,*APT] #g 
,C\NT]-,CULTURE 

#bahbah 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,VAN ,DEUS5 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,V,I,I3 ,C\NT]-,CULTURE 

  
,GRE5 ,M\NTA9 ,COMMUNES3 ,! ,MAK+ ( A ,PEOPLES' ,V]MONT 7#b#h7 

  

 ,FREE ,V]MONT SUPPORT] AT RALLY 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,FREE ,F>M1 #aig  

0,GONNA LEAVE ! CITY1 GOT TO GET AWAY1 

,GONNA LEAVE ! CITY1 GOT TO GET AWAY4 

,ALL ?AT HU/L+ & FI<T+ MAN1 

Y\ KN[ ,I SURE CAN'T /AY40 

-,GO9' ,UP ,TO ,! ,C\NTRY1 ,CANN$ ,HEAT 

0,SOME?+ IS HAPP5+ H]E BUT Y\ DON'T KN[ :AT IT IS4 

,DO Y\1 ,MR4 ,JONES80 

-,BALLOT ( A ,?9 ,MAN1 ,BOB ,DYLAN 

,NOR!A/ ,K+DOM1 ,V]MONT1 #b#h- ,FROM #aife ?R\< #aige IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT #a1 Y\NG PEOPLE MIGRAT$ NOR? TO ! ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9S2 MO/ SIMPLY PASS$ ?R\<4.<#a#b#e.> ,/ILL1 MANY ?\S&S REMA9$4 ,!SE NEWCOM]S1 MO/LY :ITE1 ( MIX$ CLASS BACKGR\ND & PRIM>ILY FROM ! EA/]N CITIES1 %>$ ! COMMONALITY ( BE+ P>T ( A LOOSELY DEF9$ #fS C\NT]-CULTURE4 ,?IS Y\? MIGRATION CULM9AT$ 9 ! F\ND+ ( #e-#a COMMUNES BY #a#i#g4 ,!IR =MS V>I$2 SOME W]E ORGANIZ$ >\ND RADICAL LEFT POLITICS1 O!RS >\ND AGRICULTURE1 MANY MORE LACK$ ANY DEF9+ FOCUS BEYOND ! VAGUE P>AMET]S ( ! HIPPIE C\NT]-CULTURE4 ,:AT !Y ALL HAD 9 COMMON1 :E!R ?IS WAS 9DIVIDUALLY >TICULAT$ OR NOT1 WAS A DESIRE TO TRANSC5D MA9/REAM ,AM]ICA4 ,) ?IS1 SOCIAL EXP]IM5TATION AS OPPOS$ TO ADH]5CE TO TRADITIONAL POLITICAL-SOCIAL-FAMILY /RUCTURES BECAME ! C\NT]-CULTURE NORM4 

,! FIR/ WAVE ( COMMUN>DS HIT ! ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9S 9 ! MID-#fS4 ,BY #aifg A NUMB] ( COMMUNES W]E E/ABLI%$1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! S\!A/ P>T ( ! /ATE4 ,( !SE1 A GOOD DEAL ( !IR MEMB]S CUT !IR TEE? 9 ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T1 & ! CONT9U+ RESI/ANCE TO ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 

,ROB]T ,H\RIET1 AN E>LY COMMUN>D & A CURR5T RESID5T ( ! ,NOR!A/ ,K+DOM1 RECALLS1 0,! COMMUNE MOVEM5T BEGAN ) ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T4 ,! ,FRE$OM ,H\SES 9 ! S\? BECAME ! 9CUBATORS ( ! COMMUNES444 ,PEOPLE CONT9U$ TO LIVE COMMUNALLY BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO RE/ORE ! BROAD] COMMUNITY ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T40 

,H[EV]1 ,H\RIET .<:O AU?OR$ ,GETT+ ,BACK ,TOGE!R1 A BOOK ON COMMUNES 9 #a#i#f#i.> CONT5DS ?AT ?IS FIR/ WAVE WAS NOT NECESS>ILY 9T5D+ TO ORGANIZE ,V]MONT - AT LEA/ NOT AT FIR/4 ,9 FACT HE UND]/&S !SE FIR/ COMMUNE PIONE]S ESS5TIALLY AS POLITICAL REFUGEES SUFF]+ FROM BO? URBAN POLICE REPRESSION & POLITICAL BURN\T4 

0,! FIR/ PHASE WAS AN ESCAPE1 BUT IT WAS AN ESCAPE :I* HAD A UTOPIAN ELEM5T444 ,! BIG BANG CAME AFT] ! ,*ICAGO .<,DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL.> ,CONV5TION4 ,! ,*ICAGO CONV5TION .<& ! 5SU+ RIOTS.> WAS ! EPIGAMIC EV5T :]E PEOPLE REALIZ$ ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T WAS OV] -FRACTUR$ BEYOND REPAIR4 ,Y\ CAN GO TO ! ,WEA!RM5 OR Y\ CAN GO TO ,V]MONT10 SAYS ,H\RIET4 

,MANY ( !SE E>LY MIGRANTS1 A GOOD NUMB] ( :OM W]E =MALLY MEMB]S ( OR ALLI$ TO ! RADICAL ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,S,D,S71 S\<T TO TAKE REFUGE 9 !SE NOR!RN HILLS4 ,IT WAS A TIME = REFLECTION1 EXP]IM5TATION ) PSY*$ELIC DRUGS1 & AN EVALUATION ( !IR P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIVES4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E TWO ?+S OCCURR$4 ,FIR/1 AFT] #f#h' ! TRICKLE ( C\NT]-CULTURE MIGRANTS TURN$ 9TO A FLOOD4 ,?IS MASS SECOND WAVE QUICKLY L$ TO ! =MATION ( DOZ5S ( NEW COMMUNES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! NOR?4 ,SECOND1 ! OLD] ,S,D,S_/POLITICAL ELEM5TS REALIZ$ ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO CIRCUMV5T P]SONAL & ECONOMIC ALI5ATION WAS 9TIMATELY TI$ TO ! EXT]NAL COMMUNITY4 ,& ) ?AT1 NEW EF=TS AT POLITICAL ORGANIZ+ W]E REK9DL$4 

,ONE COMMUNE1 ,R$ ,CLOV]1 WAS AT ! =EFRONT ( !SE NEW EF=TS4 ,MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ ,JOHN ,D\GLAS1 ,JANE ,KRAM]1 ,ROB]T ,KRAM]1 & ,ROZ ,PAYNE1 BEGAN AS A RADICAL M$IA COLLECTIVE 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY CALL$ ,NEWSREEL4 ,BY #aifi ?IS GR\P1 N[ TRANSPLANT$ TO ,PUTNEY1 =M$ AN ORGANIZATION CALL$ ,FREE ,V]MONT4 ,! GOAL ( ,FREE ,V]MONT WAS1 SIMPLY PUT1 TO BR+ =? A POPUL> REVOLUTION 9 ! ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9S4 ,TO DO SO !Y WORK$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! NEWLY >RIV$ C\NT]-CULTURAL ELEM5TS 9TO ! RADICAL LEFT4 ,TO A SMALL] EXT5T1 & ) MIX$ RESULTS1 !Y ALSO S\<T TO RADICALIZE ! NATIVE POPULATION4 ,FREE ,V]MONT'S POLITICAL ANALYSIS ALSO H+$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT ! URBAN C5T]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E TEET]+ ON REVOLT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,BLACK COMMUNITY4 ,9 ! EV5T ( WIDESPREAD URBAN 9SURRECTION1 IT WAS !IR CONT5TION ?AT ,V]MONT1 & O!R RURAL >EAS1 %\LD BE PREP>$ TO ACT 9 A SUPPORT+ ROLE4 ,T[>DS ?IS 5D !Y ACQUIR$ FIRE>MS AS A MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,BUT ! ACQUIR+ ( WEAPONS WAS BY NO ACC\NT CONSID]$ A /RATEGIC 5D BY ,FREE ,V]MONT4 ,!Y REALIZ$ ?AT TO FO/] A MEAN+FUL & SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION &_/OR TO PROVIDE ! ANTICIPAT$ BROAD] REVOLUTION SUPPORT1 IT WAS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO BUILD UP !IR [N EFFECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS :I* 9 TURN W\LD GIVE ! C\NT]-CULTURE LEFT A NON-CAPITALI/ 7OR AT LEA/ A MORE P>TICIPATORY7 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & PRODUCTION4 ,BY 5L>GE !SE NEW 9/ITUTIONS TOOK ! =M ( PRODUC]1 CONSUM]1 & S]VICE ORI5TAT$ CO-OPS & COLLECTIVES4 ,BY BR++ PEOPLE TOGE!R )9 CO-OPS IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ! +RA9$ CULTURAL POSITS ( 9DIVIDUALISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM C\LD BE1 9 P>T1 REPLAC$ ) A NEW COOP]ATIVISM COMPATIBLE ) ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM4 

,AS ,FREE ,V]MONT BEGAN TO REA* \T TO ! COMMUNES1 !Y SOON LAUN*$ A NUMB] ( CO-OPS ACROSS ! /ATE4 ,9 ,BRATTLEBORO !Y OP5$ A FREE AUTO %OP 7,LIB]ATION ,G>AGE7 & WORK]-[N$ & OP]AT$ RE/AURANT 7! ,COMMON ,GR\ND74 ,!Y BEGAN DOZ5S ( FOOD PUR*AS+ CO-OPS4 ,A FREE HEAL? CL9IC WAS =M$ 9 ,BURL+TON4 ,A *ILDR5'S COLLECTIVE S*OOL CALL$ ,R$ ,PA9T WAS =M$ 9 S\!RN ,V]MONT4 ,A ,PEOPLES' ,BANK WAS />T$ :]EBY ECONOMICALLY BETT] (F COMMUNES DEPOSIT$ MONEY ?AT C\LD BE ACCESS$ BY COMMUNES ( LESS] MEANS4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ =UMS AGA9/ ! W>1 ORGANIZ$ WOMAN'S GR\PS1 & >\ND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES4 ,FREE ,V]MONT ALSO PR9T$ A LEFTI/ NEWSPAP] :I* WAS DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ?\S&S 9 ! HI< S*OOLS & COMMUNES ALIKE4 ,9 ! NOR?1 :]E MANY COMMUNES FOCUS$ ON AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS1 F>M+ CO-OPS W]E =M$4 ,ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO CIRCUMV5T ! HI<LY CAPITALI/IC PRODUCE M>KETS 9 ,BO/ON & ,NEW ,YORK BY E/ABLI%+ A COOP]ATIVE DI/RIBUTION C5T]4 ,! SUCCESS ( !SE 5DEAVORS V>I$1 BUT = A FEW YE>S1 P]HAPS BETWE5 #a#i#f#i-#a#i#g#c1 ONE C\LD SQU9T !IR EYES & ALMO/ SEE ! \TL9E ( A TRUE CULTURAL REVOLUTION ON ! HORIZON4 ,FREE ,V]MONT1 ?\< C\NT+ A H>DCORE ACTIVI/ BASE ( NO MORE #a1 SOON ATTRACT$ T5 TIMES ?AT MANY FELL[ TRAVEL]S2 A SIZABLE =CE 9 A /ATE ?AT AT ?AT TIME HAD A TOTAL POPULATION ( LESS ?AN #d1 PEOPLE4 

,JOHN ,D\GLAS1 CO-F\ND] ( ,FREE ,V]MONT & CURR5T ,*>LOTTE RESID5T1 RECALLS 0.<,\R GOAL WAS.> FUCK+ REVOLUTION6 ,FREE ,V]MONT WAS444 ! UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION WE HAD PUT TOGE!R444 ,WE TRAVEL$ >\ND ,V]MONT ROOT+ \T COMMUNES & COLLECTIVES4 ,WE REALLY W]E FOCUS$ ON BR++ ! /ATE TOGE!R POLITICALLY >\ND .<OPPOSITION TO.> ! W> .<9 ,VIETNAM.>1 >\ND ! .<,BLACK.> ,PAN!RS1 .<&.> ,CIVIL ,RI<TS40 

,ROZ ,PAYNE1 :O LAT] W5T ON TO =M ANO!R ,FREE ,V]MONT COMMUNE 9 ,BURL+TON CALL$ ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9 ,R$ /ATES1 0,WE W]E LIV+ TOGE!R & WE W]E TRY+ TO CREATE A BETT] WORLD TOGE!R444 ,WE W]E TRY+ TO MAKE *ANGES 9 \R LIVES & ! POLITICS ( ! WORLD AS F> AS RACISM & IMP]IALISM & CAPITALISM40 

,BUT ! /ORY ( ,FREE ,V]MONT IS NOT ! :OLE /ORY4 ,9 ,PLA9FIELD ! ,MAPLE ,HILL ,COMMUNE1 :I* HAD DEAL+S ) ,FREE ,V]MONT BUT %\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ P>T ( ITS POLITICAL CORE1 ALSO HAD !IR [N IMPACT ON !IR SURR\ND+S4 

,JIM ,HIGG9S1 A =M] ,MAPLE ,HILL RESID5T & PRES5TLY A WRIT] = ! ,B>RE-,MONTPELI] ,TIMES ,>GUS1 RECALLS 0.<,9 #a#i#g#a.> ,I W5T ON TO =M ! ,PLA9FIELD ,CO-OP ) A LOT ( MY OLD COMMUN>DS444 ,ONE ( \R GOALS WAS TO BR+ 9TO \R CO-OP NETWORK LOCAL BORN ADULTS4 ,IT WAS AN 5]GETIC EF=T TO REA* \T ) \R IDEAS ( COOP]ATIVE BUS9ESS PRACTICES & :OLESOME FOOD & SUBV]T+ ! SY/EM AS IT W]E ?R\< TREM5D\SLY R$UC$ PRICES444 ,!RE WAS MANY CO-OP DISCUSSIONS AB\T PRODUCTS WE W\LD (F] ?AT W\LD BRIDGE ! GAP1 SO WE VIGOR\SLY PURSU$ NON-FOOD PRODUCTS FROM .<WOOD.>/OVES TO *A9SAWS1 TO BALL J>S1 SN[%OES1 .<&.> SKIS2 PRODUCTS ?AT G5]ALLY HAD 9T]E/ TO ?OSE >\ND US :O W\LD NOT NECESS>ILY BE 9T]E/$ 9 BR[N RICE & SOY BEANS4 ,?AT HELP$ A GREAT DEAL SIMPLY BREAK+ SOCIAL B>RI]S4 ,!Y HAD TO COME 9TO ! CO-OP TO BUY IT4 0 

,! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,MAPLE ,HILL ,COMMUNE1 :O ALSO TOOK AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ORGANIZ+ DEMON/RATIONS & TEA*-9S TO 5D ! CONFLICT 9 ,VIETNAM1 IS NOT DISSIMIL> FROM EXP]I5CES ( DOZ5S ( O!R COMMUNES ACROSS ! /ATE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T WAS A =CE1 OR AT LEA/ A PO9T ( CONV]SATION1 9 MANY A SMALL ,V]MONT T[N4 

,9T]NALLY1 A GOOD NUMB] IF NOT MO/ COMMUNES S\<T TO BREAK ! SUBTLE & NOT SO SUBTLE *A9S ( SEXISM4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT 7& AS A RULE ON ,FREE ,V]MONT ,COMMUNES71 DECISIONS W]E MADE DEMOCRATICALLY1 BY ALL ! MEMB]S1 H\SEWORK WAS EXPECT$ FROM MALES1 :ILE TASKS SU* A SPLITT+ W9T] WOOD WAS ALSO DONE BY WOM54 ,*ILDC>E WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ & WAS P]=M$ BY BO? SEXES4 ,POLITICAL MEET+S W\LD 9CLUDE WOMAN'S CAUCUSES4 ,! ,LIB]ATION ,G>AGE 9 ,BRATTLEBORO HELD FREE AUTO REPAIR CLASSES1 ORGANIZ$ BY ,JANE ,KRAM]1 ESPECIALLY AIM$ AT TEA*+ WOM5 H[ TO FIX !IR C>S & TRUCKS4 ,9 ,BURL+TON ! ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9 ,R$ COLLECTIVE WAS PIVOTAL 9 OP5+ A FREE WOMAN'S HEAL? CL9IC 7:I* TODAY IS M]G$ ) ! LOCAL ,PLANN$ ,P>5?OOD74 ,! ,R$ ,CLOV] ,COLLECTIVE ORGANIZ$ A T\R+ P]=MANCE :I* TAU<T & CELEBRAT$ WOMAN'S HI/ORY4 

,9 MANY WAYS1 ,V]MONT COMMUNES1 OR AT LEA/ ! MORE POLITICALLY ACTIVE COMMUNES1 DID NOT SUFF] ! SAME FRACTURES ?AT MU* ( ! BROAD] ,U4,S4 LEFT DID :5 FEM9ISM CAME 9TO ITS [N 9 ! E>LY #gS4 ,?IS WAS A RESULT ( ! G5ESIS ( ! ,FREE ,V]MONT ,MOVEM5T4 ,FREE ,V]MONT WAS ESS5TIALLY F\ND$ BY ! ,R$ ,CLOV] ,COLLECTIVE1 :I* ITSELF WAS AN \TGR[? ( ! OLD] ,NEWSREEL ,COLLECTIVE4 ,& H]E1 ! ,NEWSREEL ,COLLECTIVE ALREADY RECOGNIZ$ ! PROBLEMS ( 9T]NAL SEXISM & F\ND WAYS ( CORRECT+ !SE T5D5CIES4 

,ROZ ,PAYNE1 :O WAS CONSID]$ ONE ( ! POLITICAL HEAVIES ( ! MOVEM5T1 CONT5DS1 0,FREE ,V]MONT WAS A POLITICAL ACTIVITY ?AT WE HAD UND]TAK5 TO ORGANIZE & POLITICIZE ALL ! .<,V]MONT.> COMMUNES4 ,& WE'RE ! ONES ?AT444CAME \T ( A ,NEWSREEL ,COLLECTIVE ?AT TALK$ AB\T WOMAN'S ISSUES />T+ 9 #f#g1 #f#h1 & #fi :5 WE W]E MAK+ FILMS 9 ,NEW ,YORK & WE HAD ?OSE DISCUSSIONS4 ',:Y W]E ONLY ! WOM5 HOLD+ ! MICROPHONES444& :Y >E ALL ! M5 HOLD+ ! CAM]AS8' ,!N ,JOHN ,D\GLAS GOT CAM]AS = .<WOM5.> TO USE444 ,!SE W]E ISSUES ?AT WE BR\<T UP E>LI]4 ,SO WE ALREADY HAD ?OSE ISSUES .<DEALT ).>444 ,I NEV] FELT OPPRESS$ 9 MY COMMUNE >\ND ! WOM5 OR ! M540 

,H[EV]1 !IR EF=TS DID NOT RESULT 9 P]FECTION4 ,FEMALE COMMUN>D1 ,L\ ,&REWS1 RECALLS H] DAYS ON ! RURAL ,FRANKL9 ,COMMUNE 7:I* WAS A CORE ,FREE ,V]MONT COMMUNE7 AS A TIME :]E %E FELT MORE LIB]AT$ ?AN PREVI\SLY 9 MA9/REAM SOCIETY1 BUT ONE :]E M5 /ILL HAD A DISPROPORTIONATE 9FLU5CE UPON ! G5]AL DIRECTION ( ! COMMUNE4 ,9 H] OP9ION ?IS 9FLU5CE WAS A SUBCONSCI\S =CE2 ONE ?AT WAS NOT GU>ANTE$ BY =MAL PROCESS1 BUT ONE ?AT EXI/$ NONE ! LESS4 

,AS F> AS ! DIVISION ( LABOR GOES1 ,L\1 :O N[ LIVES 9 ,BURL+TON1 ASSESSES H] COMMUNE AS A MIX$ BAG1 BUT ONE ?AT CLE>LY FALLS MORE 9 ! DIRECTION ( SEX EQUALITY ?AN DOES ! TRADITIONAL NUCLE> MODEL4 0,IT WAS ALWAYS A /RUGGLE TO GET M5 TO DO ! DI%ES444 .<,BUT.> WE ALL G>D5$4 ,M5 & WOM5 CANN$ ! FOOD4 ,M5 & WOM5 DROVE ! HORSES4 ,& M5 & WOM5 DID ! SUG>+1 AL?\< IT WAS M5 :O PRIM>ILY W]E :AT WE CALL$ '! FIREM5' :O 9 ! SUG> H\SE F$ ! WOOD 9TO ! EVAPORATOR4 ,& ?AT WAS K9D ( A LITTLE MA*O DEAL GO+ ON4 ,CAUSE !Y GOT TO :]E C[BOY *APS 7HA HA HA740 

,ROZ1 CURR5T RESID5T ( ,RI*MOND ,V,T1 ALSO RECALLS ?AT NOT ALL COMMUNES W]E FREE ( ! TRADITIONAL DIVISIONS ( LABOR BAS$ ON SEX4 0,Y\'D F9D SOME ( ! MORE RURAL COMMUNES ! WOM5 W]E 9 ! KIT*51 & ! M5 W]E \TDOORS DO+ /UFF4 ,SO .<,FREE ,V]MONT.> W\LD TALK AB\T ?AT1 & WE W\LD HAVE WOM5'S MEET+S1 A COMMUNAL WOM5'S GR\P+ ?AT W\LD BREAK (F TO DISCUSS ! ?+S ?AT W]E HAPP5+ ) V>I\S PEOPLE40 

,:ILE ,FREE ,V]MONT S\<T TO BUILD EQUITABLE RELATIONS ON ! COMMUNES & A RADICAL BASE ( OP]ATIONS 9 ! ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9S1 IT DID NOT LOSE SI<T ( ITS SECOND PURPOSE4 ,AS ! LOCAL C\NT]-CULTURE BECAME BETT] ORGANIZ$1 AID WAS (F]$ TO ! URBAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES *ILDR5 ( ,BLACK ,PAN!RS FROM ! EA/]N CITIES W]E S5T NOR? TO ATT5D ! ,R$ ,PA9T COLLECTIVE S*OOL4 ,POLITICAL AID WAS (F]$ TOO4 ,ONE =M] COMMUN>D 7:O WILL REMA9 UNNAM$7 CONT5DS ?AT ! FIR/ DYNAMITE PROCUR$ BY ! ,WEA!R ,UND]GR\ND ,ORGANIZATION .<AN >M$ LEFTI/ GR\P :O C>RI$ \T #bg BOMB+S BETWE5 #a#i#f#i-#a#i#g#g 9CLUD+ ?OSE ON ! ,U,S ,CAPITAL ,BUILD+ & ! ,P5TAGON.> CAME FROM A GRANITE QU>RY 9 ,B>RE4 ,JOHN ,D\GLAS1 = HIS P>T1 /ATES ?AT ,FREE ,V]MONT HELP$ E/ABLI% SAFE H\SES = ,WEA!RM5 & ,BLACK ,PAN!RS :O W5T UND]GR\ND4 ,!Y ALSO FACILITAT$ CL&E/9E BORD] CROSS+S 9TO ,QUEBEC4 ,BUT !SE ACTIVITIES W]E NOT COMMITT$ )\T A PRICE4 ,FREE ,V]MONT COMMUNES W]E RAID$ BY ! POLICE & ,F,B,I4 ,GOV]NM5T 9=MANTS W]E KN[N TO BE OP]AT+ 9 MANY QU>T]S4 ,D\GLAS TELLS ( A GA!R+ HE ATT5D$ AT ! ,FRANKL9 ,COMMUNE 79 F> NOR!RN ,V]MONT7 :]E A GR\P ( F$]AL AG5TS POS+ AS BIK]S (F]$ TO PROVIDE !M ) H& GR5ADES & DYNAMITE4 ,D\GLAS DECL9$4 ,?IS SURVEILLANCE & H>ASSM5T ULTIMATELY LEAD TO A P]VASIVE ATMOSPH]E ( P>ANOIA & T5SION4 ,9 TURN !SE PRESSURES CONTRIBUT$ TO ! EV5TUAL DECL9E ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,:ILE MANY ( ! HIPPIE COMMUNES COLLAPS$ DUE TO LACK ( RATIONAL 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION OR FOCUS .<SEE ,B>RY ,LAFFAN1 ,COMMUNAL ,ORGANIZATION & ,SOCIAL ,TRANSITION1 ,PET] ,LANG ,PUBLI%+1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#i#g.> ! DECL9E ( ! MORE OV]TLY POLITICAL COMMUNES HAS MORE TO DO ) POLITICAL REPRESSION1 DISILLUSIONM5T 7AS NEI!R ! LOCAL OR URBAN 9SURRECTIONS CAME TO PASS71 & AGA9 A NEW R\ND ( BURN \T4 ,JU/ AS !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO EVACUATE ! CITIES BY ! 5D ( ! #fS1 ! RADICAL COMMUN>DS FELT AN 9CREAS+ PRESSURE1 ?\< BE IT MAYBE 9 A MORE P]SONALIZ$ & DEFUZE =M1 TO AB&ON !IR COMMUNAL L&S 9 ! FACE ( A NEW BACKLA% ( POLITICAL REPRESSION & 9T]P]SONAL PRESSURES4 ,BY #a#i#g#f1 FOLL[+ ! 5D ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 LESS ?AN HALF ( ! ORIG9AL #a COMMUNES REMA9$4 ,BY #aih ALL BUT A FEW W]E GONE4 ,:ILE MANY =M] COMMUN>DS REMA9$ 9 ,V]MONT1 & :ILE A NUMB] ( ! 9/ITUTIONS !Y F\ND$ CONT9U$1 ! G5]AL TR5D WAS OV]:ELM+LY A TURN AWAY FROM MODELS ESP\S+ COLLECTIVE LIV+ & WORK+4 ,9/EAD !Y 9CREAS+LY TURN$ TO A PRIVATE HOME LIFE1 OR A TRADITIONAL NUCLE> FAMILY >RANGEM5T4 ,COOP]ATIVE F>MS W]E REPLAC$ ) PRIVATELY [N$ & OP]AT$ ORGANIC F>MS4 ,RADICAL AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS ! ,NOR!A/ ,ORGANIC ,F>M] ,ASSOCIATION 7,N,(,A71 DRIFT$ 9TO A MODE/ LIB]AL RE=MISM4 ,CALLS = 9SURRECTION W]E HE>D LESS1 :ILE CALLS = ISSUE BAS$ RE=MISM BECAME L\D]4 ,:]E 9 #aig ! BATTLE CRY WAS = A COMPLETE NEW LEFT SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! MANTRA ( ! #hS WAS = A NUCLE> FREEZE4 ,9 %ORT1 AS ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T BROKE D[N1 & AS ITS P>TICIPANTS BEGAN TO RETURN TO MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC-TRADITIONAL LIV+ >RANGEM5TS1 !IR POLITICS1 ?\< REMA9+ LEFT1 GREW MORE MOD]ATE4 

,DUR+ ! DECL9+ PHASE ( ! ,FRANKL9 ,COMMUNE IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ! FUR!R OBS]VATIONS ( ,L\ ,&REW4 ,%E CONT5DS ?AT :5 ! DIFFICULTIES ( OP]AT+ ! COLLECTIVE F>M W]E EXASP]AT$ BY A S]I\S H\SE FIRE1 IT WAS ! M5 :O W]E ! FIR/ ONES TO LEAVE ! COMMUNE1 & (T5TIMES ,V]MONT TOO4 ,ON ! O!R H& %E NOTES ?AT ! WOM5 W]E MORE APT TO TRY TO WORK ?R\< ! DIFFICULTIES LONG] & ULTIMATELY1 TO AT LEA/ REMA9 9 ,V]MONT4 ,&REWS SPECULATES ?AT ! REASON = ?IS DYNAMIC IS BECAUSE WOMAN F\ND !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS & P[] )9 A COMMUNAL /RUCTURE TO BE MORE LIB]AT$ ?AN ?AT :I* !Y PREVI\SLY EXP]I5C$ 9 MA9/REAM ,AM]ICA4 ,! M5 ON ! O!R H& HAD A MALE DOM9AT$ \TSIDE WORLD TO RETURN TO :]E !Y W\LD AT LEA/ BE AF=D$ ! SAME LIMIT$ RI<TS & PRIVILEGES ?AT W]E TOO (T5 ELUSIVE TO WOM54 

,9 ! 5D ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T DID NOT VANI% 9TO ?9 AIR1 NOR DID ALL COMMUN>DS DROP \T ( ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL >5A4 ,! ,V]MONT ( TODAY IS 9ESCAPABLY A PRODUCT ( ?OSE TIMES1 JU/ AS IT IS ALSO A PRODUCT ( O!R PROGRESSIVE MIGRATIONS2 BE IT RADICALS COM+ NOR? DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 ! AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T BR\<T BY ,ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS 9 #a#i1 OR YEOMAN F>M]S_/,GRE5 ,M\NTA9 ,BOYS :O PIONE]$ ,V]MONT DUR+ ! #a#g#f-#gS4 ,! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T IS JU/ ! LATE/ ( !SE DEF9+ ]AS ( ,V]MONT'S HI/ORY1 & ITS EPITAPHS & ADVANCEM5TS >E P]HAPS MO/ APP>5T 9 !IR RELATIVE NEWNESS4 ,! ,BREAD @& ,PUPPET ,!AT] 7N[ CONSID]$ A /APLE ( ,V]MONT CULTURE71 ! DOZ5S ( FOOD CO-OPS 7P]HAPS ! MO/ P]-CAPITA 9 ! WORLD71 A L>GE FREE HEAL? CL9IC 9 ,BURL+TON 7N[ EMPLOY+ OV] #f PEOPLE71 A NUMB] ( WORK]-RUN BUS9ESSES 7I4E4 ! ,COMMON ,GR\ND 9 ,BRATTLEBORO71 ,N,(,A 7& BY EXT5SION ,RURAL ,V]MONT :I* BEGAN ?R\< ,N,(,A71 & C\NTLESS F>M]S' M>KETS >E ALL DIRECT RESULTS ( ORGANIZ+ DONE BY ,FREE ,V]MONT & ! COMMUN>DS ( ! #fS & #gS4 ,H[EV]1 ITS TRUE LEGACY CAN P]HAPS BE/ BE SE5 ?R\< ITS 9DIRECT CONTRIBUTIONS4 

,G5]ATIONAL DIFFUSION ( ! BASIC VALUES ( ! #f-#gS C\NT]-CULTURE HAS RESULT$ 9 ! LEFT BE+ MORE FIRMLY EMB$D$ 9 ALL CORN]S ( ,V]MONT MAK+ ! /ATE ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE 9 ! C\NTRY2 ! ONLY /ATE NEV] VISIT$ BY ,PRESID5T ,G4,W4 ,BU%4 ,9 REC5T YE>S ,V]MONT 7POPULATION #f17 HAS L$ ! NATION 9 MANY IMPORTANT SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,UNIV]SAL HEAL?C>E IS PROVID$ = ALL ITS *ILDR5 7& WILL CONT9UE TO BE REG>DLESS ( ! EV5TUAL \TCOME ( ! ,F$]AL ,S,*,I,P DEBATE71 FUND+ = PUBLIC $UCATION HAS ESS5TIALLY BE5 SOCIALIZ$1 GAY C\PLES RETA9 ! SAME CIVIL RI<TS AS /RAI<T C\PLES1 & MORE ?AN #g.0 ( ! PEOPLE FIRMLY OPPOSE ! W> 9 ,IRAQ 79 #bc ?REE ?\S& M>*$ ON ! RURAL /ATE CAPITAL TO OPPOSE ! W>74 ,EV5 ,V]MONT'S ORGANIZ$ LABOR IS GREATLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T4 

,9 #aiih A ,C5TRAL ,V]MONT AN>*I/ GR\P KN[N AS ! _?#a ,COLLECTIVE .<!MSELVES MEMB]S ( ! ,LOVE @& ,RAGE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION & L>GELY 9FLU5C$ BY ! POLITICAL TEA*+S ( ,V]MONT #fS RADICAL ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9.> PLAY$ A LEAD ROLE 9 =M+ ! ,V]MONT ,WORK]S' ,C5T]4 ,ONE ( ! PRIME MOV]S ( ?IS COLLECTIVE WAS A Y\NG MAN NAM$ ,JASON ,W9/ON4 ,JASON1 LIKE ?\S&S ( O!R NATIVE BORN ,V]MONT]S1 WAS ! *ILD ( C\NT]-CULTURE P>5TS4 ,& TODAY ! ,WORK]S' ,C5T]1 ) A CON/ITU5CY ABOVE #b11 FUNCTIONS AS A GR& COALITION ( MO/ ! MAJOR ,V]MONT LABOR UNIONS AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S4 ,AS SU* ,V]MONT LABOR HAS BE5 A LEAD] 9 OPPOS+ ! CURR5T W>1 & 9 ! FI<T = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( S+LE PAY] UNIV]SAL HEAL?C>E4 ,?IS FACT CAN ALSO BE UND]/OOD AS ANO!R 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! LEFTISM ( ! #f-#gS4 ,9 A WORD1 ?OSE COMMUN>DS ?AT /AY$1 ?OSE ?AT ORGANIZ$1 ?OSE ?AT EV5TUALLY BECAME NEI<BORS & FRI5DS ) ?\S&S ( NATIVE WORK+ CLASS ,V]MONT]S1 DID 9 FACT HAVE AN IMPACT ON PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,ELECTORALLY ,V]MONT1 UNLIKE MO/ ( ! ,U,S1 RECOGNIZES F\R MAJOR POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,DEMOCRATS & ,REPUBLICANS1 !RE IS ALSO ! V]Y F> LEFT ,LIB]TY ,UNION ,P>TY4 ,?IS P>TY1 :I* RECEIV$ #e4#g.0 ( ! VOTE = ,/ATE ,TREASUR] 9 #b#f1 WAS =M$ 9 ! #gS AS ! ELECTORAL EXPRESSION ( ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T4 ,BESIDES ! ,LIB]TY ,UNION1 !RE IS ALSO ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORI5T$ ,V]MONT ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY4 ,! ,PROGRESSIVES W]E =M$ BY =M] ,LIB]TY ,UNION MEMB] ,B]NIE ,S&]S 7N[ S]V+ AS ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ 9 ! ,U,S ,S5ATE7 & 9CLUDES MANY ACTIVI/S & SUPPORT]S FROM ! COMMUNE DAYS4 ,S&]S WON HIS FIR/ ELECTION 9 #a#i#h#a1 BECOM+ ! SOCIALI/ MAYOR ( ,BURL+TON4 ,HE =M$ ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,COALITION1 ! =]UNN] ( ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY1 %ORTLY !REAFT]4 ,HIS VICTORY WAS A RESULT NOT ONLY ( GA9+ ! BACK+ ( KEY UNIONS1 BUT ALSO ( SUPPORT WORK DONE BY =M] COMMUN>DS4 ,ONE SU* COMMUN>D1 ,B>B>A ,NOLFY ( ! ,FRANKL9 ,COMMUNE1 W5T ON TO S]VE 9 HIS ADM9I/RATION AS A MEMB] ( A NEWLY ORGANIZ$ ,BURL+TON ,WOMAN'S ,C\NSEL4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY ,*AIRMAN ,AN?ONY ,POLL9A 7:O WON #b#e.0 ( ! VOTE 9 ! #bb ,LIEUT5ANT ,GOV]NOR'S RACE & IS CURR5TLY CONSID]+ A RUN = ,GOV]NOR 9 #b#h7 WAS ONCE AN ORGANIZ] ) C\NT]-CULTURE ALLI$ ,N,(,A4 ,PRES5TLY ! ,PROGRESSIVES >E ! /RONGE/ ?IRD P>TY 9 ! NATION1 ) SIX SEATS 9 ! ,/ATE ,LEGISLATOR 79CLUD+ ! ,*AIR ( ! ,H\SE ,AGRICULTURE ,COMMITTEE71 ! ,MAYOR%IP ( ! L>GE/ CITY 7,BURL+TON1 POPULATION3 #c#i171 SEV]AL ,CITY ,C\NCIL POSITIONS1 & C\NTLESS ,T[N ,SELECT ,BO>D SEATS AS WELL AS LESS] ELECT$ PO/S4 

,& AGA91 \R PRES5T SEEMS TO BE WITNESS+ A G5]ATIONAL REVIVAL ( COOP]ATIVISM4 ,9 #b#f1 ON ! HEELS ( GREATLY FALL+ :OLESALE MILK PRICES1 ! ,DAIRY ,F>M]S ( ,V]MONT 7CO-F\ND$ BY ,AN?ONY ,POLL9A7 OP5$ A F>M] [N$ MILK PROCESS+ PLANT 9 ,H>DWICK4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 ( ! =TY WORK]-[N$ BUS9ESSES 9 ! /ATE 7:I* EMPLOY #b PEOPLE71 #a.0 >E ORGANIZ$ AS DEMOCRATIC CO-OPS4 ,FROM ! ,R$ ,H\SE CON/RUCTION COMPANY 9 ,BURL+TON1 TO ! ,BRATTLEBORO ,TE* ,COLLECTIVE1 TO ! POPUL> ,LANGDON ,/REET ,CAFE & ,BLACK ,%EEP BOOK/ORE 9 ,MONTPELI]1 WORK] & F>M] CO-OPS >E AGA9 ON ! RISE4 

,BUT JU/ AS ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T HAS HAD ITS EFFECTS ON ,OLD ,V]MONT1 ,OLD ,V]MONT HAS HAD ITS EFFECTS ON ! C\NT]-CULTURE ACTIVI/S & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE SURVIV$4 ,ITS LONG /&+ TRADITION ( LOCAL DEMOCRACY ?R\< ,T[N ,MEET+ HAS FOCUS$ MU* ( ! CONT9U+ POLITICAL ANG/ ( ! LEFT \T ( CLOS$ (F COMMUNITIES1 & 9TO ! DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC ,T[N ,HALLS1 :]E !IR IDEAS HAVE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! POPULATION4 ,IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT HUNDR$S ( ,V]MONT T[NS HAVE PASS$ RESOLUTIONS AGA9/ ! W>1 = ! IMPEA*M5T ( ! ,PRESID5T1 AGA9/ ,G,M,OS1 & 9 SUPPORT ( UNIV]SAL HEAL?C>E4 ,& :]E ! OLD CO-OPS HAVE DRIFT$ 9TO MORE TRADITIONAL BUS9ESS PRACTICES1 ! UNIONS HAVE BE5 !RE TO ORGANIZE ! WORK]S .<SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,ELECTRICAL ,WORK]S AT ,MONTPELI]'S ,HUNG] ,M\NTA9 ,CO-OP1 & ,BURL+TON'S ,CITY ,M>KET -BO? ( :I* >E L>GE >EA EMPLOY]S.>4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,OLD ,V]MONT & ! ,V]MONT ( ! COMMUNES HAS BECOME SYMBIOTIC2 ELEM5TS ( EA* DRIV+ ! /ATE 9 BO? A MORE DEMOCRATIC & MORE SOCIALI/IC DIRECTION4 

,?IS CONT9U+ TR5D TO ! LEFT CAN EV5 BE OBS]V$ 9 ! DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,/ATE'S ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY & O!R BODIES ( ,V]MONT]S :O HAVE GA!R$ 9 CAPITAL BUILD+ 9 ,MONTPELI]4 ,PRESSUR$ FROM BEL[1 9 #bg ! ,/ATE ,S5ATE PASS$ A RESOLUTION CALL+ = ! IMPEA*M5T ( ,PRESID5T ,BU%1 & BO? ! ,H\SE & ,S5ATE PASS$ A RESOLUTION CALL+ = A MILIT>Y )DRAWAL FROM ,IRAQ4 ,9 #b#c1 ! DAY ! ,U4,S4 9VAD$ ,IRAQ1 HUNDR$S ( ,V]MONT]S MET 9 ! ,/ATE ,H\SE :]E !Y UNANIM\SLY PASS$ RESOLUTIONS CONDEMN+ ! ACTS ( ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T AS ILLEGAL & IMMORAL4 ,& AGA9 9 #bf MORE ?AN #b ,V]MONT]S HELD A MEET+ 9 ! ,/ATE ,H\SE TO DISCUSS ! POSSIBILITY ( SECESSION FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7A CAUSE N[ SUPPORT$ BY #a#c.0 ( ! POPULATION74 ,=M] COMMUN>DS & #fS-#gS RADICALS W]E UND\BT$LY PRES5T AT BO? EV5TS4 ,ALL !SE DECL>ATIONS1 AS SYMBOLIC AS !Y MAY BE1 PO9T TO ! LEFTW>D TRAJECTORY ( POLITICS 9 ,V]MONT2 A TRAJECTORY :I*1 9 P>T1 WAS SET 9 C\RSE BY ! ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T A G5]ATION BE=E4 

"9"9"9 

,! F9AL *APT] ON ,V]MONT'S ,COMMUNE ,MOVEM5T CANNOT BE WRITT5 UNTIL HI/ORY REVEALS :E!R OR NOT ?OSE HEADY DAYS ( ! #fS & #gS W]E A CULTURAL ABRASION1 OR AN IMM$IATE H>B+] ( ?+S TO COME4 

,= ,ROB]T ,H\RIET ! FUTURE1 & !RE=E ! PA/1 HOLDS A BITT] PROMISE4 0,WE W]E JU/ AHEAD ( ! ECONOMY10 SAYS ,ROB]T4 0,WE W]E TRY+ TO GO BACK TO #aic AT A TIME :5 ! ECONOMY WAS GO+ (F ! SCALE 9 T]MS ( ABUNDANCE4 ,A FALSE ABUNDANCE1 AS IT TURNS \T444 .<,! F9AL VICTORY ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T.> WILL HAVE TO BE ECONOMICALLY DET]M9$4 ,PEOPLE WILL DO ?IS BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO1 BECAUSE !Y *OOSE TO DO :AT IS POSSIBLE4 ,& :AT BECOMES POSSIBLE IS .<DET]M9$.> :5 ! PRICE ( OIL BECOMES TOO HI<1 :5 ! PRICE TO ! 5VIRONM5T BECOMES TOO HI< NOT TO DO IT ?AT WAY4 ,NOT = IDEALI/IC REASONS1 BUT BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO4 ,! F>M] .<= EXAMPLE.> WILL FEEL ! P9*444 -!Y CAN'T A*IEVE ! ME*ANIZATION1 ! /ORAGE1 ! DI/RIBUTION )\T DO+ IT COOP]ATIVELY4 ,SO COOP]ATIVISM WILL BECOME EFFICI5T4 ,IT WILL BECOME NECESS>Y ?AT PEOPLE ADOPT COOP]ATIVE ME?ODS40 

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