,A ,DEF5CE = ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES1 AGA9/ ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c1 & ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #ahe 

#ahe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TAGS 3 SUPREME C\RT ( ! UNIT$ /ATES1 RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE1 RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 JUDICIAL P[] ( ! UNIT$ /ATES1 C\RT ( ! UNIT$ /ATES1 CON/ITUTION ( ! UNIT$ /ATES1 RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW1 LAWS ( ! UNIT$ /ATES1 JUDGE ( ! LAW1 RI<T ( ! JURY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,H5RIK ,BETN]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,A ,DEF5SE = ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES1 AGA9/ ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c1 & ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #ahe  

 7,BO/ON3 ,BELA ,M>%1 #a#h#e74 

  
,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

  

,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS 

  
,POV]TY1 ,ITS ,ILLEGAL ,CAUSES & ,LEGAL ,CURE4--P>T ,I4 ,BY ,LYS&] ,SPOON]4  ,RECOMM5DATIONS4  ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS ( #a#g#i#c43 ,AN ,ACT ,RESPECT+ ,FUGITIVES ,FROM ,JU/ICE1 & ,P]SONS ,ESCAP+ ,FROM ! ,S]VICE ( ,!IR ,MA/]S4  ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#e43 ,AN ,ACT TO ,AM5D1 & ,SUPPLEM5T>Y TO ! ,ACT1 ,5TITL$ 0AN ,ACT ,RESPECT+ ,FUGITIVES ,FROM ,JU/ICE1 & ,P]SONS ,ESCAP+ ,FROM ! ,S]VICE ( ,!IR ,MA/]S10 ,APPROV$ ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c4  ,A ,DEF5SE ,= ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES4  ,*APT] ,I43 ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( #agic & #a#h#e4  ,*APT] ,I,I43 ,! ,RI<T ( ,RESI/ANCE1 & ! ,RI<T TO ,HAVE ! ,LEGALITY ( ,?AT ,RESI/ANCE ,JUDG$ ( ,BY A ,JURY4  ,*APT] ,I,I,I43 ,LIABILITY ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,(FIC]S TO ,BE ,PUNI%$1 ,UND] ! ,/ATE ,LAWS1 ,= ,EXECUT+ ! ,ACTS ( #agic & #a#h#e4  ,APP5DIX ,A43 ,NEI!R ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ,NOR ,EI!R ( ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( #agic ,OR #a#h#e1 ,REQUIRES ! ,SURR5D] ( ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES4  ,APP5DIX ,B43 ,AU?ORITIES ,= ! ,RI<T ( ! ,JURY TO ,JUDGE ( ! ,LAW ,9 ,CRIM9AL ,CASES4  ,APP5DIX ,C43 ,MANSFIELD'S ,>GUM5T ,AGA9/ ! ,RI<T ( ! ,JURY TO ,JUDGE ( ! ,LAW ,9 ,CRIM9AL ,CASES4  ,APP5DIX ,D43 ,EFFECT ( ,TRIAL ,BY ,JURY1 ,9 ,NULLIFY+ ,O!R ,LEGISLATION ,?AN ! ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVE ,LAWS4  ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ,SLAV]Y4 ,P>TS ,FIR/ & ,SECOND4  ,RECOMM5DATIONS4  ,ALSO ,= ,SALE ,AS ,ABOVE4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,P,O,V,],T,Y1 ,I,T,S ,I,L,L,E,G,A,L ,C,A,U,S,E,S ,& ,L,E,G,A,L ,C,U,R,E4--,P,>,T ,I4 ,B,Y ,L,Y,S,&,] ,S,P,O,O,N,]4 

  

,J,U,/ ,P,U,B,L,I,%,$1 & = SALE BY ,B,E,L,A ,M,>,%1 ,NO4 #be ,CORNHILL1 ,BO/ON4 ,PRICE #be C5TS4 ,PO/AGE ON ! BOOK = ANY DI/ANCE IS BUT SEV5 C5TS4 ,ANY P]SON REMITT+ TO ! ,PUBLI%] #h#a1 PO/ PAID1 CAN HAVE F\R COPIES S5T BY MAIL4 

,A LIB]AL DISC\NT WILL BE MADE TO ,BOOKSELL]S & ,AG5TS1 :O BUY TO SELL AGA94 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,R,E,C,O,M,M,5,D,A,T,I,O,N,S4 

  

0,WE HAVE READ ?IS PAMPHLET C>EFULLY1 & >E PREP>$ TO SAY WE HAVE SE5 NO WORK = A LONG TIME :I* WE ?9K SO MU* DES]VES ! ATT5TION ( LABOR+ M5 AS ?IS40 --,*>T] ,OAK4 

0,IT AB\NDS 9 BOLD & ORIG9AL ?\<TS4 ,! ILLEGAL CAUSES ( POV]TY >E /AT$1 & A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT PROPOSITIONS HE>+ ON ! SUBJECT LAID D[N2 &1 ON ! :OLE1 WE CONSID] IT A WORK WELL WOR? /UDY+--AF=D+1 AS IT DOES1 MANY VALUABLE H9TS TO ! /ATESMAN & POLITICAL ECONOMI/40 --,HUNT'S ,M]*ANT'S ,MAGAZ9E4 

0,AN ABLE1 & C]TA9LY ORIG9AL WORK1 FROM ! P5 ( ,LYS&] ,SPOON]1 ,ESQ41--AU?OR ( ?AT P[]FUL BOOK :I* DEMON/RATES ! UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ,AM]ICAN ,SLAV]Y4 ,!RE IS NO WRIT] ( ! AGE1 ( LOGICAL ACUM5 MORE SE>*+ ?AN ,SPOON]40 0,?IS NEW WORK IS DE/9$ TO LEAD TO A REEXAM9ATION ( ALL =M] SY/EMS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY40 0,AT FIR/ BLU% HIS ECONOMICAL PROPOSITIONS /RIKE US AS SU/A9ABLE--& IF !Y >E SO1 HIS WORK WILL PREVAIL1 & PRODUCE AN IMPORTANT REVOLUTION 9 ! PRES5T PREVAIL+ SY/EM40 0,EV]Y ONE %\LD READ IT40 --,BANGOR ,GAZETTE4 

0,IT IS A BOLD ATTACK UPON SOME ( ! PR9CIPLES ?AT REGULATE ! ,JUDICI>Y 9 !IR DECISIONS 9 REG>D TO CONTRACTS4 ,9 SO F> AS ! CAUSES ( POV]TY >E TO BE TRAC$ TO SU* S\RCES AT ALL1 & TO BE REM$I$ BY LEGAL MEANS1 ! WORK IS ONE ( GREAT DISCRIM9ATION & P[]40 --,H]ALD ( ,FRE$OM4  

0,A NEAT PAMPHLET ( #ah PAGES--A V]Y REM>KABLE PRODUCTION40 0,:E!R ALL ! ANTICIPATIONS ( ,MR4 ,SPOON] W\LD BE REALIZ$ BY ! FULL ADOPTION ( HIS !ORY1 WE DO NOT H]E /OP TO 9QUIRE2 BUT WE HE>TILY COMM5D HIS 5DEAVOR TO ! NOTICE ( ALL :O LOVE A TRANSP>5T1 =CIBLE DICTION--9TREPID 9DEP5D5CE--ORIG9AL ?\<T1 & 5TIRE FRE$OM FROM ! CANT ( SECT OR P>TY4 ,AS A JUDICIAL WRIT]1 HE HAS A DEP?1 A COMPASS1 F> BEYOND ANY ONE :OSE PRODUCTIONS HAVE MET \R EYE 9 A LONG TIME40 --,ALBANY ,PATRIOT4 

0,MO/ M51 9 DISCUSS+ ?IS SUBJECT1 W\LD RE> A PILE ( HYPO!SES HEAV5-HI<1 & SP9 A WEB ( SOPHISMS BROAD 5\< TO COV] IT1 BUT ALL TO NO PRACTICAL USE4 ,TO ELUCIDATE1 TO ANY PURPOSE1 ! ,CAUSES & ,CURE ( ,POV]TY REQUIRES ! HAIRSPLITT+ SUBTLETY ( A ?OR\<-BR$ LAWY]1 OR DOCTOR ( DIV9ITY1 UNIT$ TO PR(\ND LEGAL KN[L$GE1 & A /RONG1 PRACTICAL1 UNHAMP]$ 9TELLECT2 & ! V]Y MAN1 ( ALL O!RS1 TO BROA* ?IS BUS9ESS IS ,LYS&] ,SPOON]1 ! AU?OR ( ! ABOVE-NAM$ WORK4 ,?IS BOOK IS WRITT5 ) WOND]FUL CLE>NESS & =CE4 ,! PROPOSITIONS >E SQU>$ AS EXACT1 & FIT AS SMOO? AS A SET ( MA!MATICAL BLOCKS2 & ! :OLE WORK WILL FROM AN 5DUR+ MONUM5T ( LEGAL LE>N+ & ACUM540 0,HE LAYS D[N SEV5 PROPOSITIONS AS ! BASIS ( HIS [N S*EME1 EA* ONE ( :I* IS LOGICALLY DEMON/RAT$ & PUT BEYOND CONTROV]SY4 ,EV]Y MAN IS P]SONALLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! SUBJECT ( :I* ?IS WORK TREATS1 & ?IS FACT ALONE %\LD SECURE = IT AN IMM5SE CIRCULATION40 --,HAMP%IRE ,H]ALD4 

0,! WORK N[ UND] NOTICE FULLY SU/A9S ! REPUTATION ( ! AU?OR AS A DEEP AB/RACT ?9K]1 LEGAL CRITIC1 ACUTE REASON]1 & B5EVOL5T POLITICAL ECONOMI/40 --,AD9 ,BALL\4 

0,EV5 PROPOSITIONS :I* APPE>$ TO US AT FIR/ VIEW UNT5ABLE1 >E MADE TO APPE> AT LEA/ PLAUSIBLE4 ,HIS VIEWS ( ! CAUSES ( MANY DEPLORABLE EVILS 9 ! EXI/+ /ATE ( SOCIETY1 UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( LEGISLATION1 >E NOT EASILY PUT BY4 ,WE DO NOT N[ AGREE ) ALL ! VIEWS ( ,MR4 ,SPOON]4 ,BUT WE DO SAY ?AT WE HAVE D]IV$ 9/RUCTION FROM ! P]USAL ( HIS WORK BE=E US1 & ?AT NO 9TELLIG5T MAN CAN GIVE IT A C>EFUL P]USAL )\T P]CEIV+ ?AT HE IS FOLL[+ ! TRA9 ( A /RONG1 COMPREH5SIVE1 & CULTIVAT$ M9D1--& ?AT HE IS COM+ 9 CONTACT ) PR9CIPLES & >GUM5TS :I* IT IS WELL ?AT ! COMMUNITY %\LD KN[40 --,*RI/IAN ,FREEMAN4  

0,WE W\LD COMM5D IT TO ?OSE :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 SU* SPECULATIONS1 AS A CLE>1 DISPASSIONATE1 WELL-CONSID]$ EXAM9ATION4 ,ON PAP]1 ! CONCLUSIONS FOLL[ BEAUTIFULLY & NATURALLY FROM ! PREMISES40 --,*RI/IAN ,REGI/]4 

0,MR4 ,SPOON] HAS A CLE> HEAD1 & A RI<T NOBLE HE>T40 0,POV]TY10 @&C41 IS A WELL REASON$ & ADMIRABLY WRITT5 BOOK4 ,FROM \R S\L WE ?ANK HIM = ITS TIMELY & LUCID EXHIBITION ( ! DEM&S ( NATURAL JU/ICE1 OR ! REQUIREM5TS ( NATURAL LAW1 & WE S9C]ELY HOPE ?AT HE MAY CONT9UE HIS 9VE/IGATIONS UNTIL HE HAS COMPLET$ A S]IES ( POLITICAL ESSAYS1 ADAPT$ TO ! WANTS ( ! TIMES1 SU* AS NO O!R MAN )9 \R KN[L$GE IS CAPABLE ( PREP>+40 0,WE W>MLY RECOMM5D IT TO ! P]USAL ( ALL E>NE/ & ?\<TFUL40 --,CORRESPOND5CE ( ,VOICE ( ,9DU/RY4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS ( #a#g#i#c4 

  
,AN ,ACT RESPECT+ ,FUGITIVES FROM ,JU/ICE1 & P]SONS ESCAP+ FROM ! S]VICE ( !IR ,MA/]S4 

  

,SEC4 #a4,BE IT 5ACT$ BY ! ,S5ATE & ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA 9 ,CONGRESS ASSEMBL$1 ,?AT :5EV] ! EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY ( ANY ,/ATE 9 ! ,UNION1 OR ( EI!R ( ! T]RITORIES NOR?WE/ OR S\? ( ! RIV] ,OHIO1 %ALL DEM& ANY P]SON AS A FUGITIVE FROM JU/ICE1 ( ! EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY ( ANY SU* /ATE OR T]RITORY TO :I* SU* P]SON %ALL HAVE FL$1 & %ALL MOREOV] PRODUCE ! COPY ( AN 9DICTM5T F\ND1 OR AN AFFIDAVIT MADE BE=E A MAGI/RATE ( ANY /ATE OR T]RITORY AS A=ESAID1 *>G+ ! P]SON SO DEM&$1 ) HAV+ COMMITT$ TREASON1 FELONY OR O!R CRIME1 C]TIFI$ AS AU!NTIC BY ! GOV]NOR OR *IEF MAGI/RATE ( ! /ATE OR T]RITORY FROM :5CE ! P]SON SO *>G$1 FL$1 IT %ALL BE ! DUTY ( ! EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE OR T]RITORY TO :I* SU* P]SON %ALL HAVE FL$1 TO CAUSE HIM OR H] TO BE >RE/$ & SECUR$1 & NOTICE ( ! >RE/ TO BE GIV5 TO ! EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY MAK+ SU* DEM&1 OR TO ! AG5T ( SU* AU?ORITY APPO9T$ TO RECEIVE ! FUGITIVE1 & TO CAUSE ! FUGITIVE TO BE DELLV]$ TO SU* AG5T :5 HE %ALL APPE>3 ,BUT IF NO SU* AG5T %ALL APPE> )9 SIX MON?S FROM ! TIME ( ! >RE/1 ! PRISON] MAY BE DIS*>G$4 ,& ALL CO/S OR EXP5SES 9CURR$ 9 ! APPREH5D+1 SECUR+1 & TRANSMITT+ SU* FUGITIVE TO ! /ATE OR T]RITORY MAK+ SU* DEM&1 %ALL BE PAID BY SU* /ATE OR T]RITORY4 

,SEC4 #b4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ANY AG5T APPO9T$ AS A=ESAID1 :O %ALL RECEIVE ! FUGITIVE 9TO HIS CU/ODY1 %ALL BE EMP[]$ TO TRANSPORT HIM OR H] TO ! /ATE OR T]RITORY FROM :I* HE OR %E %ALL HAVE FL$4 ,& IF ANY P]SON OR P]SONS %ALL BY =CE SET AT LIB]TY1 OR RESCUE ! FUGITIVE FROM SU* AG5T :ILE TRANSPORT+1 AS A=ESAID1 ! P]SON OR P]SONS SO (F5D+ %ALL1 ON CONVICTION1 BE F9$ NOT EXCE$+ FIVE HUNDR$ DOLL>S1 & BE IMPRISON$ NOT EXCE$+ ONE YE>4 

,SEC4 #c4,& BE IT ALSO 5ACT$1 ,?AT :5 A P]SON HELD TO LABOR 9 ANY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR 9 EI!R ( ! T]RITORIES ON ! NOR?WE/ OR S\? ( ! RIV] ,OHIO1 UND] ! LAWS !RE(1 %ALL ESCAPE 9TO ANY O!R ( ! SAID /ATES OR T]RITORY1 ! P]SON TO :OM SU* LABOR OR S]VICE MAY BE DUE1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 IS H]EBY EMP[]$ TO SEIZE OR >RE/ SU* FUGITIVE FROM LABOR1 & TO TAKE HIM OR H] BE=E ANY JUDGE ( ! ,CIRCUIT OR ,DI/RICT ,C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 RESID+ OR BE+ )9 ! /ATE1 OR BE=E ANY MAGI/RATE ( A C\NTY1 CITY OR T[N CORPORATE1 :]E9 SU* SEIZURE OR >RE/ %ALL BE MADE1 & UPON PRO( TO ! SATISFACTION ( SU* JUDGE OR MAGI/RATE1 EI!R BY ORAL TE/IMONY OR AFFIDAVIT TAK5 BE=E & C]TIFI$ BY A MAGI/RATE ( ANY SU* /ATE OR T]RITORY1 ?AT ! P]SON SO SEIZ$ OR >RE/$1 DO?1 UND] ! LAWS ( ! /ATE OR T]RITORY FROM :I* HE OR %E FL$1 [E S]VICE OR LABOR TO ! P]SON CLAIM+ HIM OR H]1 IT %ALL BE ! DUTY ( SU* JUDGE OR MAGI/RATE TO GIVE A C]TIFICATE !RE( TO SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 :I* %ALL BE SUFFICI5T W>RANT = REMOV+ ! SAID FUGITIVE FROM LABOR1 TO ! /ATE OR T]RITORY FROM :I* HE OR %E FL$4  

,SEC4 #d4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ANY P]SON :O %ALL KN[+LY & WILL+LY OB/RUCT OR H9D] SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY :5 SO >RE/$ PURSUANT TO ! AU?ORITY H]E9 GIV5 OR DECL>$3 OR %ALL H>BOR OR CONCEAL SU* P]SON AFT] NOTICE ?AT HE OR %E WAS A FUGITIVE FROM LABOR1 AS A=ESAID1 %ALL1 = EI!R ( ! SAID (F5SES1 =FEIT & PAY ! SUM ( FIVE HUNDR$ DOLL>S4 ,:I* P5ALTY MAY BE RECOV]$ BY & = ! B5EFIT ( SU* CLAIMANT1 BY ACTION ( DEBT1 9 ANY C\RT PROP] TO TRY ! SAME2 SAV+ MOREOV] TO ! P]SON CLAIM+ SU* LABOR OR S]VICE1 HIS RI<T ( ACTION = OR ON ACC\NT ( ! SAID 9JURIES OR EI!R ( !M4 

,J,O,N,A,?,A,N ,T,R,U,M,B,U,L,L1  

,SPEAK] ( ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES4 

,J,O,H,N ,A,D,A,M,S1  

,VISE ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ,PRESID5T ( ! ,S5ATE1 

,APPROV$ ,FEBRU>Y #a#b?1 #a#g#i#c4 

,G,E,O,R,G,E ,W,A,%,+,T,O,N1  

,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#e4 

  
,AN ,ACT TO AM5D1 & SUPPLEM5T>Y TO ! ,ACT1 5TITL$ 0,AN ,ACT RESPECT+ ,FUGITIVES FROM ,JU/ICE1 & P]SONS ESCAP+ FROM ! S]VICE ( !IR ,MA/]S10 APPROV$ ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c4 

  

,BE IT 5ACT$ BY ! ,S5ATE & ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA 9 ,CONGRESS ASSEMBL$1 ,?AT ! P]SONS :O HAVE BE51 OR MAY H]EAFT] BE1 APPO9T$ COMMISSION]S1 9 VIRTUE ( ANY ACT ( ,CONGRESS1 BY ! CIRCUIT C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & :O1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( SU* APPO9TM5T1 >E AU?ORIZ$ TO EX]CISE ! P[]S ?AT ANY JU/ICE ( ! PEACE OR O!R MAGI/RATE ( ANY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MAY EX]CISE 9 RESPECT TO (F5D]S = ANY CRIME OR (F5SE AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BY >RE/+1 IMPRISON+1 OR BALL+ ! SAME UND] & BY VIRTUE ( ! ?IRTY-?IRD SECTION ( ! ACT ( ! TW5TY-F\R? ( ,SEPTEMB]1 SEV5TE5 HUNDR$ & EI<TY-N9E1 5TITL$1 0,AN ACT TO E/ABLI% ! JUDICIAL C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 %ALL BE1 & >E H]EBY AU?ORIZ$ & REQUIR$ TO EX]CISE & DIS*>GE ALL ! P[]S & DUTIES CONF]R$ BY ?IS ACT4 

,SEC4 #b4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ! SUP]LOR C\RT ( EA* ORGANIZ$ T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %ALL HAVE ! SAME P[] TO APPO9T COMMISSION]S TO TAKE ACKN[L$GM5TS ( BALL & AFFIDAVIT1 & TO TAKE DEPOSITIONS ( WITNESSES 9 CIVIL CAUSES1 :I* IS N[ POSSESS$ BY ! CIRCUIT C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & ALL COMMISSION]S :O %ALL H]EAFT] BE APPO9T$ = SU* PURPOSES BY ! SUP]IOR C\RT ( ANY ORGANIZ$ T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %ALL POSSESS ALL ! P[]S & EX]CISE ALL ! DUTIES CONF]R$ BY LAW UPON ! COMMISSION]S APPO9T$ BY ! CIRCUIT C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = SIMIL> PURPOSES1 & %ALL MOREOV] EX]CISE & DIS*>GE ALL ! P[]S & DUTIES CONF]R$ BY ?IS ACT4 

,SEC4 #c4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ! CIRCUIT C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! SUP]IOR C\RTS ( EA* ORGANIZ$ T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 %ALL FROM TIME TO TIME 5L>GE ! NUMB] ( COMMISSION]S1 ) A VIEW TO AF=D REASONABLE FACILITIES TO RECLAIM FUGITIVES FROM LABOR1 & TO ! PROMPT DIS*>GE ( ! DUTIES IMPOS$ BY ?IS ACT4  

,SEC4 #d4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ! COMMISSION]S ABOVE NAM$ %ALL HAVE CONCURR5T JURISDICTION ) ! JUDGES ( ! CIRCUIT & DI/RICT C\RTS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 !IR RESPECTIVE CIRCUITS & DI/RICTS )9 ! SEV]AL ,/ATES1 & ! JUDGES ( ! SUP]IOR C\RTS ( ! ,T]RITORIES1 SEV]ALLY & COLLECTIVELY1 9 T]M TIME & VACATION2 & %ALL GRANT C]TIFICATES TO SU* CLAIMANTS1 UPON SATISFACTORY PRO( BE+ MADE1 ) AU?ORITY TO TAKE & REMOVE SU* FUGITIVES FROM S]VICE OR LABOR1 UND] ! RE/RICTIONS H]E9 CONTA9$1 TO ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY FROM :I* SU* P]SONS MAY HAVE ESCAP$ OR FL$4 

,SEC4 #e4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT IT %ALL BE ! DUTY ( ALL M>%ALS & DEPUTY M>%ALS TO OBEY & EXECUTE ALL W>RANTS & PRECEPTS ISSU$ UND] ! PROVISIONS ( ?IS ACT1 :5 TO !M DIRECT$2 & %\LD ANY M>%AL OR DEPUTY M>%AL REFUSE TO RECEIVE SU* W>RANT OR O!R PROCESS1 :5 T5D]$1 OR TO USE ALL PROP] MEANS DILIG5TLY TO EXECUTE ! SAME1 HE %ALL1 ON CONVICTION !RE(1 BE F9$ 9 ! SUM ( ONE ?\S& DOLL>S TO ! USE ( SU* CLAIMANT1 ON ! MOTION ( SU* CLAIMANT1 BY ! CIRCUIT OR DI/RICT C\RT = ! DI/RICT ( SU* M>%AL3 & AFT] >RE/ ( SU* FUGITIVE BY SU* M>%AL OR HIS DEPUTY1 OR :IL/ AT ANY TIME 9 HIS CU/ODY1 UND] ! PROVISIONS ( ?IS ACT1 %\LD SU* FUGITIVE ESCAPE1 :E!R ) OR )\T ! ASS5T ( SU* M>%AL OR HIS DEPUTY1 SU* M>%AL %ALL BE LIABLE1 ON HIS (FICIAL BOND1 TO BE PROSECUT$ = ! B5EFIT ( SU* CLAIMANT1 = ! FULL VALUE ( ! S]VICE OR LABOR ( SAID FUGITIVE 9 ! ,/ATE1 ,T]RITORY1 OR DI/RICT :5CE HE ESCAP$2 & ! BETT] TO 5ABLE ! SAID COMMISSION]S1 :5 ?US APPO9T$1 TO EXECUTE !IR DUTIES FAI?FULLY & EFFICI5TLY1 9 CON=MITY ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ( ?IS ACT1 !Y >E H]EBY AU?ORIZ$ & EMP[]$1 )9 !IR C\NTIES RESPECTIVELY1 TO APPO9T 9 WRIT+ UND] !IR H&S1 ANY ONE OR MORE SUITABLE P]SONS1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 TO EXECUTE ALL SU* W>RANTS & O!R PROCESS AS MAY BE ISSU$ BY !M 9 ! LAWFUL P]=MANCE ( !IR RESPECTIVE DUTIES2 ) AN AU?ORITY TO SU* COMMISSION]S1 OR ! P]SONS TO BE APPO9T$ BY !M1 TO EXECUTE PROCESS AS A=ESAID1 TO SUMMON & CALL TO !IR AID ! BY/&]S1 OR POSSE COMITATUS ( ! PROP] C\NTY1 :5 NECESS>Y TO 9SURE A FAI?FUL OBS]VANCE ( ! CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION REF]R$ TO1 9 CON=MITY ) ! PROVISIONS ( ?IS ACT2 & ALL GOOD CITIZ5S >E H]EBY COMM&$ TO AID & ASSI/ 9 ! PROMPT & EFFICI5T EXECUTION ( ?IS LAW1 :5EV] !IR S]VICES MAY BE REQUIR$1 AS A=ESAID1 = ?AT PURPOSE2 & SAID W>RANTS %ALL RUN & BE EXECUT$ BY SAID (FIC]S ANY:]E 9 ! ,/ATE )9 :I* !Y >E ISSU$4  

,SEC4 #f4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT :5 A P]SON HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR 9 ANY ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS H]ET(ORE OR %ALL H]EAFT] ESCAPE 9TO ANO!R ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! P]SON OR P]SONS TO :OM SU* S]VICE OR LABOR MAY BE DUE1 OR HIS1 H]1 OR !IR AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 DULY AU?ORIZ$1 BY P[] ( ATTORNEY1 9 WRIT+1 ACKN[L$G$ & C]TIFI$ UND] ! SEAL ( SOME LEGAL (FICE OR C\RT ( ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY 9 :I* ! SAME MAY BE EXECUT$1 MAY PURSUE & RECLAIM SU* FUGITIVE P]SON1 EI!R BY PROCUR+ A W>RANT FROM SOME ONE ( ! C\RTS1 JUDGES1 OR COMMISSION]S A=ESAID1 ( ! PROP] CIRCUIT1 DI/RICT OR C\NTY1 = ! APPREH5SION ( SU* FUGITIVE FROM S]VICE OR LABOR1 OR BY SEIZ+ & >RE/+ SU* FUGITIVE :]E ! SAME CAN BE DONE )\T PROCESS1 & BY TAK+ & CAUS+ SU* P]SON TO BE TAK5 =?) BE=E SU* C\RT1 JUDGE OR COMMISSION]1 :OSE DUTY IT %ALL BE TO HE> & DET]M9E ! CASE ( SU* CLAIMANT 9 A SUMM>Y MANN]2 & UPON SATISFACTORY PRO( BE+ MADE1 BY DEPOSITION OR AFFIDAVIT1 9 WRIT+1 TO BE TAK5 & C]TIFI$ BY SU* C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]1 OR BY O!R SATISFACTORY TE/IMONY1 DULY TAK5 & C]TIFI$ BY SOME C\RT1 MAGI/RATE1 JU/ICE ( ! PEACE1 OR O!R LEGAL (FIC] AU?ORIZ$ TO ADM9I/] AN OA? & TAKE DEPOSITIONS UND] ! LAWS ( ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY FROM :I* SU* P]SON [+ S]VICE OR LABOR MAY HAVE ESCAP$1 ) A C]TIFICATE ( SU* MAGI/RACY OR O!R AU?ORITY1 AS A=ESAID1 ) ! SEAL ( ! PROP] C\RT OR (FIC] !RETO ATTA*$1 :I* SEAL %ALL BE SUFFICI5T TO E/ABLI% ! COMPET5CY ( ! PRO(1 & ) PRO(1 ALSO BY AFFIDAVIT1 ( ! ID5TITY ( ! P]SON :OSE S]VICE OR LABOR IS CLAIM$ TO BE DUE AS A=ESAID1 ?AT ! P]SON SO >RE/$ DOES 9 FACT [E S]VICE OR LABOR TO ! P]SON OR P]SONS CLAIM+ HIM OR H]1 9 ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY FROM :I* SU* FUGITIVE MAY HAVE ESCAP$ AS A=ESAID1 & ?AT SAID P]SON ESCAP$1 TO MAKE \T & DELIV] TO SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS OR H] AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 A C]TIFICATE SETT+ =? ! SUB/ANTIAL FACTS AS TO ! S]VICE OR LABOR DUE FROM SU* FUGITIVE TO ! CLAIMANT1 & ( HIS OR H] ESCAPE FROM ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY 9 :I* SU* S]VICE OR LABOR WAS DUE TO ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY 9 :I* HE OR %E WAS >RE/$1 ) AU?ORITY TO SU* CLAIMANT1 OR HIS OR H] AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 TO USE SU* REASONABLE =CE & RE/RA9T AS MAY BE NECESS>Y UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CASE1 TO TAKE & REMOVE SU* FUGITIVE P]SON BACK TO ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY FROM :5CE HE OR %E MAY HAVE ESCAP$ AS A=ESAID4 ,9 NO TRIAL OR HE>+ UND] ?IS ACT %ALL ! TE/IMONY ( SU* ALLEG$ FUGITIVE BE ADMITT$ 9 EVID5CE2 & ! C]TIFICATES 9 ?IS & ! FIR/ SECTION M5TION$ %ALL BE CONCLUSIVE ( ! RI<T ( ! P]SON OR P]SONS 9 :OSE FAVOR GRANT$ TO REMOVE SU* FUGITIVE TO ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY FROM :I* HE ESCAP$1 & %ALL PREV5T ALL MOLE/ATION ( SAID P]SON OR P]SONS BY ANY PROCESS ISSU$ BY ANY C\RT1 JUDGE1 MAGI/RATE1 OR O!R P]SON :OMSOEV]4 

,SEC4 #g4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ANY P]SON :O %ALL KN[+LY & WILL+LY OB/RUCT1 H9D]1 OR PREV5T SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 OR ANY P]SON OR P]SONS LAWFULLY ASSI/+ HIM1 H]1 OR !M1 FROM >RE/+ SU* FUGITIVE FROM S]VICE OR LABOR1 EI!R ) OR )\T PROCESS AS A=ESAID2 OR %ALL RESCUE1 OR ATTEMPT TO RESCUE1 SU* FUGITIVE FROM S]VICE OR LABOR1 FROM ! CU/ODY ( SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS OR H] AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 OR O!R P]SON OR P]SONS LAWFULLY ASSI/+ AS A=ESAID1 :5 SO >RE/$1 PURSUANT TO ! AU?ORITY H]E9 GIV5 & DECL>$2 OR %ALL AID1 ABET1 OR ASSI/ SU* P]SON1 SO [+ S]VICE OR LABOR AS A=ESAID1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 TO ESCAPE FROM SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 OR O!R P]SON OR P]SONS1 LEGALLY AU?ORIZ$ AS A=ESAID2 OR %ALL H>BOR OR CONCEAL SU* FUGITIVE1 SO AS TO PREV5T ! DISCOV]Y & >RE/ ( SU* P]SON1 AFT] NOTICE OR KN[L$GE ( ! FACT ?AT SU* P]SON WAS A FUGITIVE FROM S]VICE OR LABOR AS A=ESAID1 %ALL1 = EI!R ( SAID (F5SES1 BE SUBJECT TO A F9E NOT EXCE$+ ONE ?\S& DOLL>S1 & IMPRISONM5T NOT EXCE$+ SIX MON?S1 BY 9DICTM5T & CONVICTION BE=E ! DI/RICT C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = ! DI/RICT 9 :I* SU* (F5SE MAY HAVE BE5 COMMITT$1 OR BE=E ! PROP] C\RT ( CRIM9AL JURISDICTION1 IF COMMITT$ )9 ANY ONE ( ! ORGANIZ$ ,T]RITORIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & %ALL MOREOV] =FEIT & PAY1 BY WAY ( CIVIL DAMAGES TO ! P>TY 9JUR$ BY SU* ILLEGAL CONDUCT1 ! SUM ( ONE ?\S& DOLL>S = EA* FUGITIVE SO LO/ AS A=ESAID1 TO BE RECOV]$ BY ACTION ( DEBT 9 ANY ( ! DI/RICT OR T]RITORIAL C\RTS A=ESAID1 )9 :OSE JURISDICTION ! SAID (F5SE MAY HAVE BE5 COMMITT$4 

,SEC4 #h4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT ! M>%ALS1 !IR DEPUTIES1 & ! CL]KS ( ! SAID DI/RICT & T]RITORIAL C\RTS1 %ALL BE PAID = !IR S]VICES ! LIKE FEES AS MAY BE ALL[$ TO !M = SIMIL> S]VICES 9 O!R CASES2 & :]E SU* S]VICES >E R5D]$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! >RE/1 CU/ODY1 & DELIV]Y ( ! FUGITIVE TO ! CLAIMANT1 HIS OR H] AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 OR :]E SU* SUPPOS$ FUGITIVE MAY BE DIS*>G$ \T ( CU/ODY = ! WANT ( SUFFICI5T PRO( AS A=ESAID1 !N SU* FEES >E TO BE PAID 9 ! :OLE BY SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY2 & 9 ALL CASES :]E ! PROCE$+S >E BE=E A COMMISSION]1 HE %ALL BE 5TITL$ TO A FEE ( T5 DOLL>S 9 FULL = HIS S]VICES 9 EA* CASE1 UPON ! DELIV]Y ( ! SAID C]TIFICATE TO ! CLAIMANT1 HIS OR H] AG5T OR ATTORNEY2 OR A FEE ( FIVE DOLL>S 9 CASES :]E ! PRO( %ALL NOT1 9 ! OP9ION ( SU* COMMISSION]1 W>RANT SU* C]TIFICATE & DELIV]Y1 9CLUSIVE ( ALL S]VICES 9CID5T TO SU* >RE/ & EXAM9ATION1 TO BE PAID 9 EI!R CASE BY ! CLAIMANT1 HIS OR H] AG5T OR ATTORNEY4 ,! P]SON OR P]SONS AU?ORIZ$ TO EXECUTE ! PROCESS TO BE ISSU$ BY SU* COMMISSION]S = ! >RE/ & DET5TION ( FUGITIVES FROM S]VICE OR LABOR AS A=ESAID1 %ALL ALSO BE 5TITL$ TO A FEE ( FIVE DOLL>S EA* = EA* P]SON HE OR !Y MAY >RE/ & TAKE BE=E ANY SU* COMMISSION] AS A=ESAID AT ! 9/ANCE & REQUE/ ( SU* CLAIMANT1 ) SU* O!R FEES AS MAY BE DEEM$ REASONABLE BY SU* COMMISSION] = SU* O!R ADDITIONAL S]VICES AS MAY BE NECESS>ILY P]=M$ BY HIM OR !M3 SU* AS ATT5D+ TO ! EXAM9ATION1 KEEP+ ! FUGITIVE 9 CU/ODY1 & PROVID+ HIM ) FOOD & LODG+ DUR+ HIS DET5TION1 & UNTIL ! F9AL DET]M9ATION ( SU* COMMISSION]3 & 9 G5]AL = P]=M+ SU* O!R DUTIES AS MAY BE REQUIR$ BY SU* CLAIMANT1 HIS OR H] ATTORNEY OR AG5T1 OR COMMISSION] 9 ! PREMISES2 SU* FEES TO BE MADE UP 9 CON=MITY ) ! FEES USUALLY *>G$ BY ! (FIC]S ( ! C\RTS ( JU/ICE )9 ! PROP] DI/RICT OR C\NTY1 AS NE> AS MAY BE PRACTICABLE1 & PAID BY SU* CLAIMANTS1 !IR AG5TS OR ATTORNEYS1 :E!R SU* SUPPOS$ FUGITIVE FROM S]VICE OR LABOR BE ORD]$ TO BE DELIV]$ TO SU* CLAIMANTS BY ! F9AL DET]M9ATION ( SU* COMMISSION]S OR NOT4  

,SEC4 #i4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT UPON AFFIDAVIT MADE BY ! CLAIMANT ( SU* FUGITIVE1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 AFT] SU* C]TIFICATE HAS BE5 ISSU$1 ?AT HE HAS REASON TO APPREH5D ?AT SU* FUGITIVE WILL BE RESCU$ BY =CE FROM HIS OR !IR POSSESSION BE=E HE CAN BE TAK5 BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! ,/ATE 9 :I* ! >RE/ IS MADE1 IT %ALL BE ! DUTY ( ! (FIC] MAK+ ! >RE/ TO RETA9 SU* FUGITIVE 9 HIS CU/ODY1 & TO REMOVE HIM TO ! ,/ATE :5CE HE FL$1 & !RE TO DELIV] HIM TO SAID CLAIMANT1 HIS AG5T OR ATTORNEY4 ,& TO ?IS 5D ! (FIC] A=ESAID IS H]EBY AU?ORIZ$ & REQUIR$ TO EMPLOY SO MANY P]SONS AS HE MAY DEEM NECESS>Y1 TO OV]COME SU* =CE1 & TO RETA9 !M 9 HIS S]VICE SO LONG AS CIRCUM/ANCES MAY REQUIRE2 ! SAID (FIC] & HIS ASSI/ANTS1 :ILE SO EMPLOY$1 TO RECEIVE ! SAME COMP5SATION1 & TO BE ALL[$ ! SAME EXP5SES AS >E N[ ALL[$ BY LAW = ! TRANSPORTATION ( CRIM9ALS1 TO BE C]TIFI$ BY ! JUDGE ( ! DI/RICT )9 :I* ! >RE/ IS MADE1 & PAID \T ( ! TREASURY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,SEC4 #a4,& BE IT FUR!R 5ACT$1 ,?AT :5 ANY P]SON HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR 9 ANY ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY1 OR 9 ! ,DI/RICT ( ,COLUMBIA1 %ALL ESCAPE !REFROM1 ! P>TY TO :OM SU* S]VICE OR LABOR %ALL BE DUE1 HIS1 H]1 OR !IR AG5T OR ATTORNEY1 MAY APPLY TO ANY C\RT ( RECORD !RE91 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION1 & MAKE SATISFACTORY PRO( TO SU* C\RT1 OR JUDGE 9 VACATION1 ( ! ESCAPE A=ESAID1 & ?AT ! P]SON ESCAP+ [$ S]VICE OR LABOR TO SU* P>TY4 ,:]EUPON ! C\RT %ALL CAUSE A RECORD TO BE MADE ( ! MATT]S SO PROV$1 & ALSO A G5]AL DESCRIPTION ( ! P]SON SO ESCAP+1 ) SU* CONV5I5T C]TA9TY AS MAY BE2 & A TRANSCRIPT ( SU* RECORD AU!NTICAT$ BY ! ATTE/ATION ( ! CL]K1 & ( ! SEAL ( ! SAID C\RT1 BE+ PRODUC$ 9 ANY O!R ,/ATE1 ,T]RITORY1 OR ,DI/RICT 9 :I* ! P]SON SO ESCAP+ MAY BE F\ND1 & BE+ EXHIBIT$ TO ANY JUDGE1 COMMISSION]1 OR O!R (FIC] AU?ORIZ$ BY ! LAW ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO CAUSE P]SONS ESCAP+ FROM S]VICE OR LABOR TO BE DELIV]$ UP1 %ALL BE HELD & TAK5 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ( ! FACT ( ESCAPE1 & ?AT ! S]VICE OR LABOR ( ! P]SON ESCAP+ IS DUE TO ! P>TY 9 SU* RECORD M5TION$4 ,& UPON ! PRODUCTION BY ! SAID P>TY ( O!R & FUR!R EVID5CE1 IF NECESS>Y1 EI!R ORAL OR BY AFFIDAVIT1 9 ADDITION TO :AT IS CONTA9$ 9 ! SAID RECORD1 ( ! ID5TITY ( ! P]SON ESCAP+1 HE OR %E %ALL BE DELIV]$ UP TO ! CLAIMANT4 ,& ! SAID C\RT1 COMMISSION]1 JUDGE1 OR O!R P]SON AU?ORIZ$ BY ?IS ACT TO GRANT C]TIFICATES TO CLAIMANTS ( FUGITIVES1 %ALL1 UPON ! PRODUCTION ( ! RECORD & O!R EVID5CES A=ESAID1 GRANT TO SU* CLAIMANT A C]TIFICATE ( HIS RI<T TO TAKE ANY SU* P]SON ID5TIFI$ & PROV$ TO BE [+ S]VICE OR LABOR AS A=ESAID1 :I* C]TIFICATE %ALL AU?ORIZE SU* CLAIMANT TO SEIZE OR >RE/ & TRANSPORT SU* P]SON TO ! ,/ATE OR ,T]RITORY FROM :I* HE ESCAP$3 ,PROVID$1 ,?AT NO?+ H]E9 CONTA9$ %ALL BE CON/RU$ AS REQUIR+ ! PRODUCTION ( A TRANSCRIPT ( SU* RECORD AS EVID5CE AS A=ESAID2 BUT 9 ITS ABS5CE1 ! CLAIM %ALL BE HE>D & DET]M9$ UPON O!R SATISFACTORY PRO(S COMPET5T 9 LAW4  

,H,[,E,L,L ,C,O,B,B1  

,SPEAK] ( ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES4 

,W,I,L,L,I,A,M ,R4 ,K,+1  

,PRESID5T ( ! ,S5ATE1 PRO TEMPORE4 

,APPROV$ ,SEPTEMB] #a#h?1 #a#h#e4 

,M,I,L,L,>,D ,F,I,L,L,M,O,R,E4 

,A ,D,E,F,5,S,E 

= 

,F,U,G,I,T,I,V,E ,S,L,A,V,E,S1 

AGA9/ ! ACTS ( CONGRESS ( FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c1 & SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #a#h#e4  

,B,Y ,L,Y,S,&,] ,S,P,O,O,N,]4 

,B,O,/,O,N3 

,B,E,L,A ,M,>,%1 #be ,C,O,R,N,H,I,L,L1 

#a#h#e4 

,5T]$ ACCORD+ TO ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS1 9 ! YE> #a#h#e1 

,BY ,L,Y,S,&,] ,S,P,O,O,N,]1 

9 ! ,CL]K'S ,(FICE ( ! ,DI/RICT ,C\RT ( ,MASSA*USETTS4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,A ,D,E,F,5,S,E ,= ,F,U,G,I,T,I,V,E ,S,L,A,V,E,S4 

  
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,*,A,P,T,] ,I4 

  
,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( #agic & #a#h#e4 

  
SECTION #a4 

  

,ADMITT+1 = ! SAKE ( ! >GUM5T--:AT IS NOT TRUE 9 FACT--?AT ! WORDS1 0P]SON HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 >E A LEGAL DESCRIPTION ( A SLAVE1 & ?AT ! CLAUSE ( ! ,CON/ITUTION 9 REF]5CE TO SU* P]SONS1 & ! ,ACT ( ,CONGRESS ( #a#g#i#c1 & ! SUPPLEM5T>Y ,ACT ( #a#h#e1 = C>RY+ ?AT CLAUSE 9TO EFFECT1 AU?ORIZE ! DELIV]Y ( FUGITIVE SLAVES TO !IR MA/]S--SAID ACTS 7CONSID]$ AS ONE17 >E NEV]!LESS UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 9 AT LEA/ SEV5 P>TICUL>S1 AS FOLL[S3--  

#a4 ,!Y AU?ORIZE ! DELIV]Y ( ! SLAVES )\T A TRIAL BY JURY4 

#b4 ,! ,COMMISSION]S APPO9T$ BY ! ,ACT ( #a#h#e1 >E NOT CON/ITUTIONAL TRIBUNALS = ! ADJUDICATION ( SU* CASES4 

#c4 ,! ,/ATE MAGI/RATES1 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 TO DELIV] UP FUGITIVES FROM S]VICE OR LABOR1 >E NOT CON/ITUTIONAL TRIBUNALS = ?AT PURPOSE4 

#d4 ,! ,ACT ( #ahe IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 9 ?AT IT AU?ORIZES CASES TO BE DECID$ :OLLY ON EX P>TE TE/IMONY4  

#e4 ,! PROVISIONS ( ! ,ACT ( #a#h#e1 REQUIR+ ! EXCLUSION ( C]TA9 EVID5CE1 >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 

#f4 ,! REQUIREM5T ( ! ,ACT ( #a#h#e1 ?AT ! CASES BE ADJUDICAT$ 09 A SUMM>Y MANN]10 IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 

#g4 ,! PROHIBITION1 9 ! ,ACT ( #a#h#e1 ( ! ISSUE ( ! WRIT ( ,HABEAS ,CORPUS = ! RELIEF ( ?OSE >RE/$ UND] ! ACT1 IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 

,!SE SEV]AL PO9TS ,I PROPOSE TO E/ABLI%4  
SECTION #b4 

  
,D5IAL ( A ,TRIAL BY ,JURY4"9 

  

,NEI!R ! ,ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 NOR ?AT ( #a#h#e1 ALL[S ! ALLEG$ SLAVE A TRIAL BY JURY4 ,SO F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 ! ONLY >GUM5T1 WOR?Y ( NOTICE1 ?AT HAS EV] BE5 (F]$ AGA9/ ! RI<T ( AN ALLEG$ FUGITIVE SLAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY1 IS ?AT GIV5 BY ,MR4 ,WEB/]1 9 HIS LETT] TO C]TA9 CITIZ5S ( ,NEWBURYPORT1 DAT$ ,MAY #a#e1 #a#h#e1 AS FOLL[S3-- 

0,NO?+ IS MORE FALSE ?AN ?AT SU* JURY TRIAL IS DEM&$1 9 CASES ( ?IS K9D1 BY ! CON/ITUTION1 EI!R 9 ITS LETT] OR 9 ITS SPIRIT4 ,! CON/ITUTION DECL>ES ?AT 9 ALL CRIM9AL PROSECUTIONS1 !RE %ALL BE A TRIAL BY JURY2 ! RECLAIM+ ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS NOT A CRIM9AL PROSECUTION4 

0,! CON/ITUTION ALSO DECL>ES ?AT 9 SUITS AT COMMON LAW1 ! TRIAL BY JURY %ALL BE PRES]V$2 ! RECLAIM+ ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS NOT A SUIT AT ! COMMON LAW2 & !RE IS NO O!R CLAUSE OR S5T5CE 9 ! CON/ITUTION HAV+ ! LEA/ BE>+ ON ! SUBJECT40 

,9 SAY+ ?AT 0! RECLAIM+ ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS NOT A CRIM9AL PROSECUTION10 ,MR4 ,WEB/] IS1 ( C\RSE1 CORRECT4 ,BUT 9 SAY+ ?AT 0! RECLAIM+ ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS NOT A SUIT AT ! COMMON LAW10 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL AM5DM5T1 ?AT SECURES A JURY TRIAL 09 SUITS AT COMMON LAW10 HE RAISES A QUE/ION1 :I* IT WILL REQUIRE SOME?+ MORE ?AN HIS SIMPLE ASS]TION TO SETTLE4 

,TO DET]M9E :E!R ! RECLAIM+ ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS A 0SUIT AT COMMON LAW10 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! ABOVE AM5DM5T TO ! CON/ITUTION1 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO DEF9E ! T]MS 0SUIT0 & 0COMMON LAW10 AS US$ 9 ! AM5DM5T1 & ! T]M 0CLAIM10 AS US$ 9 ?AT CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 :I* PROVIDES ?AT FUGITIVES FROM S]VICE & LABOR 0%ALL BE DELIV]$ UP ON CLAIM ( ! P]SON TO :OM SU* S]VICE OR LABOR MAY BE DUE40  

,ALL !SE T]MS HAVE BE5 DEF9$ BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!IR DEF9ITIONS >E AS FOLL[S3 

,9 ! CASE ( ,PRIGG VS4 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 ! C\RT SAY-- 

0,HE 7! SLAVE7 %ALL BE DELIV]$ UP ON CLAIM ( ! P>TY TO :OM SU* S]VICE OR LABOR MAY BE DUE4 "9 "9 "9 ,A CLAIM IS TO BE MADE4 ,:AT IS A CLAIM8 ,IT IS1 9 A JU/ JURIDICAL S5SE1 A DEM& ( SOME MATT]1 AS ( RI<T1 MADE BY ONE P]SON UPON ANO!R1 TO DO1 OR TO =BE> TO DO1 SOME ACT OR ?+ AS A MATT] ( DUTY4 ,A MORE LIMIT$1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME AN EQUALLY EXPRESSIVE DEF9ITION WAS GIV5 BY ,LORD ,DY]1 AS CIT$ 9 ,/[ELL VS4 ,Z\*1 ,PL[D5 #c#e#i2 & IT IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO ! PRES5T CASE2 ?AT 'A CLAIM IS A *ALL5GE BY A MAN ( ! PROPRIETY OR [N]%IP ( A ?+ :I* HE HAS NOT 9 HIS POSSESSION1 BUT :I* IS WRONGFULLY DETA9$ FROM HIM4' ,! SLAVE IS TO BE DELIV]$ UP ON ! CLAIM40 --#a#f ,PET]S #f#a#d-#a#e4  

,9 ,COH5S VS4 ,VIRG9IA1 ! C\RT SAY3 

0,:AT IS A SUIT8 ,WE UND]/& IT TO BE ! PROSECUTION1 OR PURSUIT1 ( SOME CLAIM1 DEM&1 OR REQUE/4 ,9 LAW LANGUAGE1 IT IS ! PROSECUTION ( SOME DEM& 9 A C\RT ( JU/ICE4 ',! REM$Y = EV]Y SPECIES ( WRONG IS1' SAYS ,JUDGE ,BLACK/ONE1 '! BE+ PUT 9 POSSESSION ( ?AT RI<T :]E( ! P>TY 9JUR$ IS DEPRIV$4' ,! 9/RUM5TS :]EBY ?IS REM$Y IS OBTA9$1 >E A DIV]SITY ( SUITS & ACTIONS1 :I* >E DEF9$ BY ! ,MIRROR TO BE '! LAWFUL DEM& ( ONE'S RI<T2' OR1 AS ,BRACTON & ,FLETA EXPRESS IT1 9 ! WORDS ( ,JU/9IAN1 'JUS PROSEQU5DI 9 JUDICIO QUOD ALICUI DEBETUR1'--7! =M ( PROSECUT+ 9 TRIAL1 OR JUDGM5T1 :AT IS DUE TO ANY ONE47 ,BLACK/ONE !N PROCE$S TO DESCRIBE EV]Y SPECIES ( REM$Y BY SUIT2 & !Y >E ALL CASES :]E ! P>TY SU+ CLAIMS TO OBTA9 SOME?+ TO :I* HE HAS A RI<T4 

0,TO COMM5CE A SUIT1 IS TO DEM& SOME?+ BY ! 9/ITUTION ( PROCESS 9 A C\RT ( JU/ICE2 & TO PROSECUTE ! SUIT1 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! COMMON ACCEPTATION ( LANGUAGE1 TO CONT9UE ?AT DEM&40 --#f ,:EATON #d#g-#h4  

,9 ! CASE ( ,P>SONS VS4 ,B$=D ET4 AL41 ! C\RT DEF9E ! T]M 0COMMON LAW10 ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ITS MEAN+ 9 ! AM5DM5T TO ! CON/ITUTION1 :I* SECURES ! RI<T ( TRIAL BY JURY 09 SUITS AT COMMON LAW40 ,! C\RT SAY3 

0,! PHRASE 'COMMON LAW1' F\ND 9 ?IS CLAUSE1 IS US$ 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO EQUITY1 & ADMIRALTY1 & M>ITIME JURISPRUD5CE4 ,! CON/ITUTION HAD DECL>$ 9 ! ?IRD >TICLE1 '?AT ! JUDICIAL P[] %ALL EXT5D TO ALL CASES 9 LAW & EQUITY >IS+ UND] ?IS CON/ITUTION1 ! LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & TREATIES MADE OR :I* %ALL BE MADE UND] !IR AU?ORITY1 @&C41 & TO ALL CASES ( ADMIRALTY & M>ITIME JURISPRUD5CE4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT 9 CIVIL CAUSES1 9 C\RTS ( EQUITY & ADMIRALTY1 JURIES DO NOT 9T]V5E1 & ?AT C\RTS ( EQUITY USE ! TRIAL BY JURY ONLY 9 EXTRAORD9>Y CASES TO 9=M ! CONSCI5CE ( ! C\RT4 ,:51 !RE=E1 WE F9D ?AT ! AM5DM5T REQUIRES ?AT ! RI<T ( TRIAL BY JURY %ALL BE PRES]V$ 9 SUITS AT COMMON LAW1 ! NATURAL CONCLUSION IS1 ?AT ?IS DI/9CTION WAS PRES5T TO ! M9DS ( ! FRAM]S ( ! AM5DM5T4 ,BY COMMON LAW1 !Y MEANT :AT ! CON/ITUTION D5OM9AT$ 9 ! ?IRD >TICLE1 'LAW2' NOT M]ELY SUITS :I* ! COMMON LAW RECOGNIZ$ AMONG ITS OLD & SETTL$ PROCE$+S1 BUT SUITS 9 :I* LEGAL RI<TS W]E TO BE ASC]TA9$ & DET]M9$1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ?OSE :]E EQUITABLE RI<TS ALONE W]E RECOGNIZ$1 & EQUITABLE REM$IES W]E ADM9I/]$2 OR :]E1 AS 9 ! ADMIRALTY1 A MIXTURE ( PUBLIC LAW1 & ( M>ITIME LAW & EQUITY WAS (T5 F\ND 9 ! SAME SUIT40 "9 "9 "9 "9 

0,9 A JU/ S5SE1 ! AM5DM5T1 !N1 MAY BE CON/RU$ TO EMBRACE ALL SUITS :I* >E NOT ( EQUITY & ADMIRALTY JURISPRUD5CE1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! PECULI> =M :I* !Y MAY ASSUME TO SETTLE LEGAL RI<TS40 --#c ,PET]S1 #d#d#f4  

,SU* >E ! DEF9ITIONS GIV5 BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ( ! T]MS 0CLAIM10 0SUIT10 & 0COMMON LAW10 AS US$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION & AM5DM5T4 ,IF !SE DEF9ITIONS >E CORRECT1 !Y COV] ! CASE ( FUGITIVE SLAVES4 ,IF !Y >E NOT CORRECT1 IT BECOMES ,MR4 ,WEB/] TO GIVE SOME REASON AGA9/ !M BESIDES HIS NAK$ ASS]TION1 ?AT 0! RECLAIM+ ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS NOT A SUIT AT ! COMMON LAW40 

,MR4 ,WEB/] IS HABITUALLY WELL SATISFI$ ) ! OP9IONS ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 :5 !Y MAKE = SLAV]Y4 ,WILL HE FAVOR ! WORLD ) HIS OBJECTIONS TO !M1 :5 !Y MAKE = LIB]TY8 

,P]HAPS ,MR4 ,WEB/] WILL SAY ?AT1 9 ! CASE ( A FUGITIVE SLAVE1 ! MATT] 09 CONTROV]SY10 IS NOT 0VALUE0 --TO BE MEASUR$ BY 0DOLL>S10 BUT FRE$OM4 ,BUT IT C]TA9LY DOES NOT LIE 9 ! M\? ( ! SLAVEHOLD]1 7H[EV] IT MI<T 9 ! M\? ( ! SLAVE17 TO MAKE ?IS OBJECTION--BECAUSE ! SLAVEHOLD] CLAIMS ! SLAVE AS PROP]TY--AS 0VALUE0 BELONG+ TO HIMSELF4 
SECTION #c4 

  
,! ,COMMISSION]S1 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,ACT ( #a#h#e1 >E NOT ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,TRIBUNALS = ! P]=MANCE ( ! DUTIES ASSIGN$ !M4 

  

,! (FICE ( ! ,COMMISSION]S1 9 DELIV]+ UP FUGITIVE SLAVES1 IS A JUDICIAL (FICE4 ,!Y >E TO TRY 0SUITS AT COMMON LAW10 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 AS HAS JU/ BE5 %[N4 ,!Y >E TO GIVE1 NOT ONLY JUDGM5T1 BUT F9AL JUDGM5T1 9 QUE/IONS BO? ( PROP]TY1 & P]SONAL LIB]TY--7( PROP]TY1 ON ! P>T ( ! COMPLA9ANT1 & ( LIB]TY1 ON ! P>T ( ! ALLEG$ SLAVE47 ,9DE$1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT HAVE DECID$ ?AT ! (FICE ( DELIV]+ UP FUGITIVE SLAVES IS A JUDICIAL ONE4 ,SAY !Y1 

0,IT IS PLA91 !N1 ?AT :]E A CLAIM IS MADE BY ! [N]1 \T ( POSSESSION1 = ! DELIV]Y ( A SLAVE1 IT MU/ BE MADE1 IF AT ALL1 AGA9/ SOME O!R P]SON2 & 9ASMU* AS ! RI<T IS A RI<T ( PROP]TY1 CAPABLE ( BE+ RECOGNIZ$ & ASS]T$ BY PROCE$+S BE=E A C\RT ( JU/ICE1 BETWE5 P>TIES ADV]SE TO EA* O!R1 IT CON/ITUTES1 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE1 A CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! P>TIES1 & A CASE >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 )9 ! EXPRESS DELEGATION ( JUDICIAL P[] GIV5 BY ?AT 9/RUM5T40 --,PRIGG VS4 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 #af ,PET]S1 #f#a#f4  

,!SE ,COMMISSION]S1 !RE=E1 >E 0JUDGES10 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ?AT T]M1 AS US$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,& BE+ JUDGES1 !Y NECESS>ILY COME )9 ?AT CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 7,>T4 #c1 ,SEC4 #a17 :I* PROVIDES ?AT 0,! JUDGES1 BO? ( ! SUPREME & 9F]IOR C\RTS1 %ALL HOLD !IR (FICES DUR+ GOOD BEHAVIOR1 & %ALL1 AT /AT$ TIMES1 RECEIVE = !IR S]VICES1 A COMP5SATION1 :I* %ALL NOT BE DIM9I%$ DUR+ !IR CONT9UANCE 9 (FICE40 

,! OBJECT ( ?IS PROVISION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 9 REQUIR+ ?AT ALL 0JUDGES0 %ALL RECEIVE A FIX$ SAL>Y1 OR 0A COMP5SATION1 AT /AT$ TIMES10 9/EAD ( RECEIV+ !IR PAY 9 ! %APE ( FEES 9 EA* CASE--?US MAK+ ITS AGGREGATE AM\NT CONT+5T UPON ! NUMB] ( CASES !Y MAY TRY--WAS TO SECURE !IR IMP>TIALITY & 9TEGRITY1 AS BETWE5 ! P>TIES :OSE CAUSES %\LD COME BE=E !M4 ,IF A JUDGE W]E TO RECEIVE HIS COMP5SATION 9 ! %APE ( FEES = EA* CASE1 HE W\LD HAVE A PECUNI>Y 9DUCEM5T TO GIVE A CASE TO ! PLA9TIFF1 )\T REG>D TO ITS M]ITS4 ,& = !SE REASONS4 ,PLA9TIFFS HAVE ! PRIVILEGE ( SELECT+ !IR [N TRIBUNALS4 ,IF A P>TICUL> JUDGE BE KN[N AS UNI=MLY OR USUALLY GIV+ CASES TO PLA9TIFFS1 HE !REBY 9DUCES PLA9TIFFS TO BR+ !IR CASES BE=E HIM1 9 PREF]5CE TO O!R TRIBUNALS4 ,HE ?US TRIES A L>G] NUMB] ( CASES1 & ( C\RSE OBTA9S A L>G] AM\NT ( FEES1 ?AN HE W\LD IF HE W]E TO DECIDE IMP>TIALLY4 ,HE ?US 9DUCES ALSO ! 9/ITUTION ( A L>G] NUMB] ( SUITS ?AN W\LD O!RWISE BE 9/ITUT$1 BECAUSE IF PLA9TIFFS >E SURE1 OR HAVE A REASONABLE PROBABILITY1 ( GA9+ !IR CAUSES1 )\T REG>D TO !IR M]ITS1 !Y WILL ( C\RSE BR+ MANY GR\NDLESS & UNJU/ SUITS1 :I* O!RWISE !Y W\LD NOT BR+4 

,IT IS OBVI\S1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! PAYM5T ( JUDGES BY ! WAY ( FEES = EA* CASE1 HAS A DIRECT T5D5CY TO 9DUCE CORRUPT DECISIONS1 & DE/ROY IMP>TIALITY 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE4 ,& ! CON/ITUTION--BY REQUIR+ IMP]ATIVELY ?AT JUDGES 0%ALL RECEIVE0 A FIX$ SAL>Y1 OR 0A COMP5SATION AT /AT$ TIMES10 HAS 9 REALITY PROVID$ ?AT ! RI<TS ( NO MAN1 :E!R ( PROP]TY OR LIB]TY1 %ALL EV] BE ADJUDICAT$ BY A JUDGE1 :O IS LIABLE TO BE 9FLU5C$ BY ! PECUNI>Y TEMPTATION TO 9JU/ICE1 :I* IS H]E GU>D$ AGA9/4 

,! LEGAL OBJECTION ,I N[ MAKE IS NOT ?AT ! ,COMMISSION]S OR JUDGES >E PAID D\BLE FEES = DECID+ AGA9/ LIB]TY1 OR = DECID+ 9 FAVOR ( ! PLA9TIFFS--7A PROVISION MORE 9FAM\S PROBABLY1 = ! PAY ( ! JUDICI>Y1 ?AN WAS EV] BE=E PLAC$ UPON A HUMAN /ATUTE BOOK7--BUT IT IS ?AT !Y >E PAID 9 FEES AT ALL2 ?AT !Y RECEIVE NO 0COMP5SATION AT /AT$ TIMES10 AS REQUIR$ BY ! CON/ITUTION2 ?AT !IR PAY IS CONT+5T UPON ! NUMB] ( CASES !Y CAN PROCURE TO BE BR\<T BE=E !M2 9 O!R WORDS1 CONT+5T UPON ! 9DUCEM5TS1 :I*1 BY !IR KN[N PRACTICE1 !Y MAY (F] TO ! CLAIMANTS ( SLAVES TO BR+ !IR CASES BE=E !M4  

,! >GUM5T ON ?IS PO9T1 !N1 IS1 ?AT 9ASMU* AS ! CON/ITUTION IMP]ATIVELY REQUIRES ?AT 0JUDGES %ALL RECEIVE1 AT /AT$ TIMES1 A COMP5SATION = !IR S]VICES10 & 9ASMU* AS ! ,ACT ( #ahe MAKES NO PROVISION = PAY+ !SE ,COMMISSION]S ANY 0COMP5SATION AT /AT$ TIMES10 !Y >E NOT CON/ITUTIONAL TRIBUNALS1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 HAVE NO AU?ORITY TO ACT AS JUDGES OR COMMISSION]S 9 EXECUTION ( ! LAW2 & !IR ACTS & DECISIONS >E ( NECESSITY B9D+ UPON NOBODY4 ,9 %ORT1 A ,COMMISSION]1 9/EAD ( BE+ ONE ( ! JUDGES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 PAID BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS1 9 LAW1 A M]E HIR$ KIDNAPP]1 EMPLOY$ & PAID BY ! SLAVE-HUNT]--& EV]Y BODY HAS A RI<T TO TREAT HIM & HIS DECISIONS ACCORD+LY4"9 
SECTION #d4 

  
,! ,/ATE ,MAGI/RATES1 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! ,ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 TO DELIV] UP FUGITIVES FROM S]VICE OR LABOR1 >E NOT CON/ITUTIONAL TRIBUNALS = ?AT PURPOSE4 

  

,! ,ACT ( #agic REQUIRES ! ,/ATE MAGI/RATES-- 0ANY MAGI/RATE ( A C\NTY1 CITY1 OR T[N CORPORATE0 --TO DELIV] UP FUGITIVES FROM S]VICE OR LABOR4 ,?IS PROVISION IS PLA9LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 = SEV]AL REASONS1 TO WIT3 

#a4 ,! ,/ATE ,C\RTS >E NOT 0E/ABLI%$0 BY ,CONGRESS1 AS ! CON/ITUTION EXPRESSLY REQUIRES ?AT ALL C\RTS %ALL BE1 9 :OM 0! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %ALL BE VE/$40  

#b4 ,! 0JUDGES0 ( ! ,/ATE C\RTS DO NOT 0AT /AT$ TIMES1 RECEIVE = !IR S]VICES A COMP5SATION10 7FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES17 AS ! CON/ITUTION REQUIRES ?AT ! JUDGES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %ALL DO4 

#c4 ,! JUDGES ( ! ,/ATE C\RTS DO NOT RECEIVE !IR (FICES OR APPO9TM5TS 9 ANY ( ! MODES PRESCRIB$ BY ! CON/ITUTION4 ,! PRESID5T DOES NOT 0NOM9ATE10 NOR DOES HE 0BY & ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,S5ATE1 APPO9T0 !M TO !IR (FICES2 NOR IS !IR 0APPO9TM5T VE/$ 9 ! PRESID5T ALONE1 9 ! C\RTS ( LAW1 OR 9 ! HEADS ( DEP>TM5TS40 

#d4 ,! ,/ATE MAGI/RATES >E NOT COMMISSION$ BY ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS ! CON/ITUTION REQUIRES ?AT 0ALL (FIC]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 %ALL BE4  

#e4 ,! ,/ATE JUDGES >E NOT AM5ABLE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = !IR CONDUCT 9 !IR (FICES2 !Y CANNOT BE IMPEA*$1 OR REMOV$ FROM !IR (FICES1 BY ! ,CONGRESS OR ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,= !SE REASONS ! ,ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 REQUIR+ ! ,/ATE MAGI/RATES TO DELIV] UP FUGITIVES1 IS PALPABLY UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 ,9DE$ ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE DECID$ AS MU*2 = !Y HAVE DECID$ ?AT1 

0,CONGRESS CANNOT VE/ ANY PORTION ( ! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXCEPT 9 C\RTS ORDA9$ & E/ABLI%$ BY ITSELF40 --,M>T9 VS4 ,HUNT]S1 ,LESSEE1 #a ,:EATON #c#c4 

,ALSO1 0,! JURISDICTION OV] SU* CASES1 7CASES >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION1 LAWS1 & TREATIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES17 C\LD NOT EXI/ 9 ! ,/ATE C\RTS PREVI\S TO ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 & IT C\LD NOT AFT]W>DS BE DIRECTLY CONF]R$ ON !M2 = ! CON/ITUTION EXPRESSLY REQUIRES ! JUDICIAL P[] TO BE VE/$ 9 C\RTS ORDA9$ & E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 --,SAME1 P4 #c#c#e4  

,BUT AL?\< ?IS ACT IS ?US PALPABLY UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT1 9 ! ,PRIGG CASE1 ) A CORRUPTION1 ?AT \<T TO />TLE ! NATION1 & %AKE !IR FAI? 9 ALL ITS DECISIONS 9 REG>D TO SLAV]Y1 DECL>$ ?AT 0NO D\BT IS 5T]TA9$ BY ?IS C\RT ?AT ,/ATE MAGI/RATES MAY1 IF !Y *OOSE1 EX]CISE ?AT AU?ORITY1 UNLESS PROHIBIT$ BY ,/ATE LEGISLATION40 --#a#f ,PET]S1 #f#b#b4 

,?US ?IS C\RT1 :O KNEW--AS ! SAME C\RT HAD PREVI\SLY DET]M9$--?AT ,CONGRESS C\LD CONF] UPON ! ,/ATE MAGI/RATES NO 0JUDICIAL P[]0 :ATEV]1 NEV]!LESS ATTEMPT$ TO 5C\RAGE !M TO ASSUME ! (FICE ( JUDGES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & USE IT = ! PURPOSE ( RETURN+ M5 9TO BONDAGE--UND] ! PRET5SE ?AT AN ACT ( ,CONGRESS1 ADMITT$ TO BE UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 W\LD YET BE A SUFFICI5T JU/IFICATION = ! DE$4 

,?AT C\RT KNEW P]FECTLY WELL ?AT A LAW AU?ORIZ+ A CLAIMANT TO >RE/ A MAN1 ON ! ALLEGATION ?AT HE WAS A SLAVE1 & !N TAKE HIM BE=E ! FIR/ MAN OR WOMAN HE MI<T HAPP5 TO MEET 9 ! /REET1 & AU?ORIZ+ SU* MAN OR WOMAN TO ADJUDICATE ! QUE/ION1 W\LD BE EQUALLY CON/ITUTIONAL ) ?IS ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 & W\LD CONF] JU/ AS MU* JUDICIAL AU?ORITY UPON SU* MAN OR WOMAN1 AS ?IS ACT ( #agic CONF]R$ UPON ! ,/ATE MAGI/RATES2 & ?AT IT W\LD BE JU/ AS LAWFUL = SU* MAN OR WOMAN TO ADJUDICATE ! CASE ( AN ALLEG$ SLAVE1 & RETURN HIM 9TO BONDAGE1 UND] SU* A LAW1 AS IT IS = A ,/ATE MAGI/RATE TO DO IT UND] ! LAW ( #a#g#i#c4 

,IT IS WOR?Y ( REM>K1 ?AT ! SAME JUDGE--& HE A NOR!RN ONE1 7,/ORY17--:O DELIV]$ ! OP9ION1 DECL>+ ?AT 0,CONGRESS CANNOT VE/ ANY PORTION ( ! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXCEPT 9 C\RTS ORDA9$ & E/ABLI%$ BY ITSELF10 DELIV]$ ! O!R OP9ION DECL>+ ?AT 0NO D\BT IS 5T]TA9$ BY ?IS C\RT ?AT ,/ATE MAGI/RATES MAY1 IF !Y *OOSE1 EX]CISE ?AT AU?ORITY1 UNLESS PROHIBIT$ BY ,/ATE LEGISLATION40  

,IT IS ALSO WOR?Y ( NOTICE1 ?AT EV]Y ONE ( ! DEF9ITIONS BE=E GIV51 7,SEC4 #b17 ( 0CLAIM10 0SUIT10 & 0COMMON LAW10 --FROM :I* IT APPE>S ?AT A 0CLAIM0 = A FUGITIVE SLAVE IS A 0SUIT AT COMMON LAW10 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 & MU/ !RE=E BE TRI$ BY A JURY--W]E TAK5 FROM OP9IONS DELIV]$ 9 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT BY ,/ORY4 ,HE ALSO1 9 ! ,PRIGG CASE1 SAID ?AT A CLAIM = A FUGITIVE SLAVE 0CON/ITUTES1 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE1 A CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! P>TIES1 & A CASE '>IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1' )9 ! EXPRESS DELEGATION ( JUDICIAL P[] GIV5 BY ?AT 9/RUM5T40 ,& YET ?IS SAME ,/ORY1 9 HIS ,COMM5T>IES ON ! ,CON/ITUTION1 SAYS ?AT ?IS 0SUIT AT COMMON LAW10 ?IS 0CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! P>TIES10 ?IS 0CASE >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION1 )9 ! EXPRESS DELEGATION ( JUDICIAL P[] GIV5 BY ?AT 9/RUM5T10 HAS NO MORE CLAIM TO A JUDICIAL 9VE/IGATION ON ITS M]ITS1 ?AN IS HAD :5 A FUGITIVE FROM JU/ICE IS DELIV]$ UP = TRIAL4 ,HE SAYS1 

0,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT !SE PROVISIONS = ! >RE/ & REMOVAL ( FUGITIVES ( BO? CLASSES CONTEMPLATE SUMM>Y M9I/]IAL 7NOT JUDICIAL1 BUT M9I/]IAL--?AT IS EXECUTIVE7 PROCE$+S1 & NOT ! ORD9>Y C\RSE ( JUDICIAL 9VE/IGATIONS1 TO ASC]TA9 :E!R ! COMPLA9T BE WELL F\ND$1 OR ! CLAIM ( [N]%IP BE E/ABLI%$ BEYOND ALL LEGAL CONTROV]SY4 ,9 CASES ( SUSPECT$ CRIMES ! GUILT OR 9NOC5CE ( ! P>TY IS TO BE MADE \T AT HIS TRIAL2 & NOT UPON ! PRELIM9>Y 9QUIRY1 :E!R HE %ALL BE DELIV]$ UP4 ,ALL ?AT W\LD SEEM 9 SU* CASES TO BE NECESS>Y IS1 ?AT !RE %\LD BE PRIMA FACIE EVID5CE BE=E ! EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY TO SATISFY ITS JUDGM5T1 ?AT !RE IS PROBABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE ! P>TY GUILTY1 SU* AS UPON AN ORD9>Y W>RANT W\LD JU/IFY HIS COMMITM5T = TRIAL4 ,& 9 CASES ( FUGITIVE SLAVES !RE W\LD SEEM TO BE ! SAME NECESSITY = REQUIR+ ONLY PRIMA FACIE PRO(S ( [N]%IP1 )\T PUTT+ ! P>TY1 7! CLAIMANT17 TO A =MAL ASS]TION ( HIS RI<TS BY A SUIT AT LAW40 

#c ,/ORY'S ,COMM5T>IES1 #f#g#g-#h4  

,! ,ACT ( #ahe IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL = ! SAME REASON AS IS ! ,ACT ( #a#g#i#c2 = ! ,ACT ( #ahe 7,SEC4 #a17 AU?ORIZES ANY ,/ATE ,C\RT ( RECORD1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION1 TO TAKE TE/IMONY AS TO ! TWO FACTS ( A MAN'S BE+ A SLAVE1 & ( HIS ESCAPE2 & IT PROVIDES ?AT ANY TE/IMONY :I* %ALL BE 0SATISFACTORY0 TO SU* ,/ATE 0C\RT1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION10 ON ?OSE TWO PO9TS1 0%ALL BE HELD & TAK5 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE0 ( ?OSE FACTS1 BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 0C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]10 :O MAY HAVE ! F9AL DISPOSAL ( ! CASE4 

,IT ?US AU?ORIZES ! ,/ATE C\RT1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION1 ABSOLUTELY1 & )\T APPEAL1 TO TRY ?OSE TWO PO9TS 9 EV]Y CASE--LEAV+ ONLY ! S+LE PO9T ( ID5TITY TO BE TRI$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 0C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]40  

,N[ IT IS AS CLE>LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL = ,CONGRESS TO GIVE1 TO A ,/ATE C\RT OR JUDGE1 F9AL JURISDICTION1 7OR EV5 P>TIAL JURISDICTION17 ( TWO-?IRDS ( A CASE1 7?AT IS1 ( TWO1 \T ( ! ONLY ?REE1 PO9TS 9VOLV$ 9 ! CASE17 AS IT W\LD BE TO GIVE !M JURISDICTION ( ! :OLE CASE4 

,I SUPPOSE ! GR\ND1 IF ANY1 ON :I* ,CONGRESS W\LD PRET5D TO JU/IFY ?IS LEGISLATION1 IS ! FOLL[+ PROVISION ( ! CON/ITUTION--7,>T4 #d1 ,SEC4 #a47 

0,FULL FAI? & CR$IT %ALL BE GIV5 9 EA* ,/ATE TO ! PUBLIC ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S ( EV]Y O!R ,/ATE4 ,& ! ,CONGRESS MAY BY G5]AL LAWS PRESCRIBE ! MANN] 9 :I* SU* ACTS1 RECORDS & PROCE$+S %ALL BE PROV$1 & ! EFFECT !RE(40 

,BUT 0! PUBLIC ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( A ,/ATE1 :I* >E H]E SPOK5 (1 >E ONLY 0! PUBLIC ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S10 DONE1 MADE1 & HAD1 BY ,/ATE (FIC]S1 UND] ! LAWS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,A ,/ATE JUDGE IS NOT AN (FIC] ( ! ,/ATE1 :5 EX]CIS+ AN AU?ORITY CONF]R$ UPON HIM BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 NOR >E HIS 0ACTS1 RECORDS1 OR JUDICIAL PROCE$+S10 ! 0ACTS1 RECORDS1 OR JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( ! ,/ATE--BUT ONLY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4"9 ,IT IS ONLY :5 ACT+ AS AN (FIC] ( ! ,/ATE1 UND] ! LAWS ( ! ,/ATE1 ?AT HIS 0ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 >E ! 0ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( ! ,/ATE4  

,CONGRESS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ ) ! IDEA ?AT1 AL?\< !Y C\LD NOT DIRECTLY CONF] UPON A ,/ATE JUDGE ?AT 0JUDICIAL P[]10 :I* ! CON/ITUTION REQUIRES TO BE VE/$ ONLY 9 JUDGES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 YET1 IF1 BY ANY UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 !Y C\LD BUT 9DUCE A ,/ATE JUDGE TO EX]CISE 0! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 SO F> AS TO HE> & DET]M9E UPON ! EVID5CE1 79 A CASE >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION & LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES17 & MAKE A RECORD ( HIS PROCE$+S & DET]M9ATION1 !Y 7,CONGRESS7 C\LD !N1 BY VIRTUE ( ?IS >TICLE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 0PRESCRIBE ! MANN] 9 :I* SU* RECORDS & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S %ALL BE PROV$1 & ! EFFECT !RE(10 7BE=E A C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES17 AS IF !Y W]E REALLY ! 0RECORDS & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 

,IF ?IS WOND]FULLY ADROIT PROCESS W]E TO SUCCE$1 ,CONGRESS W\LD BE ABLE TO TRANSF] ALL ! REAL 0JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 TO ! ,/ATE 0C\RTS1 OR JUDGES !RE( 9 VACATION0 --LEAV+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES C\RTS NO?+ TO DO BUT TO RECEIVE ! 0RECORDS0 MADE BY !SE ,/ATE C\RTS & JUDGES1 & GIVE !M SU* 0EFFECT0 AS ,CONGRESS MI<T PRESCRIBE4  

,BUT ?IS REM>KABLE CONTRIVANCE MU/ FAIL ( ITS PURPOSE1 UNLESS IT CAN BE %[N ?AT ! 0ACTS1 RECORDS & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S10 :I* MAY BE HAD & MADE BY A ,/ATE 0C\RT ( RECORD1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION10 --NOT BY VIRTUE ( ANY AU?ORITY GRANT$ !M BY ! ,/ATE1 BUT ONLY BY VIRTUE ( AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ,CONGRESS-->E REALLY ! 0ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 

,! MOTIVE ( ?IS ATTEMPT1 ON ! P>T ( ,CONGRESS1 TO TRANSF] TO ! ,/ATE C\RTS & JUDGES FULL & F9AL JURISDICTION OV] ! TWO FACTS1 ?AT A MAN WAS A SLAVE1 & ?AT HE ESCAP$1 IS D\BTLESS TO BE F\ND 9 ! /ATEM5T MADE BY ,S5ATOR ,MASON1 ( ,VIRG9IA1 ! ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,COMMITTEE ?AT REPORT$ ! BILL1 & ! PR9CIPAL *AMPION ( ! BILL 9 ! ,S5ATE4 ,9 A SPEE* UPON ! BILL1 ON ! #a#i? DAY ( ,AUGU/1 #a#h#e1 7AS REPORT$ 9 ! ,WA%+TON ,UNION & ,9TELLIG5C]17 9 DESCRIB+ 0! ACTUAL EVILS UND] :I* ! SLAVE ,/ATES LABOR 9 REF]5CE TO ! RECLAMATION ( !SE FUGITIVES10 HE SAID-- 

0,!N AGA91 IT IS PROPOS$1 7BY ONE ( ! OPPON5TS ( ! BILL17 AS A P>T ( ! PRO( TO BE ADDUC$ AT ! HE>+ AFT] ! FUGITIVE HAS BE5 RECAPTUR$1 ?AT EVID5CE %ALL BE BR\<T BY ! CLAIMANT TO %[ ?AT SLAV]Y IS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,/ATE FROM :I* ! FUGITIVE HAS ABSCOND$4 ,N[1 ?IS V]Y ?+1 9 A REC5T CASE 9 ! CITY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 WAS REQUIR$ BY ONE ( ! JUDGES ( ?AT ,/ATE1 :I* CASE ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! AU?ORITIES ( ,M>YL&1 & AGA9/ :I* !Y PROTE/$1 BECAUSE ( ! 9DIGNITIES HEAP$ UPON !IR CITIZ5S1 & ! LOSSES :I* !Y SU/A9$ 9 ?AT CITY4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 ! JUDGE ( ! ,/ATE C\RT REQUIR$ PRO( ?AT SLAV]Y WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,M>YL&1 & W5T SO F> AS TO SAY ?AT ! ONLY MODE ( PROV+ IT WAS BY REF]5CE TO ! /ATUTE BOOK4 ,SU* PRO( IS REQUIR$ 9 ! ,S5ATOR'S AM5DM5T2 & IF HE MEANS BY ?IS ?AT PRO( %ALL BE BR\<T ?AT SLAV]Y IS E/ABLI%$ BY EXI/+ LAWS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO COMPLY ) ! REQUISITION1 = NO SU* PRO( CAN BE PRODUC$1 ,I APPREH5D1 9 ANY ( ! SLAVE ,/ATES4 ,I AM NOT AW>E ?AT !RE IS A S+LE ,/ATE 9 :I* ! 9/ITUTION IS E/ABLI%$ BY POSITIVE LAW4 ,ON A =M] OCCASION1 & ON A DIFF]5T TOPIC1 IT WAS MY DUTY TO 5DEAVOR TO %[ TO ! ,S5ATE ?AT NO SU* LAW WAS NECESS>Y = ITS E/ABLI%M5T2 C]TA9LY NONE C\LD BE F\ND1 & NONE WAS REQUIR$ 9 ANY ( ! ,/ATES ( ! ,UNION40 

,IT ?US APPE>S BY ! CONFESSION ( ! *AMPION ( ! BILL HIMSELF1 ?AT EV]Y ONE ( !SE FUGITIVE SLAVE CASES W\LD BREAK D[N ON ! FIR/ PO9T TO BE PROV$1 TO WIT1 ?AT ! ALLEG$ FUGITIVE WAS A SLAVE--IF ?AT FACT W]E LEFT TO BE PROV$ BE=E A C\RT ?AT %\LD REQUIRE ! CLAIMANT TO %[ ANY LAW :I* MADE ! MAN A SLAVE4 ,IT WAS !RE=E 9DISP5SABLE ?AT ?IS FACT %\LD BE PROV$ ONLY TO ! SATISFACTION ( ONE ( ?OSE ,/ATE JUDGES1 :O HAVE ACQUIR$ ! HABIT ( DECID+ M5 TO BE SLAVES1 )\T ANY LAW BE+ %[N = IT4 
SECTION #e4 

  
,EX P>TE ,EVID5CE4 

  

,! ,ACT ( #ahe IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 9 ?AT IT AU?ORIZES CASES TO BE DECID$ :OLLY ON EX P>TE TE/IMONY4  

,! #d? ,SECTION ( ! ACT MAKES IT ! 0DUTY0 ( ! 0C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]10 TO DELIV] UP AN ALLEG$ FUGITIVE1 0UPON SATISFACTORY PRO( BE+ MADE BY DEPOSITION OR AFFIDAVIT1 9 WRIT+1 "9 "9 OR BY O!R SATISFACTORY TE/IMONY1 "9 "9 & ) PRO( ALSO BY AFFIDAVIT ( ! ID5TITY ( ! P]SON10 @&C4 

,IT ?US ALL[S ! :OLE PRO( TO BE MADE BY 0AFFIDAVIT0 ALONE1 :I* IS :OLLY AN EX P>TE AFFAIR4 ,& IF ?IS TE/IMONY BE 0SATISFACTORY0 TO ! C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]1 !Y >E AU?ORIZ$ TO DECIDE ! CASE UPON ?AT TE/IMONY ALONE1 )\T GIV+ ! DEF5DANT ANY OPPORTUNITY TO CONFRONT OR CROSS-EXAM9E ! WITNESSES ( ! CLAIMANT1 OR TO (F] A P>TICLE ( EVID5CE 9 HIS DEF5SE4  

,! #a? ,SECTION ( ! ACT IS ( ! SAME *>ACT] AS ! #d?1 EXCEPT ?AT IT IS WORSE4 ,IT FIR/ PROVIDES ?AT A CLAIMANT--BY A :OLLY EX P>TE PROCE$+--MAY MAKE 0SATISFACTORY PRO(0 --TO 0ANY C\RT ( RECORD1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION10 9 ! 0,/ATE1 ,T]RITORY1 OR ,DI/RICT10 FROM :I* A FUGITIVE IS ALLEG$ TO HAVE ESCAP$--?AT A P]SON HAS ESCAP$1 & ?AT HE [$ S]VICE OR LABOR TO ! P>TY CLAIM+ HIM4 ,IT !N1 NOT M]ELY P]MITS1 BUT IMP]ATIVELY REQUIRES1 ?AT ?IS EX P>TE EVID5CE1 :5 A TRANSCRIPT !RE( IS EXHIBIT$ 9 ! ,/ATE :]E ! ALLEG$ FUGITIVE IS >RE/$1 0%ALL BE HELD & TAK5 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ( ! FACT ( ESCAPE1 & ?AT ! S]VICE OR LABOR ( ! P]SON ESCAP+ IS DUE TO ! P>TY 9 ! RECORD M5TION$40  

,IT ?US ABSOLUTELY REQUIRES1 ?AT ON ! PRODUCTION ( C]TA9 EX P>TE EVID5CE BY ! CLAIMANT1 ! C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION] %ALL DECIDE !SE TWO PO9TS--! FACT ( ESCAPE1 & ?AT ! FUGITIVE [$ S]VICE OR LABOR TO ! CLAIMANT--AGA9/ ! DEF5DANT1 )\T GIV+ HIM A HE>+4 

,IT !N P]MITS ! JUDGE TO DECIDE ! ONLY REMA9+ PO9T1 TO WIT1 ! ID5TITY ( ! P]SON >RE/$ ) ! P]SON ESCAP$--UPON ! SAME TE/IMONY4 ,BUT IT ALL[S HIM TO RECEIVE 0O!R & FUR!R EVID5CE1 IF NECESS>Y10 ON ?IS S+LE PO9T ( ID5TITY4  

,?US ?IS SECTION IMP]ATIVELY PRESCRIBES ?AT1 AT ! PLEASURE ( ! CLAIMANT1 C]TA9 EX P>TE TE/IMONY 0%ALL BE HELD & TAK5 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE10 ON TWO1 \T ( ! ?REE1 PO9TS 9VOLV$ 9 ! CASE4 ,& ON ! ONLY REMA9+ PO9T1 IT REQUIRES 0O!R & FUR!R EVID5CE10 ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT IT %ALL BE 0NECESS>Y0 9 ! M9D ( ! JUDGE OR COMMISSION]4 ,& IF 0O!R & FUR!R EVID5CE0 BE 0NECESS>Y10 ?AT ALSO MAY BE 0EI!R ORAL1 OR BY AFFIDAVIT10 :I* LA/ IS NECESS>ILY EX P>TE4 

,?US ! ACT AU?ORIZES ! :OLE CASE TO BE DECID$ :OLLY ON EX P>TE EVID5CE1 IF SU* EVID5CE BE 0SATISFACTORY0 TO ! COMMISSION]2 &1 AT ! OPTION ( ! CLAIMANT1 IT MAKES IT OBLIGATORY UPON ! COMMISSION] TO RECEIVE SU* TE/IMONY AS 0FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE10 ON TWO1 \T ( ! ONLY ?REE1 PO9TS 9VOLV$ 9 ! CASE4  

,!RE IS NOT A SYLLABLE 9 ! :OLE ACT ?AT SUGGE/S1 IMPLIES1 OR REQUIRES ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :OSE LIB]TY IS 9 ISSUE1 %ALL BE ALL[$ ! RI<T TO CONFRONT OR CROSS-EXAM9E A S+LE OPPOS+ WITNESS1 OR EV5 ! RI<T TO (F] A SYLLABLE ( REBUTT+ TE/IMONY 9 HIS DEF5SE4 

,N[1 ,I WI% IT TO BE UND]/OOD ?AT ,I AM NOT AB\T TO >GUE ! 5ORMITY ( SU* AN ACT1 BUT ONLY ITS UNCON/ITUTIONALITY4 

,! QUE/ION 9VOLV$ IS1 :E!R ,CONGRESS HAVE ANY CON/ITUTIONAL P[] TO AU?ORIZE C\RTS TO DECIDE CASES1 0SUITS AT COMMON LAW10 OR ANY O!R CASES1 ON EX P>TE TE/IMONY ALONE8 

,! CON/ITUTION DECL>ES ?AT 0! JUDICIAL P[] %ALL EXT5D TO ALL CASES 9 LAW & EQUITY1 >IS+ UND] ?IS CON/ITUTION1 ! LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 "9 "9 TO CONTROV]SIES TO :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %ALL BE A P>TY2 TO CONTROV]SIES BETWE5 TWO OR MORE ,/ATES1 BETWE5 A ,/ATE & CITIZ5S ( ANO!R ,/ATE1 BETWE5 CITIZ5S ( DIFF]5T ,/ATES10 @&C41 @&C4  

,:AT !N IS A 0CASE80 0,CASE0 IS A TE*NICAL T]M 9 ! LAW4 ,IT IS A 0SUIT10 A 0CONTROV]SY0 BE=E A JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL1 OR UMPIRE4 ,! CON/ITUTION USES ! ?REE T]MS1 0CASE10 0SUIT10 & 0CONTROV]SY10 AS SYNONYM\S ) EA* O!R4 ,!Y ALL IMPLY AT LEA/ TWO P>TIES1 :O >E ANTAGONI/S TO EA* O!R4 ,!RE CAN BE NO 0CONTROV]SY10 :]E !RE IS BUT ONE P>TY4 ,NOR CAN !RE BE A 0CONTROV]SY0 :]E BUT ONE ( ! P>TIES IS ALL[$ TO BE HE>D4 

,SAY ! ,SUPREME C\RT1 0,A CASE 9 LAW OR EQUITY CONSI/S ( ! RI<T ( ONE P>TY1 AS WELL AS ( ! O!R40 

,COH5S VS4 ,VIRG9IA1 #f ,:EATON #c#g#i4 

,:AT IS ?IS 0RI<T0 :I* IS AT ! SAME TIME 0! RI<T ( ONE P>TY1 AS WELL AS ( ! O!R80 ,IT CANNOT BE A RI<T TO ! ?+ 9 CONTROV]SY2 BECAUSE ?AT CAN BE ! RI<T ( BUT ONE ( !M4 ,! 0RI<T10 !RE=E1 ?AT BELONGS TO 0ONE P>TY AS WELL AS ! O!R10 CAN BE NO?+ LESS ?AN ! EQUAL RI<T ( EA* P>TY TO PRODUCE ALL ! EVID5CE NATURALLY APPLICABLE TO SU/A9 HIS [N CLAIM1 & DEFEAT ?AT ( HIS ADV]S>Y2 TO HAVE ?AT EVID5CE WEI<$ IMP>TIALLY BY ! TRIBUNAL ?AT IS TO DECIDE UPON ! FACTS PROV$ BY IT2 & !N TO HAVE ! LAW APPLICABLE TO ?OSE FACTS APPLI$ TO ! DET]M9ATION ( ! CONTROV]SY4 

,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 %[N ?AT ! CLAIM TO A FUGITIVE SLAVE1 IS A 0CASE10 0SUIT10 & 0CONTROV]SY10 >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & AS SU*1 TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! C\RT1 IS 0)9 ! EXPRESS DELEGATION ( JUDICIAL P[] GIV5 BY ?AT 9/RUM5T40  

,! QUE/ION N[ >ISES1 :AT IS 0! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES80 

,I ANSW]1 IT IS ! P[] TO TAKE JUDICIAL COGNIZANCE OR JURISDICTION (1 TO TRY1 ADJUDICATE1 & DET]M9E1 ALL 0CASES10 0SUITS10 & 0CONTROV]SIES1 >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION & LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 @&C4 

,! JUDICIAL P[]1 !RE=E1 BE+ A P[] TO TRY CASES1 NECESS>ILY 9CLUDES A P[] TO DET]M9E :AT EVID5CE IS APPLICABLE TO A CASE1 & TO ADMIT1 HE>1 & WEI< ALL ! EVID5CE ?AT IS APPLICABLE TO IT4 ,A CASE CAN BE TRI$ ONLY ON ! EVID5CE PRES5T$4 ,9 FACT1 ! EVID5CE CON/ITUTES ! CASE TO BE TRI$4 ,IF A P>T ONLY ( ! EVID5CE1 ?AT IS APPLICABLE TO A CASE--OR ?AT CON/ITUTES ! CASE--OR ?AT IS NECESS>Y = ! DISCOV]Y ( ! TRU? ( ! CASE--BE PRES5T$1 WEI<$1 & TRI$1 ! CASE REALLY 9 CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! P>TIES IS NOT TRI$1 BUT ONLY A FICTITI\S ONE1 :I* ,CONGRESS OR ! C\RTS HAVE >BITR>ILY SUB/ITUT$ = ! TRUE ONE4 ,IF1 :5EV] A CASE1 >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION OR LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS 9/ITUT$ BY ONE 9DIVDUAL AGA9/ ANO!R1 ,CONGRESS HAVE CON/ITUTIONAL P[] TO SUB/ITUTE A FICTITI\S CASE = ! REAL ONE1 & TO REQUIRE ?AT ! REAL ONE ABIDE ! RESULT ( ! FICTITI\S ONE1 !Y HAVE P[] TO AU?ORIZE CASES TO BE TRI$ ON EX P>TE TE/IMONY--O!RWISE NOT4 ,9 :AT CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION SU* A P[] IS GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 NO ONE1 SO F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 HAS EV] DEIGN$ TO TELL US4  

,NO ONE WILL D5Y ?AT ! QUE/ION1 :AT EVID5CE IS ADMISSIBLE 9 A CASE1 OR MAKES P>T ( A CASE1 OR IS APPLICABLE TO A CASE1 IS1 9 ITS NATURE1 A JUDICIAL QUE/ION4 ,& IF IT BE1 9 ITS NATURE1 A JUDICIAL QUE/ION1 ! P[] TO DET]M9E IT IS A P>T ( 0! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 & CONSEQU5TLY IS VE/$ SOLELY 9 ! C\RTS4 ,& ,CONGRESS HAVE CLE>LY AS MU* RI<T TO USURP ANY O!R 0JUDICIAL P[]0 :ATEV]1 AS TO USURP ! P[] ( DECID+ :AT EVID5CE IS1 & :AT IS NOT1 ADMISSIBLE--OR :AT EVID5CE %ALL1 & :AT EVID5CE %ALL NOT1 BE ADMITT$4 

,AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! DECISION ( !SE QUE/IONS1 ( ! ADMISSIBILITY ( EVID5CE1 IS LEFT TO ! C\RTS4 ,BUT LEGISLATURES >E SOMETIMES SO IGNORANT OR CORRUPT AS TO USURP ?IS P>T ( 0! JUDICIAL P[]20 & ! C\RTS >E ALWAYS1 ,I BELIEVE1 IGNORANT1 S]VILE1 OR CORRUPT 5\< TO YIELD TO ! USURPATION4 

,! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ALL QUE/IONS ( ! ADMISSIBILITY ( EVID5CE >E1 9 !IR NATURE1 JUDICIAL QUE/IONS1 PROVES ?AT ! P[] ( DECID+ !M1 IS A P>T ( 0! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES20 & AS ALL 0! JUDICIAL P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 IS VE/$ 9 ! C\RTS1 IT NECESS>ILY FOLL[S ?AT ,CONGRESS CANNOT LEGISLATE AT ALL 9 REG>D TO IT1 EI!R BY PRESCRIB+ :AT EVID5CE %ALL1 OR :AT %ALL NOT1 BE ADMITT$1 9 ANY CASE :ATEV]4 ,= !M TO DO SO IS A PLA9 USURPATION ( 0JUDICIAL P[]40  

,AMONG ALL ! 5UM]AT$ P[]S1 GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 !RE IS NO ONE ?AT 9CLUDES1 OR BE>S ANY1 ! REMOTE/1 RESEMBLANCE TO A P[] TO PRESCRIBE :AT EVID5CE %ALL1 & :AT %ALL NOT1 BE ADMITT$ BY ! C\RTS1 9 ! TRIAL ( A CASE4 ,!RE IS NONE ?AT BE>S ANY RESEMBLANCE TO A P[] TO AU?ORIZE OR REQUIRE ! C\RTS TO DECIDE CASES ON EX P>TE TE/IMONY ALONE4 ,IF A JUDGE W]E ?US TO DECIDE A CASE1 ( HIS [N WILL1 HE W\LD BE IMPEA*$4 ,! ASSUMPTION1 ON ! P>T ( ,CONGRESS1 ( A P[] TO AU?ORIZE ! C\RTS TO DO SU* AN ACT1 IS A ?OR\<LY B>EFAC$ USURPATION4 ,IF ,CONGRESS CAN AU?ORIZE C\RTS TO DECIDE CASES1 ON HE>+ ! TE/IMONY ON ONE SIDE ONLY1 !Y HAVE CLE>LY ! SAME RI<T TO AU?ORIZE !M TO DECIDE !M )\T HE>+ ANY EVID5CE AT ALL4 
SECTION #f4 

  
,! PROVISIONS ( ! ACT ( #ahe REQUIR+ ! EXCLUSION ( C]TA9 EVID5CE1 >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 

  

,?OSE PROVISIONS ( ! ACT1 :I* SPECIALLY REQUIRE ! EXCLUSION ( C]TA9 TE/IMONY1 NATURALLY APPLICABLE TO ! CASE1 >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL = ! SAME REASON AS >E ?OSE :I* PURPORT M]ELY TO AU?ORIZE OR ALL[ ! DECISION ( ! CASE ON EX P>TE TE/IMONY4 ,?AT REASON1 AS HAS BE5 ALREADY /AT$ 9 ! PREC$+ SECTION1 IS ?AT SU* LEGISLATION IS AN USURPATION1 BY ,CONGRESS1 ( 0! JUDICIAL P[]0 --OR RA!R AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! JUDICIAL P[]--= :I* NO AU?ORITY IS GIV5 9 ! CON/ITUTION4 0,! JUDICIAL P[]0 BE+ VE/$ 9 ! C\RTS1 ,CONGRESS CAN ( C\RSE NEI!R EX]CISE NOR CONTROL IT4  

,IF CONGRESS CAN1 BY /ATUTE1 REQUIRE ! EXCLUSION ( ANY TE/IMONY :ATEV]1 ?AT IS NATURALLY APPLICABLE TO A CASE1 !Y CAN REQUIRE ! EXCLUSION ( ALL TE/IMONY :ATEV]1 & REQUIRE CASES TO BE DECID$ BY ! C\RTS1 )\T HE>+ ANY EVID5CE AT ALL4 

,!RE >E TWO PROVISIONS 9 ! ACT ( #a#h#e1 :I* SPECIALLY REQUIRE ! EXCLUSION ( TE/IMONY1 ON ! P>T ( ! DEF5DANT4 ,! FIR/ IS ! ONE1 7SEC4 #a71 ALREADY COMM5T$ UPON1 :I* REQUIRES ?AT C]TA9 EX P>TE TE/IMONY TAK5 BY ! CLAIMANT1 0%ALL BE HELD & TAK5 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE10 ON ! TWO PO9TS TO :I* IT RELATES1 TO WIT1 ! FACT ( SLAV]Y1 & ! FACT ( ESCAPE4 ,?IS REQUIREM5T ?AT ?IS EX P>TE TE/IMONY %ALL 0BE HELD & TAK5 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE0 ( ?OSE TWO FACTS1 IS AN EXPRESS EXCLUSION ( ALL REBUTT+ TE/IMONY RELATIVE TO ?OSE FACTS4 

,! O!R PROVISION ( ?IS K9D1 IS 9 ! #d? SECTION1 9 !SE WORDS4 

0,9 NO TRIAL OR HE>+1 UND] ?IS ACT1 %ALL ! TE/IMONY ( SU* ALLEG$ FUGITIVE BE ADMITT$40 

,! ACT ITSELF ADMITS ?AT ! TE/IMONY ( ONE ( ! P>TIES1 ! CLAIMANT1 IS LEGITIMATE EVID5CE--= IT P]MITS IT TO BE RECEIV$1 &1 IF IT BE 0SATISFACTORY0 TO ! C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]1 ALL[S ! CASE TO BE DET]M9$ ON HIS TE/IMONY ALONE4 ,9DE$1 )\T ! CLAIMANT'S [N TE/IMONY1 HIS CASE C\LD R>ELY1 IF EV]1 BE MADE \T--BECAUSE HE ALONE C\LD G5]ALLY KN[ :E!R HE [N$ ! SLAVE1 & HE ALONE 7EXCEPT ! SLAVE7 C\LD KN[ :E!R ! SLAVE ESCAP$1 OR :E!R HE HAD P]MISSION TO GO 9TO ANO!R /ATE4 ,IT IS !RE=E 9DISP5SABLE TO ! SUCCESS ( !SE CASES G5]ALLY1 ?AT ! CLAIMANT'S [N TE/IMONY %\LD BE RECEIV$2 & IF HIS TE/IMONY BE ADMISSIBLE1 ! TE/IMONY ( ! OPPOS+ P>TY MU/ BE EQUALLY ADMISSIBLE2 & = ,CONGRESS TO PROHIBIT ITS ADMISSION IS1 = ! REASONS ALREADY GIV51 AN USURPATION ( 0! JUDICIAL P[]40 "9  
SECTION #g4 

  
,! REQUIREM5T ( ! ACT ( #a#h#e1 ?AT ! CASES BE ADJUDICAT$ 09 A SUMM>Y MANN]10 IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 

  

,SECTION #f? ( ! ACT MAKES IT ! 0DUTY0 ( ! C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]1 0TO HE> & DET]M9E ! CASE ( SU* CLAIMANT 9 A SUMM>Y MANN]40 

,?IS DET]M9+ ! CASE 9 A SUMM>Y MANN] IS ONLY ANO!R MODE ( EXCLUD+ TE/IMONY ON ! P>T ( ! DEF5DANT4 ,! PLA9TIFF ( C\RSE PREP>ES HIS TE/IMONY BE=EH&1 & HAS IT READY AT ! MOM5T ! ALLEG$ FUGITIVE IS >RE/$4 ,IF ! CASE !N BE TRI$1 )\T GIV+ ! DEF5DANT TIME TO PROCURE ANY TE/IMONY1 ! DECISION MU/ NECESS>ILY BE MADE UPON ! TE/IMONY ( ! CLAIMANT ALONE4 ,SU* IS ! DESIGN ( ! ACT1 = ! DEF5DANT BE+ >RE/$1 ! ACT REQUIRES ?AT HE %ALL BE 0TAK5 =?) BE=E SU* C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]1 :OSE DUTY IT %ALL BE TO HE> & DET]M9E ! CASE ( SU* CLAIMANT 9 A SUMM>Y MANN]10 --?AT IS1 )\T GRANT+ ! DELAY NECESS>Y TO 5ABLE ! DEF5DANT TO OBTA9 TE/IMONY = HIS DEF5SE4  

,! :OLE OBJECT & EFFECT ( ?IS PROVISION IS TO MAKE IT NECESS>Y = ! C\RT TO DET]M9E ! CASE ON ! EVID5CE FURNI%$ BY ! PLA9TIFF ALONE4 ,& ! EXCLUSION ( ALL TE/IMONY = ! DEF5DANT1 BY ?IS 0SUMM>Y0 PROCESS1 IS EQUALLY UNCON/ITUTIONAL ) ITS EXCLUSION 9 ! MANN] COMM5T$ ON 9 ! LA/ TWO PREC$+ SECTIONS--= ! RI<T ( A P>TY TO BE HE>D 9 A C\RT ( JU/ICE1 NECESS>ILY IMPLIES A RI<T TO REASONABLE TIME 9 :I* TO PROCURE HIS TE/IMONY4 
SECTION #h4 

  
,! SUSP5SION ( ! WRIT ( ,HABEAS ,CORPUS1 BY ! ACT ( #a#h#e1 IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 

  

,SECTION #f? ( ! ACT PROVIDES ?AT 0! C]TIFICATES 9 ?IS & ! FIR/ SECTION M5TION$1 %ALL BE CONCLUSIVE ( ! RI<T ( ! P]SON OR P]SONS 9 :OSE FAVOR GRANT$1 TO REMOVE SU* FUGITIVE TO ! /ATE OR T]RITORY FROM :I* HE ESCAP$1 & %ALL PREV5T ALL MOLE/ATION ( SU* P]SON OR P]SONS1 BY ANY PROCESS ISSU$ BY ANY C\RT1 JUDGE1 MAGI/RATE1 OR O!R P]SON1 :OMSOEV]40 

,?IS IS A PROHIBITION UPON ! ISSUE ( ! WRIT ( HABEAS CORPUS1 & IS A VIOLATION ( ?AT CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 :I* SAYS ?AT 0,! PRIVILEGE ( ! WRIT ( HABEAS CORPUS %ALL NOT BE SUSP5D$1 UNLESS :51 9 CASES ( REBELLION OR 9VASION1 ! PUBLIC SAFETY MAY REQUIRE IT40  

,9 CASES :]E NO APPEAL LIES TO A SUP]IOR C\RT1 7& 9 ?IS CASE NO APPEAL IS GRANT$1 & ! CON/ITUTION1 >T4 #c1 SEC4 #b1 CLAUSE #b1 DOES NOT REQUIRE AN APPEAL17 ! HABEAS CORPUS IS ! ONLY MODE ( RELIEF = A P]SON DEPRIV$ ( HIS LIB]TY BY ANY ILLEGAL PROCE$+2 & A PROHIBITION UPON ! USE ( ! HABEAS CORPUS = ! PURPOSE ( 9QUIR+ 9TO ! PROCE$+S1 & DET]M9+ :E!R !Y HAVE BE5 LEGAL1 & RELEAS+ ! PRISON] IF !Y HAVE BE5 ILLEGAL1 IS AS PALPABLE A VIOLATION ( ! CON/ITUTION ON ?IS PO9T AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE (4 

,UPON A WRIT ( HABEAS CORPUS1 IT W\LD BE ! DUTY ( ! C\RT TO 9QUIRE FULLY 9TO ! SEV]AL QUE/IONS1 :E!R ! P]SON1 :O HAD ASSUM$ TO ACT AS JUDGE1 & RE/RA9 ! PRISON] ( HIS LIB]TY1 WAS REALLY A JUDGE1 APPO9T$ & QUALIFI$ AS ! CON/ITUTION REQUIRES8 ,:E!R ! LAW1 UND] COLOR ( :I* ! MAN WAS RE/RA9$1 WAS A CON/ITUTIONAL ONE8 ,:E!R ! PRISON] HAD BE5 ALL[$ A TRIAL BY JURY8 ,:E!R HE HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO (F] ALL ! TE/IMONY1 :I* HE HAD A CON/ITUTIONAL RI<T TO (F]1 9 HIS DEF5SE4 ,:E!R HE HAD HAD REASONABLE TIME GRANT$ HIM1 9 :I* TO PROCURE TE/IMONY8 ,& G5]ALLY 9TO ALL QUE/IONS 9VOLV+ ! LEGALITY ( HIS RE/RA9T2 & TO SET HIM AT LIB]TY1 IF ! RE/RA9T %\LD BE F\ND TO BE ILLEGAL4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I4 

  
,! ,RI<T ( ,RESI/ANCE1 & ! ,RI<T TO HAVE ! ,LEGALITY ( ?AT ,RESI/ANCE JUDG$ ( BY A ,JURY4 

  

,IF IT HAVE BE5 %[N ?AT ! ACTS ( #agic & ( #a#h#e1 >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 IT FOLL[S ?AT !Y CAN CONF] NO AU?ORITY UPON ! JUDGES & M>%ALS APPO9T$ TO EXECUTE !M2 & ?OSE (FIC]S >E CONSEQU5TLY1 9 LAW1 M]E RUFFIANS & KIDNAPP]S1 :O MAY BE LAWFULLY RESI/$1 BY ANYBODY & EV]YBODY1 LIKE ANY O!R RUFFIANS & KIDNAPP]S1 :O ASSAIL A P]SON )\T ANY LEGAL RI<T4 

,! RESCUE ( A P]SON1 :O IS ASSAULT$1 OR RE/RA9$ ( HIS LIB]TY1 )\T AU?ORITY ( LAW1 IS NOT ONLY MORALLY1 BUT LEGALLY1 A M]ITORI\S ACT2 = EV]Y BODY IS UND] OBLIGATION TO GO TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( ONE :O IS ASSAIL$ BY ASSASS9S1 ROBB]S1 RAVI%]S1 KIDNAPP]S1 OR RUFFIANS ( ANY K9D4 

,AN (FIC] ( ! GOV]NM5T IS AN (FIC] ( ! LAW ONLY :5 HE IS PROCE$+ ACCORD+ TO LAW4 ,! MOM5T HE /EPS BEYOND ! LAW1 HE1 LIKE O!R M51 =FEITS ITS PROTECTION1 & MAY BE RESI/$ LIKE ANY O!R TRESPASS]4 ,AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL /ATUTE IS NO LAW1 9 ! VIEW ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,IT IS VOID1 & CONF]S NO AU?ORITY ON ANY ONE2 & :OEV] ATTEMPTS TO EXECUTE IT1 DOES SO AT HIS P]IL4 ,HIS HOLD+ A COMMISSION IS NO LEGAL PROTECTION = HIM4 ,IF ?IS DOCTR9E W]E NOT TRUE1 & IF1 7AS ! SUPREME C\RT SAY 9 ! ,PRIGG CASE17 A MAN MAY1 IF HE *OOSE1 EXECUTE AN AU?ORITY GRANT$ BY AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 CONGRESS MAY AU?ORIZE :OMSOEV] !Y PLEASE1 TO RAVI% WOM51 & BUT*] *ILDR51 AT PLEASURE1 & ! PEOPLE HAVE NO RI<T TO RESI/ !M4 

,! CON/ITUTION CONTEMPLATES NO SU* SUBMISSION1 ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 TO ! USURPATIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 OR TO ! LAWLESS VIOL5CE ( ITS (FIC]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT PROVIDES ?AT 0,! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO KEEP & BE> >MS %ALL NOT BE 9FR+$40 ,?IS CON/ITUTIONAL SECURITY = 0! RI<T TO KEEP & BE> >MS10 IMPLIES ! RI<T TO USE !M1--AS MU* AS A CON/ITUTIONAL SECURITY = ! RI<T TO BUY & KEEP FOOD1 W\LD HAVE IMPLI$ ! RI<T TO EAT IT4 ,! CON/ITUTION1 !RE=E1 TAKES IT = GRANT$ ?AT1 AS ! PEOPLE HAVE ! RI<T1 !Y WILL ALSO HAVE ! S5SE1 TO USE >MS1 :5EV] ! NECESSITY ( ! CASE JU/IFIES IT4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY REM$Y SUGGE/$ BY ! CON/ITUTION1 & IS NECESS>ILY ! ONLY REM$Y ?AT CAN EXI/1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T BECOMES SO CORRUPT AS TO AF=D NO PEACEABLE ONE4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE A LEGAL RI<T TO RESORT TO ?IS REM$Y AT ALL TIMES1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T GOES BEYOND1 OR CONTR>Y TO1 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,& IT IS ONLY A MATT] ( DISCRETION ) !M :E!R TO RESORT TO IT AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4  

,IT IS NO ANSW] TO ?IS >GUM5T TO SAY1 ?AT IF AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL ACT BE PASS$1 ! MIS*IEF CAN BE REM$I$ BY A REPEAL ( IT2 & ?AT ?IS REM$Y MAY BE BR\<T AB\T BY DISCUSSION & ! EX]CISE ( ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE2 BECAUSE1 IF AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL ACT BE B9D+ UNTIL 9VALIDAT$ BY REPEAL1 ! GOV]NM5T MAY1 9 ! MEAN TIME DIS>M ! PEOPLE1 SUPPRESS ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ! PRESS1 PROHIBIT ! USE ( ! SUFFRAGE1 & ?US PUT IT BEYOND ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE TO RE=M ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( ?OSE RI<TS4 ,! GOV]NM5T HAVE AS MU* CON/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY = DIS>M+ ! PEOPLE1 SUPPRESS+ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ! PRESS1 PROHIBIT+ ! USE ( ! SUFFRAGE1 & E/ABLI%+ !MSELVES AS P]PETUAL & ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNS1 AS !Y HAVE = ANY O!R UNCON/ITUTIONAL ACT4 ,& IF ! FIR/ UNCON/ITUTIONAL ACT MAY NOT BE RESI/$ BY =CE1 ! LA/ ACT ?AT MAY BE NECESS>Y = ! CONSUMMATION ( DESPOTIC AU?ORITY1 MAY NOT BE4 

,TO SAY ?AT AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW MU/ BE OBEY$ UNTIL IT IS REPEAL$1 IS SAY+ ?AT AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW IS JU/ AS OBLIGATORY AS A CON/ITUTIONAL ONE1--= ! LATT] IS B9D+ ONLY UNTIL IT IS REPEAL$4 ,!RE W\LD !RE=E BE NO DIFF]5CE AT ALL BETWE5 A CON/ITUTIONAL & AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 9 RESPECT TO !IR B9D+ =CE2 & ?AT W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO ABOLI%+ ! CON/ITUTION1 & GIV+ TO ! GOV]NM5T UNLIMIT$ P[]4 

,! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 TO RESI/ AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 IS ABSOLUTE & UNQUALIFI$1 FROM ! MOM5T ! LAW IS 5ACT$4 

,! RI<T ( ! GOV]NM5T 0TO SUPPRESS 9SURRECTION10 DOES NOT CONFLICT ) ?IS RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO RESI/ ! EXECUTION ( AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL 5ACTM5T2 = AN 09SURRECTION0 IS A RIS+ AGA9/ ! LAWS1 & NOT A RIS+ AGA9/ USURPATION4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T & ! PEOPLE DISAGREE1 AS TO :AT >E LAWS1 9 ! VIEW ( ! CON/ITUTION1 & :AT USURPATIONS1 !Y MU/ FI<T ! MATT] ?R\<1 OR MAKE T]MS ) EA* O!R AS BE/ !Y MAY4 

,BUT = ?IS RI<T1 ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 TO RESI/ USURPATION ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! 9DIVIDUALS CON/ITUT+ ! GOV]NM5T W\LD REALLY BE1 9 ! VIEW ( ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 ABSOLUTE RUL]S1 & ! PEOPLE ABSOLUTE SLAVES4 ,! OA?S REQUIR$ ( ! RUL]S TO ADH]E TO ! CON/ITUTION1 W\LD BE BUT EMPTY W9D1 AS A PROTECTION TO ! PEOPLE AGA9/ TYRANNY1 IF ! CON/ITUTION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT REQUIR$ !SE OA?S1 COMMITT$ ! ABSURDITY ( PROTECT+ ! RUL]S1 :5 !Y W]E ACT+ CONTR>Y TO ! CON/ITUTION4 ,! CON/ITUTION1 9 ?US PROTECT+ ! RUL]S 9 !IR USURPATIONS1 W\LD CONT9UE TO ACT AS A %IELD TO TYRANTS1 AFT] !Y !MSELVES HAD DEPRIV$ IT ( ALL P[] TO %IELD ! PEOPLE4 ,IT W\LD ?US 9VITE ITS [N OV]?R[1 & ! CONV]SION ( ! GOV]NM5T 9TO A DESPOTISM1 BY ?OSE APPO9T$ TO ADM9I/] IT = ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE4  

,?IS RI<T ( ! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 TO RESI/ USURPATION1 ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IS A /RICTLY CON/ITUTIONAL RI<T4 ,& ! EX]CISE ( ! RI<T IS NEI!R REBELLION AGA9/ ! CON/ITUTION1 NOR REVOLUTION--IT IS A MA9T5ANCE ( ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 BY KEEP+ ! GOV]NM5T )9 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,IT IS ALSO A DEF5SE ( ! NATURAL RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE1 AGA9/ ROBB]S & TRESPASS]S1 :O ATTEMPT TO SET UP !IR [N P]SONAL AU?ORITY & P[]1 9 OPPOSITION TO ?OSE ( ! CON/ITUTION & PEOPLE1 :I* !Y W]E APPO9T$ TO ADM9I/]4 

,TO SAY1 AS ! >GUM5TS ( MO/ P]SONS DO1 ?AT ! PEOPLE1 9 !IR 9DIVIDUAL & NATURAL CAPACITIES1 HAVE A RI<T TO 9/ITUTE GOV]NM5T1 BUT ?AT !Y HAVE NO RI<T1 9 ! SAME CAPACITIES1 TO PRES]VE ?AT GOV]NM5T BY PUTT+ D[N USURPATION--& ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO DO SO IS REVOLUTION1 IS BLANK ABSURDITY4 

,! RI<T & ! PHYSICAL P[] ( ! PEOPLE TO RESI/ 9JU/ICE1 >E REALLY ! ONLY SECURITIES ?AT ANY PEOPLE EV] CAN HAVE = !IR LIB]TIES4 ,PRACTICALLY NO GOV]NM5T KN[S ANY LIMIT TO ITS P[] BUT ! 5DURANCE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,& \R GOV]NM5T IS NO EXCEPTION TO ! RULE4 ,BUT ?AT ! PEOPLE >E /RONG] ?AN ! GOV]NM5T1 \R REPRES5TATIVES W\LD DO ANY ?+ BUT LAY D[N !IR P[] AT ! 5D ( TWO YE>S4 ,& SO ( ! PRESID5T & S5ATE4 ,NO?+ BUT ! /R5G? ( ! PEOPLE1 & A KN[L$GE ?AT !Y WILL =CIBLY RESI/ ANY V]Y GROSS TRANSGRESSION ( ! AU?ORITY GRANT$ BY !M TO !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 DET]S !SE REPRES5TATIVES FROM 5RI*+ !MSELVES1 & P]PETUAT+ !IR P[]1 BY PLUND]+ & 5SLAV+ ! PEOPLE4 ,NOT BECAUSE !Y >E AT HE>T NATURALLY WORSE ?AN O!R M52 BUT BECAUSE ! TEMPTATIONS ( AV>ICE & AMBITION1 TO :I* !Y >E EXPOS$1 >E TOO GREAT = ! M]E VIRTUE ( ORD9>Y M54 ,& NO?+ BUT ! FE> ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE IS ADEQUATE TO RE/RA9 !M4 ,AS IT IS1 ! GREAT /UDY ( MANY ( !M SEEMS TO BE TO ASC]TA9 ! UTMO/ LIMIT ( POPUL> ACQUIESC5CE4 ,ONCE 9 A :ILE !Y MI/AKE ?AT LIMIT1 & GO BEYOND IT4 

,BUT1 TO RETURN4 ,AS EV]Y BODY :O %ALL RESI/ AN (FIC] 9 ! EXECUTION ( !SE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS1 WILL BE LIABLE TO BE TRI$ = SU* RESI/ANCE1 & TO BE ?US LAID UND] ! NECESSITY ( PROV+ ! UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! LAWS TO ! SATISFACTION ( ! TRIBUNAL BY :OM HE IS TRI$2 & AS JUDGES >E 9 ! NE>LY UNBROK5 HABIT ( HOLD+ ALL LEGISLATION TO BE CON/ITUTIONAL2 & ESPECIALLY AS ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE HELD1 79 ! ,PRIGG CASE1 AS BE=E CIT$17 ?AT ! S5D+ ( M5 9TO BONDAGE IS SO IMPORTANT AN OBJECT TO BE ACCOMPLI%$1 ?AT AN (FIC] MAY1 IF HE *OOSE1 EX]CISE AN AU?ORITY CONF]R$ ONLY BY AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW2 IT BECOMES ?OSE1 :O MAY BE DISPOS$ TO RESI/ ! EXECUTION ( ! LAWS 9 QUE/ION1 TO ASC]TA9 :AT >E !IR *ANCES ( ESCAP+ UNH>M$ 9 RUNN+ ! GANTLET ( SU* A JUDICI>Y AS ! NATION IS BLESS$ )4  

,ONE LIABILITY1 IMPOS$ BY ! ACT1 7SEC4 #g17 IS ?AT ANY P]SON1 :O %ALL 9 ANY WAY ASSI/ 9 ! RESCUE1 0%ALL =FEIT & PAY1 BY WAY ( CIVIL DAMAGES TO ! P>TY 9JUR$ BY SU* ILLEGAL CONDUCT1 ! SUM ( ONE ?\S& DOLL>S = EA* FUGITIVE SO LO/ AS A=ESAID1 TO BE RECOV]$ BY ACTION ( DEBT10 @&C4 

,!RE IS ONE CONSOLATION1 9 VIEW ( ?IS LIABILITY1 & ?AT IS1 ?AT 9 ! SUIT = ?IS @s#a11 ! CLAIMANT WILL BE UND] ! NECESSITY ( PROV+ HIS PROP]TY 9 ! FUGITIVE2 & ?IS1 7AS IS %[N BY ,S5ATOR ,MASON'S SPEE*1 BE=E CIT$17 C\LD BE DONE 9 NO CASE :ATEV]4 

,I SAY ! CLAIMANT WILL HAVE TO PROVE HIS PROP]TY 9 ! FUGITIVE1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT CLE> ?AT ! ACT 9T5DS1 7AL?\< AT FIR/ BLU% SU* MAY BE ITS APP>5T MEAN+17 ?AT ! JUDGM5T GIV5 BY ! C\RT1 JUDGE1 OR COMMISSION]1 DELIV]+ ! ALLEG$ SLAVE TO ! CLAIMANT1 %ALL BE SUFFICI5T EVID5CE1 OR EV5 EVID5CE AT ALL1 ( SU* CLAIMANT'S PROP]TY 9 ! SLAVE1 9 A CIVIL SUIT = DAMAGES = ! LOSS ( ! SLAVE4 ,& 9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* CLE> 9T5TION1 ,I APPREH5D NO C\RT W\LD D>E PUT SU* A CON/RUCTION UPON ! ACT1 OR ALL[ SU* USE TO BE MADE ( ?AT JUDGM5T4 ,! RI<T ( ACTION = DAMAGES1 :I* IS GIV5 TO ! MA/]1 IS GIV5 HIM1 NOT = ! PURPOSE ( PUNI%+ ?OSE :O RESCUE ! ALLEG$ FUGITIVE1 7= ?AT PUNI%M5T IS PROVID$ = BY F9E & IMPRISONM5T17 BUT TO 5ABLE ! [N] TO RECOV] PAYM5T = ! LOSS ( HIS PROP]TY4 ,9 SU* AN ACTION HE IS ( C\RSE NECESSITAT$ TO PROVE1 7& ,CONGRESS HAVE NO P[] TO MAKE ANY LAW TO ! CONTR>Y17 ?AT ! MAN HE CLAIMS AS HIS PROP]TY1 IS REALLY HIS--BECAUSE1 9 A FREE /ATE C]TA9LY1 EV]Y MAN IS PRIMA FACIE ! [N] ( HIMSELF4"9 

,! CLAIMANT C\LD RECOV] PAYM5T = HIS SLAVE BUT ONCE1 AL?\< AN HUNDR$ OR A ?\S& P]SONS W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! RESCUE2 & !SE HUNDR$ OR ?\S& P]SONS C\LD UNITE 9 ! PAYM5T1 ?US MAK+ ! BURD5 A LI<T ONE UPON EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 

,AS ?IS ACTION IS GIV5 TO ! [N]1 TO 5ABLE HIM TO RECOV] ! VALUE ( HIS SLAVE1 & NOT AS A P5ALTY UPON ?OSE :O RESCUE HIM1 ! LAW IS CLE>LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL 9 FIX+ ?AT VALUE AT A SPECIFIC SUM4 ,! VALUE MU/ BE ASC]TA9$ BY A JURY1 IF IT EXCE$ TW5TY DOLL>S4 ,CONGRESS HAVE AS MU* RI<T TO SAY ?AT1 9 CASE ( ANY O!R 9JURY DONE BY ONE MAN TO ! PROP]TY ( ANO!R1 ! WRONG-DO] 0%ALL =FEIT & PAY1 BY WAY ( CIVIL DAMAGES TO ! P>TY 9JUR$ BY SU* ILLEGAL CONDUCT1 ! SUM ( ONE ?\S& DOLL>S1 7& NO MORE17 TO BE RECOV]$ BY ACTION ( DEBT10 )\T REG>D+ :E!R ! 9JURY W]E REALLY @s#a1 OR @s#a11 AS TO SAY ! SAME 9 ?IS CASE4 ,! P[] ( DET]M9+ ! AM\NT ( 9JURY DONE BY ONE MAN TO ! PROP]TY ( ANO!R1 BY VIOLAT+ A LAW ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS A P>T ( 0! JUDICIAL P[]10 & IS VE/$ SOLELY 9 ! C\RTS1 & ,CONGRESS HAVE NO AU?ORITY :ATEV] TO DECIDE ?AT QUE/ION4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! LAW IS ALSO UNCON/ITUTIONAL 9 AU?ORIZ+ ! [N] TO RECOV] ! FULL VALUE ( ! SLAVE4 ,IT %\LD ONLY AU?ORIZE HIM TO RECOV] ! DAMAGES ACTUALLY SU/A9$ BY ! RESCUE4 ,! [N] DOES NOT LOSE HIS PROP]TY 9 HIS SLAVE BY HAV+ HIM TAK5 \T ( HIS H&S ON A P>TICUL> OCCASION4 ,HIS PROP]TY 9 HIM REMA9S1 & ! LAW PRESUMES ?AT HE CAN TAKE HIS SLAVE AGA9 AT PLEASURE1 AS HE C\LD BE=E ! RESCUE4 ,BECAUSE !RE HAS BE5 ONE RESCUE1 ! LAW DOES NOT PRESUME ?AT ! SLAVE IS =EV] LO/ TO HIS [N]4 ,& ! DEF5DANTS W\LD BE 5TITL$ TO PROVE ?AT ! SLAVE WAS /ILL )9 REA* ( ! MA/]1 :]E HIS MA/] MI<T AT ANY TIME RETAKE HIM4 ,& IT W\LD BE NO ANSW] TO ?IS FACT1 TO SAY1 ?AT IF ! SLAVE W]E RETAK51 HE W\LD PROBABLY BE RESCU$ AGA94 ,! LAW PRESUMES NO?+ ( ?AT K9D1 & C\LD NOT PRESUME IT1 EV5 ?\< ! SLAVE HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! [N]1 & RESCU$ BY ! DEF5DANTS1 AN HUNDR$ TIMES4 ,! LAW W\LD /ILL PRESUME ?AT IF ! MA/] W]E TO TAKE ! SLAVE AGA91 HE W\LD BE SUFF]$ TO HOLD PEACEABLE POSSESSION ( HIM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! [N]1 9 CASE ( A RESCUE1 IS 5TITL$ TO RECOV] ONLY ! DAMAGES ACTUALLY SUFF]$ BY ?AT P>TICUL> RESCUE1 & NOT ! FULL VALUE ( ! SLAVE1 AS IF HE HAD BE5 LO/ TO HIM =EV]4 ,& ?IS SUIT = DAMAGES1 BE+ A 0SUIT AT COMMON LAW10 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 MU/ BE TRI$ BY A JURY2 & ! DAMAGES MU/ BE ASC]TA9$ BY A JURY1 9/EAD ( BE+ FIX$ BY /ATUTE4  

,IF ?IS VIEW ( ! LAW BE CORRECT1 ! PECUNI>Y LIABILITY 9CURR$ 9 RESCU+ A SLAVE1 W\LD BE V]Y SLI<T1 SO F> AS ! RI<T ( ! MA/] TO RECOV] DAMAGES WAS CONC]N$4"9 

,! ONLY O!R LIABILITY 9CURR$ 9 RESCU+ AN ALLEG$ FUGITIVE1 IS A LIABILITY TO BE 9DICT$ & TRI$ CRIM9ALLY = ! ACT1 & IF CONVICT$1 SUBJECT$ TO 0A F9E NOT EXCE$+ ONE ?\S& DOLL>S1 & IMPRISONM5T NOT EXCE$+ SIX MON?S40 

,!RE >E TWO *ANCES ( SECURITY AGA9/ !SE PUNI%M5TS4 

#a4 ,!Y CAN BE 9FLICT$ ONLY UPON 09DICTM5T & CONVICTION40 ,!RE IS A PROBABILITY ?AT A GR& JURY WILL NOT 9DICT1 = IT IS NOT !IR DUTY TO DO SO1 IF !Y ?9K ! LAW1 ?AT HAS BE5 RESI/$1 IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 ,A GR& JURY HAVE ! SAME RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 AS A TRAV]SE JURY4 

#b4 ,IF AN 9DICTM5T BE F\ND1 ! JURY :O TRY ?AT 9DICTM5T1 >E JUDGES ( ! LAW1 AS WELL AS ! FACT4 ,IF !Y ?9K ! LAW UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 OR EV5 HAVE ANY REASONABLE D\BT ( ITS CON/ITUTIONALITY1 !Y >E B\ND TO HOLD ! DEF5DANTS JU/IFI$ 9 RESI/+ ITS EXECUTION4 

,FROM ?IS RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW 9 ALL CRIM9AL CASES1 IT FOLL[S ?AT 9 ALL =CIBLE COLLISIONS BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & 9DIVIDUALS1 7AS 9 ! CASE ( RESI/ANCE TO ! EXECUTION ( A LAW17 ! RI<T ( JUDG+ :E!R ! GOV]NM5T OR ! PEOPLE >E 9 ! RI<T1 LIES 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 NOT ) ! GOV]NM5T1 OR ANY P]MAN5T DEP>TM5T ( IT1 BUT ) ! PEOPLE--?AT IS1 0! C\NTRY10 :OM ! JURY REPRES5T2 = ! JURY REPRES5T 0! C\NTRY10 OR ! PEOPLE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T4"9 ,! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 9 E/ABLI%+ GOV]NM5T1 ) TRIAL BY JURY1 DO NOT SURR5D] !IR LIB]TIES 9TO ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T TO BE PRES]V$ OR DE/ROY$1 AS ! GOV]NM5T %ALL PLEASE4 ,BUT !Y RETA9 !M 9 !IR [N H&S1 BY =BIDD+ ! GOV]NM5T TO 9JURE ANY ONE 9 HIS LIFE1 LIB]TY1 OR PROP]TY1 )\T HAV+ FIR/ OBTA9$ ! CONS5T ( 0! C\NTRY0 --?AT IS1 ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES--:O >E SUPPOS$ TO BE FAIRLY REPRES5T$ BY A JURY1 TAK5 PROMISCU\SLY FROM ! :OLE PEOPLE1 & !RE=E LIKELY TO EMBRACE P]SONS ( ALL ! V>IETIES ( OP9ION ?AT >E G5]ALLY PREVAL5T AMONG ! PEOPLE4  

,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT1 UND] ! TRIAL BY JURY1 NO MAN CAN BE PUNI%$ = RESI/+ ! EXECUTION ( ANY LAW1 UNLESS ! LAW BE SO CLE>LY CON/ITUTIONAL1 AS ?AT A JURY1 TAK5 PROMISCU\SLY FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 WILL ALL AGREE ?AT IT IS CON/ITUTIONAL4 ,BUT = SOME PR9CIPLE ( ?IS K9D1 BY :I* ! OP9IONS ( SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE PEOPLE C\LD BE ASC]TA9$1 M51 9 AGREE+ TO A CON/ITUTION1 W\LD BE LIABLE TO BE 5TRAPP$ 9TO GIV+ !IR CONS5T TO A GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD PUNI% !M = EX]CIS+ RI<TS1 :I* !Y NEV] 9T5D$ TO SURR5D]4 ,BUT SO LONG AS IT RE/S ) A JURY1 9/EAD ( ! GOV]NM5T1 TO SAY :AT >E ! P[]S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & :AT ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE--& SO LONG AS JURIES >E FAIRLY SELECT$ BY LOT FROM ! :OLE POPULATION1 ! PRESUMPTION IS ?AT ALL CLASSES ( OP9IONS WILL BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! JURY1 & EV]Y MAN MAY !RE=E GO =W>D FE>LESSLY 9 ! EX]CISE ( :AT HE HONE/LY BELIEVES TO BE HIS RI<TS1 9 ! CONFID5CE ?AT1 IF HIS CONDUCT BE CALL$ 9 QUE/ION1 !RE WILL BE AMONG HIS JUDGES1 7! JURY17 SOME P]SONS AT LEA/1 :OSE JUDGM5TS WILL CORRESPOND ) HIS [N4 

,& 9ASMU* AS A S+LE DISS5TI5T 9 ! JURY IS SUFFICI5T TO PREV5T A CONVICTION1 IT FOLL[S ?AT IF ! GOV]NM5T EX]CISE ANY P[]S EXCEPT SU* AS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE PEOPLE 9T5D$ IT %\LD EX]CISE1 IT IS LIABLE TO BE RESI/$1 )\T HAV+ ANY P[] TO PUNI% ?AT RESI/ANCE4 ,IT MAY 9DE$ OV]COME ?AT RESI/ANCE & 5=CE ! LAW1 CON/ITUTIONAL OR UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 UNLESS RESI/$ BY A =CE ?AT IS /RONG] ?AN ITS [N4 ,BUT IT CANNOT PUNI% ?AT RESI/ANCE AFT]W>DS1 UNLESS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE PEOPLE1 ?R\< A JURY1 AGREE ?AT ! LAW WAS CON/ITUTIONAL4 

,BUT ?IS RI<T ( A JURY1 9 ALL CRIM9AL PROSECUTIONS1 TO JUDGE ( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! LAW ?AT HAS BE5 RESI/$1 IS NOT ! :OLE ( A JURY'S RI<TS2 !Y HAVE ! RI<T TO JUDGE ALSO ( ITS JU/ICE4 ,JURIES >E NEV] SWORN TO TRY CRIM9AL CASES 0ACCORD+ TO LAW40 ,!Y >E ONLY SWORN TO 0TRY ! ISSUE ACCORD+ TO ! EVID5CE40 ,! 0ISSUE0 IS GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY4 ,?IS ISSUE IS TO BE TRI$ ON ! NATURAL PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE1 AS ?OSE PR9CIPLES EXI/ 9 ! BREA/S ( ! JURORS1 & NOT ACCORD+ TO ANY >BITR>Y /&>D :I* LEGISLATORS MAY HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO SET UP4 ,GUILT IS AN 9TR9SIC QUALITY ( ACTIONS1 & CANNOT BE IMP>T$ TO !M BY ALL ! LEGISLATURES ?AT EV] ASSUM$ TO EX]CISE ! P[] ( CONV]T+ JU/ICE 9TO 9JU/ICE1 & 9JU/ICE 9TO JU/ICE4 ,! QUE/ION = A JURY1 9 TRY+ 0! ISSUE10 !N1 IS NOT SIMPLY :E!R ! ACCUS$ HAS BE5 GUILTY ( VIOLAT+ A LAW2 BUT :E!R HE HAS BE5 GUILTY 9 VIOLAT+ IT8 ,& UNLESS !Y ALL ANSW] ?IS LA/ QUE/ION 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 HE CANNOT BE CONVICT$4  

,! TRIAL BY JURY MI<T SAFELY BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO A DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T1 IF ! JURY W]E TO EX]CISE NO RI<T ( JUDG+ ( ! LAW1 OR ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW4 

,IF JURIES W]E TO F9D M5 GUILTY1 SIMPLY BECAUSE ! LATT] HAD EX]CIS$ !IR NATURAL RI<TS 9 DEFIANCE ( UNJU/ LAWS1 JURIES1 9/EAD ( BE+1 AS !Y >E WONT TO BE CALL$1 0! PALLADIUM ( LIB]TY10 W\LD BE ! VILE/ TOOLS ( OPPRESSION--! 9/RUM5TS ( !IR [N 5SLAVEM5T--= 9 CONDEMN+ O!RS = RESI/+ 9JU/ICE1 AT ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y AU?ORIZE !IR [N CONDEMNATION = A SIMIL> CAUSE4 ,NO HONE/ MAN C\LD EV] SIT ON A JURY1 IF HE W]E REQUIR$ TO F9D A MAN 0GUILTY10 & ?US BECOME ACCESSORY TO HIS PUNI%M5T1 = DO+ AN ACT1 :I* WAS JU/ 9 ITSELF1 BUT :I* ! GOV]NM5T1 9 VIOLATION ( M5'S NATURAL RI<TS1 HAD >BITR>ILY =BIDD5 HIM TO DO4 

,FUR!RMORE1 A JURY1 BE=E !Y CAN CONVICT A MAN1 MU/ F9D ?AT HE ACT$ ) A CRIM9AL 9T5T--= IT IS A MAXIM ( LAW ?AT !RE CAN BE NO CRIME )\T A CRIM9AL 9T5T4 ,!RE CAN BE NO CRIM9AL 9T5T 9 RESI/+ 9JU/ICE4 ,TO JU/IFY A CONVICTION1 !RE=E1 ! LAW1 & ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW1 MU/ BO? BE SO EVID5T AS TO MAKE ITS TRANSGRESSION SATISFACTORY PRO( ( AN EVIL DESIGN ON ! P>T ( ! TRANSGRESSOR4 

,SU* >E SOME ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ! TRIAL BY JURY3 & ! EFFECT ( !M IS TO SUBJECT ! :OLE OP]ATIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 BO? AS TO !IR CON/ITUTIONALITY & !IR JU/ICE1 TO ! ORDEAL ( A TRIBUNAL FAIRLY REPRES5T+ ! :OLE PEOPLE1 & ?US TO RE/RA9 ! GOV]NM5T )9 SU* LIMITS AS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE PEOPLE1 :OSE AG5T IT IS1 AGREE ?AT IT MAY OCCUPY4 ,BUT = ?IS RE/RA9T1 \R GOV]NM5T1 LIKE ALL O!RS1 9/EAD ( BE+ RE/RICT$ TO ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( SU* PURPOSES AS ! :OLE PEOPLE DESIRE1 W\LD FALL1 AS 9DE$ IT V]Y (T5 HAS FALL51 9TO ! H&S ( CLIQUES & CABALS1 :O MAKE IT1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 AN 9/RUM5T ( PLUND] & OPPRESSION1 = ! GRATIFICATION ( !IR [N AV>ICE & AMBITION4 

,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 SUB/ANTIAL TRU? 9 ! SAY+1 :I*1 WE HAVE BE5 REC5TLY TOLD1"9 0HAS1 9 ,5GL&1 BECOME TRADITIONAL1 & DROPS FROM ! COMMON TONGUE1 ?AT '! GREAT OBJECT ( ,K+1 ,LORDS1 & ,COMMONS1 IS TO GET TWELVE M5 9TO A JURY BOX4' 0 ,& 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 ! GREAT OBJECT ( ,PRESID5TS1 ,S5ATORS1 & ,REPRES5TATIVES IS ! SAME4 ,BUT SU* HAVE BE5 ! IGNORANCE & ! FRAUDS ( LEGISLATORS & JUDGES1 & SU* ! IGNORANCE ( ! PEOPLE1 ON ?IS PO9T1 ?AT JURIES HAVE G5]ALLY BE5 M]ELY CONTEMPTIBLE TRIBUNALS1 LOOK+ AFT] FACTS ONLY1 & NOT AFT] RI<TS1 & READY TO OBEY BL9DLY ! DICTATION ( LEGISLATURES & C\RTS1 & 5=CE ANY ?+ & EV]Y ?+1 :I* ! P]MAN5T BRAN*ES ( ! GOV]NM5T %\LD REQUIRE !M TO 5=CE4 ,& WE N[ SEE ! RESULTS ( !IR DEGRADATION & SUBMISSION1 9 ! AUDACITY ( ! LEGISLATURE 9 PASS+ SU* LAWS AS ?OSE ( #agic & #a#h#e1 & 9 ! CONDUCT ( ! C\RTS 9 SANCTION+1 AS CON/ITUTIONAL1 ! =M] ( !SE LAWS1 AS !Y UND\BT$LY WILL SANCTION ! LATT]1 UNLESS DET]R$ BY ! 9TELLIG5CE & FIRMNESS ( ! PEOPLE4  

,IT IS ?IS 5TRU/+ ( ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE1 TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE--REPRES5T$ BY A JURY TAK5 PROMISCU\SLY FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE--9/EAD ( 5TRU/+ !M TO ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* REPRES5TS AT MO/ BUT A P>T1 & G5]ALLY A SMALL P>T1 ( ! PEOPLE--?AT MAKES ! TRIAL BY JURY 0! PALLADIUM ( LIB]TY40 ,IF GOV]NM5TS W]E 5TRU/$ ) AU?ORITY TO DEF9E ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE1 !Y W\LD ( C\RSE SAY ?AT ! PEOPLE HAD NO LIB]TIES ?AT C\LD BE EX]CIS$ CONTR>Y TO ! WILL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,& IF GOV]NM5TS HAD AU?ORITY TO DEF9E !IR [N P[]S1 & TO PUNI% ALL :O RESI/$ !IR P[] AS ?US DEF9$1 ALL GOV]NM5TS W\LD DECL>E !MSELVES ABSOLUTE ( C\RSE4 ,& ! SIMPLE RI<T TO PUNI% RESI/ANCE1 )\T GETT+ ! CONS5T ( ! PEOPLE 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL CASE1 W\LD1 ( ITSELF1 MAKE ANY GOV]NM5T ABSOLUTE2 = ! P[] TO PUNI% NECESS>ILY C>RIES ALL O!R P[]S ) IT4 ,! P[] TO PUNI% DISOB$I5CE IS ! P[] ?AT COMPELS OB$I5CE4 ,IT IS1 9 ITS V]Y NATURE1 AN ABSOLUTE & UNCONTROLLABLE P[]4 ,& IF A GOV]NM5T HAVE ?IS P[]1 IT IS ABSOLUTE ( C\RSE4 ,& OA?S & P>*M5TS >E ?+S ( NO IMPORTANCE 9 SU* A CASE1 = !Y >E NECESS>ILY BUT /RAWS 9 ! WAY ( A P[] ?AT IS O!RWISE UNRE/RA9$4 

,IT IS NO >GUM5T TO SAY ?AT ! CON/ITUTION HAS PROVID$ A JUDICIAL DEP>TM5T1 ) P[] EXT5D+ TO 0ALL CASES >IS+ UND] ! CON/ITUTION & LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,! ANSW] IS1 ?AT ?IS CON/ITUTION HAS MADE JURIES A P>T ( ?IS JUDICIAL DEP>TM5T1 & GIV5 !M SPECIAL JURISDICTION ( CRIMES1 & MADE !IR ACQUITTAL F9AL2 & ?AT IT IS ONLY 9 CASES ( CONVICTION ?AT A QUE/ION CAN BE C>RI$ BEYOND !M4 

,! P]MAN5T (FIC]S ( ?IS DEP>TM5T--! JUDGES1 SO CALL$--BY ! V]Y CON/ITUTION ( !IR (FICE1 >E UNFIT TO BE TRU/$ ) ANY QUE/ION >IS+ BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! PEOPLE1 AS TO ! P[]S ( ! =M]1 & ! LIB]TIES ( ! LATT]2 = ! JUDGES RECEIVE !IR (FICES DIRECTLY FROM ?OSE O!R DEP>TM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & NOT FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y >E ALSO DEP5D5T UPON ?OSE O!R DEP>TM5TS = !IR SAL>IES1 & >E AM5ABLE TO !M BY IMPEA*M5T4 ,!Y >E ( C\RSE NO?+ BUT 9/RUM5TS 9 !IR H&S1 & HAVE ALWAYS PROV$ !MSELVES TO BE SO4 ,I ?9K !RE IS NOT TO BE F\ND ON RECORD1 EI!R 9 \R G5]AL OR /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 A S+LE 9/ANCE1 9 :I* ! JUDICI>Y HAVE EV] HELD A LAW UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 ?AT PROVID$ 9 ANY WAY = PUNI%+ ! PEOPLE = ! EX]CISE ( !IR RI<TS4 ,! /ATUTE BOOKS ( BO? ! NATIONAL & /ATE GOV]NM5TS HAVE AB\ND$1 & /ILL AB\ND1 ) /ATUTES CREAT+ ODI\S & OPPRESSIVE MONOPOLIES1 9FR++ M5'S NATURAL RI<TS1 VIOLAT+ ! PLA9E/ PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE1 HAV+ NO AU?ORITY 9 ! CON/ITUTIONS UND] :I* !Y PURPORT TO BE 5ACT$1 & PROVID+ F9ES & IMPRISONM5TS = ?OSE :O MAY TRANSGRESS !M2 & YET1 7SO F> AS ,I AM AW>E71 NO ONE ( ?IS LONG CATALOG ( 5ACTM5TS EV] 5C\NT]$ ! VETO ( ! JUDICI>Y4 ,I APPREH5D ?AT ! :OLE JUDICI>Y ( ?IS C\NTRY1 /ATE & NATIONAL1 MI<T BE SAFELY *ALL5G$ TO PRODUCE A S+LE 9/ANCE1 9 :I* !Y HAVE EV] V9DICAT$ A S+LE PR9CIPLE ( EI!R NATURAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL LIB]TY1 AGA9/ ! P5AL 5CROA*M5TS ( ! LEGISLATURES ON :I* !Y W]E DEP5D5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HAVE UNI=MLY--PROBABLY )\T A SOLIT>Y EXCEPTION--PROV$ !MSELVES1 9 ALL QUE/IONS ( ?IS NATURE1 TO BE NO?+ BUT ! WILL+ 9/RUM5TS ( USURPATION & OPPRESSION4 ,!Y DO NOT ACCEPT !IR (FICES ) ANY O!R 9T5TION ?AN ?AT ( HOLD+ ALL LAWS CON/ITUTIONAL1 :I* !Y SUPPOSE ! LEGISLATURE WILL PASS--= NOBODY ACCEPTS AN (FICE1 UNLESS ) ! 9T5TION ( BE+ OB$I5T TO ?OSE1 TO :OM !Y >E AM5ABLE4"9 

,! IDEA1 SO CON/ANTLY ASS]T$1 ?AT ! P]MAN5T JUDICI>Y1 ! JUDGES1 HAVE A RI<T TO DECIDE ALL CON/ITUTIONAL QUE/IONS1 AU?ORITATIVELY = ! PEOPLE1 IS ONE ( ?OSE GROSS IMPO/URES1 BY :I* M5 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 DEFRAUD$ ( !IR RI<TS4 ,!RE IS NOT A SYLLABLE 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 ?AT MAKES A DECISION ( ! JUDICI>Y--( ITS [N =CE1 & )\T REG>D TO ITS CORRECTNESS--B9D+ UPON ANYBODY1 EI!R UPON ! EXECUTIVE1 OR ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 NO?+ BUT ! LAW CAN BE B9D+ UPON ANY ONE4 ,IF A JUDICIAL DECISION BE ACCORD+ TO LAW1 IT IS B9D+2 IF NOT1 NOT4 ,AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL JUDICIAL DECISION IS NO MORE B9D+1 ?AN AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LEGISLATIVE 5ACTM5T--& A MAN HAS ! SAME RI<T TO RESI/1 BY =CE1 ONE AS ! O!R1 & TO BE TRI$ = SU* RESI/ANCE BY A JURY1 :O JUDGE ( ! LAW = !MSELVES4  

,SUPPOSE ! JUDICI>Y1 9 A SUIT BETWE5 TWO PRET5D$ MO!RS1 = ! CU/ODY ( A *ILD1 %\LD GIVE ! JUDGM5T ( ,SOLOMON1 ?AT ! *ILD BE CUT 9 TWO1 & A HALF GIV5 TO EA*2 DOES ANY ONE SUPPOSE ! EXECUTIVE W\LD BE B\ND TO C>RY ! JUDGM5T 9TO EFFECT8 OR ?AT ! OP9ION IS OBLIGATORY AS AN AU?ORITY UPON ANYBODY8 ,YET IT W\LD BE AS MU* B9D+ AS ANY O!R ]RONE\S DECISION4 

,IF A JUDICIAL DECISION CONTR>Y TO ! CON/ITUTION1 W]E B9D+ SIMPLY BECAUSE IT W]E A JUDICIAL DECISION1 ! JUDICI>Y C\LD CON/ITUTIONALLY MAKE !MSELVES ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNS AT ONCE4 

,A JUDICIAL DECISION1 AS SU*1 HAS !RE=E NO 9TR9SIC AU?ORITY AT ALL2 ITS CON/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY RE/S :OLLY UPON ITS BE+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CON/ITUTION4 ,& WE CAN DET]M9E :E!R IT BE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CON/ITUTION1 ONLY BY FIR/ DET]M9+ ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! DECISION1 & !N COMP>+ ! DECISION ) IT4 ,IF WE TAKE ! DECISION AS AU?ORITY = ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 ALL DECISIONS WILL ( NECESSITY BE CON/ITUTIONAL1 & ! JUDGES >E ( C\RSE1 CON/ITUTIONALLY SPEAK+1 ABSOLUTE DESPOTS4 

,IT IS NO >GUM5T1 9 ANSW] TO ?IS VIEW ( ! CASE1 TO SAY1 ?AT DECISIONS MAY BE SO GROSSLY & PALPABLY UNCON/ITUTIONAL AS NOT TO BE B9D+2 BUT ?AT 9 ALL D\BTFUL CASES !Y >E OBLIGATORY4 ,! CON/ITUTION KN[S NO?+ ( D\BTFUL CASES4 ,9 ITS VIEW DECISIONS & LAWS >E SIMPLY EI!R CON/ITUTIONAL OR UNCON/ITUTIONAL4 ,IT KN[S NO?+ ( !IR BE+ MORE OR LESS GROSSLY & PALPABLY SO4 ,IF !Y >E CON/ITUTIONAL1 !Y >E B9D+2 IF !Y >E NOT CON/ITUTIONAL1 !Y >E NOT B9D+1 ?\< !IR V>IATION FROM ! CON/ITUTION BE BUT ! SMALLE/ ?AT CAN BE DISCOV]$4 

,! CON/ITUTION DOES NOT ASSUME ?AT IT NE$S ANY AU?ORITATIVE 9T]PRET]4 ,IT ASSUMES ?AT ITS MEAN+ IS KN[N TO ! PEOPLE :O ORDA9$ & E/ABLI%$ IT1 JU/ AS ALL LEGAL 9/RUM5TS ASSUME ?AT !IR TRUE MEAN+ IS UND]/OOD BY ! P>TIES TO !M4 ,! PEOPLE1 AS P>TIES TO ! CON/ITUTION1 W\LD NOT BE B\ND BY IT1 UNLESS !Y W]E PRESUM$ TO UND]/& IT--= NO ONE IS B\ND BY A CONTRACT1 :I* HE IS NOT PRESUM$ TO UND]/&4  

,! CON/ITUTION AS MU* PRESUMES ?AT ! PEOPLE UND]/& ITS [N MEAN+1 AS IT DOES ?AT !Y UND]/& A JUDICIAL OP9ION4 ,IT PRESUMES ITSELF TO BE AS 9TELLIGIBLE AS ! OP9IONS ( C\RTS4 ,IT W\LD BE ABSURD = IT TO PRESUME ?AT C\RTS W\LD EXPRESS ITS 9T5TIONS MORE 9TELLIGIBLY ?AN IT HAS ITSELF EXPRESS$ !M--=1 9 ?AT CASE1 ! LANGUAGE ( ! C\RTS W\LD BE MORE AU?ORITATIVE ?AN ! LANGUAGE ( ! CON/ITUTION2 !Y W\LD CONSEQU5TLY MAKE ! CON/ITUTION :ATEV] !Y %\LD PLEASE TO MAKE IT2 & !Y W\LD ALSO MAKE !MSELVES :ATEV] !Y %\LD PLEASE TO BE4 ,BUT ! CON/ITUTION HAS NO SU* SUICIDAL *>ACT] AS ?AT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT PRESUMES ?AT ! PEOPLE >E COMPET5T TO UND]/& BO? ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION & ! MEAN+ ( ! C\RTS2 & CONSEQU5TLY ?AT !Y >E COMPET5T TO DET]M9E :E!R ! OP9IONS & DECISIONS ( ! C\RTS CORRESPOND ) ! CON/ITUTION1 & :E!R1 !RE=E1 !IR DECISIONS >E TO BE OBEY$ OR RESI/$4 

,:AT1 !N1 IT MAY BE ASK$1 IS ! USE ( ! JUDICI>Y1 IF IT BE NOT TO DECIDE D\BTS AS TO ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION8 ,! ANSW] IS1 ?AT IT IS !IR (FICE TO TRY C]TA9 0CASES10 0CONTROV]SIES10 & 0SUITS10 M5TION$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,!SE CASES >E PRESUM$ TO >ISE \T ( DISAGREEM5TS AS TO FACTS1 OR FROM ! DI%ONE/Y ( ONE OR ! O!R ( ! P>TIES1 & NOT FROM !IR IGNORANCE ( ! LAW1 7OR CON/ITUTION71--= EV]Y BODY IS PRESUM$ TO KN[ ! LAW1 AL?\< ALL DO NOT 9 FACT KN[ IT--NEI!R ! PEOPLE NOR ! C\RTS4 ,& ! JUDICI>Y >E TO TRY !SE 0CASES10 0CONTROV]SIES10 & 0SUITS10 --?AT IS1 !Y >E TO ASC]TA9 ! FACTS1 & DET]M9E ! RESULT+ RI<TS ( ! P>TIES--BY ! /&>D ( ! CON/ITUTION1 AS A KN[N /&>D2 A /&>D ?AT IS PRESUM$ TO BE KN[N TO BO? ! P>TIES1 AS WELL AS TO ! C\RTS4 

,! JUDICI>Y >E 9 A SITUATION ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( ANY O!R UMPIRE1 :O %\LD BE AGRE$ UPON1 = 9/ANCE1 BY ! P>TIES 9 A CONTROV]SY1 TO MEASURE A C]TA9 COMMODITY BY A C]TA9 /&>D--AS1 = EXAMPLE1 TO MEASURE C]TA9 CLO? BY A Y>D /ICK4 ,! SUBMISSION ( ?IS CONTROV]SY TO ! UMPIRE1 IMPLIES ?AT ! P>TIES1 AS WELL AS ! UMPIRE1 UND]/& ! L5G? ( ! Y>D /ICK--BUT ?AT !Y NEV]!LESS DISAGREE AS TO ! TRUE ADMEASUREM5T ( ! CLO?4 ,!Y !RE=E AGREE TO ABIDE ! DECISION ( ! UMPIRE4 

,9 ! P]=MANCE ( HIS (FICE1 IT BECOMES NECESS>Y = ?IS UMPIRE--= A GUIDE TO HIS [N DUTY1 & NOT = ! 9=MATION ( ! P>TIES OR ! PUBLIC1--TO ASC]TA9 :AT IS A Y>D /ICK4 ,& IF HE HONE/LY MEASURE ! CLO? BY A Y>D /ICK1 ! P>TIES >E B\ND BY HIS ADMEASUREM5T4 ,BUT IF ?IS UMPIRE1 EI!R FROM IGNORANCE OR DESIGN1 MEASURE ! CLO? BY A /ICK1 ?AT IS EI!R MORE OR LESS ?AN A Y>D1 CALL+ SU* /ICK A Y>D /ICK1 ! ADMEASUREM5T IS NOT B9D+ UPON ! P>TIES--BECAUSE ! SUBMISSION ( ! CASE TO ! UMPIRE WAS MADE UPON ! EXPRESS CONDITION ?AT ! ADMEASUREM5T %\LD BE MADE BY A Y>D /ICK4 ,& ! P>TY1 :O HAS BE5 WRONG$ BY ! FALSE ADMEASUREM5T1 HAS A RI<T TO RESI/ ! EXECUTION ( ! UMPIRE'S DECREE4 

,! CASE IS ! SAME ) ! JUDICI>Y4 ,!Y >E UMPIRES1 APPO9T$ TO MEASURE ! RI<TS ( P>TIES1 BY A C]TA9 /&>D1 TO WIT1 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,?IS /&>DIS PRESUM$ TO BE KN[N TO ! P>TIES1 AS WELL AS TO ! UMPIRES1 7= ALL >E PRESUM$ TO KN[ ! LAW71 AL?\< IT MAY 9 FACT BE KN[N TO NONE ( !M4 ,! UMPIRES--9 ORD] TO P]=M !IR [N DUTY1 & NOT = ! 9=MATION ( ! P>TIES OR ! PUBLIC1--MU/ NECESS>ILY ASC]TA91 IF !Y CAN1 :AT ! CON/ITUTION REALLY IS4 ,BUT IF1 ?R\< IGNORANCE OR DESIGN1 !Y PUT A FALSE MEAN+ UPON ! CON/ITUTION--?US ADOPT+ A FALSE /&>D--& !N MEASURE ! RI<TS ( ! P>TIES BY ?IS FALSE /&>D1 ! P>TIES >E NOT B\ND BY !IR DECISION1 BECAUSE ! SUBMISSION WAS MADE TO !M ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT !IR RI<TS %\LD BE MEASUR$ BY ?AT P>TICUL> /&>D1 ! CON/ITUTION--& NOT BY ANY FALSE /&>D :I* ! UMPIRES1 ?R\< IGNORANCE OR DESIGN1 MI<T ADOPT4 ,& ! P>TY1 :O IS WRONG$ BY ! DECISION1 HAS A RI<T TO RESI/ ! EXECUTION ( IT1 TO ! BE/ ( HIS P[]4 ,& IF TRI$ CRIM9ALLY = SU* RESI/ANCE1 HIS TRI]S 7! JURY7 MU/ JUDGE :E!R ! DECISION ( ! UMPIRES WAS ACCORD+ TO ! /&>D AGRE$ UPON BY ! P>TIES--?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! CON/ITUTION4 

,BUT IT IS ?OR\<LY RIDICUL\S TO TALK ( !SE UMPIRES HAV+ FIX$ OR E/ABLI%$ ! /&>D ITSELF--?AT IS1 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION--M]ELY BECAUSE1 9 A P>TICUL> 9/ANCE1 !Y MEASUR$ ! RI<TS ( C]TA9 P>TIES BY ! CON/ITUTION4 ,!RE W\LD BE AS MU* REASON 9 SAY+ ?AT ! UMPIRE1 :O MEASUR$ ! CLO? BY A Y>D /ICK1 E/ABLI%$ ! L5G? ( ! Y>D /ICK BY SO DO+1 AS TO SAY ?AT ! JUDICI>Y E/ABLI% ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 :5EV] !Y PRET5D TO MEASURE RI<TS BY ! CON/ITUTION4 ,ANY ?+ !Y SAID OR DID 9 ONE 9/ANCE1 BETWE5 C]TA9 P>TIES1 HAS NO B9D+ =CE1 ( ITSELF1 9 ANY SUBSEQU5T CASE BETWE5 ! SAME1 OR ANY O!R1 P>TIES4 ,! /&>D1 ALONE1 OR A TRUE ADMEASUREM5T BY ! /&>D ALONE1 IS B9D+ 9 ALL CASES4 ,IF ! FIR/ ADMEASUREM5T W]E CORRECT1 ?AT ADMEASUREM5T E/ABLI%$ SIMPLY ! RI<TS MEASUR$ BY IT4 ,IT DID NO?+ T[>DS FIX+ ! /&>D ITSELF1 BY :I* ! RI<TS W]E MEASUR$4 ,& ANY SUBSEQU5T CORRECT ADMEASUREM5T WILL1 9 LIKE MANN]1 E/ABLI% ! RI<TS MEASUR$ BY IT2 BUT WILL DO NO?+ T[>DS FIX+ ! /&>D ITSELF4 ,! /&>D ITSELF NE$S NOT TO BE FIX$1 = IT WAS FIX$ BE=E ANY RI<TS AT ALL HAD BE5 MEASUR$ BY IT4 ,BUT TO SAY BECAUSE ONE ADMEASUREM5T HAS BE5 MADE ?US1 !RE=E ALL FUTURE ADMEASUREM5TS MU/ BE MADE ?US1 IS RIDICUL\S4 ,! ADMEASUREM5TS >E ALL B\ND TO BE MADE CORRECTLY1 ACCORD+ TO ! /&>D4 ,BUT IF ONE HAVE BE5 MADE WRONG1 ?AT IS NO REASON :Y ALL FUTURE ADMEASUREM5TS MU/ BE MADE WRONG1 NOR :Y ! PEOPLE >E B\ND TO PRESUME ?AT ALL FUTURE ADMEASUREM5TS WILL BE MADE WRONG4 ,:E!R ANY ADMEASUREM5T BE MADE WRONG1 OR NOT1 EA* ONE MU/ JUDGE = HIMSELF1 & RESI/ ! DECISION ( ! UMPIRES AT ! P]IL ( BE+ TRI$ = SU* RESI/ANCE BY A JURY4  
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I4 

  
,LIABILITY ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,(FIC]S TO BE PUNI%$1 UND] ! ,/ATE ,LAWS1 = EXECUT+ ! ACTS ( #agic & #a#h#e4 

  

,IF ! LAWS ( #agic & #ahe >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 !Y >E NO LAWS1 9 ! VIEW ( ! CON/ITUTION2 CONSEQU5TLY !Y CONF] NO AU?ORITY ON ANY ONE2 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES JUDGES1 COMMISSION]S1 M>%ALS1 @&C41 :O MAY ASSI/ 9 S5D+ M5 9TO SLAV]Y1 9 P]=MANCE ( !M1 >E LIABLE TO BE PUNI%$1 UND] ! ,/ATE LAWS1 AS KIDNAPP]S1 ! SAME AS !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 IF ,CONGRESS HAD PASS$ NO ACT ON ! SUBJECT4  

,! CON/ITUTION CONTEMPLATES ?AT ALL (FIC]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXCEPT ,S5ATORS & ,REPRES5TATIVES1 MAY BE PUNI%$ = ANY CRIMES DONE UND] COLOR ( !IR (FICE2 = IT DECL>ES1 ?AT1 9 ADDITION TO IMPEA*M5T1 !Y 0%ALL BE LIABLE1 & SUBJECT TO1 9DICTM5T1 TRIAL1 JUDGM5T1 & PUNI%M5T ACCORD+ TO LAW40 7,>T4 #a1 ,SEC4 #c1 ,*4 #g74 

,IF ANY ONE ( !SE (FIC]S W]E TO COMMIT MURD]1 RAPE1 >SON1 !FT1 OR ANY O!R CRIME1 EI!R UND] COLOR ( HIS (FICE1 OR O!RWISE1 HIS (FICE IS NO PROTECTION TO HIM AGA9/ ! LAWS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& IT IS ! SAME 9 ! CASE ( KIDNAPP+1 AS IT W\LD BE 9 ! CASE ( ANY O!R CRIME4 

,! ONLY QUE/ION1 ?AT CAN BE RAIS$ 9 !IR DEF5SE1 IS1 :E!R !Y >E B\ND TO KN[ ?AT AN ACT1 ?AT HAS PASS$ ?R\< ! REGUL> =MS ( BE+ 5ACT$1 IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL8 

,?IS QUE/ION IS ANSW]$ BY ! SIMPLE PR9CIPLE1 ?AT EV]Y BODY IS B\ND TO KN[ ! LAW4 ,IF ?AT OBLIGATION BE IMP]ATIVE UPON ANY ONE1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE UPON ?OSE :O ADM9I/] ! LAW4 ,! CON/ITUTION IS ! FUNDAM5TAL1 ! P>AM\NT LAW1 & ALL (FIC]S ( ! GOV]NM5T >E SWORN TO SUPPORT IT4 ,( C\RSE !Y >E PRESUM$ TO KN[ IT1 & B\ND TO KN[ IT1 ELSE !IR OA?S TO SUPPORT IT W\LD BE BUT NONS5SE4  

,IF !Y >E B\ND TO KN[ ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 !Y >E ( C\RSE B\ND TO KN[ :E!R AN ACT1 ?AT HAS PASS$ ,CONGRESS1 BE 9 CON=MITY ) IT1--ELSE 9 EXECUT+ ! ACT !Y W\LD BE LIABLE TO COMMIT A BREA* ( !IR OA?S TO SUPPORT ! CON/ITUTION4 

,!Y >E ALSO SWORN TO ADM9I/] & EXECUTE ! LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,UNLESS !Y W]E PRESUM$ TO KN[1 & B\ND TO KN[1 :AT >E1 & :AT >E NOT1 LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1 ?IS OA? ALSO IS AN ABSURD ONE4 

,IF ! JUDGES OR EXECUTIVE (FIC]S W]E B\ND TO CONSID] EV]Y ACT1 ?AT MAY PASS ,CONGRESS1 A CON/ITUTIONAL ONE--?AT IS1 A LAW1 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION1--!IR OA? TO SUPPORT ! CON/ITUTION1 & !IR OA? TO SUPPORT ! LAWS1 W\LD COME 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R1 :5EV] AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL ACT WAS PASS$4 

,9DE$ WE ALL KN[ ?AT ! JUDICI>Y >E NOT B\ND TO CONSID] AN ACT ( CONGRESS CON/ITUTIONAL2 & IF ! JUDICI>Y >E NOT1 NO O!R BRAN* ( ! GOV]NM5T IS1 = EA* DEP>TM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T JUDGES ( ! CON/ITUTION = ITSELF1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! O!RS1--ELSE NO ONE BRAN* W\LD BE ANY RE/RA9T UPON ! O!RS1 & ! :OLE OBJECT ( HAV+ ! GOV]NM5T DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T DEP>TM5TS1 TO ACT AS *ECKS UPON EA* O!R1 W\LD BE LO/4 ,EV]Y LAW1 !RE=E1 MU/ PASS ! ORDEAL ( ALL BRAN*ES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 7IF BR\<T BE=E !M71 BE=E IT CAN BE EXECUT$4  

,! CON/ITUTION 7,>T4 #a1 ,SEC4 #f71 PROTECTS ?OSE :O MAKE AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1--?AT IS1 0! ,S5ATORS & ,REPRES5TATIVES10 --FROM ANY LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! ACT1 BY PROVID+ ?AT 0= ANY SPEE* OR DEBATE 9 EI!R H\SE1 !Y %ALL NOT BE QUE/ION$ 9 ANY O!R PLACE40 ,UNLESS1 !RE=E1 ?OSE :O EXECUTE AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 CAN BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = !IR ACTS1 !RE IS NO CRIME1 H[EV] CONTR>Y TO ! CON/ITUTION1 :I* CONGRESS MAY NOT AU?ORIZE TO BE COMMITT$ ) IMPUNITY2 & ALL IDEAS ( !RE BE+ ANY LEGAL & PRACTICAL RE/RA9TS UPON ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 %ORT ( A RESORT TO =CE1 >E FALLACI\S4 

,= ALL ACTS1 !RE=E1 ?AT >E CRIM9AL 9 !MSELVES1 ! (FIC]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E LIABLE TO BE TRI$ UND] ! ,/ATE LAWS1 & PUNI%$1 UNLESS !Y %[ ?AT ! ACTS W]E DONE 9 PURSUANCE ( SOME CON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& NO PRESUMPTION 9 FAVOR ( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! LAW CAN BE ALL[$1 IF ! ACTS DONE >E CRIM9AL 9 !MSELVES2 = ! PRESUMPTION MU/ ALWAYS BE ?AT ! CON/ITUTION AU?ORIZES NO?+ CRIM9AL 9 ITSELF4 

,9 ! TRIAL ( A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES (FIC] = A CRIME COMMITT$ UND] COLOR ( AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ,CONGRESS1 ! QUE/ION :E!R ! LAW W]E CON/ITUTIONAL1 W\LD BE A QUE/ION TO BE JUDG$ (1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 BY A JURY4 ,IF !Y HELD ! LAW UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 & CONVICT$ ! DEF5DANT1 HE W\LD HAVE A RI<T ( APPEAL TO ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BUT CORRUPT AS ?AT C\RT IS1 !Y W\LD R>ELY D>E1 AGA9/ ! G5]AL VOICE ( ! JURIES ( ! C\NTRY1 TO HOLD A LAW CON/ITUTIONAL1 ?AT LIC5S$ CRIMES AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4  

,9 SAY+ ?AT ! (FIC]S ( ! GOV]NM5T >E B\ND TO KN[ ! LAW1 7& CONSEQU5TLY TO KN[ :E!R AN ACT ( CONGRESS BE CON/ITUTIONAL71 ,I AM ONLY LAY+ D[N ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( CRIM9AL LAW--A PR9CIPLE1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T USUALLY 5=CES )\T M]CY1 AGA9/ PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 & :I* IS C]TA9LY AS S\ND :5 APPLI$ TO AN (FIC] ( ! GOV]NM5T1 AS :5 APPLI$ TO PRIVATE P]SONS4 

,BUT 9 TRU? ! MAXIM1 ?AT IGNORANCE ( ! LAW EXCUSES NO ONE1 IS A V]Y ABSURD & UNJU/ ONE1 IF APPLI$ )\T ANY LIMITATION1 9ASMU* AS IT W\LD NULLIFY ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE ( CRIM9AL LAW1 ?AT !RE CAN BE NO CRIME )\T A CRIM9AL 9T5T4 ,! RULE IS ALSO ONE1 :I* JUDGES !MSELVES C\LD NOT LIVE UND]1 = !Y >E EV]Y DAY COMMITT+ ]RORS1 :I* W\LD BE CRIMES1 IF IGNORANCE W]E NOT A LEGAL EXCUSE4 

,BUT ! RULE IS A S\ND ONE1 SO F> AS IT IS NECESS>Y TO COMPEL ALL M51 (FIC]S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 AS WELL AS PRIVATE P]SONS1 TO USE ALL REASONABLE & PROP] DILIG5CE TO ASC]TA9 ! LAW4 ,& :]E A LAW REQUIRES ANY ?+1 ?AT IS CRIM9AL 9 ITSELF1 AN (FIC] IS B\ND TO ACT ) F> GREAT] CAUTION1 & TO USE F> GREAT] DILIG5CE1 TO ASC]TA9 :E!R IT BE CON/ITUTIONAL1 ?AN HE IS :]E ! ACT REQUIR$ TO BE DONE IS RI<T 9 ITSELF--BECAUSE ! PRESUMPTION ( LAW IS ALWAYS 9 FAVOR ( JU/ICE4 ,NO?+1 !RE=E1 BUT 5TIRELY CLE> & CONCLUSIVE PRO( ( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( A LAW1 \<T TO JU/IFY AN (FIC] 9 EXECUT+ IT1 IF IT REQUIRE HIM TO DO ANY ?+ ?AT IS 9TR9SICALLY CRIM9AL4 

,?IS LIABILITY ( ! (FIC]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 TO ! CRIM9AL LAWS ( ! /ATES1 IS NO H>D%IP UPON !M--= IT APPLIES ONLY 9 CASES :]E ! ACTS DONE BY !M >E MALA 9 SE1 CRIM9AL 9 !MSELVES4 ,& !Y1 LIKE O!R M51 CAN BE CONVICT$ ONLY :]E ! JURY F9D ?AT !Y EI!R KNEW ?AT ! ACTS DONE BY !M W]E 9TR9SICALLY CRIM9AL1 OR W]E CULPABLY IGNORANT ( !IR *>ACT] 9 ?AT RESPECT4 ,N[1 IT W\LD REALLY BE NO H>D%IP ?AT A MAN %\LD BE PUNI%$ = AN ACT1 ?AT HE KNEW TO BE TO BE 9TR9SICALLY CRIM9AL1 EV5 ?\< IT W]E AU?ORIZ$ BY ALL ! GOV]NM5TS 9 ! WORLD2 BECAUSE GOV]NM5TS HAVE NO RI<TFUL P[] TO AU?ORIZE SU* ACTS1 & !IR AU?ORITY IS1 MORALLY SPEAK+1 NO JU/IFICATION TO ! AG5T4 ,AN (FIC] ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :O P]=MS AN ACT CRIM9AL 9 ITSELF1 DOES IT VOLUNT>ILY = HIRE1 7= HE IS AT LIB]TY TO RESIGN HIS (FICE72 & HE HAS NO MORE MORAL EXCUSE = ! ACT ?AN ANY O!R MAN HAS1 :O P]PETRATES A CRIME = PAY4 ,IT IS !RE=E A SPECIAL GRACE1 & BAD 5\< 9 PR9CIPLE1 TO ALL[ (FIC]S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 9 ANY CASE1 TO SET UP A LAW ( ! GOV]NM5T1 AS AN EXCUSE = A KN[N CRIME4 ,IF ?IS GRACE BE EXT5D$ SO AS TO ALL[ AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 7:I* IS REALLY NO LAW AT ALL71 TO BE US$ AS A JU/IFICATION = CRIMES1 WE 9 REALITY LIC5SE ! GOV]NM5T TO P]PETRATE ALL CRIMES AT PLEASURE4  

,! QUE/ION N[ >ISES1 :E!R !SE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS >E SO PLA9LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 AS TO AF=D NO LEGAL EXCUSE = ?OSE :O EXECUTE !M8 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !RE W\LD SEEM TO BE NO D\BT1 SO F> AS ! COMMISSION]S >E CONC]N$4 ,! ACTS REQUIR$ ( !M >E JUDICIAL ACTS2 YET !Y PLA9LY >E NOT JUDICIAL (FIC]S1 )9 ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,& 9ASMU* AS ! ACT ( DELIV]+ A MAN 9TO BONDAGE IS 9TR9SICALLY A CRIME1 !Y >E 9EXCUSABLE = ASSUM+ JUDICIAL P[]S = ! PURPOSE ( EXECUT+ IT4 

,! OBJECTION :I* LIES AGA9/ ! COMMISSION]S1 ON ACC\NT ( ! T5URE ( !IR (FICES1 & !IR WANT ( FIX$ SAL>IES1 DOES NOT APPLY TO JUDGES ( ! E/ABLI%$ C\RTS4 ,BUT ALL ! O!R GR\NDS ( UNCON/ITUTIONALITY >E AS /RONG 9 ! CASE ( ! JUDGES AS 9 ! CASE ( ! COMMISSION]S4 ,& ! QUE/ION IS1 :E!R AN ACT ( ,CONGRESS1 REQUIR+ ?AT A MAN--F\ND 9 A FREE /ATE1 & PRIMA FACIE A FREE MAN & CITIZ5 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--BE DELIV]$ 9TO SLAV]Y2 )\T A TRIAL BY JURY2 ON EX P>TE EVID5CE2 & A P>T ( ?AT EX P>TE EVID5CE TAK5 9 ANO!R /ATE1 BY A /ATE 0C\RT1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION10 & MADE B9D+ UPON ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES C\RT ?AT DELIV]S HIM UP2 D5Y+ HIM ! RI<T TO GIVE HIS [N TE/IMONY2 & DEPRIV+ HIM1 BY 0A SUMM>Y MANN]0 ( PROCE$+1 ( ALL OPPORTUNITY ( PROCUR+ O!R TE/IMONY 9 HIS FAVOR2 BE SO PLA9LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 ?AT A JURY W\LD BE B\ND TO HOLD A JUDGE GUILTY ( A CRIM9AL 9T5T 9 EXECUT+ IT8  

,?AT ! ACT ( DELIV]+ A MAN 9TO SLAV]Y IS 9TR9SICALLY A CRIME ( A HI< GRADE NO ONE CAN D5Y4 ,! PRESUMPTION ( LAW !RE=E1 IS1 ?AT ! CON/ITUTION GIVES NO AU?ORITY = IT4 ,! BURD5 IS !RE=E UPON ! JUDGE TO %[ ?AT ! ACTS ( ,CONGRESS >E SO CLE>LY CON/ITUTIONAL1 AS TO OV]COME ?IS PRESUMPTION1 & JU/IFY ! ACT4 ,IF HE CAN %[ ?IS1 HE IS 5TITL$ TO ! B5EFIT ( IT2 O!RWISE NOT4 

,TO ILLU/RATE ! PR9CIPLES H]E MA9TA9$1 LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ,CONGRESS PASS AN ACT = ! TRIAL & PUNI%M5T ( TRAITORS2 PROVID+ ?AT A P]SON ACCUS$ ( TREASON1 MAY BE TRI$ & CONVICT$ :OLLY ON EX P>TE EVID5CE2 ?AT EX P>TE EVID5CE1 TAK5 9 ANO!R /ATE ?AN ! ONE 9 :I* HE IS TRI$1 & BE=E 0ANY 7/ATE7 C\RT ( RECORD1 OR JUDGE !RE( 9 VACATION10 0%ALL BE HELD & TAK5 7BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES C\RT7 TO BE FULL & CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ( ! TREASON10 LEAV+ NO?+ BUT ! ID5TITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO BE PROV$ ON ! TRIAL2 5ACT+ ALSO ?AT HE %ALL BE TRI$ 0=?)10 AFT] BE+ >RE/$1 & 09 A SUMM>Y MANN]10 ?AT WILL ALL[ HIM NO OPPORTUNITY TO PROCURE EVID5CE 9 HIS DEF5SE2 ?AT HE %ALL NOT HAVE A TRIAL BY JURY1 AS ! CON/ITUTION REQUIRES ?AT HE %ALL HAVE2 BUT ?AT HE %ALL BE TRI$ BY A S+LE JUDGE2 7& ?AT JUDGE1 IT MAY BE1 NOT ONE HAV+ A FIX$ SAL>Y1 & !RE=E FREE FROM ANY PECUNI>Y 9T]E/ 9 HIS CONVICTION1 BUT ONE DEP5D+ SOLELY UPON FEES = HIS PAY1 & :O IS TO RECEIVE T5 DOLL>S IF HE CONVICT ! ACCUS$1 & S5T5CE HIM TO DEA?1 & BUT FIVE DOLL>S IF HE ACQUIT HIM72 5ACT+ FUR!R ?AT1 9 CASE ( CONVICTION1 NO APPEAL %ALL BE ALL[$ TO A HI<] C\RT ON ANY QUE/ION ( EI!R LAW OR FACT2 ?AT NO WRIT ( HABEAS CORPUS %ALL BE ISSU$ 9 HIS BEHALF2 BUT ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! JUDGE1 ?AT CONVICT$ HIM1 %ALL AT ONCE ISSUE HIS W>RANT TO ! M>%AL1 REQUIR+ HIM1 UND] P5ALTY ( A ?\S& DOLL>S1 TO HANG ! MAN IMM$IATELY BE=E HE CAN BE RESCU$ BY ! PEOPLE2 SUPPOSE ALL ?IS1 & DOES ANY ONE D\BT ?AT ! JUDGE1 M>%AL1 & EV]Y BODY ELSE :O %\LD ASSI/ 9 EXECUT+ ! LAW1 W\LD BE B\ND TO KN[ ?AT SU* A LAW WAS UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 & W\LD !RE=E BE GUILTY ( MURD] 9 EXECUT+ IT8 & LIABLE TO BE PUNI%$ AS MURD]]S UND] ! LAWS ( ! /ATE1 9 :I* ! TRANSACTION OCCURR$8 ,YET :AT DIFF]5CE IS !RE1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 ?AT CASE1 & A CASE ( KIDNAPP+ UND] ! /ATUTES WE HAVE BE5 DISCUSS+8 ,IF !RE BE ANY DIFF]5CE1 SUFFICI5T TO CON/ITUTE A VALID EXCUSE1 ! GOV]NM5T (FIC]S MU/ GO ACQUITT$ ( !IR CRIME2 O!RWISE !Y MU/ BE CONVICT$4 

,! SAME PR9CIPLES ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ! CRIM9AL LAWS ( A /ATE1 ?AT APPLY TO JUDGES1 COMMISSION]S1 & M>%ALS1 APPLY ALSO TO ! MILITIA1 :O TURN \T1 AT ! COMM& ( ! PRESID5T1 TO ASSI/ 9 5=C+ AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW4 ,IF ! MILITIA >E B\ND TO KN[ NO?+ ( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( A LAW ( ,CONGRESS1 OR TO KN[ NO LAW BUT ! ORD]S ( A SUP]IOR (FIC]1 WE LIVE UND] A MILIT>Y DESPOTISM4 

,9 ADDITION TO !SE LIABILITIES TO ! CRIM9AL LAW1 ! (FIC]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E LIABLE TO CIVIL SUITS = DAMAGES1 IF !Y EXECUTE AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ,CONGRESS TO ! 9JURY ( PRIVATE P]SONS4 ,& JUDGM5TS RECOV]$ 9 ! /ATE C\RTS C\LD BE 9VALIDAT$1 IF AT ALL1 ONLY ON AN APPEAL TO ! SUPREME C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4  

,F9ALLY4 ,IF !SE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 ! DELIV]Y ( P]SONS 9TO SLAV]Y UND] COLOR ( !M1 IS A CRIME2 & ! /ATE MAGI/RATES1 ON APPLICATION TO !M1 >E B\ND TO PLACE ! (FIC]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES UND] BONDS TO KEEP ! PEACE 9 ?IS P>TICUL>4 ,IF ?OSE (FIC]S !N PROCE$1 CONTR>Y TO ! OBLIGATION ( !IR BONDS1 TO EXECUTE ! LAW1 !IR BONDS >E LIABLE TO BE 5=C$1 UNLESS 9VALIDAT$ ON AN APPEAL TO ! SUPREME C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,UNLESS !SE PR9CIPLES BE S\ND1 IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT ! /ATES HAVE NO P[] TO PROTECT !IR CITIZ5S AGA9/ ANY CRIMES1 :I* ,CONGRESS1 BY UNCON/ITUTIONAL 5ACTM5TS1 MAY PLEASE TO LIC5SE TO BE COMMITT$ AGA9/ !M4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,A,P,P,5,D,I,X4 

  
,A 

  
,NEI!R ! ,CON/ITUTION1 NOR EI!R ( ! ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( #agic OR #a#h#e1 REQUIRES ! SURR5D] ( ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES4 

  

,9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S1 IT HAS BE5 ADMITT$1 = ! SAKE ( ! >GUM5T1 ?AT ! CON/ITUTION1 & ! ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( #agic & #a#h#e1 REQUIRE ! DELIV]Y ( ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES4 ,BUT SU* REALLY IS NOT ! FACT4 ,NEI!R ! CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISION1 NOR EI!R ( SAID ACTS ( CONGRESS1 USES ! WORD SLAVE1 NOR SLAV]Y1 NOR ANY LANGUAGE ?AT CAN LEGALLY BE MADE TO APPLY TO SLAVES4 ,! ONLY 0P]SON0 REQUIR$ BY ! CON/ITUTION TO BE DELIV]$ UP1 IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION AS A 0P]SON HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR 9 ONE /ATE1 UND] ! LAWS !RE(40 ,?IS LANGUAGE IS NO LEGAL DESCRIPTION ( A SLAVE1 & CAN BE MADE TO APPLY TO A SLAVE ONLY BY A VIOLATION ( ALL ! MO/ IMP]ATIVE RULES ( 9T]PRETATION1 BY :I* ! MEAN+ ( ALL LEGAL 9/RUM5TS IS TO BE ASC]TA9$4 

,! WORD 0HELD0 IS A MAT]IAL WORD 9 ?IS DESCRIPTION4 ,ITS LEGAL MEAN+ IS SYNONYM\S ) ?AT ( ! WORDS 0B\ND10 & 0OBLIG$40 ,IT IS US$ 9 BONDS1 AS SYNONYM\S ) ?OSE WORDS1 & 9 NO O!R S5SE4 ,IT IS ALSO US$ 9 LAWS & O!R LEGAL 9/RUM5TS4 ,& ITS LEGAL MEAN+ IS TO DESCRIBE P]SONS HELD BY SOME LEGAL CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 DUTY1 OR AU?ORITY1 :I* ! LAW WILL 5=CE4 ,?US1 9 A BOND1 A MAN ACKN[L$GES HIMSELF 0HELD1 & FIRMLY B\ND & OBLIG$0 TO DO C]TA9 ?+S M5TION$ 9 ! BOND1--& ! LAW WILL COMPEL A FULFILLM5T ( ! OBLIGATION4 ,! LAWS 0HOLD0 M5 TO DO V>I\S ?+S2 & BY HOLD+ !M TO DO ?OSE ?+S1 IS MEANT ?AT ! LAWS WILL COMPEL !M TO DO !M4 ,:]EV] A P]SON IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! LAWS AS BE+ 0HELD0 TO DO ANY ?+1--AS TO R5D] 0S]VICE OR LABOR10 = EXAMPLE1--! LEGAL MEAN+ 9V>IABLY IS ?AT HE IS HELD BY SOME LEGAL CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 DUTY1 OR AU?ORITY1 :I* ! LAWS WILL 5=CE1--7EI!R SPECIFICALLY1 OR BY COMPELL+ PAYM5T ( DAMAGES = NONP]=MANCE74 ,I PRESUME NO S+LE 9/ANCE CAN BE F\ND1 9 ANY ( ! LAWS ( ?IS C\NTRY1 S9CE ITS FIR/ SETTLEM5T1 9 :I* ! WORD 0HELD0 IS US$ 9 ANY O!R ?AN ?IS LEGAL S5SE1 :5 US$ TO DESCRIBE A P]SON :O IS 0HELD0 TO DO ANY ?+1 0UND] ! LAWS40 ,& SU* IS ITS MEAN+1 & ITS ONLY MEAN+1 9 ?IS CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,IF !RE C\LD BE A D\BT ON ?IS PO9T1 ?AT D\BT W\LD BE REMOV$ BY ! ADDITIONAL WORDS1 0UND] ! LAWS10 & ! WORD 0DUE0 AS APPLI$ TO ! 0S]VICE OR LABOR10 TO :I* ! P]SON IS 0HELD40  

,N[ A SLAVE IS NOT 0HELD0 BY ANY LEGAL CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 DUTY1 OR AU?ORITY1 :I* ! LAWS WILL 5=CE4 ,HE IS 0HELD0 ONLY BY BRUTE =CE4 ,ONE P]SON BEATS ANO!R UNTIL ! LATT] WILL OBEY HIM1 WORK = HIM1 IF HE REQUIRE IT1 OR DO NO?+ IF HE REQUIRE IT4 ,?IS IS SLAV]Y1 & ! :OLE ( IT4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY MANN] 9 :I* A SLAVE IS 0HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR40 

,! LAWS RECOGNIZE NO OBLIGATION ON ! P>T ( ! SLAVE TO LABOR = OR S]VE HIS MA/]4 ,IF HE REFUSE TO LABOR1 ! LAW WILL NOT 9T]F]E TO COMPEL HIM4 ,! MA/] MU/ DO HIS [N FLOGG+1 AS 9 ! CASE ( AN OX OR A HORSE4 ,! LAWS TAKE NO MORE COGNIZANCE ( ! FACT :E!R A SLAVE LABORS OR NOT1 ?AN IT DOES ( ! FACT :E!R AN OX OR A HORSE LABORS4 

,A SLAVE !N IS NO MORE 0HELD0 TO LABOR1 9 ANY LEGAL S5SE1 ?AN A MAN W\LD BE 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 :OM ANO!R P]SON %\LD SEIZE & BEAT UNTIL HE R$UC$ HIM TO SUBJECTION & OB$I5CE4 ,IF SU* A MAN %\LD ESCAPE FROM HIS OPPRESSOR1 & TAKE REFUGE 9 ,C>OL9A1 HE C\LD NOT BE CLAIM$ UND] ?IS CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 BECAUSE HE W\LD NOT BE 0HELD0 9 ANY LEGAL S5SE1 7?AT IS1 BY ANY LEGAL CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 DUTY1 OR AU?ORITY71 BUT ONLY BY BRUTE =CE4 ,& ! SAME IS ! CASE 9 REG>D TO SLAVES4 ,S5ATOR ,MASON ( ,VIRG9IA1 9 ! EXTRACT BE=E GIV5 FROM HIS SPEE*1 VIRTUALLY ADMITS ?IS TO BE ! FACT4"9 

,IT IS AN E/ABLI%$ RULE ( LEGAL 9T]PRETATION1 ?AT A WORD US$ 9 LAWS1 TO DESCRIBE LEGAL RI<TS1 MU/ BE TAK5 9 A LEGAL S5SE4 ,?IS RULE IS AS IMP]ATIVE 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 AS ( ANY O!R LEGAL 9/RUM5T4 ,TO PROVE ?IS1 LET US TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,! CON/ITUTION 7,>T4 #a1 ,SEC4 #f71 PROVIDES ?AT 0= ANY SPEE* OR DEBATE 9 EI!R H\SE1 !Y 7! ,S5ATORS & ,REPRES5TATIVES7 %ALL NOT BE QUE/ION$ 9 ANY O!R PLACE40 ,N[ ?IS PROVISION IMPOSES NO RE/RICTION :ATEV] UPON ! ,S5ATORS & ,REPRES5TATIVES BE+ 0QUE/ION$ = ANY SPEE* OR DEBATE10 BY ANYBODY & EV]YBODY1 :O MAY PLEASE TO QUE/ION !M1 OR 9 ANY & EV]Y PLACE1--) ?IS S+LE EXCEPTION1 ?AT !Y MU/ NOT 0BE QUE/ION$0 LEGALLY1--?AT IS1 !Y MU/ NOT BE HELD TO ANY LEGAL ACC\NTABILITY4  

,IT W\LD BE NO MORE ABSURD TO CON/RUE ?IS PROVISION AB\T QUE/ION+ ,S5ATORS & ,REPRES5TATIVES1 SO AS TO MAKE IT =BID ! PEOPLE1 9 !IR PRIVATE CAPACITY1 TO ASK ANY QUE/IONS ( !IR ,S5ATORS & ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ON !IR RETURN FROM ,CONGRESS1 AS TO !IR DO+S !RE1 9/EAD ( MAK+ IT APPLY SIMPLY TO A LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY1 ?AN IT IS TO CON/RUE ! WORDS 0HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 AS APPLI$ TO A P]SON HELD SIMPLY BY BRUTE =CE1 7AS 9 ! CASE SUPPOS$ 9 ,MASSA*USETTS71 9/EAD ( P]SONS HELD BY SOME LEGAL CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 OR DUTY1 :I* ! LAW WILL 5=CE4 

,AS ! SLAVE1 !N1 IS 0HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 BY NO CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 OR DUTY1 :I* ! LAW WILL 5=CE1 BUT ONLY BY ! BRUTE =CE ( ! MA/]1 ! PROVISION ( ! CON/ITUTION 9 REG>D TO 0P]SONS HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR0 CAN HAVE NO MORE LEGAL APPLICATION TO HIM1 ?AN TO ! P]SON SUPPOS$ 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 :O %\LD AT ONE TIME BE BEAT5 9TO OB$I5CE1 & AFT]W>DS ESCAPE 9TO ,C>OL9A4 

,! WORD 0HELD0 BE+1 9 LAW1 SYNONYM\S ) ! WORD 0B\ND10 ! DESCRIPTION1 0P]SON HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 IS SYNONYM\S ) ! DESCRIPTION 9 ANO!R ,SECTION1 7,>T4 #a1 ,SEC4 #b71 TO WIT1 0?OSE B\ND TO S]VICE = A T]M ( YE>S40 ,! ADDITION1 9 ! ONE CASE1 ( ! WORDS 0= A T]M ( YE>S10 DOES NOT ALT] ! MEAN+1 = IT DOES NOT APPE> ?AT1 9 ! O!R CASE1 !Y >E 0HELD0 BEYOND A FIX$ T]M4  

,9 FACT1 EV]Y BODY1 C\RTS & PEOPLE1 ADMIT ?AT 0P]SONS B\ND TO S]VICE = A T]M ( YE>S10 AS APPR5TICES & O!R 9D5T$ S]VANTS1 >E TO BE DELIV]$ UP UND] ! PROVISION RELATIVE TO 0P]SONS HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR40 ,! WORD 0HELD10 !N1 IS REG>D$ AS SYNONYM\S ) 0B\ND10 :5EV] IT IS WI%$ TO DELIV] UP 0P]SONS B\ND TO S]VICE40 ,IF1 !N1 IT BE SYNONYM\S ) ! WORD 0B\ND10 IT APPLIES ONLY TO P]SONS :O >E 0B\ND10 9 A LEGAL S5SE1--?AT IS1 BY SOME LEGAL CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 OR DUTY1 :I* ! LAW WILL 5=CE4 ,! WORDS CANNOT BE /RET*$ BEYOND !IR NECESS>Y & PROP] LEGAL MEAN+2 BECAUSE ALL LEGAL PROVISIONS 9 D]OGATION ( LIB]TY MU/ BE CON/RU$ /RICTLY4 ,! SAME WORDS ?AT >E US$ TO DESCRIBE A 0P]SON HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 BY A LEGAL CONTRACT1 OR OBLIGATION1 C]TA9LY CANNOT BE LEGALLY CON/RU$ TO APPLY ALSO TO ONE :O IS 0HELD0 ONLY BY PRIVATE VIOL5CE1 & BRUTE =CE4  

,MR4 ,WEB/]1 9 HIS SPEE* ( ,M>* #g?1 #a#h#e1 ADMITS ?AT ! WORD 0HELD0 IS SYNONYM\S ) ! WORD 0B\ND10 & ?AT ! LANGUAGE ( ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF CONTA9S NO REQUIREM5T = ! SURR5D] ( FUGITIVE SLAVES4 ,HE SAYS-- 

0,IT MAY NOT BE IMPROP] H]E TO ALLUDE TO ?AT--,I HAD ALMO/ SAID CELEBRAT$--OP9ION ( ,MR4 ,MADISON4 ,Y\ OBS]VE SIR1 ?AT ! T]M SLAV]Y IS NOT US$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,! CON/ITUTION DOES NOT REQUIRE ?AT FUGITIVE SLAVES %ALL BE DELIV]$ UP2 IT REQUIRES ?AT P]SONS B\ND TO S]VICE 9 ONE /ATE1 & ESCAP+ 9TO ANO!R1 %ALL BE DELIV]$ UP4 ,MR4 ,MADISON OPPOS$ ! 9TRODUCTION1 ( ! T]M SLAVE OR SLAV]Y 9TO ! CON/ITUTION2 = HE SAID HE DID NOT WI% TO SEE IT RECOGNIZ$ BY ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA ?AT !RE C\LD BE PROP]TY 9 M540 

,HAD ! CON/ITUTION REQUIR$ ONLY ?AT 0P]SONS B\ND TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 %\LD BE DELIV]$ UP1 IT IS EVID5T ?AT NO ONE W\LD CLAIM ?AT ! PROVISION APPLI$ TO SLAVES4 ,YET IT IS P]FECTLY EVID5T ALSO ?AT ! WORD 0HELD0 IS SIMPLY SYNONYM\S ) ! WORD 0B\ND40 

,ONE CAN H>DLY FAIL TO BE A/ONI%$ AT ! IGNORANCE1 FATUITY1 C[>DICE1 OR CORRUPTION1 ?AT HAS EV] 9DUC$ ! NOR? TO ACKN[L$GE1 = AN 9/ANT1 ANY CON/ITUTIONAL OBLIGATION TO SURR5D] FUGITIVE SLAVES4 

,! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ! ,PRIGG CASE1 7! FIR/ CASE 9 :I* ?IS CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION EV] CAME UND] ! ADJUDICATION ( ?AT C\RT71 MADE NO PRET5SE ?AT ! LANGUAGE ITSELF ( ! CON/ITUTION AF=D$ ANY JU/IFICATION = A CLAIM TO A FUGITIVE SLAVE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y MADE ! AUDACI\S & ATROCI\S AV[AL1 ?AT = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( MAK+ ! CLAUSE APPLY TO SLAVES1 !Y W\LD DISREG>D1--AS !Y ACKN[L$G$ !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO DISREG>D1--ALL ! PRIM>Y1 E/ABLI%$1 & IMP]ATIVE RULES ( LEGAL 9T]PRETATION1 & BE GOV]N$ SOLELY BY ! HI/ORY ( M5'S 9T5TIONS1 \TSIDE ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,?US !Y SAY3  

0,BE=E1 H[EV]1 WE PROCE$ TO ! PO9TS MORE IMM$IATELY BE=E US1 IT MAY BE WELL1--9 ORD] TO CLE> ! CASE ( DIFFICULTY1--TO SAY1 ?AT 9 ! EXPOSITION ( ?IS P>T ( ! CON/ITUTION1 WE %ALL LIMIT \RSELVES TO ?OSE CONSID]ATIONS :I* APPROPRIATELY & EXCLUSIVELY BELONG TO IT1 )\T LAY+ D[N ANY RULES ( 9T]PRETATION ( A MORE G5]AL NATURE4 ,IT WILL1 9DE$1 PROBABLY1 BE F\ND1 :5 WE LOOK TO ! *>ACT] ( ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 ! OBJECTS :I* IT SEEKS TO ATTA91 ! P[]S :I* IT CONF]S1 ! DUTIES :I* IT 5JO9S1 & ! RI<TS :I* IT SECURES1 AS WELL AS ! KN[N HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT MANY ( ITS PROVISIONS W]E MATT]S ( COMPROMISE ( OPPOS+ 9T]E/S & OP9IONS2 ?AT NO UNI=M RULE ( 9T]PRETATION CAN BE APPLI$ TO IT1 :I* MAY NOT ALL[1 EV5 IF IT DOES NOT POSITIVELY DEM&1 MANY MODIFICATIONS 9 ITS ACTUAL APPLICATION TO P>TICUL> CLAUSES4 ,&1 P]HAPS1 ! SAFE/ RULE ( 9T]PRETATION AFT] ALL WILL BE F\ND TO BE TO LOOK TO ! NATURE & OBJECTS ( ! P>TICUL> P[]S1 DUTIES1 & RI<TS1 ) ALL ! LI<TS & AIDS ( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY2 & TO GIVE TO ! WORDS ( EA* JU/ SU* OP]ATION & =CE1 CONSI/5T ) !IR LEGITIMATE MEAN+1 AS MAY FAIRLY SECURE & ATTA9 ! 5DS PROPOS$4 "9 "9 "9 "9 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IT IS WELL KN[N1 ?AT ! OBJECT ( ?IS CLAUSE WAS TO SECURE TO ! CITIZ5S ( ! SLAVEHOLD+ /ATES ! COMPLETE RI<T & TITLE ( [N]%IP 9 !IR SLAVES1 AS PROP]TY1 9 EV]Y /ATE 9 ! ,UNION 9TO :I* !Y MI<T ESCAPE FROM ! /ATE :]E !Y W]E HELD 9 S]VITUDE40 

#af ,PET]S1 #f#a-#a#a4  

,?US IT WILL BE SE51 ?AT ON ! /R5G? ( HI/ORY ALONE1 !Y ASSUME ?AT 0MANY ( ! PROVISIONS ( ! CON/ITUTION W]E MATT]S ( COMPROMISE10 7?AT IS1 9 REG>D TO SLAV]Y72 BUT !Y ADMIT ?AT ! WORDS ( ?OSE PROVISIONS CANNOT BE MADE TO EXPRESS ANY SU* COMPROMISE1 IF !Y >E 9T]PRET$ ACCORD+ TO ANY 0UNI=M RULE ( 9T]PRETATION10 OR 0ANY RULES ( 9T]PRETATION ( A MORE G5]AL NATURE10 ?AN ! M]E HI/ORY ( ?OSE P>TICUL> CLAUSES4 ,H5CE1 09 ORD] TO CLE> ! CASE ( 7?AT7 DIFFICULTY10 !Y CONCLUDE ?AT 0P]HAPS ! SAFE/ RULE ( 9T]PRETATION AFT] ALL WILL BE F\ND TO BE TO LOOK TO ! NATURE & OBJECTS ( ! P>TICUL> P[]S1 DUTIES1 & RI<TS1 ) ALL ! LI<TS & AIDS ( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY2 & TO GIVE TO ! WORDS ( EA* JU/ SU* OP]ATION & =CE1 CONSI/5T ) !IR LEGITIMATE MEAN+1 AS MAY FAIRLY SECURE & ATTA9 ! 5DS PROPOS$40  

,! WORDS 0CONSI/5T ) !IR LEGITIMATE MEAN+10 CONTA9 A DELIB]ATE FALSEHOOD1 ?R[N 9 BY ! C\RT FROM NO O!R MOTIVE ?AN ! HOPE TO HIDE1 9 SOME MEASURE1 ! FRAUD !Y W]E P]PETRAT+4 ,IF IT HAD BE5 0CONSI/5T ) ! LEGITIMATE MEAN+ ( ! WORDS0 ( ! CLAUSE1 TO APPLY !M TO SLAVES1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO NECESSITY = DISC>D+1 AS !Y DID1 ALL ! AU?ORITATIVE & 9FLEXIBLE RULES ( LEGAL 9T]PRETATION1 & RESORT+ TO HI/ORY TO F9D !IR MEAN+4 ,!Y DISC>D$ ?OSE RULES1 & RESORT$ TO HI/ORY1 TO MAKE ! CLAUSE APPLY TO SLAVES1 = NO O!R REASON :ATEV]1 ?AN ?AT SU* MEAN+ WAS NOT 0CONSI/5T ) ! LEGITIMATE MEAN+ ( ! WORDS40 ,IT IS P]FECTLY APP>5T ?AT ! MOM5T !IR EYES FELL UPON ! 0WORDS0 ( ! CLAUSE1 !Y ALL SAW ?AT !Y CONTA9$ NO LEGAL DESCRIPTION ( SLAVES4 

,/RIPP$1 !N1 ( ! COV]+1 :I* ?AT FALSEHOOD WAS 9T5D$ TO ?R[ OV] !IR CONDUCT1 ! PLA9 ,5GLI% ( ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,C\RT IS ?IS1--?AT HI/ORY TELLS US ?AT C]TA9 CLAUSES ( ! CON/ITUTION W]E 9T5D$ TO RECOGNIZE & SUPPORT SLAV]Y2 BUT 9ASMU* AS SU* IS NOT ! LEGAL MEAN+ ( ! WORDS ( ?OSE CLAUSES1 IF 9T]PRET$ BY ! E/ABLI%$ RULES ( 9T]PRETATION1 WE WILL1 09 ORD] TO CLE> ! CASE ( 7?AT7 DIFFICULTY10 JU/ DISC>D ?OSE RULES1 & P]V]T ! WORDS SO AS TO MAKE !M ACCOMPLI% :ATEV] 5DS HI/ORY TELLS US W]E 9T5D$ TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY !M4  

,IT WAS ONLY BY SU* A NAK$ & D>+ FRAUD AS ?IS1 ?AT ! C\RT C\LD MAKE ! CON/ITUTION AU?ORIZE ! RECOV]Y ( FUGITIVE SLAVES4 

,& :AT W]E ! RULES ( 9T]PRETATION1 :I* !Y ?US DISC>D$1 09 ORD] TO CLE> ! CASE ( DIFFICULTY10 & MAKE ! CON/ITUTION SUBS]VE ! PURPOSES ( SLAV]Y8 ,ONE ( !M IS ?IS1 LAID D[N BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 

0,! 9T5TION ( ! 9/RUM5T MU/ PREVAIL2 ?IS 9T5TION MU/ BE COLLECT$ FROM ITS WORDS40 

#ab ,:EATON1 #c#c#b4 

,)\T AN ADH]5CE TO ?IS RULE1 IT IS PLA9 WE C\LD NEV] KN[ :AT WAS1 & :AT WAS NOT1 ! CON/ITUTION4 

,ANO!R RULE IS ?AT UNIV]SAL ONE1 ACKN[L$G$ BY ALL C\RTS TO BE IMP]ATIVE1 ?AT LANGUAGE MU/ BE CON/RU$ /RICTLY 9 FAVOR ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 

,! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE LAID D[N ?IS RULE 9 !SE TRONG T]MS4 

0,:]E RI<TS >E 9FR+$1 :]E FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES >E OV]?R[N1 :]E ! G5]AL SY/EM ( ! LAWS IS DEP>T$ FROM1 ! LEGISLATIVE 9T5TION MU/ BE EXPRESS$ ) IRRESI/IBLE CLE>NESS1 TO 9DUCE A C\RT ( JU/ICE TO SUPPOSE A DESIGN TO EFFECT SU* OBJECTS40 

,UNIT$ ,/ATES VS4 ,FI%]1 #b ,CRAN*1 #c#i4  

,/ORY DELIV]$ ?IS OP9ION ( ! C\RT1 79 ! ,PRIGG CASE71 DISC>D+ ALL O!R RULES ( 9T]PRETATION1 & RESORT+ TO HI/ORY TO MAKE ! CLAUSE APPLY TO SLAVES4 ,& YET NO JUDGE HAS EV] SC\T$ MORE CONTEMPTU\SLY ?AN ,/ORY1 ! IDEA ( GO+ \T ( ! WORDS ( A LAW1 OR ! CON/ITUTION1 & BE+ GOV]N$ BY :AT HI/ORY MAY SAY W]E ! 9T5TIONS ( ! AU?ORS4 ,HE SAYS1 

0,SU* A DOCTR9E W\LD BE NOVEL & ABSURD4 ,IT W\LD CONFUSE & DE/ROY ALL ! TE/S ( CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS & AU?ORITIES4 ,CONGRESS C\LD NEV] PASS ANY LAW )\T AN 9QUISITION 9TO ! MOTIVES ( EV]Y MEMB]2 & EV5 !N !Y MI<T BE RE-EXAM9ABLE4 ,BESIDES1 :AT POSSIBLE MEANS CAN !RE BE ( MAK+ SU* 9VE/IGATIONS8 ,! MOTIVES ( MANY ( ! MEMB]S MAY BE1 NAY MU/ BE1 UTT]LY UNKN[N1 & 9CAPABLE ( ASC]TA9M5T BY ANY JUDICIAL OR O!R 9QUIRY2 !Y MAY BE MIX$ UP 9 V>I\S MANN]S & DEGREES2 !Y MAY BE OPPOSITE TO1 OR :OLLY 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R4 ,! CON/ITUTION W\LD ?US DEP5D UPON PROCESSES UTT]LY VAGUE1 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE2 & ! WRITT5 9T5T ( ! LEGISLATURE UPON ITS WORDS & ACTS1 ! LEX SCRIPTA1 W\LD BE CONTRADICT$ OR OBLIT]AT$ BY CONJECTURE1 & P>OL DECL>ATIONS1 & FLEET+ REV]IES1 & HEAT$ IMAG9ATIONS4 ,NO GOV]NM5T ON E>? C\LD RE/ = A MOM5T ON SU* A F\NDATION4 ,IT W\LD BE A CON/ITUTION ( S&1 HEAP$ UP & DISSOLV$ BY ! FLUX & REFLUX ( EV]Y TIDE ( OP9ION4 ,EV]Y ACT ( ! LEGISLATURE1 7& = ! SAME REASON ALSO EV]Y CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION71 MU/ !RE=E BE JUDG$ ( FROM ITS OBJECTS & 9T5T1 AS !Y >E EMBODI$ 9 ITS PROVISIONS40 

#b ,/ORY'S ,COMM41 #e#c#d4 

,ALSO HE SAYS1 

,! CON/ITUTION WAS ADOPT$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & IT WAS SUBMITT$ TO ! :OLE1 UPON A JU/ SURVEY ( ITS PROVISIONS1 AS !Y /OOD 9 ! TEXT ITSELF4 "9 "9 ,OPPOSITE 9T]PRETATIONS1 & DIFF]5T EXPLANATIONS ( DIFF]5T PROVISIONS1 MAY WELL BE PRESUM$ TO HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ 9 DIFF]5T BODIES1 TO REMOVE LOCAL OBJECTIONS1 OR TO W9 LOCAL FAVOR4 ,& !RE CAN BE NO C]TA9TY1 EI!R ?AT ! DIFF]5T /ATE CONV5TIONS1 9 RATIFY+ ! CON/ITUTION1 GAVE ! SAME UNI=M 9T]PRETATION TO ITS LANGUAGE1 OR ?AT1 EV5 9 A S+LE /ATE CONV5TION1 ! SAME REASON+ PREVAIL$1 ) A MAJORITY1 MU* LESS ) ! :OLE1 ( ! SUPPORT]S ( IT4 "9 "9 ,IT IS NOT TO BE PRESUM$ ?AT EV5 9 ! CONV5TION :I* FRAM$ ! CON/ITUTION1 FROM ! CAUSES ABOVE M5TION$1 & O!R CAUSES1 ! CLAUSES W]E ALWAYS UND]/OOD 9 ! SAME S5SE1 OR HAD PRECISELY ! SAME EXT5T ( OP]ATION4 ,EV]Y MEMB] NECESS>ILY JUDG$ = HIMSELF2 & ! JUDGM5T ( NO ONE C\LD1 OR \<T TO BE1 CONCLUSIVE UPON ?AT ( O!RS4 "9 "9 ,NO?+ BUT ! TEXT ITSELF WAS ADOPT$ BY ! PEOPLE4 "9 "9 ,IS ! S5SE ( ! CON/ITUTION TO BE ASC]TA9$1 NOT BY ITS [N TEXT1 BUT BY ! 'PROBABLE MEAN+1' TO BE GA!R$ BY CONJECTURES FROM SCATT]$ DOCUM5TS1 FROM PRIVATE PAP]S1 FROM ! TABLE-TALK ( SOME /ATESMAN1 OR ! JEAL\S EXAGG]ATIONS ( O!RS8 ,IS ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO BE ! ONLY 9/RUM5T1 :I* IS NOT TO BE 9T]PRET$ BY :AT IS WRITT51 BUT BY PROBABLE GUESSES1 ASIDE FROM ! TEXT8 ,:AT W\LD BE SAID ( 9T]PRET+ A /ATUTE ( A /ATE LEGISLATURE1 BY 5DEAVOR+ TO F9D \T1 FROM PRIVATE S\RCES1 ! OBJECTS & OP9IONS ( EV]Y MEMB]2 H[ EV]Y ONE ?\<T2 :AT HE WI%$2 H[ HE 9T]PRET$ IT8 ,SUPPOSE DIFF]5T P]SONS HAD DIFF]5T OP9IONS1 :AT IS TO BE DONE8 ,SUPPOSE DIFF]5T P]SONS >E NOT AGRE$ AS TO ! 'PROBABLE MEAN+' ( ! FRAM]S1 OR ( ! PEOPLE1 :AT 9T]PRETATION IS TO BE FOLL[$8 ,!SE1 & MANY QUE/IONS ( ! SAME SORT1 MI<T BE ASK$4 ,IT IS OBVI\S1 ?AT !RE CAN BE NO SECURITY TO ! PEOPLE 9 ANY CON/ITUTION ( GOV]NM5T1 IF !Y >E NOT TO JUDGE ( IT BY ! FAIR MEAN+ ( ! WORDS ( ! TEXT1 BUT ! WORDS >E TO BE B5T & BROK5 BY ! 'PROBABLE MEAN+' ( P]SONS1 :OM !Y NEV] KNEW1 & :OSE OP9IONS1 & MEANS ( 9=MATION1 MAY BE NO BETT] ?AN !IR [N8 ,! PEOPLE ADOPT$ ! CON/ITUTION1 ACCORD+ TO ! WORDS ( ! TEXT 9 !IR REASONABLE 9T]PRETATION1 & NOT ACCORD+ TO ! PRIVATE 9T]PRETATION ( ANY P>TICUL> M540 

#a ,/ORY'S ,COMM4 ON ,CON/41 #*g TO #c#i#b4  

,& ,/ORY HAS SAID MU* MORE ( ! SAME SORT AS TO ! ABSURDITY ( RELY+ UPON 0HI/ORY0 = ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION4 

,IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT IF ! MEAN+ ( ! CON/ITUTION IS TO BE W>P$ 9 ! LEA/1 IT MAY BE W>P$ TO ANY EXT5T1 ON ! AU?ORITY ( HI/ORY2 & ?US IT W\LD FOLL[ ?AT ! CON/ITUTION W\LD 9 REALITY BE MADE BY ! HI/ORIANS1 & NOT BY ! PEOPLE4 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = ! PEOPLE TO MAKE A CON/ITUTION1 :I* ! HI/ORIANS MI<T NOT *ANGE AT PLEASURE1 BY SIMPLY ASS]T+ ?AT ! PEOPLE 9T5D$ ?US OR SO4 

,BUT1 9 TRU?1 ,/ORY & ! C\RT1 9 SAY+ ?AT HI/ORY TELLS US ?AT ! CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION 9 QUE/ION1 WAS 9T5D$ TO APPLY TO FUGITIVE SLAVES1 >E NE>LY AS FALSE TO ! HI/ORY ( ! CLAUSE1 AS !Y >E TO ITS LAW4 

,!RE IS NOT1 ,I PRESUME1 A WORD ON RECORD1 7= ,I HAVE NO RECOLLECTION ( HAV+ EV] SE5 OR HE>D ( ONE71 ?AT WAS UTT]$ EI!R 9 ! NATIONAL CONV5TION ?AT FRAM$ ! CON/ITUTION1 OR 9 ANY NOR!RN /ATE CONV5TION ?AT RATIFI$ IT1 ?AT %[S ?AT1 AT ! TIME ! CON/ITUTION WAS ADOPT$1 ANY NOR!RN MAN HAD ! LEA/ SUSPICION ?AT ! CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 9 REG>D TO 0P]SONS HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 WAS EV] TO BE APPLI$ TO SLAVES4  

,9 ! NATIONAL CONV5TION1 0,MR4 ,BUTL] & ,MR4 ,P9CKNEY MOV$ TO REQUIRE 'FUGITIVE SLAVES & S]VANTS TO BE DELIV]$ UP LIKE CRIM9ALS4' 0 0,MR4 ,%EIMAN SAW NO MORE PROPRIETY 9 ! PUBLIC SEIZ+ & SURR5D]+ A SLAVE OR S]VANT1 ?AN A HORSE40 

7,MADISON PAP]S1 #a#d#d#g-#h47 

,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS OBJECTION1 ! PROVISION WAS *ANG$1 & ITS LANGUAGE1 AS IT N[ /&S1 %[S ?AT ! CLAIM TO ! SURR5D] ( SLAVES WAS AB&ON$1 & ONLY ! ONE = S]VANTS RETA9$4"9  

,IT DOES NOT APPE> ?AT A WORD WAS EV] UTT]$1 9 ! NATIONAL CONV5TION1 TO %[ ?AT ANY MEMB] ( IT IMAG9$ ?AT ! PROVISION1 AS F9ALLY AGRE$ UPON1 W\LD APPLY TO SLAVES4 

,BUT AFT] ! NATIONAL CONV5TION HAD ADJ\RN$1 ,MR4 ,MADISON W5T HOME TO ,VIRG9IA1 & ,MR4 ,P9CKNEY1 TO ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 & 9 ! ,/ATE CONV5TIONS ( ?OSE /ATES1 SET UP ! PRET5SE ?AT ! CLAUSE WAS 9T5D$ TO APPLY TO SLAVES4 ,I ?9K !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ANY O!R S\!RN MEMB] ( ! NATIONAL CONV5TION FOLL[$ !IR EXAMPLE4 ,9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 ,MR4 ,IR$ELL1 7NOT A MEMB] ( ! NATIONAL CONV5TION71 SAID ! PROVISION WAS 9T5D$ TO REF] TO SLAVES2 BUT ?AT 0,! NOR!RN DELEGATES1 [+ TO !IR P>TICUL> SCRUPLES ON ! SUBJECT ( SLAV]Y1 DID NOT *OOSE ! WORD SLAVE TO BE M5TION$40 

,I ?9K ! DECL>ATIONS ( !SE ?REE M51 ,MADISON1 ,P9CKNEY1 & ,IR$ELL1 >E ALL ! 0HI/ORY10 WE HAVE1 ?AT EV5 S\!RN M51 AT ?AT TIME1 UND]/OOD ! CLAUSE AS APPLY+ TO SLAVES4  

,9 ! NOR!RN CONV5TIONS NO WORD WAS EV] UTT]$1 SO F> AS WE HAVE ANY EVID5CE1 ?AT ANY MAN DREAM$ ?AT ?IS LANGUAGE W\LD EV] BE UND]/OOD AS AU?ORIZ+ A CLAIM = FUGITIVE SLAVES4 ,IT IS 9CR$IBLE ?AT IT C\LD HAVE PASS$ ! NOR!RN CONV5TIONS )\T OBJECTION1 79DE$ IT C\LD NOT HAVE PASS$ !M AT ALL71 IF IT HAD BE5 UND]/OOD AS REQUIR+ !M TO SURR5D] FUGITIVE SLAVES2 =1 9 SEV]AL ( !M1 IT WAS ) GREAT DIFFICULTY ?AT ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION WAS SECUR$1 :5 NO SU* OBJECTION WAS />T$4 

,! CON/RUCTION1 PLAC$ UPON ! PROVISION AT ! PRES5T DAY1 IS ONE ( ! MANY FRAUDS :I* ! SLAVEHOLD]S1 AID$ BY !IR CORRUPT NOR!RN ACCOMPLICES1 HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 PALM+ (F UPON ! NOR?4 ,9 FACT ! S\?1 9 ! CONV5TION1 AS IT HAS EV] DONE S9CE1 ACT$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( GETT+ BY FRAUD1 :AT IT C\LD NOT OP5LY OBTA94 ,IT WAS UPON ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT ,MR4 ,MADISON ACT$ :5 HE SAID ?AT !Y \<T NOT TO ADMIT1 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 ! IDEA ?AT !RE C\LD BE PROP]TY 9 MAN4 ,HE W\LD NOT ADMIT ?AT IDEA1 9 ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF2 BUT HE IMM$IATELY W5T HOME & VIRTUALLY TOLD ! ,/ATE CONV5TION ?AT ?AT WAS ! MEAN+ :I* HE 9T5D$ TO HAVE GIV5 TO IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,HE KNEW WELL ?AT IF ?AT IDEA W]E ADMITT$ 9 ! 9/RUM5T ITSELF1 ! NOR? W\LD NEV] ADOPT IT4 ,HE !RE=E CONCEIV$ & ADH]$ TO ! PLAN ( HAV+ ! 9/RUM5T AN HONE/ & FREE ONE 9 ITS T]MS1 TO SECURE ITS ADOPTION BY ! NOR?1 & ( !N TRU/+ TO ! FRAUDUL5T 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ AFT]W>DS1 TO MAKE IT S]VE ! PURPOSES ( SLAV]Y4 

,FUR!R PRO( ( HIS FRAUDUL5T PURPOSE1 9 ?IS P>TICUL>1 IS F\ND 9 ! FACT ?AT HE WROTE ! #d#bD NUMB] ( ! ,F$]ALI/1 9 :I* HE TREATS ( 0! P[]S :I* PROVIDE = ! H>MONY & PROP] 9T]C\RSE AMONG ! /ATES40 ,BUT HE MAKES NO M5TION ( ! SURR5D] ( FUGITIVES FROM 0S]VICE OR LABOR10 AS ONE ( ! MEANS ( PROMOT+ ?AT 0H>MONY & PROP] 9T]C\RSE40 ,HE DID NOT !N D>E SAY TO ! NOR? ?AT ! S\? 9T5D$ EV] TO APPLY ?AT CLAUSE TO SLAVES4  

,BUT IT IS SAID ?AT ! PASSAGE ( ! ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 %[S ?AT ! NOR? UND]/OOD ! CON/ITUTION AS REQUIR+ ! SURR5D] ( FUGITIVE SLAVES4 ,?AT ACT IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE PASS$ )\T OPPOSITION FROM ! NOR?2 & ! REASON WAS ?AT IT CONTA9$ NO AU?ORITY =1 OR ALLUSION TO1 ! SURR5D] ( FUGITIVE SLAVES2 BUT ONLY TO FUGITIVES FROM JU/ICE1 & 0P]SONS HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR40 ,! S\? HAD NOT AT ?AT TIME BECOME SUFFICI5TLY AUDACI\S TO MAKE SU* A DEM&4 ,& IT WAS TW5TY-?REE YE>S1 SO F> AS ,I HAVE DISCOV]$1 7& ,I HAVE MADE REASONABLE SE>* 9 ! MATT]71 AFT] ! PASSAGE ( ?AT ACT1 BE=E A SLAVE WAS GIV5 UP1 UND] IT1 9 ANY FREE /ATE1 OR ! ACT WAS ACKN[L$G$ BY ! SUPREME C\RT ( ANY FREE /ATE1 TO APPLY TO SLAVES4  

,9 #a#g#i#e1 TWO YE>S AFT] ! PASSAGE ( ! ACT ( CONGRESS1 & AFT] ! CON/ITUTION HAD BE5 9 =CE SIX YE>S1 A MAN WAS TRI$ 9 ! SUPREME C\RT ( ,P5NSYLVANIA1 ON AN 9DICTM5T1 UND] A /ATUTE ( ! /ATE1 AGA9/ S$UC+ OR C>RY+ NEGROES OR MULATTOES \T ( ! /ATE ) ! 9T5TION TO SELL !M1 OR KEEP !M1 AS SLAVES4 

0,UPON ! EVID5CE1 9 SUPPORT ( ! PROSECUTION1 IT APPE>$ ?AT NEGRO ,TOBY HAD BE5 BR\<T UPON A TEMPOR>Y VISIT TO ,PHILADELPHIA1 AS A S]VANT 9 ! FAMILY ( ,G5]AL ,SEVI]1 ( ! /ATE ( ,VIRG9IA2 ?AT :5 ,G5]AL ,SEVI] PROPOS$ RETURN+ TO ,VIRG9IA1 ! NEGRO REFUS$ TO ACCOMPANY HIM0 --BUT WAS AFT]W>DS =CIBLY C>RI$ \T ( ! /ATE4 ,IT APPE>$ ALSO 9 ! EVID5CE1 ?AT IT WAS PROPOS$1 BY ,RI*>DS1 ! DEF5DANT1 ?AT ! NEGRO BE 5TIC$ 9TO ,NEW ,J]SEY1 7A SLAVE /ATE71 & !RE SEIZ$ & C>RI$ BACK TO ,VIRG9IA4 

0,! EVID5CE1 ON BEHALF ( ! DEF5DANT1 PROV$ ?AT ,TOBY WAS A SLAVE BELONG+ TO ! FA!R ( ,G5]AL ,SEVI]1 :O HAD L5T HIM TO HIS SON1 M]ELY = ! J\RNEY TO ,PHILADELPHIA40 

,! DEF5DANT WAS F\ND NOT GUILTY1 AGREEABLE TO ! *>GE ( ! ,*IEF ,JU/ICE2 & :AT IS MAT]IAL IS1 ?AT ! CASE WAS TRI$ :OLLY UND] ! LAWS ( ,P5NSYLVANIA1 :I* P]MITT$ ANY TRAVEL]1 :O CAME 9TO ,P5NSYLVANIA1 UPON A TEMPOR>Y EXCURSION = BUS9ESS OR AMUSEM5T1 TO DETA9 HIS SLAVE = SIX MON?S1 & 5TITL$ HIM TO ! AID ( ! CIVIL POLICE TO SECURE & C>RY HIM AWAY4  

,REPUBLICA VS4 ,RI*>DS #b ,DALLAS #b#b#d4 

,NOT ONE WORD WAS SAID1 BY EI!R C\RT OR C\NSEL1 ( ! PROVISION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CON/ITUTION1 9 REG>D TO 0P]SONS HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR10 OR ( ! ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 AS HAV+ ANY APPLICATION TO SLAVES1 OR AS GIV+ ANY AU?ORITY = ! RECOV]Y ( FUGITIVE SLAVES4 ,NEI!R ! CON/ITUTION1 NOR ! ACT ( ,CONGRESS WAS M5TION$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! SUBJECT4 

,IS IT NOT 9CR$IBLE ?AT ?IS %\LD HAVE BE5 ! CASE1 IF IT HAD BE5 UND]/OOD1 AT ?AT DAY1 ?AT EI!R ! CON/ITUTION1 OR ! ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 APPLI$ TO SLAVES8 

,W\LD A MAN HAVE US$ =CE 9 ! CASE1 & ?US SUBJECT$ HIMSELF TO ! RISK ( AN 9DICTM5T UND] ! /ATE LAWS8 OR W\LD !RE HAVE BE5 ANY PROPOSITION TO 5TICE ! SLAVE 9TO A SLAVE /ATE1 = ! PURPOSE ( SEIZ+ HIM1 IF IT HAD BE5 UND]/OOD ?AT ! LAWS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E OP5 TO HIM1 & ?AT EV]Y JU/ICE ( ! PEACE 7AS PROVID$ BY ! ACT ( #a#g#i#c7 WAS AU?ORIZ$ TO DELIV] UP ! SLAVE8 

,IT CANNOT REASONABLY BE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO USE =CE OR FRAUD TO TAKE ! SLAVE BACK1 = ! REASON ?AT HE HAD BE5 BR\<T1 9/EAD ( HAV+ ESCAP$1 9TO ,P5NSYLVANIA1 = ?AT DI/9CTION SEEMS NOT TO HAVE BE5 ?\<T ( UNTIL YE>S AFT]4 ,! FIR/ M5TION ,I HAVE F\ND ( IT WAS 9 #a#h#f4  

,BUTL] VS4 ,HOPP]1 #a ,WA%+TON ,C4 ,C4 ,R4 #d#i#i4 

,9 #ahab IT WAS FIR/ ACKN[L$G$ BY ! SUPREME C\RT ( ,NEW ,YORK1 ?AT ! ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 APPLI$ TO SLAVES1 AL?\< NO SLAVE WAS GIV5 UP AT ! TIME4 ,BUT ,NEW ,YORK !N HAD SLAVES ( H] [N4 

,GL5 VS4 ,HODGES1 #i ,JOHNSON #f#g4 

,9 #ahaf ! SUPREME C\RT ( ,P5NSYLVANIA FIR/ ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! CON/ITUTION & ! ACT ( #agic APPLI$ TO SLAVES4 ,BUT NO SLAVE WAS !N GIV5 UP4  

,COMMONWEAL? VS4 ,HOLL[AY1 #b ,S>G5T @& ,RAWLE #c#e4 

,9 #ahbc ! SUPREME C\RT ( ,MASSA*USETTS FIR/ ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISION 9 REG>D TO 0P]SONS HELD TO S]VICE OR LABOR0 APPLI$ TO SLAVES4 

,COMMONWEAL? VS4 ,GRIFFI?1 #b ,PICK]+ #a#a4  

,FEW1 IF ANY1 SLAVES HAVE EV] BE5 GIV5 UP UND] ! ACT ( #a#g#i#c1 9 ! FREE /ATES1 UNTIL )9 ! LA/ TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S4 ,& ?AT FACT FURNI%ES GR\ND = A /RONG PRESUMPTION ?AT DUR+ ! FIR/ ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ! CON/ITUTION W5T 9TO OP]ATION1 IT WAS NOT G5]ALLY UND]/OOD1 9 ! FREE /ATES1 ?AT ! CON/ITUTION REQUIR$ ! SURR5D] ( FUGITIVE SLAVES4 

,BUT IT IS SAID ?AT ! ORD9ANCE ( #a#g#h#g1 PASS$ CONTEMPORANE\SLY ) ! =MATION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 REQUIRES ! DELIV]Y ( FUGITIVE SLAVES1 & ?AT ! CON/ITUTION \<T TO BE TAK5 9 ! SAME S5SE4 ,! ANSW] TO ?IS ALLEGATION IS ?AT ! ORD9ANCE DOES NOT REQUIRE ! DELIV]Y ( FUGITIVE SLAVES1 BUT ONLY ( P]SONS 0FROM :OM LABOR OR S]VICE IS LAWFULLY CLAIM$40 ,?IS LANGUAGE C]TA9LY IS NO LEGAL DESCRIPTION ( A SLAVE4 

,BUT BEYOND1 & ADDITIONAL TO1 ALL ?IS EVID5CE1 ?AT ! CON/ITUTION DOES NOT REQUIRE ! SURR5D] ( FUGITIVE SLAVES1 IS ! CONCLUSIVE & 9SUP]ABLE FACT1 ?AT !RE IS NOT N[1 NOR EV] HAS BE51 ANY LEGAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL SLAV]Y 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 FROM ITS FIR/ SETTLEM5T4 ,ALL ! SLAV]Y ?AT HAS EV] EXI/$1 9 ANY ( ! COLONIES OR /ATES1 HAS EXI/$ BY M]E TOL]ATION1 9 DEFIANCE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL CON/ITUTIONAL LAW4 

,EV5 ! /ATUTES ON ! SUBJECT HAVE EI!R :OLLY FAIL$ TO DECL>E :O MI<T1 & :O MI<T NOT1 BE MADE SLAVES1 OR HAVE DESIGNAT$ !M 9 SO LOOSE & IMP]FECT A MANN] ?AT IT W\LD PROBABLY BE UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE1 AT ?IS DAY1 TO PROVE UND] ?OSE /ATUTES1 ! SLAV]Y ( A S+LE P]SON N[ LIV+4 ,MR4 ,MASON ADMITS AS MU* 9 ! EXTRACTS ALREADY GIV5 FROM HIS SPEE*4 

,BUT ALL ! /ATUTES1 ON ?AT SUBJECT1 :ATEV] ! T]MS1 HAVE BE5 UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 :E!R PASS$ UND] ! COLONIAL *>T]S1 OR S9CE UND] ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS4 ,!Y W]E UNCON/ITUTIONAL UND] ! COLONIAL *>T]S1 BECAUSE ?OSE *>T]S REQUIR$ ! LEGISLATION ( ! COLONIES TO 0BE CON=MABLE1 AS NE>LY AS CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD ALL[1 TO ! LAWS1 CU/OMS1 & RI<TS ( ! REALM ( ,5GL&40 ,?OSE *>T]S W]E ! FUNDAM5TAL CON/ITUTIONS ( ! COLONIES1 & ( C\RSE MADE SLAV]Y ILLEGAL 9 ! COLONIES--9ASMU* AS SLAV]Y WAS 9CONSI/5T ) ! 0LAWS1 CU/OMS1 & RI<TS ( ! REALM ( ,5GL&40 "9 

,!RE WAS !RE=E NO LEGAL SLAV]Y 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 SO LONG AS WE W]E COLONIES--?AT IS1 UP TO ! TIME ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,AFT] ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 NEW CON/ITUTIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ELEV5 ( ! /ATES4 ,TWO W5T ON UND] !IR OLD *>T]S4 ,( ALL ! NEW CON/ITUTIONS1 ?AT W]E 9 =CE AT ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 #a#g#h#i1 NOT ONE AU?ORIZ$1 RECOGNIZ$1 OR SANCTION$ SLAV]Y4"9,ALL ! RECOGNITIONS ( SLAV]Y1 ?AT >E N[ TO BE F\ND 9 ANY ( ! /ATE CON/ITUTIONS1 HAVE BE5 9S]T$ S9CE ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4  

,!RE WAS !RE=E NO LEGAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL SLAV]Y1 9 ANY ( ! /ATES1 UP TO ! TIME ( ! =MATION & ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 #a<g & #a#g#h#i4 

,!RE BE+ NO LEGAL SLAV]Y 9 ! C\NTRY1 AT ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ALL 0! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0 BECOME LEGALLY P>TIES TO ?AT 9/RUM5T1 & ( C\RSE MEMB]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T1 BY ITS ADOPTION4 ,! CON/ITUTION ITSELF DECL>ES ?AT 0,WE ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES "9 "9 DO ORDA9 & E/ABLI% ?IS CON/ITUTION40 ,! T]M 0PEOPLE0 ( NECESSITY 9CLUDES ! :OLE PEOPLE2 NO EXCEPTION BE+ MADE1 NONE CAN BE PRESUM$--= SU* A PRESUMPTION W\LD BE A PRESUMPTION AGA9/ LIB]TY4 

,AFT] 0! PEOPLE0 ( ! :OLE C\NTRY HAD BECOME P>TIES TO ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !IR RI<TS AS MEMB]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T W]E SECUR$ BY IT1 & !Y C\LD NOT AFT]W>DS BE 5SLAV$ BY ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS--= ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 0! SUPREME LAW10 7OP]AT+ 0DIRECTLY ON ! PEOPLE & = !IR B5EFIT10 SAY ! SUPREME C\RT1 #d ,:EATON #d#d-#e71 & NECESS>ILY SECURES TO ALL ! PEOPLE 9DIVIDUALLY ALL ! RI<TS IT 9T5D$ TO SECURE TO ANY2 & !SE RI<TS >E SU* AS >E 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR BE+ 5SLAV$ BY SUBORD9ATE GOV]NM5TS4 

,BUT IT WILL BE SAID ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ITSELF RECOGNIZES SLAV]Y1 TO WIT1 9 ! PROVISION REQUIR+ 0! :OLE NUMB] ( FREE P]SONS0 & 0?REE FIF?S ( ALL O!R P]SONS0 TO BE C\NT$ 9 MAK+ UP ! BASIS ( REPRES5TATION & TAXATION4 ,BUT ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORD 0FREE0 IS ONLY ANO!R ( ! FRAUDUL5T 9T]PRETATIONS1 :I* ! SLAVEHOLD]S & !IR NOR!RN ACCOMPLICES HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 PLAC+ UPON ! CON/ITUTION4  

,! LEGAL & TE*NICAL MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0FREE10 AS US$ 9 ,5GL& = C5TURIES1 HAS BE5 TO DESIGNATE A NATIVE OR NATURALIZ$ MEMB] ( ! /ATE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM AN ALI51 OR =EIGN] NOT NATURALIZ$4 ,?US ! T]M 0FREE ,BRITI% SUBJECT0 MEANS1 NOT A P]SON :O IS NOT A SLAVE1 BUT A NATIVE BORN1 OR NATURALIZ$ SUBJECT1 :O IS A MEMB] ( ! /ATE1 & 5TITL$ TO ALL ! RI<TS ( A MEMB] ( ! /ATE1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ALI5S1 & P]SONS NOT ?US 5TITL$4 

,! WORD 0FREE0 WAS US$ 9 ?IS S5SE 9 NE>LY OR QUITE ALL ! COLONIAL *>T]S1 ! FUNDAM5TAL CON/ITUTIONS ( ?IS C\NTRY1 UP TO ! TIME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 #a<g & #a#g#h#i1 :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CON/ITUTION WAS ADOPT$1 ! WORD 0FREE0 WAS US$ 9 ?IS POLITICAL S5SE 9 ! CON/ITUTIONS ( ! ?REE SLAVEHOLD+ /ATES1 ,GEORGIA1 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 & ,NOR? ,C>OL9A4 ,IT WAS ALSO US$ 9 ?IS S5SE 9 ! >TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION4"9 

,! WORD 0FREE0 WAS ALSO US$ 9 ?IS POLITICAL S5SE 9 ! ORD9ANCE ( #a#g#h#g1 9 F\R DIFF]5T 9/ANCES1 TO WIT1 ?REE TIMES 9 ! PROVISION FIX+ ! BASIS ( REPRES5TATION1 & ONCE 9 ! >TICLE ( COMPACT1 :I* PROVIDES ?AT :5 ! /ATES TO BE =M$ \T ( ! T]RITORY %\LD HAVE SIXTY ?\S& FREE 9HABITANTS1 !Y %\LD BE 5TITL$ TO ADMISSION 9TO ! ,CONF$]ACY4  

,?AT ! WORD 0FREE0 WAS H]E US$ 9 ITS POLITICAL S5SE1 & NOT AS ! CORRELATIVE ( SLAVES1 IS PROV$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ORD9ANCE ITSELF PROHIHIT$ SLAV]Y 9 ! T]RITORY4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ABSURD TO USE ! WORD 0FREE0 AS ! CORRELATIVE ( SLAVES1 :5 SLAVES W]E TO HAVE NO EXI/5CE UND] ! ORD9ANCE4 

,?IS POLITICAL MEAN+1 :I* ! WORD 0FREE0 HAD BORNE 9 ! ,5GLI% LAW1 & 9 ALL ! CON/ITUTIONAL LAW ( ?IS C\NTRY1 UP TO ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WAS ! MEAN+ :I* ALL LEGAL RULES ( 9T]PRETATION REQUIR$ ?AT CONGRESS & ! C\RTS %\LD GIVE TO ! WORD 9 ?AT 9/RUM5T4 

,BUT WE >E TOLD AGA9 ?AT ! CON/ITUTION RECOGNIZES ! LEGALITY ( ! SLAVE TRADE1 & BY CONSEQU5CE ! LEGALITY ( SLAV]Y1 9 ! CLAUSE RESPECT+ ! 0IMPORTATION ( P]SONS40 ,BUT ! WORD 0IMPORTATION10 :5 APPLI$ TO 0P]SONS10 NO MORE IMPLIES ?AT ! P]SONS >E SLAVES1 ?AN DOES ! WORD 0TRANSPORTATION40 ,IT WAS P]FECTLY UND]/OOD1 9 ! CONV5TION ?AT FRAM$ ! CON/ITUTION--& ! LANGUAGE WAS *OS5 ) SPECIAL C>E TO ?AT 5D--?AT !RE WAS NO?+ 9 ! LANGUAGE ITSELF1 ?AT LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ ! SLAV]Y ( ! P]SONS TO BE IMPORT$2 AL?\< SOME ( ! MEMB]S1 7H[ MANY WE DO NOT KN[71 :ILE *OOS+ LANGUAGE ) AN AV[$ CAUTION AGA9/ 0ADMITT+1 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 ! IDEA ?AT !RE C\LD BE PROP]TY 9 MAN10 9T5D$1 IF !Y C\LD 9DUCE ! PEOPLE TO ADOPT ! CON/ITUTION1 & C\LD !N GET ! CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T1 TO P]V]T ?IS LANGUAGE 9TO A LIC5SE TO ! SLAVE TRADE4 

,?IS FRAUDUL5T P]V]SION ( ! LEGAL MEAN+ ( ! LANGUAGE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 IS ALL ! LIC5SE ! CON/ITUTION EV] GAVE TO ! SLAVE TRADE4 

,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,M>%ALL1 9 ! CASE ( ! ,BRIG ,WILSON1 7#a ,BROCK5BR\<1 #d#c#c-#e71 HELD ?AT ! WORDS 0IMPORT0 & 0IMPORT$10 9 AN ACT ( ,CONGRESS1 APPLI$ TO FREE P]SONS AS WELL AS TO SLAVES4 ,IF1 !N1 ! WORD 0IMPORTATION10 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 APPLIES PROP]LY TO FREE P]SONS1 IT C]TA9LY CANNOT IMPLY ?AT ANY ( ! P]SONS IMPORT$ >E SLAVES4 

,IF ! CON/ITUTION1 TRULY 9T]PRET$1 CONTA9 NO SANCTION ( SLAV]Y1 ! SLAVES ( ?IS C\NTRY >E AS MU* 5TITL$ TO ! WRIT ( HABEAS CORPUS AT ! H&S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T1 AS >E ! :ITES4  
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,B 

  
,AU?ORITIES = ! ,RI<T ( ! ,JURY TO JUDGE ( ! ,LAW 9 ,CRIM9AL ,CASES4 

  

,! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BY A VOTE ( MORE ?AN TWO TO ONE1 ONCE AFFIRM$ ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 9 CRIM9AL CASES1 TO BE AN 09DISPUTABLE RI<T10 --& IMPEA*$ ONE ( ! ,JU/ICES ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES = 9FR++ IT4 ,! FOLL[+ IS A COPY ( ! CAPTION1 & ONE ( ! >TICLES1 ( AN IMPEA*M5T1 F\ND BY ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 79 #a#h#d71 AGA9/ ,SAMUEL ,*ASE1 ONE ( ! ,JUDGES ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT4 

0,>TICLES EXHIBIT$ BY ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ! NAME ( !MSELVES1 & ( ALL ! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AGA9/ ,SAMUEL ,*ASE1 ONE ( ! ,ASSOCIATE ,JU/ICES ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 MA9T5ANCE & SUPPORT ( !IR IMPEA*M5T AGA9/ HIM1 = HI< CRIMES & MISDEMEANORS40 
,>,T,I,C,L,E ,I4 

  

,?AT1 UNM9DFUL ( ! SOLEMN DUTIES ( HIS (FICE1 & CONTR>Y TO ! SACR$ OBLIGATION BY :I* HE /OOD B\ND TO DIS*>GE !M 0FAI?FULLY & IMP>TIALLY1 & )\T RESPECT TO P]SONS10 ! SAID ,SAMUEL ,*ASE1 ON ! TRIAL ( ,JOHN ,FRIES1 *>G$ ) TREASON BE=E ! ,CIRCUIT ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HELD = ! DI/RICT ( ,P5NSYLVANIA1 9 ! CITY ( ,PHILADELPHIA1 DUR+ ! MON?S ( ,APRIL & ,MAY1 ONE ?\S& EI<T HUNDR$1 :]EAT ! SAID ,SAMUEL ,*ASE PRESID$1 DID1 9 HIS JUDICIAL CAPACITY1 CONDUCT HIMSELF 9 A MANN] HI<LY >BITR>Y1 OPPRESSIVE1 & UNJU/1 VIZ4 

#a4 ,9 DELIV]+ AN OP9ION1 9 WRIT+1 ON ! QUE/ION ( LAW1 ON ! CON/RUCTION ( :I*1 ! DEF5SE ( ! ACCUS$ MAT]IALLY DEP5D$1 T5D+ TO PREJUDICE ! M9DS ( ! JURY AGA9/ ! CASE ( ! SAID ,JOHN ,FRIES1 ! PRISON]1 BE=E C\NSEL HAD BE5 HE>D 9 HIS DEF5SE4 

#b4 ,9 RE/RICT+ ! C\NSEL = ! SAID ,FRIES FROM RECURR+ TO SU* ,5GLI% AU?ORITIES AS !Y BELIEV$ APPOSITE2 OR FROM CIT+ C]TA9 /ATUTES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* !Y DEEM$ ILLU/RATIVE ( ! POSITIONS1 UPON :I* !Y 9T5D$ TO RE/ ! DEF5SE ( !IR CLI5T4 

#c4 ,9 DEB>R+ ! PRISON] FROM HIS CON/ITUTIONAL PRIVILEGE ( ADDRESS+ ! JURY 7?R\< HIS C\NSEL7 ON ! LAW1 AS WELL AS ON ! FACT1 :I* WAS TO DET]M9E HIS GUILT1 OR 9NOC5CE1 & AT ! SAME TIME 5DEAVOR+ TO WRE/ FROM ! JURY !IR 9DISPUTABLE RI<T TO HE> >GUM5T1 & DET]M9E UPON ! QUE/ION ( LAW1 AS WELL AS ! QUE/ION ( FACT1 9VOLV$ 9 ! V]DICT :I* !Y W]E REQUIR$ TO GIVE3 

,9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* IRREGUL> CONDUCT ( ! SAID ,SAMUEL ,*ASE1 AS DANG]\S TO \R LIB]TIES1 AS IT IS NOVEL TO \R LAWS & USAGES1 ! SAID ,JOHN ,FRIES WAS DEPRIV$ ( ! RI<T1 SECUR$ TO HIM BY ! EI<? >TICLE AM5DATORY ( ! CON/ITUTION1 & WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? )\T HAV+ BE5 HE>D BY C\NSEL1 9 HIS DEF5SE1 TO ! DISGRACE ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ,AM]ICAN B5*1 9 MANIFE/ VIOLATION ( LAW & JU/ICE1 & 9 OP5 CONTEMPT ( ! RI<TS ( JURIES1 ON :I*1 ULTIMATELY1 RE/ ! LIB]TY & SAFETY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE40  

,?IS *>GE WAS MADE BY ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 AGA9/ ?AT JUDGE1 BY A VOTE ( #hc YEAS1 TO #cd NAYS4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?OSE :O VOT$ = ?IS *>GE1 BELIEV$ IT TO BE AN 09DISPUTABLE RI<T ( ! JURY TO HE> >GUM5T1 7ON ! LAW71 & DET]M9E UPON ! QUE/ION ( LAW1 AS WELL AS ! QUE/ION ( FACT1 9VOLV$ 9 ! V]DICT10 & ?AT AN 9FR+EM5T ( ?AT RI<T WAS BO? 0DANG]\S TO \R LIB]TIES10 & 0NOVEL TO \R LAWS & USAGES10 A 0MANIFE/ VIOLATION ( LAW & JU/ICE10 AN 0OP5 CONTEMPT ( ! RI<TS ( JURIES1 ON :I*1 ULTIMATELY RE/ ! LIB]TY & SAFETY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE40 ,:E!R ?OSE :O VOT$ NAY1 HAD ! SAME OP9ION ON ?IS PO9T1 OR :E!R !Y VOT$ NAY ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! FACT ( ! 9FR+EM5T ( ! RI<T ( ! JURY WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY PROV$1 DOES NOT APPE>4 

,! JUDGE WAS TRI$ BY ! ,S5ATE ON ?IS IMPEA*M5T4 ,ON ! TRIAL IT WAS PROV$ ?AT1 AL?\< ! JUDGE1 BE=E ! TRIAL ( ,FRIES WAS COMM5C$1 GAVE NOTICE TO ! C\NSEL ( ,FRIES ?AT HE %\LD LAY SOME RE/RICTIONS UPON !M1 9 ADDRESS+ ! JURY ON ! LAW1 & 9 CIT+ ANCI5T ,5GLI% AU?ORITIES1 :I* HE CONSID]$ 9APPLICABLE & IMPROP]1 YET :5 ?OSE RE/RICTIONS W]E OBJECT$ TO1 HE GAVE !M NOTICE ?AT !Y MI<T HAVE FULL FRE$OM 9 ?OSE P>TICUL>S4 ,IT ALSO APPE>$ ?AT 9 HIS *>GE TO ! JURY1 HE SAID TO !M3 

0,IT IS ! DUTY ( ! C\RT 9 ?IS CASE1 & 9 ALL CRIM9AL CASES1 TO /ATE TO ! JURY !IR OP9ION ( ! LAW >IS+ ON ! FACTS2 BUT ! JURY >E TO DECIDE ON ! PRES5T & 9 ALL CRIM9AL CASES1 BO? ! LAW & ! FACTS1 ON !IR CONSID]ATION ( ! :OLE CASE40  

,BUT NOT)/&+ HIS (F] ( 5TIRE FRE$OM TO ! C\NSEL ( ,FRIES 9 >GU+ ! LAW1 & CIT+ AU?ORITIES1 AS !Y %\LD ?9K PROP]1 & NOT)/&+ HIS *>GE TO ! JURY1 DI/9CTLY 9/RUCT+ !M ?AT !Y W]E JUDGES ( ! LAW AS WELL AS ! FACT1 9 ?AT & 9 ALL CRIM9AL CASES1 YET1 9ASMU* AS HIS CONDUCT AT ! FIR/ HAD BE5 SOME:AT >BITR>Y & IMPROP]1 & SU* AS IT WAS SUPPOS$1 MI<T PREJUDICE ! M9DS ( ! JURY AGA9/ ,FRIES1 ON ! QUE/ION ( LAW 9VOLV$ 9 HIS DEF5SE1 SIXTE5 \T ( ?IRTY-F\R ,S5ATORS VOT$ TO CONVICT ! JUDGE1 ON ?IS *>GE ( 9FR++ ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 ,! SIXTE5 ,S5ATORS1 :O VOT$ = HIS CONVICTION1 ( C\RSE HELD ?AT ! JURY HAD ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 ,& IT IS NOT ONLY SUPPOSABLE1 BUT HI<LY PROBABLE1 ?AT ( ! EI<TE5 ,S5ATORS1 :O VOT$ = HIS ACQUITTAL1 SOME OR ALL HELD ! SAME OP9ION1 BUT BELIEV$ ?AT ! JUDGE HAD NOT REALLY 9FR+$1 OR 9T5TIONALLY 9FR+$1 ! RI<T ( ! JURY 9 ?AT P>TICUL>4 

,?US WE HAVE ! DECID$ OP9IONS ( EI<TY-?REE1 \T ( ONE HUNDR$ & SEV5TE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 & ( SIXTE5 \T ( ?IRTY-F\R1 ,S5ATORS1 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 FAVOR ( ! DOCTR9E ?AT ! JURY HAVE ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1--:ILE !RE IS NO DI/9CT EVID5CE ?AT EI!R ( ! O!R ?IRTY-F\R ,REPRES5TATIVES1 OR ! O!R EI<TE5 ,S5ATORS1 REPUDIAT$ ! DOCTR9E4 

,! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALSO1 9 A *>GE GIV5 TO A JURY1 9 A CIVIL CASE1 7,JOHN ,JAY1 ,*IEF ,JU/ICE1 DO+ IT 9 BEHALF ( ! :OLE C\RT71 GAVE !SE 9/RUCTIONS TO !M3-- 

0,IT MAY NOT BE AMISS1 H]E G5TLEM51 TO REM9D Y\ ( ! GOOD OLD RULE1 ?AT ON QUE/IONS ( FACT1 IT IS ! PROV9CE ( ! JURY1 ON QUE/IONS ( LAW1 IT IS ! PROV9CE ( ! C\RT1 TO DECIDE4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE OBS]V$1 ?AT BY ! SAME LAW ?AT RECOGNIZES ?IS REASONABLE DI/RIBUTION ( JURISDICTION1 Y\ HAVE NEV]!LESS A RI<T TO TAKE UPON Y\RSELVES TO JUDGE ( BO?1 & TO DET]M9E ! LAW AS WELL AS ! FACT 9 CONTROV]SY4 ,ON ?IS1 & ON EV]Y O!R OCCASION1 H[EV]1 WE HAVE NO D\BT Y\ WILL PAY ?AT RESPECT1 :I* IS DUE TO ! OP9ION ( ! C\RT2 =1 AS ON ! ONE H&1 IT IS PRESUM$ ?AT JURIES >E ! BE/ JUDGES ( FACTS1 IT IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 PRESUMABLE ?AT ! C\RT >E ! BE/ JUDGES ( LAW4 ,BUT /ILL BO? OBJECTS >E LAWFULLY )9 Y\R P[] ( DECISION40 

,! ,/ATE ( ,GEORGIA VS4 ,BRAILS=D1 ET AL4 7#c ,DALLAS #d74  

,ON ! #a#d? ( ,JULY1 #a#g#i#h1 ,CONGRESS PASS$ AN ACT = PUNI%+ C]TA9 LIBELS AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BY ?IS ACT IT WAS DECL>$ ?AT 0! JURY :O %ALL TRY ! CAUSE1 %ALL HAVE A RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT1 AS 9 O!R CASES40 

,! WORDS 0UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT10 MAY1 TO UNPR(ESSIONAL READ]S1 MAKE ! MEAN+ ( ?IS PROVISION EQUIVOCAL4 ,SU* READ]S MAY ?9K ! WORD 0DIRECTION10 EQUIVAL5T TO 0DICTATION40 ,BUT IF ?AT MEAN+ W]E GIV5 TO IT1 ! PROVISION W\LD BE ABSURD1--W\LD CONTRADICT ITSELF1--= !N ! JURY W\LD NOT 0HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT10 AS ! /ATUTE PROVIDES ?AT !Y %ALL HAVE2 BUT ! LAW W\LD BE DET]M9$ BY ! C\RT1 & ! JURY W\LD BE B\ND BY !IR DET]M9ATION4 ,! WORD 0DIRECTION10 !N MU/ MEAN SOME?+ ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ! JURY'S 0DET]M9+ ! LAW & ! FACT10 9/EAD ( !IR BE+ B\ND BY ANY OP9ION ( ! C\RT4 ,& ?AT MEAN+ CAN ONLY BE ONE ?AT IS EQUIVAL5T TO ADVICE1 GUIDANCE1 9=MATION1 9/RUCTION1 & ASSI/ANCE1 :I* EV]Y BODY ADMITS ?AT A C\RT HAVE A RI<T1 & >E B\ND1 TO R5D] TO A JURY1 /ILL LEAV+ !M F9ALLY TO DET]M9E ! MATT] = !MSELVES1--AS WE SEE WAS DONE BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT 9 ! CASE JU/ CIT$4 

,! USE ( ! WORDS 0AS 9 O!R CASES10 IS AN ADMISSION1 ON ! P>T ( ,CONGRESS & ! PRESID5T1 ?AT 09 O!R CASES0 0! JURY HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT40 

,9 ADDITION TO !SE OP9IONS ( ,CONGRESS1 ! ,PRESID5T1 & ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,I ADD SOME O!R EM95T AU?ORITIES1 ON BO? SIDES ( ! QUE/ION4 

,JAMES ,WILSON1 ONE ( ! SIGN]S ( ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 ONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ AMONG ! FRAM]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CON/ITUTION1 & AFT]W>DS ONE ( ! ,JUDGES ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SAYS1-- 

0,IT IS TRUE1 ?AT1 9 MATT]S ( LAW1 ! JURORS >E 5TITL$ TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! JUDGES2 BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT1 AFT] !Y RECEIVE IT1 !Y HAVE ! RI<T ( JUDG+ = !MSELVES40 

#a ,WILSON'S ,WORKS1 #a#b4 

0,! ,ROMAN JURIES W]E JUDGES ( LAW AS WELL AS ( FACT40 

#b ,WILSON'S ,WORKS1 #c#b4 

0,! ANTIQUITY ( ?IS 9/ITUTION AMONG ! MO/ CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE ( ! WORLD1 IS URG$ AS AN >GUM5T1 ?AT IT IS F\ND$ 9 NATURE & ORIG9AL JU/ICE4 ,! TRIAL BY A JURY ( \R [N EQUALS SEEMS TO GR[ \T ( ! IDEA ( JU/ GOV]NM5T1 & IS F\ND$ 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S40 

#b ,WILSON'S ,WORKS1 #c#a#i4  

,9 ! CASE ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES VS4 ,BATTI/E1 ,/ORY SAID IT HAD BE5 ! OP9ION ( 0! :OLE ( HIS PR(ESSIONAL LIFE10 ?AT ! JURY HAD NOT ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 

#b ,SUMN]1 #b#d#c4 

,9 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES VS4 ,WILSON1 ,JU/ICE ,BALDW91 ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HELD ?AT ! JURY HAD ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 

,BALDW9'S ,C4 ,C4 ,R4 #a#h4  

,TWO YE>S AFT]W>DS1 9 ! CASE ( ,UNIT$ ,/ATES VS4 ,%IVE1 ! SAME JUDGE HELD ?AT !Y HAD NOT ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( A P>TICUL> QUE/ION ( LAW PUT 9 ISSUE 9 ?AT CASE4 

,BALDW9'S ,REP41 #e#a4 

,9 #a#h#d1 ! ,JUDGES ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,NEW ,YORK1 9 A CASE ( LIBEL1 W]E EQUALLY DIVID$ 9 OP9ION ON ! QUE/ION1--,K5T & ,?OMPSON BE+ 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T1 & ,LEWIS & ,LIV+/ON AGA9/ IT4 

,! ,PEOPLE VS4 ,CROSWELL4 #c ,JOHNSON'S ,CASES1 #c#c#g4  

,AT ! NEXT SESSION ( ! LEGISLATURE ( ,NEW ,YORK AN ACT CONC]N+ LIBELS 0PASS$ BO? H\SES UNANIM\SLY0 PROVID+1 

0,?AT ON EV]Y SU* 9DICTM5T OR 9=MATION1 ! JURY1 :O %ALL TRY ! SAME1 %ALL HAVE A RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT1 AS 9 O!R CRIM9AL CASES40 

#c ,JOHNSON'S ,CASES1 #d#a#b4 

,9 ,COMMONWEAL? VS4 ,KNAPP1 7#a#h#c71 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,MASSA*USETTS SAID1-- 

0,AS ! JURY HAVE ! RI<T1 &1 IF REQUIR$ BY ! PRISON]1 >E B\ND1 TO RETURN A G5]AL V]DICT ( GUILTY1 OR NOT GUILTY1 !Y MU/ NECESS>ILY1 9 ! DIS*>GE ( ?IS DUTY1 DECIDE SU* QUE/IONS ( LAW AS WELL AS ( FACT1 AS >E 9VOLV$ 9 ! G5]AL QUE/ION4 "9 "9 "9 

0,IT IS !IR DUTY TO DECIDE ALL PO9TS ( LAW1 :I* >E 9VOLV$ 9 ! G5]AL QUE/ION ( ! GUILT OR 9NOC5CE ( ! PRISON]40 

#a ,PICK]+1 #d#i#f4  

,9 ,COMMONWEAL? VS4 ,KNEEL&1 7#a#h#c#h71 ! SAME C\RT SAID1-- 

0,9 CRIM9AL CASES1 BY ! =M 9 :I* ! ISSUE IS MADE UP1 ! JURY PASS UPON ! :OLE MATT] ( LAW & FACT40 

#b ,PICK]+1 #b#b#b4 

,9 ,COMMONWEAL? VS4 ,PORT]1 7#a#h#d#e71 ! SAME C\RT DECID$ ?AT ! JURY HAD NOT ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 BUT W]E B\ND TO TAKE IT AS LAID D[N TO !M BY ! C\RT4 

#a ,METCALF1 #b#f#c4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,T[NS5D VS4 ! ,/ATE1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,9DIANA HELD ?AT ! JURY HAD NOT ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4  

#b ,BLACK=D1 #a#e#a4 

,TWO YE>S AFT]W>DS1 9 ! CASES1 ,W>R5 VS4 ! ,/ATE1 & ,>M/RONG VS4 ! ,/ATE1 ! SAME C\RT HELD ?AT ! JURY HAD ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 

#d ,BLACK=D1 #a#e-#b#d#i4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,PI]CE VS4 ! ,/ATE1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE HELD ?AT ! JURY HAD NOT ?IS RI<T4  

#ac ,N4 ,H4 ,REP41 #e#c#f4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! ,/ATE VS4 ,SN[1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,MA9E1 SAY1-- 

0,! PRESID+ JUDGE ]R$1 9 DET]M9+ ?AT1 9 CRIM9AL CASES1 ! JURY >E NOT ! JUDGES ( ! LAW AS WELL AS ! FACT4 ,BO? >E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ISSUE !Y >E CALL$ UPON TO TRY2 & ! BETT] OP9ION V]Y CLE>LY IS1 ?AT ! LAW & ! FACT >E EQUALLY SUBMITT$ TO !IR DET]M9ATION40 

#f ,%EPLEY1 #c#d#h4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! ,/ATE VS4 ,JONES1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,ALABAMA SAY1-- 

0,! P[] ( ! JURY TO JUDGE BO? ( LAW & FACT1 RESULTS NECESS>ILY FROM ! V]Y CON/ITUTION ( ?AT BODY1 & FROM !IR RI<T TO F9D A G5]AL V]DICT 7( NOT GUILTY7 = ! PRISON]1 :I* ! C\RT CANNOT DI/URB "9 "9 ,:5 A JUROR IS SWORN1 HE IS 9VE/$ ) ! (FICE ( JUDGE1 & AU?ORIZ$ TO PRON\NCE ! LAW 9 ! P>TICUL> CASE HE HAS TO TRY1 & DOES SO :5 HE R5D]S HIS V]DICT1 :E!R HE ABIDES BY1 OR DISREG>DS ! OP9ION ( ! C\RT40 

#e ,ALABAMA ,REPORTS1 #f#g#b-#c4  

,9 ! CASE ( ,MONTGOM]Y VS4 ,OHIO1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,OHIO HELD ?AT ! JURY HAD NOT ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 

#aa ,OHIO ,REP41 #d#b#d4 

,9 ,MONTEE VS4 ,COMMONWEAL?1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,K5TUCKY SAID1-- 

0,!Y 7! JURY71 HAVE ! RI<T1 9 ALL CASES1 TO F9D A G5]AL V]DICT ( GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY4 ,AS GUILT OR 9NOC5CE1 IS A D$UCTION FROM ! LAW & FACTS ( ! CASE1 ! JURY MU/1 !RE=E1 NECESS>ILY DECIDE ! LAW1 9CID5TALLY1 AS WELL AS ! FACTS1 BE=E !Y CAN SAY ?AT ! ACCUS$ IS GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY40 

#c ,J4 ,J4 ,M>%ALL1 #a#d#i4  

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,K5TUCKY DECL>ES ?AT 09 ALL 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 ! JURY %ALL HAVE A RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACTS1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT1 AS 9 O!R CASES40 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,9DIANA HAS ! SAME PROVISION4 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,ILL9OIS HAS ! SAME PROVISION4 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,TEXAS HAS ! SAME PROVISION4 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,OHIO HAS ! SAME PROVISION4 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,T5NESSEE PROVIDES ?AT 09 ALL 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 ! JURY %ALL HAVE A RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACTS1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT1 AS 9 O!R CRIM9AL CASES40 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,MI*IGAN PROVIDES ?AT 09 ALL PROSECUTIONS OR 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 "9 "9 ! JURY %ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT40 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,MISS\RI DECL>ES ?AT 09 ALL PROSECUTIONS = LIBELS1 ! TRU? MAY BE GIV5 9 EVID5CE1 & ! JURY MAY DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACTS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT40 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,>KANSAS PROVIDES ?AT 09 ALL 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 ! JURY %ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACTS40  

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,WISCONS9 SAYS ?AT 09 ALL CRIM9AL PROSECUTIONS OR 9DICTM5TS = LIBEL1 "9 "9 "9 ! JURY %ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT40 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,MISSISSIPPI DECL>ES ?AT 09 ALL PROSECUTIONS OR 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 "9 "9 "9 ! JURY %ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACTS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT40 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ,MA9E DECL>ES ?AT 09 ALL 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 ! JURY1 AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT1 %ALL HAVE A RI<T TO DET]M9E1 AT !IR DISCRETION1 ! LAW & ! FACT40 

,! NEW CON/ITUTION ( ,NEW ,YORK PROVIDES ?AT 09 ALL CRIM9AL PROSECUTIONS OR 9DICTM5TS = LIBELS1 "9 "9 "9 ! JURY %ALL HAVE ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! LAW & ! FACT40 

,! =EGO+ /ATUTORY & CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISIONS = ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW 9 CASES ( LIBEL1 HAD !IR ORIG9 9 A FALSE DECISION BY ,LORD ,MANSFIELD1 9 #a#g#h#d1 9 :I* HE HELD ?AT1 9 ! TRIAL ( AN 9DICTM5T = LIBEL1 ! JURY HAD NO RI<T TO TAKE IT UPON !MSELVES TO JUDGE :E!R ! WRIT+ *>G$ AS LIBEL\S1 WAS REALLY SO1 OR NOT1--BUT ?AT !Y MU/ LEAVE ?AT QUE/ION :OLLY ) ! C\RT4 

#c ,T]M ,REPORTS1 #dbh NOTE4  

,?IS DECISION CREAT$ MU* AGITATION 9 ,5GL&1 9ASMU* AS ITS EFFECT WAS TO GIVE TO ! JUDICI>Y ! P[] TO RE/RA91 )9 SU* LIMITS AS IT PLEAS$1 ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 9 ! DISCUSSION ( ! *>ACT]S & CONDUCT ( PUBLIC M54 ,TO REMOVE ANY D\BTS EXCIT$ BY ! DECISION1 & TO MA9TA9 ! LEGITIMATE FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ,P>LIAM5T SOON AFT] PASS$ A SPECIAL ACT1 0?AT ON ! TRIAL ( AN 9DICTM5T OR 9=MATION = A LIBEL1 ! JURY MAY GIVE A G5]AL V]DICT ( GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY1 UPON ! :OLE MATT] PUT 9 ISSUE1 & %ALL NOT BE REQUIR$ OR DIRECT$ BY ! C\RT OR JUDGE TO F9D ! DEF5DANT GUILTY1 M]ELY ON ! PRO( ( ! PUBLICATION BY ! DEF5DANT ( ! PAP] *>G$ TO BE A LIBEL1 & ( ! S5SE ASCRIB$ TO ! SAME 9 ! 9DICTM5T OR 9=MATION40 

,/AT4 #cb ,GEO4 #c1 C4 #f4 

,! PURPORT ( ?IS ACT IS ?AT ! JURY MAY JUDGE BO? ( ! LAW & ! FACT4 

,! EXAMPLE ( ,P>LIAM5T WAS FOLL[$ EXT5SIVELY 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 AS ! PREC$+ CITATIONS %[4 

,ON ! G5]AL QUE/ION ( ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 9 CRIM9AL CASES1 !RE HAS BE5 = C5TURIES ! SAME DISAGREEM5T AMONG JUDGES 9 ,5GL& AS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,IF ?IS DISAGREEM5T PROVES NO?+ ELSE1 IT AT LEA/ PROVES ?IS1 ?AT ! P]MAN5T JUDICI>Y >E UTT]LY UNWOR?Y TO BE 5TRU/$ ) ! DECISION ( ! LAW 9 CRIM9AL CASES4 ,IF AFT] C5TURIES ( CONTROV]SY1 !Y CANNOT DET]M9E A PO9T SO IMPORTANT TO ! LIB]TIES ( A PEOPLE AS IS ! ONE :E!R ! JURY MAY RI<TFULLY JUDGE ( ! LAW8 ?AT IS1 :E!R 0! C\NTRY0 MAY JUDGE ( ITS [N LIB]TIES8 !Y >E MANIFE/LY UNFIT TO BE 5TRU/$ ) ! DECISION ( ANY O!R QUE/ION 9VOLV+ ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE4  
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,C4 

  
,MANSFIELD'S >GUM5T AGA9/ ! ,RI<T ( ! ,JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW 9 CRIM9AL CASES4 

  

,MANSFIELD'S >GUM5T1 IF >GUM5T IT CAN BE CALL$1 AGA9/ ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 IS ?IS4 

0,!Y 7! JURY7 DO NOT KN[1 & >E NOT PRESUM$ TO KN[1 ! LAW2 !Y >E NOT SWORN TO DECIDE ! LAW2 !Y >E NOT REQUIR$ TO DO IT4 "9 "9 ,! JURY \<T NOT TO ASSUME ! JURISDICTION ( LAW2 !Y DO NOT KN[1 & >E NOT PRESUM$ TO KN[1 ANY ?+ ( ! MATT]2 !Y DO NOT UND]/& ! LANGUAGE1 9 :I* IT IS CONCEIV$1 OR ! MEAN+ ( ! T]MS2 !Y HAVE NO RULE TO GO BY BUT !IR PASSIONS & WI%ES40 #c ,T]M ,REP4 #dbh NOTE4 

,ONE ANSW] TO ?IS >GUM5T IS1 ?AT ! JURY >E ! 0PE]S0 ( ! ACCUS$1 & CONSEQU5TLY >E SUPPOS$ TO KN[ ! LAW AS WELL AS HE DOES4 ,HE IS PRESUM$ TO KN[ ! LAW1 O!RWISE HE C\LD NOT BE HELD GUILTY ( A CRIM9AL 9T5T 9 VIOLAT+ IT4 ,IF1 !N1 HE IS RI<TFULLY PRESUM$ TO KN[ ! LAW1 HIS 0PE]S0 MU/ BE PRESUM$ EQUALLY TO KN[ IT4 ,IF HIS 0PE]S0 DO NOT KN[ ! LAW1 !N IT MU/ BE PRESUM$ ?AT HE DID NOT KN[ IT1 & ?AT HE !RE=E HAD NO CRIM9AL 9T5T 9 TRANSGRESS+ IT4  

,! EFFECT1 !RE=E1 ( TRIAL BY JURY1 9 CRIM9AL CASES1 IS TO HOLD NO ACCUS$ P]SON RESPONSIBLE = A MORE PRECISE OR ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( ! LAW1 ?AN IS COMMON TO HIS FELL[ M54 ,& ?IS IS ALL ?AT HE \<T TO BE HELD RESPONSIBLE =4 ,IF HE IS TO BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = A MORE ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( ! LAW ?AN HIS 0PE]S0 --HIS FELL[-M5 9 ! SAME RANK & CONDITION ( LIFE--HE IS LIABLE TO BE HELD GUILTY 9 LAW1 :5 HE HAD NO CRIM9AL 9T5T1 & HAD BE5 GUILTY ( NO CULPABLE NEGLECT 9 ASC]TA9+ ! LAW--= ?AT NEGLECT CANNOT BE LEGALLY CULPABLE1 :I* IS COMMON TO ! MASS ( MANK9D4 

,MANSFIELD'S >GUM5T GOES TO ?IS EXT5T1 ?AT ! COMMON PEOPLE1 7SU* AS JURIES >E COMPOS$ (71 KN[ NO?+ ( ! LAW1 & >E NOT PRESUM$ TO KN[ ANY ?+ ( IT2 & YET1 IF ONE ( !IR NUMB] TRANSGRESS IT1 HE IS !N PRESUM$ TO HAVE KN[N IT1 & TO HAVE HAD A CRIM9AL 9T5T1 7)\T :I* !RE CAN BE NO CRIME71 9 TRANSGRESS+ IT4 

,?IS DOCTR9E LOOKS AS IF JUDGES1 AS WELL AS JURIES1 SOMETIMES 0HAD NO RULE TO GO BY BUT !IR PASSIONS & WI%ES40 ,:ATEV] IMP]FECTION !RE MAY BE 9 ! JUDGM5T ( JURIES1 ,I APPREH5D !Y HAVE NEV]1 7UNLESS UND] ! DICTATION ( A C\RT71 ACT$ UPON SO ATROCI\S A PR9CIPLE AS ! ONE H]E AV[$ BY ,MANSFIELD4 

,MANSFIELD'S >GUM5T IS ! >GUM5T ( ALL :O OPPOSE ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 ,& IT SEEMS TO PROVE V]Y SATISFACTORILY ?AT1 IF ! PEOPLE CANNOT TRU/ !IR LIB]TIES 9 !IR [N H&S1 !RE IS LITTLE HOPE = !M AT ! H&S ( JUDGES--= ! DOCTR9E ( ?OSE1 :O OPPOSE ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 IS1 ?AT ! PEOPLE MU/ TRU/ !IR LIB]TIES 9 ! H&S ( JUDGES1 :OSE REASONS & RULES ( JUDGM5T >E UN9TELLIGIBLE TO ! PEOPLE1 & ! JU/ICE OR 9JU/ICE ( :OSE DECISIONS ! PEOPLE CONSEQU5TLY CANNOT UND]/&4 

,?IS DOCTR9E SUPPOSES ?AT IT IS NOT NECESS>Y ?AT ! PEOPLE %\LD KN[1 = !MSELVES1 :E!R !Y >E LIV+ UND] A JU/ GOV]NM5T1 OR A TYRANNICAL ONE2 ?AT IF !Y >E EV] PUNI%$ = DO+ :AT !Y ?9K !Y HAVE A RI<T TO DO1 & :AT !Y ?9K !Y NEV] GAVE UP !IR RI<T TO DO1 IT IS QUITE SUFFICI5T = !M TO HAVE ! WORD ( ! JUDGES ?AT ! PUNI%M5T IS ACCORD+ TO LAW4 

,SU* LIB]TY AS ?IS1 ,MANSFIELD NO D\BT ?\<T WAS GOOD 5\< = MANK9D AT L>GE4 ,BUT :E!R IT IS SU* LIB]TY AS WILL ALWAYS SATISFY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,!Y WILL PROBABLY PREF] A LIB]TY1 ?AT IS A LITTLE MORE 9TELLIGIBLE1 EV5 ?\< IT %\LD BE1 7:AT 9 REALITY IT W\LD NOT BE71 A LITTLE LESS REF9$4 

,! PEOPLE1 IT IS TRUE1 >E NOT V]Y LE>N$ 9 ! LAWS4 ,BUT !Y HAVE SUFFICI5TLY CLE> IDEAS ( LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 & M5'S NATURAL RI<TS1 TO BE REASONABLY COMPET5T TO DET]M9E :E!R1 9 A GIV5 CASE1 ONE MAN HAS 9FR+$ ! RI<TS ( ANO!R1 & \<T TO BE PUNI%$ !RE=4 ,& IT SEEMS TO BE A SOME:AT /RONG TRAIT 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON *>ACT]1 ?AT !Y PREF] TO TRU/ !IR LIB]TIES 9 ! H&S ( !IR 0PE]S10 RA!R ?AN 9 ! H&S ( JUDGES1 :OSE PRET5D$ SUP]IORITY 9 KN[L$GE MAY BE M]ELY A CLOAK = PRACTIC+ SU* OPPRESSIONS AS CANNOT BE O!RWISE JU/IFI$ TO ! M9DS ( ?OSE :O >E ! SUBJECTS ( !M4  

,/ORY'S >GUM5T IS SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME ) ,MANSFIELD'S1 7,UNIT$ ,/ATES VS4 ,BATTI/E1 #b ,SUMN]1 #b#d#c47 

,MANSFIELD & ,/ORY1 ,I ?9K1 >E ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ AU?ORITIES ( MOD]N TIMES1 AGA9/ ! RI<T ( ! JURY TO JUDGE ( ! LAW4 ,ONE W\LD 9F] FROM !IR OP9IONS1 & ! GR\NDS ( !M1 ?AT NEI!R HAD EV] HE>D1 OR SUPPOS$ ?AT ! WORLD HAD EV] HE>D1 ( ! COMMON LAW ( ,5GL&1 OR ( SU* AN 9/RUM5T AS ,MAGNA ,*>TA4 

,! IDEA ?AT1 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 :]E ! PEOPLE 9/ITUTE GOV]NM5T = ! PRES]VATION ( !IR RI<TS1 & :]E !Y MU/ BE PRESUM$ TO KN[ :AT RI<TS !Y HAD 9 VIEW 9 SO DO+1 !Y >E NOT COMPET5T1 AS JURORS1 TO JUDGE :5 ?OSE RI<TS >E 9VAD$1 IS ABSURD4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT IF !Y JUDGE ( ! LAW1 !IR IGNORANCE MAY BE DANG]\S TO ! PRISON]2 BECAUSE IF HE BE CONVICT$ AGA9/ LAW1 HE HAS HIS APPEAL TO ! C\RT4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 !Y ACQUIT1 ?AT !IR JUDGM5T IS F9AL4 ,MAGNA ,*>TA DOES NOT SAY ?AT A MAN %ALL BE PUNI%$ BY ! JUDGM5T ( HIS PE]S2 BUT ONLY ?AT HE %ALL NOT BE PUNI%$ 0UNLESS BY ! JUDGM5T ( HIS PE]S40 ,HE MAY BE ACQUITT$1 BUT CANNOT BE CONVICT$1 AGA9/ !IR JUDGM5T4  
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,D 

  
,EFFECT ( ,TRIAL BY ,JURY1 9 NULLIFY+ O!R ,LEGISLATION ?AN ! ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVE ,LAWS4 

  

,IF JURORS1 9 CRIM9AL CASES1 HAVE ! RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 ( ITS CON/ITUTIONALITY1 & ITS JU/ICE1 ! TRIAL BY JURY CAN BE MADE EFFICI5T = NULLIFY+ NE>LY ALL UNCON/ITUTIONAL & UNJU/ LEGISLATION2 BECAUSE IT MAKES IT SAFE TO VIOLATE1 & RESI/ ! EXECUTION ( IT4 

,IT W\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 MAKE IT SAFE TO RESI/ ! EXECUTION ( ALL ?OSE UNEQUAL & 9IQUIT\S REV5UE LAWS1 :I* 9 REALITY CONFISCATE T51 TW5TY1 ?IRTY1 OR FIFTY P]C5T ( ONE MAN'S PROP]TY1 UND] PRET5SE ( TAXATION1 :ILE N9ETY-N9E ONE-HUNDR$?S1 MORE OR LESS1 ( ALL ! O!R PROP]TY ( ! C\NTRY GOES FREE ( TAXATION2 LAWS1 ! OBJECT ( :I* IS1 NOT ONLY TO MAKE ONE MAN PAY ! TAXES ( O!RS1 BUT ALSO TO MAKE ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE PAY TO A FEW DOME/IC MANUFACTUR]S1 T51 TW5TY1 ?IRTY1 OR FIFTY P]C5T MORE = !IR COMMODITIES1 ?AN !Y W\LD BE WOR? 9 FREE & OP5 M>KET4 

,IT IS AS MU* ! DUTY ( A MAN TO DEF5D HIS PROP]TY AGA9/ SU* LAWS1 AS TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ PIRATES & HI<WAYM54 ,& ! EXECUTION ( SU* LAWS W\LD C]TA9LY BE RESI/$1 IF IT W]E UND]/OOD ?AT JURORS HAD A RI<T1 9 TRY+ M5 = SU* RESI/ANCE1 TO JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAWS4 

,! LAWS AGA9/ SMUGGL+ ALSO1 :I* CONFISCATE A MAN'S 5TIRE C>GO1 AS A PUNI%M5T = EVAD+ A TAX GA!R]1 :O1 BUT = ! EVASION1 W\LD HAVE SEIZ$ A HALF OR A QU>T] ( IT1 W\LD BE NULLIFI$ BY ! TRIAL BY JURY1 IF IT W]E UND]/OOD ?AT JURORS HAD A RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAWS4 

,! LAWS AGA9/ SMUGGL+ >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 AS WELL AS UNJU/4 ,! CON/ITUTION GIVES NOT ! SLI<TE/ AU?ORITY = LAWS1 ?AT PUNI% M5 = CONCEAL+ !IR PROP]TY FROM ! TAX GA!R]4 ,M5 HAVE A NATURAL RI<T TO CONCEAL !IR PROP]TY2 = !Y MAY FE> O!R ROBB]S ?AN ! TAX GA!R]4 ,! GOV]NM5T MU/ F9D PROP]TY BE=E !Y CAN TAX IT2 & :5 !Y HAVE F\ND IT1 !Y >E AU?ORIZ$ ONLY TO TAX IT4 ,!Y HAVE NO AU?ORITY TO CONFISCATE IT1 AS A PUNI%M5T TO ! PROPRIETOR = NOT HAV+ VOLUNT>ILY EXPOS$ IT = TAXATION4  

,! CON/ITUTION DECL>ES SIMPLY ?AT 0! CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO LAY & COLLECT TAXES1 DUTIES1 IMPO/S1 & EXCISES10 @&C4 ,H]E IS NO AU?ORITY = CONFISCAT+ PROP]TY1 :I* ! [N] HAD REFUS$ TO EXPOSE TO1 OR HAD ATTEMPT$ TO CONCEAL FROM1 ! TAX GA!R]4 

,! CON/ITUTION GIVES NO MORE P[] TO CONFISCATE IMPORT$ GOODS1 = ! REASON M5TION$1 ?AN TO CONFISCATE DOME/IC PROP]TY4 ,SUPPOSE A DIRECT TAX W]E LAID1 :O IMAG9ES ?AT CONGRESS W\LD HAVE P[] TO CONFISCATE ALL PROP]TY1 :I* ! [N]S %\LD REFUSE TO EXPOSE TO1 OR %\LD ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL FROM1 ! ASSESSORS8 ,YET !Y W\LD HAVE ! SAME RI<T 9 ?AT CASE1 ?AT !Y HAVE 9 ! CASE ( IMPORT$ GOODS2 = ! CON/ITUTION MAKES NO DI/9CTION1 9 ?IS P>TICUL>1 BETWE5 IMPORT$ & DOME/IC GOODS4 

,! /ATE GOV]NM5TS HAVE P[] TO LAY TAXES ALSO2 BUT :O SUPPOSES !Y HAVE P[] TO CONFISCATE PROP]TY1 OR PUNI% ! [N] BY IMPRISONM5T1 BECAUSE HE REFUSES TO DISCLOSE H[ MU* MONEY HE HAS 9 HIS POCKET1 OR ATTEMPTS TO CONCEAL ANY O!R PROP]TY FROM ! ASSESSORS8 ,YET ! /ATES HAVE AS MU* P[] TO DO SO1 AS HAVE CONGRESS4 

,! TRUE TRIAL BY JURY W\LD ALSO ABOLI% ! GOV]NM5T MONOPOLY 9 ! C>RIAGE ( LETT]S & PAP]S4 ,IF MANK9D HAVE ANY NATURAL RI<TS1 ! RI<T ( TRANSMITT+ 9TELLIG5CE TO EA* O!R1 9 ANY WAY ?AT IS 9TR9SICALLY 9NOC5T1 IS ONE ( !M4 ,& JURIES1 IF !Y KNEW !IR DUTIES1 W\LD SU/A9 ?AT RI<T1 BY REFUS+ EV] TO CONVICT A MAN = EX]CIS+ IT4 

,! LAWS AGA9/ ?IS RI<T IS ANO!R ( ! MANY LAWS1 = :I* ! CON/ITUTION GIVES NO AU?ORITY4 ,! CON/ITUTION SAYS SIMPLY ?AT 0,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS40 ,IT GIVES !M NO P[] TO =BID O!RS TO E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS 9 COMPETITION ) ?OSE ( ,CONGRESS4 ,SUPPOSE ! CON/ITUTION HAD SAID ?AT ,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% /AGE COA*ES1 /EAM-BOATS1 & RAIL-ROADS1 = ! TRANSPORTATION ( PASS5G]S & M]*&ISE2 DOES ANY ONE IMAG9E ?AT ?AT W\LD HAVE GIV5 !M ANY AU?ORITY TO PROHIBIT O!RS FROM E/ABLI%+ /AGE-COA*ES1 /EAM-BOATS1 & RAIL-ROADS 9 COMPETITION ) ?OSE ( ,CONGRESS8 ,YET ?AT CASE W\LD HAVE BE5 A P>ALLEL ONE TO ! PO/-(FICE P[]4 

,! TRIAL BY JURY W\LD ALSO OP5 ALL VACANT WILD L&S TO ! SETTL]1 FREE ( *>GE BY1 OR 9T]F]5CE FROM1 ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,CREATOR GAVE L&S1 NOT TO GOV]NM5TS1 BUT TO M54 ,& M5 HAVE ! SAME NATURAL RI<T TO TAKE POSSESSION ( UNOCCUPI$ WILD L&S1 )\T P]MIT FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 ?AT !Y HAVE TO DIP WAT] FROM ! /REAM1 TO BREA! ! AIR1 OR 5JOY ! SUN%9E4 ,& JURIES1 IF !Y KNEW !IR DUTIES1 W\LD PROTECT M5 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( ?IS RI<T1 BY ACQUITT+ !M1 IF 9DICT$ AS TRESPASS]S1 OR = RESI/+ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO DISPOSSESS !M ( !IR L&S4 

,:AT IS TRUE ( L&S1 IS TRUE ALSO ( ALL M9ES1 SALT SPR+S1 @&C41 :I* M5 F9D 9 ! E>?4 ,A MAN HAS ! SAME RI<T TO DIG GOLD \T ( ! E>?1 )\T ASK+ P]MISSION ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IF HE CAN F9D A SPOT UNOCCUPI$ BY ANY O!R MAN1 ?AT HE HAS TO DIG ROOTS4 

,9 ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 ! TRIAL BY JURY W\LD ABOLI% ALL RE/RICTIONS UPON CONTRACTS1 ?AT >E 9TR9SICALLY LAWFUL1 BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 ,IT W\LD1 = EXAMPLE1 ABOLI% ! LAWS :I* PROHIBIT FREE BANK+1 & LIMIT ! RATES ( 9T]E/2 LAWS1 :I* MAKE CURR5CY SC>CE1 & MAKE CR$IT & CAPITAL DIFFICULT TO BE OBTA9$4 ,ALSO ! LAWS1 :I* =BID ! SALE ( C]TA9 COMMODITIES1 UNLESS 9SPECT$ BY (FIC]S ( ! GOV]NM5T2 :I* =BID M5 TO ACT AS PILOTS1 AUCTIONE]S1 OR 9NHOLD]S1 UNLESS SPECIALLY LIC5S$2 & ALL O!R LAWS1 :I* REQUIRE ?AT M5 OBTA9 A SPECIAL LIC5SE FROM ! GOV]NM5T = DO+ ANY ACT OR BUS9ESS ?AT IS 9TR9SICALLY LAWFUL4  

,9 FACT ! TRIAL BY JURY W\LD ABOLI% ! :OLE CATALOG ( LAWS AGA9/ ACTS NOT CRIM9AL 9 !MSELVES1 BY :I* MONOPOLIES >E SU/A9$1 & M5 >E DEPRIV$ ( !IR NATURAL RI<TS2 LAWS F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! DE/RUCTION ( PRIVATE RI<TS IS PROMOTIVE ( ! PUBLIC GOOD4 

,! TRIAL BY JURY W\LD COMPEL ! FREE ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE4 ,A MAN HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO 5=CE HIS [N RI<TS1 & R$RESS HIS [N WRONGS4 ,IF ONE MAN [E ANO!R A DEBT1 & REFUSE TO PAY IT1 ! CR$ITOR HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO SEIZE SUFFICI5T PROP]TY ( ! DEBTOR1 :]EV] HE CAN F9D IT1 TO SATISFY ! DEBT4 ,IF ONE MAN COMMIT A TRESPASS UPON ! P]SON1 PROP]TY1 OR *>ACT] ( ANO!R1 ! 9JUR$ P>TY HAS A NATURAL RI<T EI!R TO *A/ISE ! AGGRESSOR1 OR TO TAKE COMP5SATION = ! 9JURY \T ( HIS PROP]TY4 ,BUT AS ! GOV]NM5T IS AN IMP>TIAL P>TY1 AS BETWE5 !SE 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO DO EXACT JU/ICE BETWE5 !M1 ?AN ! 9JUR$ 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF W\LD DO4 ,! GOV]NM5T ALSO1 HAV+ MORE P[] AT ITS COMM&1 IS LIKELY TO RI<T A MAN'S WRONGS MORE PEACEFULLY ?AN ! 9JUR$ P>TY HIMSELF C\LD DO IT4 ,IF !RE=E1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL DO ! WORK ( 5=C+ A MAN'S RI<TS1 OR ( R$RESS+ HIS WRONGS1 FREE ( EXP5SE TO HIM1 HE IS UND] A MORAL OBLIGATION TO LEAVE ! WORK 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1--BUT NOT O!RWISE4 ,:5 ! GOV]NM5T =BIDS HIM TO 5=CE HIS [N RI<TS1 OR R$RESS HIS [N WRONGS1 & DEPRIVES HIM ( ALL MEANS ( OBTA9+ JU/ICE1 EXCEPT ON ! CONDITION ( HIS EMPLOY+ ! GOV]NM5T TO OBTA9 IT = HIM1 & ( PAY+ ! GOV]NM5T = DO+ IT1 ! GOV]NM5T BECOMES ITSELF AN ACCOMPLICE ( ! OPPRESSOR4 ,IF ! GOV]N1 M5T WILL =BID A MAN TO PROTECT HIS [N RI<TS1 IT IS B\ND TO DO IT = HIM1 FREE ( EXP5SE TO HIM4 ,& SO LONG AS GOV]NM5T REFUSES TO DO ?IS1 JURIES1 IF !Y KNEW !IR DUTIES1 W\LD PROTECT A MAN 9 DEF5D+ HIS [N RI<TS4 

,PROBABLY ONE HALF ( ! COMMUNITY >E VIRTUALLY DEPRIV$ ( ALL PROTECTION = !IR RI<TS1 EXCEPT :AT ! CRIM9AL LAW AF=DS !M4 ,C\RTS ( JU/ICE1 = ALL CIVIL SUITS1 >E AS EFFECTUALLY %UT AGA9/ !M1 AS ?\< IT W]E DONE BY BOLTS & B>S4 ,BE+ =BIDD5 TO MA9TA9 !IR [N RI<TS BY =CE1--AS1 = 9/ANCE1 TO COMPEL ! PAYM5T ( DEBTS1--& BE+ UNABLE TO PAY ! EXP5SES ( CIVIL SUITS1 !Y HAVE NO ALT]NATIVE BUT SUBMISSION TO MANY ACTS ( 9JU/ICE1 AGA9/ :I* ! GOV]NM5T IS B\ND EI!R TO PROTECT !M1 FREE ( EXP5SE1 OR ALL[ !M TO PROTECT !MSELVES4  

,! FREE ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE IS ONE ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA-,ITS LANGUAGE IS1 0,WE WILL SELL TO NO MAN1 WE WILL D5Y NO MAN1 NOR DEF] RI<T OR JU/ICE40 ,:AT IS IT BUT SELL+ RI<T & JU/ICE1 TO COMPEL A MAN TO PAY ! CO/ ( IT8 OR ANY P>T ( ! NECESS>Y CO/ ( IT8 ,!RE W\LD BE ! SAME REASON1 9 COMPELL+ A P>TY TO PAY ! JUDGE & ! JURY = !IR S]VICES1 ?AT !RE IS 9 COMPELL+ HIM TO PAY ! WITNESSES1 OR ANY O!R NECESS>Y *>GES4 

,! ABOVE PR9CIPLE ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA IS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO MANY ( \R /ATE CON/ITUTIONS2 BUT IT IS A DEAD LETT] 9 ALL ( !M4 ,BUT IF ! TRIAL BY JURY W]E RI<TLY UND]/OOD1 ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE W\LD HAVE TO BE MADE FREE1 OR JURIES W\LD PROTECT M5 9 DEF5D+ !IR RI<TS BY =CE4 

,?IS COMPELL+ P>TIES TO PAY ! EXP5SES ( CIVIL SUITS1 IS ONE ( ! MANY CASES1 9 :I* GOV]NM5T IS FALSE TO ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 ON :I* IT IS BAS$4 ,:AT IS ! OBJECT ( GOV]NM5T BUT TO PROTECT M5'S RI<TS8 ,ON :AT PR9CIPLE DOES A MAN PAY HIS TAXES TO ! GOV]NM5T1 EXCEPT ON ?AT ( CONTRIBUT+ HIS PROPORTION T[>DS ! NECESS>Y CO/ ( PROTECT+ ! RI<TS ( ALL8 ,YET :5 HIS [N RI<TS >E ACTUALLY 9VAD$1 ?IS GOV]NM5T1 :I* HE CONTRIBUTES TO SUPPORT1 BECOMES HIS 5EMY1 & WILL NEI!R PROTECT HIS RI<TS1 7EXCEPT AT HIS [N CO/71 NOR SUFF] HIM TO DO IT HIMSELF4 

,! FREE ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE W\LD PROMOTE SIMPLICITY & /ABILITY 9 ! LAWS4 ,! MANIA ( LEGISLATION W\LD BE 9 A GREAT MEASURE RE/RA9$1 IF ! GOV]NM5T W]E COMPELL$ TO PAY ! EXP5SES ( ALL ! SUITS ?AT GR[ \T ( IT4 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,U,N,C,O,N,/,I,T,U,T,I,O,N,A,L,I,T,Y ,( ,S,L,A,V,],Y4 ,P,>,T,S ,F,I,R,/ ,& ,S,E,C,O,N,D4 

  

,B,Y ,L,Y,S,&,] ,S,P,O,O,N,]4  

,PUBLI%$ & = SALE BY ,B,E,L,A ,M,>,%1 ,NO4 #be ,CORNHILL1 ,BO/ON4 ,PRICE #e C5TS1 7#b#e C5TS = EI!R P>T SEP>ATELY74 ,PO/AGE ON ! BOOK = ANY DI/ANCE IS BUT #ab C5TS4 ,A P]SON REMITT+ TO ! ,PUBLI%] @s#a1 PO/PAID1 CAN HAVE TWO COPIES S5T BY MAIL4 ,A LIB]AL DISC\NT WILL BE MADE TO ,BOOKSELL]S & ,AG5TS :O BUY TO SELL AGA94 

"4,C ,WILL ! PUBLI%]S ( ,ANTI-,SLAV]Y PAP]S PLEASE TO KEEP A SUPPLY ON H& = SALE8 
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,R,E,C,O,M,M,5,D,A,T,I,O,N,S4 

  

,MR4 ,G>RISON1 DISAGREE+ TO ITS CONCLUSIONS ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! WORDS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION DO NOT FULLY EXPRESS ! 9T5TIONS ( ITS AU?ORS1 YET SAYS3-- 0,HIS LOGIC MAY BE FAULTLESS1 AS A M]ELY LEGAL EF=T40 0,WE ADMIT ,MR4 ,SPOON]'S REASON+ TO BE +5I\S--P]HAPS1 AS AN EF=T ( LOGIC1 UNANSW]ABLE40 0,IT IMPRESSES US AS ! PRODUCTION ( A M9D EQUALLY HONE/ & ACUTE40 0,ITS ABILITY1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SUBJECT ON :I* IT TREATS1 WILL D\BTLESS SECURE = IT A WIDE CIRCULATION & A C>EFUL P]USAL40 

,MR4 ,JO%UA ,LEAVITT SAYS3-- 0,IT IS UNANSW]ABLE4 ,!RE WILL NEV] BE AN HONE/ ATTEMPT TO ANSW] IT4 ,NEI!R PRIE/ NOR POLITICIAN1 LAWY] NOR JUDGE1 WILL EV] D>E UND]TAKE TO SUND] ?AT IRON-L9K$ *A9 ( >GUM5T1 :I* RUNS /RAI<T ?R\< ?IS BOOK FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D40 

,MR4 ,G]RIT ,SMI?1 9 A LETT] TO ! ,LIB]TY ,PRESS1 7,UTICA17 SAYS3-- 0,IT IS ADMIRABLE1 ,I W>MLY COMM5D IT TO Y\ & Y\R READ]S40 0,HI< AS W]E MY OP9IONS ( HIS ABILITY1 !Y >E HI<] N[ ?AT ,I HAVE READ HIS >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( HIS POSITION ?AT !RE IS NO LEGAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL SLAV]Y 9 ?IS NATION40 

,MR4 ,N4 ,P4 ,ROG]S1 AGREE+ ) SOME ( ITS POSITIONS1 & DISAGREE+ ) O!RS1 SAYS3-- 0,IT IS A SPL5DID ESSAY4 ,IF ! TAL5T LAID \T 9 IT W]E LAID \T 9 ! B>1 IT W\LD MAKE ! AU?OR DI/+UI%$ & RI*40 0,?IS ESSAY %\LD GIVE ! AU?OR A NAME AT ! ,BO/ON B>4 ,IT WILL AT ! B> ( PO/]ITY40 

,SAMUEL ,E4 ,SEWALL1 ,ESQ41 SAYS3-- 0,IT M]ITS G5]AL ATT5TION1 NOT M]ELY FROM ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SUBJECT1 BUT FROM ! MA/]LY MANN] 9 :I* IT IS H&L$40 0,IT EV]Y:]E OV]FL[S ) ?\<T40 0,WE REG>D IT AS A GREAT >S5AL ( LEGAL WEAPONS TO BE US$ 9 ! GREAT CONTE/ BETWE5 LIB]TY & SLAV]Y40 0,I HOPE IT WILL RECEIVE ! WIDE/ CIRCULATION40  

,J4 ,FULTON1 ,JR41 7,P5N417 SAYS3-- 0,N[ ?AT ,I HAVE READ IT1 ,I FEEL B\ND TO SAY ?AT IT IS ! MO/ CLE> & LUM9\S PRODUCTION ?AT ,I HAVE EV] READ ON ! SUBJECT4 ,IT BEG9S )\T A L9E ( PREFACE1 & 5DS )\T A WORD ( APOLOGY4 ,IT IS A SOLID MASS ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT >GUM5T1 UNBROK51 AS IT SEEMS TO ME1 BY A S+LE FLAW1 & TREADS D[N AS DU/ EV]Y?+ :I* HAS PREC$$ IT UPON ?AT SUBJECT4 ,LET EV]Y FRI5D ( ! SLAVE READ ! WORK )\T DELAY4 ,I BELIEVE IT IS DE/9$ TO GIVE A NEW PHASE TO \R /RUGGLE40 

,RI*>D ,HILDRE?1 ,ESQ41 SAYS3-- 0,NO ONE CAN D5Y TO ! PRES5T WORK ! M]IT ( GREAT ABILITY & GREAT LE>N+40 0,IF ANYBODY WI%ES TO SEE ?IS >GUM5T H&L$ 9 A MA/]LY MANN]1 ) GREAT CLE>NESS & PLA9NESS1 & AN >RAY ( CON/ITUTIONAL LE>N+1 :I*1 9 ! H&S ( MO/ LAWY]S1 W\LD HAVE EXP&$ 9TO AT LEA/ ?REE ROYAL OCTAVOS1 WE COMM5D !M TO ,MR4 ,SPOON]'S MODE/ PAMPHLET ( ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY-SIX PAGES40 

,ELIHU ,BURRITT SAYS3-- 0,IT EV9CES A DEP? ( LEGAL ]UDITION1 :I* W\LD DO HONOR TO ! FIR/ JURI/ ( ! AGE40 

,! ,TRUE ,AM]ICAN1 7,CORTL& C\NTY1 ,N4 ,Y417 SAYS3-- 0,IT IS AN IMP]I%ABLE & TRIUMPHANT WORK40 0,A LAW >GUM5T ?AT W\LD ADD TO ! FAME ( ! MO/ FAM$ JURI/1 LIV+ OR DEAD40 

,! ,BANGOR ,GAZETTE SAYS3-- 0,IT IS 9DE$ A MA/]LY >GUM5T40 0,NO ONE1 UNPREJUDIC$1 :O HAS SUPPOS$ ?AT ?AT 9/RUM5T 7! ,CON/ITUTION7 CONTA9$ GU>ANTEES ( SLAV]Y1 OR :O HAS HAD D\BTS UPON ! PO9T1 CAN RISE FROM ! P]USAL )\T FEEL+ RELIEV$ FROM ! SUPPOSITION ?AT \R GREAT NATIONAL *>T] IS ONE ( SLAV]Y & NOT ( FRE$OM4 ,& NO LAWY] CAN READ IT )\T ADMIR+1 BESIDES ITS O!R GREAT EXCELL5CES1 ! CLE>NESS ( ITS /YLE1 & ITS LOGICAL PRECISION40 

,! ,HAMP%IRE ,H]ALD 7,NOR?AMPTON7 SAYS3-- 0,IT IS WOR?Y ! MO/ GIFT$ 9TELLECT 9 ! C\NTRY40 

,! ,WORCE/] ,C\NTY ,GAZETTE SAYS3-- 0,MR4 ,SPOON]1 WE ?9K1 HAS CLE>LY %[N ?AT IT 7SLAV]Y7 HAS NO CON/ITUTIONAL F\NDATION40 

,! ,LIB]TY ,PRESS1 7,UTICA17 SAYS3-- 0,! AU?OR LABORS TO %[1 & DOES %[1 ?AT SLAV]Y 9 ?IS C\NTRY IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 & UNSU/A9$ BY LAW1 EI!R /ATE OR F$]AL40 

,! ,GRANITE ,FREEMAN SAYS3-- 0,WE WI% EV]Y VOT] 9 ! ,UNION C\LD HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO READ ?IS MAGNIFIC5T >GUM5T4 ,WE %\LD HE> NO MORE1 AFT] ?AT1 ( ! 'COMPROMISES ( ! ,CON/ITUTION' AS AN >GUM5T TO CLOSE ! LIPS & PALSY ! H&S ( ?OSE :O ABHOR SLAV]Y & LABOR = ITS REMOVAL40  

,! ,*>T] ,OAK SAYS3-- 0,( ITS R>E M]IT AS A CONTROV]SIAL >GUM5T1 IT IS SUP]FLU\S TO SPEAK4 ,IT MAY1 9 FACT1 BE REG>D$ AS UNANSW]ABLE1 & WE >E P]SUAD$ ?AT ITS G5]AL CIRCULATION W\LD GIVE A NEW ASPECT TO ! ,ANTI-,SLAV]Y CAUSE1 BY EXPLOD+ ! POPUL>1 BUT MI/AK5 NOTION1 ?AT SLAV]Y IS SOMEH[ 5TR5*$ BEH9D ! ,CON/ITUTION40 

,! ,ALBANY ,PATRIOT SAYS3-- 0,?IS EF=T ( ,MR4 ,SPOON] IS A REM>KABLE ONE 9 MANY RESPECTS4 ,IT IS UNRIVAL$ 9 ! SIMPLICITY1 CLE>NESS & =CE ( /YLE ) :I* IT IS EXECUT$4 ,! >GUM5T IS ORIG9AL1 /EEL-RIBB$1 & TRIUMPHANT4 ,IT BE>S D[N ALL OPPOSITION4 ,PETTIFOGG+1 BLACK-LETT] DULLNESS & P$ANTRY1 SPECIAL PLEAD+ & DEMAGOGISM1 ALL RETIRE BE=E IT4 ,IF EV]Y LAWY] 9 ! C\NTRY C\LD HAVE IT PUT 9TO HIS H&S1 & BE 9DUC$ TO /UDY IT1 AS HE DOES HIS BRIEF1 IT W\LD ALONE OV]?R[ SLAV]Y4 ,!RE IS MORAL =CE 5\< 9 IT = ?AT PURPOSE40 

,! ,*RONOTYPE CALLS IT 0,ONE ( ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T CON/ITUTIONAL >GUM5TS EV] PRODUC$ 9 ANY C\NTRY40 0,IT NE$S SU* A WORK AS ,MR4 ,SPOON]'S ON CON/ITUTIONAL LAW TO MAKE ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! LEA/ VALUE TO US AS A %IELD ( RI<TS40 

,! ,LIB]TY ,GAZETTE 7,BURL+TON1 ,VT47 SAYS3-- 0,?IS WORK CANNOT BE TOO HI<LY PRAIS$1 OR TOO EXT5SIVELY CIRCULAT$4 ,ITS REASON+ IS CONCLUSIVE1 & NO ONE CAN READ IT )\T BE+ CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! FRI5D & PROTECTOR ( SLAV]Y1 IS A PURELY ,ANTI-,SLAV]Y DOCUM5T40 

,! ,9DIANA ,FREEMAN SAYS3-- 0,EV]Y ,ABOLITIONI/ %\LD HAVE ?IS ADMIRABLE WORK1 & KEEP IT 9 CON/ANT CIRCULATION AMONG HIS NEI<BORS40 

,! ,WORCE/] @&,A,DLIG2GIS SAYS3-- 0,?IS WORK IS ONE ( ! ABLE/1 P]HAPS ! ABLE/ REVIEW ( ALL ! >GUM5TS1 PRO & CON1 UPON ! SUBJECT ( SLAV]Y1 ?AT HAS YET EMANAT$ FROM ! ,AM]ICAN PRESS4 ,NO ONE :O FEELS ! LEA/ 9T]E/ :ATEV] 9 ?IS GREAT QUE/ION %\LD FAIL TO POSSESS HIMSELF ( A COPY40  
.<,BACK TO ,TABLE ( ,CONT5TS.> ,A,L,S,O ,= ,S,A,L,E ,A,S ,A,B,O,V,E4 

  

,! ,T,R,I,A,L ,& ,I,M,P,R,I,S,O,N,M,5,T ,( ,J,O,N,A,?,A,N ,W,A,L,K,]1 AT ,P5SACOLA1 ,FLORIDA1 = AID+ SLAVES TO ESCAPE FROM BONDAGE2 ) AN ,APP5DIX1 CONTA9+ A SKET* ( HIS LIFE4 ,PRICE #be C5TS4 

,MR4 ,SUMN]'S ,F\R? ( ,JULY ,ORATION1 ON ! ,T,R,U,E ,G,R,&,E,U,R ,( ,N,A,T,I,O,N,S4 ,PRICE #be C5TS4 

,MR4 ,P>K]'S ,S,],M,O,N ,O,N ,W,>1 PREA*$ AT ! ,MELODEON ON ,SUNDAY1 ,JUNE #g1 #a#h#d#f4 #ae C5TS4 

,L9COLN'S ,A,N,T,I-,S,L,A,V,],Y ,M,E,L,O,D,I,E,S4 #be C5TS4 

,N,>,R,A,T,I,V,E ( ! SUFF]+S ( ,L,E,W,I,S & ,M,I,L,T,O,N ,C,L,>,K,E1 AMONG ! ,SLAVEHOLD]S ( ,K5TUCKY4 #be C5TS4 

,! ,W,A,T,] ,C,U,R,E ,= ,D,E,B,I,L,I,T,A,T,$ ,Y,\,N,G ,M,52 ADDRESS$ TO ,FA!RS AS WELL AS ,SONS4 ,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,G]MAN ( ,*RI/IAN ,RITT]1 ,M4 ,D41 ) ,NOTES CRITICAL & EXPLANATORY1 BY ,DR4 ,ALCOTT4 #b C5TS4 

,D,R4 ,G,R,A,H,A,M',S ,L,E,C,T,U,R,E,S ,T,O ,Y,\,N,G ,M,5 ,O,N ,*,A,/,I,T,Y4 ,9T5D$ ALSO = ! S]I\S CONSID]ATION ( ,P>5TS & ,GU>DIANS4 #e C5TS4  

,M,R,S4 ,*,I,L,D',S ,L,E,T,T,],S ,F,R,O,M ,N,E,W-,Y,O,R,K4 #ge C5TS4 

,M,R,S4 ,*,I,L,D',S ,H,I,/,O,R,Y ,( ,W,O,M,51 #b VOLS4 #ge C5TS4 

,ALL ! WORKS ( ,COMBE & ,F[L]1 ON ,P,H,R,5,O,L,O,G,Y1 ,P,H,Y,S,I,O,L,O,G,Y1 @&C4 

,P,O,V,],T,Y4--,ITS ,ILLEGAL ,CAUSES & ,LEGAL ,CURE1 BY ,LYS&] ,SPOON]4 #be C5TS4 

,! ,P,H,I,L,O,S,O,P,H,Y ,( ,M,E,S,M,],I,S,M1 BY ,J4 ,B4 ,DODS4 #be C5TS4 

,! ,C,O,M,P,L,E,T,E ,P,H,O,N,O,G,R,A,P,H,I,C ,C,L,A,S,S ,B,O,O,K1 CONTA9+ A /RICTLY 9DUCTIVE EXPOSITION ( ,PITMAN'S ,PHONOGRAPHY4 #cg #a-#b C5TS4 

,! ,P,H,O,N,O,G,R,A,P,H,I,C ,R,E,A,D,]4 #be C5TS4 

,! ,P,H,I,L,O,S,O,P,H,Y ,( ,! ,W,A,T,] ,C,U,R,E4 #be C5TS4  

,D,R4 ,A,L,C,O,T,T ,O,N ,! ,U,S,E ,( ,T,O,B,A,C,C,C4 #ab #a-#b C5TS4 

,D,R4 ,A,L,C,O,T,T ,O,N ,! ,U,S,E ,( ,T,E,A ,& ,C,(,F,E,E4 #ae C5TS4 

.<"9 .> ,! >GUM5T ON ?IS PO9T IS SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME AS ONE EMBRAC$ 9 ! ,LETT] ( ,HON4 ,HORACE ,MANN1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,BO/ON ,ATLAS1 ,JUNE #a1 #a#h#e4 ,AL?\< ! >GUM5T IMPLIES NO M]IT ON MY P>T--IT BE+ MADE UP ( DEF9ITIONS GIV5 BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT--IT MAY YET BE PROP] = ME--BY WAY ( AVOID+ ! APPE>ANCE ( PLAGI>ISM--TO SAY ?AT IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,BURRITT'S ,*RI/IAN ,CITIZ5 ( ,JUNE #h?1 #a#h#e1 TWO DAYS BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( ,MR4 ,MANN'S4 

.<"9 .> ,! ,COMMISSION]S >E PROBABLY UNCON/ITUTIONAL JUDICIAL TRIBUNALS = ANO!R REASON1 TO WIT1 ?AT ! LAW1 :I* AU?ORIZES !IR APPO9TM5T1 MAKES NO PROVISION ?AT !Y 0%ALL HOLD !IR (FICES DUR+ GOOD BEHAVIOR10 AS ! CON/ITUTION REQUIRES ?AT 0JUDGES0 %ALL DO4 ,! LAW SAYS NO?+ ( ! T5URE1 BY :I* !Y %ALL HOLD !IR (FICES2 IT SIMPLY PROVIDES 0,?AT IT %ALL BE LAWFUL = ! ,CIRCUIT ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 TO BE HOLD5 9 ANY DI/RICT1 "9 "9 TO APPO9T SU* & SO MANY DISCREET P]SONS1 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! DI/RICT1 AS SU* C\RT %ALL DEEM NECESS>Y1 TO TAKE ACKN[L$GM5TS ( BAIL & AFFIDAVITS10 @&C4 

,/AT4 #b? ,FEB41 #a#h#a#b1 ,U4 ,S4 ,/AT4 AT ,L>GE1 ,VOL4 #b1 P4 #f#g#h4 

,I UND]/& ! G5]AL OP9ION TO BE ?AT1 UND] ?IS LAW1 ! COMMISSION]S >E 5TITL$ TO HOLD !IR (FICES ONLY DUR+ ! PLEASURE ( ! C\RTS ?AT APPO9T !M4  

.<"9 .> ,9 TRU?1 0! ACTS1 RECORDS1 & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( A ,/ATE JUDGE1 :5 EX]CIS+ A JUDICIAL AU?ORITY PURPORT+ TO BE CONF]R$ UPON HIM BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 >E NOT EV5 ! 0ACTS1 RECORDS1 OR JUDICIAL PROCE$+S0 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--= ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAVE NO CON/ITUTIONAL P[] TO CONF] ANY SU* AU?ORITY UPON HIM--& CONSEQU5TLY HIS ACTS1 9 EXECUTION ( SU* AN AU?ORITY1 >E LEGALLY NO?+ MORE ?AN HIS PRIVATE ACTS AS AN 9DIVIDUAL4 

.<"9 .> ,ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 ! TE/IMONY ( ! P>TIES !MSELVES1 9 ALL CASES1 CIVIL & CRIM9AL1 IS LEGITIMATE1 & NEI!R ,CONGRESS NOR ! C\RTS HAVE ANY AU?ORITY TO EXCLUDE IT4 

,9 CIVIL CASES ! TE/IMONY ( ! P>TIES IS LEGITIMATE1 BECAUSE !Y ALONE KN[ ! :OLE TRU?1 AS TO ! MATT] 9 CONTROV]SY1 & IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ( A CASE 9 :I* IT W\LD NOT BE = ! 9T]E/ ( ONE OR ! O!R ( ! P>TIES TO DISCLOSE IT4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ! P>TIES !MSELVES >E ALL[$ TO TE/IFY1 IT IS MORALLY C]TA91 AS A G5]AL ?+1 ?AT ! :OLE TRU? WILL BE TOLD4 ,IF ! P>TIES AGREE 9 !IR TE/IMONY1 ! FACTS ( ! CASE >E AT ONCE ASC]TA9$1 & ! NECESSITY & EXP5SE ( FUR!R TE/IMONY IS SAV$4 ,IF !Y DISAGREE1 ! TE/IMONY ( ?IRD P]SONS CAN !N BE BR\<T 9 AS SUPPLEM5T>Y TO ?AT ( ! P>TIES2 & ! PRESUMPTION MU/ BE ?AT IT WILL CORROBORATE ! P>TY :OSE TE/IMONY IS TRUE4 ,BUT IF ! TE/IMONY ( ?IRD P]SONS ALONE IS RECEIV$1 !RE CAN BE NO C]TA9TY AT ALL ?AT ! :OLE TRU? IS TOLD1 9 H>DLY ANY CONCEIVABLE CASE2 & CONSEQU5TLY !RE CAN BE NO C]TA9TY ?AT ! DECISION CORRESPONDS ) ! REAL M]ITS ( ! CASE4 

,IT IS ABSURD TO EXCLUDE BO? ! P>TIES1 ON ! GR\ND ( 9T]E/1 = TWO REASONS4 #a4 ,BECAUSE !Y HAVE ! SAME 9T]E/S RESPECTIVELY2 !IR OPPOS+ 9T]E/S !RE=E EXACTLY BALANCE EA* O!R2 & !Y CONSEQU5TLY /& ON A P]FECT LEVEL ) EA* O!R 9 ?AT RESPECT4 #b4 ,BECAUSE1 BE+ P>TIES1 !IR 9T]E/S >E NECESS>ILY KN[N TO ! TRIBUNAL ?AT WEI<S !IR TE/IMONY1 & ?AT TRIBUNAL WILL ( C\RSE MAKE ! PROP] ALL[ANCE = !IR 9T]E/S1 & JUDGE ( ! CR$IBILITY ( !IR TE/IMONY ACCORD+LY4 

,9 SUITS 9 EQUITY1 ALL C\RTS RECEIVE ! TE/IMONY ( ! P>TIES !MSELVES2 & !RE IS NO RATIONAL GR\ND :ATEV] = MAK+ A DI/9CTION1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 BETWE5 SUITS 9 EQUITY1 & SUITS 9 LAW4 ,BLACK/ONE SAYS1 

0,IT SEEMS ! HEI<T ( JUDICIAL ABSURDITY1 ?AT 9 ! SAME CAUSE1 BETWE5 ! SAME P>TIES1 9 ! EXAM9ATION ( ! SAME FACTS1 A DISCOV]Y BY ! OA? ( ! P>TIES %\LD BE P]MITT$ ON ONE SIDE ( ,WE/M9/] ,HALL1 79 ! EQUITY C\RTS71 & D5I$ ON ! O!R1 79 ! LAW C\RTS72 OR ?AT JUDGES ( ONE & ! SAME C\RT %\LD BE B\ND BY LAW TO REJECT SU* A SPECIES ( EVID5CE1 IF ATTEMPT$ ON A TRIAL AT B>1 BUT1 :5 SITT+ ! NEXT DAY AS A C\RT ( EQUITY1 %\LD BE OBLIG$ TO HE> SU* EXAM9ATIONS READ1 & TO F\ND !IR DECREES UPON IT40#c ,BLACK/ONE1 ,*4 #b#h4 

,9 CRIM9AL CASES1 NO?+ CAN BE MORE ABSURD1 CRUEL1 OR MON/R\S1 NO?+ MORE MANIFE/LY CONTR>Y TO ALL ! DICTATES ( HUMANITY1 JU/ICE1 & COMMON S5SE1 ?AN TO CLOSE ! M\? ( AN ACCUS$ P]SON1 & =BID HIM TO (F] ANY EXPLANATION OR JU/IFICATION ( HIS CONDUCT1 OR TO GIVE ANY D5IAL TO ! TE/IMONY BR\<T AGA9/ HIM--& ?US ?R[ HIM1 = ! PROTECTION ( HIS LIFE1 LIB]TY1 & *>ACT]1 UPON SU* EVID5CE ( O!R P]SONS AS *ANCE MAY HAPP5 TO ?R[ 9 HIS WAY4 

,NO D\BT ! GUILTY W\LD G5]ALLY ATTEMPT TO HIDE !IR GUILT BY FALSEHOOD2 BUT TO PRESUME ?AT AN ACCUS$ P]SON WILL TE/IFY FALSELY1 IS TO PRESUME HIM GUILTY BE=E HE IS HE>D1 :I* WE HAVE NO RI<T TO DO4 ,! LAW PRESUMES AN ACCUS$ P]SON 9NOC5T UNTIL HE IS PROV$ GUILTY4 ,CONSI/5TLY ) ?IS PRESUMPTION1 ! LAW IS B\ND TO PRESUME ?AT HE WILL TELL ! TRU?1 BECAUSE1 IF HE BE 9NOC5T1 AS ! LAW PRESUMES HIM TO BE1 ! TRU? W\LD BE/ S]VE HIS PURPOSE4 

,IF ! PR9CIPLE ( %UTT+ ! M\? ( AN ACCUS$ P]SON1 & COMPELL+ HIM TO RELY = HIS DEF5SE UPON SU* /RAY EVID5CE AS MAY *ANCE TO FALL 9 HIS WAY1 BE A S\ND ONE1 IT %\LD BE ACT$ UPON ALWAYS1 & EV]Y:]E4 ,! FA!R %\LD /RIKE1 BUT NEV] HE>1 HIS *ILD4 ,& IT %\LD BE ! SAME ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,A MAN ACCUS$ ( ANY ?+ (F5SIVE OR 9JURI\S TO O!RS1 %\LD NEV] BE ALL[$1 ) HIS [N LIPS1 EI!R TO D5Y ! ACT1 OR JU/IFY IT4 

,IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT IF SU* A PR9CIPLE W]E ACT$ UPON 9 SOCIETY G5]ALLY1 IT W\LD LEAD TO UNIV]SAL W>4 ,YET ! PR9CIPLE W\LD BE NO LESS ABSURD OR MON/R\S 9 SOCIETY AT L>GE1 ?AN IT IS 9 C\RTS ( JU/ICE4 

,! FE> ( FALSEHOOD1 :I* HAS L$ TO ! ADOPTION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE1 HAS NO JU/IFICATION 9 PRACTICAL LIFE2 = A GUILTY MAN IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO 5TRAP1 ?AN TO EXCULPATE HIMSELF1 :5 HE ATTEMPTS TO DEF5D HIMSELF BY FALSEHOOD4  

.<"9 .> ,9 ! CASE ( ,HILL V4 ,L[1 ! C\RT HELD ?AT UND] ! LAW ( #a#g#i#c1 ! CLAIMANT1 9 A SUIT = ! P5ALTY1 AGA9/ A P]SON = H>BOR+1 CONCEAL+1 OR RESCU+ A FUGITIVE1 WAS UND] ! NECESSITY ( PROV+ HIS PROP]TY 9 ! FUGITIVE1 & ?AT ! C]TIFICATE ( ! MAGI/RATE WAS NOT PRO(4 ,! REASONS GIV5 = ?AT OP9ION SEEM V]Y SATISFACTORY & CONCLUSIVE1 & TO BE AS APPLICABLE TO A CASE UND] ! ACT ( #ahe AS UND] ?AT ( #a#g#i#c4--#d ,WA%+TON ,C4 ,C4 ,REP4 #c#b#g4 

.<"9 .> ,IF H[EV]1 IT %\LD BE HELD ?AT ! @s#a11 REQUIR$ TO BE PAID TO ! CLAIMANT1 IS 9 ! NATURE ( A P5ALTY1 9 ADDITION TO ! F9E & IMPRISONM5T1 IT FOLL[S ?AT 9 A SUIT = ?AT P5ALTY1 ! JURY WILL HAVE A RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! LAW1 AS 9 CASE ( AN 9DICTM5T4  

.<"9 .> ,9 ALL CRIM9AL CASES1 ! JURY >E TOLD ?AT ! DEF5DANT HAS 0= TRIAL1 PUT HIMSELF UPON ! C\NTRY1 :I* C\NTRY Y\ >E40 

.<"9 .> ,BY ,HON4 ,HORACE ,MANN4 

.<"9 .> ,IF JUDGES W]E MADE AM5ABLE TO ! PEOPLE BY ELECTION1 WE MI<T HAVE MORE HOPE ( !IR HAV+ SOME RESPECT = ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE4 

.<"9 .> ,I AM CONFID5T ?AT ,MR4 ,CALH\N MADE ! SAME ADMISSION )9 TWO OR ?REE YE>S LA/ PA/1 BUT ,I HAVE NOT ! PAP] CONTA9+ IT AT H&4 

.<"9 .>,S]VANTS W]E1 AT ?AT TIME1 A V]Y NUM]\S CLASS 9 ALL ! /ATES2 & !RE W]E MANY LAWS RESPECT+ !M1 ALL TREAT+ !M AS A DI/9CT CLASS FROM SLAVES4  

.<"9 .> ,WA%BURN1 9 HIS 0,JUDICIAL ,HI/ORY ( ,MASSA*USETTS10 7P4 #b#b71 SAYS1 

0,AS E>LY AS #a#g#g1 & TWO YE>S PREVI\S TO ! DECISION ( ,SOM]SETT'S CASE SO FAM\S 9 ,5GL&1 ! RI<T ( A MA/] TO HOLD A SLAVE HAD BE5 D5I$1 BY ! ,SUP]IOR ,C\RT ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 & UPON ! SAME GR\NDS1 SUB/ANTIALLY1 AS ?OSE UPON :I* ,LORD ,MANSFIELD DIS*>G$ ,SOM]SETT1 :5 HIS CASE CAME BE=E HIM4 ,! CASE H]E ALLUD$ TO1 WAS ,JAMES VS4 ,LE*M]E1 BR\<T BY ! ,PLA9TIFF1 A NEGRO1 AGA9/ HIS MA/] TO RECOV] HIS FRE$OM40 

.<"9 .> ,P]HAPS IT MAY BE CLAIM$ BY SOME ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( ,S\? ,C>OL9A WAS AN EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,BY ?AT CON/ITUTION IT WAS PROVID$ ?AT ! QUALIFICATIONS ( MEMB]S ( ! ,S5ATE & ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES 0%ALL BE ! SAME AS M5TION$ 9 ! ELECTION ACT40 

0,! ELECTION ACT0 WAS AN ACT ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,ASSEMBLY PASS$ 9 #a#g#e#i1 :I* PROVID$ ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ASSEMBLY 0%ALL HAVE 9 ?IS PROV9CE A SETTL$ PLANTATION OR FREEHOLD E/ATE ( AT LEA/ FIVE HUNDR$ ACRES ( L&1 & TW5TY SLAVES40 

,BUT ?IS ACT WAS NECESS>ILY VOID1 SO F> AS ! REQUIREM5T 9 REG>D TO SLAVES WAS CONC]N$1 BECAUSE SLAV]Y BE+ REPUGNANT TO ! LAWS ( ,5GL&1 IT C\LD HAVE NO LEGAL EXI/5CE 9 ! COLONY1 :I* WAS RE/RICT$ FROM MAK+ ANY LAWS EXCEPT SU* AS W]E CON=MABLE1 AS NE>LY AS CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD ALL[1 TO ! LAWS1 /ATUTES1 & RI<TS ( ! REALM ( ,5GL&4 

,?IS P>T ( ! ACT1 !N1 BE+ VOID AT ! TIME IT WAS PASS$1 & UP TO ! TIME ( ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! PROVISION 9 ?AT CON/ITUTION C\LD NOT LEGALLY BE HELD TO GIVE =CE TO ?IS P>T ( ! ACT4 ,BESIDES1 !RE C\LD BE NO SLAVES1 LEGALLY SPEAK+1 9 #a#g#g#h1 = ! ACT TO REF] TO4  

.<"9 .> ,= PRO( ?AT SU* WAS ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0FREE0 9 ?OSE 9/RUM5TS1 ,I MU/ REF] TO MY >GUM5T ON 0,! ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ,SLAV]Y40 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahdi 3 ,A ,DEF5CE = ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES1 AGA9/ ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c1 & ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #ahe -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,A ,DEF5CE = ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES1 AGA9/ ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c1 & ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #ahe -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bbb 3 ,A ,DEF5CE = ,FUGITIVE ,SLAVES1 AGA9/ ! ,ACTS ( ,CONGRESS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i#c1 & ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #ahe -- ,UPDAT$4 

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