,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,D 
,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

#aigaig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,S,O,V,I,E,T ,M,I,R,A,G,E 

,! TIME LAG BETWE5 SUBJECTIVE AW>5ESS & OBJECTIVE REALITY IS A CON/ANT 9 HI/ORY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S & ?OSE :O WITNESS$ ! ,RUSSIAN DRAMA DREW A LESSON AS E>LY AS #aib :I* ONLY BECAME KN[N1 ADMITT$1 & %>$ YE>S LAT]4 ,! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 TRIUMPH OV] A SIX? ( ! GLOBE HAD SU* PRE/IGE & GLITT] ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T LONG REMA9$ HYPNOTIZ$ BY SO IMPOS+ AN EXAMPLE4 0,C\NCILS0 9 ! IMAGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS SPRANG UP ALL OV] ! PLACE1 NOT ONLY 9 ,ITALY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 BUT 9 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,HUNG>Y4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! SY/EM ( C\NCILS WAS ! ESS5TIAL ITEM 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T4 

,9 #aiai ! PRESID5T ( ! ,BAV>IAN ,REPUBLIC1 ,KURT ,EISN]1 WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,MUNI*4 ,A ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC WAS !N PROCLAIM$ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! LIB]T>IAN WRIT] ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :O WAS 9 TURN ASSASS9AT$ BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FRI5D & COMPANION 9 >MS1 ! AN>*I/ POET ,]I* ,MUHSAM1 COMPOS$ A 0,RATE-,M>SEILLAISE0 7 ,M>SEILLAISE ( ! ,C\NCILS 71 9 :I* ! WORK]S W]E CALL$ TO >MS NOT TO =M BATTALIONS BUT C\NCILS ON ! MODEL ( ?OSE ( ,RUSSIA & ,HUNG>Y1 & ?US TO MAKE AN 5D ( ! C5TURIES-OLD WORLD ( SLAV]Y4 

,H[EV]1 9 ! SPR+ ( #aib A ,G]MAN OPPOSITION GR\P ADVOCAT+ ,RATE-,KOMMUNISMUS 7,COMMUNISM ( ! C\NCILS7 LEFT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO =M A ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,K,A,P,D74 .<#b#f.> ,! IDEA ( C\NCILS 9SPIR$ A SIMIL> GR\P 9 ,HOLL& L$ BY ,H]MANN ,GORT] & ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK4 ,DUR+ A LIVELY POLEMIC ) ,L591 ! =M] WAS NOT AFRAID TO REPLY1 9 PURE LIB]T>IAN /YLE1 TO ! 9FALLIBLE LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 0,WE >E /ILL LOOK+ = REAL LEAD]S :O WILL NOT SEEK TO DOM9ATE ! MASSES & WILL NOT BETRAY !M4 ,AS LONG AS WE DO NOT HAVE !M WE WANT EV]Y?+ TO BE DONE FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>D & BY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES OV] !MSELVES4 ,IF ,I HAVE A M\NTA9 GUIDE & HE LEADS ME OV] A PRECIPICE1 ,I PREF] TO DO )\T40 ,PANNEKOEK PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! C\NCILS W]E A =M ( SELF-GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD REPLACE ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T ( ! OLD WORLD2 JU/ LIKE ,GRAMSCI HE C\LD SEE NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! LATT] & 0,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP40 

,9 MANY PLACES1 ESPECIALLY ,BAV>IA1 ,G]MANY1 & ,HOLL&1 ! AN>*I/S PLAY$ A POSITIVE P>T 9 ! PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SY/EM ( C\NCILS4 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,SPA9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E DAZZL$ BY ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,MADRID CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T .<#b#g.> 7,DECEMB] #a-#b1 #a#i#a#i71 ADOPT$ A /ATEM5T :I* /AT$ ?AT 0! EPIC ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE HAS ELECTRIFI$ ! WORLD PROLET>IAT40 ,BY ACCLAMATION1 0)\T RETIC5CE1 AS A BEAUTY GIVES H]SELF TO ! MAN %E LOVES10 ! CONGRESS VOT$ PROVISIONALLY TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL BECAUSE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 EXPRESS+ ! HOPE1 H[EV]1 ?AT A UNIV]SAL WORK]S' CONGRESS W\LD BE CALL$ TO DET]M9E ! BASIS UPON :I* A TRUE WORK]S' 9T]NATIONAL C\LD BE BUILT4 ,A FEW TIMID VOICES ( DISS5T W]E HE>D1 H[EV]3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A 0POLITICAL0 REVOLUTION & DID NOT 9CORPORATE ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL4 ,! CONGRESS TOOK NO NOTICE & DECID$ TO S5D A DELEGATION TO ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL :I* OP5$ 9 ,MOSC[ ON ,JULY #a#e1 #a#i#b4 

,BY !N1 H[EV]1 ! LOVE MAT* WAS ALREADY ON ! WAY TO BREAK+ UP4 ,! DELEGATE REPRES5T+ ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS PRESS$ TO TAKE P>T 9 E/ABLI%+ AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TRADE-UNION C5T]1 BUT HE JIB$ :5 PRES5T$ ) A TEXT :I* REF]R$ TO ! 0CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]10 0! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 & PROPOS$ AN ORGANIC RELATION %IP BETWE5 ! TRADE UNIONS & ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES :I* ?9LY DISGUIS$ A RELATION%IP ( SUBORD9ATION ( ! =M] TO ! LATT]4 ,9 ! =?COM+ MEET+S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T] NATIONAL ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T NATIONS W\LD BE REPRES5T$ BY ! DELEGATES ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES2 & ! PROJECT$ ,R$ ,TRADE-,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE OP5LY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T] NATIONAL & ITS NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ! ,SPANI% SPOKESMAN1 SET =? ! LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & EXCLAIM$3 0,! REVOLUTION IS NOT1 & CANNOT BE1 ! WORK ( A P>TY4 ,! MO/ A P>TY CAN DO IS TO FOM5T A C\P D'ETAT4 ,BUT A C\P D'ETAT IS NOT A REVOLUTION40 ,HE CONCLUD$3 0,Y\ TELL US ?AT ! REVOLUTION CANNOT TAKE PLACE )\T A COMMUNI/ P>TY & ?AT )\T ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] EMANCIPATION IS NOT POSSIBLE1 & ?AT )\T DICTATOR%IP ONE CANNOT DE/ROY ! B\RGEOISIE3 ALL !SE ASS]TIONS >E ABSOLUTELY GRATUIT\S40 

,9 VIEW ( ! D\BTS EXPRESS$ BY ! ,C,N,T DELEGATE1 ! COMMUNI/S MADE A %[ ( ADJU/+ ! RESOLUTION ) REG>D TO ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,! ,RUSSIAN TRADE-UNION LEAD] ,LOZOVSKY NEV]!LESS ULTIMATELY PUBLI%$ ! TEXT 9 ITS ORIG9AL =M )\T ! MODIFICATIONS 9TRODUC$ BY ,PE/ANA1 BUT BE>+ HIS SIGNATURE4 ,FROM ! RO/RUM ,TROTSKY HAD LAID 9TO ! ,SPANI% DELEGATE = NE>LY AN H\R BUT ! PRESID5T DECL>$ ! DEBATE CLOS$ :5 ,PE/ANA ASK$ = TIME TO REPLY TO !SE ATTACKS4 

,PE/ANA SP5T SEV]AL MON?S 9 ,MOSC[ & LEFT ,RUSSIA ON ,SEPTEMB] #f1 #a#i#b1 PR(\NDLY DISILLUSION$ BY ALL ?AT HE HAD OBS]V$ DUR+ ?AT TIME4 ,9 AN ACC\NT ( A SUBSEQU5T VISIT TO ,B]L91 ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] DESCRIB$ ,PE/ANA AS BE+ LIKE A MAN 0SAV$ FROM A %IPWRECK40 ,HE HAD NOT ! HE>T TO TELL HIS ,SPANI% COMRADES ! TRU?4 ,IT SEEM$ TO HIM LIKE 0MURD]0 TO DE/ROY ! IMM5SE HOPE :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD RAIS$ 9 !M4 ,AS SOON AS HE CROSS$ ! ,SPANI% BORD] HE WAS ?R[N 9TO PRISON & WAS ?US SP>$ ! PA9FUL DUTY ( BE+ ! FIR/ TO SPEAK4 

,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #aiba A DIFF]5T DELEGATION FROM ! ,C,N,T TOOK P>T 9 ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,R$ ,TRADE-,UNION ,9T]NATIONA,L ,AMONG ! ,C,N,T DELEGATES !RE W]E Y\NG DISCIPLES ( ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVISM1 SU* AS ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 & ,&RES ,N91 BUT !RE WAS ALSO A ,FR5* AN>*I/1 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 :O HAD A COO.> HEAD4 ,HE TOOK ! RISK ( BE+ ACCUS$ ( 0PLAY+ ! GAME ( ! B\RGEOISIE0 & 0HELP+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 RA!R ?AN KEEP SIL5T ,NOT TO TELL ! MASSES ?AT :AT HAD FAIL$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS NOT ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! ,/ATE1 & NOT 0TO %[ !M BEH9D ! LIV+ ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,/ATE :I* WAS P>ALYZ+ & KILL+ IT10 W\LD HAVE BE5 WORSE ?AN SIL5CE4 ,HE US$ !SE T]MS1 9 ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT 0ANY HONE/ & LOYAL COLLABORATION0 ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE &1 ON HIS RETURN TO ,SPA91 RECOMM5D$ TO ! ,C,N,T ?AT IT )DRAW FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS BOGUS TRADE UNION AFFILIATE4 

,HAV+ BE5 GIV5 ?IS LEAD1 ,PE/ANA DECID$ TO PUBLI% HIS FIR/ REPORT &1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 EXT5D IT BY A SECOND 9 :I* HE W\LD REVEAL ! 5TIRE TRU? AB\T ,BOL%EVISM3 

,! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY >E EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( ?OSE :I* IT WAS AFFIRM+ & PROCLAIM+ DUR+ ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! PR9CIPLES1 ME?ODS1 & F9AL OBJECTIVES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 4444 ,AS SOON AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD OBTA9$ ABSOLUTE P[]1 IT DECRE$ ?AT ANYONE :O DID NOT ?9K AS A COMMUNI/ 7?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ITS [N DEF9ITION7 HAD NO RI<T TO ?9K AT ALL 4444 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS D5I$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT ALL ! SACR$ RI<TS :I* ! ,REVOLUTION HAD CONF]R$ UPON IT4 

,PE/ANA1 FUR!R1 CA/ D\BT ON ! VALIDITY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL3 A SIMPLE EXT5SION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 IT C\LD NOT REPRES5T ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! EYES ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT4 

,! NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T HELD AT ,S>AGOSSA 9 ,JUNE #aibb RECEIV$ ?IS REPORT & DECID$ TO )DRAW FROM ! TRADE UNION FRONT1 ! ,R$ ,TRADE-,UNION ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT WAS ALSO DECID$ TO S5D DELEGATES TO AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,B]L9 9 ,DECEMB]1 FROM :I* RESULT$ A 0,WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION40 ,?IS WAS NOT A REAL 9T]NATIONAL1 S9CE ASIDE FROM ! IMPORTANT ,SPANI% GR\P1 IT HAD ! SUPPORT ( V]Y SMALL NUMB]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 .<#b#h.> 

,FROM ! TIME ( ?IS BREA* ,MOSC[ BORE AN 9VET]ATE HATR$ = ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 & ,&RES ,N9 W]E DIS[N$ BY ! ,C,N,T & LEFT IT TO F\ND ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 ,MAY #aibd ,MAUR9 PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET DECL>+ W> TO ! DEA? ON HIS =M] COMRADES3 0,! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( AN>*ISM IS A DIFFICULT TASK 9 A C\NTRY 9 :I* ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BE>S ! M>K ( FIFTY YE>S ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A4 ,BUT WE %ALL GET !M40 ,A ?REAT :I* WAS LAT] C>RI$ \T4 

,! ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,T,R,A,D,I,T,I,O,N ,9 ,S,P,A,9 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD ?US REAM$ ! LESSON ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION V]Y E>LY1 & ?IS PLAY$ A P>T 9 9SPIR+ !M TO PREP>E AN ANT9OMIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! DEG5]ATION ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM 9CREAS$ !IR DET]M9ATION TO BR+ AB\T ! VICTORY ( A LIB]T>IAN =M ( COMMUNISM4 ,!Y HAD BE5 CRUELLY DISAPPO9T$ 9 ! ,SOVIET MIRAGE &1 9 ! WORDS ( ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 SAW 9 AN>*ISM 0! LA/ HOPE ( R5EWAL DUR+ ?IS SOMB] P]IOD40 

,! BASIS = A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS PRETTY WELL LAID 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! POPUL> MASSES & 9 ! ?9K+ ( LIB]T>IAN !ORETICIANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM WAS1 0BECAUSE ( ITS PSY*OLOGY1 ITS TEMP]AM5T1 & ITS REACTIONS1 ! MO/ ,SPANI% ?+ 9 ALL ,SPA940 ,IT WAS ! D\BLE PRODUCT ( A COMP\ND DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT SUIT$ BO? ! BACKW>D /ATE ( A POORLY DEVELOP$ C\NTRY1 9 :I* RURAL LIV+ CONDITIONS REMA9$ >*AIC1 & ALSO ! GR[? ( A MODEM PROLET>IAT BORN ( 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 C]TA9 >EAS4 ,! UNIQUE FEATURE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS A /RANGE MIXTURE ( PA/ & FUTURE4 ,! SYMBIOSIS BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES WAS F> FROM P]FECT4 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,C,N,T HAD MORE ?AN A MILLION TRADE-UNION MEMB]S4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD IT WAS /RONG 9 ,CATALONIA1 & RA!R LESS SO 9 ,MADRID & ,VAL5CIA2 .<#b#i.> BUT IT ALSO HAD DEEP ROOTS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 AMONG ! POOR PEASANTS :O PRES]V$ A TRADITION ( VILLAGE COMMUNALISM1 T+$ ) LOCAL PATRIOTISM & A COOP]ATIVE SPIRIT4 ,9 #ahih ! AU?OR ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A HAD DESCRIB$ ! SURVIVALS ( ?IS AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM4 ,MANY VILLAGES /ILL HAD COMMON PROP]TY FROM :I* !Y ALLOCAT$ PLOTS TO ! L&LESS1 OR :I* !Y US$ TOGE!R ) O!R VILLAGES = PA/URAGE OR O!R COMMUNAL PURPOSES4 ,9 ! REGION ( L>GE-SCALE L&[N]%IP1 9 ! S\?1 ! AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S PREF]R$ SOCIALIZATION TO ! DIVISION ( ! L&4 

,MOREOV]1 MANY DECADES ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 9 ! =M ( SMALL POPUL> PAMPHLETS1 HAD PREP>$ ! BASIS = AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS ESPECIALLY P[]FUL AMONG ! PEASANTS ( ! S\? 7,&ALUSIA71 ( ! EA/ 7>EA ( ! ,LEVANT >\ND ,VAL5CIA71 & ( ! NOR!A/ 7,>AGON1 >\ND ,S>AGOSSA74 

,?IS D\BLE BASE1 BO? 9DU/RIAL & RURAL1 HAD TURN$ ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM ( ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 SOME:AT DIV]G5T DIRECTIONS1 ! ONE COMMUNALI/1 ! O!R SYNDICALI/4 ,! COMMUNALISM WAS EXPRESS$ 9 A MORE LOCAL1 MORE RURAL SPIRIT1 ONE MI<T ALMO/ SAY3 MORE S\!RN1 = ONE ( ITS PR9CIPAL BA/IONS WAS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,SYNDICALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS MORE URBAN & UNIT>IAN 9 SPIRIT - MORE NOR!RLY1 TOO1 S9CE ITS MA9 C5T] WAS ,CATALONIA4 ,LIB]T>IAN !ORETICIANS W]E SOME:AT TORN & DIVID$ ON ?IS SUBJECT4 

,SOME HAD GIV5 !IR HE>TS TO ,KROPOTK9 & HIS ]UDITE BUT SIMPLI/IC IDEALIZATION ( ! COMMUNES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES :I* !Y ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,SPANI% TRADITION ( ! PRIMITIVE PEASANT COMMUNITY4 ,!IR FAVORITE SLOGAN WAS ! 0FREE COMMUNE40 ,V>I\S PRACTICAL EXP]IM5TS 9 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS :I* FOLL[$ ! F\NDATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,BY FREE MUTUAL AGREEM5T SOME GR\PS ( SMALL-PEASANT PROPRIETORS DECID$ TO WORK TOGE!R1 TO DIVIDE ! PR(ITS 9TO EQUAL P>TS1 & TO PROVIDE = !IR [N CONSUMPTION BY 0DRAW+ FROM ! COMMON POOL40 ,!Y DISMISS$ ! MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATIONS & REPLAC$ !M BY ELECT$ COMMITTEES1 NAIVELY BELIEV+ ?AT !Y C\LD FREE !MSELVES FROM ! SURR\ND+ SOCIETY1 TAXATION1 & MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,BAKUN9 WAS ! F\ND] ( ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVI/1 SYNDICALI/1 & 9T]NATIONALI/ WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,?OSE AN>*I/S :O W]E MORE REALI/IC1 MORE CONC]N$ ) ! PRES5T ?AN ! GOLD5 AGE1 T5D$ TO FOLL[ HIM & HIS DISCIPLE ,RIC>DO ,MELLA4 ,!Y W]E CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC UNIFICATION & BELIEV$ ?AT A LONG TRANSITIONAL P]IOD W\LD BE NECESS>Y DUR+ :I* IT W\LD BE WIS] TO REW>D LABOR ACCORD+ TO ! H\RS WORK$ & NOT ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,!Y 5VISAG$ ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( ! FUTURE AS A COMB9ATION ( LOCAL TRADE-UNION GR\P+S & F$]ATIONS ( BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 

,= A LONG TIME ! SYNDICATOS UNICOS 7LOCAL UNIONS7 PR$OM9AT$ )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,!SE GR\PS1 CLOSE TO ! WORK]S1 FREE FROM ALL CORPORATE EGOISM1 S]V$ AS A PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL HOME = ! PROLET>IAT4 .<#c.> ,TRA9+ 9 !SE LOCAL UNIONS HAD FUZ$ ! IDEAS ( ! TRADE UNION & ! COMMUNE 9 ! M9DS ( RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS4 

,! !ORETICAL DEBATE 9 :I* ! SYNDICALI/S OPPOS$ ! AN>*I/S AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS ( #aig .<#c#a.> WAS REVIV$ 9 PRACTICE TO DIVIDE ! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,! /RUGGLE = DAY-TO-DAY DEM&S )9 ! ,C,N,T HAD CREAT$ A RE=MI/ T5D5CY 9 ! FACE ( :I* ! ,F,A,I 7,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA71 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#b#g1 UND]TOOK ! DEF5SE ( ! 9TEGRITY ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES4 ,9 #aica A 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,?IRTY0 WAS PUT \T BY ! SYNDICALI/ T5D5CY CONDEMN+ ! 0DICTATOR%IP0 ( M9ORITIES )9 ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 & DECL>+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( TRADE UNIONISM & ITS CLAIM TO BE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 ,SOME TRADE UNIONS LEFT ! ,C,N,T & A RE=MI/ ELEM5T P]SI/$ )9 ?AT TRADE-UNION C5T] EV5 AFT] ! BREA* HAD BE5 HEAL$ ON ! EVE ( ! ,JULY #aicf ,REVOLUTION4 

,!,O,R,Y 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CONT9U\SLY PUBLI%$ ! MAJOR & EV5 M9OR WORKS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM 9 ! ,SPANI% LANGUAGE4 ,!Y ?US PRES]V$ FROM NEGLECT1 & EV5 P]HAPS ABSOLUTE DE/RUCTION1 ! TRADITIONS ( A SOCIALISM BO? REVOLUTION>Y & FREE4 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y WAS A ,G]MAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ WRIT] :O PUT HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 0! PROBLEM ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS CONT9U\SLY & SY/EMATICALLY DISCUSS$ 9 !IR TRADE-UNION & GR\P MEET+S1 9 !IR PAP]S1 !IR PAMPHLETS1 & !IR BOOKS40 

,! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC1 9 #a#i#c#a1 L$ TO AN \TBUR/ ( 0ANTICIPATORY0 WRIT+S3 ,PEIRATS LI/S AB\T FIFTY TITLES1 /RESS+ ?AT !RE W]E MANY MORE1 & EMPHASIZES ?AT ?IS 0OBSESSION ) REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION0 L$ TO A PROLIF]ATION ( WRIT+S :I* CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO PREP>+ ! PEOPLE = A REVOLUTION>Y ROAD4 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME'S PAMPHLET ( #a#h#g#f1 ,IDE'ES SUR ,L',ORGANIZATION ,SOCIALE1 WAS KN[N TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 L>GELY QUOT$ 9 ,PI]RE ,BESN>D'S BOOK1 ,LES ,SYNDICATS ,\VRI]S ET LA ,REVOLUTION ,SOCIALE1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#c4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL HAD EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,>G5T9E & 9 #aica PUBLI%$ ,SOCIAL ,RECON/RUCTION 9 ,SPA91 :I* GAVE DIRECT 9SPIRATION TO ! IMPORTANT WORK ( ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 TO BE DISCUSS$ BEL[4 

,9 #a#i#c#b1 ! C\NTRY DOCTOR ,ISAAC ,PU5TE PUBLI%$ A RA!R NAIVE & IDEALI/IC \TL9E ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM2 ITS IDEAS W]E TAK5 UP BY ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f4 ,PU5TE HIMSELF HAD BECOME ! MOV+ SPIRIT ( AN 9SURRECTION>Y COMMITTEE 9 ,>AGON 9 #a#i#c#c4 

,! ,S>AGOSSA PROGRAM ( #aicf DEF9$ ! OP]ATION ( A DIRECT VILLAGE DEMOCRACY ) SOME PRECISION4 ,A COMMUNAL C\NCIL WAS TO BE ELECT$ BY A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! 9HABITANTS & =M$ ( REPRES5TATIVES ( V>I\S TE*NICAL COMMITTEES4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY WAS TO MEET :5EV] ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNE REQUIR$ IT1 ON ! REQUE/ ( MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNAL C\NCIL OR ON ! DIRECT DEM& ( ! 9HABITANTS4 ,! V>I\S RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS W\LD HAVE NO EXECUTIVE OR BUREAUCRATIC *>ACT]4 ,! 9CUMB5TS 7) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW TE*NICIANS & /ATI/ICIANS7 W\LD C>RY \T !IR DUTIES AS PRODUC]S1 LIKE EV]YBODY ELSE1 MEET+ AT ! 5D ( ! DAY'S WORK TO DISCUSS MATT]S ( DETAIL :I* DID NOT REQUIRE DECISIONS BY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 

,ACTIVE WORK]S W]E TO RECEIVE A PRODUC]'S C>D ON :I* W\LD BE RECORD$ ! AM\NT ( LABOR P]=M$1 EVALUAT$ 9 DAILY UNITS1 :I* C\LD BE EX*ANG$ = GOODS4 ,! 9ACTIVE MEMB]S ( ! POPULATION W\LD RECEIVE SIMPLY A CONSUM]'S C>D4 ,!RE WAS TO BE NO G5]AL NORM3 ! AUTONOMY ( ! COMMUNES WAS TO BE RESPECT$4 ,IF !Y ?\<T FIT1 !Y C\LD E/ABLI% A DIFF]5T SY/EM ( 9T]NAL EX*ANGE1 ON ! SOLE CONDITION ?AT IT DID NOT 9JURE ! 9T]E/S ( ! O!R COMMUNES4 ,! RI<T TO COMMUNAL AUTONOMY W\LD1 H[EV]1 NOT OBVIATE ! DUTY ( COLLECTIVE SOLID>ITY )9 ! PROV9CIAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS ( COMMUNES4 

,ONE ( ! MAJOR CONC]NS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS WAS ! CULTIVATION ( ! M9D4 ,?R\<\T !IR LIVES ALL M5 W]E TO BE ASSUR$ ( ACCESS TO SCI5CE1 >T1 & RESE>* ( ALL K9DS1 PROVID$ ONLY ?AT !SE ACTIVITIES REMA9$ COMPATIBLE ) PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL RES\RCES4 ,SOCIETY WAS NO LONG] TO BE DIVID$ 9TO MANUAL WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS3 ALL W]E TO BE1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 BO? ONE & ! O!R4 ,! PRACTICE ( SU* P>ALLEL ACTIVITIES W\LD 9SURE A HEAL?Y BALANCE 9 HUMAN NATURE4 ,ONCE HIS DAY'S WORK AS A PRODUC] WAS F9I%$ ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS TO BE ! ABSOLUTE MA/] ( HIS [N TIME4 ,! ,C,N,T =ESAW ?AT SPIRITUAL NE$S W\LD BEG9 TO BE EXPRESS$ 9 A F> MORE PRESS+ WAY AS SOON AS ! EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY HAD SATISFI$ MAT]IAL NE$S4 

,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAD LONG BE5 CONC]N$ TO SAFEGU>D ! AUTONOMY ( :AT IT CALL$ 0AFF9ITY GR\PS40 ,!RE W]E MANY ADEPTS ( NATURISM & VEGET>IANISM AMONG ITS MEMB]S1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! POOR PEASANTS ( ! S\?4 ,BO? !SE WAYS ( LIV+ W]E CONSID]$ SUITABLE = ! TRANS=MATION ( ! HUMAN BE+ 9 PREP>ATION = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,AT ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS ! MEMB]S DID NOT =GET TO CONSID] ! FATE ( GR\PS ( NATURI/S & NUDI/S1 0UNSUIT$ TO 9DU/RIALIZATION40 ,AS !SE GR\PS W\LD BE UNABLE TO SUPPLY ALL !IR [N NE$S1 ! CONGRESS ANTICIPAT$ ?AT !IR DELEGATES TO ! MEET+S ( ! CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES W\LD BE ABLE TO NEGOTIATE SPECIAL ECONOMIC AGREEM5TS ) ! O!R AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL COMMUNES4 ,DOES ?IS MAKE US SMILE8 ,ON ! EVE ( A VA/1 BLOODY1 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! ,C,N,T DID NOT ?9K IT FOOLI% TO TRY TO MEET ! 9F9ITELY V>I$ ASPIRATIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S4 

,) REG>D TO CRIME & PUNI%M5T ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS FOLL[$ ! TEA*+S ( ,BAKUN91 /AT+ ?AT SOCIAL 9JU/ICE IS ! MA9 CAUSE ( CRIME &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ONCE ?IS HAS BE5 REMOV$ (F5SES WILL R>ELY BE COMMITT$4 ,! CONGRESS AFFIRM$ ?AT MAN IS NOT NATURALLY EVIL4 ,! %ORTCOM+S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 9 ! MORAL FIELD AS WELL AS 9 HIS ROLE AS PRODUC]1 W]E TO BE 9VE/IGAT$ BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES :I* W\LD MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO F9D A JU/ SOLUTION 9 EA* SEP>ATE CASE4 

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS UNWILL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! NE$ = ANY P5AL ME?ODS O!R ?AN M$ICAL TREATM5T & RE$UCATION4 ,IF1 AS ! RESULT ( SOME PA?OLOGICAL CONDITION1 AN 9DIVIDUAL W]E TO DAMAGE ! H>MONY :I* %\LD REIGN AMONG HIS EQUALS HE W\LD BE TREAT$ = HIS UNBALANC$ CONDITION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HIS E?ICAL & SOCIAL S5SE W\LD BE /IMULAT$4 ,IF ]OTIC PASSIONS W]E TO GO BEYOND ! B\NDS IMPOS$ BY RESPECT = ! FRE$OM ( O!RS1 ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS RECOMM5D$ A 0*ANGE ( AIR10 BELIEV+ IT TO BE AS GOOD = PHYSICAL ILLNESS AS = LOVESICKNESS4 ,! TRADE-UNION F$]ATION REALLY D\BT$ ?AT SU* EXTREME BEHAVIOR W\LD /ILL OCCUR 9 SURR\ND+S ( SEXUAL FRE$OM4 

,:5 ! ,C,N,T CONGRESS ADOPT$ ! ,S>AGOSSA PROGRAM 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#f1 NO ONE REALLY EXPECT$ ?AT ! TIME TO APPLY IT W\LD COME ONLY TWO MON?S LAT]4 ,9 PRACTICE ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! L& & ( 9DU/RY :I* WAS TO FOLL[ ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY ( ,JULY #ai DIFF]$ CONSID]ABLY FROM ?IS IDYLLIC PROGRAM4 ,:ILE ! WORD 0COMMUNE0 OCCURR$ 9 EV]Y L9E1 ! T]M ACTUALLY US$ = SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION UNITS WAS TO BE COLLECTIVIDADES4 ,?IS WAS NOT SIMPLY A *ANGE ( T]M9OLOGY3 ! CREATORS ( ,SPANI% SELF-MANAGEM5T LOOK$ TO O!R S\RCES = !IR 9SPIRATION4 

,TWO MON?S BE=E ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN HAD PUBLI%$ A BOOK1 ,EL ,ORGANISMO ,ECONOMICO DE LA ,REVOLUCION 7,! ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,REVOLUTION74 ,?IS \TL9E ( AN ECONOMIC /RUCTURE DREW A SOME:AT DIFF]5T 9SPIRATION FROM ! ,S>AGOSSA PROGRAM4 

,UNLIKE MANY ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 ,SANTILLAN WAS NOT A RIGID & /]ILE DISCIPLE ( ! GREAT AN>*I/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,HE REGRETT$ ?AT AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE ( ! PREVI\S TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY YE>S %\LD HAVE PAID SO LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( A NEW ECONOMY1 & ?AT IT HAD NOT OP5$ UP ORIG9AL P]SPECTIVES ON ! FUTURE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN>*ISM HAD PRODUC$ A SUP]ABUNDANCE ( WORKS1 9 EV]Y LANGUAGE1 GO+ OV] & OV] AN 5TIRELY AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY4 ,SANTILLAN COMP>$ ?IS 9DIGE/IBLE BODY ( WORK ) ! REPORTS PRES5T$ TO ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! LATT] SEEM$ TO HIM ! MORE BRILLIANT = ! COMP>ISON4 ,HE ?\<T !Y HAD %[N A V]Y MU* BETT] UND]/&+ ( ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AN HAD APPE>$ 9 SUBSEQU5T P]IODS4 

,SANTILLAN WAS NOT BACKW>D1 BUT A TRUE MAN ( HIS TIMES4 ,HE WAS AW>E ?AT 0! TREM5D\S DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS CREAT$ A :OLE S]IES ( NEW PROBLEMS1 :I* IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ESEE AT AN E>LI] TIME40 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( GO+ BACK TO ! ,ROMAN *>IOT OR TO PRIMITIVE =MS ( >TISAN PRODUCTION4 ,ECONOMIC 9SUL>ITY1 A P>O*IAL WAY ( ?9K+1 ! PATRIA *ICA 7LITTLE FA!RL&7 DE> TO ! HE>TS ( RURAL ,SPANI>DS NO/ALGIC = A GOLD5 AGE1 ! SMALL-SCALE & M$IEVAL 0FREE COMMUNE0 ( ,KROPOTK9 - ALL !SE MU/ BE RELEGAT$ TO A MUSEUM ( ANTIQUITIES4 ,!Y >E ! VE/IGES ( \T-(-DATE COMMUNALI/ CONCEPTIONS4 ,NO 0FREE COMMUNES0 CAN EXI/ FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW3 0,\R IDEAL IS ! COMMUNE :I* IS ASSOCIAT$1 F$]AT$1 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! TOTAL ECONOMY ( ! C\NTRY1 & ( O!R C\NTRIES 9 A /ATE ( REVOLUTION40 ,TO REPLACE ! S+LE [N] BY A HYDRA-HEAD$ [N] IS NOT COLLECTIVISM1 IS NOT SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! L&1 ! FACTORIES1 ! M9ES1 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT >E ! PRODUCT ( ! WORK ( ALL & MU/ BE AT ! S]VICE ( ALL4 ,N[ADAYS ! ECONOMY IS NEI!R LOCAL1 NOR EV5 NATIONAL1 BUT WORLD-WIDE4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( MOD]N LIFE IS ! COHESION ( ALL ! PRODUCTIVE & DI/RIBUTIVE =CES4 0,A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY1 DIRECT$ & PLANN$1 IS AN IMP]ATIVE NECESSITY & CORRESPONDS TO ! TR5D ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N ECONOMIC WORLD40 

,SANTILLAN =ESAW ! FUNCTION ( COORD9AT+ & PLANN+ AS BE+ C>RI$ \T BY A F$]AL ECONOMIC C\NCIL1 :I* W\LD NOT BE A POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 BUT SIMPLY AN ORGAN ( COORD9ATION1 AN ECONOMIC & ADM9I/RATIVE REGULATOR4 ,ITS DIRECTIVES W\LD COME FROM BEL[1 FROM ! FACTORY C\NCILS F$]AT$ 9TO TRADE UNION C\NCILS = DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 & 9TO LOCAL ECONOMIC C\NCILS4 ,! F$]AL C\NCIL IS ?US AT ! RECEIV+ 5D ( TWO *A9S ( AU?ORITY1 ONE BAS$ ON LOCALITY & ! O!R ON OCCUPATION4 ,! ORGANIZATIONS AT ! BASE PROVIDE IT ) /ATI/ICS SO ?AT IT WILL BE AW>E ( ! REAL ECONOMIC SITUATION AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY IT CAN SPOT MAJOR DEFICI5CIES1 & DET]M9E ! SECTORS 9 :I* NEW 9DU/RIES OR CROPS >E MO/ URG5TLY REQUIR$4 0,! POLICEM5 WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y :5 ! SUPREME AU?ORITY LIES 9 FIGURES & /ATI/ICS40 ,9 SU* A SY/EM /ATE CO]CION HAS NO UTILITY1 IS /]ILE1 EV5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! F$]AL C\NCIL SEES TO ! PROPAGATION ( NEW NORMS1 ! GR[? ( 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 ! REGIONS & ! =MATION ( NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,IT /IMULATES RESE>* 9TO NEW ME?ODS ( WORK1 NEW MANUFACTUR+ PROCESSES1 NEW AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES4 ,IT DI/RIBUTES LABOR FROM ONE REGION TO ANO!R1 FROM ONE BRAN* ( ! ECONOMY TO ANO!R4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,SANTILLAN LE>N$ A GREAT DEAL FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT TAU<T HIM TO BEW>E ( ! DANG] ( A RESURG5CE ( ! /ATE & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS2 BUT1 ON ! O!R1 IT TAU<T HIM ?AT A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION CAN NOT AVOID PASS+ ?R\< 9T]M$IATE ECONOMIC =MS1 .<#c#b.> 9 :I* !RE SURVIVES = A TIME :AT ,M>X & ,L59 CALL 0B\RGEOIS LAW40 ,= 9/ANCE1 !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( ABOLI%+ ! BANK+ & MONET>Y SY/EM AT ONE FELL SWOOP4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE TRANS=M$ & US$ AS A TEMPOR>Y MEANS ( EX*ANGE TO KEEP SOCIAL LIFE MOV+ & PREP>E ! WAY TO NEW ECONOMIC =MS4 

,SANTILLAN WAS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION3 HE BECAME1 9 TURN1 A MEMB] ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA 75D ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f71 A MEMB] ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL 7,AUGU/ #a#a71 & ,ECONOMICS ,M9I/] ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T 7MID-,DECEMB]74 

,A,N 0,A,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L0 ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS1 ?US1 RELATIVELY WELL PREP>$1 BO? 9 ! M9DS ( LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S & 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,RI<T REG>D$ ! ELECTORAL VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf AS ! BEG9N+ ( A REVOLUTION4 

,9 FACT1 ! MASSES SOON BROKE \T ( ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( !IR SUCCESS AT ! BALLOT BOX4 ,!Y IGNOR$ ! RULES ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y GAME & DID NOT EV5 WAIT = A GOV]NM5T TO BE =M$ TO SET ! PRISON]S FREE4 ,! F>M]S CEAS$ TO PAY R5T TO ! L&LORDS1 ! AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S OCCUPI$ L& & BEGAN TO CULTIVATE IT1 ! VILLAG]S GOT RID ( !IR MUNICIPAL C\NCILS & HA/5$ TO ADM9I/] !MSELVES1 ! RAILWAYM5 W5T ON /RIKE TO 5=CE A DEM& = ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! RAILWAYS4 ,! BUILD+ WORK]S ( ,MADRID CALL$ = WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! FIR/ /EP T[>D SOCIALIZATION4 

,! MILIT>Y *IEFS1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,COLONEL ,FRANCO1 RESPOND$ TO ! SYMPTOMS ( REVOLUTION BY A PUTS*4 ,BUT !Y ONLY SUCCE$$ 9 ACCEL]AT+ ! PROGRESS ( A REVOLUTION :I* HAD1 9 FACT1 ALREADY BEGUN4 ,9 ,MADRID1 9 ,B>CELONA1 9 ,VAL5CIA P>TICUL>LY1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y BIG CITY BUT ,SEVILLE1 ! PEOPLE TOOK ! (F5SIVE1 BESIEG$ B>RACKS1 SET UP B>RICADES 9 ! /REETS & OCCUPI$ /RATEGIC POSITIONS4 ,! WORK]S RU%$ FROM ALL SIDES TO ANSW] ! CALL ( !IR TRADE UNIONS4 ,!Y ASSAULT$ ! /RON<OLDS ( ! ,FRANCO =CES1 ) NO CONC]N = !IR [N LIVES1 ) NAK$ H&S & UNCOV]$ BREA/S4 ,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 TAK+ GUNS FROM ! 5EMY & P]SUAD+ SOLDI]S TO JO9 !IR RANKS4 

,?ANKS TO ?IS POPUL> FURY ! MILIT>Y PUTS* WAS *ECK$ )9 ! FIR/ TW5TY-F\R H\RS2 & !N ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN QUITE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,IT W5T =W>D UNEV5LY1 ( C\RSE1 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS & CITIES1 BUT ) ! GREATE/ IMPETUOSITY 9 ,CATALONIA &1 ESPECIALLY1 ,B>CELONA4 ,:5 ! E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITIES RECOV]$ FROM !IR A/ONI%M5T1 !Y F\ND ?AT !Y SIMPLY NO LONG] EXI/$4 ,! ,/ATE1 ! POLICE1 ! >MY1 ! ADM9I/RATION1 ALL SEEM$ TO HAVE LO/ !IR RAISON D'ETRE4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D HAD BE5 DRIV5 (F OR LIQUIDAT$ & ! VICTORI\S WORK]S W]E MA9TA9+ ORD]4 ,! MO/ URG5T TASK WAS TO ORGANIZE FOOD SUPPLIES3 COMMITTEES DI/RIBUT$ FOOD/UFFS FROM B>RICADES TRANS=M$ 9TO CANTE5S1 & !N OP5$ COMMUNAL RE/AURANTS4 ,LOCAL ADM9I/RATION WAS ORGANIZ$ BY NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES1 & W> COMMITTEES SAW TO ! DEP>TURE ( ! WORK]S' MILITIA TO ! FRONT4 ,! TRADE-UNION C5T] HAD BECOME ! REAL T[N HALL4 ,?IS WAS NO LONG] ! 0DEF5SE ( ! REPUBLIC0 AGA9/ FASCISM1 IT WAS ! ,REVOLUTION - A ,REVOLUTION :I*1 UNLIKE ! ,RUSSIAN ONE1 DID NOT HAVE TO CREATE ALL ITS ORGANS ( AU?ORITY FROM SCRAT*3 ! ELECTION ( SOVIETS WAS MADE UNNECESS>Y BY ! OMNIPRES5T AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ) ITS V>I\S COMMITTEES AT ! BASE4 ,9 ,CATALONIA ! ,C,N,T & ITS CONSCI\S M9ORITY1 ! ,F,A,I1 W]E MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! AU?ORITIES1 :I* HAD BECOME M]E PHANTOMS4 

,9 ,B>CELONA ESPECIALLY1 !RE WAS NO?+ TO PREV5T ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES FROM SEIZ+ DE JURE ! P[] :I* !Y W]E ALREADY EX]CIS+ DE FACTO4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT DO SO4 ,= DECADES1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM HAD BE5 W>N+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! DECEPTIONS ( 0POLITICS0 & EMPHASIZ+ ! PRIMACY ( ! 0ECONOMIC40 ,IT HAD CON/ANTLY S\<T TO DIV]T ! PEOPLE FROM A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO LEAD !M TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< DIRECT ACTION4 ,ON ! BR9K ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! AN>*I/S >GU$ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 LET ! POLITICIANS DO :AT !Y WILL2 WE1 ! 0APOLITICAL10 WILL LAY H&S ON ! ECONOMY4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,9=MATION ,BULLET9 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,! ,FUTILITY ( ,GOV]NM5T10 SUGGE/+ ?AT ! ECONOMIC EXPROPRIATION :I* WAS TAK+ PLACE W\LD LEAD IPSO FACTO TO ! 0LIQUIDATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 :I* W\LD DIE ( ASPHYXIATION40 

,A,N,>,*,I,/,S ,9 ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T 

,?IS UND]E/IMATION ( GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 WAS V]Y RAPIDLY REV]S$ & ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S SUDD5LY BECAME GOV]NM5TALI/S4 ,SOON AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA1 AN 9T]VIEW TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ! PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOIS LIB]AL ,COMPANYS4 ,HE WAS READY TO RESIGN BUT WAS KEPT 9 (FICE4 ,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I REFUS$ TO EX]CISE AN AN>*I/ 0DICTATOR%IP10 & DECL>$ !IR WILL+NESS TO COLLABORATE ) O!R LEFT GR\P+S4 ,BY MID-,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,C,N,T WAS CALL+ ON ! PRIME M9I/] ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 TO SET UP A FIFTE5-MEMB] 0,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL0 9 :I* !Y W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) FIVE PLACES4 ,?IS WAS AS GOOD AS ACCEPT+ ! IDEA ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 A CAB9ET UND] ANO!R NAME4 

,! AN>*I/S 5D$ UP BY ACCEPT+ PORTFOLIOS 9 TWO GOV]NM5TS3 FIR/ 9 ,CATALONIA & SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 WAS 9 ,B>CELONA &1 ON ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#c#g1 WROTE AN OP5 LETT] TO HIS COMRADE1 M9I/] ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 REPROA*+ ! AN>*I/S ) BE+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ONLY AS HO/AGES & FRONTS 0= POLITICIANS :O FLIRT ) ! .<CLASS.> 5EMY40 .<#c#c.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,/ATE ) :I* ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD AGRE$ TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$ REMA9$ A B\RGEOIS ,/ATE :OSE (FICIALS & POLITICAL P]SONNEL (T5 HAD BUT LITTLE LOYALTY TO ! REPUBLIC4 ,:AT WAS ! REASON = ?IS *ANGE ( HE>T8 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( A PROLET>IAN C\NT]ATTACK AGA9/ A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y C\P D'ETAT4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ,REVOLUTION TOOK ON ! *>ACT] ( SELF-DEF5SE1 A MILIT>Y *>ACT]1 BECAUSE ( ! NECESSITY TO OPPOSE ! COHORTS ( ,COLONEL ,FRANCO ) ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA4 ,FAC$ BY A COMMON DANG]1 ! AN>*I/S ?\<T ?AT !Y HAD NO *OICE BUT TO JO9 ) ALL ! O!R TRADE-UNION =CES1 & EV5 POLITICAL P>TIES1 :I* W]E READY TO /& AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REBELLION4 ,AS ! FASCI/ P[]S 9CREAS$ !IR SUPPORT = ,FRANCO1 ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE DEG5]AT$ 9TO A REAL W>1 A TOTAL W> ( ! CLASSICAL TYPE4 ,! LIB]T>IANS C\LD ONLY TAKE P>T 9 IT BY AB&ON+ MORE & MORE ( !IR PR9CIPLES1 BO? POLITICAL & MILIT>Y4 ,!Y REASON$1 FALSELY1 ?AT ! VICTORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE ASSUR$ BY FIR/ W9N+ ! W> &1 AS ,SANTILLAN WAS TO ADMIT1 !Y 0SACRIFIC$ EV]Y?+0 TO ! W>4 ,B]N]I >GU$ 9 VA9 AGA9/ ! PRIORITY ( ! W> AS SU*1 & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ,FRANCO C\LD ONLY BE 9SUR$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y W>4 ,TO PUT A BRAKE ON ! ,REVOLUTION WAS1 9 FACT1 TO WEAK5 ! /RONGE/ >M ( ! ,REPUBLIC3 ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES4 ,AN EV5 MORE S]I\S ASPECT ( ! MATT] WAS ?AT ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 BLOCKAD$ BY ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACIES & 9 GRAVE DANG] FROM ! ADVANC+ FASCI/ TR\PE1 NE$$ ,RUSSIAN MILIT>Y AID 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,?IS AID WAS GIV5 ON A TWO-FOLD CONDITION3 #a 7 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MU/ PR(IT FROM IT AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & ! AN>*I/S AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE2 #b7 ,/AL9 WANT$ AT ANY PRICE TO PREV5T ! VICTORY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT W\LD HAVE BE5 LIB]T>IAN1 BUT BECAUSE IT W\LD HAVE EXPROPRIAT$ CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS BELONG+ TO ,BRITA9 :I* WAS PRESUM$ TO BE AN ALLY ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 9 ! 0DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE0 AGA9/ ,HITL]4 ,! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/S W5T SO F> AS TO D5Y ?AT A REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 PLACE3 A LEGAL GOV]NM5T WAS SIMPLY TRY+ TO OV]COME A MILIT>Y MUT9Y4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 !RE WAS A BLOODY /RUGGLE 9 ,B>CELONA & ! WORK]S W]E DIS>M$ BY ! =CES ( ORD] UND] ,/AL9I/ COMM&4 ,9 ! NAME ( UNIT$ ACTION AGA9/ ! FASCI/S ! AN>*I/S =BADE ! WORK]S TO RETALIATE4 ,! SAD P]SI/5CE ) :I* !Y ?REW !MSELVES 9TO ! ]ROR ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 UNTIL ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 CANNOT BE DEALT ) 9 ?IS %ORT BOOK4 

,S,E,L,F-,M,A,N,A,G,E,M,5,T ,9 ,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,E 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! FIELD TO :I* !Y ATTA*$ ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE1 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S %[$ !MSELVES MU* MORE 9TRANSIG5T & COMPROMIS$ TO A MU* LESS] DEGREE4 ,AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS V]Y L>GELY SELF-PROPELL$4 ,BUT AS ! ,/ATE GREW /RONG] & ! W> MORE & MORE TOTALIT>IAN1 AN 9CREAS+LY %>P CONTRADICTION DEVELOP$ BETWE5 A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC AT W> & AN EXP]IM5T 9 COMMUNISM OR RA!R 9 LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 ! 5D1 IT WAS SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* HAD TO RETREAT1 SACRIFIC$ ON ! ALT> ( 0ANTIFASCISM40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PEIRATS1 A ME?ODICAL /UDY ( ?IS EXP]IM5T 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T HAS YET TO BE MADE2 IT WILL BE A DIFFICULT TASK1 S9CE SELF-MANAGEM5T PRES5T$ SO MANY V>IANTS 9 DIFF]5T PLACES & AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,?IS MATT] DES]VES ALL ! MORE ATT5TION1 BECAUSE RELATIVELY LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T IT4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,REPUBLICAN RANKS IT WAS EI!R PASS$ OV] OR UND]-RAT$4 ,! CIVIL W> SUBM]G$ IT & EV5 TODAY OV]%AD[S IT 9 HUMAN MEMORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE IS NO REF]5CE TO IT 9 ! FILM ,TO ,DIE 9 ,MADRID1 & YET IT IS PROBABLY ! MO/ CREATIVE LEGACY ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 

,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS A LI<TN+ DEF5SIVE ACTION BY ! PEOPLE TO C\NT] ! PRONUNCIAM5TO ( ,FRANCO4 ,! 9DU/RIALI/S & L>GE L&[N]S IMM$IATELY AB&ON$ !IR PROP]TY & TOOK REFUGE ABROAD4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS TOOK OV] ?IS AB&ON$ PROP]TY1 ! AGRICULTURAL DAY LABOR]S DECID$ TO CONT9UE CULTIVAT+ ! SOIL ON !IR [N4 ,!Y ASSOCIAT$ TOGE!R 9 0COLLECTIVES0 QUITE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,9 ,CATALONIA A REGIONAL CONGRESS ( PEASANTS WAS CALL$ TOGE!R BY ! ,C,N,T ON ,SEPTEMB] #e & AGRE$ TO ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& UND] TRADE UNION MANAGEM5T & CONTROL4 ,L>GE E/ATES & ! PROP]TY ( FASCI/S W]E TO BE SOCIALIZ$1 :ILE SMALL L&[N]S W\LD HAVE FREE *OICE BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,LEGAL SANCTION CAME LAT]3 ON ,OCTOB] #g1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,REPUBLICAN C5TRAL GOV]NM5T CONFISCAT$ )\T 9DEMNITY ! PROP]TY ( 0P]SONS COMPROMIS$ 9 ! FASCI/ REBELLION40 ,?IS MEASURE WAS 9COMPLETE FROM A LEGAL PO9T ( VIEW1 S9CE IT ONLY SANCTION$ A V]Y SMALL P>T ( ! TAKE-OV]S ALREADY C>RI$ \T SPONTANE\SLY BY ! PEOPLE2 ! PEASANTS HAD C>RI$ \T EXPROPRIATION )\T DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 ?OSE :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! MILIT>Y PUTS* & ?OSE :O HAD NOT4 

,9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES :]E ! TE*NICAL RES\RCES NECESS>Y = L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE >E ABS5T1 ! POOR PEASANT IS MORE ATTRACT$ BY PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :I* HE HAS NOT YET 5JOY$1 ?AN BY SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ,SPA91 H[EV]1 LIB]T>IAN $UCATION & A COLLECTIVI/ TRADITION COMP5SAT$ = TE*NICAL UND]DEVELOPM5T1 C\NT]$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC T5D5CIES ( ! PEASANTS1 & TURN$ !M DIRECTLY T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,! LATT] WAS ! *OICE ( ! POOR] PEASANTS1 :ILE ?OSE :O W]E SLI<TLY BETT] (F1 AS 9 ,CATALONIA1 CLUNG TO 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,A GREAT MAJORITY 7#i P]C5T7 ( L& WORK]S *OSE TO JO9 COLLECTIVES FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,?IS DECISION CREAT$ A CLOSE ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! PEASANTS & ! CITY WORK]S1 ! LATT] BE+ SUPPORT]S ( ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! V]Y NATURE ( !IR FUNCTION4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS WAS EV5 HI<] 9 ! C\NTRY ?AN 9 ! CITIES4 

,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES SET !MSELVES UP ) A TW(OLD MANAGEM5T1 ECONOMIC & GEOGRAPHICAL4 ,! TWO FUNCTIONS W]E DI/9CT1 BUT 9 MO/ CASES IT WAS ! TRADE UNIONS :I* ASSUM$ !M OR CONTROLL$ !M4 ,A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( WORK+ PEASANTS 9 EA* VILLAGE ELECT$ A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE :I* WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,AP>T FROM ! SECRET>Y1 ALL ! MEMB]S CONT9U$ !IR MANUAL LABOR4 ,WORK WAS OBLIGATORY = ALL HEAL?Y M5 BETWE5 EI<TE5 & SIXTY4 ,! PEASANTS W]E DIVID$ 9TO GR\PS ( T5 OR MORE1 EA* L$ BY A DELEGATE1 & EA* BE+ ALLOCAT$ AN >EA TO CULTIVATE1 OR AN OP]ATION TO P]=M1 APPROPRIATE TO ! AGE ( ITS MEMB]S & ! NATURE ( ! WORK CONC]N$4 ,! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE RECEIV$ ! DELEGATES FROM ! GR\PS EV]Y EV5+4 ,) REG>D TO LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 ! COMMUNE FREQU5TLY CALL$ ! 9HABITANTS TOGE!R 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLY TO RECEIVE REPORTS ( ACTIVITIES UND]TAK54 ,EV]Y?+ WAS PUT 9TO ! COMMON POOL ) ! EXCEPTION ( CLO?+1 FURNITURE1 P]SONAL SAV+S1 SMALL DOME/IC ANIMALS1 G>D5 PLOTS1 & P\LTRY KEPT = FAMILY USE4 ,>TISANS1 HAIRDRESS]S1 %OEMAK]S1 ETC41 W]E GR\P$ 9 COLLECTIVES2 ! %EEP BELONG+ TO ! COMMUNITY W]E DIVID$ 9TO FLOCKS ( SEV]AL HUNDR$S1 PUT 9 ! *>GE ( %EPH]DS1 & ME?ODICALLY DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! M\NTA9 PA/URES4 

,) REG>D TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS1 V>I\S SY/EMS W]E TRI$ \T1 SOME BAS$ ON COLLECTIVISM & O!RS ON MORE OR LESS TOTAL COMMUNISM1 & /ILL O!RS RESULT+ FROM A COMB9ATION ( ! TWO4 ,MO/ COMMONLY1 PAYM5T WAS BAS$ ON FAMILY NE$S4 ,EA* HEAD ( A FAMILY RECEIV$ A DAILY WAGE ( SPECIALLY M>K$ PESETAS :I* C\LD ONLY BE EX*ANG$ = CONSUM] GOODS 9 ! COMMUNAL %OPS1 :I* W]E (T5 SET UP 9 ! *UR* OR ITS BUILD+S4 ,ANY BALANCE NOT CONSUM$ WAS PLAC$ 9 A PESETA CR$IT ACC\NT = ! B5EFIT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DRAW A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( POCKET MONEY FROM ?IS BALANCE4 ,R5T1 ELECTRICITY1 M$ICAL C>E1 PH>MACEUTICALS1 OLD-AGE ASSI/ANCE1 ETC41 W]E ALL FREE4 ,$UCATION WAS ALSO FREE & (T5 GIV5 9 S*OOLS SET UP 9 =M] CONV5TS2 IT WAS COMPULSORY = ALL *ILDR5 UND] F\RTE51 :O W]E =BIDD5 TO P]=M MANUAL LABOR4 

,MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVE CONT9U$ TO BE VOLUNT>Y1 AS WAS REQUIR$ BY ! BASIC CONC]N ( ! AN>*I/ = FRE$OM4 ,NO PRESSURE WAS BR\<T TO BE> ON ! SMALL F>M]S4 ,*OOS+ TO REMA9 \TSIDE ! COMMUNITY1 !Y C\LD NOT EXPECT TO RECEIVE ITS S]VICES & B5EFITS S9CE !Y CLAIM$ TO BE SUFFICI5T UNTO !MSELVES4 ,H[EV]1 !Y C\LD OPT TO P>TICIPATE AS !Y WI%$ 9 COMMUNAL WORK & !Y C\LD BR+ !IR PRODUCE TO ! COMMUNAL %OPS4 ,!Y W]E ADMITT$ TO G5]AL ASSEMBLIES & ! 5JOYM5T ( SOME COLLECTIVE B5EFITS4 ,!Y W]E =BIDD5 ONLY TO TAKE OV] MORE L& ?AN !Y C\LD CULTIVATE1 & SUBJECT TO ONLY ONE RE/RICTION3 ?AT !IR PRES5CE OR !IR PROP]TY %\LD NOT DI/URB ! SOCIALI/ ORD]4 ,9 SOME PLACES SOCIALIZ$ >EAS W]E RECON/ITUT$ 9TO L>G] UNITS BY VOLUNT>Y EX*ANGE ( PLOTS ) 9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS4 ,9 MO/ VILLAGES 9DIVIDUALI/S1 :E!R PEASANTS OR TRAD]S1 DECREAS$ 9 NUMB] AS TIME W5T ON4 ,!Y FELT ISOLAT$ & PREF]R$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES4 

,IT APPE>S ?AT ! UNITS :I* APPLI$ ! COLLECTIVI/ PR9CIPLE ( DAY WAGES W]E MORE SOLID ?AN ! COMP>ATIVELY FEW :I* TRI$ TO E/ABLI% COMPLETE COMMUNISM TOO QUICKLY1 TAK+ NO ACC\NT ( ! EGOISM /ILL DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 HUMAN NATURE1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! WOM54 ,9 SOME VILLAGES :]E CURR5CY HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ & ! POPULATION HELP$ ITSELF FROM ! COMMON POOL1 PRODUC+ & CONSUM+ )9 ! N>R[ LIMITS ( ! COLLECTIVES1 ! DISADVANTAGES ( ?IS P>ALYZ+ SELF-SUFFICI5CY MADE !MSELVES FELT1 & 9DIVIDUALISM SOON RETURN$ TO ! =E1 CAUS+ ! BREAKUP ( ! COMMUNITY BY ! )DRAWAL ( MANY =M] SMALL F>M]S :O HAD JO9$ BUT DID NOT HAVE A REALLY COMMUNI/ WAY ( ?9K+4 

,! COMMUNES W]E UNIT$ 9TO CANTONAL F$]ATIONS1 ABOVE :I* W]E REGIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,9 !ORY ALL ! L&S BELONG+ TO A CANTONAL F$]ATION W]E TREAT$ AS A S+LE UNIT )\T 9T]M$IATE B\ND>IES4 .<#c#d.> ,SOLID>ITY BETWE5 VILLAGES WAS PU%$ TO ! LIMIT1 & EQUALIZATION FUNDS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO GIVE ASSI/ANCE TO ! POORE/ COLLECTIVES4 ,TOOLS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & SURPLUS LABOR W]E ALL MADE AVAILABLE TO COMMUNITIES 9 NE$4 

,! EXT5T ( RURAL SOCIALIZATION WAS DIFF]5T 9 DIFF]5T PROV9CES4 ,AS ALREADY SAID1 ,CATALONIA WAS AN >EA ( SMALL- & M$IUM SIZ$ F>MS1 & ! PEASANTRY HAD A /RONG 9DIVIDUALI/IC TRADITION1 SO ?AT H]E !RE W]E NO MORE ?AN A FEW PILOT COLLECTIVES4 ,9 ,>AGON1 ON ! O!R H&1 MORE ?AN ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! L& WAS SOCIALIZ$4 ,! CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S 9 ?IS REGION HAD BE5 /IMULAT$ BY A LIB]T>IAN MILITIA UNIT1 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 PASS+ ?R\< ON ITS WAY TO ! NOR!RN FRONT TO FI<T ! ,FRANCO TROOPS1 & BY ! SUBSEQU5T E/ABLI%M5T ( A REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITY CREAT$ AT ! BASE1 :I* WAS UNIQUE ( ITS K9D 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,AB\T #de COLLECTIVES W]E SET UP1 ) SOME HALF A MILLION MEMB]S4 ,9 ! ,LEVANT REGION 7FIVE PROV9CES1 CAPITAL ,VAL5CIA71 ! RI*E/ 9 ,SPA91 SOME #i COLLECTIVES W]E E/ABLI%$1 COV]+ #dc P]C5T ( ! GEOGRAPHICAL >EA1 #e P]C5T ( CITRUS PRODUCTION1 & #g P]C5T ( ! CITRUS TRADE4 ,9 ,CA/ILE1 AB\T #c COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$1 ) >\ND #a1 MEMB]S4 ,SOCIALIZATION ALSO MADE HEADWAY 9 ,E/REMADURA & P>T ( ,&ALUSIA1 :ILE A FEW E>LY ATTEMPTS W]E QUICKLY REPRESS$ 9 ! ,A/URIAS4 

,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT GRASS-ROOTS SOCIALISM WAS NOT ! WORK ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ALONE1 AS MANY PEOPLE HAVE SUPPOS$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ! SUPPORT]S ( SELF-MANAGEM5T W]E (T5 0LIB]T>IANS )\T KN[+ IT40 ,9 ,E/REMADURA & ,&ALUSIA1 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 ,CA?OLIC1 & 9 ! ,A/URIAS EV5 COMMUNI/1 PEASANTS TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! S\!RN >EAS NOT CONTROLL$ BY ! AN>*I/S1 :]E MUNICIPALITIES TOOK OV] L>GE E/ATES 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN MANN]1 ! DAY LABOR]S UN=TUNATELY DID NOT FEEL ?IS TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION3 !IR WAGES & CONDITIONS W]E NOT *ANG$2 !RE WAS NO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS AN 9DISPUTABLE SUCCESS EXCEPT :]E IT WAS SABOTAG$ BY ITS OPPON5TS OR 9T]RUPT$ BY ! W>4 ,IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT TO BEAT ! RECORD ( L>GE-SCALE PRIVATE [N]%IP1 = IT HAD BE5 DEPLORABLE4 ,SOME #a1 FEUDAL L&[N]S HAD BE5 9 POSSESSION ( HALF ! T]RITORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,P59SULA4 ,IT HAD SUIT$ !M TO LET A L>GE P>T ( !IR L& LIE FALL[ RA!R ?AN TO P]MIT ! DEVELOPM5T ( A /RATUM ( 9DEP5D5T F>M]S1 OR TO GIVE !IR DAY LABOR]S DEC5T WAGES2 TO DO EI!R ( !SE W\LD HAVE UND]M9$ !IR M$IEVAL FEUDAL AU?ORITY4 ,?US !IR EXI/5CE HAD RET>D$ ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATURAL WEAL? ( ! ,SPANI% L&4 

,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! L& WAS BR\<T TOGE!R 9TO RATIONAL UNITS1 CULTIVAT$ ON A L>GE SCALE & ACCORD+ TO ! G5]AL PLAN & DIRECTIVES ( AGRONOMI/S4 ,! /UDIES ( AGRICULTURAL TE*NICIANS BR\<T AB\T YIELDS #c TO #e P]C5T HI<] ?AN BE=E4 ,! CULTIVAT$ >EAS 9CREAS$1 HUMAN1 ANIMAL1 & ME*ANICAL 5]GY WAS US$ 9 A MORE RATIONAL WAY1 & WORK+ ME?ODS P]FECT$4 ,CROPS W]E DIV]SIFI$1 IRRIGATION EXT5D$1 RE=E/ATION 9ITIAT$1 & TREE NURS]IES />T$4 ,PIGG]IES W]E CON/RUCT$1 RURAL TE*NICAL S*OOLS BUILT1 & DEMON/RATION F>MS SET UP1 SELECTIVE CATTLE BRE$+ WAS DEVELOP$1 & AUXILI>Y AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RIES PUT 9TO OP]ATION4 ,SOCIALIZ$ AGRICULTURE %[$ ITSELF SUP]IOR ON ! ONE H& TO L>GE-SCALE ABS5TEE [N]%IP1 :I* LEFT P>T ( ! L& FALL[2 & ON ! O!R TO SMALL F>MS CULTIVAT$ BY PRIMITIVE TE*NIQUES1 ) POOR SE$ & NO F]TILIZ]S4 

,A FIR/ ATTEMPT AT AGRICULTURAL PLANN+ WAS MADE1 BAS$ ON PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION /ATI/ICS PRODUC$ BY ! COLLECTIVES1 BR\<T TOGE!R BY ! RESPECTIVE CANTONAL COMMITTEES & !N BY ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE :I* CONTROLL$ ! QUANTITY & QUALITY ( PRODUCTION )9 ITS >EA4 ,TRADE \TSIDE ! REGION WAS H&L$ BY A REGIONAL COMMITTEE :I* COLLECT$ ! GOODS TO BE SOLD & 9 EX*ANGE = !M B\<T ! GOODS REQUIR$ BY ! REGION AS A :OLE4 ,RURAL AN>*O-SYNDICALISM %[$ ITS ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY & CAPACITY = COORD9ATION TO BE/ ADVANTAGE 9 ! ,LEVANT4 ,! EXPORT ( CITRUS REQUIR$ ME?ODICAL MOD]N COMM]CIAL TE*NIQUES2 !Y W]E BRILLIANTLY PUT 9TO PLAY1 9 SPITE ( A FEW LIVELY DISPUTES ) RI* PRODUC]S4 

,CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T W5T H& 9 H& ) MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY3 A CAMPAIGN WAS UND]TAK5 TO BR+ LIT]ACY TO ADULTS2 REGIONAL F$]ATIONS SET UP A PROGRAM ( LECTURES1 FILMS1 & !ATRICAL P]=MANCES 9 ALL ! VILLAGES4 ,!SE SUCCESSES W]E DUE NOT ONLY TO ! /R5G? ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION BUT1 TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE1 ALSO TO ! 9TELLIG5CE & 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< ! MAJORITY ( !M W]E ILLIT]ATE1 ! PEASANTS %[$ A DEGREE ( SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS1 PRACTICAL GOOD S5SE1 & SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & SACRIFICE :I* DREW ! ADMIRATION ( =EIGN OBS]V]S4 ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY1 !N ( ! ,BRITI% ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY1 N[ ,LORD ,BROCKWAY1 VISIT$ ! COLLECTIVE ( ,SEGORBE & REPORT$3 0,! SPIRIT ( ! PEASANTS' !IR 5?USIASM1 & ! WAY !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ! COMMON EF=T & ! PRIDE :I* !Y TAKE 9 IT1 >E ALL ADMIRABLE40 

,S,E,L,F-,M,A,N,A,G,E,M,5,T ,9 ,9,D,U,/,R,Y 

,SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS ALSO TRI$ \T 9 9DU/RY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ >EA 9 ,SPA94 ,WORK]S :OSE EMPLOY]S HAD FL$ SPONTANE\SLY UND]TOOK TO KEEP ! FACTORIES GO+4 ,= MORE ?AN F\R MON?S1 ! FACTORIES ( ,B>CELONA1 OV] :I* WAV$ ! R$ & BLACK FLAG ( ! ,C,N,T1 W]E MANAG$ BY REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' COMMITTEES )\T HELP OR 9T]F]5CE FROM ! ,/ATE1 SOMETIMES EV5 )\T EXP]I5C$ MANAG]IAL HELP4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAD ONE PIECE ( GOOD =TUNE 9 BE+ AID$ BY TE*NICIANS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h1 & 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b1 DUR+ ?OSE BRIEF EXP]IM5TS 9 ! OCCUPATION ( ! FACTORIES1 ! 5G9E]S HAD REFUS$ TO HELP ! NEW EXP]IM5T ( SOCIALIZATION2 9 ,SPA9 MANY ( !M COLLABORAT$ CLOSELY ) ! WORK]S FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 

,A TRADE-UNION CONF]5CE REPRES5T+ #f1 WORK]S WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ) ! OBJECT ( DEVELOP+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,! 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S WAS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ BY A DECREE ( ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T DAT$ ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS RATIFI$ ! FAIT ACCOMPLI1 BUT 9TRODUC$ AN ELEM5T ( GOV]NM5T CONTROL ALONGSIDE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,TWO SECTORS W]E CREAT$1 ONE SOCIALI/1 ! O!R PRIVATE4 ,ALL FACTORIES ) MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ WORK]S W]E TO BE SOCIALIZ$ 7& ?OSE ) BETWE5 FIFTY & A HUNDR$ C\LD BE1 ON ! REQUE/ ( ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! WORK]S71 AS W]E ?OSE :OSE PROPRIETORS EI!R HAD BE5 DECL>$ 0SUBV]SIVE0 BY A PEOPLE'S C\RT OR HAD /OPP$ PRODUCTION1 & ?OSE :OSE IMPORTANCE JU/IFI$ TAK+ !M \T ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 7,9 FACT MANY 5T]PRISES W]E SOCIALIZ$ BECAUSE !Y W]E HEAVILY 9 DEBT47 

,A FACTORY UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS DIRECT$ BY A MANAG]IAL COMMITTEE ( FIVE TO FIFTE5 MEMB]S REPRES5T+ ! V>I\S TRADES & S]VICES4 ,!Y W]E NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLY & S]V$ = TWO YE>S1 HALF BE+ *ANG$ EA* YE>4 ,! COMMITTEE APPO9T$ A MANAG] TO :OM IT DELEGAT$ ALL OR P>T ( ITS [N P[]S4 ,9 V]Y L>GE FACTORIES ! SELECTION ( A MANAG] REQUIR$ ! APPROVAL ( ! SUP]VISORY ORGANIZATION4 ,MOREOV]1 A GOV]NM5T CONTROLL] WAS APPO9T$ TO EA* MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE4 ,9 EFFECT IT WAS NOT COMPLETE SELF-MANAGEM5T BUT A SORT ( JO9T MANAGEM5T 9 V]Y CLOSE LIAISON ) ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T4 

,! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE C\LD BE RECALL$1 EI!R BY ! G5]AL MEET+ ( ! WORK]S OR BY ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! P>TICUL> BRAN* ( ! 9DU/RY 7COMPOS$ ( F\R REPRES5TATIVES ( MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES1 EI<T ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 & F\R TE*NICIANS APPO9T$ BY ! SUP]VISORY ORGANIZATION74 ,?IS G5]AL C\NCIL PLANN$ ! WORK & DET]M9$ ! DIVISION ( ! PR(ITS1 & ITS DECISIONS W]E M&ATORY4 ,9 ?OSE 5T]PRISES :I* REMA9$ 9 PRIVATE H&S AN ELECT$ WORK]S' COMMITTEE WAS TO CONTROL ! PRODUCTION PROCESS & CONDITIONS ( WORK 09 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) ! EMPLOY]40 ,! WAGE SY/EM WAS MA9TA9$ 9TACT 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES4 ,EA* WORK] CONT9U$ TO BE PAID A FIX$ WAGE4 ,PR(ITS W]E NOT DIVID$ ON ! FACTORY LEVEL & WAGES ROSE V]Y LITTLE AFT] SOCIALIZATION1 9 FACT EV5 LESS ?AN 9 ! SECTOR :I* REMA9$ PRIVATE4 

,! DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ASPIRATIONS TO SELF-MANAGEM5T & ! T5D5CY TO TUTELAGE BY ! LEFTI/ GOV]NM5T1 AS WELL AS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,IT WAS DRAFT$ BY A LIB]T>IAN M9I/]1 & RATIFI$ BY ! ,C,N,T1 BECAUSE AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,H[ C\LD !Y OBJECT TO ! 9T]V5TION ( GOV]NM5T 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T :5 !Y !MSELVES HAD !IR H&S ON ! LEV]S ( P[]8 ,ONCE ! WOLF IS ALL[$ 9TO ! %EEPFOLD HE ALWAYS 5DS UP BY ACT+ AS ITS MA/]4 

,9 SPITE ( ! CONSID]ABLE P[]S :I* HAD BE5 GIV5 TO ! G5]AL C\NCILS ( BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 IT APPE>$ 9 PRACTICE ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T T5D$ TO PRODUCE A SORT ( P>O*IAL EGOISM1 A SPECIES ( 0B\RGEOIS COOP]ATIVISM10 AS ,PEIRATS CALL$ IT1 EA* PRODUCTION UNIT CONC]N+ ITSELF ONLY ) ITS [N 9T]E/S4 ,!RE W]E RI* COLLECTIVES & POOR COLLECTIVES4 ,SOME C\LD PAY RELATIVELY HI< WAGES :ILE O!RS C\LD NOT EV5 MANAGE TO MA9TA9 ! WAGE LEVEL :I* HAD PREVAIL$ BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,SOME HAD PL5TY ( RAW MAT]IALS1 O!RS W]E V]Y %ORT1 ETC4 ,?IS IMBALANCE WAS FAIRLY SOON REM$I$ BY ! CREATION ( A C5TRAL EQUALIZATION FUND1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO DI/RIBUTE RES\RCES FAIRLY4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 A TRADE-UNION ASSEMBLY WAS HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA1 :]E IT WAS DECID$ TO COORD9ATE ! V>I\S SECTORS ( PRODUCTION 9TO A G5]AL ORGANIC PLAN1 :I* W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID H>MFUL COMPETITION & ! DISSIPATION ( EF=T4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! TRADE UNIONS UND]TOOK ! SY/EMATIC REORGANIZATION ( :OLE TRADES1 CLOS+ D[N HUNDR$S ( SMALL 5T]PRISES & CONC5TRAT+ PRODUCTION 9 ?OSE ?AT HAD ! BAT EQUIPM5T4 ,= 9/ANCE3 9 ,CATALONIA F\NDRIES W]E R$UC$ FROM OV] #g TO #b#d1 TANN]IES FROM #ga TO #d1 GLASS WORKS FROM AB\T #a TO AB\T #c4 ,H[EV]1 9DU/RIAL C5TRALIZATION UND] TRADE-UNION CONTROL C\LD NOT BE DEVELOP$ AS RAPIDLY & COMPLETELY AS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PLANN]S W\LD HAVE WI%$4 ,:Y WAS ?IS8 ,BECAUSE ! ,/AL9I/S & RE=MI/S OPPOS$ ! APPROPRIATION ( ! PROP]TY ( ! MIDDLE CLASS & %[$ SCRUPUL\S RESPECT = ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 

,9 ! O!R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 ! ,CATALONIAN SOCIALIZATION DECREE WAS NOT 9 =CE & COLLECTIVIZATIONS W]E NOT SO FREQU5T AS 9 ,CATALONIA2 H[EV]1 PRIVATE 5T]PRISES W]E (T5 5D[$ ) WORK]S' CONTROL COMMITTEES1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! ,A/URIAS4 

,9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS1 ON ! :OLE1 AS SUCCESSFUL AS AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T HAD BE54 ,OBS]V]S AT FIR/ H& W]E FULL ( PRAISE1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ! EXCELL5T WORK+ ( URBAN PUBLIC S]VICES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,SOME FACTORIES1 IF NOT ALL1 W]E MANAG$ 9 A REM>KABLE FA%ION4 ,SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY MADE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! FEW >MS FACTORIES BUILT 9 ,SPA9 BE=E #aicf HAD BE5 SET UP \TSIDE ,CATALONIA3 ! EMPLOY]S1 9 FACT1 W]E AFRAID ( ! ,CATALONIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ! ,B>CELONA REGION1 !RE=E1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CONV]T FACTORIES 9 GREAT HA/E SO ?AT !Y MI<T S]VE ! DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,WORK]S & TE*NICIANS COMPET$ ) EA* O!R 9 5?USIASM & 9ITIATIVE1 & V]Y SOON W> MAT]IEL MADE MA9LY 9 ,CATALONIA WAS >RIV+ AT ! FRONT4 ,NO LESS EF=T WAS PUT 9TO ! MANUFACTURE ( *EMICAL PRODUCTS ESS5TIAL = W> PURPOSES4 ,SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY W5T AHEAD EQUALLY FA/ 9 ! FIELD ( CIVILIAN REQUIREM5TS2 = ! FIR/ TIME ! CONV]SION ( TEXTILE FIB]S WAS UND]TAK5 9 ,SPA91 & HEMP1 ESP>TO1 RICE /RAW1 & CELLULOSE W]E PROCESS$4 

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,9 ! MEAN:ILE1 CR$IT & =EIGN TRADE HAD REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T WI%$ IT SO4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,/ATE CONTROLL$ ! BANKS1 BUT IT TOOK C>E NOT TO PLACE !M UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,MANY COLLECTIVES W]E %ORT ( WORK+ CAPITAL & HAD TO LIVE ON ! AVAILABLE FUNDS TAK5 OV] AT ! TIME ( ! ,JULY #aicf ,REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y HAD TO MEET !IR DAY-TO-DAY NE$S BY *ANCE ACQUISITIONS SU* AS ! SEIZURE ( JEWELRY & PRECI\S OBJECTS BELONG+ TO *UR*ES1 CONV5TS1 OR ,FRANCO SUPPORT]S :O HAD FL$4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD PROPOS$ ! CREATION ( A 0CONF$]AL BANK0 TO F9ANCE SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS UTOPIAN TO TRY TO COMPETE ) PRIVATE F9ANCE CAPITAL :I* HAD NOT BE5 SOCIALIZ$4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 TO PUT ALL F9ANCE CAPITAL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT2 BUT ! ,C,N,T WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 & D>$ NOT GO AS F> AS ?AT4 

,! MAJOR OB/ACLE1 H[EV]1 WAS ! 9CREAS+LY OP5 HO/ILITY TO SELF-MANAGEM5T MANIFE/$ BY ! V>I\S POLITICAL G5]AL /AFFS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,IT WAS *>G$ ) BREAK+ ! 0UNIT$ FRONT0 BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE1 & H5CE 0PLAY+ ! GAME0 ( ! FASCI/ 5EMY4 7,ITS DETRACTORS W5T SO F> AS TO REFUSE >MS TO ! LIB]T>IAN VANGU>D :I*1 ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 WAS R$UC$ TO FAC+ ! FASCI/ MA*9E GUNS ) NAK$ H&S - & !N BE+ REPROA*$ = ITS 09ACTIVITY40 7 

,IT WAS ! ,/AL9I/ M9I/] ( AGRICULTURE1 ,VIC5TE ,URIBE1 :O HAD E/ABLI%$ ! DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #g1 #a#i#c#f1 :I* LEGALIZ$ P>T ( ! RURAL COLLECTIVIZATIONS4 ,APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE WAS IMBU$ ) AN ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ SPIRIT & HOP$ TO DEMORALIZE ! PEASANTS LIV+ 9 SOCIALIZ$ GR\PS4 ,! VALIDATION ( COLLECTIVIZATIONS WAS SUBJECT$ TO V]Y RIGID & COMPLICAT$ JURIDICAL REGULATIONS4 ,! COLLECTIVES W]E OBLIG$ TO ADH]E TO AN EXTREMELY /RICT TIME LIMIT1 & ?OSE :I* HAD NOT BE5 LEGALIZ$ ON ! DUE DATE W]E AUTOMATICALLY PLAC$ \TSIDE ! LAW & !IR L& MADE LIABLE TO BE+ RE/OR$ TO ! PREVI\S [N]S4 

,URIBE DISC\RAG$ ! PEASANTS FROM JO9+ ! COLLECTIVES & FOM5T$ DISCONT5T AGA9/ !M4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aicf HE MADE A SPEE* DIRECT$ TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SMALL PROPRIETORS1 DECL>+ ?AT ! GUNS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! GOV]NM5T W]E AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,HE GAVE !M IMPORT$ F]TILIZ] :I* HE WAS REFUS+ TO ! COLLECTIVES4 ,TOGE!R ) HIS ,/AL9I/ COLLEAGUE1 ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 9 *>GE ( ! ECONOMY ( ,CATALONIA1 HE BR\<T ! SMALL- & M$IUM-SCALE L&[N]S TOGE!R 9TO A REACTION>Y UNION1 SUBSEQU5TLY ADD+ ! TRAD]S & EV5 SOME [N]S ( L>GE E/ATES DISGUIS$ AS SMALLHOLD]S4 ,!Y TOOK ! ORGANIZATION ( FOOD SUPPLIES = ,B>CELONA AWAY FROM ! WORK]S' UNIONS & H&$ IT OV] TO PRIVATE TRADE4 

,F9ALLY1 :5 ! ADVANCE GU>D ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 CRU%$ 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 .<#c#e.> ! COALITION GOV]NM5T W5T SO F> AS TO LIQUIDATE AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T BY MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT HAD REMA9$ 0\TSIDE ! CURR5T ( C5TRALIZATION10 ! ,>AGON 0REGIONAL DEF5SE C\NCIL0 WAS DISSOLV$ BY A DECREE ( ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#c#g4 ,ITS F\ND]1 ,JOAQU9 ,ASCASO1 WAS *>G$ ) 0SELL+ 2 44 #a1#g@9@9 :I* WAS ACTUALLY AN ATTEMPT TO GET FUNDS = ! COLLECTIVES4 ,SOON AFT] ?IS1 ! #a#a? ,MOBILE ,DIVISION ( ,COMM&] ,LI/] 7A ,/AL9I/71 SUPPORT$ BY TANKS1 W5T 9TO ACTION AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVES4 ,>AGON WAS 9VAD$ LIKE AN 5EMY C\NTRY1 ?OSE 9 *>GE ( SOCIALIZ$ 5T]PRISES W]E >RE/$1 !IR PREMISES OCCUPI$1 !N CLOS$2 MANAGEM5T COMMITTEES W]E DISSOLV$1 COMMUNAL %OPS EMPTI$1 FURNITURE BROK5 UP1 & FLOCKS DISB&$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS D5\NC$ 0! CRIMES ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION40 ,?IRTY P]C5T ( ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES W]E COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 

,EV5 BY ?IS BRUTALITY1 H[EV]1 ,/AL9ISM WAS NOT G5]ALLY SUCCESSFUL 9 =C+ ! PEASANTS ( ,>AGON TO BECOME PRIVATE [N]S4 ,PEASANTS HAD BE5 =C$ AT PI/OL PO9T TO SIGN DE$S ( [N]%IP1 BUT AS SOON AS ! ,LI/] ,DIVISION HAD GONE1 !SE W]E DE/ROY$ & ! COLLECTIVES REBUILT4 ,AS ,G4 ,MUNIS1 ! ,SPANI% ,TROTSKYI/1 WROTE3 0,?IS WAS ONE ( ! MO/ 9SPIR+ EPISODES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,! PEASANTS REAFFIRM$ !IR SOCIALI/ BELIEFS 9 SPITE ( GOV]NM5TAL T]ROR & ! ECONOMIC BOYCOTT TO :I* !Y W]E SUBJECT$40 

,!RE WAS ANO!R1 LESS H]OIC1 REASON = ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES3 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD REALIZ$1 AFT] ! EV5T1 ?AT IT HAD 9JUR$ ! LIFE =CE ( ! RURAL ECONOMY1 5DANG]$ ! CROPS FROM LACK ( MANP[]1 DEMORALIZ$ ! FI<T]S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 & DANG]\SLY RE9=C$ ! MIDDLE CLASS ( L&$ PROPRIETORS4 ,! ,P>TY1 !RE=E1 TRI$ TO REPAIR ! DAMAGE IT HAD ITSELF DONE1 & TO REVIVE SOME ( ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! NEW COLLECTIVES1 H[EV]1 NEV] REGA9$ ! EXT5T OR QUALITY ( L& ( !IR PR$ECESSORS1 NOR ! ORIG9AL MANP[]1 S9CE MANY MILITANTS HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ OR HAD S\<T %ELT] FROM P]SECUTION 9 ! AN>*I/ DIVISIONS AT ! FRONT4 

,REPUBLICANS C>RI$ \T >M$ ATTACKS ( ! SAME K9D AGA9/ AGRICULTURAL SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,LEVANT1 9 ,CA/ILE1 & 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,HUESCA & ,T]UEL4 ,H[EV]1 IT SURVIV$1 BY HOOK OR BY CROOK1 9 MANY >EAS :I* HAD NOT YET FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,FRANCO TROOPS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LEVANT4 

,! AMBIGU\S ATTITUDE1 TO PUT IT MILDLY1 ( ! ,VAL5CIA GOV]NM5T TO RURAL SOCIALISM CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC3 ! POOR PEASANTS W]E NOT ALWAYS CLE>LY AW>E ?AT IT WAS 9 !IR 9T]E/S TO FI<T = ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,9 SPITE ( ITS SUCCESSES1 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS SABOTAG$ BY ! ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRACY & ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S4 ,! RADIO & PRESS LAUN*$ A =MIDABLE PREP>ATORY CAMPAIGN ( D5IGRATION & CALUMNY1 QUE/ION+ ! HONE/Y ( ! FACTORY MANAGEM5T C\NCILS4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN C5TRAL GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO GRANT ANY CR$IT TO ,CATALONIAN SELF-MANAGEM5T EV5 :5 ! LIB]T>IAN M9I/] ( ! ,CATALONIAN ECONOMY1 ,FABREGAS1 (F]$ ! BILLION PESETAS ( SAV+S BANK DEPOSITS AS SECURITY4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMOR]A TOOK OV] ! PORTFOLIO ( ! ECONOMY1 & DEPRIV$ ! SELF-MANAG$ FACTORIES ( RAW MAT]IALS :I* HE LAVI%$ ON ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,HE ALSO FAIL$ TO DELIV] TO ! SOCIALI/ 5T]PRISES SUPPLIES :I* HAD BE5 ORD]$ = !M BY ! ,CATALAN ADM9I/RATION4 

,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD A /RANGLEHOLD OV] ! COLLECTIVES2 ! NATIONALIZATION ( TRANSPORT MADE IT POSSIBLE = IT TO SUPPLY SOME & CUT (F ALL DELIV]IES TO O!RS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IMPORT$ ,REPUBLICAN >MY UNI=MS 9/EAD ( TURN+ TO ! ,CATALONIAN TEXTILE COLLECTIVES4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #b#b1 #a#i#c#g1 IT PASS$ A DECREE SUSP5D+ ! APPLICATION ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,OCTOB] #aicf SOCIALIZATION DECREE TO ! METAL & M9+ 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS WAS DONE ON ! PRETEXT ( ! NECESSITIES ( NATIONAL DEF5SE2 & ! ,CATALONIAN DECREE WAS SAID TO BE 0CONTR>Y TO ! SPIRIT ( ! ,CON/ITUTION40 ,=EM5 & MANAG]S :O HAD BE5 DRIV5 \T BY SELF-MANAGEM5T1 OR RA!R1 ?OSE :O HAD BE5 UNWILL+ TO ACCEPT TE*NICAL PO/S 9 ! SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 W]E BR\<T BACK1 FULL ( A DESIRE = REV5GE4 

,! 5D CAME ) ! DECREE ( ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#c#h1 :I* MILIT>IZ$ ALL W> 9DU/RIES UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,W> ,SUPPLIES4 ,AN OV]BL[N & ILL-BEHAV$ BUREAUCRACY 9VAD$ ! FACTORIES - A SW>M ( 9SPECTORS & DIRECTORS :O [$ !IR POSITION SOLELY TO !IR POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS1 9 P>TICUL> TO !IR REC5T MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! WORK]S BECAME DEMORALIZ$ AS !Y SAW !MSELVES DEPRIV$ ( CONTROL OV] 5T]PRISES :I* !Y HAD CREAT$ FROM SCRAT* DUR+ ! FIR/ CRITICAL MON?S ( ! W>1 & PRODUCTION SUFF]$ 9 CONSEQU5CE4 

,9 O!R BRAN*ES1 ,CATALAN 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T SURVIV$ UNTIL ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC WAS CRU%$4 ,IT WAS SL[$ D[N1 H[EV]1 = 9DU/RY HAD LO/ ITS MA9 \TLETS & !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! GOV]NM5T HAV+ CUT (F ! CR$IT NECESS>Y TO PUR*ASE !M4 

,TO SUM UP1 ! NEWBORN ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES W]E IMM$IATELY =C$ 9TO ! /RAIT JACKET ( A W> C>RI$ ON BY CLASSIC MILIT>Y ME?ODS1 9 ! NAME ( :I* ! ,REPUBLIC CLIPP$ ! W+S ( ITS [N VANGU>D & COMPROMIS$ ) REACTION AT HOME4 

,! LESSON :I* ! COLLECTIVES HAVE LEFT BEH9D !M1 H[EV]1 IS A /IMULAT+ ONE4 ,9 #ai* ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WAS 9SPIR$ TO PRAISE !M ?US3 0,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& & 9DU/RY %9ES \T AS ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5T ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,EV5 IF ,FRANCO W]E TO W9 & ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E TO BE EXT]M9AT$1 ! IDEA !Y HAVE LAUN*$ WILL LIVE ON40 ,ON ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#c#g1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y MADE A SPEE* 9 ,B>CELONA 9 :I* %E CLE>LY POS$ ! ALT]NATIVES3 0,ON ! ONE H&1 ! SUPPORT]S ( AU?ORITY & ! TOTALIT>IAN ,/ATE1 ( A /ATE-DIRECT$ ECONOMY1 ( A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* MILIT>IZES ALL M5 & CONV]TS ! ,/ATE 9TO ONE HUGE EMPLOY]1 ONE HUGE 5TREPR5EUR2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! OP]ATION ( M9ES1 FIELDS1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 BY ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE-UNION F$]ATIONS40 ,?IS WAS ! DILEMMA ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 BUT 9 ! NE> FUTURE IT MAY BECOME ?AT ( SOCIALISM ! WORLD OV]4 

7,S\RCE3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T A LIV+1 EVOLV+ TRADITION047 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifi 3 ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,D -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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