,*APT] #ai 
,ME*ANICAL ,READ+ 

#ahfbahfb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,NA?AN ,HASKELL ,DOLE 

,TEXT 3 

,READ+ CON/ITUTES A P>T ( ! 9/RUCTION 9  
LANGUAGE4 

,! PROBLEM ( 9/RUCTION 9 LANGUAGE CONSI/S1  
9 \R OP9ION1 9 DIRECT+ ! PUPILS 9 ! COMPREH5SION ( ! CONT5TS ( BOOKS WRITT5 9 ! LIT]>Y  
LANGUAGE4 ,! KN[L$GE ( ! LIT]>Y LANGUAGE IS  
9DISP5SABLE BECAUSE ALL GOOD BOOKS >E WRITT5 9 IT4 

,=M]LY1 FROM ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ! S*OOL1  
!RE WAS NO DIVISION BETWE5 ME*ANICAL & GRAD$  
READ+2 ! PUPILS READ ONLY :AT !Y C\LD COMPREH5D SPECIAL WORKS1 WORDS & PHRASES1 WRITT5 9  
*ALK ON ! WALLS1 !N ! TALES ( ,KHUDYAK( &  
,AFANASIEF4 

,I SUPPOS$ ?AT = *ILDR5 TO LE>N TO READ !Y  
HAD TO HAVE A LOVE = READ+1 BUT ?AT TO ACQUIRE  
A LOVE = READ+ IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT :AT !Y READ  
%\LD BE COMPREH5SIBLE & 9T]E/+4 ,?IS SEEM$  
SO RATIONAL & CLE>1 BUT ?IS NOTION IS FALLACI\S4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 ORD] TO PASS FROM ! READ+ ON  
! WALLS TO ! READ+ 9 BOOKS1 EA* PUPIL HAD TO HAVE  
A SPECIAL TRA9+ 9 ME*ANICAL READ+ = EV]Y BOOK4  
,AS ! NUMB] ( PUPILS HAPP5$ TO BE SMALL1 &  
!RE WAS NO CLASSIFICATION ( TOPICS1 ?IS WAS POSSIBLE1  
& ,I SUCCE$$ )\T GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 GETT+ !  
FIR/ PUPILS FROM READ+ ON ! WALLS1 TO READ+ 9  
BOOKS2 BUT :5 NEW PUPILS APPE>$ ?IS BECAME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! Y\NG] ONES HAD NOT ! ABILITY TO READ  
& COMPREH5D /ORIES2 ! LABOR ( SPELL+ \T  
WORDS & GA!R+ ! MEAN+1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 WAS  
TOO GREAT = !M4 

,ANO!R OB/ACLE CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT GRAD$  
READ+ WAS 9T]RUPT$ BY !SE /ORIES1 & :ATEV]  
BOOK WE *OSE1 POPUL>1 MILIT>Y1 ,PU%K91 ,GOGOL1  
,K>AMZ91 IT PROV$ ?AT ! OLD] S*OL>S 9 READ+ ,PU%K91 JU/ AS ! Y\NG] ONES 9 ! READ+ ( /ORIES1 C\LD NOT COORD9ATE ! LABOR ( READ+ &  
?AT ( COMPREH5D+ :AT !Y READ1 ?\< !Y UND]/OOD P]FECTLY WELL :5 WE READ IT TO !M4 

,WE ?\<T AT FIR/ ?AT ! DIFFICULTY CONSI/$ ONLY 9  
! FAULTY ME*ANISM ( ! PUPILS' READ+1 & WE 9V5T$ ME*ANICAL READ+ READ+ = ! PROCESS (  
READ+ :]E ! TEA*] READ 9 ALT]NATION )  
! PUPILS BUT ?IS DID NOT HELP MATT]S2 EV5 9  
! READ+ ( 0,ROB9SON0 ! SAME UNREAD9ESS MANIFE/$ ITSELF4 

,9 SUMM]1 :5 ! S*OOL IS 9 A /ATE ( TRANSITION1  
WE ?\<T WE HAD OV]COME ?IS DIFFICULTY BY !  
SIMPLE/ & MO/ PRACTICAL ME?OD4 ,:Y NOT CONFESS  
IT1 WE SUBMITT$ TO ! FALSE %AME ( HAV+ VISITORS  
OBS]VE US4 ,\R PUPILS READ MU* WORSE ?AN !  
PUPILS ?AT HAD BE5 TAU<T ! SAME L5G? ( TIME BY  
! SACRI/AN6 ,A NEW TEA*] PROPOS$ TO 9TRODUCE  
READ+ AL\D FROM ! SAME BOOKS1 & WE CONS5T$4  
,HAV+ ONCE ADOPT$ ! FALSE NOTION ?AT PUPILS \<T  
TO LE>N TO READ FLU5TLY 9 ! C\RSE ( A YE>1 WE ADD$  
ME*ANICAL & GRAD$ READ+ TO ! CURRICULUM1 &  
OBLIG$ !M TO READ TWO H\RS A DAY1 ALL US+ !  
SAME BOOKS1 & ?IS PROV$ V]Y CONV5I5T TO US4 

,BUT ONE 9FRACTION ( ! LAW ( FRE$OM = !  
/UD5TS BR\<T FALSEHOOD1 & A :OLE S]IES ( MI/AKES 9 ITS TRA94 

,! BOOKS W]E PUR*AS$ ! %ORT /ORIES (  
,PU%K9 & ,Y]%(2 ! *ILDR5 W]E SEAT$ ON  
B5*ES1 & ONE WAS CALL$ ON TO READ AL\D :ILE !  
O!RS FOLL[$ HIS READ+2 9 ORD] TO BE SURE ?AT ALL  
W]E PAY+ ATT5TION1 ! TEA*] W\LD CALL ON FIR/ ONE1  
!N ANO!R4 

,AT FIR/ ?IS SEEM$ TO US A V]Y GOOD PLAN4 ,ANY ONE  
VISIT+ ! S*OOL W\LD F9D ! S*OL>S SITT+ 9  
GOOD ORD] ON !IR B5*ES2 ONE W\LD BE READ+1 !  
RE/ FOLL[+4 

,! READ] W\LD PRON\NCE1 0,SNIILUISA1 ,GOSUDDRU9YA ,RMBKA1 ,HAVE PITY1 ,MI/RESS ,FI%20 ! O!RS OR  
! TEA*] W\LD CORRECT ! ACC5T1 SMILUISA1 & ALL W\LD FOLL[ SUIT4 

0,IVAN( READ60 

,IVAN( WILL HUNT >\ND = ! PLACE & BEG9 TO  
READ4 ,ALL >E ATT5TION2 WAT*FUL ( ! TEA*]1 EV]Y  
WORD IS ACCURATELY PRON\NC$1 & ! READ+ GOES  
) CONSID]ABLE SMOO?NESS4 ,IT SEEMS ADMIRABLE1 BUT  
PROBE IT A LITTLE2 ! ONE :O IS READ+ IS READ+ !  
SAME ?+ = ! ?IRTIE? OR ! =TIE? TIME4 

,A PR9T$ LEAF SUFFICES = AT LEA/ A WEEK1 = TO  
PUR*ASE NEW BOOKS EV]Y TIME W\LD BE T]RIBLY EXP5SIVE1 & BOOKS COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! *ILDR5 ( PEASANTS >E NOT MORE ?AN TWO3 ! TALES ( ,KHUDYAK(  
& ,AFANASIEF4 ,MOREOV]1 ! BOOKS US$ ONCE BY ONE  
CLASS BECOME SO FAMILI> ?AT SOME KN[ !M BY HE>T1  
& ALL GET TIR$ ( !M1 & !Y >E A BORE EV5 TO !  
FAMILIES ( ! S*OL>S4 

,! ONE ?AT READS IS BA%FUL1 HE>+ HIS [N VOICE  
R++ ?R\< ! SIL5CE ( ! ROOM2 ALL HIS 5]GIES  
>E CONC5TRAT$ ON ! OBS]VATION ( SIGNS & ACC5TS2  
& HE CONTRACTS ! HABIT ( READ+ )\T TRY+ TO  
MAKE \T ! S5SE1 = HE IS BURD5$ ) O!R DI/RACTIONS4 ,?OSE :O LI/5 DO ! SAME1 & 9 !IR  
EF=TS TO KEEP ! PLACE :5 !Y MAY BE CALL$ ON1  
!Y RUN !IR F+]S REGUL>LY ALONG ! L9ES1 & ?IS  
BORES !M1 & !Y >E EASILY DI/RACT$ BY \TSIDE  
9CID5TS4 ,! S5SE ( :AT IS READ1 BE+ AN EXTRANE\S AFFAIR1 SOMETIMES AGA9/ !IR WILL /ICKS 9 !IR  
M9DS1 SOMETIMES DOES NOT4 

,! *IEF H>M LIES 9 ?AT ET]NAL CONFLICT ( %>PNESS & TRICK]Y BETWE5 TEA*] & PUPILS :I*  
ALWAYS DEVELOPS 9 SU* AN ORD] ( ?+S1 & :I*  
WE HAD HI!RTO ESCAP$ 9 \R S*OOL2 :ILE ! SOLE  
ADVANTAGE ( ?IS ME?OD ( READ+ NAMELY1 !  
CORRECT PRONUNCIATION ( WORDS HAD NO 9FLU5CE ON  
\R PUPILS4 

,\R PUPILS BEGAN TO READ PHRASES PUT ON ! WALLS1  
& PRON\NC$ BY !MSELVES2 & ALL W]E AW>E ?AT  
! WORD KOGO :OSE IS PRON\NC$ AS IF IT W]E  
KAVO4 ,I OP9E ?AT IT IS USELESS TO TEA* !M TO KEEP  
!IR VOICES UP1 OR TO *ANGE !IR VOICES 9 ACCORDANCE  
) >BITR>Y M>KS1 S9CE EV]Y FIVE-YE>-OLD *ILD CORRECTLY EMPLOYS1 9 SPEAK+1 ! PUNCTUATION M>KS  
:5 HE UND]/&S :AT HE SAYS4 ,!RE=E IT IS  
EASI] TO TEA* HIM TO COMPREH5D :AT HE READS FROM  
A BOOK = SOON] OR LAT] HE MU/ ATTA9 ?IS ?AN  
IT IS TO TEA* HIM BY PUNCTUATION M>KS TO S+ AS IF BY  
NOTES4 ,BUT IT SEEMS SO COM=TABLE = ! TEA*]6 

,! TEA*] IS ALWAYS 9VOLUNT>ILY IMPELL$ TO SELECT  
= HIMSELF ! MO/ CONV5I5T ME?OD ( TEA*+4 

,! MORE CONV5I5T ?IS ME?OD IS = ! TEA*]1 !  
MORE UNSUITABLE IT IS = ! S*OL>4 

,?AT ME?OD IS ! ONLY GOOD ONE :I* R5D]S !  
PUPILS CONT5T$4 

,!SE ?REE LAWS ( 9/RUCTION >E REFLECT$ 9 !  
MO/ PALPABLE WAY 9 ! ,Y4 ,P4 S*OOL 9 ! ME*ANICAL  
READ+4 

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