,ZAPATI/A ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITIES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EJ]CITO ,ZAPATI/A ,DE ,LIB]ACION ,NACIONAL 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,DECEMB] ( #a#i#i#d1 ! ,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION 7,E,Z,L,N7 REVEAL$ ! EXI/5CE ( #cb REBEL 9DIG5\S MUNICIPALITIES1 :I* >E KN[N AS AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 )9 ! DI/RICT L9ES ( ! (FICIAL MUNICIPALITIES4 

,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES >E ! ORGANIZATION ( ! REBEL PEOPLES ( ,*IAPAS = RESI/ANCE4 ,! W> & ! MILIT>IZATION PREV5T ! PEOPLE1 9 MANY CASES1 FROM GO+ TO ! MUNICIPAL SEATS 9 ORD] TO RESOLVE !IR IMM$IATE PROBLEMS2 ! SOLDI]S AT ! *ECKPO9TS ASSAULT & 9T]ROGATE EV]Y P]SON SUSPECT$ ( BE+ A ZAPATI/A3 ?AT IS1 ALL POOR CAMPES9OS4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 9/ANCES ( RAPE AGA9/ WOM5 AT ! MILIT>Y *ECKPO9TS1 & ALSO ( KIDNAP+S & ATTACKS4 

,! LACK ( FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T 9 ! /ATE HAS ALSO =C$ ! APPE>ANCE ( ! AUTONOM\S & REBEL MUNICIPALITIES4 

,SOME AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES HAVE OP5$ !IR [N M>RIAGE1 BIR? & FUNCTIONS REGI/RIES1 BECAUSE1 S9CE #a#i#i#d1 MANY VILLAGES HAVE /OPP$ UTILIZ+ (FICIAL S]VICES1 BECAUSE !Y BELONG TO ! CIVIL SUPPORT /RUCTURE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION4 

,COMPLETELY AB&ON$ BY /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 & )\T BASIC S]VICES1 ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES ( ,*IAPAS HAVE OPT$ TO RESOLVE SOME ( !IR [N PROBLEMS ?R\< SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,! LEGITIMACY ( ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES IS BAS$ 9 ! ,TREATY #afi ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION 7,I,L,O71 TO :I* ,MEXICO IS A SIGNATORY1 & :I* RECOGNIZES ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO !IR USES & CU/OMS4 ,9 ADDITION1 MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY IS RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,>TICLE #aae ( ! ,MEXICAN ,CON/ITUTION4 

,= ! REBEL PEOPLES ( ,*IAPAS1 ! CREATION ( ! ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITIES IS ALSO A MEANS = C>RY+ \T ! ,SAN ,&RES ,ACCORDS4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#i#f1 ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T SIGN$ ! ,ACCORDS ON ,9DIG5\S ,RI<TS & ,CULTURE ) ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,!SE ACCORDS W]E TO HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES4 ,BUT ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T REJECT$ ! LEGISLATIVE PROPOSAL ( ! ,COMMISSION ( ,CONCORDANCE & ,PEACE -- MADE UP ( ALL ! POLITICAL =CES 9 ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,UNION -- :I* !Y HAD PREP>$ 9 ,DECEMB] ( #a#i#i#f4 

,! C>RY+ \T ( ! ,SAN ,&RES ,ACCORDS ON 9DIG5\S RI<TS IS /ILL NOT RESOLV$1 & IT IS ONE ( ! ,E,Z,L,N'S ESS5TIAL REQUIREM5TS = RETURN+ TO ! DIALOGUE TABLE4 

,! ,E,Z,L,N MA9TA9S ?AT ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES >E LEGITIMATE1 GIV5 ?AT !Y >E ! RESULTS ( ! APPLICATION ( ! ,SAN ,&RES ,ACCORDS1 :I* ! GOV5RM5T SIGN$1 & :I* IT N[ REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE4 

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,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES >E MADE UP BY ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES )9 AN >EA DEF9$ BY ZAPATI/A 9FLU5CE4 ,! COMMUNITIES ( AN 9DIG5\S ZONE OR >EA >E ! ONES :O DECIDE1 AT AN ASSEMBLY ( ALL !IR MEMB]S1 :E!R OR NOT !Y WILL BELONG TO ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY4 

,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 P>ALLEL TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL ONES1 DO NOT RECEIVE ANY F9ANC+ FROM ! /ATE1 NOR DO !Y COLLECT TAXES4 

,IT IS ! COMMUNITIES :O ELECT !IR REPRES5TATIVES = ! ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 :I* IS ! AU?ORITY = ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,EA* REPRES5TATIVE IS *OS5 = ONE >EA ( ADM9I/RATION )9 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY1 & !Y MAY BE REMOV$ IF !Y DO NOT FULLY COMPLY ) ! COMMUNITIES' M&ATES4 

,G5]ALLY1 A ,C\NCIL IS MADE UP ( A ,PRESID5T1 A ,VICE-,PRESID5T1 A ,SECRET>Y1 A ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 A P]SON 9 *>GE ( ,AGR>IAN ,MATT]S1 A ,HEAL? ,COMMITTEE & A DIRECTOR = ! ,CIVIL ,REGI/RY4 ,EA* MEMB]S' P[]S >E CLE>LY DEF9$ )9 !IR APPO9TM5T1 & !Y FUNCTION 9 A COLLEGIAL MANN]1 ) ! ADVICE ( PREVI\S AU?ORITIES OR ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ELD]S4 

,! ,C\NCILS >E ELECT$ & R5EW$ EV]Y ONE OR TWO YE>S1 ACCORD+ TO ! MUNICIPALITY4 

,! ACTIVITIES & ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( EA* AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY >E DEP5D5T ON ! WILL ( !IR MEMB]S1 & ON !IR LEVEL ( CONSOLIDATION4 ,!Y DO NOT MANAGE PUBLIC RES\RCES1 & !IR BUDGET1 IF IT EXI/S AT ALL1 IS V]Y LIMIT$1 & DUE TO ! COOP]ATION ( SOME ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,?OSE :O HOLD A POSITION ON ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL DO NOT RECEIVE A SAL>Y = IT1 AL?\< !IR EXP5SES %\LD BE PAID BY ! SAME COMMUNITIES :O REQUE/ !IR PRES5CE1 ?R\< COOP]ATION AMONG ! MEMB]S4 ,9 SOME CASES1 MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL >E SUPPORT$ 9 !IR F>M WORK1 SO !Y !Y CAN D$ICATE !MSELVES TO !IR .<,C\NCIL.> WORK1 & NOT HAVE TO GO ! FIELDS4 

,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES RESOLVE LOCAL PROBLEMS ( COEXI/5CE1 RELATIONS & EX*ANGES BETWE5 COMMUNITIES1 & !Y ATT5D TO M9OR CRIMES4 ,! APPLICATION ( JU/ICE IS BAS$ ON CU/OM>Y LAW4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 CASES ( COMMON CRIMES1 ! PUNI%M5T IMPOS$ BY ! ,AUTONOM\S ,C\NCIL IS REP>ATION ( ! DAMAGES3 9/EAD ( PUNI%M5T BY JAIL OR F9ES1 A S5T5CE IS IMPOS$ ( WORK+ = ! COMMUNITY1 OR = ! AGGRIEV$ FAMILY4 

,9 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY ( ,POLHO1 9 ,*5ALHO1 :]E ?\S&S ( W> DISPLAC$ >E F\ND1 ! ,AUTONOM\S ,C\NCIL RECEIVES NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL HUMANIT>IAN AID1 & IT DI/RIBUTES IT TO ! CAMPS ?R\< ! ,SUPPLY ,COMMITTEE4 

,SOME AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES OCCUPY ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,MUNICIPAL BUILD+1 SU* AS 9 ,SAN ,&RES1 9 ,LOS ,ALTOS ( ,*IAPAS4 ,! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITY ( ,SAN ,JUAN DE LA ,LIB]TAD1 (FICIALLY ,EL ,BOSQUE1 MET 9 ! (FICIAL MUNICIPAL SEAT FACILITIES UNTIL ! MILIT>Y (F5SIVE AGA9/ IT LA/ ,JUNE #a4 

,! NON-GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION1 ,SIPAZ1 HAS ?IS TO SAY CONC]N+ ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES3 

0,CONSID]$ FROM A WE/]N POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES MAKE NO S5SE4 ,!Y HAVE NO RES\RCES OR REAL P[] OR LEGAL LEGITIMACY1 & !Y >E DY+1 5CIRCL$ BY HUNG]1 DISEASES1 ! P>AMILIT>Y ?REAT & ! SECURITY =CES4 ,H[EV]1 = ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES1 !Y CON/ITUTE AN ELOQU5T SYMBOL ( A CULTURE :I* IS RESI/+ & DEFY+ ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 MAK+ A REALITY ( A DIFF]5T WAY ( UND]/&+ POLITICS & ( ORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMY1 SOCIETY1 & EV5 HUMAN RELATIONS40 

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,= ! ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5T1 AUTONOMY IS ! 0WOR/ 5EMY ( ! /ATE ( LAW01 & IT IMPLIES SECESSION FROM ! NATIONAL T]RITORY4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R FROM ! ACTUAL DEM&S EMANAT+ FROM ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES !MSELVES1 :]E ALL !IR MEMB]S DECL>E !MSELVES TO BE ,MEXICANS & DEM& !IR TRUE 9TEGRATION 9TO ! REPUBLIC1 BEG9N+ ) ! RECOGNITION ( !IR 9DIG5\S ID5TITIES4 

,DESPITE HAV+ SIGN$ ! ,I,L,O ,TREATY #a#f#i1 & DESPITE HAV+ SIGN$ ! ,SAN ,&RES ,ACCORDS ON ,9DIG5\S ,RI<TS & ,CULTURE1 ! GOV]NM5T HAS MADE ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES !IR WOR/ 5EMY1 ACCUS+ !M ( BE+ UNCON/ITUTIONAL & ILLEGAL1 & ORGANIZ+ MILIT>Y & POLICE OP]ATIONS AGA9/ !M4 

,9 #a#i#i#h1 ! REPRESSIVE ACTIVITIES ( ! /ATE AGA9/ !M HAS GR[N AT AN AL>M+ RATE1 LEAV+ AN UNDET]M9$ NUMB] ( 9DIG5\S DISPLAC$1 W\ND$ & DETA9$1 & MORE ?AN T5 9C>C]AT$1 #a DEAD & MORE ?AN #b 9T]NATIONAL OBS]V]S EXPELL$ FROM ! C\NTRY4 

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,ON ,APRIL #a#a1 #a#i#i#h1 A POLICE1 MILIT>Y & IMMIGRATION OP]ATION DISMANTL$ ! 0,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON0 ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITY1 9 ,TANIP]LAS1 (FICIALLY 9 ! MUNICIPALITY ( ,OCOS+O4 ,DUR+ ?IS OP]ATION1 #i P]SONS W]E DETA9$ & REMA9 9 JAIL1 *>G$ ) POLITICAL CRIMES4 ,SEV5 ( ! ,TANIP]LA PRISON]S >E 9DIG5\S1 & TWO >E ME/IZOS FROM ! ,METROPOLITAN ,AUTONOM\S ,UNIV]SITY4 ,TWELVE =EIGN]S :O W]E 9 ,TANIP]LA W]E RETURN$ TO !IR C\NTRIES ( ORIG91 & EXPRESSLY PROHIBIT$ FROM RETURN+ TO ,MEXICO4 

,S9CE !N1 A MILIT>Y CAMP & A POLICE *ECKPO9T HAVE B5 SET UP 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,TANIP]LA4 ,! M5 FL$ TO ! M\NTA9 \T ( FE> ( BE+ DETA9$1 & MORE ?AN #a WOM5 REMA9$ BEH9D1 ALONG ) !IR *ILDR51 CLOS$ UP 9 !IR H\SES1 )\T FOOD OR WAT]4 

,DUR+ ?IS TIME1 & ) ! SUPPORT ( ! =CES ( ORD] & ! ,/ATE GOV5RM5T1 ! ,M,I,R,A 7,9DIG5\S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ANTIZAPATI/A ,MOVEM5T7 P>AMILIT>Y GR\P HAS GR[N 9 ! ,TANIP]LA ZONE4 

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,ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#i#h4 A POLICE1 MILIT>Y & IMMIGRATION OP]ATION1 ) MORE ?AN #a TROOPS1 DISMANTL$ ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! 0,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD0 ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITY1 9 ,AMP>O ,AGUAT9TA4 ,?IS REPRESSIVE ACTION LEFT #fc DETA9$1 #c W\ND$1 #c WOM5 RAP$ & #ad DISPLAC$4 

,A MILIT>Y CAMP & V>I\S POLICE *ECKPO9TS W]E SET UP AT ! 5TRANCES TO1 & )91 ! T[N ( ,AMP>O ,AGUAT9TA4 

,! SITUATION 9 ? COMMUNITIES WAS MADE UNT5ABLE2 ! NEW PATROLS CREATE FE> AMONG ! PEOPLE & HUNDR$S ( FAMILIES HAVE DISPLAC$ TO O!R T[NS4 ,! ,AUTONOM\S ,C\NCIL ( ?IS MUNICIPALITY HAVE BE5 9C>C]AT$4 

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,AT ! 5D ( ,MAY1 #a#i#i#h1 ! ,/ATE GOV]NM5T1 DET]M9$ TO DO AWAY ) ?OSE >EAS ( 9DIG5\S SELF-GOV]NM5T1 PROPOS$ ,R,$,I,/,R,I,C,T,+1 &1 ?R\< AN (FICIAL 0CONSULTATION01 IS DRAW+ UP A PLAN = ! CREATION ( #cc NEW MUNICIPALITIES4 

,9 ?IS MANN]1 ! ,*IAPANECO ,GOV5RM5T SAYS IT IS C>RY+ \T ! ,SAN ,&RES ,ACCORDS4 ,H[EV]1 ! (FICIAL PLAN TURN$ \T TO BE IMPOSSIBLE TO IMPLEM5T1 S9CE IT DID NOT LIVE UP TO ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES4 

,FOE EXAMPLE1 )9 ! (FICIAL R$I/RICT+ PLAN1 ! GOV]NM5T PROPOS$ ! COMMUNITY ( ,GUADALUPE ,TEPEYAC AS ONE ( ! MUNICIPAL SEATS1 :ILE ?IS T[N IS NOT 9HABIT$1 S9CE ITS RESID5TS AB&ON$ IT AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y #aiie >MY (F5SIVE1 & IT IS N[ A MILIT>Y B>RACKS4 

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,ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#i#h1 AT #f ,A,M1 MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& POLICE & >MY TROOPS SURR\ND$ ! T[N ( ,NICOLAS ,RUIZ1 9 ! MUNICIPALITY ( ! SAME NAME1 KN[N = ITS OPPOSITION TO ! ,P,R,I & = BE+ SUPPORT$ BY ,E,Z,L,N CIVILIAN SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 MADE A HUMAN CORDON >\ND ! T[N 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! OP]ATION4 ,! =CES ( ORD] >RIV$1 SETT+ (F TE> GAS1 & !Y VIOL5TLY 5T]$ 9 TO ! T[N C5T]1 HITT+ PREGNANT WOM54 ,DOZ5S ( P]SONS & *ILDR5 W]E 9JUR$ & OV]COME BY ! GAS1 ! H\SES W]E SE>*$ )\T W>RANTS1 & ( ALL ( ! PEOPLES' MONEY & OBJECTS ( VALUE W]E LOOT$4 ,C>M5 ,GOMEZ ,P]EZ1 #g MON?S PREGNANT1 WAS BEAT5 ) RIFLE BUTTS4 ,TW5TY M5 & ONE WOM5 W]E DETA9$ & TAK5 TO ! ,C]RO ,HUECO JAIL4 ,!RE W]E *>GES BR\<T AGA9/ EI<T ( !M4 ,!Y W]E NOT RELEAS$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ,OCTOB]1 AFT] PEACEFUL RESI/ANCE & ! CONT9\S PROTE/ BY ! ORGANIZ$ PEOPLE4 

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,ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#i#h1 A NEW POLICE1 MILIT>Y & IMMIGRATION OP]ATION TOOK PLACE1 ) TWO ?\S& TROOPS1 = ! PURPOSE ( DISMANTL+ ! 0,SAN ,JUAN DE LA ,LIB]TAD0 ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITY4 ,?\S&S ( SOLDI]S 5T]$ ! COMMUNITIES ( ,*AVAJEVAL & ,UNION ,PROGRESO1 & OP5$ FIRE AGA9/ ! CAMPES9OS1 CAUS+ ! DEA? ( #h 9DIG5\S P]SONS4 ,TWO POLICEM5 LO/ !IR LIVES4 ,! PEOPLE1 T]RORIZ$1 FL$ !IR HOMES & W5T TO ! M\NTA9S4 ,! RESULT WAS MORE ?AN A ?\S& DISPLAC$1 BELONG+S /OL5 & LOOT$1 *UR*ES & *APELS PR(AN$1 ANIMALS KILL$ & /OL51 H>VE/S DE/ROY$1 & ALL ! ID5TIFICATION MAT]IALS 7VOT+ CR$5TIALS7 :I* W]E F\ND 9 ! CAMPES9OS' H\SES1 DISAPPE>$4 

,ON ,JUNE #a#c1 #a#i#i#h1 ! ,NATIONAL ,HUMAN ,RI<TS ,COMMISSION 7,C,N,D,H7 DELIV]$ ! CORPSES ( ! #h 9DIG5\S P]SONS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ?IS OP]ATION TO ,UNION ,PROGRESO4 ,! CRIES ( ! PEOPLE PO9T$ \T ?AT !SE EI<T PEOPLE HAD /ILL BE5 ALIVE :5 !Y W]E TAK5 AWAY 9 ! ,PUBLIC ,SECURITY POLICE TRUCKS1 & !Y ACCUS$ ! >MY ( HAV+ EXECUT$ !M4 

,! CORPSES W]E 9 A /ATE ( DECOMPOSITION1 & !Y W]E MUTILAT$4 ,! RESID5TS ( ! COMMUNITY HELD A K9D ( 0POLITICAL TRIAL0 = ! ,C,N,D,H F\R? REPRES5TATIVE1 :O WAS 9 *>GE ( ! DELIV]Y ( ! DECEAS$1 BECAUSE ( ! 9HUMAN MANN] 9 :I* !Y HAD BE5 DELIV]$4 

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,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,]NE/O ,Z$ILLO1 HAS REPEAT$LY VISIT$ ,*IAPAS DUR+ #a#i#i#h4 ,DUR+ ALL ( ?OSE VISITS1 HE HAS CONDEMN$ VIOL5CE1 & HE HAS MADE CALLS = DIRECT DIALOGUE ) ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! DATES ( HIS VISITS HAVE CO9CID$ ) ?OSE DAYS JU/ PRIOR TO ! DISMANTL+ ( SOME ( ! ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITIES4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ON ,APRIL #b#i1 #a#i#i#h1 ,Z$ILLO VISIT$ ,*IAPAS4 ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ! OP]ATION AGA9/ ! 0,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD0 ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITY WAS 9ITIAT$4 ,ON ,MAY #b#i1 #a#i#i#h1 ! ,PRESID5T REIT]AT$ HIS DESIRE = PEACE DUR+ ANO!R VISIT4 ,ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#i#h1 ! L>GE OP]ATION AGA9/ ! ,SAN ,JUAN DE LA ,LIB]TAD ,AUTONOM\S ,MUNICIPALITY OCCURR$4 

,! AUTONOM\S & REBEL MUNICIPALITIES ( ,*IAPAS >E N[ A FACT1 :I* ! REPRESSIVE ACTIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T CANNOT PREV5T4 

,! POLICE1 MILIT>Y & IMMIGRATION OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES HAVE BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY FLAGRANT HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS1 AGA9/ ! PEOPLE & ! T[NS1 LEAV+ T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES1 :I* SPEAK TO ! W> :I* HAS BE5 UNLEA%$ 9 ,*IAPAS AGA9/ ! 9DIG5\S POOR3 DEA?S1 IMPRISONM5TS1 !FTS1 LOOT+S1 RAPES1 DE/RUCTION ( H>VE/S1 DISPLACEM5T ( POPULATIONS4 

,REPRESSION IS NOT ! MEANS = 5D+ ! REBELLION ( ! 9DIG5\S ( ,*IAPAS1 :O HAVE F\ND NO O!R PA? ?AN SELF-ORGANIZATION & RESI/ANCE1 9 RESPONSE TO ! CRUEL W> BE+ WAG$ AGA9/ !M4 

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