRACTICALLY BR\<T AB\T2 SO ! 9NUM]ABLE LABOR WAS )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CON/ITUTE1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?AT GREAT SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! FUTURE :I* %ALL MAKE ,SOCIALISM A LIV+ REALITY4 ,)\T ! 9CESSANT REVOLTS ( ! PEASANTRY--,TA9E REPORTS ?AT BETWE5 #a<a & ! /ORM+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE NE>LY FIVE HUNDR$ ( !SE REVOLTS OCCURR$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y P>T ( ,FRANCE--! IDEA ( ! P]NICI\SNESS ( ! :OLE SY/EM ( S]FDOM & FEUDALISM W\LD NEV] HAVE 5T]$ ! HEADS ( ! MASSES4 

,?AT IS JU/ H[ IT /&S ) ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT W\LD BE UTT]LY WRONG TO E/IMATE !SE M]ELY ON ! BASIS ( !IR MAT]IAL ORIG9 OR !IR PRACTICAL RESULTS & TO OV]LOOK !IR DEEP] PSY*OLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,ONLY FROM ! EV]YDAY CONFLICTS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL C\LD ! DOCTR9ES ( ,SOCIALISM1 :I* HAD >IS5 9 ! M9DS ( 9DIVIDUAL ?9K]S1 TAKE ON FLE% & BLOOD & ACQUIRE ?AT PECULI> *>ACT] :I* MAKE ( !M A MASS MOVEM5T1 ! EMBODIM5T ( A NEW CULTURAL IDEAL = ! FUTURE4 

,NOTES 

#a ,! ORIG9 ( ! WORD IS VEIL$ 9 D>KNESS4 ,SOME TRACE IT TO A WEAV] BY ! NAME ( ,N$ ,LUDD1 BUT !RE IS NO HI/ORICAL BASIS = ?IS4 9 SOME REGIONS !Y TALK$ ( 0,JACK ,SW+0 & 0,GREAT ,5O*10 BUT ! MEAN+ ( ALL ! NAMES WAS ! SAME4 

#b ,LORD ,BYRON FELT A /RONG SYMPA?Y = ! ,LUDDITES1 AS IS %[N BY ONE ( HIS POEMS1 ! FIR/ /ANZA ( :I* RUNS3 
0,AS ! ,LIB]TY LADS O'] ! SEA 

,B\<T !IR FRE$OM1 & *EAPLY1 ) BLOOD1 

,SO WE1 BOYS1 WE 

,WILL DIE FI<T+1 OR LIVE FREE 

,& D[N ) ALL K+S BUT ,K+ ,LUDD60 

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