,AN>*ISM & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALFR$O ,M>IA ,BONANNO 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AN>*I/S HAVE T5D$ TO %Y AWAY FROM ! PROBLEM ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE OR REJECT$ IT 5TIRELY BECAUSE ( !IR 9T]NATIONALI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,IF 9T]NATIONALISM IS NOT TO BE M]ELY MEAN+LESS RHETORIC1 IT MU/ IMPLY SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES OR NATIONS4 ,?IS IS A CONCRETE T]M4 ,:5 !RE IS A REVOLUTION1 IT WILL BE AS IT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/1 9 A PRECISE GEOGRAPHICAL >EA4 ,H[ MU* IT REMA9S !RE WILL BE DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! EXT5T ( ?AT 9T]NATIONALISM1 BO? 9 T]MS ( SOLID>ITY & ( ! SPREAD+ ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 

,! 'PATRIOTISM' ( ! PEOPLE AT A BASIC1 UNADULT]AT$ LEVEL IS ! /RUGGLE = !IR [N AUTONOMY1 A NATURAL URGE1 A 'PRODUCT ( ! LIFE ( A SOCIAL GR\P UNIT$ BY BONDS ( G5U9E SOLID>ITY & NOT YET 5FEEBL$ BY REFLECTION OR BY ! EFFECT ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S AS WELL AS RELIGI\S AB/RACTIONS'4 7,BAKUN97 ,JU/ AS ! ,/ATE IS AN ANTI-HUMAN CON/RUCTION1 SO IS NATIONALISM A CONCEPT DESIGN$ TO TRANSC5D & ?W>T ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* EXI/S :]EV] CAPITALISM DOES 7ALL OV] ! WORLD74 ,IF ! EF=TS ( ! PEOPLE :O >E LIV+ 9 ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC F]M5T ( :AT IS HAPP5+ UND] ! NAME ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION >E LEFT TO !IR LEAD]S1 !Y RISK F9D+ !MSELVES NO BETT] (F ?AN BE=E1 LIV+ 9 MICRO-CORPORATE ,/ATES UND] :ATEV] FLAG IS *OS5 = !M4 ,ANTI-IMP]IALISM CAN MASK LOCAL CORPORATISM IF ! /RUGGLE IS NOT PUT 9 CLASS T]MS AT A MICRO- AS WELL AS MACROSCOPIC LEVEL4 ,AS ! FOLL[+ >TICLE DEMON/RATES1 MANY ( ! ,M>XI/ GR\PS 5GAG$ 9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES >E NONE TOO CLE> ON ?IS PO9T4 

,ALFR$O ,BONANNO'S >TICLE WAS WRITT5 9 RESPONSE TO A REAL SITUATION1 ?AT ( ,ITALY1 & 9 P>TICUL>1 ,SICILY4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 :]E ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DIS9TEGRATION IS RIFE1 ! WEAKE/ L9K 7,SICILY7 IS BE+ SUBJECT$ TO PROPAG&A & ACTIONS DIRECT$ T[>DS CREAT+ A /ATE ( T5SION 9 ORD] TO LAY ! %AKY F\NDATIONS = A SEP>ATI/ SOLUTION4 ,?IS SOLUTION1 A SEP>ATE ,SICILIAN ,/ATE1 IS BE+ PROPOS$ BY ! =CES ( ! RI<T1 I4E4 ! FASCI/S1 :O HAVE =M$ A T5U\S WORK+ ALLIANCE ) ! ,MAFIA1 :O TOGE!R >E ! WILL+ S]VANTS ( ,U,S 9T]E/S ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! ,C,I,A4 ,EA* P>TY HAS ITS [N 9T]E/S TO E/ABLI% & PROTECT3 ! ,MAFIA W\LD GA9 ACCESS TO POLITICAL CONTACTS & FACILITIES = F9ANCIAL TRANSACTIONS1 ! ,AM]ICANS W\LD KEEP !IR HOLD ON AN ECONOMY :I* IS AT PRES5T SEEK+ SOLUTIONS FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & MA9TA9 A /RATEGIC BASE 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 & ! FASCI/S1 ONCE 9 P[]1 W\LD GA9 CR$IBILITY1 5ABL+ !M TO EXT5D ?IS P[] T[>DS ! ,NOR?4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY ! ,SICILIAN PROLET>IAT W\LD PAY ! PRICE = ?IS SOLUTION TO ! C\NTRY'S PROBLEMS1 9 ! SAME WAY AS UP UNTIL N[ !Y HAVE PAID 9 SWEAT & BLOOD = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,NOR?1 AS WELL AS SUPPLI$ *EAP LABOR TO ! ,G]MAN & ,SWISS ECONOMIES4 ,?IS SITUATION CANNOT BE DISC>D$ AS IRRELEVANT TO REVOLUTION>IES SIMPLY BECAUSE :5 IT REA*ES ! 9T]NATIONAL EYE IT WILL BE MASK$ AS A NATIONALI/ /RUGGLE4 ,! BASIC TRU? ( ,SICILIAN REALITY IS A SUP]-EXPLOIT$ PROLET>IAT :OSE ONLY SOLUTION CAN BE S\<T ?R\< >M$ /RUGGLE = WORK]S' AUTONOMY ?R\< A F$]AL OR COLLECTIVI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION ( EX*ANGE4 

,TO COME NE>] HOME1 TWO SITUATIONS IMM$IATELY PRES5T !MSELVES3 ! FIR/1 ,IREL&1 :I* T5DS TO BE LEFT ASIDE AS BE+ TOO COMPLICAT$1 OR UNCONDITIONALLY SUPPORT$ AS AN ANTI-IMP]IALI/ W>4 ,?IS ANTI-IMP]IALISM NE$S TO BE CL>IFI$4 ,?AT ! ,IRI% PROLET>IAT WILL NEV] RUN !IR [N LIVES :ILE ,BRITI% SOLDI]S >E OCCUPY+ !IR L& IS A FACT4 ,BUT AN 9T]NAL DOM9ATOR1 :E!R ,REPUBLICAN OR O!RWISE1 ) ITS [N >MY OR ,/ATE APP>ATUS1 W\LD BE NO LESS AN OB/ACLE4 ,?AT ! SE$S ( REVOLUTION ?AT HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE EXI/ 9 ,IREL& IS A FACT1 BUT ?IS FACT IS CON/ANTLY BE+ DI/ORT$ BY ?OSE ) AN 9T]E/ 9 US+ RACIAL & RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES TO !IR [N 5DS4 ,ONLY ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMIC & SOCIAL *ANGE1 ?R\< ! AUTONOM\S ACTIONS ( ! ,IRI% EXPLOIT$ AS A :OLE1 SUPPORT$ BY ! EXPLOIT$ ( ,BRITA9 & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 WILL E?NIC DIFF]5CES BE R$IM5SION$ & SUP]/RUCTURAL FANTASIES BE DE/ROY$4 ,C\NT]-9=MATION MU/ BE BR\<T \T 9 OPPOSITION TO ! M$IA :I* HAVE ?RIV$ ON /IRR+ UP HATR$ >\ND IRRATIONAL ISSUES4 ,! ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS ( !SE IRRATIONAL ISSUES %\LD BE LAID B>E TO ! WORLD1 & ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS WORK$ = ?R\< DIRECT ACTION TO PUT PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & DEF5SE 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 

,9 ,SCOTL& BIG BUS9ESS HAS F\ND NEW ROOTS1 & ! NATIONALI/ >GUM5T IS PROV+ TO BE EFFECTIVE 9 GETT+ WORK]S TO SACRIFICE !MSELVES = ! FALSE GOAL ( 'BUILD+ ! NATIONAL ECONOMY' & 'CURB+ 9FLATION'1 ?R\< '9DEP5D5CE FROM ,:ITEHALL'4 ,MULT9ATIONAL 9T]E/S CAN ?RIVE ON SMALL] C5TRALIZ$ 9T]DEP5D5T ,/ATES1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< ! OLD CONCEPT ( ! P[]FUL NATION4 ,AT A SOCIAL LEVEL1 !RE >E ALWAYS P]SONAL 7ECONOMIC & /ATUS7 9T]E/S TO BE GA9$3 = EXAMPLE1 REVIVAL ( LANGUAGE (T5 MEANS ! POSSIBILITY ( A NEW LOCAL ELITE 9VOLV$ 9 ! M$IA1 $UCATION & SO ON4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS EASY TO UND]/& :Y ! EXPLOIT$ 9 DELIB]ATELY UND]DEVELOP$ ,SCOTL& LOOK AT ! C5T]S ( ,BRITI% CAPITALISM & 9T]PRET !IR MIS]Y ?R\< A NATIONALI/ OPTIC4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK ( UNMASK+ IRRATIONAL NATIONALISM %\LD NOT DISDA9 ! BASIC /RUGGLE = ID5TITY & SELF-MANAGEM5T OR DIV]T IT 9TO A PASSIVE WAIT+ = AN AB/RACT WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*I/S MU/ !RE=E WORK TO %[ UP ! VOID ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & DISRUPT ! CORPORATE PLANS ( P>TIES1 TRADES UNIONS & BOSSES BY ID5TIFY+ ! REAL /RUGGLE = SELF-APPROPRIATION & CONTRIBUT+ TO IT 9 A CONCRETE WAY4 ,ALONG ! ROAD TO G5]ALIZ$ 9SURRECTION1 TE*NIQUES ( SABOTAGE & DEF5SE MU/ BE 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE DIRECTLY 9VOLV$1 ELIM9AT+ DEP5D5CE ON \TSIDE GR\PS & !IR IDEOLOGIES1 9 ORD] = !M TO TAKE OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION & RUN !IR [N >EAS ON ! BASIS ( FREE F$]ALISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 OR BO?4 ,/>T+ ON ?IS SELF-MANAG$ BASIS 9 A LOGIC :]E ! 'TRANSITIONAL PHASE' F9DS NO PLACE1 ! P]SPECTIVE ( A WID] F$]ATION ( FREE PEOPLE BECOMES A =ESEEABLE REALITY4 

,ALL ?IS REQUIRES /UDY & WORK1 BO? AT A PRACTICAL & !ORETICAL LEVEL4 ,WE HOPE ?AT ?IS PAMPHLET WILL BE A SMALL CONTRIBUTION T[>DS ?IS 5D4 

,JEAN ,WEIR  

,GLASG[1 ,JUNE #aigf 

,AN>*ISM & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLE 

,AN>*ISM IS 9T]NATIONALI/1 ITS /RUGGLE DOES NOT CONF9E ITSELF TO ONE REGION OR >EA 9 ! WORLD1 BUT EXT5DS EV]Y:]E ALONGSIDE ! PROLET>IAT :O >E /RUGGL+ = !IR [N LIB]ATION4 ,?IS REQUIRES A DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES :I* >E NOT AB/RACT & VAGUE1 BUT CONCRETE & WELL-DEF9$4 ,WE >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 A UNIV]SAL HUMANISM :I* F9DS ORIG9 & JU/IFICATION 9 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i4 ,! DECL>ATION ( ! RI<TS ( MAN1 A BANN] WAV$ BY ALL ! DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS 9 P[] TODAY1 DEALS ) AN AB/RACT MAN :O IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! B\RGEOIS IDEAL4 

,WE HAVE (T5 >GU$ AGA9/ A C]TA9 IDEALI/ AN>*ISM :I* SPEAKS ( UNIV]SAL REVOLUTION1 ACTS ( FAI?1 ILLUM9ISM1 & 9 SUB/ANCE REJECTS ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT & IS ANTI-POPUL>4 ,?IS AN>*ISM BECOMES AN 9DIVIDUAL & MY?OLOGICAL HUMANIT>IANISM ) NO PRECISE SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC CONT5T4 ,! :OLE PLANET COMES TO BE SE5 AS A BIOLOGICAL UNIT & DISCUSSIONS 5D 9 A /]ILE ADJ\RNM5T TO ! DET]M9+ P[] ( ! SUP]IORITY ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL OV] ALL O!R IDEALS4 

,WE ?9K ON ! CONTR>Y ?AT MAN IS A HI/ORICAL BE+1 :O IS BORN 9TO & LIVES 9 A PRECISE HI/ORICAL SITUATION4 ,?IS PLACES HIM 9 C]TA9 RELATION%IPS ) ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 L+UI/IC & E?NIC1 ETC41 /RUCTURES1 ) IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CES 9 ! FIELD ( SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION & CONCRETE ACTION4 ,! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY IS BORN FROM ?IS HI/ORICAL DIRECTION & CANNOT BE ELIM9AT$ FROM IT )\T TOTALLY CONFUS+ ! V]Y F\NDATION ( AN>*I/ F$]ALISM4 ,AS ,BAKUN9 WROTE3 0,EV]Y PEOPLE1 H[EV] SMALL !Y >E1 POSSESS !IR [N *>ACT]1 !IR [N P>TICUL> WAY ( LIV+1 SPEAK+1 FEEL+1 ?9K+ & WORK+1 & ?IS *>ACT]1 ITS SPECIFIC MODE ( EXI/5CE1 IS PRECISELY ! BASIS ( !IR NATIONALITY4 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( ! :OLE ( ! HI/ORICAL LIFE & ALL ! CONDITIONS ( ?AT PEOPLE'S 5VIRONM5T1 A PURELY NATURAL & SPONTANE\S PH5OM5ON40 

,! BASIS ( AN>*I/ F$]ALISM IS ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION ( PEOPLE4 ,9 FACT1 ONCE ! REVOLUTION IS UND]WAY & PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION COMES TO BE H&L$ 9 A COLLECTIVI/ OR COMMUNI/ WAY 7OR 9 V>I\S WAYS ACCORD+ TO NE$S & POSSIBILITIES71 ! F$]AL /RUCTURE ) ITS NATURAL LIMITS W\LD R5D] ! PREC$+ POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9CONGRU\S4 ,IT W\LD BE EQUALLY ABSURD TO IMAG9E SU* A WIDE LIMIT AS ONE EXT5D+ OV] ! :OLE ( ! PLANET4 ,IF !RE WILL BE A REVOLUTION AT ALL IT WILL BE AN 9COMPLETE ONE1 & ?IS MU/ MAT]IALIZE 9 SPACE4 ,T]RITORIAL LIMITS WILL !N NOT NECESS>ILY CO9CIDE ) ! POLITICAL CONF9ES ( ! PREC$+ ,/ATE :I* HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! E?NIC DIVISION W\LD TAKE ! PLACE ( ! DE=M+ POLITICAL ONE4 ,! COHESIVE ELEM5TS ( ! E?NIC DIM5SION >E PRECISELY ?OSE :I* HELP TO ID5TIFY NATIONALITY & :I* HAVE BE5 SO CLE>LY EXPRESS$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 ! PASSAGE QUOT$ ABOVE4 

,AN>*I/S REFUSE ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT OR ! MANAGEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT BY A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY US+ ! EX-B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 ,!Y IMPLICITLY REFUSE ! POLITICAL DIM5SION ( ! EXI/+ B\RGEOIS ,/ATE FROM ! V]Y MOM5T 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION BEG9S4 ,WE CANNOT ACCEPT ! 0USE0 ( ! ,/ATE APP>ATUS 9 A REVOLUTION>Y S5SE1 !RE=E ! PROVISIONAL LIMIT TO BE GIV5 TO ! FREELY ASSOCIAT$ /RUCTURES REMA9S ! E?NIC ONE4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,KROPOTK9 SAW ! F$]ATION ( FREE PEOPLES1 BAS$ ON ! APPROXIMATE & 9COMPLETE EXAMPLE ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES AS A SOLUTION TO ! SOCIAL PROBLEM4 

,BUT ?IS >GUM5T1 IT MU/ BE CLE>1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) SEP>ATISM4 ,! ESS5TIAL PO9T ( ! >GUM5T WE >E MAK+ H]E IS ?AT !RE IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 EXPLOIT]S1 ?AT ! FACT ( BE+ BORN 9 A C]TA9 PLACE HAS NO 9FLU5CE ON CLASS DIVISIONS4 ,! 5EMY IS HE :O EXPLOITS1 ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 9 A CAPITALI/ DIM5SION1 EV5 IF ?IS EXPLOIT] !N CALLS US COMPATRIOT1 P>TY COMRADE1 OR :ATEV] O!R PLEAS+ EPI!T4 ,CLASS DIVISION IS /ILL BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION PUT 9TO EFFECT BY CAPITAL ) ALL ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 CULTURAL4 RELIGI\S1 ETC41 MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL1 & ! E?NIC BASIS :I* WE ID5TIFI$ AS ! LIMITS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y F$]ATION HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ?IS4 ,UNITY ) ! 9T]NAL EXPLOIT]S IS IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE NO UNITY IS POSSIBLE BETWE5 ! CLASS ( WORK]S & ! CLASS ( EXPLOIT]S4 

,9 ?IS S5SE ,ROCK] WRITES3 0,WE >E ANATIONAL4 ,WE DEM& ! RI<T ( ! FREE DECISION ( EA* COMMUNE1 EA* REGION1 EA* PEOPLE2 PRECISELY = ?IS REASON WE REJECT ! ABSURD IDEA ( A UNIT>IAN NATIONAL ,/ATE4 ,WE >E F$]ALI/S1 ?AT IS1 P>TISANS ( A F$]ATION ( FREE HUMAN GR\P+S1 :I* DO NOT SEP>ATE !MSELVES ONE FROM ! O!R1 BUT :I*1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ASSOCIATE ) ! BE/ ( 9TIMATE TIES1 ?R\< NATURAL1 MORAL & ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,! UNITY TO :I* WE ASPIRE IS A CULTURAL UNITY1 A UNITY :I* GOES =W>D ON ! MO/ V>I$ F\NDATIONS1 BAS$ ON FRE$OM & CAPABLE ( REPELL+ EV]Y DET]M9I/IC ME*ANISM ( RECIPROCAL RELATIONS4 ,= ?IS REASON WE REJECT EV]Y P>TICUL>ISM & EV]Y SEP>ATISM UND] :I* IS HIDD5 C]TA9 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S 444 = H]E WE HAVE AN IDEOLOGY :]E IT IS POSSIBLE TO DISC]N ! SORDID 9T]E/S ( CAPITALI/ GR\PS40 

,!RE REMA9S TO ?IS DAY1 EV5 AMONG AN>*I/S :5 CONFRONT+ ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY1 A LIV+ RESIDUAL ( IDEALI/IC REASON+4 ,NOT )\T REASON1 ! AN>*I/ ,NIDO WROTE 9 #a#i#b#e1 0,! DISMEMB]+ ( A C\NTRY IS NOT CONSID]$ A DESIRABLE IDEAL BY MANY REVOLUTION>IES4 ,H[ MANY ,SPANI% COMRADES W\LD APPROVE ( ! HI/ORICAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,SPA9 & ITS REORGANIZATION ON A REGIONAL BASIS CON/ITUT$ ( E?NIC ,CA/ILIAN1 ,BASQUE1 ,GALICIAN1 & ,CATALAN1 ETC4 GR\PS8 ,W\LD ! REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,G]MANY RESIGN !MSELVES TO A DISMEMB]+ SIMIL> TO A LIB]T>IAN TYPE ( ORGANIZATION :I* BAS$ ITSELF ON ! HI/ORICAL GR\PS ( ,BAV>IA1 ,BAD51 ,WE/PHALIA1 ,HANNOV]1 ETC48 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !SE COMRADES W\LD QUITE POSSIBLY LIKE TO SEE A DISMEMB]+ ( ! PRES5T ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 & A FREE & 9DEP5D5T REORGANIZATION ( ITS COLONIES 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7,SCOTL&1 ,IREL&1 ,WALES7 & OV]SEAS1 :I* W\LD NOT BE PLEAS+ TO ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION>IES6 ,SU* >E M51 & 9 ?IS WAY1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ W> 7! #a / ,WORLD ,W>71 WE SAW ! COEXI/5CE ( ! CONCEPT ( NATIONALITY 9 A HI/ORICAL S5SE1 ALONGSIDE ! REVOLUTION>Y CLAIMS ( ! AN>*I/S4 7,OBVI\SLY REF]R+ TO ,KROPOTK9 & ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SIXTE547 

,NIDO REF]S TO A /ATE ( M9D :I* HAS NOT *ANG$ MU*4 ,EV5 TODAY1 EI!R DUE TO A P]SI/5CE ( ! ILLUM9I/ & MASONIC IDEALS )9 A C]TA9 P>T ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 OR DUE TO A M5TAL LAZ9ESS :I* TURNS MANY COMRADES FROM ! MO/ BURN+ PROBLEMS & PU%ES !M TO LESS TR\BL$ WAT]S1 ! REACTIONS 9 ! FACE ( ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY >E NOT V]Y DIFF]5T TO ?OSE DESCRIB$ BY ,NIDO4 

,9 ITSELF ! PROBLEM W\LD NOT CONC]N US MU*1 IF IT WAS NOT ?AT IT HAS A V]Y PRECISE HI/ORICAL \TLET1 & ?AT ! LACK ( CL>ITY HAS EXTREMELY NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON MANY ( ! REAL /RUGGLES 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 SUB/ANCE1 ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALITY REMA9S AT A !ORETICAL LEVEL1 :ILE ?AT ( ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION IS TAK+ ON 9CREAS+LY 9 TODAY'S WORLD1 A PRACTICAL RELEVANCE ( GREAT IMPORTANCE4 

,AN>*I/S & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLE 

,! PROCESS ( DECOLONIZATION HAS 9T5SIFI$ )9 MANY IMP]IALI/ /RUCTURES S9CE ! LA/ W>1 URG5TLY RAIS+ ! PROBLEM ( A SOCIALI/ & 9T]NATIONALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 ,! DRAMA ( ! ,PALE/9IAN PEOPLE1 ! /RUGGLES 9 ,IREL&1 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRIES1 ,AFRICA1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 >E CONT9UALLY POS+ ! PROBLEM ) A VIOL5CE HI!RTO UNKN[N4 

,DIFF]5T ECONOMIC =MS )9 ! SAME C\NTRY DET]M9E A SITUATION ( COLONIZATION1 GU>ANTEE+ ! PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION REQUIRES 9EQUALITIES 9 ! RATE ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE4 ,M&EL WRITES ON ?IS SUBJECT1 0,! 9EQUALITY 9 ! RATE ( DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 DIFF]5T SECTORS & DIFF]5T FIRMS IS ! CAUSE ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,?IS EXPLA9S H[ WID5$ REPRODUCTION CAN CONT9UE UNTIL IT REA*ES ! EXCLUSION ( EV]Y NON-CAPITALI/ MEANS4 ,SURPLUS VALUE IS ?US REALIZ$ BY MEANS ( AN 9CREASE 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL04 ,M&EL ALSO TREATS UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 ! V>I\S >EAS ( ONE POLITICAL ,/ATE4 ,! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( CAPITALISM IS ?AT AL?\< IT CAN ASSURE P>TIAL EQUILIBRIUM1 IT CAN NEV] ASSURE TOTAL EQUILIBRIUM1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT IS 9CAPABLE ( 9DU/RIALIZ+ SY/EMATICALLY & H>MONI\SLY ! :OLE ( A VA/ T]RITORY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 REGIONAL COLONIZATION IS NOT A CONSEQU5CE ( C5TRALIZATION1 BUT IS ON ! CONTR>Y ONE ( ! PRECONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,NATURALLY1 ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION GOES ) POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION1 & ANY ALLUSIONS TO DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM >E M]ELY DEMAGOGIC =MULAS1 US$ AT C]TA9 HI/ORICAL MOM5TS4 ,EV5 SUP]FICIALLY EXAM9+ ! FACTS ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FROM ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY TO ! 5D ( ! #a#i#f'S1 ONE CAN CLE>LY SEE :AT TASKS ! ,/ATE HAS ASSIGN$ TO ! ,S\?3 TO SUPPLY CAPITAL 7ESPECIALLY EMIGRANTS' RETURNS1 TAXES1 ETC471 SUPPLY A *EAP LABOR =CE 7EMIGRATION TO ! ,NOR?71 & SUPPLY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 9 EX*ANGE = 9DU/RIAL ONES ON ! BASIS ( ! RELATION%IP ( COLONIAL EX*ANGE4 

,AN OBJECTION TO ?IS C\LD BE ?AT ! ,/ATE DISCRIM9ATES 9 ?IS WAY BETWE5 TWO B\RGEOIS GR\PS3 ! 9DU/RIALI/S ( ! ,NOR? & ! L&[N]S ( ! ,S\?1 BUT TO UND]/& ?IS WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ! DIFF]5T POSSIBILITIES ( EXPLOITATION BETWE5 A HI<LY DEVELOP$ & AN UND]DEVELOP$ >EA4 ,9 ! ,S\? A #a#b-#a#d H\R DAY WAS NORMAL :ILE ! EI<T H\R DAY HAD ALREADY BE5 GA9$ 9 ! ,NOR?4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ! V>I\S ADVANTAGES ( A /ILL M$IEVAL CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 ! ,S\!RN L&[N]S CONT9U$ TO EXTRACT SURPLUS VALUE )\T MU* RE9VE/M5T4 
,?US ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,NOR? WAS GU>ANTE$ ?R\< ! EXPLOITATION & 5SLAVEM5T ( ! ,S\?4 ,! POLITICAL RULE ( ! ,NOR? DICTAT$ ?IS DIRECTION4 :I* !N TOOK ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL4 ,9TEGRATION 9TO ! ,ITALIAN CAPITALI/ SY/EM PRODUC$ A DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,SICILIAN ECONOMY :I* 9 MANY ASPECTS IS ( A PRE-CAPITALI/ TYPE4 ,! LAW ( ! M>KET OBLIG$ ! MO/ BACKW>D REGIONS TO 9TEGRATE ) ! BASIC CAPITALI/ SY/EM3 ?IS IS ! PH5OM5ON ( COLONIZATION1 :I* COMES AB\T 9 =EIGN REGIONS OR NATIONS1 AS WELL AS 9 ! 9T]NAL REGIONS ( S+LE CAPITALI/ ,/ATES4 

,! NEXT /AGE 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IS ! LEAP OV] ! NATIONAL FRONTI] :I* HAS BE5 WEAK5$ BY ! POL>IZATION ( ! SURR\ND+ ECONOMIES AT ! PEAKS ( EX*ANGE MONOPOLIZATION4 ,COLONIZATION GIVES WAY TO IMP]IALISM4 

,H]E IS :AT ! COMRADES ( ,FRONT ,LIB]TAIRE WROTE ON ! QUE/ION3 0,NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS MU/ BE> ?IS REALITY 9 M9D & NOT /OP AT A PRE-IMP]IALI/ ANALYSIS :I* W\LD LEAD TO A REGIONAL ?IRDWORLDISM4 ,?AT W\LD MEAN ?AT !IR REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE W\LD REMA9 )9 ! DIALECTIC ( COLONIZ]-COLONIZ$1 :ILE 5DS TO BE ATTA9$ W\LD ONLY BE POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 REGIONAL AUTONOMY1 ETC4 ,?IS W\LD BE A SUP]FICIAL ANALYSIS1 & NOT TAKE ACC\NT ( GLOBAL REALITY4 ,! 5EMY TO BE DEFEAT$ BY ! ,IRI%1 ! ,BRETONS1 ! ,PROV5CALS1 = EXAMPLE1 IS NOT ,5GL& & ,FRANCE1 BUT ! :OLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE :E!R ,5GLI%1 ,BRETON1 ,PROV5CAL OR ,AM]ICAN4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! TIES :I* UNITE ! REGIONAL B\RGEOISIE ) ! NATIONAL & WORLD B\RGEOISIE CAN BE UND]/OOD40 

,9 ?IS WAY NATIONAL LIB]ATION GOES BEYOND SIMPLE 9T]NAL DECOLONIZATION & ATTACKS ! REAL SITUATION ( IMP]IALI/ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 PUTT+ ! OBJECTIVE ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! POLITICAL ,/ATE 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y DIM5SION4 

,E?NIC LIMITS ALSO BECOME EASILY RECOGNIZABLE4 ,! E?NIC LIMIT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( FREE F$]ATIONS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ASSOCIATIONS HAS ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y PHASE )9 A CLASS DIM5SION4 ,! E?NIC BASE ( TODAY CONSI/S ( ! :OLE ( ! EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 A GIV5 T]RITORY ( A GIV5 NATION1 !RE BE+ NO COMMON E?NIC BASE BETWE5 EXPLOIT] & EXPLOIT$4 ,IT IS LOGICAL ?AT ?IS CLASS BASIS WILL BE DE/ROY$ ALONG ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ! POLITICAL ,/ATE1 :]E ! E?NIC LIMIT WILL NO LONG] CO9CIDE ) ! EXPLOIT$ LIV+ )9 A GIV5 T]RITORY1 BUT ) ! :OLE ( ! M5 & WOM5 LIV+ 9 ?AT T]RITORY :O HAVE *OS5 TO LIVE !IR LIVES FREELY4 

,ON ?IS PROBLEM ! COMRADES (  ,FRONTE ,LIB]TAIRE  CONT9UE3 0,E?NIC CULTURE IS NOT ?AT ( ALL :O >E BORN OR :O LIVE 9 ! SAME T]RITORY & SPEAK ! SAME LANGUAGE4 ,IT IS ! CULTURE ( ?OSE :O1 9 A GIV5 GR\P1 SUFF] ! SAME EXPLOITATION4 ,E?NIC CULTURE IS CLASS CULTURE1 & = ?IS REASON IS REVOLUTION>Y CULTURE4 ,EV5 IF ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S CORRESPONDS TO A WORK+ CLASS 9 A SITUATION ( NATIONAL DEP5D5CE1 IT IS NEV]!LESS ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS :I* WILL C>RY ! /RUGGLE TO ITS CONCLUSION3 ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM 9 ITS PRES5T /ATE4 ,! DECISIVE /RUGGLE TO BE C>RI$ \T MU/ BE A WORLDWIDE CLASS /RUGGLE ( EXPLOIT$ AGA9/ EXPLOIT]S1 BEG9N+ FROM A /RUGGLE )\T FRONTI]S1 ) PRECISE TACTICS AGA9/ ! NE>E/ B\RGEOISIE1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y PROCLAIM !MSELVES 0NATIONALI/04 ,?IS CLASS /RUGGLE IS MOREOV] ! ONLY WAY ( SAV+ & /IMULAT+ ! 0E?NIC SPECIFICATION0 ON :I* IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO BUILD /ATELESS SOCIALISM40 

,! AN>*I/ PROGRAM CONC]N+ ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE IS !RE=E CLE>3 IT MU/ NOT GO T[>DS CON/ITUT+ AN 09T]M$IATE /AGE0 T[>DS ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< ! =MATION ( NEW NATIONAL ,/ATES4 ,AN>*I/S REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION FRONTS2 !Y P>TICIPATE 9 CLASS FRONTS :I* MAY OR MAY NOT BE 9VOLV$ 9 NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES4 ,! /RUGGLE MU/ SPREAD TO E/ABLI% ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 ! LIB]AT$ T]RITORIES1 BAS$ ON F$]ALI/ & LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S :O1 = REASONS WE CANNOT ANALYZE H]E1 MONOPOLIZE ! V>I\S SITUATIONS :]E NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES >E >E 9 C\RSE1 CANNOT ALWAYS REPLY ) SU* CL>ITY TO ! P]SPECTIVE ( A RADICAL CONTE/ATION ( ,/ATE C5TRALIZATION4 ,!IR MY? ( ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! B\RGEOIS ,/ATE & !IR PRET5SION ( US+ IT1 CREATES AN 9SURM\NTABLE PROBLEM4 

,M>XI/S & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLE 

,IF WE CAN %>E ! CLASS ANALYSIS MADE BY SOME ,M>XI/S GR\PS SU* AS ?AT ELABORAT$ BY A P>T ( ! ,E4,T4,A4 :I* WE PUBLI%$ 9 NO4 #c (  ,AN>*ISMO 1 :AT WE CANNOT ACCEPT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL HYPO!SIS ( ! =MATION ( A WORK]S' ,/ATE BAS$ ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 MORE OR LESS ALONG ! L9ES ( ! PREC$+ POLITICAL ,/ATE ACCORD+ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL NATIONAL LIB]ATION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,E4,T4,A4 COMRADES >E FI<T+ = A FREE ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 BUT >E NOT V]Y 9T]E/$ 9 A FREE ,CATALONIA OR A FREE ,&ALUSIA4 ,H]E WE COME BACK TO ! D\BTS SO WELL EXPRESS$ BY ,NIDO :I* WE QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,AT ! BASIS ( MANY ,M>XI/ ANALYZES !RE LURKS AN IRRATIONAL NATIONALISM :I* IS NEV] V]Y CLE>4 
,GO+ BACK TO ! ,M>XI/ CLASSICS & !IR POLEMIC ) ,BAKUN91 WE >E ABLE TO RECON/RUCT A K9D ( DIALOGUE BETWE5 ! TWO1 GLANC+ AT A SIMIL> PIECE ( WORK DONE BY ! ,BULG>IAN COMRADE ,BALKANSKI4 

,9 #a#i#d#h1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,SLAV CONGRESS :]E HE HAD UNSUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP$ ! IDEA ( A ,SLAV F$]ATION TO REUNITE A FREE ,RUSSIA & ALL ! ,SLAV PEOPLES TO S]VE AS A FIR/ NUCLEUS = A FUTURE ,EUROPEAN F$]ATION & !N A GREAT] UNIV]SAL F$]ATION ( PEOPLES1 ,BAKUN9 TOOK P>T 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,PRAGUE4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,PRAGUE EV5TS1 ,BAKUN91 HUNT$ BY ! POLICE1 TOOK REFUGE 9 ,B]L9 & E/ABLI%$ CLOSE CONTACTS ) A FEW ,CZE* /UD5TS ) ! AIM ( ATTEMPT+ AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,BOHEMIA4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 7! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#d#i71 HE PUBLI%$ ,APPEAL TO ! ,SLAVS :I* RESULT$ 9 HIS BE+ QUITE UNJU/LY ACCUS$ ( PAN-,SLAVISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS REPLI$ ) A S\R CRITICISM 9 !IR PAP] ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*] ,ZEIT+4 ,LET US N[ SEE ?IS HYPO!TICAL DIALOGUE AS IT IS SUGGE/$ BY ,BALANSKI4 

,BAKUN93 ,! ,SLAV PEOPLES :O >E 5SLAV$ UND] ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y & ,TURKEY1 MU/ RECONQU] !IR FRE$OM & UNITE ) ,RUSSIA1 FREE FROM ,ZS>ISM1 9 A ,SLAV F$]ATION4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,ALL !SE SMALL1 P[]LESS & /UNT$ NATIONS BASICALLY [E RECOGNITION TO ?OSE :O1 ACCORD+ TO HI/ORICAL NECESSITY1 ATTA* !M TO SOME GREAT EMPIRE1 !REBY ALL[+ !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 A HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T :I*1 HAD !Y BE5 LEFT TO !MSELVES W\LD HAVE REMA9$ QUITE =EIGN TO !M4 ,CLE>LY SU* A RESULT CANNOT BE REA*$ )\T TREAD+ UPON SOME S5SITIVE >EAS4 ,)\T VIOL5CE NO?+ CAN BE A*IEV$ 9 HI/ORY4 

,BAKUN93 ,WE MU/ ALL[ 9 P>TICUL> = ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,CZE*S1 ! ,SLOVAKS & ! ,MORAVIANS1 & !IR REUNIFICATION 9 ONE S+LE 5TITY4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,! ,CZE*S1 AMONG :OM WE MU/ 9CLUDE ! ,MORAVIANS & ! ,SLOVAKS1 HAVE NEV] HAD A HI/ORY4 ,AFT] ,*>LEMAGNE1 ,BOHEMIA WAS AMALGAMAT$ ) ,G]MANY4 ,= A :ILE ! ,CZE* NATION EMANCIPAT$ !MSELVES TO =M ! ,GREAT ,MORAVIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,BOHEMIA & ,MORAVIA W]E DEF9ITIVELY ATTA*$ TO ,G]MANY & ! ,SLOVAK REGIONS REMA9$ TO ,HUNG>Y4 ,& ?IS 9EXI/5T 'NATION' FROM A HI/ORICAL PO9T ( VIEW IS DEM&+ 9DEP5D5CE8 ,IT IS 9ADMISSABLE TO GRANT 9DEP5D5CE TO ! ,CZE*S BECAUSE !N ,EA/ ,G]MANY W\LD SEEM LIKE A SMALL LOAF GNAW$ AWAY BY RATS4 

,BAKUN93 ,! ,POLES1 5SLAV$ BY ?REE /ATES1 MU/ BELONG TO A COMMUNITY ON AN EQUAL BASIS ALONG ) !IR PRES5T DOM9ATORS3 ! ,G]MANS1 ! ,AU/RIANS1 ! ,HUNG>IANS & ! ,RUSSIANS4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,! ,G]MANS' CONQUE/ ( ! ,SLAV REGIONS BETWE5 ,ELBA & ! ,W>! WAS A GEOGRAPHICAL & /RATEGICAL NECESSITY RESULT+ FROM ! DIVISIONS 9 ! ,C>LOV+IAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! REASON IS CLE>4 ,! RESULT CANNOT BE QUE/ION$4 ,?IS CONQUE/ WAS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( CIVILIZATION1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT AB\T IT4 

,BAKUN93 ,! ,S\!RN ,SLAVS1 5SLAV$ BY A =EIGN M9ORITY1 MU/ BE FRE$4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,IT IS ( VITAL NECESSITY = ! ,G]MANS & ! ,HUNG>IANS TO CUT !MSELVES \T ( ! ,ADRIATIC4 ,GEOGRAPHICAL & COMM]CIAL CONSID]ATIONS MU/ COME BE=E ANY?+ ELSE4 ,IT IS P]HAPS A PITY ?AT MAGNIFIC5T ,CALI=NIA HAS REC5TLY BE5 SNAT*$ FROM ! 9EPT ,MEXICANS :O DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT8 ,! 09DEP5D5CE0 ( A FEW ,SPANI>DS 9 ,CALI=NIA & ,TEXAS MI<T POSSIBLY SUFF]4 0,JU/ICE0 & O!R MORAL PR9CIPLES >E P]HAPS D5I$ 9 ALL ?AT4 ,BUT :AT CAN BE DONE 9 ! FACE ( SO MANY O!R EV5TS ( ?IS K9D 9 UNIV]SAL HI/ORY8 

,BAKUN93 ,SO LONG A ONE S+LE P]SECUT$ NATION EXI/S1 ! F9AL & COMPLETE TRIUMPH ( DEMOCRACY WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE ANY:]E4 ,! OPPRESSION ( A PEOPLE OR A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 IS ! OPPRESSION ( ALL1 & IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO VIOLATE ! LIB]TY ( ONE )\T VIOLAT+ ! LIB]TY ( ALL4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,9 ! PAN-,SLAV MANIFE/O WE HAVE F\ND NO?+ BUT !SE MORE OR LESS MORAL CATEGORIES3 JU/ICE1 HUMANITY1 FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 FRAT]NITY1 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* S\ND GOOD1 BUT :I* CAN DO NO?+ 9 ! POLITICAL & HI/ORICAL FIELD4 ,WE REPEAT1 NOT ONE ,SLAV PEOPLE -- AP>T FROM ! ,POLES ! ,RUSSIANS & P]HAPS ! ,TURKI% ,SLAVS -- HAS A FUTURE = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ALL ! O!R ,SLAVS LACK ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y HI/ORICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 POLITICAL & 9DU/RIAL BASES4 ,9DEP5D5CE & VITALITY FAIL !M4 ,! CONQU]ORS ( ! V>I\S ,SLAV NATIONS HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( 5]GY & VITALITY4 

,BAKUN93 ,! LIB]ATION & F$]ATION ( ! ,SLAVS IS ONLY ! PRELUDE TO ! UNION ( ! ,EUROPEAN REPUBLICS4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNITE ALL PEOPLES UND] A REPUBLICAN FLAG ) LOVE & UNIV]SAL FRAT]NITY4 ,IT IS 9 ! BLOODY /RUGGLE ( A REVOLUTION>Y W> ?AT UNIFICATION WILL BE =G$4 

,BAKUN93 ,C]TA9LY1 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,WE/1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,LAT9 PEOPLES1 WILL PRECE$ ! ,RUSSIANS2 BUT IT WILL NEV]!LESS BE ! ,SLAV MASSES :O WILL MAKE ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVE & WILL GU>ANTEE ! RESULTS4 

,M>X-,5GELS3 ,WE REPLY ?AT ! HATR$ ( ! ,RUSSIANS & ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y PASSION ( ! ,G]MANS1 & N[ ! HATR$ ( ! ,CZE*S & ! ,CROATES >E BEG9N+ TO 9T]SECT4 ,! REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE SAV$ BY PUTT+ 9TO EFFECT A DECISIVE T]ROR AGA9/ ! ,SLAV PEOPLES :O = !IR P]SPECTIVE ( !IR MIS]ABLE 0NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE01 HAVE SOLD \T DEMOCRACY & ! REVOLUTION4 ,SOME DAY WE %ALL TAKE BLOODY REV5GE UPON ! ,SLAVS = ?IS VILE & SC&AL\S BETRAYAL4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT AB\T !SE RADICAL C\NT]POSITIONS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS REMA9 TI$ TO A DET]M9I/ VIEW ( HI/ORY :I* IS 9T5D$ TO BE MAT]IALI/1 BUT :I* IS NOT FREE FROM C]TA9 ,HEGELIAN PREMISES1 LESS5+ ! POSSIBILITY ( AN ANALYTICAL ME?OD4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y1 ESPECIALLY ,M>X1 LET FLY ON /RATEGIC EVALUATIONS :I* REVEAL AN EMPHASIS ON LIB]AL-PATRIOTISM :I*1 IF IT WAS JU/IFIABLE 9 #a#h#d#i1 WAS A LOT LESS SO 9 #a#h#e#e4 ,NEV]!LESS AT ?IS TIME1 DUR+ ! ,CRIMEAN W>1 HE WRITES3 0,! GREAT P59SULA S\? ( ! ,SAVA & ! ,DANUBE1 ?IS M>VEL\S C\NTRY1 HAS ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ 9HABIT$ BY A CONGLOM]ATION ( RACES & NATIONALITIES :I* >E V]Y DIFF]5T1 & ONE CANNOT SAY :I* W\LD BE ! BE/ SUIT$ = PROGRESS & CIVILIZATION4 ,SLAVS1 ,GREEKS1 ,RUMANIANS1 ,ALBANIANS1 ALMO/ #ab MILLION 9 ALL1 >E DOM9AT$ BY A MILLION ,TURKS4 ,TO ?IS DAY ONE MI<T ASK IF ( ALL !SE RACES1 ! ,TURKS W]E NOT ! MO/ QUALIFI$ TO HAVE ! HEGEMONY :I* CAN EVID5TLY BE EX]CIS$ OV] ?IS MIX$ POPULATION BY ONE NATION40 

,& AGA9 9 #a#h#g#i1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN-,TURKI% W>1 :I* TODAY ! COMMUNI/S CALL 0! ,BULG>IAN PATRIOTS' W> ( LIB]ATION01 ,M>X WROTE1 0,WE DEF9ITELY SUPPORT ! ,TURKS1 & ?AT = TWO REASONS4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT WE HAVE /UDI$ ! ,TURKI% PEASANTS1 ?AT IS1 ! ,TURKI% POPUL> MASSES1 & WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT !Y >E ONE ( ! MO/ REPRES5TATIVE1 H>D WORK+ & MORALLY HEAL?Y ( ! ,EUROPEAN PEASANTS4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! ,RUSSIANS WILL ACCEL]ATE CONSID]ABLY ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* IS RIS+ TO A P]IOD ( RADICAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE40 

,9 FACT1 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 :5 RUL$ BY A M9ORITY :O EV5TUALLY TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO A P>TY 7A G5]ALIZ$ SITUATION AT ! PRES5T TIME71 5D UP US+ /RATEGICAL DI/9CTIONS1 LEAV+ ! ESS5TIAL PROBLEMS -- :I* 9 PO9T ( FACT ALSO 9FLU5CE /RATEGY -- 9 SECOND PLACE4 

,! ,M>XI/S DO NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 GO 9TO ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! IMP]IALISM ( L>GE ,/ATES & ! NATIONALISM ( SMALL ONES1 (T5 US+ ! T]M NATIONALISM 9 BO? CASES4 ,?IS CAUSES GREAT CONFUSION4 ,! NATIONALISM ( ! SMALL ,/ATES IS (T5 SE5 AS 'SOME?+ :I* CONTA9S A POSITIVE NUCLEUS1 AN 9T]NAL REVOLT ( A SOCIAL *>ACT]1 BUT ! DETAIL$ CLASS DI/9CTION IS USUALLY LIMIT$ TO ! /RICTLY NECESS>Y1 ACCORD+ TO /RATEGIC P]SPECTIVES4 ,IT IS (T5 MA9TA9$1 UNCONSCI\SLY FOLL[+ 9 ?IS ! GREAT MAE/RO ,TROTSKY1 ?AT IF ON ! ONE H& ! UPSURGE ( ! PEOPLE & OPPRESS$ M9ORITIES IS IMMUTABLE1 ! WORK+ CLASS VANGU>D MU/ NEV] TRY TO ACCEL]ATE ?IS ?RU/1 BUT LIMIT !MSELVES TO FOLL[+ ! IMPULSES :ILE REMA9+ \TSIDE4 

,?IS IS :AT ,TROTSKY WROTE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#a3 0,! SEP>ATI/ TR5DS 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION RAISE ! DEMOCRATIC PROBLEM ( ! RI<T ( A NATIONALITY TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,!SE T5D5CIES1 SE5 SUP]FICIALLY1 HAVE WORS5$ DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT :ILE ! SEP>ATISM ( ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE IS NO?+ BUT A MEANS = !M TO PLAY ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ! ,CATALAN & ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 ! SEP>ATISM ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS IS JU/ ! COV]+ ( A DEEP] REVOLT ( A SOCIAL NATURE4 ,WE MU/ MAKE A /RONG DI/9CTION BETWE5 !SE TWO TYPES ( SEP>ATISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS PRECISELY TO DI/+UI% ! WORK]S & PEASANTS OPPRESS$ 9 !IR NATIONAL S5TIM5T1 FROM ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ TAKE UP ?IS QUE/ION ( ! RI<T ( ! NATION TO AUTONOMY1 :I* IS ! MO/ C\RAGE\S & S9C]E POSITION4 ,! WORK]S WILL DEF5D TOTALLY & )\T RES]VE1 ! RI<T ( ! ,CATALANS & ,BASQUES TO LIVE AS 9DEP5D5T ,/ATES 9 ! CASE ( ! MAJORITY OPT+ = A COMPLETE SEP>ATION1 :I* DOES NOT MEAN TO SAY AT ALL ?AT ! WORK+ ELITE MU/ PU% ! ,CATALANS & ,BASQUES ON TO ! ROAD ( SEP>ATISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ECONOMIC UNITY ( ! C\NTRY1 ) GREAT AUTONOMY = NATIONALITIES1 W\LD (F] ! WORK]S & PEASANTS GREAT ADVANTAGES FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW & FROM ?AT ( CULTURE 9 G5]AL40 

,IT IS CLE> TO SEE ?AT ! C\NT]POSITION IS ! MO/ RADICAL POSSIBLE4 ,M>XI/S & ,TROTSKYI/S FOLL[ SY/EMS ( REASON+ :I* = US HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! FREE DECISION ( ! EXPLOIT$ M9ORITIES TO DET]M9E ! CONDITIONS ( !IR [N FRE$OM4 ,IT IS NOT ! CASE TO TAKE UP ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES1 BUT IT IS 5\< TO R]EAD ,TROTSKY'S PASSAGE TO REALIZE ! !ORETICAL AMBIGUITIES IT CONTA9S1 & H[ MU* SPACE IS GIV5 TO A POLITICAL /RATEGY FAVORABLE TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DICTATOR%IP BY AN 0ILLUM9AT$0 M9ORITY1 & H[ LITTLE W\LD BE DONE T[>DS ! 0REAL0 FRE$OM ( ! EXPLOIT$4 ,! AMBIGU\S USE ( ! T]M SEP>ATISM %\LD BE UND]L9$1 & ! 9SI/5CE UPON IRRATIONAL >GUM5TS SU* AS ?OSE RELATIVE TO ! 0NATIONAL S5TIM5T04 

,CONCLUSION 

,MANY PROBLEMS HAVE BE5 RAIS$ 9 ?IS WORK1 ) ! AW>5ESS ?AT !Y HAVE ONLY BE5 DONE SO 9 P>T1 DUE TO !IR WIDE COMPLEXITY4 ,WE BEGAN FROM A SITUATION ( FACT3 ?AT ( ,SICILY1 & A PROCESS ( DISMEMB]+ CAPABLE ( CAUS+ 9CALCULABLE DAMAGE 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,WE HAVE SAID H[ ?IS PROCESS SEES1 9 \R OP9ION1 A UNION ( FASCI/S & MAFIA1 & H[ ! 9T]E/S :I* !SE PEOPLE WANT TO PROTECT >E SUB/ANTIALLY ?OSE ( ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,! CIRCULATION ( C]TA9 /ALE SEP>ATI/ =MULAS HAS OBLIG$ US TO TAKE AS CLE> AS POSSIBLE A POSITION1 & SEEK TO S+LE \T ! ESS5TIAL PO9TS ( AN>*I/ 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! FACE ( ! PROBLEM ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 ,WE HAVE ALSO GIV5 A BRIEF PANORAMIC SKET* ( A FEW ( ! 9T]PRETIVE DEFECTS LAT5T 9 ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ VIEW ( ! PROBLEM & A FEW /RATEGIC OBTUSITIES :I* 9 PRACTICE DET]M9E ! NO SMALL DIFFICULTIES :I* ! ,M>XI/-9SPIR$ NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS F9D !MSELVES4 ,WE %ALL N[ TRY TO CONCLUDE \R RESE>* ) A FEW 9DICATIONS ( !ORETICAL 9T]E/4 

,WE MU/ ?OR\<LY REEXAM9E ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 /RUCTURE & SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,MANY COMRADES REMA9 )9 ! ,M>XI/ MODEL & DO NOT REALIZE IT1 SO MU* ?IS HAS P5ETRAT$ \R 0CURR5T0 WAY ( SEE+ ?+S4 ,! P[] :I* ! ,M>XI/S N[ HOLD 9 \R UNIV]SITIES ALL[S !M TO PROPOSE A C]TA9 ANALYTICAL MODEL TO ! 9TELLECTUAL M9ORITIES1 SELL+ IT (F AS REALITY ) !IR USUAL COMPLAC5CY4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT IS ! CONCEPTION ( 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 :I* MU/ BE PUT TO C>EFUL ANALYSIS1 %[+ ! LIMITATIONS & CONSEQU5CES ( ! DET]M9I/IC USE ( ! ECONOMIC FACTOR4 ,TODAY ECONOMIC REALITY HAS *ANG$ & CANNOT FIT 9TO ! ,M>XI/ TYPOLOGY2 NEV]!LESS !Y DO !IR UTMO/ TO COMPLICATE MATT]S BY ATTEMPT+ TO ?US EXPLA9 EV5TS :I* W\LD O!RWISE BE EASILY EXPLICABLE4 ,9T]POLAT+ MORE OP5 MODELS ( REASON+1 WE %\LD BE ABLE TO ID5TIFY RELEVANT FACTORS SU* AS PRECISELY ! NATIONAL & CULTURAL OR E?NIC P>TICUL>ITIES4 ,!SE 5T] 9TO A WID] PROCESS ( EXPLOITATION & DET]M9E QUANTITATIVE *ANGES R5D]+ POSSIBLE EXPLOITATION ITSELF &1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 CAUSE ! EM]G5CE ( O!R *ANGES1 ?IS TIME ( A QUALITATIVE NATURE4 ,PEOPLES & CLASSES1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL =MATIONS1 IDEOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS & ! CONCRETE /RUGGLE1 ALL UND]GO 9T]PRETATIVE *ANGES 9 RELATION TO ! BASIC MODEL4 ,IF A ME*ANI/IC DET]M9ISM IS ACCEPT$1 ! CONSEQU5CES >E ! 9EVITABLE DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! PASSAGE T[>DS A NOT EASILY UND]/OOD & HI/ORICALLY NON-DOCUM5TABLE PROGRESSIVE ELIM9ATION ( ! ,/ATE3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF ! 9T]PRETATIVE MODEL IS OP5 & 9DET]M9I/IC1 IF 9DIVIDUAL WILL COMES TO BE 9CLUD$ 9 A PROCESS ( RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CE ) CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 IF ! V>I\S SOCIOCULTURAL 5TITIES >E ANALYZ$ NOT ONLY ECONOMICALLY BUT ALSO MORE WIDELY 7SOCIALLY7 ! CONSEQU5CES W\LD BE V]Y DIFF]5T3 PRECON4 CEIV$ /ATI/ IDEAS W\LD GIVE WAY TO ! POSSIBILITY ( A HORIZONTAL LIB]T>IAN CON/RUCTION1 A F$]ALI/ PROJECT ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 

,C]TA9LY ALL ?IS REQUIRES NOT ONLY ! NEGATION ( A ME*ANI/IC MAT]IALISM :I*1 9 \R OP9ION1 IS ! RESULT ( ,M>XISM1 BUT ALSO A C]TA9 IDEALISM :I*1 /ILL 9 \R OP9ION1 COMES TO 9FECT A P>T ( AN>*ISM4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 UNIV]SALISM 9T5D$ AS AN ABSOLUTE VALUE IS AHI/ORICAL & IDEALIZ$1 BECAUSE SU* ILLUM9I/IC PO/ULAT+ IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! 9V]T$ IDEAL ( RE=M$ ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SEE CLE>LY BEH9D ! ,WE/]N HEGEMONY H[ MU* ( IT WAS DEVELOP$ BY ! IDEOLOGY ( A FALSE FRE$OM1 AN AMBIGU\S HUMANIT>IANISM ) A COSMOPOLITAN BASIS4 ,! MY? ( ! :ITE MAN'S DOM9ATION IS REPRES5T$ 9 V>I\S =MS AS ! MY? ( CIVILIZATION & SCI5CE1 & !RE=E AS ! F\NDATION ( ! POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( A FEW ,/ATES OV] O!RS4 ,! MASONIC & ILLUM9I/ IDEOLOGY C\LD BOL/] ! ,JACOB9ISM HIDD5 )9 ! ,L59I/ V]SION ( ,M>XISM1 BUT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) AN>*ISM1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MANY COMRADES CONT9UE TO AMUSE !MSELVES ) AB/RACT S*EMES & \TDAT$ !ORIES4 

,AN>*I/S %\LD GIVE ALL !IR SUPPORT1 CONCRETE REG>D+ P>TICIPATION1 !ORETICAL CONC]N+ ANALYZES & /UDY1 TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES4 ,?IS %\LD BE BEGUN FROM ! AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 ) A CLE> VISION ( CLASS C\NT]POSITIONS1 ?AT IS PUTT+ ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE 9 !IR CORRECT CLASS DIM5SION1 & PREP>E ! F$]ALI/ CON/RUCTION ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY :I* %\LD RISE FROM ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,ON ?IS BASIS1 :I* LEAVES NO ROOM = DET]M9ISMS & IDEALISMS ( V>I\S SPECIES1 ANY FASCI/ 9/RUM5TALISATION ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS CAN EASILY BE F\<T4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ?\< ?AT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE WE BECOME CLE> AMONG \RSELVES1 LOOK+ =W>D & BUILD+ ! CORRECT ANALYZES = AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 

,BAKUN9 

,! ,/ATE IS NOT ! ,FA!RL&1 IT IS ! AB/RACTION1 ! METAPHYSICAL1 MY/ICAL1 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL FICTION ( ! ,FA!RL&4 ,! COMMON PEOPLE ( ALL C\NTRIES DEEPLY LOVE !IR FA!RL&2 BUT ?AT IS A NATURAL1 REAL LOVE4 ,! PATRIOTISM ( ! PEOPLE IS NOT JU/ AN IDEA1 IT IS A FACT2 BUT POLITICAL PATRIOTISM1 LOVE ( ! ,/ATE1 IS NOT ! FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( ?AT FACT3 IT IS AN EXPRESSION DI/ORT$ BY MEANS ( A FALSE AB/RACTION1 ALWAYS = ! B5EFIT ( AN EXPLOIT+ M9ORITY4 

,FA!RL& & NATIONALITY >E1 LIKE 9DIVIDUALITY1 EA* A NATURAL & SOCIAL FACT1 PHYSIOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL AT ! SAME TIME2 NEI!R ( !M IS A PR9CIPLE4 ,ONLY ?AT CAN BE CALL$ A HUMAN PR9CIPLE :I* IS UNIV]SAL & COMMON TO ALL M52 & NATIONALITY SEP>ATES M51 !RE=E IT IS NOT A PR9CIPLE4 ,:AT IS A PR9CIPLE IS ! RESPECT :I* EV]YONE %\LD HAVE = NATURAL FACTS1 REAL OR SOCIAL4 ,NATIONALITY1 LIKE 9DIVIDUALITY1 IS ONE ( ?OSE FACTS4 ,!RE=E WE %\LD RESPECT IT4 ,TO VIOLATE IT IS TO COMMIT A CRIME1 &1 TO SPEAK ! LANGUAGE ( ,MAZZ9I1 IT BECOMES A SACR$ PR9CIPLE EA* TIME IT IS M5AC$ & VIOLAT$4 ,& ?AT IS :Y ,I FEEL MYSELF ALWAYS S9C]ELY ! PATRIOT ( ALL OPPRESS$ FA!RL&S4 

,! ,ESS5CE ( ,NATIONALITY4 ,A FA!RL& REPRES5TS ! 9CONTE/ABLE & SACR$ RI<T ( EV]Y MAN1 ( EV]Y HUMAN GR\P1 ASSOCIATION1 COMMUNE1 REGION1 & NATION TO LIVE1 TO FEEL1 TO ?9K1 TO WANT1 & TO ACT 9 ITS [N WAY1 & ?IS MANN] ( LIV+ & FEEL+ IS ALWAYS ! 9CONTE/ABLE RESULT ( A LONG HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 

,NATIONALITY & ,UNIV]SAL ,SOLID>ITY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE ABSURD & AT ! SAME TIME MORE H>MFUL1 MORE DEADLY = ! PEOPLE ?AN TO UPHOLD ! FICTITI\S PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY AS ! IDEAL ( ALL ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS4 ,NATIONALITY IS NOT A UNIV]SAL HUMAN PR9CIPLE3 IT IS A HI/ORIC1 LOCAL FACT :I*1 LIKE ALL REAL & H>MLESS FACTS1 HAS ! RI<T TO CLAIM G5]AL ACCEPTANCE4 ,EV]Y PEOPLE & ! SMALLE/ FOLK-UNIT HAS ITS [N *>ACT]1 ITS [N SPECIFIC MODE ( EXI/5CE1 ITS [N WAY ( SPEAK+1 FEEL+1 ?9K+1 & ACT+2 & IT IS ?IS IDIOSYNCRASY ?AT CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( NATIONALITY1 :I* IS ! RESULT ( ! :OLE HI/ORIC LIFE & ! SUM TOTAL ( ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ?AT PEOPLE4 

,EV]Y PEOPLE1 LIKE EV]Y P]SON1 IS 9VOLUNT>ILY ?AT :I* IT IS & !RE=E HAS A RI<T TO BE ITSELF4 ,!RE9 CONSI/S ! SO-CALL$ NATIONAL RI<TS4 ,BUT IF A C]TA9 PEOPLE OR P]SON EXI/S 9 FACT 9 A DET]M9ATE =M1 IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT IT OR HE HAS A RI<T TO UPHOLD NATIONALITY 9 ONE CASE & 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ! O!R AS SPECIFIC PR9CIPLES1 & ?AT !Y HAVE TO KEEP ON =EV] FUSS+ OV] !M4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! LESS !Y ?9K ( !MSELVES & ! MORE !Y BECOME IMBU$ ) UNIV]SAL HUMAN VALUES1 ! MORE VITALIZ$ !Y BECOME1 ! MORE *>G$ ) MEAN+ NATIONALITY BECOMES 9 ONE 9/ANCE1 & 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ! O!R4 

,! ,HI/ORIC ,RESPONSIBILITY ( ,EV]Y ,NATION4 ,! DIGNITY ( EV]Y NATION1 LIKE ?AT ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 %\LD CONSI/ MA9LY 9 EA* ACCEPT+ FULL RESPONSIBILITY = ITS ACTS1 )\T SEEK+ TO %IFT IT TO O!RS4 ,>E !Y NOT V]Y FOOLI%1 ALL !SE LAM5TATIONS ( A BIG BOY COMPLA9+ ) TE>S 9 HIS EYES ?AT SOMEONE HAS CORRUPT$ HIM1 & PUT HIM ON ! EVIL PA?8 ,& :AT IS UNBECOM+ 9 ! CASE ( A BOY IS C]TA9LY \T ( PLACE 9 ! CASE ( A NATION1 :OSE V]Y FEEL+ ( SELF-RESPECT %\LD PRECLUDE ANY ATTEMPTS TO %IFT ! BLAME = ITS [N MI/AKES UPON O!RS4 

,PATRIOTISM & ,UNIV]SAL ,JU/ICE4 ,EV]Y ONE ( US %\LD RISE ABOVE ! N>R[1 PETTY PATRIOTISM TO :I* ONE'S [N C\NTRY IS ! C5T] ( ! WORLD1 & :I* DEEMS ITSELF GREAT 9 SO F> AS IT MAKES ITSELF FE>$ BY ITS NEI<BORS4 ,WE %\LD PLACE HUMAN1 UNIV]SAL JU/ICE ABOVE ALL NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,& WE %\LD ONCE & = ALL TIME AB&ON ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 9V5T$ ( LATE BY ! DESPOTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA & ,PRUSSIA = ! PURPOSE ( CRU%+ ! SOV]EIGN PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY4 ,NATIONALITY IS NOT A PR9CIPLE3 IT IS A LEGITIMATE FACT1 JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALITY IS4 ,EV]Y NATIONALITY1 GREAT OR SMALL1 HAS ! 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T TO BE ITSELF1 TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N NATURE4 ,?IS RI<T IS SIMPLY ! COROLL>Y ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM4 

,RUDOLF ,ROCK] 7,NATIONALISM @& ,CULTURE7 

,! OLD OP9ION :I* ASCRIBES ! CREATION ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE TO ! AWAK5$ NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE IS BUT A FAIRY TALE1 V]Y S]VICEABLE TO ! SUPPORT]S ( ! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL /ATE1 BUT FALSE1 NONE ! LESS4 ,! NATION IS NOT ! CAUSE1 BUT ! RESULT ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS ! /ATE :I* CREATES ! NATION1 NOT ! NATION ! /ATE4 ,9DE$1 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW !RE EXI/S BETWE5 PEOPLE & NATION ! SAME DI/9CTION AS BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! /ATE4 

,EV]Y SOCIAL UNIT IS A NATURAL F\NDATION :I*1 ON ! BASIS ( COMMON NE$S & MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 IS BUILT ORGANICALLY FROM BEL[ UPW>DS TO GU>ANTEE & PROTECT ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,EV5 :5 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS GRADUALLY OSSIFY OR BECOME RUDIM5T>Y ! PURPOSE ( !IR ORIG9 CAN 9 MO/ 9/ANCES BE CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$4 ,EV]Y /ATE ORGANIZATION1 H[EV]1 IS AN >TIFICIAL ME*ANISM IMPOS$ ON M5 FROM ABOVE BY SOME RUL]1 & IT NEV] PURSUES ANY O!R 5DS BUT TO DEF5D & MAKE SECURE ! 9T]E/S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY4 

,A PEOPLE IS ! NATURAL RESULT ( SOCIAL UNION1 A MUTUAL ASSOCIATION ( M5 BR\<T AB\T BY A C]TA9 SIMIL>ITY ( EXT]NAL CONDITIONS ( LIV+1 A COMMON LANGUAGE1 & SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS DUE TO CLIMATE & GEOGRAPHIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ?IS MANN] >ISE C]TA9 COMMON TRAITS1 ALIVE 9 EV]Y MEMB] ( ! UNION1 & =M+ A MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ITS SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,?IS 9N] RELATION%IP CAN AS LITTLE BE >TIFICIALLY BR$ AS >TIFICIALLY DE/ROY$4 ,! NATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS ! >TIFICIAL RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]1 JU/ AS NATIONALISM HAS NEV] BE5 ANY?+ BUT ! POLITICAL RELIGION ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,BELONG+ TO A NATION IS NEV] DET]M9$1 AS IS BELONG+ TO A PEOPLE1 BY PR(\ND & NATURAL CAUSES2 IT IS ALWAYS SUBJECT TO POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS & BAS$ ON ?OSE REASONS ( /ATE BEH9D :I* ! 9T]E/S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES ALWAYS HIDE444 ,A SMALL GR\P ( DIPLOMATS :O >C SIMPLY ! BUS9ESS REPRES5TATIVES ( PRIVILEG$ CA/E & CLASS DECIDE QUITE >BITR>ILY ! NATIONAL MEMB]%IP ( C]TA9 M51 :O >E NOT EV5 ASK$ = !IR CONS5T4 BUT MU/ SUBMIT TO ?IS EX]CISE ( P[] BECAUSE !Y CANNOT HELP !MSELVES4 

,PEOPLES & GR\PS ( PEOPLES EXI/$ LONG BE=E ! /ATE PUT 9 ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,TODAY1 ALSO1 !Y EXI/ & DEVELOP )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( TIRE /ATE4 ,!Y >E ONLY H9D]$ 9 !IR NATURAL DEVELOPM5T :5 SOME EXT]NAL P[] 9T]F]ES BY VIOL5CE ) !IR LIFE & =CES IT 9TO PATT]NS :I* IT HAS NOT KN[N BE=E4 ,! NATION IS1 !N1 UN?9KABLE )\T ! /ATE4 ,IT IS WELD$ TO ?AT = WEAL OR WOE & [ES ITS BE+ SOLELY TO ITS PRES5CE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! NATION WILL ALWAYS ESCAPE US IF WE ATTEMPT TO SEP>ATE IT FROM ! /ATE & 5D[ IT ) A LIFE ( ITS [N :I* IT HAS NEV] POSSESS$4 ,A PEOPLE IS ALWAYS A COMMUNITY ) RA!R N>R[ B\ND>IES4 ,BUT A NATION1 AS A RULE1 5COMPASSES A :OLE >RAY ( DIFF]5T PEOPLES & GR\PS ( PEOPLES :O HAVE BY MORE OR LESS VIOL5T MEANS BE5 PRESS$ 9TO ! FRAME ( A COMMON /ATE4 ,9 FACT1 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE !RE IS NO /ATE :I* DOES NOT CONSI/ ( A GR\P ( DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O W]E ORIG9ALLY ( DIFF]5T DESC5T & SPEE* & W]E =C$ TOGE!R 9TO ONE NATION SOLELY BY DYNA/IC1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 

,A,L,L NATIONALISM IS REACTION>Y 9 ITS NATURE1 = IT /RIVES TO 5=CE ON ! SEP>ATE P>TS ( ! GREAT HUMAN FAMILY A DEF9ITE *>ACT] ACCORD+ TO A PRECONCEIV$ IDEA4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TOO1 IT %[S ! 9T]RELATION%IP ( NATIONALI/IC IDEOLOGY ) ! CRE$ ( EV]Y REVEAL$ RELIGION4 ,NATIONALISM CREATES >TIFICIAL SEP>ATIONS & P>TITIONS )9 ?AT ORGANIC UNITY :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! G5US ,MAN1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT /RIVES = A FICTITI\S UNITY SPRUNG ONLY FROM A WI%-CONCEPT2 & ITS ADVOCATES W\LD LIKE TO TUNE ALL MEMB]S ( A DEF9ITE HUMAN GR\P TO ONE NOTE 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM O!R GR\PS /ILL MORE OBVI\SLY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 SO-CALL$ 0CULTURAL NATIONALISM0 DOES NOT DIFF] AT ALL FROM POLITICAL NATIONALISM1 = :OSE POLITICAL PURPOSES AS A RULE IT S]VES AS A FIG LEAF4 ,! TWO CANNOT BE SPIRITUALLY SEP>AT$2 !Y M]ELY REPRES5T TWO DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! SAME 5DEAVOR4 

,CULTURAL NATIONALISM APPE>S 9 ITS PURE/ =M :5 PEOPLE >E SUBJECT$ TO A =EIGN RULE1 & = ?IS REASON CANNOT PURSUE !IR [ IT PLANS = POLITICAL P[]4 ,9 ?IS EV5T1 0NATIONAL ?\<T0 PREF]S TO BUSY ITSELF ) ! CULTURE-BUILD+ ACTIVITIES ( ! PEOPLE & TRIES TO KEEP ! NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS ALIVE BY RECOLLECTIONS ( VANI%$ GLORY & PA/ GREATNESS4 ,SU* COMP>ISONS BETWE5 A PA/ :I* HAS ALREADY1 BECOME LEG5D & A SLAVI% PRES5T MAKE ! PEOPLE D\BLY S5SITIVE TO ! 9JU/ICE SUFF]$2 = NO?+ AFFECTS ! SPIRIT ( MAN MORE P[]FULLY ?AN TRADITION4 ,BUT IF SU* GR\PS ( PEOPLE SUCCE$ SOON] OR LAT] 9 %AK+ (F ! =EIGN YOKE & !MSELVES APPE> AS A NATIONAL P[]1 !N ! CULTURAL PHASE ( !IR EF=T /EPS ONLY TOO DEF9ITELY 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 GIV+ PLACE TO ! SOB] REALITY ( !IR POLITICAL OBJECTIVES4 ,9 ! REC5T HI/ORY ( ! V>I\S NATIONAL ORGANISMS 9 ,EUROPE CREAT$ AFT] ! W> >E F\ND TELL+ WITNESSES = ?IS4 ,9 CULTURE-NATIONALISM1 AS A RULE1 TWO DI/9CT S5TIM5TS M]GE1 :I* REALLY HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON3 = HOME S5TIM5T IS NOT PATRIOTISM1 IS NOT LOVE ( ! /ATE1 NOT LOVE :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! AB/RACT IDEA ( ! NATION4 ,IT NE$S NO LABOR$ EXPLANATION TO PROVE ?AT ! SPOT ( L& ON :I* MAN HAS SP5T ! YE>S ( HIS Y\? IS DEEPLY 9T]GR[N ) HIS PR(\NDE/ FEEL+4 ,! IMPRESSIONS ( *ILDHOOD & E>LY Y\? :I* >E ! MO/ P]MAN5T & HAVE ! MO/ LA/+ EFFECT UPON HIS S\L4 ,HOME IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 MAN'S \T] G>M5T2 HE IS MO/ 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ITS EV]Y FOLD & SEAM4 ,?IS HOME S5TIM5T BR+S 9 LAT] YE>S SOME YE>N+ AFT] A PA/ LONG BURI$ UND] RU9S3 & IT IS ?IS :I* 5ABLES ! ROMANTIC TO LOOK SO DEEPLY )94 

,) SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 ?IS HOME S5TIM5T HAS NO RELATION%IP2 AL?\< BO? >E (T5 ?R[N 9TO ! SAME POT &1 AFT] ! MANN] ( C\NT]FEIT]S1 GIV5 \T AS ( ! SAME VALUE4 ,9 FACT1 TRUE HOME S5TIM5T IS DE/ROY$ AT ITS BIR? BY 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS01 :I* ALWAYS /RIVES TO REGULATE & =CE 9TO A PRESCRIB$ =M EV]Y IMPRESSION MAN RECEIVES FROM ! 9EXHAU/IBLE V>IETY ( ! HOMEL&4 ,?IS IS ! UNAVOIDABLE RESULT ( ?OSE ME*ANICAL EF=TS AT UNIFICATION :I* >E 9 REALITY ONLY ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! NATIONALI/IC /ATES4 

,! ATTEMPT TO REPLACE MAN'S NATURAL ATTA*M5T TO ! HOME BY A DUTIFUL LOVE ( ! /ATE -- A /RUCTURE :I* [ES ITS CREATION TO ALL SORTS ( ACCID5TS & 9 :I*1 ) BRUTAL =CE1 ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 WELD$ TOGE!R ?AT HAVE NO NECESS>Y CONNECTION -- IS ONE ( ! MO/ GROTESQUE PH5OM5A ( \R TIME4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 IS NO?+ BUT A BELIEF PROPAGAT$ BY CONSID]ATIONS ( POLITICAL P[] :I* HAVE REPLAC$ ! RELIGI\S FANATICISM ( PA/ C5TURIES & HAVE TODAY COME TO BE ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! LOVE ( HOME HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! V5]ATION ( AN AB/RACT PATRIOTIC CONCEPT4 ,LOVE ( HOME KN[S NO 0WILL TO P[]02 IT IS FREE FROM ?AT HOLL[ & DANG]\S ATTITUDE ( SUP]IORITY TO ! NEI<BOR :I* IS ONE ( ! /RONGE/ *>ACT]I/ICS ( EV]Y K9D ( NATIONALISM4 ,LOVE ( HOME DOES NOT 5GAGE 9 PRACTICAL POLITICS NOR DOES IT SEEK 9 ANY WAY TO SUPPORT ! /ATE4 ,IT IS PURELY AN 9N] FEEL+ AS FREELY MANIFE/$ AS MAN'S 5JOYM5T ( NATURE1 ( :I* HOME IS A P>T4 ,:5 ?US VIEW$1 ! HOME FEEL+ COMP>ES ) ! GOV]NM5TALLY ORD]$ LOVE ( ! NATION AS DOES A NATURAL GR[? ) AN >TIFICIAL SUB/ITUTE4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #a#f1 #bb 3 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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