,Y\ ,>E ,UND] ,SURVEILLANCE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLIC SPACE IS 9CREAS+LY POLIC$ BY HIDD5 SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS4 ,! PRIVATE LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SECRETLY CAPTUR$1 MAPP$1 COLLECT$1 & [N$ 9 EFFIGY BY A CABAL ( PRIVATE BUS9ESS OP]ATIONS--! SECURITY 9DU/RY4 

,IRONICALLY1 AS COMMUNITIES DIS9TEGRATE & MORE & MORE ( US F9D \RSELVES LO/ 9 A FACELESS MASS ( CONSUM]S1 ! ONLY ONES WE CAN C\NT ON TO 9T]E/ !MSELVES 9 \R LIVES >E ! 5=C]S ( ! LAWS ?AT GOV]N SPACES DESIGNAT$ = CONSUMPTION4 ,RECLAIM+ SPACE FROM SURVEILLANCE W\LD RE9=CE \R FRE$OM TO ACT PRIVATELY1 = \RSELVES & EA* O!R RA!R ?AN ! CAM]AS1 & ?US 5ABLE US TO COME TOGE!R \T ( \R ANONYMITY4 ,WE'VE HAD \R FIFTE5 M9UTES ( FAME--N[ PO9T ?AT ?+ SOME:]E ELSE6 

,SU* OPPRESSIVE SECURITY MEASURES >E ONLY NECESS>Y :5 WEAL? & P[] >E DI/RIBUT$ SO UNFAIRLY ?AT HUMAN BE+S CANNOT COEXI/ 9 PEACE4 ,! ONES :O OV]SEE !SE SECURITY SY/EMS >E MI/AK5 :5 !Y CLAIM ?AT ORD] MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ TO CLE> ! WAY = LIB]TY & EQUALITY4 ,! OPPOSITE IS TRUE3 ORD] IS ONLY POSSIBLE AS A CONSEQU5CE ( PEOPLE LIV+ TOGE!R ) FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & JU/ICE = ALL4 ,ANY?+ ELSE IS SIMPLY REPRESSION4 ,IF CAM]AS >E NECESS>Y ON EV]Y CORN]1 !N SOME?+ IS FUNDAM5TALLY WRONG 9 \R SOCIETY1 & GETT+ RID ( ! CAM]AS IS AS GOOD A />T+ PLACE AS ANY4 

,AS A CULTURE1 WE >E PREOCCUPI$ ) OBS]VATION1 IMAGES1 SPECTATOR%IP4 ,N[ 9T]NET ADV]TISEM5TS (F] CONSUM]S SPY CAM]AS & HIDD5 MICROPHONES ( \R [N1 COMPLET+ ! ?REE /EPS TO PANOPTICON3 WE WAT* MONITORS1 WE >E MONITOR$1 WE BECOME \R [N MONITORS4 ,BUT :5 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 OBS]V] & OBS]V$ IS DISSOLV$1 WE DO NOT REGA9 :OL5ESS--ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE F9D WE HAVE BE5 TRAPP$ \TSIDE \RSELVES1 ALI5AT$ 9 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL S5SE4 

,H]E'S A QUIXOTIC PROJECT--GET TOGE!R ) Y\R FRI5DS & DISABLE ALL ! SECURITY CAM]AS 9 Y\R CITY1 DECL>+ IT A FREE ACTION ZONE4 ,Y\ KN[ :AT !Y SAY AB\T DANC+ LIKE NOBODY'S WAT*+4 

,9 FULL VIEW ( ! 5EMY 

-,SEAN ,P5N = ! ,CRIME?,9C4 EX-,MOVIE ,/>S' ,COLLECTIVE 

,:AT'S ,SO ,BAD ,AB\T ,VIDEO ,SURVEILLANCE8 

  

,! PA/ SEV]AL YE>S HAVE SE5 A DRAMATIC 9CREASE 9 CLOS$ CIRCUIT TELEVISION CAM]A SURVEILLANCE ( PUBLIC SPACE4 ,VIDEO CAM]AS PE] AT US FROM ! SIDES ( BUILD+S1 FROM ,A,T,M MA*9ES1 FROM TRAFFIC LI<TS1 CAPTUR+ \R EV]Y MOVE = OBS]VATION BY POLICE (FIC]S & PRIVATE SECURITY GU>DS4 ,! EFFECTIV5ESS ( !SE DEVICES 9 R$UC+ CRIME IS DUBI\S AT BE/1 & CASES ( MISUSE BY PUBLIC & PRIVATE AU?ORITIES HAVE RAIS$ S]I\S CONC]NS AB\T VIDEO MONITOR+ 9 PUBLIC SPACE4 

,!SE >E A FEW EXAMPLES ( PEOPLE :O MI<T LEGITIMATELY WANT TO AVOID HAV+ !IR PICTURE TAK5 BY UNSE5 OBS]V]S3 

,M9ORITIES 

  

,ONE ( ! BIG PROBLEMS ) VIDEO SURVEILLANCE IS ! T5D5CY ( POLICE (FIC]S & SECURITY GU>DS TO S+LE \T P>TICUL> PEOPLE = MONITOR+4 ,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! M5TALITY ?AT PRODUC$ RACIAL PR(IL+ 9 TRAFFIC /OPS HAS F\ND SIMIL> EXPRESSION 9 POLICE (FIC]S FOCUS+ !IR CAM]AS ON PEOPLE ( COLOR4 ,A /UDY ( VIDEO SURVEILLANCE 9 ! ,U,K1 ! LEAD+ US] ( ,C,C,T,V SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS1 REVEAL$ ?AT 0BLACK PEOPLE W]E BETWE5 ONE-&-A-HALF & TWO-&-A-HALF TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE SURVEILL$ ?AN ONE W\LD EXPECT FROM !IR PRES5CE 9 ! POPULATION40 ,IT IS WOR? PO9T+ \T ?AT1 9 ?IS /UDY1 #d.0 ( PEOPLE ?AT ! POLICE T>GET$ W]E PICK$ \T 0= NO OBVI\S REASON10 O!R ?AN !IR E?NICITY OR APP>5T MEMB]%IP 9 SUBCULTURAL GR\PS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y W]E S+L$ \T NOT = :AT !Y W]E DO+1 BUT = ! WAY !Y LOOK$ ALONE4 

,WOM5 

  

,POLICE MONITORS CAN'T SEEM TO KEEP IT 9 !IR PANTS :5 IT COMES TO VIDEO SURVEILLANCE4 ,9 A ,HULL ,UNIV]SITY /UDY1 #a \T ( #a WOM5 W]E T>GET$ = 0VOYEURI/IC0 REASONS BY MALE CAM]A OP]ATORS1 & A ,BROOKLYN POLICE S]GEANT BLEW ! :I/LE ON SEV]AL ( H] COLLEAGUES 9 #aiih = 0TAK+ PICTURES ( CIVILIAN WOM5 9 ! >EA444 FROM BREA/ %OTS TO ! BACKSIDE40 

,Y\? 

  

,Y\NG M51 P>TICUL>LY Y\NG BLACK M51 >E R\T9ELY S+L$ \T BY POLICE OP]ATORS = 9CREAS$ SCRUT9Y4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE IF !Y APPE> TO BELONG TO SUBCULTURAL GR\PS ?AT AU?ORITY FIGURES F9D SUSPICI\S OR ?REAT5+4 ,DO Y\ WE> BAGGY PANTS OR %AVE Y\R HEAD8 ,SMILE--Y\'RE ON C&ID CAM]A6 

,\TSID]S 

  

,! ,HULL ,UNIV]SITY /UDY ALSO F\ND A T5D5CY ( ,C,C,T,V OP]ATORS TO FOCUS ON PEOPLE :OSE APPE>ANCE OR ACTIVITIES M>K$ !M AS BE+ 0\T ( PLACE40 ,?IS 9CLUDES PEOPLE LOIT]+ \TSIDE ( %OPS1 OR HOMELESS PEOPLE PANH&L+4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ?IS GR\P 9CLUDES 9DIVIDUALS OBS]V$ TO BE EXPRESS+ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,C,C,T,V CAM]AS4 

,ACTIVI/S 

  

,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT ,C,C,T,V SY/EMS MAY BE US$ TO SPY ON ACTIVI/ GR\PS 5GAG$ 9 LEGAL =MS ( DISS5T OR DISCUSSION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,CITY ,COLLEGE ( ,NEW ,YORK WAS EMB>RASS$ SEV]AL YE>S AGO BY /UD5T ACTIVI/S :O F\ND1 MU* TO !IR DISMAY1 ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION HAD 9/ALL$ SURVEILLANCE CAM]AS 9 !IR MEET+ >EAS4 ,?IS TR5D %[S NO SIGNS ( ABAT+3 ONE ( ! MORE POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS ( ,C,C,T,V CAPABILITIES ?AT LAW 5=CEM5T (FICIALS & MANUFACTUR]S LIKE TO CITE IS ! ABILITY TO READ ! TEXT ( FLI]S ?AT ACTIVI/S PO/ ON PUBLIC LAMPPO/S4 

,EV]YONE ELSE 

  

,LET'S FACE IT--WE ALL DO ?+S ?AT >E P]FECTLY LEGAL1 BUT ?AT WE /ILL MAY NOT WANT TO %>E ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,KISS+ Y\R LOV] ON ! /REET1 9T]VIEW+ = A NEW JOB )\T Y\R CURR5T EMPLOY]'S KN[L$GE1 VISIT+ A PSY*IATRI/--!SE >E EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES ?AT CON/ITUTE \R P]SONAL1 PRIVATE LIVES4 ,:ILE !RE IS NO?+ WRONG ) ANY ( !M1 !RE >E P]FECTLY GOOD REASONS :Y WE MAY *OOSE TO KEEP !M SECRET FROM C[ORK]S1 NEI<BORS1 OR ANYONE ELSE4 

,BUT :AT'S ! H>M8 

  

,CLE>LY1 VIDEO SURVEILLANCE ( PUBLIC SPACE REPRES5TS AN 9VASION ( P]SONAL PRIVACY4 ,BUT SO :AT8 ,HAV+ ONE'S PICTURE TAK5 FROM TIME TO TIME SEEMS A SMALL PRICE TO PAY = ! SECURITY B5EFITS SU* SURVEILLANCE (F]S4 ,IT'S NOT LIKE ANYONE EV] SEES ! TAPES1 & LET'S BE HONE/--BE+ S+L$ \T = SCRUT9Y BY REMOTE OP]ATORS )\T Y\R EV5 KN[+ AB\T IT IS NOT AT ALL ! SAME AS BE+ PULL$ OV]1 9TIMIDAT$ & H>ASS$ BY A LIVE COP4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 IT'S NOT ?AT SIMPLE4 ,! FACT IS1 !RE IS V]Y LITTLE OV]SI<T ( VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS1 & ! QUE/ION ( :O [NS ! TAPES--& :O HAS ! RI<T TO SEE !M--IS /ILL L>GELY UNDECID$4 

,MANY ( ! CAM]AS MONITOR+ PUBLIC SPACE >E PRIVATELY [N$4 ,BANKS1 (FICE BUILD+S1 & DEP>TM5T /ORES ALL R\T9ELY 5GAGE 9 CONT9U\S VIDEO MONITOR+ ( !IR FACILITIES & ( ANY ADJAC5T PUBLIC SPACE4 ,! RECORD+S !Y MAKE >E PRIVATELY [N$1 & MAY BE /OR$1 BROADCA/1 OR SOLD TO O!R COMPANIES )\T P]MISSION1 DISCLOSURE1 OR PAYM5T TO ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 

,SIMIL>LY1 VIDEO FOOTAGE ?AT IS CAPTUR$ BY PUBLIC POLICE DEP>TM5TS MAY BE CONSID]$ P>T ( ! 0PUBLIC RECORD10 & AS SU* >E AVAILABLE = ! ASK+ TO 9DIVIDUALS1 COMPANIES1 & GOV]NM5T AG5CIES4 ,AT PRES5T1 !RE IS PRECI\S LITTLE TO PREV5T TELEVISION PROGRAMS LIKE 0,COPS0 & 0,AM]ICA'S ,FUNNIE/ ,HOME ,MOVIES0 FROM BROADCA/+ SURVEILLANCE VIDEO )\T EV] SECUR+ P]MISSION FROM !IR SUBJECTS4 

,S\ND F>-FET*$8 ,ALREADY 9 ! ,U,K--! C\NTRY ?AT SO F> HAS MADE ! MO/ EXT5SIVE USE ( ,C,C,T,V SY/EMS 7AL?\< ,CANADA & ! ,U,S >E CAT*+ UP7--!RE HAVE BE5 SU* CASES4 ,9 ! #a#i#i'S1 ,B>RIE ,G\LD+ RELEAS$ 0,CAU<T 9 ! ,ACT10 A VIDEO COMPILATION ( 0JUICY BITS0 FROM /REET VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS4 ,FEATUR+ 9TIMATE CONTACTS--9CLUD+ ONE SC5E ( A C\PLE HAV+ SEX 9 AN ELEVATOR--?IS VIDEO S5SATIONALIZ$ FOOTAGE ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE 5GAG$ 9 7MO/LY7 LEGAL BUT NONE!LESS PRIVATE ACTS4 

,SIMIL>LY1 !RE HAS BE5 A PROLIF]ATION ( 0SPY CAM0 WEBSITES FEATUR+ CL&E/9E FOOTAGE ( WOM5 9 TOILETS1 DRESS+ ROOMS1 & A V>IETY ( O!R LOCATIONS4 ,A LACK ( LEGISLATIVE OV]SI<T ALL[S !SE SITES TO OP]ATE LEGALLY1 BUT EV5 IF NEW LAWS >E PASS$1 ! NATURE ( ! 9T]NET MAKES PROSECUTIONS HI<LY UNLIKELY4 

,AS VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS EVOLVE & BECOME MORE SOPHI/ICAT$1 ! OPPORTUNITIES = ABUSE >E COMP\ND$4 ,SOPHI/ICAT$ VIDEO SY/EMS CAN ID5TIFY ! FACES ( 9DIVIDUALS 7MAT*+ VIDEO IMAGES TO DATABASES ( KN[N FACES--= EXAMPLE1 ! REPOSITORY ( DRIV]'S LIC5SE PHOTOS MA9TA9$ BY ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,MOTOR ,VEHICLES71 ! OBJECTS !Y C>RY 79CLUD+1 = EXAMPLE1 READ+ ! TEXT ON P]SONAL DOCUM5TS71 & !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE SY/EMS 5ABLE ! CREATION ( DATABASES ?AT DETAIL :O Y\ >E1 :]E Y\'VE BE51 :5 Y\ W]E !RE1 & :AT Y\ W]E DO+444 DATABASES ?AT >E CONCEIVABLY AVAILABLE TO A HO/ ( PEOPLE ) :OM Y\'D RA!R NOT %>E SU* 9=MATION1 9CLUD+ EMPLOY]S1 EX-LOV]S1 & TELEVISION PRODUC]S4 

,BEYOND !SE CONC]NS1 !RE IS ! QUE/ION ( ! SOCIETAL IMPACT ( \R 9CREAS+ RELIANCE ON SURVEILLANCE1 & \R GR[+ WILL+NESS TO PUT \RSELVES UND] ! MICROSCOPE ( LAW 5=CEM5T & COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S4 ,ONCE A COLD-W> C>ICATURE ( ,SOVIET-/YLE COMMUNI/ REGIMES1 ! NOTION ( ! 0SURVEILLANCE SOCIETY0 IS N[ EMPLOY$ UNIRONICALLY TO DESCRIBE MOD]N URBAN LIFE 9 SU* SUPPOS$ BA/IONS ( P]SONAL LIB]TY & FRE$OM AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 & ,CANADA4 

,:ILE ! NATURE ( SU* A SOCIETY HAS LONG BE5 !ORIZ$ BY PHILOSOPH]S1 CRITICS1 & SOCIOLOGI/S 7,J]EMY ,B5?AM1 ANYONE871 ! PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIAL EFFECTS ( LIV+ UND] CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE >E NOT YET WELL UND]/OOD4 ,H[EV]1 ! IMPACT ( ,C,C,T,V SY/EMS ON CRIME IS BEG9N+ TO BECOME CLE>4 

,VIDEO ,SURVEILLANCE & ,CRIME 

  

,T\T$ AS A HI<-TE* SOLUTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( CRIME & DISORD] BY MANUFACTUR]S SELL+ EXP5SIVE VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SY/EMS TO LOCAL GOV]NM5TS & POLICE DEP>TM5TS1 ,C,C,T,V HAS GA9$ MU* POPUL>ITY 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,!SE MANUFACTURES CLAIM ?AT ,C,C,T,V--:I* (T5 CO/S UPW>DS ( @s#d1 TO 9/ALL 9 A LIMIT$ >EA--WILL DRAMATICALLY DECREASE CRIM9AL ACTIVITY1 & PROVIDE A MEASURE ( SECURITY H]ET(ORE UNKN[N TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC4 ,YET !SE ,C,C,T,V SY/EMS >E (T5 PUR*AS$ AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R1 LESS OPPRESSIVE1 LESS EXP5SIVE1 ALREADY PROV5 LAW-5=CEM5T ME?ODS SU* AS COMMUNITY POLIC+1 & ! /ATI/ICS DO NOT BE> \T !IR CLAIMS4 

,C,C,T,V IS (T5 PROMOT$ ) ?9LY VEIL$ REF]5CES TO ! ?REAT ( T]RORISM3 H5CE !IR WIDESPREAD USE 9 ! ,U,K1 :I* HAS LONG LIV$ ) BOMB ?REATS & O!R VIOL5T ACTIONS4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,SEPTEMB] #aa ATTACKS1 VIDEO SURVEILLANCE MANUFACTUR]S HAVE 9CREAS$ !IR EF=TS TO C\RT ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC--) SOME SUCCESS1 AS EVID5C$ BY REC5T GA9S 9 !SE COMPANIES' %>E PRICES4 

,ATTEMPT+ TO CAPITALIZE ON AN 9T]NATIONAL TRAG$Y TO SELL PRODUCTS 9 ?IS MANN] IS TA/ELESSLY OPPORTUNI/IC AT BE/--BUT GIV5 ! TRACK RECORD ( ,C,C,T,V SY/EMS TO DATE1 IT'S D[NRI<T CYNICAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO /UDIES ( ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( VIDEO SURVEILLANCE 9 USE ?R\<\T ! ,U,K1 !RE IS NO CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE ?AT ! PRES5CE ( ,C,C,T,V HAS ANY IMPACT :ATSOEV] ON LOCAL CRIME RATES4 ,:ILE !RE HAVE BE5 EXAMPLES ( R$UC$ CRIM9ALITY 9 >EAS :]E ,C,C,T,V HAS BE5 9/ALL$1 !SE R$UCTIONS CAN JU/ AS EASILY BE EXPLA9$ BY O!R FACTORS1 9CLUD+ G5]AL DECREASES 9 CRIME ?R\<\T ! ,U,K4 ,9DE$1 9 SEV]AL >EAS :]E ,C,C,T,V WAS 9/ALL$1 CRIME RATES ACTUALLY 9CREAS$4 

,GIV5 ! WIDESPREAD USE ( !SE SY/EMS1 IT IS SURPRIS+ H[ 9FREQU5TLY !Y LEAD TO >RE/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE REPORT1 A #b#b-MON? LONG SURVEILLANCE ( ,NEW ,YORK'S ,TIMES ,SQU>E L$ TO ONLY #a >RE/S1 & ! CAM]AS 9VOLV$ HAVE S9CE BE5 REMOV$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! TYPES ( CRIME AGA9/ :I* ,C,C,T,V IS MO/ EFFECTIVE >E SMALL FRY COMP>$ TO ! T]RORISM & KIDNAP+S ITS ADVOCATES' CLAIM IT /OPS4 ,A /UDY ( ,C,C,T,V USE 9 ! ,U,K F\ND ?AT ! MAJORITY ( >RE/S 9 :I* VIDEO SURVEILLANCE PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE W]E MADE TO /OP FI/FI<TS4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT !SE W]E RELATIVELY 9FREQU5T ALREADY2 & ?IS H>DLY SEEMS TO JU/IFY ! EXORBITANT CO/S & LOSS ( PRIVACY ASSOCIAT$ ) !SE SY/EMS4 

,EV5 MORE DI/URB+1 IF NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+1 WAS ! /UDY'S F9D+ ?AT 9CID5TS ( POLICE BRUTALITY & H>ASSM5T CAPTUR$ BY ,C,C,T,V SURVEILLANCE W]E R\T9ELY IGNOR$4 ,! TAPES ( !SE EV5TS ALSO HAD A T5D5CY TO BE 0LO/0 BY OP]ATORS4 

,! EFFECT ( VIDEO SURVEILLANCE ON CRIM9AL PSY*OLOGY IS NOT WELL UND]/OOD4 ,ONE ,LOS ,ANGELES /UDY F\ND ?AT CAM]AS 9 A RETAIL /ORE W]E P]CEIV$ BY CRIM9ALS AS A *ALL5GE1 & ?US 5C\RAG$ ADDITIONAL %OPLIFT+4 

,AT BE/1 ,C,C,T,V SEEMS NOT TO R$UCE CRIME1 BUT M]ELY TO DIV]T IT TO O!R >EAS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE ,BO/ON POLICE (FICIAL1 0CRIM9ALS GET US$ TO ! CAM]AS & T5D TO MOVE \T ( SI<T40 

,N[ ,MORE ,?AN ,EV] 

  

,GIV5 HEI<T5$ AW>5ESS ( PUBLIC SAFETY & 9CREAS$ DEM& = GREAT] SECURITY 9 ! FACE ( GR[+ ?REATS ( T]RORI/ VIOL5CE1 PROJECTS ?AT UND]M9E SY/EMS = SOCIAL CONTROL MAY SEEM TO SOME TO BE 9 POOR TA/E4 ,BUT IT IS \R POSITION ?AT SU* TIMES CALL ALL ! MORE /RONGLY = PRECISELY !SE K9DS ( PROJECTS4 ,!RE IS A VITAL NE$ = 9DEP5D5T VOICES ?AT CRY \T AGA9/ ! CYNICAL EXPLOITATION ( LEGITIMATE HUMAN FE> & SUFF]+ = POLITICAL P[] & MONET>Y GA94 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #g? ,NOVEMB] #bb FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,Y\ ,>E ,UND] ,SURVEILLANCE -- ,ADD$4 

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