,*APT] #cb 
,RUSSIAN ,HI/ORY 

#ahfbahfb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,NA?AN ,HASKELL ,DOLE 

,TEXT 3 

,HAV+ F9I%$ ) ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T ,I NATURALLY  
?\<T ( TEA*+ HI/ORY & GEOGRAPHY1 BO? BECAUSE  
?IS /UDY HAS ALWAYS BE5 C>RI$ ON 9 PRIM>Y S*OOLS1  
& ,I MYSELF HAD TAU<T !SE SUBJECTS1 & BECAUSE  
! HI/ORY ( ! ,HEBREWS 9 ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T NATURALLY1 IT SEEM$ TO ME1 L$ ! *ILDR5 TO ASK :]E1  
:51 & UND] :AT CONDITIONS ! EV5TS !Y KNEW  
TOOK PLACE :AT WAS ,EGYPT2 ,PH>AOH2 ! ,ASSYRIAN K+1 & ! LIKE8 ,I BEGAN HI/ORY AS IT IS ALWAYS BEGUN ) ANTIQUITY4 ,BUT NEI!R ,MOMS5 NOR ,DUNK]1 NOR ALL MY EF=TS1 HELP$ ME TO MAKE IT 9T]E/+4  
,!RE WAS NO?+ 9 ,SESO/RIS1 ! ,EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS1  
OR ! ,PHO5ICIANS1 ?AT APPEAL$ TO !M4 

,I HOP$ ?AT !Y MI<T BE 9T]E/$ 9 QUE/IONS SU*  
AS !SE1 = EXAMPLE3 ,:AT PEOPLES HAD RELATIONS )  
! ,HEBREWS8 &1 ,:]E DID ! ,HEBREWS LIVE &  
W&]8 ,BUT ! PUPILS F\ND NO USE :ATEV] =  
SU* 9=MATION4 ,K+ ,PH>AOH1 ! ,EGYPTIANS1 !  
,PALE/9ES1 :5 & :]E !Y EXI/$1 DID NOT 9  
! LEA/ SATISFY !M4 ,! ,HEBREWS W]E !IR ,H]OES2  
! RE/ W]E =EIGN1 UNNECESS>Y *>ACT]S4 

,I HAD NO SUCCESS 9 MAK+ ! ,EGYPTIANS & ,PHO5ICIANS H]OES = *ILDR5 = LACK ( MAT]IALS4 ,AS  
LONG AS WE DON'T KN[ 9 DETAIL H[ ! PYRAMIDS W]E  
BUILT1 :AT MUTUAL POSITION & RELATION%IP ! CA/ES  
HAD1 :AT DOES IT MEAN = US = US1 ,I MEAN !  
*ILDR54 ,9 ?OSE HI/ORIES !RE >E NO ,ABRAHAM1 NO  
,ISAAC1 NO ,JACOB1 NO ,JOSEPH1 NO ,SAMSON4 ,!Y F\ND  
SOME?+ 9 ANCI5T HI/ORY TO REMEMB] & 5JOY1  
AB\T ,SEMIRAMIS1 = 9/ANCE1 BUT IT WAS REMEMB]$  
M]ELY ACCID5TALLY1 NOT BECAUSE IT CLE>$ UP ANY?+1  
BUT BECAUSE IT WAS >TI/ICALLY RELAT$4 ,BUT SU* PASSAGES W]E R>E2 ! RE/ WAS DULL & AIMLESS1 & ,I  
WAS OBLIG$ TO GIVE UP ! TEA*+ ( G5]AL HI/ORY4 

,I MET ) ! SAME LACK ( SUCCESS 9 GEOGRAPHY AS  
9 HI/ORY4 ,SOMETIMES ,I W\LD TELL :AT HAS HAPP5$  
9 ,GREEK1 ,5GLI%1 OR ,SWISS HI/ORY )\T ANY CONNECTION1 BUT ONLY AS AN 9/RUCTIVE & >TI/IC /ORY4 

,AFT] G5]AL HI/ORY ,I FELT OBLIG$ TO MAKE EXP]IM5T ) ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY1 ACCEPT$ EV]Y:]E &  
BY ALL AS NATIONAL1 & ,I BEGAN ?AT MELAN*OLY HI/ORY  
( ,RUSSIA1 :I* WE ALL KNEW SO WELL 9>TI/IC1 USELESS AS IT APPE>S 9 SO MANY P>APHRASES FROM ,I%IMOVA'S TO ,VODOVOZ( 'S4 ,I BEGAN IT TWICE2 ! FIR/ TIME  
BE=E READ+ ! :OLE ,BIBLE1 & ! SECOND TIME  
AFT] ! ,BIBLE4 ,BE=E READ+ ! ,BIBLE ! PUPILS  
RESOLUTELY REFUS$ TO REMEMB] ! EXI/5CE ( !  
,IGORS & ,OLEGS4 ,! SAME ?+ IS REPEAT$ EV5 N[ ) ! Y\NG] PUPILS4 ,?OSE ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 AS  
YET TAU<T BY ! ,BIBLE TO 5T] 9TO :AT IS TOLD TO  
!M & TO PASS IT ON1 WILL HE> !SE /ORIES TOLD HALF  
A DOZ5 TIMES & /ILL REMEMB] NO?+ AB\T !  
,RURIKS & ,Y>OSLAFS4 

,! OLD] PUPILS N[ REMEMB] ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY1 &  
WRITE IT1 BUT 9COMP>ABLY WORSE ?AN ! ,BIBLE1 &  
!Y REQUIRE FREQU5T REPETITIONS ( IT4 ,WE TOLD !M  
/ORIES F ROM ,VODOVOZ( & ,POGOD9'S 0,NORMAN ,P]IOD40  
,ONE ( ! TEA*]S GOT SOMEH[ MISL$1 & NEGLECT+  
MY ADVICE1 DID NOT PASS BY ! P]IOD ( APPANAGES1 &  
5T]$ 9TO ALL ! CONFUSION & DISORD] ( ! ,U/ISLAFS1 ,BRYAT*ISLAFS1 & ,BOLESLAFS4 ,I CAME 9TO ! CLASS  
JU/ AS ! PUPILS W]E TO RECITE4 ,IT IS H>D TO DESCRIBE  
:AT WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,= A LONG TIME ALL W]E SIL5T4  
,CALL$ UP BY ! TEA*] AT LA/1 ! BOLD] ONES :O  
HAD ! BE/ MEMORIES BEGAN TO RECITE4 ,ALL !IR 9TELLECTUAL P[]S W]E DIRECT$ T[>D REMEMB]+ !  
M>VEL\S NAMES1 BUT :AT ANY ONE ( !M DID WAS  
= !M A SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION4 

0,N[ H]E HE :AT DO Y\ CALL HIM8 ,B>IKAF1  
,LY( ,NIKOLAIT*80 ONE W\LD BEG9 0M>*$ AGA9/  
:O WAS IT80 

0,MUSLAF1 ,LY( ,NIKOLAIT*80 SUGGE/$ A GIRL4 

0,M/ISLAF10 ,I REPLI$4 

0,& CUT HIM TO PIECES0 CRI$ ONE ) PRIDE4 

0,SIMPLE Y\ >E6 ,!RE WAS A RIV] !RE60 

0,BUT HIS SON COLLECT$ AN >MY & CUT HIM 9  
PIECES3 :AT WAS HIS NAME80 

0,Y\ DON'T SEEM TO UND]/& ANY?+60 EXCLAIM$  
A GIRL :O HAD ! MEMORY ( A BL9D P]SON4 

0,WELL1 IT IS WOND]FUL1 ?AT IS60 SAID ,SEMKA4 

0,N[ :AT WAS IT1 ,MISLAF1 ,*ISLAF8 ,ANYWAY1 !  
DEVIL TAKE IT60 

0,DON'T Y\ 9T]F]E IF Y\ DON'T KN[60 

0,WELL1 Y\1 Y\ 'RE SO FE>FUL CLEV]60 

0,:AT >E Y\ POK+ ME =80 

,?OSE 5D[$ ) ! BE/ MEMORIES /ILL MADE  
SOME 5DEAVORS1 & REPEAT$ ! HI/ORY ) SOME  
ACCURACY ) ! AID ( SOME PROMPT+4 ,BUT ! :OLE SC5E WAS SO UGLY & PITIFUL TO BEHOLD !SE *ILDR5 !Y W]E ALL LIKE H5S :I* HAVE HAD GRA9 GIV5  
!M FOLL[$ SUDD5LY BY S&3 !Y SUDD5LY LO/ !IR  
WITS1 KEPT CACKL+1 VA9LY FLY+ AB\T1 & W]E READY  
TO PULL EA* O!R'S FEA!RS \T4 ,& WE & !  
TEA*] DECID$ NOT TO MAKE ANY MORE SU* MI/AKES4  
,LETT+ ! P]IOD ( ! APPANAGES HAVE ! GO-BY1 WE  
CONT9U$ \R /UDY ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY1 & H]E >E  
SOME EXTRACTS FROM ! COPY-BOOKS ( ! OLD] PUPILS4 

,FROM ! COPY-BOOK ( ! PUPIL ,V4 ,R4 ,\R ANCE/ORS W]E CALL$ ,SLAVS4 ,!Y HAD NEI!R CZ>S NOR  
PR9CES4 ,!Y W]E DIVID$ 9TO FAMILIES1 W]E ALWAYS  
ATTACK+ ONE ANO!R1 & W5T \T TO MAKE W>4  
,ONCE UPON A TIME ! ,NORMANS FELL UPON ! ,SLAVS1  
CONQU]$ !M1 & IMPOS$ A TRIBUTE ON !M4 ,!N  
!Y SAID3 

0,H[ CAN WE LIVE SO8 ,LET US *OOSE \RSELVES A  
PR9CE 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY RULE OV] US40 

,!N !Y *OSE ,RURIK1 ) HIS TWO BRO!RS ,S9EUS  
& ,TRUVOR4 ,RURIK SETTL$ 9 ,LADOGA1 ,S9EUS 9 ,IZBORSK1  
AMONG ! ,KRIVIT*I1 ,TRUVOR ON ! ,:ITE ,LAKE4 ,AFT]W>DS ! TWO BRO!RS DI$4 ,RURIK SEIZ$ !IR PLACES4 

,!N TWO1 ,ASKOLD & ,DIR1 W5T TO ,GREECE1 & !Y  
APPROA*$ ,KIEF1 & ASK$3 

0,:O RULES H]E80 

,! ,KIEVLIANS REPLI$3 

0,!RE W]E ?REE ,KI1 ,%*EK1 & ,KHORIF4 ,N[  
!Y >E DEAD40 

,ASKOLD & ,DIR SAID3 

0,LET US BE Y\R RUL]S40 

,! PEOPLE CONS5T$1 & BEGAN TO PAY TRIBUTE4 

,!N ,RURIK ORD]$ CITIES & =TRESSES BUILT1 &  
S5T HIS BOY>S TO COLLECT TRIBUTE & BR+ IT TO HIM4  
,!N ,RURIK RESOLV$ TO MAKE AN EXP$ITION AGA9/ ,CON/ANT9OPLE ) TWO HUNDR$ BOATS4 ,:5 HE REA*$  
?AT CITY ! ,EMP]OR AT ?AT TIME WAS NOT !RE4 ,!  
,GREEKS S5T = HIM4 ,! PEOPLE ALL PRAY$ TO ,GOD4  
,!N ! BI%OP TOOK ! *ASUBLE ( ! ,MO!R (  
,GOD & DIPP$ IT 9TO ! WAT]1 & A T]RIBLE /ORM  
>OSE1 & ,RURIK'S BOATS W]E ALL DA%$ TO PIECES1 SO ?AT V]Y FEW ESCAP$4 ,!N ,RURIK W5T HOME &  
DI$ !RE4 

,ONE SON1 ,IGOR1 SURVIV$ HIM4 ,:5 HE WAS LITTLE1  
,OLEG TOOK HIS PLACE1 & WANT$ TO WAGE W> AGA9/  
,KIEF4 ,HE TOOK ,IGOR ) HIM & W5T /RAI<T D[N  
! ,DNIEPR4 ,ON ! WAY HE CAPTUR$ ! CITIES (  
,LIUBIT* & ,SMOL5SK4 ,:5 !Y CAME TO ,KIEF1  
,OLEG S5T HIS AMBASSADORS TO ,ASKOLD & ,DIR TO SAY  
?AT TRADESM5 HAD COME TO VISIT HIM2 & HE HIMSELF  
HID HALF HIS >MY 9 ! BOATS1 & ! O!R HALF HE  
/ATION$ BEH9D4 ,:5 ,ASKOLD & ,DIR CAME )  
A SMALL B& ( FOLL[]S1 .<#d#a.> ,OLEG'S >MY LEAP$ \T  
FROM ! BOATS & ATTACK$ !M4 ,!N ,OLEG LIFT$  
,IGOR UP1 & SAID3 

0,Y\ >E NOT PR9CES1 & NOT ( PR9CELY RACE2 BUT  
H]E IS A REAL PR9CE60 

,!N ,OLEG COMM&$ TO KILL !M1 & HE CONQU]$ ,KIEF4 ,OLEG CONT9U$ TO LIVE !RE1 & MADE  
?AT CITY HIS CAPITAL1 & CALL$ IT ! MO!R ( ALL  
,RUSSIAN CITIES4 ,!N HE BUILT CITIES & =TRESSES1 &  
S5T \T HIS BOY>S TO COLLECT TRIBUTE & BR+ IT TO  
HIM4 ,AFT]W>DS HE WANT$ TO WAGE W> ) !  
NEI<BOR+ TRIBES1 & HE CONQU]$ MANY ( !M4  
,HE DID NOT C>E TO WAGE W> ) ?OSE ?AT W]E  
PEACEABLE1 BUT ONLY ) ! W>LIKE4 ,SO HE MADE HIS  
PLANS TO GO TO ,GREECE1 & HE SAIL$ /RAI<T D[N !  
,DNIEPR4 ,:5 HE HAD REA*$ ! M\? ( ! ,DNIEPR1  
HE CAME TO ! ,BLACK ,SEA4 ,:5 HE HAD REA*$  
,GREECE1 HIS >MY LEAP$ ON %ORE & BEGAN TO BURN  
& RAVAGE EV]Y?+4 ,OLEG SAID TO ! ,GREEKS3 

0,PAY US TRIBUTE A GRIVNA = EV]Y BOAT40 

,!Y W]E GLAD1 & BEGAN TO PAY !M TRIBUTE4  
,!RE ,OLEG COLLECT$ ?REE HUNDR$ PUDS .<#d#b.> & W5T  
HOME4 

,FROM ! NOTE-BOOK ( ! PUPIL ,V4 ,M4 ,:5 ,OLEG  
DI$1 ,RURIK'S ,IGOR REIGN$ 9 HIS PLACE4 ,IGOR WANT$  
TO M>RY4 ,ONCE HE W5T \T TO WALK ) HIS B&  
( FOLL[]S1 & HE HAD TO CROSS ! ,DNIEPR4 ,SUDD5LY HE SAW A GIRL SAIL+ 9 A BOAT4 ,:5 %E CAME  
TO ! %ORE1 ,IGOR SAID3 

0,PUT ME ACROSS40 

,%E PUT HIM ACROSS4 ,!N ,IGOR M>RI$ H]4 ,HE  
WANT$ TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF4 ,SO HE COLLECT$ AN  
>MY & W5T TO W>1 /RAI<T D[N ! ,DNIEPR1 &1  
5T]+ ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 TURN$ NOT TO ! RI<T BUT TO  
! LEFT1 & W5T FROM ! ,BLACK ,SEA 9TO ! ,CASPIAN4  
,IGOR S5T AMBASSADORS TO ! KAGAN1 ASK+ HIM TO LET  
HIM PASS ?R\< HIS L&4 ,:5 HE %\LD RETURN  
FROM ! EXP$ITION1 HE W\LD GIVE HIM ! HALF (  
HIS BOOTY4 ,! KAGAN LET HIM PASS4 ,:5 !Y CAME  
NE> A C]TA9 CITY1 ,IGOR COMM&$ TO COLLECT ! PEOPLE ON ! BANK1 TO BURN & DE/ROY EV]Y?+1 &  
TO TAKE ! 9HABITANTS PRISON]S4 ,:5 !Y HAD  
C>RI$ \T HIS ORD]S1 !Y RE/$4 ,:5 !Y HAD  
RE/$1 !Y JOYFULLY />T$ BACK HOME4 ,!Y CAME  
TO ! KAGAN'S CITY1 & ,IGOR S5T ! KAGAN :AT HE  
HAD AGRE$ TO S5D4 ,! PEOPLE HE>D ?AT ,IGOR WAS  
GO+ BACK ) HIS >MY4 ,!Y BEGG$ ! KAGAN  
TO LET !M TAKE V5GEANCE ON ,IGOR = HAV+ SPILL$  
! BLOOD ( !IR K9SM54 ,! KAGAN REFUS$2 BUT  
! PEOPLE DISOBEY$1 & BEGAN TO WAGE W> ON ,IGOR4  
,A FI]CE BATTLE 5SU$4 ,!Y CONQU]$ ! ,RUSSIANS1  
& TOOK FROM !M ALL !Y HAD WON4 

,! 9T]E/ IS NOT AT ALL VITAL1 AS ! READ] MAY  
SEE FROM ! PREC$+ EXTRACTS4 ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY GOES  
BETT] ?AN G5]AL HI/ORY SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E  
ACCU/OM$ TO ACCEPT & TO WRITE \T :AT HAS BE5  
TOLD !M1 & /ILL MORE BECAUSE ! QUE/ION1 ,:AT  
GOOD IS IT8 DOES NOT OCCUR TO !M SO (T54 ,!  
,RUSSIAN PEOPLE IS !IR H]O1 JU/ AS ! ,HEBREW  
PEOPLE WAS3 ! ONE BECAUSE IT WAS ,GOD'S *OS5 PEOPLE & BECAUSE !IR HI/ORY IS >TI/IC2 ! O!R1  
AL?\< IT HAS NO >TI/IC UNITY1 /ILL BECAUSE IT HAS  
! NATIONAL S5TIM5T TO PLEAD = IT4 ,YET ?IS /UDY  
IS DRY1 COLD1 & DISC\RAG+4 ,UNHAPPILY1 ! HI/ORY  
ITSELF V]Y R>ELY FURNI%ES ANY OCCASION = ! NATIONAL  
FEEL+ TO GR[ 5?USIA/IC4 

,ONE EV5+ ,I W5T FROM MY CLASS 9TO ! HI/ORY  
CLASS TO F9D \T ! CAUSE ( ! EXCITEM5T :I* HAD  
ATTRACT$ MY ATT5TION 9 ! \T] ROOM4 ,IT WAS !  
BATTLE ( ,KULIKOVO4 .<#d#c.> ,ALL W]E 9 EXCITEM5T4 

0,N[ ?IS IS HI/ORY6 ,?IS IS CLEV]6 ,LI/51 ,LY(  
,NIKOLAYEVIT*1 H[ HE /AMP$$ ! ,T>T>S6 ,LET  
ME TELL AB\T IT60 0,NO1 LET ME60 CRI$ ! VOICES4  
0,H[ ! BLOOD FL[$ 9 RIV]S60 

,ALMO/ ALL W]E 9 READ9ESS TO RECITE1 & ALL W]E  
5?USIA/IC4 ,BUT IF Y\ CALL UPON ! NATIONAL FEEL+  
ONLY1 :AT IS !RE LEFT FROM \R :OLE HI/ORY8 #a#f#a#b1  
#a#h#a#b1 .<#d#d.> & ?AT IS ALL4 ,TO SATISFY ! NATIONAL FEEL+  
Y\ WILL NOT READ ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA4 ,I UND]/& ?AT Y\ MU/ TAKE ADVANTAGE ( HI/ORICAL TRADITION 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP & SATISFY ! >TI/IC 9T]E/  
EV]Y:]E EXI/5T 9 *ILDR51 BUT ?IS WILL NOT BE HI/ORY4 ,TO TEA* HI/ORY1 A PRELIM9>Y DEVELOPM5T (  
HI/ORICAL 9T]E/ 9 *ILDR5 IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,H[ CAN  
?IS BE DONE8 

,I HAVE (T5 HE>D IT SAID ?AT ! /UDY ( HI/ORY  
%\LD BEG91 NOT ) ! BEG9N+1 BUT ) ! 5D  
9 O!R WORDS1 NOT ) ANCI5T BUT ) MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,?IS IDEA IS ABSOLUTELY CORRECT 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,H[  
CAN Y\ 9T]E/ A *ILD BY TELL+ HIM AB\T ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE :5 HE DOES NOT KN[  
:AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE OR ANY EMPIRE IS8 ,ANY ONE  
:O HAS TO DO ) *ILDR5 MU/ KN[ ?AT EV]Y ,RUSSIAN *ILD IS FIRMLY P]SUAD$ ?AT ! :OLE WORLD IS  
! SAME K9D ( ,RUSSIA AS ?AT 9 :I* HE LIVES2 !  
,FR5* & ,G]MAN *ILD HAS ! SAME NOTION4 ,?AT IS  
:Y ALL *ILDR5 & EV5 SOME ADULTS ) ! NAIVE  
IDEAS ( *ILDHOOD >E ALWAYS SURPRIS$ ?AT ! ,G]MAN  
*ILDR5 SPEAK ,G]MAN6 4444 

,! HI/ORICAL 9T]E/ G5]ALLY APPE>S AFT] ! 9T]E/ 9 >T HAS BE5 AWAK5$4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO US  
TO KN[ ! HI/ORY ( ! F\ND+ ( ,ROME BECAUSE  
WE KN[ :AT ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS 9 ITS FL[]+  
TIME1 JU/ AS ! *ILDHOOD ( SOME GREAT MAN :OM WE  
HAVE KN[N IS 9T]E/+4 ,! CONTRA/ ( ?IS P[]  
) ! 9SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ?RONG1 ( FUGITIVES CON/ITUTES = US ! BASIS ( ! 9T]E/4 ,WE FOLL[ !  
DEVELOPM5T ( ,ROME1 HAV+ 9 \R IMAG9ATION :AT  
IT CAME TO4 ,WE >E 9T]E/$ 9 ! F\NDATION (  
! CZ>DOM ( ,MOSC[1 BECAUSE WE KN[ :AT !  
,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS4 ,ACCORD+ TO MY OBS]VATION &  
EXP]I5CE1 ! FIR/ G]M ( 9T]E/ 9 HI/ORY APPE>S  
9 CONSEQU5CE ( A KN[L$GE ( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY1  
SOMETIMES ?R\< P>TICIPAT+ 9 IT1 9 CONSEQU5CE (  
POLITICAL 9T]E/1 POLITICAL OP9IONS1 DISCUSSIONS1 ! READ+ ( NEWSPAP]S1 & ?AT IS :Y ! IDEA ( BEG9N+  
HI/ORY ) ! PRES5T MU/ COME NATURALLY TO EV]Y  
?\<TFUL TEA*]4 

,?IS V]Y SUMM] .<#d#e.> ,I MADE !SE EXP]IM5TS SO DESCRIB$1 & H]E ,I CITE ONE ( !M4 

,FROM 3 ,WIKIS\RCE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,SEPTEMB] #c1 #ahfb 3 ,*APT] #cb -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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