,WRIT+S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,POLICY ( ! ,C\NCIL 7#a#h#f#i7 

      #a1#d#g#f ,WORDS2 #i1#b#g#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#f#i7 

      #a1#h#a ,WORDS2 #a#a1#a#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,WORK]S & ! ,SPH9X 7#a#h#f#g7 

      #a1#c#e#h ,WORDS2 #h1#g#c#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,SOLID>ITY 9 ,LIB]TY3 ,! ,WORK]S' ,PA? TO ,FRE$OM 7#a#h#f#g7 

      #iga ,WORDS2 #e1#h#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,R$ ,ASSOCIATION 7#a#h#g7 

      #a1#e#i ,WORDS2 #f1#g#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,CLASS ,W> 7#a#h#g7 

      #hab ,WORDS2 #e1#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,G]MAN ,CRISIS 7#a#h#g7 

      #a1#a#f#c ,WORDS2 #g1#b#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,ON ! ,SOCIAL ,UPHEAVAL 7#a#h#g7 

      #a1#c#d ,WORDS2 #f1#f#b#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,GOD OR ,LABOR3 ,! ,TWO ,CAMPS 

      #a1#d#c#h ,WORDS2 #h1#i#h#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,POLITICS & ! ,/ATE 7#a#h#g#a7 

      #fhd ,WORDS2 #d1#c#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,! ,COMMUNE1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE 

      #e1#g#f#i ,WORDS2 #c#f1#b#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ab 3 ,:]E ,I ,/& 

      #a1#a#g ,WORDS2 #f1#c#f#g ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,POLICY ( ! ,C\NCIL 7#a#h#f#i7 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION DOES NOT ASK ANY WORK] IF HE IS ( A RELIGI\S OR A!I/IC TURN ( M9D4 ,%E DOES NOT ASK IF HE BELONGS TO ?IS OR ?AT OR NO POLITICAL P>TY4 ,%E SIMPLY SAYS3 ,>E Y\ A WORK]8 ,IF NOT1 DO Y\ FEEL NECESSITY ( DEVOT+ Y\RSELF :OLLY TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ( AVOID+ ALL MOVEM5TS ?AT >E OPPOS$ TO IT8 ,DO Y\ FEEL AT ONE ) ! WORK]S8 ,& HAVE Y\ ! /R5G? 9 Y\ ?AT IS REQUISITE IF Y\ W\LD BE LOYAL TO !IR CAUSE8 ,>E Y\ AW>E ?AT ! WORK]S :O CREATE ALL WEAL? :O HAVE MADE CIVILIZATION & F\<T = LIB]TY -- & DOM$ TO LIVE 9 MIS]Y1 IGNORANCE1 & SLAV]Y8 ,DO Y\ UND]/& ?AT ! MA9 ROOT ( ALL ! EVILS ?AT ! WORK]S EXP]I5CE1 IS POV]TY8 ,& ?AT POV]TY -- :I* IS ! COMMON LOT ( ! WORK]S 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD -- IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & ESPECIALLY ( ! 5SLAVEM5T ( LABOR -- I4E4 ! PROLET>IAT -- UND] ! YOKE ( CAPITALISM -- I4E4 ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,DO Y\ KN[ ?AT BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE !RE EXI/S A DEADLY ANTAGONISM :I* IS ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! ECONOMIC POSITIONS ( ! TWO CLASSES8 ,DO Y\ KN[ ?AT ! WEAL? ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! COM=T & LIB]TY ( ! WORK]S1 BECAUSE !IR EXCESSIVE WEAL? IS1 & CAN ONLY BE1 BUILT UPON ! ROBB+ & 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WORK]S8 ,DO Y\ UND]/& ?AT1 = ! SAME REASON1 ! PROSP]ITY & DIGNITY ( ! LABOR+ MASSES 9EVITABLY DEM&S ! 5TIRE ABOLITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,DO Y\ REALIZE ?AT NO S+LE WORK]1 H[EV] 9TELLIG5T & 5]GETIC HE MAY BE1 CAN FI<T SUCCESSFULLY AGA9/ ! EXCELL5TLY ORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! B\RGEOISIE -- A =E :I* IS UPHELD MA9LY BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE -- ALL ,/ATES4 

,DO Y\ NOT SEE ?AT1 9 ORD] TO BECOME A P[]1 Y\ MU/ UNITE -- NOT ) ! B\RGEOISIE1 :I* W\LD BE A FOLLY & A CRIME1 S9CE ALL ! B\RGEOISIE1 SO F> AS !Y BELONG TO !IR CLASS1 >E \R DEADLY 5EMIES8 -- ,NOR ) SU* WORK]S AS HAVE DES]T$ !IR [N CAUSE & HAVE L[]$ !MSELVES TO BEG = ! B5EVOL5CE ( ! GOV]N+ CLASSES8 ,BUT ) ! HONE/ M51 :O >E MOV+1 9 ALL S9C]ITY1 T[>DS ! SAME GOAL AS Y\8 ,DO Y\ UND]/&1 AGA9/ ! P[]FUL COMB9ATIONS1 =M$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES ! CAPITALI/S OR POSSESSORS ( ! MEANS & 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 ! DIVID$ OR SECT>IAN ASSOCIATIONS ( LABOR1 CAN EV] TRIUMPH8 ,DO Y\ NOT REALIZE ?AT1 9 ORD] TO FI<T & TO VANQUI% ?IS CAPITALI/ COMB9ATION1 NO?+ LESS ?AN ! AMALGAMATION1 9 C\NCIL & ACTION1 ( ALL LOCAL1 & NATIONAL LABOR ASSOCIATIONS -- F$]AT+ 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ( ! WORK]S ( ALL L&S1 -- IS REQUIR$4 

,IF Y\ KN[ & COMPREH5D ALL ?IS1 COME 9TO \R CAMP :ATEV] ELSE Y\R POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS >E4 ,BUT IF Y\ >E AT ONE ) US1 & SO LONG AS Y\ >E AT ONE ) US1 Y\ WILL WI% TO PL$GE ! :OLE ( Y\R BE+1 BY Y\R EV]Y ACTION AS WELL AS BY Y\R WORDS1 TO ! COMMON CAUSE1 AS A SPONTANE\S & :OLE-HE>T$ EXPRESSION ( ?AT F]VOR ( LOYALTY ?AT WILL 9EVITABLY TAKE POSSESSION ( Y\4 ,Y\ WILL HAVE TO PROMISE3 

,TO SUBORD9ATE Y\R P]SONAL & EV5 Y\R FAMILY 9T]E/1 AS WELL AS POLITICAL & RELIGI\S BIAS & W\LD BE ACTIVITIES1 TO ! HI<E/ 9T]E/ ( \R ASSOCIATION1 NAMELY ! /RUGGLE ( LABOR AGA9/ ,CAPITAL1 ! ECONOMIC FI<T ( ! ,PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! ,B\RGEOISIE 

,NEV]1 9 Y\R P]SONAL 9T]E/S1 TO COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,NEV] TRY TO ATTEMPT TO SECURE A POSITION ABOVE Y\R FELL[ WORK]S1 :]EBY Y\ W\LD BECOME AT ONCE A B\RGEOIS & AN 5EMY ( ! PROLET>IAT3 = ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & WORK]S IS ?IS3 ! =M] SEEK !IR WELF>E \TSIDE1 & AT ! EXP5SE (1 ! WELF>E ( ! COMMUNITY :IL/ ! WELF>E ( ! LATT] IS DEP5D5T ON ! SOLID>ITY ( !SE :O >E ROBB$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD4 

,TO REMA9 EV] & ALWAYS TO ?IS PR9CIPLE ( ! SOLID>ITY ( LABOR3 = ! SMALLE/ BETRAYAL ( ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! SLI<TE/ DEVIATION FROM ?IS SOLID>ITY1 IS1 9 ! EYES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! GREATE/ CRIME & %AME ) :I* A WORK] CAN SOIL HIMSELF4 

,! PIONE]S ( ! ,C\NCILS ( ,ACTION ACT WISELY 9 REFUS+ TO MAKE PHILOSOPHIC OR POLITICAL PR9CIPLES ! BASIS ( !IR ASSOCIATION1 & PREF]R+ TO HAVE ! EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ( ,LABOR AGA9/ ,CAPITAL AS ! SOLE F\NDATION4 ,!Y >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! MOM5T A WORK] REALIZES ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! MOM5T HE -- TRU/+ TO HIS RI<T & ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? ( HIS CLASS -- 5T]S ! >5A AGA9/ CAPITALI/ ROBB]Y3 ?AT V]Y MOM5T1 ! = ( CIRCUM/ANCES & ! EVOLUTION ( ! /RUGGLE1 WILL OBLIGE HIM TO RECOGNIZE ALL ! POLITICAL1 SOCIALI/IC1 & PHILOSOPHIC PR9CIPLES ( ! CLASS-/RUGGLE4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES >E NO?+ MORE OR LESS ?AN ! REAL EXPRESSION ( ! AIMS & OBJECTS ( ! WORK+-CLASS4 ,! NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE CONCLUSION ( !SE AIMS1 !IR ONE UND]LY+ & SUPREME PURPOSE1 IS ! ABOLITION -- FROM ! POLITICAL AS WELL AS FROM ! SOCIAL VIEWPO9T (3 

,! CLASS-DIVISIONS EXI/5T 9 SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY ( !SE DIVISIONS IMPOS$ ON SOCIETY BY1 & 9 ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,ALL ,T]RITORIAL ,/ATES1,POLITICAL ,FA!RL&S & ,NATIONS1 & ON ! TOP ( ! HI/ORIC RU9S ( ?IS OLD WORD ORD]1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GREAT 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION ( ALL LOCAL & NATIONAL PRODUCTIVE GR\PS4 

,FROM ! PHILOSOPHIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ! AIMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E NO?+ LESS ?AN ! REALIZATION ( ! ET]NAL IDEAS ( HUMANITY1 ! WELF>E ( MAN1 ! REIGN ( EQUALITY1 JU/ICE1 & LIB]TY ON E>?1 MAK+ UNNECESS>Y ALL BELIEF 9 HEAV5 & ALL HOPES = A BETT] H]EAFT]4 

,! GREAT MASS ( ! WORK]S1 CRU%$ BY !IR DAILY TOIL1 LIVE 9 IGNORANCE & MIS]Y4 ,:ATEV] ! POLITICAL & RELIGI\S PREJUDICES 9 :I* !Y HAVE BE5 RE>$ 9DIVIDUALLY MAY BE1 ?IS MASS IS UNCONSCI\SLY ,SOCIALI/IC3 9/9CTIVELY1 &1 ?R\< ! P9* ( HUNG] & !IR POSITION1 MORE E>NE/LY & TRULY ,SOCIALI/IC ?AN ALL ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 & 0B\RGEOIS ,SOCIALI/S0 PUT TOGE!R4 ,! MASS >E ,SOCIALI/S ?R\< ALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( REASON+2 &1 9 REALITY1 ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE HAVE A GREAT] 9FLU5CE OV] !SE ( PURE REASON+1 BECAUSE REASON+ 7OR ?\<T7 IS ONLY ! REFLEX ( ! CONT9UALLY DEVELOP+ LIFE -- =CE & NOT ITS BASIS4 

,! WORK]S DO NOT LACK REALITY1 ! ZEAL = ,SOCIALI/ 5DEAVOR1 BUT ONLY ! ,SOCIALI/ IDEA4 ,EV]Y WORK]1 FROM ! BOTTOM ( HIS HE>T1 IS LONG+ = A REALLY HUMAN EXI/5CE1 I4E4 MAT]IAL COM=T & M5TAL DEVELOPM5T F\ND$ ON JU/ICE1 I4E41 EQUALITY & LIB]TY = EA* & EV]Y MAN 9 WORK4 ,?IS CANNOT BE REALIZ$ 9 ! EXI/+ POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS F\ND$ ON 9JU/ICE & B>E-FAC$ ROBB]Y ( ! LABOR+ MASSES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 EV]Y REFLECTIVE WORK] BECOMES A REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/1 S9CE HE IS =C$ TO REALIZE ?AT HIS EMANCIPATION CAN ONLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! COMPLETE OV]?R[ ( PRES5T DAY SOCIETY4 ,EI!R ?IS ORGANIZATION ( 9JU/ICE ) ITS 5TIRE MA*9E ( OPPRESSIVE LAWS & PRIVILEG$ 9/ITUTIONS1 MU/ DISAPPE>1 OR ELSE ! PROLET>IAT IS CONDEMN$ TO ET]NAL SLAV]Y4 

,?IS IS ! QU9TESS5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ IDEA1 :OSE G]MS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! 9/9CT ( EV]Y S]I\S ?9K+ WORK]4 ,\R OBJECT1 !RE=E1 IS TO MAKE HIM CONSCI\S ( :AT HE WANTS1 TO AWAK5 9 HIM A CLE> IDEA ?AT CORRESPONDS TO HIS 9/9CTS3 = ! MOM5T ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS LIFT$ ITSELF UP TO ! LEVEL ( !IR 9/9CTIVE FEEL+1 !IR 9T5TION WILL HAVE DEVELOP$ 9TO DET]M9ATION1 & !IR P[] WILL BE IRRESI/IBLE4 

,:AT PREV5TS ! QUICK] DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS IDEA ( SALVATION AMONG ! ,PROLET>IAT8 ,ITS IGNORANCE2 &1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ! POLITICAL & RELIGI\S PREJUDICES ) :I* ! GOV]N+ CLASSES >E TRY+ TO BEFOG ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! NATURAL 9TELLIG5CE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,H[ CAN Y\ DISP]SE ?IS IGNORANCE & DE/ROY !SE /RANGE PREJUDICES8 0,! LIB]ATION ( ! ,PROLET>IAT MU/ BE ! WORK ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ITSELF20 SAYS ! PREFACE TO ! G5]AL /ATUTE ( ! 7,FIR/7 ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,& IT IS A ?\S& TIMES TRUE6 ,?IS IS ! MA9 F\NDATION ( \R GREAT ASSOCIATION4 ,BUT ! WORK+ CLASS IS /ILL V]Y IGNORANT4 ,IT LACKS COMPLETELY EV]Y !ORY4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY \T !RE=E1 NAMELY -- ,PROLET>IAN LIB]ATION ?R\< ACTION4 ,& :AT WILL ?IS ACTION BE ?AT WILL BR+ ! MASSES TO ,SOCIALISM8 ,IT IS ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! GOV]N+ CLASS C>RI$ \T 9 SOLID>ITY4 ,IT IS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S -- ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#f#i7 

,! MASSES >E ! SOCIAL P[]1 OR1 AT LEA/1 ! ESS5CE ( ?AT P[]4 ,BUT !Y LACK TWO ?+S 9 ORD] TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ! HATEFUL CONDITIONS :I* OPPRESS !M3 $UCATION1 & ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE TWO ?+S REPRES5T3 TODAY1 ! REAL F\NDATIONS ( P[] ( ALL GOV]NM5T4 

,TO ABOLI% ! MILIT>Y & GOV]N+ P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ ORGANIZE4 ,BUT S9CE ORGANIZATION CANNOT EXI/ )\T KN[L$GE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES REAL SOCIAL $UCATION4 

,TO SPREAD ?IS REAL SOCIAL $UCATION IS ! AIM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! DAY ON :I* ! 9T]NATIONAL SUCCE$S 9 UNIT+ 9 ITS RANKS A HALF1 A F\R?1 OR EV5 A T5? P>T ( ! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE1 ! ,/ATE OR ,/ATES WILL CEASE TO EXI/4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL BE ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE1 S9CE ITS AIM IS NOT TO CREATE NEW ,/ATES BUT TO DE/ROY ALL EXI/+ GOV]NM5T SY/EMS4 ,! MORE >TIFICIAL1 BRUTAL1 & AU?ORIT>IAN IS ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 ! MORE 9DIFF]5T & HO/ILE IT IS TO ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5TS1 9T]E/S & DESIRES ( ! PEOPLE1 ! FRE] & MORE NATURAL MU/ BE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT MU/ TRY ALL ! MORE TO ACCOMMODATE ITSELF TO ! NATURAL 9/9CTS & IDEALS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT :AT DO WE MEAN BY ! NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES8 ,WE MEAN ! ORGANIZATION :I* IS F\ND$ UPON ! EXP]I5CE & RESULTS ( !IR EV]YDAY LIFE & ! DIFF]5CE ( !IR OCCUPATIONS1 I4E41 !IR 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! MOM5T ALL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY >E REPRES5T$ 9 !IR ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES WILL BE COMPLETE4 

,BUT IT MI<T BE SAID ?AT1 S9CE WE EXI/1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ORGANIZ$ 9FLU5CE OV] ! MASSES3 WE >E AIM+ AT NEW P[] EQUALLY ) ! POLITICIANS ( ! OLD ,/ATE SY/EMS4 ,?IS *ANGE IS A GREAT MI/AKE4 ,! 9FLU5CES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL OV] ! MASSES DIFF]S FROM ALL GOV]NM5T P[] 9 ?AT1 IT IS NO MORE ?AN A NATURAL1 UN(FICIAL 9FLU5CE ( ORD9>Y IDEAS1 )\T AU?ORITY4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! AU?ORITY1 ! RULE1 & ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASS1 & ! MAKE-BELIEVE EXP]TS OV] ! LIFE & LIB]TY ( MASSES4 ,! ,/ATE DOES NOT WANT ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! S]VILITY ( ! MASSES4 ,AT ONCE IT DEM&S !IR SUBMISSION4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAS NO O!R OBJECT !N ! ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( ! MASSES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT APPEALS TO ! REBEL 9/9CT4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ?IS REBEL 9/9CT %\LD BE /RONG & P[]FUL 5\< TO OV]?R[ ! RULE ( ! ,/ATE & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL MU/ ORGANIZE4 

,TO REALIZE ?IS GOAL1 IT HAS TO EMPLOY TWO QUITE JU/ WEAPONS3 

,! PROPAGATION ( ITS IDEAS4 

,! NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ITS P[] OR AU?ORITY1 ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( ITS ADH]5TS ON ! MASSES4 

,A P]SON :O CAN ASS]T ?AT1 ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITY IS AN ATTACK ON T9E FRE$OM ( ! MASSES1 OR AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A NEW RULE1 IS EI!R A SOPHI/ OR A FOOL4 ,IT IS SAD 5\< = !SE :O DON'T KN[ ! RULES ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 TO ?9K ?AT COMPLETE 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE IS POSSIBLE1 OR DESIRABLE4 ,SU* A CONDITION W\LD MEAN ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL HUMAN SOCIETY1 S9CE ! 5TIRE SOCIAL EXI/5CE ( MAN DEP5DS ON ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS & ! MASSES4 ,EV]Y P]SON1 EV5 ! CLEV]E/ & /RONGE/ -- NAY1 ESPECIALLY ! CLEV] & /RONG -- >E AT ALL TIMES1 ! CREATURES AS ALSO ! CREATORS ( ?IS 9FLU5CE4 ,! FRE$OM ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS ! DIRECT \TCOME ( !SE MAT]IAL M5TAL & MORAL 9FLU5CES1 ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS SURR\ND+ HIM 9 ?AT SOCIETY 9 :I* HE LIVES1 DEVELOPS1 & DIES4 ,A P]SON :O SEEKS TO FREE HIMSELF FROM ?AT 9FLU5CE 9 ! NAME ( A METAPHYSICAL1 SUP]HUMAN1 & P]FECTLY EGOTI/ICAL 0FRE$OM0 AIMS AT HIS [N EXT]M9ATION AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,& !SE :O REFUSE TO USE ?AT 9FLU5CE ON O!RS1 )DRAW FROM ALL ACTIVITY ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & BY NOT PASS+ ON !IR ?\<TS & FEEL+S1 WORK = !IR [N DE/RUCTION4 ,!RE=E1 ?IS SO-CALL$ 09DEP5D5CE10 :I* IS PREA*$ SO (T5 BY ! IDEALI/S & METAPHYSICIANS3 ?IS SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY IS ONLY ! DE/RUCTION ( EXI/5CE4 

,9 NATURE1 AS WELL AS 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* IS NEV] ANY?+ ELSE ?AN P>T ( ?AT SAME NATURE1 EV]Y CREATURE EXI/S ON CONDITION ?AT HE TRIES1 AS MU* AS HIS 9DIVIDUALITY WILL P]MIT1 TO 9FLU5CE ! LIVES ( O!RS4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE W\LD MEAN DEA?4 ,& :5 WE DESIRE ! FRE$OM ( ! MASSES1 WE BY NO MEANS WANT TO DE/ROY ?IS NATURAL 9FLU5CE1 :I* 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 CREATE ?R\< !IR [N CONTRACT4 

,:AT WE SEEK IS ! ABOLITION ( ! >TIFICIAL1 PRIVILEG$1 LAWFUL1 & (FICIAL 9FLU5CE4 ,IF ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE WORE PRIVATE 9/ITUTIONS1 WE %\LD BE1 EV5 !N1 ,I SUPPOSE !IR OPPON5TS4 ,WE %\LD NOT HAVE PROTE/$ AGA9/ !IR RI<T TO EXI/4 ,TRUE1 9 A S5SE1 !Y >E1 TODAY1 PRIVATE 9/ITUTIONS1 AS !Y EXIT EXCLUSIVELY TO CONS]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,/ILL1 WE OPPOSE !M1 BECAUSE !Y USE ALL ! P[] ( ! MASSES TO =CE !IR RULE UPON ! LATT] 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 (FICIAL1 & BRUTAL MANN]4 ,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD HAVE ORGANIZ$ ITSELF 9 ! ,/ATE MANN]1 WE1 ITS MO/ 5?USIA/IC FRI5DS1 W\LD HAVE BECOME ITS BITT]E/ 5EMIES4 ,BUT IT CANNOT POSSIBLY ORGANIZE ITSELF 9 SU* A =M4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL CANNOT RECOGNIZE LIMITS TO HUMAN FELL[%IP &1 :IL/ ! ,/ATE CANNOT EXI/ UNLESS IT LIMITS1 BY T]RITORIAL PRET5SIONS1 SU* FELL[%IP & EQUALITY1 ,HI/ORY HAS %[N US ?AT ! REALIZATION ( A LEAGUE ( ALL ! ,/ATES ( ! WORLD1 AB\T :I* ALL ! DESPOTS HAVE DREAM$1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,H5CE !SE :O SPEAK ( ! ,/ATE1 NECESS>ILY ?9K & SPEAK ( A WORLD DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T ,/ATES1 :O >E 9T]NALLY OPPRESSORS & \TW>DLY DESPOIL]S1 I4E41 5EMIES TO EA* O!R4 ,! ,/ATE1 S9CE IT 9VOLVES ?IS DIVISION1 OPPRESSION1 & DESPOLIATION ( HUMANITY1 MU/ REPRES5T ! NEGATION ( HUMANITY & ! DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,!RE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ANY S5SE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S AT AL61 IF !Y HAD NOT AIM$ AT ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZES ! MASSES ) ?IS OBJECT 9 VIEW1 TO ! 5D ?AT !Y MI<T RECALL ?IS GOAL4 ,& H[ DOES IT ORGANIZE !M8 

,NOT FROM ! TOP TO ! BOTTOM1 BY IMPOS+ A SEEM+ UNITY & ORD] ON HUMAN SOCIETY1 AS ! /ATE ATTEMPTS1 )\T REG>DS TO ! DIFF]5CES ( 9T]E/ >IS+ FROM DIFF]5CES ( OCCUPATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZES ! MASSES FROM ! BOTTOM UP W>DS1 TAK+ ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! MASSES1 !IR REAL ASPIRATIONS AS A />T+ PO9T1 & 5C\RAG+ !M TO UNITE 9 GR\PS ACCORD+ TO !IR REAL 9T]E/S 9 SOCIETY4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL EVOLVES A UNITY ( PURPOSE & CREATES A REAL EQUILIBRIUM ( AIM & WELL-BE+ \T ( !IR NATURAL DIFF]5CE 9 LIFE & OCCUPATION4 

,JU/ BECAUSE ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY1 IT DEVELOPS A REAL P[]4 ,H5CE IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT EV]Y MEMB] ( EV]Y GR\P %\LD BE ACQUA9T$ ?OR\<LY ) ALL ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,ONLY BY !SE MEANS WILL HE MAKE A GOOD PROPAG&I/ 9 TIME ( PEACE & REAL REVOLUTIONI/ 9 TIME ( W>4 

,WE ALL KN[ ?AT \R PROGRAM IS JU/4 ,IT EXPRESSES 9 A FEW NOBLE WORDS ! JU/ & HUMANE DEM&S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,JU/ BECAUSE IT IS AN ABSOLUTELY HUMANE PROGRAM1 IT CONTA9S ALL ! SYMPTOMS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT PROCLAIMS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD & ! CREATION ( ! NEW WORLD4 

,?IS IS ! MA9 PO9T :I* WE MU/ EXPLA9 TO ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS PROGRAM SUB/ITUTES A NEW SCI5CE1 A NEW PHILOSOPHY = ! OLD RELIGION4 ,& IT DEF9ES A NEW 9T]NATIONAL POLICY1 9 PLACE ( ! OLD DIPLOMACY4 ,IT HAS NO O!R OBJECT ?AN ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,/ATES4 

,9 ORD] ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL SCI5TIFICALLY FILL !IR PO/S1 AS REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&I/S1 IT IS NECESS>Y = EV]Y ONE TO BE IMBU$ ) ! NEW SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLICY3 ! NEW SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO DECL>E ?AT WE WANT ! ECONOMIC FRE$OM ( ! WORK]S1 A FULL RETURN = \R LABOR1 ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 ! 5D ( POLITICAL SLAV]Y1 ! REALIZATION ( NIL HUMAN RI<TS1 EQUAL DUTIES & JU/ICE = ALL3 9 A PHRASE1 ! UNITY ( HUMANITY4 ,ALL ?IS1 IS1 )\T A D\BT1 V]Y GOOD & JU/4 ,BUT :5 ! WORK]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL SIMPLY GO ON REPEAT+ !SE PHRASES1 )\T GRASP+ !IR TRU? & MEAN+4 !Y HAVE TO FACE ! DANG] ( R$UC+ !IR JU/ CLAIMS TO EMPTY WORDS1 CANT :I* IS NO?+ )\T UND]/&+4 

,IT MI<T BE ANSW]$ ?AT NOT ALL WORK]S1 EV5 :5 !Y >E MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 CAN BE $UCAT$4 ,IT IS NOT 5\<1 !N1 ?AT !RE >E 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 A GR\P ( PEOPLE1 :O -- AS F> AS POSSIBLE -- RE ACQUA9T$ ) ! SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM8 ,CANNOT ! WIDE MASS FOLL[ !IR 0BRO!RLY ADVICE 0NOT TO TURN FROM ! RI<T PA?1 ?AT LEADS ULTIMATELY TO ! FRE$OM ( ! PROLET>IAT8 

,! AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL (T5 MAKE USE ( !SE >GUM5TS1 AL?\< !Y HAVE WANT$ ! C\RAGE TO /ATE !M SO FREELY & SO CLE>LY4 ,!Y HAVE S\<T TO HIDE !IR REAL OP9ION UND] DEMAGOGIC COMPLIM5TS AB\T ! CLEV]NESS & ALL P[]FULNESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WE W]E ALWAYS ! BITT]E/ 5EMIES ( ?IS OP9ION4 ,& WE >E CONV9C$1 ?AT1 IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL SPLIT 9TO TWO GR\PS -- A BIG MAJORITY1 & SMALL M9ORITY ( TON1 TW5TY OR MORE PEOPLE -- 9 SU* A WAY1 ?AT ! MAJORITY W]E CONV9C$ BL9DLY ( ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL S5SE ( ! M9ORITY1 ! RESULT W\LD BE ! R$UCTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO AN OLIG>*Y -- ! WOR/ =M ( ,/ATE4 ,! $UCAT$ & CAPABLE M9ORITY W\LD1 TOGE!R ) ITS RESPONSIBILITIES1 DEM& ! RI<TS ( A GOV]N+ BODY4 ,& ?IS GOV]N+ BODY W\LD PROVE MORE DESPOTIC ?AN AN AV[$ AUTOCRACY1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BE HIDD5 B5EA? A %[ ( S]VILE RESPECT = ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! M9ORITY W\LD RULE ?R\< ! M$IUM ( RESOLUTIONS1 IMPOS$ UPON ! PEOPLE1 & AFT]4 W>DS CALL$ 0! WILL1 ( ! PEOPLE40 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! $UCAT$ M9ORITY W\LD DEVELOP ,9TO A GOV]NM5T1 :I*1 LIKE ALL O!R GOV]NM5TS1 W\LD GR[ EV]Y DAY MORE DESPOTIC & REACTION>Y4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ONLY !N CAN BECOME A WEAPON = LIB]AT+ ! PEOPLE1 :5 IT FREES ITSELF2 :5 IT DOES NOT P]MIT ITSELF TO BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO GR\PS -- A BIG MAJORITY1 ! BL9D TOOL ( AN $UCAT$ M9ORITY4 ,?AT IS :Y ITS FIR/ DUTY IS TO IMPR9T UPON ! M9DS ( ITS MEMB]S ! SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & POLICY ( ,SOCIALISM4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,WORK]S & ! ,SPH9X 7#a#h#f#g7 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION CLAIMS = EA* ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR3 MEAN+ BY ?AT HIS COMPLETE & EQUAL RI<T TO 5JOY1 9 COMMON ) HIS FELL[ WORK]S1 ! FULL AM5ITIES ( LIFE & HAPP9ESS ?AT ! COLLECTIVE LABOR ( ! PEOPLE CREATES4 ,! ,C\NCIL DECL>ES ?AT IT IS WRONG = !SE :O PRODUCE NO?+ AT ALL TO BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 !IR 9SOL5T RI*ES1 S9CE !Y DO SO ONLY BY ! WORK ( O!RS4 ,LIKE ! ,APO/LE ,PAUL1 ! ,C\NCIL MA9TA9S1 ?AT1 IF ANY W\LD NOT WORK1 NEI!R %\LD HE EAT4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION AV]S ?AT ! RI<T TO ! NOBLE NAMO ( LABOR BELONGS EXCLUSIVELY TO PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,SOME YE>S AGO1 ! Y\NG ,K+ ( ,PORTUGAL PAID A VISIT TO HIS AUGU/ FA!R-9-LAW4 ,HE WAS PRES5T$ TO A GA!R+ ( ! ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION AT ,TUR93 & !RE1 SURR\ND$ BY WORK]S1 HE UTT]$ !SE MEMORABLE WORDS3 0,G5TLEM51 ! PRES5T C\NTRY IS ! C\NTRY ( LABOR4 ,WE ALL LABOR4 ,I1 TOO1 LABOR = ! GOOD ( MY PEOPLE4 

,H[EV] FLATT]+ ?IS LIK5+ ( ROYAL LABOR TO WORK+-CLASS LABOR MAY APPE>1 WE CANNOT ACCEPT IT4 ,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ROYAL LABOR IS A LABOR ( ABSORPTION & NOT ( PRODUCTION4 ,CAPITALI/S1 PROPRIETORS1 CONTRACTORS ALSO LABOR3 BUT ALL SU* LABOR IS P>ASITIC1 S9CE IT HAS NO O!R OBJECT ?AN TO TRANSF] ! REAL PRODUCTS ( LABOR FROM ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 :OSE TOIL CREATES !M1 9TO ! POSSESSION ( !SE :O DO NOT CREATE !M1 TO S]VE ! PURPOSE ( FUR!R GA9 & EXPLOITATION4 ,SU* LABOR CANNOT BE CONSID]$ PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ?IEVES & BRIG& LABOR ALSO4 ,R\<LY1 !Y RISK EV]Y DAY !IR LIB]TY & !IR LIFE4 ,BUT !Y DO NOT WORK4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION RECOGNIZES 9TELLECTUAL LABOR -- ?AT ( M5 ( SCI5CE -- AS PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,IT PLACES ! APPLICATION ( SCI5CE TO 9DU/RY1 & ! ACTIVITY ( ! ORGANIZ]S & ADM9I/RATORS ( 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL AFFAIRS1 9 ! CATEGORY ( USEFUL OR PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,BUT IT DEM&S = ALL M5 A P>TICIPATION AS MU* 9 MANUAL LABOR AS 9 ! LABOR ( ! M9D4 ,! QUE/ION ( H[ MU* MANUAL & H[ MU* M5TAL LABOR A P]SON %ALL CONTRIBUTE TO ! COMMUNITY MU/ BE DECID$ NOT BY ! PRIVILEGES ( BIR? ( SOCIAL /ATUS1 BUT BY SUITABILITY TO ! NATURAL CAPACITIES ( EA*1 DEVELOP$ BY EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ( $UCATION & 9/RUCTION4 

,ONLY ?US CAN CLASS DI/9CTIONS & PRIVILEGES DISAPPE> & ! CANT PHRASE1 0! 9TELLIG5T & WORK+ MASSES0 BE RELEGAT$ TO DES]V$ OBLIVION4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION DECL>ES ?AT1 SO LONG AS ! WORK+ MASSES >E PLUNG$ 9 ! MIS]Y ( ECONOMIC S]VITUDE1 ALL SO-CALL$ RE=MS & EV5 SO-CALL$ POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS ( A SEEM+ PROLET>IAN *>ACT]1 WILL AVAIL !M NO?+4 ,!Y >E CONDEMN$ TO LIVE 9 A =C$ IGNORANCE & TO ACCEPT A SLAVE /ATUS BY ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( WAGE-SLAVE SOCIETY4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION URGES ! WORK]S 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S1 MAT]IAL AS WELL AS MORAL1 -- & MORAL BECAUSE SO COMPLETELY & ?OR\<LY & EQUALLY MAT]IAL = EA* & ALL -- TO SUBORD9ATE ALL SEEM+ POLITICAL QUE/IONS TO DEF9ITE ECONOMIC ISSUES4 ,! MAT]IAL MEANS ( AN $UCATION & ( AN EXI/5CE REALLY HUMAN1 >E = ! PROLET>IAT1 ! FIR/ CONDITION ( LIB]TY1 MORALITY & HUMANITY4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION DECL>ES ?AT ! RECORD ( PA/ C\NTRIES1 ! CLASS LEGACY ( EXPLOITATION1 AS WELL AS CONTEMPOR>Y EXP]I5CE1 %\LD HAVE CONV9C$ ! WORK]S ?AT !Y CAN EXPECT NO SOCIAL AMELIORATION ( !IR LOT FROM ! G5]OSITY ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,!RE IS NO JU/ICE 9 CLASS SOCIETY1 S9CE JU/ICE CAN EXI/ ONLY 9 EQUALITY2 & EQUALITY MEANS ! ABOLITION ( CLASS & PRIVILEGE 7,MONOPOLY7 ,!RE NEV] HAS BE5 & !RE NEV] WILL BE A G5]\S OR JU/ RUL+ CLASS4 ,! CLASSES & ORD]S EXI/+ 9 PRES5T DAY -- SOCIETY -- CL]GY1 BUREAUCRACY1 PLUTOCRACY1 NOBILITY1 B\RGEOISIE-DISPUTE = P[] ONLY TO CONSOLIDATE !IR [N /R5G? & TO 9CREASE !IR PR(ITS )9 ! SY/EM4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION EXI/S TO EXPRESS ! TRU? ?AT1 H5CE=?1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ TAKE ! DIRECTION ( ITS [N AFFAIRS 9TO ITS [N H&S4 

,ONCE ! PROLET>IAT CLE>LY UND]/&S ITSELF1 ITS SOLID>ITY WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ACTION1 OR ,F$]AT$ ,C\NCILS ( ,ACTION4 ,!N !RE WILL REMA9 NO P[] 9 ! WORLD ?AT CAN RESI/ ! WORK]S4 

,TO ?IS 5D1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION AFFIRMS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT \<T TO T5D1 NOT TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW RULE OR ( A NEW CLASS = ITS ALLEG$ PR(IT AS A CLASS1 BUT TO ! DEF9ITE ABOLITION ( ALL RULE1 ( EV]Y CLASS4 ,DICTATOR%IP1 POLITICAL SECT>IANISM1 ALL SPELL P[]1 EXPLOITATION1 & 9JU/ICE4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 ?R\< !IR ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION ORGANIZATION1 MU/ EXPRESS ! ORGANIZATION ( JU/ICE LIB]TY1 )\T DI/9CTION ( RACE1 COLOR1 NATIONALITY1 OR FAI? -- ALL TO FULLY EX]CISE ! SAME DUTIES & 5JOY ! SAME RI<TS4 

,! CAUSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! 5TIRE WORLD IS ONE1 IS SOLID>ITY1 ACROSS & 9 SPITE ( ALL ,/ATE FRONTI]S4 ,EXPRESS+ ?AT COMMON PURPOSE1 ?AT COMPLETE PROLET>IAN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION PROCLAIMS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ON5ESS ( ! WORK]S' CAUSE4 ,IT PIONE]S ! DEF9ITE ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ! ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 9 A *A9 ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! CAUSE ( ! WORK]S IS ,9T]NATIONAL BECAUSE1 PU%$ BY AN 9EVITABLE LAW :I* IS 9H]5T 9 IT1 B\RGEOIS CAPITAL 9 ITS ?REEFOLD EMPLOYM5T -- 9 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE & 9 BANK+ SPECULATIONS -- HAS BOON T5D+1 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 T[>DS AN ORGANIZATION MORE & MORE ,9T]NATIONAL & COMPLETE1 5L>G+ EA* DAY MORE1 & SIMULTANE\S 9 ALL C5TURIES1 ! ABYSS :I* SEP>ATES ! WORK+ WORLD FROM ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,FROM ?IS FACT1 IT RESULTS ?AT1 = EV]Y WORK] 5D[$ ) 9TELLIG5CE & HE>T1 = EV]Y PROLET>IAT :O HAS VISION & AFFECTION = HIS COMPANIONS 9 MIS]Y & S]VITUDE2 :O IS CONSCI\S ( ! SITUATION ( HIMSELF & HIS CLASS & ( HIS ACTUAL 9T]E/3 ! REAL C5TURY IS H5CE=? ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CAMP ( ,LABOR4 ,& ! TRUE LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( ?AT CAMP IS ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION4 

,TO EV]Y WORK]1 TRULY WOR?Y ( ! NAME1 ! WORK]S ( SO-CALL$ =EIGN C5TURIES1 :O SUFF] & >E OPPRESS$ AS HE IS OPPRESS$1 >E 9F9ITELY NE>] & ( MORE IMM$IATE K9 ?AN ! B\RGEOISIE ( HIS [N C\NTRY1 :O 5RI* !MSELVES TO HIS DETRIM5T4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION WILL REPLACE ! GEOGRAPHICAL UNIT ( FALSE DEMOCRACY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,/ATE4 

,! DELIV]ANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION :I* IT 5DURES 9 ALL C5TURIES ALIKE1 MU/ BE ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 !SE L&S :I* >E B\ND BY MEANS ( CR$IT1 9DU/RY1 & COMM]CE1 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE A*IEV$ ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY BY A COMMON /RUGGLE 5D+ 9 A TRIUMPHANT *ALL5GE TO ! EXI/+ POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( ! WORLD4 ,! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! F\NDATION ( ! POLITICAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORLD4 ,REALIZ+ ?IS1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION PREA*ES ! PROLET>IAN DUTY & MESSAGE ( FRAT]NITY4 

,BY ! DUTY ( FRAT]NITY1 AS WELL AS BY ! CALL ( 5LI<T5$ SELF 9T]E/1 ! WORK]S >E CALL$ UPON TO E/ABLI%1 ORGANIZE1 & EX]CISE ! GREATE/ PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY1 9DU/RIAL1 COMMUNAL1 PROV9CIAL1 NATIONAL & ,9T]NATIONAL3 BEG9N+ 9 !IR WORK%OP1 !IR HOME1 !IR T5EM5T1 !IR /REET !IR POLITICAL GR\P & EXT5D+ IT TO ALL !IR TRADE SOCIETIES1 TO ALL !IR TRADE PROPAG&A F$]ATIONS A CLOSE 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY ,!Y \<T TO OBS]VE ?IS SOLID>ITY SCRUPUL\SLY1 & PRACTICE IT 9 ALL ! DEVELOPM5TS CATA/ROPHES1 & 9CID5TS ( ! 9 9CESSANT DAILY /RUGGLE ( ! LABOR ( ! WORK] AGA9/ ! /OL5 CAPITAL ( ! B\RGEOIS2 ALL !SE DEM&S & CLAIMS ( H\RS & WAGES1 /RIKES1 & EV]Y QUE/ION ?AT RELATES TO ! EXI/5CE1 :E!R MAT]IAL OR MORAL1 ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 

,! REVOLT ( ! WORK]S & ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY ?R\< ! FREE BUT 9VOLUNT>Y & 9EVITABLE F$]ATION ( ALL WORK+-CLASS GR\PS 9TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION6 ,?IS1 !N1 IS ! ANSW] TO ! 5IGMA :I* ! ,CAPITALI/ ,SPH9X =CES US TODAY TO SOLVE1 ?REAT5+ TO DEV\R US IF WE DO NOT SOLVE IT4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,SOLID>ITY 9 ,LIB]TY3 ,! ,WORK]S' ,PA? TO ,FRE$OM 7#a#h#f#g7 

,FROM ?IS TRU? ( PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY OR FRAT]NITY ( /RUGGLE ?AT ,I HAVE LAID D[N AS ! FIR/ ,PR9CIPE ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION FL[S A !ORETICAL CONSEQU5CE ( EQUAL IMPORTANCE4 ,! WORK]S >E ABLE TO UNITE AS A CLASS = CLASS ECONOMIC ACTION1 BECAUSE ALL RELIGI\S PHILOSOPHIES1 & SY/EMS ( MORALITY :I* PREVAIL 9 ANY GIV5 ORD] ( SOCIETY >E ALWAYS ! IDEAL EXPRESSION ( ITS REAL1 MAT]IAL SITUATION4 ,!OLOGIES1 PHILOSOPHIES & E?ICS DEF9E1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY2 & SECONDLY1 ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS ITSELF NO?+ BUT ! LEGAL & VIOL5T CONSECRATION ( ! ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE >E NOT SEV]AL RELIGIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS2 !RE IS ONE1 ! RELIGION ( PROP]TY4 ,& !RE >E NOT SEV]AL RELIGIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS3 !RE IS ONE1 ! PIETY ( /RUGGLE1 ! VISION ( EMANCIPATION1 P5ETRAT+ ! FOG ( EV]Y MY/ICISM1 & F9D+ UTT]ANCE 9 A ?\S& PRAY]S4 ,WORK]S ( ALL CRE$S1 LIKE WORK]S ( ALL' L&S1 HAVE BUT ONE FAI?1 HOPE1 & *>ITY2 ONE COMMON PURPOSE OV]LEAPS ! B>RI]S ( SEEM+ HATR$S ( RACE & CRE$4 ,! WORK]S >E ONE CLASS1 & !RE=E ONE RACE1 ONE FAI?1 ONE NATION4 ,?IS IS ! ,!ORETICAL TRU? TO BE 9DUC$ FROM ! PRACTICAL FRAT]NAL SOLID>ITY ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION ORGANIZATION4 ,*UR* & ,/ATE >E LIQUIDAT$ 9 ! VITAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! G5IUS ( FREE HUMANITY4 

,IT HAS BE5 /AT$ ?AT ,PROTE/ANTISM E/ABLI%$ LIB]TY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS IS A GREAT ]ROR4 ,IT IS ! ECONOMIC1 MAT]IAL EMANCIPATION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS :I*1 9 SPITE ( ,PROTE/ANTISM1 HAS CREAT$ ?AT EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL & LEGAL LIB]TY1 :I* IS TOO EASILY CONF\ND$ ) ! GR&1 UNIV]SAL1 HUMAN LIB]TY1 :I* ONLY ! PROLET>IAT CAN CREATE4 ,! NECESS>Y ACCOMPANIM5T ( B\RGEOIS LEGAL & POLITICAL LIB]TY1 APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 IS ! 9TELLECTUAL1 ANTI-,*RI/IAN1 & ANTI-RELIGI\S EMANCIPATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! CAPITALI/ RUL+ CLASS HAS NO RELIGION1 NO IDEALS1 & NO ILLUSION4 ,IT IS CYNICAL & UNBELIEV+ BECAUSE IT D5IES ! REAL BASE E ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE ( 9T]E/$ PR(ESSIONALISM1 MU/ MA9TA9 C5T]S ( AU?ORITY & EXPLOITATION1 CALL$ ,/ATES4 ,! LABOR]S1 BY !IR V]Y ECONOMIC NE$S1 TRU/ *ALL5GE SU* C5T]S ( OPPRESSION4 

,! 9H]5T PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE >E SUMM$ UP 9 ! S+LE LAW ( SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS IS ! GOLD5 RULE ( HUMANITY & MAY BE =MULAT$ ?IS3 NO P]SON CAN RECOGNIZE OR REALIZE HIS OR H] [N HUMANITY EXCEPT BY RECOGNIZ+ IT 9 O!RS & SO COOP]AT+ = ITS REALIZATION BY EA* & ALL ,NO MAN CAN EMANCIPATE HIMSELF SAVE BY EMANCIPAT+ ) HIM ALL ! M5 AB\T HIM4 

,MY LIB]TY IS ! LIB]TY ( EV]YBODY4 ,I CANNOT BE FREE 9 IDEA UNTIL ,I AM FREE 9 FACT4 ,TO BE FREE 9 IDEA & NOT FREE FACT IS TO BE REVOLT4 ,TO BE FREE 9 FACT IS TO HAVE MY LIB]TY & MY RI<T1 F9D !IR CONFIRMATION1 & SANCTION 9 ! LIB]TY & RI<T ( ALL MANK9D4 ,I AM FREE ONLY :5 ALL M5 >E MY EQUALS 7FIR/ & =EMO/ ECONOMICALLY47 

,:AT ALL O!R M5 >E IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE TO ME4 ,H[EV] 9DEP5D5T ,I MAY IMAG9E MYSELF TO BE1 H[EV] F> REMOV$ ,I MAY APPE> FROM MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS BY MY SOCIAL /ATUS1 ,I AM 5SLAV$ TO ! MIS]Y ( ! MEANE/ MEMB] ( SOCIETY4 ,! \TCA/ IS MY DAILY M5ACE4 ,:E!R ,I AM ,POPE1 ,CZ>1 ,EMP]OR1 OR EV5 ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ,I AM ALWAYS ! CREATURE ( !IR CIRCUM/ANCE1 ! CONSCI\S PRODUCT ( !IR IGNORANCE1 WANT & CLAMOR+4 ,!Y >E 9 SLAV]Y1 & ,I1 ! SUP]IOR ONE1 AM 5SLAV$ 9 CONSEQU5CE4 

,= EXAMPLE IF SU* IS ! CASE1 ,I AM 5LI<T5$ OR 9TELLIG5T MAN4 ,BUT ,I AN FOOLI% ) ! FOLLY ( ! PEOPLE1 MY WISDOM /UNN$ BY !IR NE$S1 MY M9D PALSI$4 ,I AN A BRAVE MAN1 BUT ,I AM ! C[>D ( ! PEOPLES' FE>4 ,!IR MIS]Y APPALLS ME1 & EV]Y DAY ,I %R9K FROM ! /RUGGLE ( LIFE4 ,MY C>E] BECOMES AN EVASION ( LIV+4 ,A RI* MAN1 ,I TREMBLE BE=E !IR POV]TY1 BECAUSE IT ?REAT5S TO 5GULF ME4 ,I DISCOV] ,I HAVE NO RI*ES 9 MYSELF1 NO WEAL? BUT ?AT /OL5 FROM ! COMMON LIFE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,AS PRIVILEG$ MAN1 ,I TURN PALE BE=E ! PEOPLE'S DEM& = JU/ICE4 ,I FEEL A M5ACE 9 ?AT DEM&4 ,! CRY IS OM9\S & ,I AM ?REAT5$4 ,IT IS ! FEEL+ ( ! MALEFACTOR DREAD+1 YET WAIT+ = 9EVITABLE >RE/4 ,MY LIFE IS PRIVILEG$ & FURTIVE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT M9E4 ,I LACK FRE$OM & CONT5TM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 WI%+ TO BE FREE1 ?\< ,I AM WISE1 BRAVE1 RI*1 & PRIVILEG$1 ,I CANNOT BE FREE BECAUSE MY IMM$IATE ASSOCIATES DO NOT WI% M5 TO BE FREE2 & ! MASS1 FROM :OM ALL WISDOM1 BRAV]Y1 RI*ES1 & PRIVILEGES ASC5D1 DO NOT KN[ H[ TO SECURE !IR FRE$OM4 ,! SLAV]Y ( ! COMMON PEOPLE MAKE !M ! 9/RUM5TS ( MY OPPRESSION4 ,= ME TO BE FREE1 !Y MU/ BE FREE4 ,WE MU/ CONQU] BREAD & ,FREUDIAN 9 COMMON4 

,! TRUE1 HUMAN LIB]TY ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL IMPLIES ! EMANCIPATION ( ALL3 BECAUSE1 ?ANKS TO ! LAW ( SOLID>ITY1 :I* IS ! NATURAL BASIS ( ALL HUMAN SOCIETY1 ,I CANNOT BE1 FEEL1 & KN[ MYSELF REALLY1 COMPLETELY FREE1 IF ,I AN NOT SURR\ND$ BY M5 AS FREE AS MYSELF4 ,! SLAV]Y ( EA* IS MY SLAV]Y4 

,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! QUE/ION ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY IS NOT A P]SONAL BUT A SOCIAL ECONOMIC QUE/ION ?AT DEP5DS ON ! DELIV]ANCE ( ! PROLET>IAT = ITS REALIZATION4 ,?AT 9 TURN1 9VOLVES ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION & CAPACITY = ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ACTION ?R\< ! VOLUNT>Y & FREE GR\P+ ( ALL WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION4 ,! ,R$ ,ASSOCIATION ( !SE :O TOIL6 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,R$ ,ASSOCIATION 7#a#h#g7 

,POLITICAL ,FRE$OM )\T ECONOMIC EQUALITY IS A PRET5SE1 A FRAUD1 A LIE2 & ! WORK]S WANT NO LY+4 

,! WORK]S NECESS>ILY /RIVE AFT] A FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY1 ! RESULT ( :I* MU/ BE ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 EQUALLY 9 ECONOMIC AS 9 POLITICAL RESPECTS3 AFT] A SY/EM ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL M5 WILL 5T] ! WORLD UND] SPECIAL CONDITIONS1 WILL BE ABLE TO UNFOLD & DEVELOP !MSELVES1 WORK & 5JOY ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE4 ,!SE >E ! DEM&S ( JU/ICE4 

,BUT H[ CAN WE FROM ! ABYSS ( IGNORANCE1 ( MIS]Y & SLAV]Y1 9 :I* ! WORK]S ON ! L& & 9 ! CITIES >E SUNK1 >RIVE AT ?AT P>ADISE1 ! REALIZATION ( JU/ICE & MANHOOD8 ,= ?IS ! WORK]S HAVE ONE MEANS3 ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,C\NCILS4 

,?R\< ! ,ASSOCIATION !Y BRACE !MSELVES UP1 !Y MUTUALLY IMPROVE EA* O!R &1 ?R\< !IR [N EF=TS1 MAKE AN 5D ( ?AT DANG]\S IGNORANCE :I* IS ! MA9 SUPPORT ( !IR SLAV]Y4 ,BY MEANS ( ! ,ASSOCIATION1 !Y LE>N TO HELP1 & MUTUALLY SUPPORT ONE ANO!R4 ,!REBY !Y WILL RECALL1 F9ALLY1 A P[] :I* WILL PROVE MORE P[]FUL ?AN ALL CONF$]AT$ B\RGEOIS CAPITAL & POLITICAL P[]S PUT TOGE!R4 

,! ,C\NCIL MU/ BECOME ! ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! M9D ( EV]Y WORK]4 ,IT MU/ BECOME ! PASSWORD ( EV]Y POLITICAL & AGITATION ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 ! PASSWORD ( EV]Y GR\P1 9 EV]Y 9DU/RY ?R\<\T ALL L&S4 ,UND\BT$LY ! ,C\NCIL2 IS ! WEI<TIE/ & MO/ HOPEFUL SIGN ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE AN 9FALLIBLE OM5 ( ! COM+ COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 

,EXP]I5CE HAS PROV$ ?AT ! ISOLAT$ ASSOCIATIONS >E NOT MORE P[]FUL ?AN >E ! ISOLAT$ WORK]S4 ,EV5 ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ALL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS ( A S+LE C\NTRY W\LD NOT BE SUFFICI5TLY P[]FUL TO /& UP 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL COMB9ATION ( ALL PR(IT MAK+ WORLD CAPITAL4 ,ECONOMIC SCI5CE E/ABLI%ES ! FACT ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK] IS NO NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,NO C\NTRY1 NO MATT] H[ WEAL?Y1 MI<TY1 & WELL-S]V$ IT MAY BE1 CAN UND]TAKE -- )\T RU9+ ITSELF & SURR5D]+ ITS 9HABITANTS TO MIS]Y -- A FUNDAM5TAL ALT]ATION 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 IF ?IS ALT]ATION IS NOT ACCOMPLI%$1 AT ! SAME TIME1 AT LEA/1 9 ! GREATE/ P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! QUE/ION ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK] FROM ! YOKE ( CAPITAL & ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 ! B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/S1 IS1 ABOVE ALL1 AN ,9T]NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,ITS SOLUTION1 !RE=E1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T4 

,IS ?IS ,9T]NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T A SECRET IDEA1 A CONSPIRACY8 ,NOT 9 ! LEA/4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T1 ! ,C\NCIL ,ASSOCIATION1 DOES NOT DICTATE FROM ABOVE OR PRESCRIBE 9 SECRET4 ,IT F$]ATES FROM BEL[ & WILL FROM A ?\S& QU>T]S4 ,IT SPEAKS 9 EV]Y GR\P ( WORK]S & EMBRACES ! COMB9$ DECISION ( ALL FACTIONS4 ,! ,C\NCIL IS LIV+ DEMOCRACY3 & :5EV] ! ,ASSOCIATION =MULATES PLANS1 IT DOES IT OP5LY1 & SPEAKS TO ALL :O WILL LI/54 ,ITS WORD IS ! VOICE ( LABOR RECRUIT+ ITS 5]GIES = ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION4 

,:AT DOES ! ,C\NCIL SAY8 ,:AT IS ! DEM& IT MAKES ?R\< EV]Y ASSOCIATION ( !SE :O TOIL & ?9K1 9 EV]Y FACTORY1 9 EV]Y C\NTRY8 ,:AT DOES IT REQUE/8 ,JU/ICE6 ,! /RICTE/ JU/ICE & ! RI<TS ( HUMANITY3 ! RI<T ( MANHOOD1 WOMANHOOD1 *ILDHOOD1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ALL DI/9CTIONS ( BIR?1 RACE1 OR CRE$4 ,! RI<T TO LIVE & ! OBLIGATION TO WORK TO MA9TA9 ?AT RI<T4 ,S]VICE FROM EA* TO ALL & FROM ALL TO EA*4 ,IF ?IS IDEA APPE>S APPALL+ & PRODIGI\S TO ! EXI/5T B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 SO MU* ! WORSE = ?IS ,SOCIETY4 ,IS ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION A REVOLUTION>Y 5T]PRISE8 ,YES & NO4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION IS REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WILL REPLACE A SOCIETY BAS$ UPON 9JU/ICE1 EXPLOITATION1 PRIVILEGE1 LAZ9ESS1 & AU?ORITY1 BY ONE :I* IS F\ND$ UPON JU/ICE & FRE$OM = ALL MANK9D4 ,9 A WORD1 IT WILLS AN ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 9 :I* EA* P]SON1 )\T PREJUDICE TO HIS NATURAL & P]SONAL IDIOSYNCRASIES1 WILL F9D IT EQUALLY POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP HIMSELF1 TO LE>N1 TO ?9K1 TO WORK1 TO BE ACTIVE1 & TO 5JOY LIFE HONORABLY4 ,YES1 ?IS IT DESIRES2 & WE REPEAT1 ONCE MORE1 IF ?IS IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EXI/+ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 SO MU* ! WORSE = ?IS SOCIETY4 

,IS ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! S5SE ( B>RICADES & ( VIOL5T UPRIS+ OR DEMON/RATION8 ,NO2 ! ,C\NCIL CONC]NS ITSELF BUT LITTLE ) ?IS K9D ( POLITIES2 OR1 RA!R1 ONE %\LD SAY ?AT ! ,C\NCIL TAKES NO P>T 9 IT :ATEV]4 ,! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES1 ANXI\S = SOME *ANGE ( P[]1 & POLICE AG5TS F9D+ OCCUPATION 9 PASS+ EXPLOSIONS ( S\ND & FURY1 >E ANNOY$ GREATLY ) ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION ON ACC\NT ( ! ,C\NCIL'S 9DIFF]5CE T[>DS !IR ACTIVITIES & S*EMES ( PROVOCATION4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION1 ! ,R$ ,ASSOCIATION ( !SE :O WANT & TOIL1 COMPREH5D$1 LONG S9CE1 ?AT EA* B\RGEOIS POLITIC -- NO MATT] H[ R$ & REVOLUTION>Y IT MI<T APPE> -- S]V$ NOT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S1 BUT ! TI<T5+ ( !IR SLAV]Y4 ,EV5 IF ! ,C\NCIL HAD NOT COMPREH5D$ ?IS FACT1 ! MIS]ABLE GAME1 :I*1 AT TIMES1 ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICAN & EV5 ! B\RGEOIS ,SOCIALI/ PLAYS1 W\LD HAVE OP5$ ! WORK]S' EYES4 

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTION1 EV] EVOLV+ MORE COMPLETELY 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T1 HOLDS ITSELF SEV]ELY ALO( FROM ! DISMAL POLITICAL 9TRIGUES1 & KN[S TO-DAY ONLY ONE POLICY3 TO EA* GR\P & TO EA* WORK]3 HIS PROPAG&A1 ITS EXT5SION & ORGANIZATION 9TO /RUGGLE & ACTION4 ,ON ! DAY :5 ! GREAT PROPORTION ( ! WORLD'S WORK]S HAVE ASSOCIAT$ !MSELVES ?R\< ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTIONS1 & SO FIRMLY ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ,C\NCIL ( ,ACTIONS1 & SO FIRMLY ORGANIZ$ ?R\< !IR DIVISIONS 9TO ONE COMMON SOLID>ITY ( MOVEM5T1 NO REVOLUTION1 9 ! S5SE ( VIOL5T 9SURRECTION1 WILL BE NECESS>Y4 ,FROM ?IS IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT AN>*I/S DO NOT /& = ABORTIVE VIOL5CE :I* ITS 5EMIES ATTRIBUTE TO IT4 ,)\T VIOL5CE1 JU/ICE WILL TRIUMPH4 ,OPPRESSION WILL BE LIQUIDAT$ BY ! DIRECT P[] ( ! WORK]S ?R\< ASSOCIATION4 ,& IF ?AT DAY1 !RE >E IMPATI5T PLEADS1 & SOME SUFF]+1 ?IS WILL BE ! GUILT ( ! B\RGEOISIE REFUS+ TO RECOGNIZE :AT HAS HAPP5$1 ?R\< !IR MA*9ATION4 ,TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ITSELF VIOL5CE WILL BE UNNECESS>Y4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,CLASS ,W> 7#a#h#g7 

,EXCEPT1 ,PR\DHON & ,M4 ,L\IS ,BLANC ALMO/ ALL ! HI/ORIANS ( ! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh & ( ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#e#a1 AS WELL AS ! GREATE/ WRIT]S ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM1 ! ,VICTOR ,HUGOS1 ! ,QU9OTS1 ETC4 HAVE COMM5T$ AT GREAT L5G? ON ! CRIME & ! CRIM9ALS ( ,DECEMB]2 BUT !Y HAVE NEV] DEIGN$ TO T\* UPON ! CRIME & ! CRIM9ALS ( ,JUNE4 ,& YET IT IS SO EVID5T ?AT ,DECEMB] WAS NO?+ BUT ! FATAL CONSEQU5CE ( ,JUNE & ITS REPETITION ON A L>GE SCALE4 

,:Y ?IS SIL5CE AB\T ,JUNE8 ,IS IT BECAUSE ! CRIM9ALS ( ,JUNE >E B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANS ( :OM ! ABOVE NAM$ WRIT]S HAVE BE51 MORALLY1 MORE OR LESS ACCOMPLICES8 ,ACCOMPLICES 9 !IR PR9CIPLES & !RE=E 9DIRECTLY ACCOMPLICES TO !IR ACTS4 ,?IS REASON IS PROBABLE1 BUT !RE IS YET ANO!R :I* IS CONTA94 ,! CRIME ( ,JUNE /RUCK WORK]S ONLY1 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 CONSEQU5TLY /RANG]S TO ! CLASS & NATURAL 5EMIES ( ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ALL !SE HONORABLE WRIT]S REPRES5T4 ,! CRIME ( ,DECEMB] ATTACK$ & DEPORT$ ?\S&S ( B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANS1 ! SOCIAL BRO!RS ( ?OSE HONORABLE WRIT]S & !IR POLITICAL CORELIGIONI/S4 ,BESIDES1 !Y !MSELVES HAVE BE5 ITS VICTIMS4 ,H5CE !IR EXTREME S5SIBILITIES TO ! ,DECEMB] CRIMES1 & !IR 9DIFF]5CE TO ?OSE ( ,JUNE4 

,A G5]AL RULE3 ,A B\RGEOIS1 H[EV] R$ A REPUBLICAN HE BE1 WILL BE MU* MORE KE5LY AFFECT$1 >\S$ & SMITT5 BY A MI%AP TO ANO!R B\RGEOIS WORE ?IS B\RGEOIS EV5 A MAD IMP]IALI/ ?AN BY ! MIS=TUNE ( A WORK]1 ( A MAN ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE IS UND\BT$LY A GREAT 9JU/ICE 9 ?IS DIFF]5CE1 BUT ! 9JU/ICE IS NOT PREM$ITAT$4 ,IT IS 9/9CTIVE4 ,IT >ISES ONTO ( ! CONDITIONS & HABITS ( LIFE :I* EX]CISE A MU* GREAT] 9FLU5CE OV] M5 ?AN !IR IDEAS & POLITICAL CONVICTIONS4 ,CONDITIONS & HABITS1 !IR SPECIAL MANN] ( EXI/+1 DEVELOP+1 ?9K+ & ACT+2 ALL !IR SOCIAL RELATION%IPS SO MANIFOLD & V>I\S1 & YET SE REGUL>LY CONV]G5T T[>DS ! SAME AIM2 ALL ?IS DIV]SITY ( 9T]E/ EXPRESS+ COMMON SOCIAL AMBITION & CON/ITUT+ ! LIFE ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 E/ABLI%ES BETWE5 !SE :O BELONG TO ?IS WORLD A SOLID>ITY 9F9ITELY MORE REAL1 DEEP]1 & UNQUE/IONABLY MORE S9C]E ?AN ANY ?AT MI<T >ISE BETWE5 A SECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S4 ,NO DIFF]5CE ( POLITICAL OP9IONS IS SUFFICI5T TO OV]COME ! B\RGEOIS COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,NO SEEM+ AGREEM5T ( POLITICAL OP9IONS IS SUFFICI5T TO OV]COME ! ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S ?AT DIVIDE ! B\RGEOISIE FROM ! WORK]S4 ,COMMUNITY ( CONVICTIONS & IDEAS >E & MU/ EV] BE SUBSIDI>Y TO A COMMUNITY ( CLASS 9T]E/S & PREJUDICES 

,LIFE DOM9ATES ?\<T & DET]M9ES ! WILL4 ,?IS IS A TRU? ?AT %\LD NEV] BE LO/ SI<T ( :5 WE WI% TO UND]/& ANY?+ AB\T SOCIAL & POLITICAL PH5OM5A4 ,IF WE WI% TO E/ABLI% A S9C]E & COMPLETE COMMUNITY ( ?\<T & WILL BETWE5 M51 WE MU/ F\ND IT ON SIMIL> CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 OR ON A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,& AS !RE IS1 BY ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( !IR RESPECTIVE EXI/5CE1 AN ABYSS BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS WORD & ! WORLD ( ! WORK]1 -- ! ONE BE+ ! EXPLOIT+ WORLD1 ! O!R ! WORLD ( ! VICTIMIZ$ & EXPLOIT$ ,I CONCLUDE ?AT IF A MAN BORN & BR\<T UP 9 ! B\RGEOIS 5VIRONM5T WI%ES TO BECOME S9C]ELY & UNRES]V$LY ! FRI5D & BRO!R ( ! WORK]S HE MU/ R5\NCE ALL ! CONDITIONS ( HIS PA/ EXI/5CE & \TGR[ ALL HIS B\RGEOIS HABITS ,HE MU/ BREAK (F HIS RELATIONS ( S5TIM5T ) ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 ITS VANITY & AMBITION4 ,HE MU/ TURN HIS BACK UPON IT & BECOME ITS 5EMY2 PROCLAIM IRRECONCILABLE W>2 & ?REW HIMSELF :OLEHE>T$LY 9TO ! WORLD & CAUSE ( ! WORK]4 

,IF HIS PASSION = JU/ICE IS TOO WEAK TO 9SPIRE HIM TO SU* RESOLUTION & AUDACITY1 LET HIM NOT DECEIVE HIMSELF & LET HIM NOT DECEIVE ! WORK]S4 ,HE CAN NEV] BECOME !IR FRI5D & AT EV]Y CRISIS MU/ PROVE !IR 5EMY4 ,HIS AB/RACT ?\<TS1 HIS DREAMS ( JU/ICE WILL EASILY 9FLU5CE HIM 9 H\RS ( CALM REFLECTION :5 NO?+ /IRS 9 ! EXPLOIT$ WORLD4 ,BUT LET ! MOM5T ( ,/RUGGLE COME :5 ! >M$ TRUCE GIVES PLACE TO ! IRRECONCILABLE CONFLICT1 HIS 9T]E/S WILL COMPEL HIM TO S]VE 9 ! CAMP ( ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,?IS HAS HAPP5$ TO \R ONE-TIME FRI5DS 9 ! PA/4 ,IT WILL HAPP5 AGA9 TO MANY GOOD REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S :O HAVE NOT LO/ !IR ATTA*M5T TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 

,SOCIAL HATR$S >E LIKE RELIGI\S HATR$S4 ,!Y >E 9T5SE & DEEP4 ,!Y >E NOT %ALL[ LIKE POLITICAL HATR$4 ,?IS FACT EXPLA9S ! 9DULG5CE %[N BY ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS = ! ,BONAP>TI/S4 ,IT EXPLA9S ALSO !IR EXCESSIVE SEV]ITY AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,!Y DETE/ ! =M] MU* LESS ?AN ! LATT] BECAUSE ( ! PRESSURE ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y UNITE ) ! ,BONAP>TI/S TO =M A COMMON REACTION AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$ MASSES4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,G]MAN ,CRISIS 7#a#h#g7 

,:OSOEV] M5TIONS ! ,/ATE1 IMPLIES =CE1 OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 9JU/ICE -- ALL !SE BR\<T TOGE!R AS A SY/EM >E ! MA9 CONDITION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,! ,/ATE HAS NEV] HAD1 & NEV] CAN HAVE1 A MORALITY4 ,ITS ONLY MORALITY & JU/ICE IS ITS [N 9T]E/1 ITS EXI/5CE1 & ITS OMNIPOT5CE AT ANY PRICE2 & BE=E ITS 9T]E/1 ALL 9T]E/ ( ,HUMANITY MU/ /& 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! NEGATION ( ,HUMANITY4 ,IT IS ?IS 9 TWO WAYS3 ! OPPOSITE ( HUMAN FRE$OM & HUMAN JU/ICE 79T]NALLY71 AS WELL AS ! =CIBLE DISRUPTION ( ! COMMON SOLID>ITY ( MANK9D 7EXT]NALLY74 ,! ,UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 REPEAT$LY ATTEMPT$1 HAS ALWAYS PROV$ AN IMPOSSIBILITY1 SO ?AT1 AS LONG AS ! ,/ATE EXI/S1 ,/ATE WILL EXI/ -- & S9CE EV]Y ,/ATE REG>DS ITSELF AS ABSOLUTE1 & PROCLAIMS ! ADORATION ( ITS P[] AS ! HI<E/ LAW1 TO :I* ALL O!R LAWS MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$1 IT !RE=E FOLL[S ?AT AS LONG AS ,/ATE EXI/ W>S CANNOT CEASE ,EV]Y ,/ATE MU/ CONQU]1 OR BE CONQU]$4 ,EV]Y ,/ATE MU/ BUILD ITS P[] ON ! WEAKNESS OR1 IF IT CAN DO IT )\T DANG] TO ITSELF1 ON ! DE/RUCTION1 ( O!R ,/ATES4 

,TO /RIVE = ,9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE1 LIB]TY1 & P]PETUAL PEACE & AT ! SAME TIME TO UPHOLD ! ,/ATE1 IS CONTRADICTORY & NAIVE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ALT] ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE IT IS JU/ ?IS NATURE ?AT CON/ITUTES ! ,/ATE2 & ,/ATES CANNOT *ANGE !IR NATURE )\T CEAS+ TO EXI/4 ,IT ?US FOLL[S ?AT !RE CANNOT BE A GOOD4 JU/1 VIRTU\S ,/ATE4 ,ALL ,/ATES >E BAD 9 ?AT S5SE1 ?AT !Y1 BY !IR NATURE1 BY !IR PR9CIPLE BY !IR V]Y F\NDATION & ! HI<E/ IDEAL ( !IR EXI/5CE1 >E ! OPPON5TS ( HUMAN LIB]TY1 MORALITY & JU/ICE4 ,& 9 ?IS REG>D !RE IS1 ONE MAY SAY2 :AT ONE LIKES1 NO GREAT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B>B>IC ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE & ! CIVILIZ$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,:]E9 LIES ! ONLY DIFF]5CE8 ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>DOM DOES OP5LY :AT ! O!RS DO UND] ! MASK ( HYPOCRISY4 ,CZ>DOM ) ITS UNDISGUIS$ POLITICAL ME?OD1 & ITS CONTEMPT = HUMANITY1 IS ! ONLY GOAL TO :I* ALL /ATESM5 ( ,EUROPE SECRETLY BUT 5VY+LY ASPIRE4 ,ALL ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE DO ! SAME AS ,RUSSIA1 AS F> AS PUBLIC OP9ION1 & ESPECIALLY AS F> AS ! REAWAK5$ BUT V]Y P[]FUL SOLID>ITY ( ! PEOPLE ALL[ !M -- A PUBLIC OP9ION & SOLID>ITY :I* CONTA9 9 !MSELVES ! GEMS ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ,/ATES4 ,!RE IS NO 0GOOD0 ,/ATE ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! SE ?AT >E P[]LESS4 ,& EV5 !Y >E QUITE CRIM9AL 5\< 9 !IR DREAMS4 ,HE :O WANTS FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 & PEACE1 HE :O WANTS ! 5TIRE 7ECONOMIC & POLITICAL7 LIB]ATION ( ! MASSES1 MU/ /RIVE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATES1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL F$]ATION ( FREE GR\PS = ,PRODUCTION4 

,AS LONG AS ! ,G]MAN WORK]S /RIVE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NATIONAL ,/ATE -- H[EV] POPUL> & FREE !Y MAY IMAG9E ?IS ,/ATE 7& !RE IS A F> /OP FROM IMAG9ATION TO REALIZATION1 ESPECIALLY :5 !RE IS ! FRAT]NIZATION ( TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ PR9CIPLES1 ! ,/ATE & ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE1 9VOLV$7-SO LONG AS !Y SACRIFICE ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE TO ! MI<T ( ! ,/ATE1 ,SOCIALISM TO POLITICS1 ,9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE & FRAT]NITY TO PATRIOTISM4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !IR [N ECONOMIC LIB]ATION WILL REMA9 A BEAUTIFUL DREAM1 LOOM+ 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO REA* TWO OPPOSITE POLES SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,SOCIALISM1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 PRESUPPOSES ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE2 IT IS !RE= CLE> ?AT HE :O IS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,/ATE MU/ GIVE UP ,SOCIALISM1 & SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S TO ! POLITICAL P[] ( SOME PRIVILEG$ P>TY4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY IS =C$ TO SACRIFICE ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO !IR POLITICAL LIB]ATION -- OR1 BETTOR EXPRESS$1 !IR LIB]ATION FROM POLITICS -- TO ! SELF-SEEK+ & TRIUMPH ( ! B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS FOLL[S UNQUE/IONABLY FROM ,>TICLES #b & #c ( !IR PROGRAM4 ,! FIR/ ?REE P>AGRAPHS ( ,>TICLE #b >E QUITE 9 ACCORD ) ! ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE PROGRAM !Y COPY NE>LY LIT]ALLY4 ,BUT ! F\R? P>AGRAPH ( ! SAME >TICLE1 :I* DECL>ES ?AT POLITICAL LIB]TY IS ! =]UNN] ( ECONOMIC LIB]TY1 5TIRELY DE/ROYS ! PRACTICAL VALUE ( ! RECOGNITION ( \R PR9CIPLES4 ,IT CAN MEAN NO?+ ELSE ?AN ?IS3-0,PROLET>IANS1 Y\ >E SAVES1 ! VICTIMS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & CAPITALISM4 ,Y\ WANT TO LIB]ATE Y\R-SELVES FROM ?IS YOKE4 ,?IS IS GOOD1 & Y\R DEM&S >E QUITE JU/4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO REALIZE !M1 Y\ MU/ HELP US TO ACCOMPLI% ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,AFT]W>DS WE WILL HELP Y\ TO ACCOMPLI% ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,LET US1 !RE=E1 ?R\< ! MI<T ( Y\R >MS E/ABLI% ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 & !N -- & !N WE WILL CREATE A COMMONWEAL? = Y\ SIMIL> TO ! ONE ! ,SWISS WORK]S 5JOY4 

,9 ORD] TO CONV9CE ONESELF ?AT ?IS PREPO/]\S DELUSION EXPRESSES 5TIRELY ! SPIRIT & T5D5CY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY -- I4E41 !IR PROGRAM1 NOT ! NATURAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ( :OM ! P>TY CONSI/S ONE NE$ ONLY /UDY ! ?IRD >TICLE ( ?IS PROGRAM1 :]E9 ALL ! 9ITIAL DEM&S1 :I* %ALL BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! PEACEFUL & LEGAL AGITATION ( ! P>TY >E ELABORAT$4 ,ALL !SE DEM&S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! T5?1 :I* HAD NOT EV5 BE5 PROPOS$ BY ! AU?ORS ( ! PROGRAM1 BUT HAD BE5 ADD$ LAT] -- DUR+ ! DISCUSSION1 BY A MEMB] ( ! ,EIS5A* ,CONGRESS -- ALL !SE DEM&S >E ( AN 5TIRELY POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,ALL !SE PO9TS :I* >E RECOMM5D$ AS ! MA9 OBJECT ( ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( ! P>TY CONSI/ ( NO?+ ELSE BUT ! WELL-KN[N PROGRAM ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY2 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ) DIRECT LEGISLATOR BY ! PEOPLE1 ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL PRIVILEGE2 A CITIZ5 >MY2 SEP>ATION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 & S*OOL & ,/ATE2 FREE & COMPULSORY $UCATION2 LIB]TY ( ! ,PRESS1 ASSEMBLY1 & COMB9ATION2 CONV]SION ( ALL 9DIRECT TAXATION 9TO A DIRECT1 PROGRESSIVE1 & UNIV]SAL 9COME-TAX4 

,!SE >E ! TRUE OBJECTS1 ! REAL GOAL ( ! P>TY 6 ,AN EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL RE=M ( ! ,/ATE1 ! 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS1 ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AM ,I NOT1 !RE=E1 5TITL$ TO ASS]T ?AT ?IS PROGRAM IS 9 REALITY A PURELY POLITICAL & B\RGEOIS AFFAIR1 :I* LOOKS UPON ,SOCIALISM ONLY AS A DREAM = A F> DI/ANT FUTURE8 ,HAVE #a NOT LIKEWISE A RI<T TO ASSORT ?AT IF ONE W\LD JUDGE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S BY !IR PROGRAM -- ( :I* ,I WILL BEW>E1 BECAUSE ,I KN[ ?AT ! REAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS GO 9F9ITELY FUR !R ?AN ?IS1 PROGRAM -- !N ONE W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO BELIEVE ?AT ! CREATION ( ?IS P>TY HAD NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT AS BL9D & SACRIFIC$ TOOLS T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( ! POLITICAL PLANS ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS ,DEMOCRACY4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,ON ! ,SOCIAL ,UPHEAVAL 7#a#h#g7 

,LE ,BEVEIL DU ,PEUPLE = ,SEPTEMB] & ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#g1 PUBLI%$ AN IMPORTANT SUMM>Y ( AN >TICLE BY ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 ON ! QUE/ION ( ! SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,BAKUN9 D5\NCES ALL =MS ( RE=MI/ ACTIVITY AS BE+ 9IMICAL TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & PROCE$S TO ATTACK3 !SE :O ADVOCATE A MORE POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 BR\<T AB\T ACCORD+ TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL =MS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ITS1 P>LIAM5T>Y MA*9E1 9 OPPOSITION TO A DIRECT SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE EFFECT$ BY ! WORK]S ?R\< ! M$IUM ( !IR [N POLITICAL 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 

,BAKUN9 >GUES ?AT ! FACT ?AT WAGES PRACTICALLY NEV] RISE ABOVE ! B>E LEVEL ( SUBSI/5CE R5D]S IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! WORK]S TO SECURE 9CREAS$ WELL-BE+ UND] B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,) ! PROGRESS ( CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION1 ! GULF BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES GAPES WID] & WID]4 

,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS1 ALSO1 ?AT 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC & FREE C5TURIES1 SU* AS ,5GL&1 ,BELGIUM1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ! ,U4,S4,A41 ! FRE$OM & POLITICAL RI<TS :I* ! WORK]S 5JOY O/5SIBLY >E M]ELY FICTITI\S4 ,!Y1 :O >E SLAVES TO !IR MA/]S 9 ! SOCIAL S5SE >E SLAVES ALSO 9 ! POLITICAL S5SE4 ,!Y HAVE NEI!R ! $UCATION1 NOR ! LEISURE1 NOR ! 9DEP5D5CE :I* >E SO ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! FREE & ?\<TFUL EX]CISE ( !IR RI<TS ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES1 !SE 9 :I* !RE IS UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 !Y HAVE ONE DAY ( MA/]Y1 OR RA!R ( ,SATURNALIA1 ,ELECTION DAY4 ,ONCE ?IS DAY1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 !IR DAILY OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S1 COME BE=E !M1 HAT 9 H& & TALK ( EQUALITY1 BRO!RHOOD1 & CALL !M A SOV]EIGN PEOPLE1 :OSE V]Y HUMBLE S]VANTS & REPRES5TATIVES !Y WI% TO BE4 ,ONCE ?IS DAY IS PASS$1 FRAT]NITY & EQUALITY DISP]SE LIKE SMOKE2 ! B\RGEOISIE BECOME ONCE MORE ! B\RGEOISIE2 & ! PROLET>IAT1 ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE1 CONT9UO 9 !IR SLAV]Y4 ,?IS IS :Y ! SY/EM ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY IS SO MU* APPLAUD$ BY ! RADICAL B\RGEOISIE1 EV5 :5 9 A POPUL> DIRECTION1 IT IS IMPROV$1 COMPLET$1 & DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! REF]5DUM & ! DIRECT LEGISLATION ( ! PEOPLE1 9 :I* =M IT IS SO /R5U\SLY ADVOCAT$ BY A C]TA9 S*OOL ( ,G]MANS1 :O /RONGLY CALL !MSELVES ,SOCIALI/S4 

,=1 SO LONG AS ! PEOPLE REMA9 SLAVES ECONOMICALLY1 !Y WILL ALSO REMA9 SLAVES POLITICALLY1 EXPRESS !IR S5TIM5TS AS SU*1 & SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 :O RELY UPON ! CONT9UANCE ( ! VOTE SY/EM = ! PRES]VATION ( !IR AU?ORITY4 

,DOES ?AT MEAN ?AT WE REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S >E OPPOS$ TO UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & PREF] LIMIT$ SUFFRAGE OR ! DESPOTISM ( AN 9DIVIDUAL8 ,BY NO MEANS4 ,:AT WE ASS]T IS1 ?AT1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ITSELF1 BAS$ AS IT ON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 WILL NEV] BE = ! PEOPLE ANY?+ BUT A BAIT1 & ?AT FROM ! SIDE ( DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS$OM1 IT WILL NEV] BE \<T BUT A %AMEFUL LIE1 ! SURE/ IMPLEM5T = /R5G!N+1 ) A MAKE-BELIEVE ( LIB]ALISM & JU/ICE1 ! ET]NAL DOM9ATION ( ! EXPLOIT+ & [+ CLASSES1 & SO SUPPRESS+ ! FRE$OM & 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE4 

0,CONSEQU5TLY WE D5Y ?AT ! UNIV]SAL FRAN*ISE 9 ITSELF IS A MEANS 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE = ! A*IEVEM5T ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY40 

0,ON ?IS GR\ND WE ASSORT ?AT ! SO-CALL$ ,SOCIAL1 ,DEMOCRATS1 :O1 9 !SE C\NTRIES1 :ORE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE DOES NOT EXI/ YET1 EX]T !MSELVES TO P]SUADE ! PEOPLE ?AT !Y MU/ A*IEVE ?IS BE=E ALL ELSE -- AS TODAY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY >E DO+ :5 !Y TELL ! PEOPLE ?AT POLITICAL FRE$OM IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION TO ! ATTA9M5T ( ECONOMIC FRE$OM -- >E !MSELVES EI!R ! VICTIMS ( A FATAL ]ROR OR !Y >E *>LATANS4 ,DO !Y REALLY NOT KN[1 OR DO !Y PRET5D NOT TO KN[1 ?AT ?IS PREC$+ POLITICAL FRE$OM I4E41 ?AT :I* NECESS>ILY EXI/S )\T ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 S9CE IT %\LD HAVE TO PREC$E !SE TWO FUNDAM5TAL EQUALITIES1 WILL BE ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 I4E41F\ND$ ON ! ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE ( ! PEOPLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9CAPABLE ( BR9+ =? ITS OPPOSITION1 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL1 & CREAT+ SU* ECONOMIC FRE$OM AS LEADS TO ! EXCLUSIVE FRE$OM ( ONLY ! B\RGEOISIE80 

0,>E !SE PECULI> ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS VICTIMS TO A FALLACY OR >E !Y BETRAY]S8 ,?AT IS A V]Y DELICATE QUE/ION1 :I* ,I PREF] NOT TO EXAM9E TOE CLOSELY4 ,TO ME IT IS C]TA91 ?AT !RE >E NO WORSE 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE ?AN !SE :O TRY TO TURN !M AWAY FROM ! SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 ! ONLY *ANGE ?AT CAN GIVE !M REAL FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 & WELL BE+ 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M AGA9 9TO ! TREA*]\S PA? ( RE=MS1 OR ( REVOLUTIONS ( AN EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL *>ACT] :OSE TOOL1 VICTIM & DEPUTY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ALWAYS HAS BE540 

,BAKUN9 !N PREC$ES TO PO9T \T ?AT ! SOCIAL UPHEAVAL DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! POLITICAL ONE4 ,IT ONLY MEANS ?AT ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS %ALL ALT] NEI!R BE=E NOR AFT]1 BUT TOGE!R ) ! ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 

0,! POLITICAL UPHEAVAL1 SIMULTANE\SLY ) & REALLY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 :OSE NEGATIVE EXPRESSION OR NEGATIVE MANIFE/ATION IT WILL1 SO TO SPEAK1 BE1 WILL NO LONG] BE A RE=MATION1 BUT A GR&IOSE LIQUIDATION40 

0,! PEOPLE >E 9/9CTIVELY MI/RU/FUL ( EV]Y GOV]NM5T4 :5 Y\ PROMISE !M NICE ?+S1 !Y SAY3 -- ',Y\ TALK SO BECAUSE Y\ >E NOT YET AT ! RUDD]4' ,A LETT] FROM ,JOHN ,BRI<T TO HIS ELECTORS1 :5 HE BECAME M9I/]1 SAYS3 -- ',! VOT]S %\LD NOT EXPECT HIM TO ACT ACCORD+ TO :AT HE US$ TO SAY3 IT IS SOME:AT DIFF]5T SPEAK+ 9 OPPOSITION & DIFF]5T ACT+ AS A M9I/]4' ,SIMIL>LY SPOKE A MEMB] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 A V]Y HONE/ ,SOCIALI/1 :5 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g1 HE BECAME ! P]FECT ( A V]Y REPUBLICAN M9D$ DEP>TM5T4 ,HE 'RETA9S HIS OLD VIEWS1 BUT N[ HE IS COMPELL$ TO ACT 9 OPPOSITION TO !M40 

,BAKUN9 ASSORTS ?AT BO? >E QUITE RI<T4 ,!RE=E IT DOES NOT AVAIL TO *ANGE ! P]SONNEL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,HE PROCE$S TO TREAT ( ! 9EVITABLE CORRUPTION ?AT FOLL[S FROM AU?ORITY1 & 9SI/S ?AT EV]YONE :O ATTA9S TO P[] MU/ SUCCUMB TO SU* CORRUPTION S9CE HE MU/ S]VE & CONS]VE RUL+-CLASS ECONOMIC RI<TS4 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,GOD OR ,LABOR3 ,! ,TWO ,CAMPS 

,Y\ TAUNT US ) DISBELIEV+ 9 ,GOD4 ,WE *>GE Y\ ) BELIEV+ 9 HIM4 ,WE DO NOT CONDEMN Y\ = ?IS ,WE DO NOT EV5 9DICT Y\4 ,WE PITY Y\4 ,= ! TIME ( ILLUSIONS IS PA/4 ,WE CANNOT BE DECEIV$ ANY LONG]4 

,:OM DO WE F9D UND] ,GOD'S BANN]8 ,EMP]OR1 K+S1 ! (FICIAL & ! (FICI\S WORLD2 \R LORDS & \R NOBLES2 ALL ! PRIVILEG$ POISONS ( ,EUROPE :OSE NAMES >E RECORD$ 9 ! ,ALMANA DE ,GO?A2 ALL ! GU9EA PIGS ( ! 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL & BANK+ WORLD2 ! PAT5T$ PR(ESSORS ( \R UNIV]SITIES2 ! CIVIL S]VICE S]VANTS2 ! L[ & HI< POLICE (FIC]S2 ! G5D>MES2 ! JAIL]S2 ! HEADSMAN OR HANGMAN1 NOT =GETT+ ! PRIE/S1 :O >E N[ ! BLACK POLICE 5SLAV+ \R S\LS TO ! ,/ATE2 ! GLORI\S G5]ALS1 DEF5D]S ( ! PUBLIC ORD]2 & LA/LY1 ! WRIT]S ( ! REPTILE ,PRESS4 

,?IS IS ,GOD'S >MY6 

,:OM DO WE F9D 9 ! CAMP OPPOSITE8 ,! >MY ( REVOLT2 ! AUDACI\S DONORS ( ,GOD & REPUDIATORS ( ALL DIV9E & AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES6 ,!SE :O >E !RE=E1 ! BELIEV]S 9 HUMANITY1 ! ASS]T]S ( HUMAN LIB]TY4 

,Y\ REPROA* US ) BE+ ,A!I/S4 ,WE DO NOT COMPLA9 ( ?IS4 ,WE HAVE NO APOLOGY TO (F]4 ,WE ADMIT WE >E4 ,) :AT PRIDE IS ALL[$ TO FRAIL 9DIVIDUALS-:O1 LIKE PASS+ WAVES1 RISE ONLY TO DISAPPE> AGA9 9 ! UNIV]SAL OCEAN ( ! COLLECTIVE LIFE -- WE PRIDE \RSELVES ON BE+ ,A!I/S4 ,A!ISM IS ,TRU? -- OR1 RA!R ! REAL BASIS ( ALL ,TRU?S4 

,WE DO NOT /OOP TO CONSID] PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,WE WANT ,TRU? ABOVE EV]Y?+4 ,TRU? = ALL6 

,WE BELIEVE 9 SPITE ( ALL ! APP>5T CONTRADICTIONS 9 SPITE ( ! WAV]+ POLITICAL WISDOM ( ! ,P>LIAM5T>IANS -- & ( ! SKEPTICISM ( ! TIMES -- ?AT TRU? ONLY CAN MAKE = ! PRACTICAL HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS IS \R FIR/ >TICLE ( FAI?4 

,IT APPE>S AS IF Y\ W]E NOT SATISFI$ 9 RECORD+ \R ,A!ISM4 ,Y\ JUMP TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT WE CAN HAVE NEI!R LOVE NOR RESPECT = MANK9D1 9=M+ ?AT ALL !SE GREAT IDEAS OR EMOTIONS :I*1 9 ALL AGES1 HAVE SET HE>T S ?ROBB+ >E DEAD LETT]S TO US4 ,TRAIL+ AT HAZ>D \R MIS]ABLE EXI/5CE'S -- CRAWL+1 RA!R ?AN WALK+1 AS Y\ WI% TO IMAG9E US -- Y\ ASSUME ?AT WE CANNOT KN[ ( O!R FEEL+S ?AN ! SATISFACTION ( \R CO>SE & S5SUAL DESIRES4 

,DO Y\ WANT TO KN[ TO :AT AN EXT5T WE LOVE ! BEAUTIFUL ?+S ?AT Y\ REV]E8 ,KN[ !N ?AT WE LOVE !M SO MU* ?AT WE >E BO? ANGRY & TIR$ AT SEE+ !M HANG+1 \T ( REA*1 FROM Y\R IDEALI/IC SKY4 ,WE FEEL SORR[ TO SEE !M /OL5 FROM \R MO!R E>?1 TRANSMUT$ 9TO SYMBOLS )\T LIFE1 OR 9TO DI/ANT PREMISES NEV] TO BE REALIZ$4 ,NO LONG] >E WE SATISFI$ ) ! FICTION ( ?+S4 ,WE WANT !M 9 !IR FULL REALITY4 ,?IS IS \R SECOND >TICLE ( FAI?4 

,BY HURL+ AT US ! EPI!T ( MAT]IALI/S1 Y\ BELIEVE Y\ HAVE DRIV5 US TO ! WALL4 ,BUT Y\ >E GREATLY MI/AK54 ,DO Y\ KN[ ! ORIG9 ( Y\R ]ROR8 

,:AT Y\ & WE CALL MATT] >E TWO ?+S TOTALLY DIFF]5T4 ,Y\R MATT] IS A FICTION4 ,9 ?IS IT RESEMBLES Y\R ,GOD1 Y\R ,SATAN1 & Y\R IMMORTAL S\L4 ,Y\R MATT] IS NO?+ BEYOND CO>SE L[L9ESS1 BRUTAL LIFELESSNESS4 ,IT IS AN IMPOSSIBLE 5TITY1 AS IMPOSSIBLE AS Y\R PURE SPIRIT -- 0IMMAT]IAL10 0ABSOLUTE08 

,! FIR/ ?9K]S ( MANK9D WORE NECESS>ILY !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS4 ,\R E>?LY M9D IS SO CON/ITUT$ ?AT IT BEG9S TO RISE SL[LY -- ?R\< A MAZE ( IGNORANCE -- BY ]RORS & MI/AKES -- TO ! POSSESSION ( A M9UTE P>CEL ( ,TRU?4 ,?IS FACT DOES NOT RECOMM5D 0! GLORI\S CONDITIONS ( ! PA/40 ,BUT \R !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS1 [+ TO !IR IGNORANCE1 TOOK ALL ?AT TO !M APPE>$ TO CON/ITUTE P[]1 MOVEM5T1 LIFE1 9TELLIG5CE2 &1 BY A SWEEP+ G5]ALIZATION1 CALL$ IT1 SPIRIT6 ,TO ! LIFELESS & %APELESS RESIDUE !Y ?\<T REMA9$ AFT] SU* PRELIM9>Y SELECTION -- UNCONSCI\SLY EVOLV$ FROM ! :OLE WORLD ( REALITY -- !Y GAVE ! NAMO ( MATT]6 ,!Y WORE !N SURPRIS$ TO SEE ?AT ?IS MATT] -- :I*1 LIKE !IR SPIRIT EXI/$ ONLY 9 !IR IMAG9ATION -- APPE>$ TO BE SO LIFELESS & /UPID :5 COMP>$ TO !IR GOD1 ! ET]NAL' SPIRIT6 ,TO BE C&ID1 WE DE NOT KNEW ?IS ,GOD4 ,WE DE NOT RECOGNIZE ?IS MATT]4 

,BY ! WORDS MATT] & MAT]IAL1 WE UND]/& ! TOTALITY ( ?+S1 ! :OLE GRADATION ( PH5OM5AL REALITY AS ,WE KN[ IT1 FROM ! MO/ SIMPLE 9ORGANIC BODIES TO ! COMPLEX FUNCTIONS ( ! M9D ( A MAN ( G5IUS2 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL S5TIM5TS1 ! HI<E/ ?\<TS2 ! MO/ H]OIC DE$S2 ! ACTIONS ( SACRIFICE & DEVOTION2 ! DUTIES & ! RI<TS1 ! ABNEGATION & ! EGOISM ( \R SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ORGANIC LIFE1 ! PROP]TIES & QUALITIES ( SIMPLE BODIES2 ELECTRICITY1 LI<T1 HEAT1 & MOLECUL> ATTRACTION1 >E ALL TO CUR M9D BUT SO MANY DIFF]5T EVOLUTION'S ( ?AT TOTALITY ( ?+S ?AT WE CALL MATT]4 ,!SE EVOLUTION'S >E *>ACT]IZ$ BY A CLOSE SOLID>ITY1 A UNITY ( MOTIVE P[]4 

,WE DE NOT LOOK UPON ?IS TOTALITY ( BE+ & ( =MS AS AN ET]NAL & ABSOLUTE SUB/ANCE1 AS ,PAN!I/ DO4 ,BUT WE LOOK UPON IT AS ! RESULT1 ALWAYS *ANG$ & ALWAYS *ANG+1 ( A V>IETY ( ACTIONS & REACTIONS1 & ( ! CONT9U\S WORK+ ( REAL BE+S ?AT >E BORN & LIVE 9 ITS V]Y MID/4 ,AGA9/ ! CRE$ ( ! !OLOGIANS ,I SET !SE PROPOSITIONS3 

,?AT IF !RE WORE A ,GOD :O CREAT$ IT ! WORLD C\LD NEV] HAVE EXI/$4 

,?AT IF ,GOD W]E1OR HAD BE51 ! RUL] ( NATURE1 NATURAL1 PHYSICAL1 & SOCIAL LAW C\LD NEV] HAVE EXI/$1 IT W\LD HAVE PRES5T$ A SPECTACLE ( COMPLETE *AOS4 ,RUL$ FROM ABOVE1 D[NW>D1 IT W\LD HAVE RESEMBL$ ! CALCULAT$ & DESIGN$ DISORD] ( ! POLITICAL ,/ATE4 

,?AT MORAL LAW IS A MORAL1 LOGICAL & REAL LAW1 ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT EMANATES FROM ! NE$S ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,?AT ! IDEA ( ,GOD IS NOT NECESS>Y TO ! EXI/5CE & WORK+ ( ! MORAL LAW4 ,F> FROM ?IS1 IT IS A DI/URB+ & SOCIALLY DEMORALIZ+ FACTOR4 

,?AT ALL GODS1 PA/ & PRES5T1 HAVE [$ !IR EXI/5CE TO A HUMAN IMAG9ATION UNFIR$ FROM ! FETT]S ( ITS PRIMORDIAL ANIMALITY 

,?AT ANY & EV]Y GOD1 ONCE E/ABLI%$ ON HIS ?RONE BECOMES ! CURSE ( HUMANITY1 & ! NATURAL ALLY ( ALL TYRANTS1 SOCIAL *>LATANS1 & EXPLOIT]S ( HUMANITY4 

,?AT ! R\T+ ( ,GOD WILL BE A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! TRIUMPH ( MANK9D4 ,! ABOLITION ( ! IDEA ( ,GOD WILL BE A FATEFUL RESULT ( ! PROLET>IAN EMANCIPATION4 

,FROM ! MORAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ,SOCIALISM IS ! ADV5T ( SELF RESPECT TO MANK9D4 ,IT WILL MEAN ! PASS+ ( DEGRADATION & ,DIV9ITY4 

,FROM ! PRACTICAL VIEWPO9T1,SOCIALISM IS ! F9AL ACCEPTANCE ( A GREAT PR9CIPLE ?AT IS LEAV5+ SOCIETY MORE & MORE EV]Y DAY4 ,IT IS MAK+ ITSELF MORE & MORE BY ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE4 ,IT HAS BECOME ! BASIS ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS & PROGRESS1 & ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS MAK+ ITS WAY EV]Y:]E4 ,BRIEFLY1 ?IS PR9CIPLE IS AS FOLL[S3 

,AS 9 :AT WE CALL ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 ! 9ORGANIC MATT] -- ME*ANICAL1 PHYSICAL1 & *EMICAL -- IS ! DET]M9ANT BASIS ( ! ORGANIC MATT] -- VEGETABLE1 ANIMAL 9TELLECTUAL -- 9 LIKE MATT] 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMICAL QUE/IONS HAS BE51 & IS ! BASIS ?AT DET]M9ES \R RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT ,BAKUN9 AGREES ) ,M>X4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE AUDACI\SLY DE/ROYS ALL RELIGI\S IDEAS & METAPHYSICAL BELIEFS4 ,IT IS A REBELLION F> GREAT] ?AN ?AT :I*1 BORN DUR+ ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 LEVEL$ D[N ALL S*OLA/IC DOCTR9E -- ONCE ! P[]FUL RAMP>T ( ! ,*UR*1 ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 & ( ! FEUDAL NOBILITY -- & BR\<T AB\T ! DOGMATIC CULTURE ( ! SO-CALL$ PURE REASON1 SO FAVORABLE TO \R LATT]-DAY RUL]S ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,WE !RE=E1 SAY1 ?R\< ! ,9T]NATIONAL 3 ,! ECONOMICAL 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WORK]S -- TO !SE :O CONTROL ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 TOOLS & MA*9]Y -- IS ! SOLO & ORIG9AL CAUSE ( ! PRES5T SLAV]Y 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,TO IT >E ATTRIBUTABLE MANTEL DEG5]ATION & POLITICAL SUBMISSION4 ,! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S1 !RE=E1 IS ! AIM TO :I* ANY POLITICAL MOVEM5T MU/ SUBORD9ATE ITS BE+1 M]ELY AS A MEANS TO ?AT 5D4 ,?IS BRIEFLY IS ! C5TRAL IDEA ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,POLITICS & ! ,/ATE 7#a#h#g#a7 

,WE HAVE REPELL$ 5]GETICALLY EV]Y ALLIANCE ) B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 EV5 ( ! MO/ RADICAL NATURE4 ,IT HAS BE5 PRET5D$1 FOOLI%LY & SL&]\SLY1 ?AT WE REPUDIAT$ ALL SU* ,POLITICAL CONNIVANCE BECAUSE WE WORE 9DIFF]5T TO ! GREAT QUE/ION ( ,LIB]TY1 & CONSID]$ ONLY ! ECONOMIC OR MAT]IAL SIDE ( ! PROBLEM4 ,IT HAS BE5 DECL>$ ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 WE PLAC$ \RSELVES 9 ! RANKS ( ! REACTION4 ,A ,G]MAN DELEGATE AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,BASLE GAVE CLASSIC EXPRESSION TO ?IS VIEW1 :5 HE D>$ TO /ATE ?AT1 :O EV] DID NOT RECOGNIZE1 ) ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S ,DEMOCRACY1 0?AT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL RI<TS 7P[]7 WAS ! PRELIM9>Y CONDITION ( SOCIAL EMANCIPATION10 WAS1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY AN ALLY1 ( ! ,CAES>S6 

,!SE CRITICS GREATLY DECEIVE !MSELVES &1 0CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY10 5DEAVOR TO DECEIVE ! PUBLIC CONC]N+ US4 ,WE LOVE LIB]TY MU* MORE ?AN !Y DO4 ,WE LOVE IT TO ! PO9T ( WI%+ IT COMPLETE & 5TIRE4 ,WE WI% ! REALITY & NOT ! FICTION4 ,H5CE WE REPEL EV]Y B\RGEOIS ALLIANCE1 S9CE WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ALL LIB]TY CONQU]$ BY ! AID ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 !IR POLITICAL MEANS & WEAPONS1 OR BY AN ALLIANCE ) !IR POLITICAL DUPES1 WILL PROVE PR(ITABLE = ,MESSRS4 ! B\RGEOIS1 BUT NEV] ANY?+ MORE ?AN A FICTION = ! WORK]S4 

,MESSRS4 ! B\RGEOIS ( ALL P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ ADVANC$1 H[EV] COSMOPOLITAN !Y >E1 :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( GA9+ MONEY BY A MORE & MORE EXT5SIVE EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR ( ! PEOPLE1 >E ALL EQUALLY F]V5T & FANATICAL 9 !IR PATRIOTIC ATTA*M5T TO ! /ATE4 ,PATRIOTISM IS 9 REALITY1 NO?+ BUT ! PASSION = & CULT ( ! NATIONAL ,/ATE1 AS ,M4 ,?I]S1 ! V]Y ILLU/RI\S ASSASS9 ( ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT1 & ! PRES5T SAVIOR ( ,FRANCE1 HAS SAID REC5TLY4 ,BUT :OEV] SAYS 0,/ATE0 SAYS DOM9ATION2 & :OEV] SAYS 0DOM9ATION0 SAYS EXPLOITATION4 ,:I* PROVES ?AT ! POPUL> OR 0FOLK'S0 ,/ATE1 N[ BECOME & UNHAPPILY REMA9+ TODAY ! CAT*WORD ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1 IS A RIDICUL\S CONTRADICTION1 A FICTION1 A FALSEHOOD1 UNCONSCI\S ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O EXTOLL IT1 D\BTLESSLY1 BUT1 = ! PROLET>IAT1 A V]Y DANG]\S TRAP4 

,! ,/ATE1 H[EV] POPUL> MAY BE ! =M IT ASSUMES1 WILL ALWAYS BE AN 9/ITUTION ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION1 & CONSEQU5TLY A P]MAN5T S\RCE ( POV]TY & 5SLAVEM5T = ! POPULACE4 ,!RE IS NO O!R WAY1 !N1 ( EMANCIPAT+ ! PEOPLE ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY1 ( GIV+ !M LIB]TY & WELL-BE+ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ?AN BY ABOLI%+ ! ,/ATE1 ALL ,/ATES1 &1 BY SO DO+1 KILL+1 ONCE & = ALL TIME1 :AT1 UP TO N[1 HAS BE5 CALL$ 0,POLITICS10 I4 E41 PRECISELY NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! FUNCTION+ OR MANIFE/ATION BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL ( ,/ATE ACTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! PRACTICE1 OR >T & SCI5CE ( DOM9AT+ & EXPLOIT+ ! MASSES 9 FAVOR ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 

,IT IS NOT TRUE !N TO SAY ?AT WE TREAT POLITICS AB/RACTLY4 ,WE MAKE NO AB/RACTION ( IT1 S9CE WE WI% POSITIVELY TO KILL IT4 ,& H]E IS ! ESS5TIAL PO9T UPON :I* WE SEP>ATE \RSELVES ABSOLUTELY FROM POLITICIANS & RADICAL B\RGEOIS ,SOCIALI/S 7N[ FUNCTION+ AS SOCIAL OR RADICAL DEMOCRACY :I* IS ONLY A FACADE = CAPITALI/IC DEMOCRACY174 ,!IR POLICY CONSI/S 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( ,/ATE POLITICS1 !IR USE & RE=M4 ,\R POLICY1 ! ONLY POLICY WE ADMIT1 CONSI/S 9 ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 & ( POLITICS1 :I* IS ITS NECESS>Y MANIFE/ATION4 

,IT IS ONLY BECAUSE WE WI% FRANKLY TO ?IS ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT WE BELIEVE ?AT WE HAVE ! RI<T TO CALL \RSELVES ,9T]NATIONALI/S & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S2 = :OEV] WI%ES TO DEAL ) POLITIES O!RWISE ?AN H[ WE DO2 :OEV] DOES NOT1 LIKE US1 WI% ! TOTAL ABO LITION ( POLITICS1 MU/ NECESS>ILY P>TICIPATE 9 ! POLITICS ( A PATRIOTIC & B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE R5\NCES1 BY ?AT V]Y FACT1 9 ! NAME ( HIS GREAT OR LITTLE NATIONAL ,/ATE1 ! HUMAN SOLID>ITY ( ALL PEOPLES1 AS WELL AS ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES AT HOME4 

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,! ,COMMUNE1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE 

,I AM A PASSIONATE SEEK] = TRU? & JU/ AS /RONG AN OPPON5T ( ! CORRUPT+ LIES1 ?R\< :I* ! P>TY ( ORD] -- ?IS PRIVILEG$1 (FICIAL1 & 9T]E/$ REPRES5TATIVE ( ALL RELIGIONS1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 LEGAL ECONOMICAL1 & SOCIAL \TRAGE 9 ! PA/ & PRES5T -- HAS TRI$ TO KEEP ! WORLD 9 IGNORANCE4 ,I LOVE FRE$OM ) ALL MY HE>T4 ,IT IS ! ONLY CONDITION UND] :I* ! 9TELLIG5CE1 ! MANL9ESS1 & HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE1 CAN DEVELOP & EXP&4 ,BY FRE$OM1 H[EV]1 ,I NATURALLY UND]/& NOT ITS MORE =M1 =C$ D[N AS FROM ABOVE1 MEASUR$ & CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE1 ?IS ET]NAL LIE :I*1 9 REALITY1 IS NOT+ BIT ! PRIVILEGE ( ! FEW F\ND$ UPON ! SLAV]Y ( ALL4 ,NOR DO ,I MEAN ?AT 09DIVIDUALI/IC10 SELFI%1 PETTY1 & MOCKFRE$OM1 :I* IS PROPAGAT$ BY ,J4,J4 ,R\SSEAU & ALL O!R S*OOLS ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,! MOCK FRE$OM :I* IS LIMIT$ BY ! SUPPOS$ RI<T ( ALL1 & DEF5D$ BY ! /ATE1 & LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NO3 ,I MEAN ! ONLY TRUE FRE$OM1 ?AT WOR?Y ( ! NAME2 ! LIB]TY :I* CONSI/S !RE9 = EV]YONE TO DEVELOP ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL FACULTIES :I* LIE DORMANT 9 HIM2 ! LIB]TY :I* KN[S & RECOGNIZES NO LIMITATIONS BEYOND !SE :I* NATURE DECREES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !RE >E NO LIMITATIONS1 = ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE >E NOT =C$ UPON US BY A LAW-GIV] :O1 BESIDE OR ABOVE US1 SITS ON A ?RONE4 ,!Y >E III US1 ! REAL BASIS ( \R BODILY & 9TELLECTUAL EXI/5CE4 ,9/EAD ( LIMIT+ !M1 WE MU/ KN[ ?AT !Y >E ! REAL CONDITION & FIR/ CAUSE ( \R LIB]TY4 

,I MEAN ?AT LIB]TY ( EA* :I* IS NOT LIMIT$ OR RE/RA9$ OR CURTAIL$ BY ! LIB]TY ( ANO!R1 BUT IS /R5G!N$ & 5L>G$ ?R\< IT3 ! UNLIMIT$ LIB]TY ( EA* ?R\< ! LIB]TY ( ALL1 LIB]TY ?R\< SOLID>ITY1 LIB]TY 9 EQUALITY1 7,POLITICAL1 ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL47 ,! LIB]TY :I* HAS CONQU]$ BRUTE =CE & VANQUI%$ ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 :I* IS1 ALWAYS1 ONLY ! EXPRESSION ( ?AT =CE4 ,! LIB]TY1 :I* WILL ABOLI% ALL HEAV5LY & E>?LY IDOLS1 & ]ECT A NEW WORLD ( FELL[%IP & HUMAN SOLID>ITY ON ! RU9S ( ALL /ATES & *UR*ES4 

,I AM A CONFIRM$ DISCIPLE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,\TSIDE ( ?IS1 ,I KN[1 FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 MANL9ESS1 MORALITY1 & ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! COMMUNITY1 CAN ONLY BE A HOLL[ LIE1 AN EMPTY PHRASE4 ,?IS EQUALITY MU/ REALIZE ITSELF ?R\< ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & ! VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ?R\< ! COMB9ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE WORK]S 9TO FREELY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNES1 & ! FREE F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES4 ,!RE MU/ BE NO CONTROLL+ 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE4 

,?IS IS ! PO9T :I* SEP>ATES1 ESPECIALLY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN I4 E4 M>XIAN SOCIALI/S4 ,BO? WORK = ! SAME 5D4 ,BO? >E \T TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY4 ,BO? AGREE ?AT ! ONLY BASIS ( ?IS NEW SOCIETY %ALL BE3 ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR :I* EA* & ALL ,WILL HAVE TO P]=M UND] EQUAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 FOLL[+ ! DEM&S ( NATURE2 & ! COMMON [N]%IP (1 EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO P]=M ?AT LABOR1 L&S1 TOOLS1 MA*9]Y1 ETC4 ,BUT1 :]E AS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S BELIEVE 9 ! DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES ?R\< !IR 9DU/RIAL COMB9ATIONS1 ?IS IS AN>*I/ /& PO9T 9 CONTRADICTION TO M>XIAN OR AS IT CLAIMS TO BE SCI5TIFIC4 ,! AU?ORIT>IANS BELIEVE 9 ! DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y IMAG9E !Y CAN REA* !IR GOAL ) ! HELP ( ! RADICAL P>TIES 7NEW IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD AS COMMUNI/7 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 ESPECIALLY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! BIG T[NS1 DUE TO CONC5TRATION ( L>GE 9DU/RIES EMPLOY+ L>GE MASS ( PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ OPPOSE ALL !SE COMPROMIS+ & CONFUS+ ALLIANCES4 ,!Y >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! GOAL ( A FREE SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE REA*$ ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL1 BUT SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( BO? T[N & C\NTRY1 ) ! FUSION ( =CES ( ALL !SE MEMB]S ( ! UPP] CLASS :O >E WILL+ TO DECLASS !MSELVES & READY TO BREAK ) ! PA/1 & TO COMB9E TOGE!R = ! SAME DEM&S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S >E OPPOS$1 !RE=E1 TO ALL POLITICS4 

,?US WE HAVE TWO ME?ODS3 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVE OR POLITICAL /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! PURPOSE ( CAPTUR+ POLITICAL P[] 9 ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M SOCIETY4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! DIRECT /R5G?1 ! SOCIAL & 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! PURPOSE ( ABOLI%+ ALL POLITICAL P[] & ! /ATE4 

,! ADVOCATES ( BO? ME?ODS BELIEVE 9 SCI5CE1 :I* IS \T TO SLAY SUP]/ITION1 & :I* %ALL TAKE ! PLACE ( RELIGI\S *UR* BELIEF4 ,BUT ! =M] PROPOSE TO =CE IT 9TO HUMANITY1 :IL/ ! LATT] SEEK TO CONV9CE ! PEOPLE ( ITS TRU?1 TO $UCATE !M EV]Y:]E1 SO ?AT !Y %ALL VOLUNT>ILY ORGANIZE & COMB9E -- FREELY1 FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & ACCORD+ TO !IR TRUE 9T]E/S1 BUT NEV] ACCORD+ TO A PLAN DRAWN UP BE=E H& = ! 0IGNORANT MASSES0 BY A FEW 9TELLECTUALLY SUP]IOR P]SONS4 

,REVOLUTION>Y -- NEW KN[N AS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT 9 ! 9/9CTIVE YE>N+S & TRUE WANTS ( ! MASSES1 IS TO BE F\ND MU* S\ND REASON & LOGIC ?AN 9 ! DEEP WISDOM ( ALL ! DOCTORS1 S]VANTS1 & TEA*]S ( HUMANITY :O1 AFT] MANY DISA/R\S ATTEMPTS1 /ILL DABBLE 9 ! PROBLEM ( MAK+ ! PEOPLE HAPPY4 ,HUMANITY1 ?9K !Y1 HAS BE5 RUL$ & GOV]N$ MU* TOE LONG & SO !Y ?9K ?IS /ATE ( ! AFFAIRS %\LD CONT9UE4 ,9DE$ ! SE>* ( PEOPLE'S TR\BLE1 LIES NOT 9 ?IS OR ?AT =M ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT 9 ! EXI/5CE & MANIFE/ATION ( ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 :ATEV] =M IT MAY ASSUME4 

,?IS IS ! HI/ORICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/ IDEAS1 SCI5TIFICALLY DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! ,G]MAN ,M>XI/ S*OOL & P>TLY ADOPT$ BY ,5GLI% & ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/S1 ON ONE H& & ! ,AN>*I/ IDEAS ( ,JOSEPH ,PI]RE ,PR\DHON :I* HAVE $UCAT$ ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES & L$ !M 9TELLECTUALLY TO ! LA/ CONSEQU5CES ( ,PR\DHON'S TEA*+S4 ,?IS LATT] REVOLUTION>Y OR LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM HAS N[ = ! FIR/ TIME1 ATTEMPT$ TO PUT ITS IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,I AM A FOLL[] ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I*1 ?\< DA/>DLY MURD]$ & DR[N$ 9 BLOOD BY ! ASSASS9S ( ! CL]ICAL & MON>*ICAL REACTION1 YET LIVES1 MORE ?AN EV]1 9 ! IMAG9ATION & HE>TS ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT4 ,I AM ITS FOLL[]1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT IT WAS A C\RAGE\S1 DET]M9$1 NEGATION ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS A FACT ( 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE1 ?AT ?IS %\LD HAVE HAPP5$ 9 ,FRANCE1 HI!RTO ! L& ( /RONGE/ POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION2 ?AT IT WAS ,P>IS1 ! HEAD & CREATOR ( ?IS GREAT C5TRALIZATION1 :I* MADE ! />T -- ?US DE/ROY+ ITSELF & PROCLAIM+ ) JOY ITS FAIL1 9 ORD] TO GIVE LIFE TO ,FRANCE1 TO ,EUROPE1 TO ! :OLE WORLD2 ?US REVEAL+ TO ALL 5SLAV$ PEOPLE -- & :O >E ! PEOPLE :O >E NOT SLAVES -- ! ONLY WAY TO LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS2 DELIV]+ A DEA?LY /ROKE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL TRADITIONS ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 & GIV+ A S\ND HAS-IS TO REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 

,P>IS ?US E>N$ = ITSELF ! CURSES ( ! REACTION>IES ( ,FRANCE & ,EUROPE4 ,IT 9AUGURAT$ ! NEW ]A1 ?AT ( ! F9AL & 5TIRE LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE1 & !IR TRULY REALIZ$ SOLID>ITY1 ABOVE & 9 SPITE ( ALL LIMITATIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,PROCLAIM$ ! RELIGION ( HUMANITY4 ,MADE MANIFE/ ITS HUMANISM & A!ISM1 & SUB/ITUT$ ! GREAT TRU?S ( SOCIAL LIFE & SCI5CE = GODLY LIES4 ,P>IS1 H]OIC1 SANE1 UNFL9*+1 ASSORT$ ITS /RONG BELIEF 9 ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY4 ,IT SUB/ITUT$ LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 & FRAT]NITY = ! FALSEHOOD & 9JU/ICE ( RELIGI\S & POLITICAL MORALITY4 ,P>IS1 EVOK$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ITS *ILDR51 SYMBOLIZ$ HUMANITY CRUCIFI$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL UNIT$ REACTION ( ,EUROPE AT ! DIRECT 9SPIRATION ( ! *UR*ES & ! HI< PRIE/S 7,POLITICIANS7 ( 9JU/ICE4 ,! NEXT ,9T]NATIONAL UPHEAVAL ( HUMANITY WILL BE ! RESURRECTION ( ,P>IS4 

,SU* IS ! TRUE MEAN+ & ! B5EFICIAL & IMMEASURABLY IMPORTANT RESULTS ( ! TWO-MON?S' EXI/5CE & MEMORABLE FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IT LA/$ ONLY A %ORT TIME4 ,IT WAS HAMP]$ TOO MU* BY ! DEADLY W> IT HAD TO WAGE AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLES REACTION & ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS UNABLE TO WORK \T ITS ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM1 EV5 !ORETICALLY1 MU* LESS PRACTICALLY4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE1 EV51 W]E NOT ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! REAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,& IF !Y ACT$ AS ,SOCIALI/S1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E IRRESI/IBLY C>RI$ AWAY BY ! NATURE ( !IR SURR\ND+S1 ! NECESSITY ( !IR POSITION1 & NOT BY !IR [N 9N]MO/ CONVICTIONS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 L$ BY \R FRI5D ,V>L91 =M$ 9 ! ,COMMUNE ONLY A DISP>AG+LY SMALL M9ORITY1 SAY F\RTE5 OR FIFTE5 MEMB]S4 ,! RE/ CONSI/$ ( ,JACOB9S4 ,BUT WE MU/ DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 ,JACOB9S & ,JACOB9S4 

,!RE >E DOCTR9AIRE ,JACOB9S LIKE ,GAMBOTTA :OSE1 OPPRESS+ LU/ = P[] & =MAL REPUBLICANISM HAS LO/ ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y FIRE1 & PRES]V$ ONLY A RESPECT = C5TRALIZ$ UNITY & AU?ORITY4 ,?IS WAS ! ,JAEOB9ISM ?AT BETRAY$ ! ,FRANCE ( ! PEOPLE TO ! ,PRUSSIAN CONQU]ORS1 & !N TO ! NATIVE RE ACTION4 ,BUT !RE W]E HONE/ REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9S ALSO1 ! LA/ H]OIC DESC5DANTS ( ! DEMOCRATIC IMPULSE ( #a#g#i#c1 M5 & WOM5 :O C\LD SACRIFICE !IR C5TRALIZ$ UNITY & WELL->M$ AU?ORITY TO ! NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN B5D !IR CONDOL5CE BE=E ! OBNOXI\S REACTION4 ,9 ! VANGU>D ( !SE GREAT-HE>T$ ,JACOB9S WE SEE ,DELECLUSE1 A GREAT & NOBLE FIGURE4 ,BE=E EV]Y?+ HE DESIR$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION2 & AS1 )\T ! PEOPLE1 NO REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE AS ! PEOPLE >E ,SOCIALL/ICALLV 9CL9$1 & C\LD NOT BE W5 = ANY O!R REVOLUTION ?AN A SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC ONE1 ,DELECLUSE & HIS FELL[ HONE/ ,JACOB9S ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY ! LOGIC ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,)\T DESIR+ IT1 !Y BECAME REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 & SIGN$ PROCLAMATIONS & APPEALS :OSE G5]AL SPIRIT WAS ( A DECID$LY ,SOCIALI/ NATURE4 

,BUT1 9 SPITE ( !IR HONE/Y & GOODWILL1 !IR ,SOCIALISM WAS ! PRODUCT ( EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES RA!R ?AN 9N] CONVICTION4 ,!Y HAD NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! ABILITY TO OV]COME B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ ,SOCIALISM4 ,?IS 9T]NAL CONFLICT ( OP9ION WEAK5$ !M 9 ACTION4 ,!Y NEV] GOT BEYOND FUNDAM5TAL !ORIES1 & W]E UNABLE TO COME TO DECISIVE CONCLUSIONS SU* AS W\LD HAVE SEV]$ !IR 3CONNECTION ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ONCE & = ALL4 

,?IS WAS A GREAT CALAMITY = ! ,COMMUNE & = ! M5 !MSELVES4 ,IT P>ALYZ$ ?ORN1 & !Y P>ALYZ$ ! ,COMMUNE4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT REPROA* !M ON ?AT ACC\NT4 ,MAN DOES NOT *ANGE 9 A DAY1 & WE CANNOT *ANGE \R NATURES & CU/OMS OV]NI<T4 ,! ,JACOB9S ( ! COMMUNE HAVE %[N !IR HONE/Y BY SUFF]+ !MSELVES TO BE MURD]$ = IT4 ,:O EXPECT MORE ( !M8 

,EV5 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 UND] :OSE 9FLU5CE !Y ?\<T & ACT$1 W]E ,SOCIALI/S MORE BY 9/9CT ?AN BY WELL-BALANC$ CONVICTION4 ,ALL !IR YE>N+S W]E 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE 5TIRELY ,SOCIALI/IC ,BUT !IR ?\<TS W]E EXPRESS$ 9 TRADITIONAL =MS = REMOV$ FROM ?IS HEI<T4 ,AMONG ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,FR5* T[NS1 & EV5 ( ,P>IS1 MANY ,JACOB9S PREJUDICES /ILL REMA94 ,MANY FALSE IDEAS AB\T ! NECESSITY ( DICTATOR%IP & GOV]NM5T /ILL FL\RI%4 ,! WOR%IP ( AU?ORITY -- ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( RELIGI\S $UCATION1 ?AT ET]NAL S\RCE ( ALL EVIL1 ALL DEGRADATION1 ALL 5SLAVEM5T ( PEOPLES -- HAS NOT YET BE5 5TIRELY REMOV$ FROM ITS MID/4 ,SO MU* IS ?IS ! CASE ?AT EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T SON'S ( ! PEOPLE1 ! SELF-CONSCI\S ,SOCIALI/S ( ?AT TIME1 HAVE NOT YET BE5 ABLE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM ?IS SUP]/ITION4 ,W]E ONE TO DISSECT !IR M9DS1 ONE W\LD F9D ! ,JACOB91 ! BELIEV] 9 GOV]NM5T1 HUDDL$ TOGE!R 9 A LITTLE CORN]1 =SAK5 & ALMO/ LIFELESS1 BUT NOT QUITE DEAD4 

,BESIDES1 ! POSITION ( ! SMALL M9ORITY ( CLASS CONSCI\S & REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,COMMUNE WAS V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,!Y FELT ?AT !Y LACK$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MASS ( ! ,P>IS POPULATION4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATION WAS V]Y IMP]FECT1 & IT ONLY HAD A FEW ?\S& MEMB]S4 ,) ?IS BACK+1 !Y HAD TO FI<T DAILY AGA9/ A ,JACOB9 MAJORITY4 ,& UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES6 ,DAILY !Y HAD TO F9D WORK & BREAD = SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& WORK]S1 TO ORGANIZE & >M !M1 & TO GU>D AGA9/ REACTION>Y CONSPIRACIES4 ,ALL 9 A T[N LIKE ,P>IS1 BELEAGU]$1 M5AC$ ) />VATION1 & EXPOS$ TO ALL UND]H& ATTACKS ( ! REACTION :I* HAD E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ,V]SAILLES BY K9D P]MISSION ( ! ,PRUSSIAN ,CONQU]OR4 ,!Y W]E =C$ TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & >MY 9 ORD] TO OPPOSE ,V]SAILLES GOV]NM5T & >MY4 ,!Y HAD TO =GET & VIOLATE ! FIR/ PR9CIPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM1 & ORGANIZE !MSELVES AS A ,JACOB9 REACTION1 9 ORD] TO FI<T ! MON>*ICAL & CL]ICAL REACTION4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT1 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,JACOB9S W]E ! /RONG] P>TY4 ,!Y W]E 9 A MAJORITY & POSSESS$ SUP]IOR POLITICAL CUNN+4 ,!IR TRADITIONS & GREAT] EXP]I5CE 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( GOV]NM5T GAVE !M A GIGANTIC ADVANTAGE OV] ! FEW G5U9E ,SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT ! ,JACOB9S TOOK LITTLE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS FACT2 !Y DID NOT /RIVE TO GIVE TO ! UPRIS+ ( ,P>IS A DI/9CTIVE ,JACOB9 *>ACT]1 BUT ALL[$ !MSELVES TO DRIFT 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,MANY ,SOCIALI/S1 V]Y CONSEQU5TIAL 9 !IR !ORY1 REPROA* \R ,P>IS COMRADES ) NOT HAV+ ACT$ SUFFICI5TLY ,SOCIALI/IC1 :IL/ ! B>K]S ( ! B\RGEOIS =CES ACCUS$ !M ( HAV+ BE5 TOE LOYAL TO ! ,SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,WE WILL LEAVE ! LATT] G5TRY ON ONE SIDE N[1 & 5DEAVOR TO CONV9CE ! /ORM !ORI/S ( ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR ?AT !Y >E UNJU/ TO \R ,P>IS BRE?R54 ,BETWE5 ! BE/ !ORIES & !IR PRACTICAL REALIZATION IS A GIGANTIC DIFF]5CE1 :I* CANNOT BE COV]$ 9 A FEW DAYS4 ,!SE ( US :O KNEW =1 \R FRI5D ,V>L9 -- TO M5TION ONLY HIM :OSE DEA? WAS C]TA9 -- H[ /RONG1 WELL CONSID]$1 & DEEP-ROOT$ W]E ! CONVICTIONS ( ,SOCIALISM 9 HIM & HIS FRI5DS4 ,!Y W]E M5 :OSE 5?USIASM1 HONE/Y1 & SELF-SACRIFICE NOBODY C\LD D\BT4 ,!IR V]Y HONE/Y MAKE !M SUSPICI\S ( !MSELVES1 & !Y UND]-E/IMAT$ !IR /R5G? & *>ACT] 9 FACE ( ! TITANIC LABOR TO :I* !Y W]E CONSECRAT+ !IR LIFE & ?\<T4 ,BESIDES1 !Y HAD ! RI<T CONVICTION ?AT1 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION -- :I* 9 ?IS1 AS 9 EV]Y O!R RESPECT1 IS ! DIRECT OPPOSITE ( POLITICAL REVOLUTION -- ! DE$S ( ! S+LE LEAD+ P]SONALITY NE>LY DISAPPE>1 & ! 9DEP5D5T1 DIRECT ACTION ( ! MASSES C\NT AS EV]Y?+4 ,! ONLY ?+ :I* ! MORE ADVANC$ CAN DE IS TO WORK \T1 SPREAD1 & EX4 PLA9 ! IDEAS :I* SUIT ! REQUIREM5TS & IDEAS ( ! PEOPLE1 & CONTRIBUTE TO ! NATIONAL /R5G? ( ! LATT] BY WAK+ UNTIR+LY ON ! TASK ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION -- NO?+ MORE4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE CAN & MU/ BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,O!RWISE WE W\LD >RIVE AT POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP2 ?AT IS1 A RE-9/ATEM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 PRIVILEGE1 9EQUALITY1 PROSECUTION2 A REE/ABLI%M5T1 BY A LONG & R\NDAB\T WAY1 ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC SLAV]Y4 

,V>L9 & ALL HIS FRI5DS2 LIKE ALL TRUE ,SOCIALI/S1 & LIKE ! AV]AGE WORK] :O IS BORN & BR$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 EXP]I5C$ 9 HI<E/ DEGREE ?IS WELL-JU/IFI$ FE> ( ! CONT9U$ 9ITIATIVE ( ! SAME M51 ?IS DI/RU/ ( ! ( DI/+UI%$ P]SONALITIES4 ,!IR UPRI<TNESS CAUS$ !M TO TURN ?IS FE> & SUSPICION AS MU* AGA9/ !MSELVES AS AGA9/ O!RS4 

,9 OPPOSITION TO !1 9 MY OP9ION1 5TIRELY ]RONE\S IDEA ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT A DICTATOR%IP OR A CON/ITUTIONAL ASSEMBLY -- ?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM A POLITICAL REVOLUTION -- CAN PROCLAIM & ORGANIZE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY LAWS & DEGREES1 \R ,P>IS FRI5DS W]E CONV9C$ ?AT IT C\LD ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T & DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! 9DEP5D5T & UNCEAS+ EF=TS ( ! MASSES & ! GR\PS4 ,!Y W]E A ?\S& TIMES RI<T4 ,:]E IS ! HEAD1 H[EV] G5IAL1 OR -- IF ONE SPEAKS ( ! COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP ( AN ELECT$ ASSEMBLY1 EV5 IF IT CONSI/S ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ UNCOMMONLY WELL $UCAT$ PEOPLE -- :]E IS ! BRA9 ?AT IS MI<TY & GRASP+ 5\< TO GRASP ! UN5D+ NUMB] & MULTITUDE ( TRUE 9T]E/S1 YE>N+S1 WILLS1 & REQUIREM5TS1 ! SUM TOTAL ( :I* CON/ITUTE ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! PEOPLE8 ,& :O C\LD 9V5T A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* W\LD SATISFY EV]Y MAN8 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION W\LD BE NO?+ LESS ?AN A TORTURE-*AMB]1 9TO :I* ! MORE OR LESS AGGRESSIVE ,/ATE W\LD PUT UNHAPPY SOCIETY4 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS HAPP5$ UP TO N[4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ MAKE AN 5D ( ?IS ANTIQUAT$ SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,IT MU/ GIVE BACK TO ! MASSES1 ! GR\PS1 COMMUNES1 SOCIETIES1 EV5 TO EV]Y MAN & WOMAN1 !IR FULL & UNRE/RICT$ LIB]TY4 ,IT MU/ ABOLI%1 ONCE & = ALL1 POLITICAL P[]4 ,! ,/ATE MU/ GO4 ,) ITS FAIL MU/ DISAPPE> ALL LEGAL RI<TS1 ALL ! LIES ( V>I\S RELIGIONS4 ,= LAW & RELIGION W]E ALWAYS ONLY ! =C$ JU/IFICATION = PRIVILEG$ \TRAGES & E/ABLI%$ AGGRESSION4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT LIB]TY CAN ONLY BE RE/OR$ TO MANK9D1 & ?AT ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 ( ALL GR\PS1 ALL LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS1 AS WELL AS EV]Y S+LE1 BE+ CAN BE 5TIRELY SATISFI$ 5TIRELY ONLY :5 ALL ,/ATES HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,ALL ! SO-CALL$ 0COMMON 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY0 :O >E SUPPOS$ TO BE REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE1 >E 9 REALITY NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! 5TIRE & CONT9U$ SUPPRESSION ( ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ! DI/RICTS1 COMMUNES1 SOCIETIES1 & 9DIVIDUALS :I* >E SUBS]VI5T TO ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y >E AN IMAG9ATION1 AN AB/RACT IDEA1 A LIE4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( ?IS IDEA ( REPRES5T+ COMMON 9T]E/S1 ! ,/ATE BECOMES A VA/ SLAU<T] H\SE OR CEMET]Y1 :]E-9 IS SLA9 ALL ! LIV+ 5]GY ( ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT AN AB/RACT IDEA CAN NEV] EXI/ = ITSELF & ?R\< ITSELF4 ,IT HAS NO FEET ) :I* TO WALK1 NO >MS ) :I* TO WORK1 NO /OMA* 9 :I* TO DIGE/ ITS SLAU<T]$ VICTIMS4 ,! RELIGI\S IDEA1 ,GOD1 REPRES5TS 9 REALITY1 ! SELF-EVID5T & REAL 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ! CL]GY1 :O REPRES5T ! E>?LY HALF ( ! ,GOD IDEA4 ,! ,/ATE1 ! POLITICAL AB/RACTION1 REPRES5TS AS REAL & SELF-EVID5T 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,TODAY1 ?AT CLASS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT & PRACTICALLY ONLY EXPLOIT+ CLASS1 :I* IS ?REAT5+ TO SWALL[ UP ALL O!R CLASSES4 ,PRIE/HOOD IS DEVELOP+ GRADUALLY 9TO A V]Y RI* & MI<TY M9ORITY1 BUT IS RA!R RELEGAT$ & ) POOR MAJORITY4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ITS POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS >E EV]Y DAY MAK+ = A REAL RUL+ OLIG>*Y1 TO :OM A MAJORITY ( MORE OR LESS CONCEIT$ & IMPOV]I%$ B\RGEOIS CREATURES :O >E OBLIG$ TO S]VE ! ALMI<TY OLIG>*Y AS BL9D TOOLS4 ,?IS MAJORITY LIVES 9 A CONT9UES ILLUSION1 & IS1 ?R\< ! IRRESI/IBLE P[] ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 UNAVOIDABLY & EV] MORE PULL$ D[N TO ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! ABOLITION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE MU/ BE ! FIR/ & ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! TRUE LIB]ATION ( SOCIETY4 

,ONLY AFT]W>DS CAN & MU/ SOCIETY ORGANIZE ITSELF ON A NEW BASIS4 ,BUT NOT FROM ! TOP D[NW>D1 AFT] A MORE OR LESS BEAUTIFUL PLAN ( A FEW EXPORTS OR !ORI/S1 OR ON ! /R5G? ( DECREES ( A RUL+ P[]1 OR ?R\< A UNIV]SAL-SUFFRAGE-ELECT$ ,P>LIAM5T4 ,SU* A PROCE$+ W\LD LOAD 9EVITABLY TO ! CREATION ( A NEW RUL+ >I/OCRACY1 I4E41 A CLASS :O HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS CLASS W\LD EXPLOIT & BLE$ ! PEOPLE UND] ! PRET5SE ( ! COMMON WELF>E1 OR 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE ! NEW ,/ATE4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE MU/ & CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS1 ?R\< ! FREE F$]ATION & UNION ( ! WORK]S 9TO GR\PS1 UNIONS1 & SOCIETIES1 :I* WILL UNITE AGA9 9TO DI/RICTS1 COMMUNES1 NATIONAL COMMUNES1 & F9ALLY =M A GREAT ,9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,ONLY ?US CAN BE EVOLV$ ! TRUE VITAL ORD] ( LIB]TY & HAPP9ESS = ALL1 ! ORD] :I* IS NOT OPPOS$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ( SOCIETY1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y /R5G!NS ! SAME & BR+S !M 9TO H>MONY4 

,IT IS SAID ?AT ! H>MONY & ! SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY CAN NEV] BE AFFECT$1 BECAUSE ( AN 9H]5T ANTAGONISM4 ,BUT IF !SE 9T]E/S NEV] & NO:]E DID H>MONIZE1 UP TO N[1 IT HAS BE5 ! FAULT ( ! ,/ATE 9 SACRIFIC+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TO ! GA9 ( ! SMALL PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4 ,?IS (T-M5TION$ OPPOSITION ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL 9T]E/S IS ONLY A SW9DLE & POLITICAL LIE1 :I* ORIG9AT$ ?R\< ! RELIGI\S & !OLOGICAL LIE ( ! ,FALL -- A DOGMA :I* WAS 9V5T$ TO DEGRADE MAN & DE/ROY HIS CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS [N VALUE4 ,SUPPORT WAS L5T TO ?IS FALSE IDEA ( ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S BY ! SPECULATION ( ! METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPHIES4 ,!SE >E CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !OLOGY4 ,METAPHYSICS OV]-LOOK ! FACT ?AT MAN IS A SOCIAL ANIMAL1 H[EV]1 & VIEW SOCIETY AS A ME*ANICAL & :OLLY >TIFICIAL CONGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :O SUDD5LY ORGANIZE !MSELVES ON ! BASIS ( A SECRET OR SACR$ COMPACT \T ( !IR FREE WILL1 OR AT ! DICTATION ( A HI<] P[]4 ,BE=E COM+ TOGE!R 9 ?IS FA%ION1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS HAD BOA/$ AN ET]NAL S\L & LIV$ 9 ALLEG$ UNLIMIT$ LIB]TY6 

,BUT :5 ! METAPHYSICIANS1 ESPECIALLY !SE :O BELIEVE 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 ASSORT ?AT M51 \TSIDE SOCIETY1 >E FREE BE+S1 !Y MA9TA9 ?AT M5 CAN 5T] 9TO SOCIETY ONLY BY D5Y+ !IR FRE$OM & NATURAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & SACRIFIC+ BO? !IR P]SONAL & LOCAL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS D5IAL & SACRIFICE ( ! EGO BECOMES GREAT] ! MORE DEVELOP$ ! SOCIETY & ! MORE COMPLICAT$ ITS ORGANIZATION4 ,FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T ! ,/ATE BECOMES ! EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL SACRIFICE :I* ALL HAVE TO BR+ TO ITS ALT>4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! AB/RACT & \TRAGE\S LIE CALL$ 0! COMMON GOOD10 & 0LAW & ORD]0 IT IMP]ILS 9CREAS+LY ALL P]SONAL LIB]TY1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! GOV]N+ CLASS IT EXCLUSIVELY REPRES5TS4 ,H5CE ! ,/ATE APPE>S TO US AS AN 9EVITABLE NEGATION & DE/RUCTION ( ALL LIB]TY1 ALL P]SONAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 & COMMON 9T]E/S4 

,EV]Y?+ 9 ! METAPHYSICAL & !OLOGICAL SY/EM FOLL[S & SOLVES ITSELF1 ,!RE=E ! UPHOLD]S ( !SE SY/EMS >E OBLIG$ TO EXPLOIT ! MASSES ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,:IL/ FILL+ !IR POCKETS & SATISFY+ ALL !IR FIL?Y DESIRES1 !Y TOIL !MSELVES ?AT !Y WORK = ! HONOR ( ,GOD1 ! TRIUMPH ( CIVILIZATION1 & ! ET]NAL WELF>E ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,BUT WE REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 :O BELIEVE NEI!R 9 ,GOD1 NOR YET 9 7ABSOLUTE OR UNQUALIFI$7 FREE WILL1 NOR YET 9 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 WE SAY ?AT LIB]TY1 9 ITS FULLE/ S5SE1 MU/ BE ! GOAL ( HUMAN PROGRESS4 

,\R IDEALI/IC OPPON5TS1 ! !OLOGIANS & METAPHYSICIANS1 TAKE ! AB/RACT 0LIB]TY10 AS ! F\NDATION ( !IR !ORIES4 ,IT IS !N QUITE EASY = !M TO DRAW ! CONCLUSION ?AT SLAV]Y IS ! '9DISPUTABLE CONDITION ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,WE1 :O >E 9 \R EMPIRICAL SCI5TIFIC !ORY1 MAT]IALI/S1 /RIVE' 9 PRACTICE = ! TRIUMPH ( A SANE & NOBLE IDEALISM4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! ':OLE' WEAL? ( ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL & MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 AS WELL AS ITS SEEM+ 9DEP5D5CE1 IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT MAN LIVES 9 SOCIETY4 ,\TSIDE ( SOCIETY MAN W\LD NOT ONLY W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 FREE4 ,HE W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( BECOM+ A MAN1 I4E41 A SELF-CONSCI\S BE+1 CAPABLE ( ?\<T & SPEE*4 ,?9K+ & WAK+ TOGE!R LIFT$ MAN \T ( HIS ANIMAL CONDITION4 ,WE >E ABSOLUTELY CONV9C$ ?AT ! :OLE LIFE ( MAN IS A SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,HIS 9T]E/S1 YE>N+S1 NE$S1 DREAMS1 & EV5 HIS FOOLI%NESS1 AS WE'LL AS HIS BRUTALITY1 9JU/ICE1 & ACTIONS1 DEP5D+1 SEEM+LY1 ON FREE WILL1 >E ONLY ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS ( =CES AT WORK 9 \R SOCIAL LIFE4 ,M5 >E NOT 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R1 BUT EA* 9FLU5CES ! O!R4 ,WE >E ALL 9 CONT9UAL CO-RELATION ) \R NEI<BORS & SURR\ND+ NATURE4 

,9 NATURE ITSELF ?IS WOND]FUL CO-WORK+ & FITT+ TOGE!R ( EV5TS DOES NOT TAKE PLACE )\T A /RUGGLE ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! H>MONY ( ! ELEM5TS IS BUT ! RESULT ( ?IS CONT9UAL /RUGGLE1 :I* IS ! CONDITION ( ALL LIFE & ( MOVEM5T4 ,BO? 9 NATURE & SOCIETY ORD] )\T /RUGGLE IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( DEA?4 

,ORD] IS POSSIBLE & NATURAL 9 WORLD SY/EM ONLY :5 ! LATT] IS A PREVI\SLY ?\<T \T >RANGEM5T IMPOS$ UPON MANK9D FROM ABOVE4 ,! ,JEWI% RELIGI\S IMAG9ATION ( A GODLY LAW-GIV] MAKES = UNP>ALLEL$ NONS5SE1 & ! NEGATION NOT ONLY ( ALL ORD]1 BUT ( NATURE ITSELF4 0,! LAWS ( NATURE0 RELATE ONLY TO ! GOAL ( NATURE ITSELF4 ,! PHRASE IS NOT TRUE IF US$ TO MEAN LAWS DECRE$ BY AN \TSIDE' AU?ORITY4 ,= !SE 0LAWS0 >E NO?+ ELSE '?AN ! CONT9UAL ADAPTATION :I* IS P>T ( ! EVOLUTION ( ?+S1 ( ! WAK+ TOGE!R ( VA/LY DIFF]5T PASS+ BUT REAL FACTS4 ,! SUM TOTAL ( ALL ACTION & 9T]ACTION IS :AT WE CALL 0NATURE04' ,! ?\<TS & SCI5CE ( MAN OBS]VE !SE PH5OM5A1 CONTROLL$ & EXP]IM5T$ ) !M & F9ALLY UNIT$ !M 9TO A SY/EM1 ! S+LE P>TS ( :I* >E CALL$ 0LAWS40 ,BUT NATURE ITSELF KN[S NO LAWS4 ,NATURE ACTS UNCONSCI\SLY4 ,9 ITSELF IT DEMON/RATES ! UN5D+ DIFF]5CE ( ITS NECESS>ILY APPE>+ & SELF REPEAT+ PH5OM5A4 ,?IS IS H[1 ?ANKS TO ! 9EVITABL5ESS ( ACTIVITY1 ! COMMON ORD] CAN & DOES EXI/4 

,SO ) HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* APP>5TLY DEVELOPS AGA9/ NATURE1 BUT 9 REALITY GOES H& 9 H& ) ! NATURAL & 9EVITABLE DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S4 ONE ! SUP]IORITY ( MAN OV] ! RE/ ( ! ANIMALS & HIS HI<LY DEVELOP$ ?9K+ ABILITY BR\<T A SPECIAL FEATURE 9TO HIS EVOLUTION -- ALSO1 BY ! WAY1 QUITE NATURAL S9CE MAN1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE1 IS ! MAT]IAL RESULT ( ! WAK+ TOGE!R & UNION ( NATURAL =CES4 ,?IS SPECIAL FEATURE IS ! CALCULAT+1 ?9K+ ABILITY1 ! P[] ( 9DUCTION & AB/RACTION4 ,?R\< ?IS MAN HAS BE5 ABLE TO C>RY HIS ?\<TS \TSIDE HIMSELF1 & SO OBS]VE & CRITICIZE HIMSELF AS A ?+ AP>T1 SOME /RANGE OR =EIGN OBJECT4 ,& AS HE1 9 HIS ?\<TS1 LIFTS HIMSELF \T ( HIMSELF & ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 HE >RIVES AT ! IDEA ( ! 5TIRE AB/RACTION1 ! PURE NO?+NESS1 ! ABSOLUTE4 ,BUT ?IS REPRES5T NOT+ BEYOND MAN'S [N ABILITY TO AB/RACT ?\<T1 :O LOOKS D[N ON ALL ?AT IS & F9DS PEACE 9 ! 5TIRE NEGATION ( ALL ?AT IS4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y LIMIT ( ! HI<E/ AB/RACTION ( ?\<T3 ?IS IS ,GOD4 

,H]E9 IS TO BE F\ND ! SPIRIT & HI/ORICAL PRO( ( EV]Y !OLOGICAL & RELIGI\S DOCTR9E4 ,MAN DID NOT UND]/& NATURE & ! MAT]IAL F\NDATION ( HIS [N ?\<TS4 ,HE WAS UNCONSCI\S ( ! NATURAL CIRCUM/ANCES & P[]S :I* W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( !M4 ,SO HE FAIL$ TO REALIZE ?AT HIS AB/RACT IDEAS ONLY EXPRESS$ HIS [N ABILITY TO AB/RACT ?\<T4 ,!RE=E1 HE C>NE TO REG>D ! AB/RACT IDEA AS SOME?+ REALLY EXI/+ -- SOME?+ BE=E :I* EV5 NATURE SANK 9TO 9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,& DOES HE WOR%IP$ & HONOR$ 9 EV]Y CONCEIVABLE FA%ION ?IS UNREALITY ( HIS IMAG9ATION4 ,BUT IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO IMAG9E MORE CLE>LY & TO MAKE UND]/OOD SOMEH[ ?IS ,GOD1 ?IS SUPREME NO?+NESS :I* SEEM$ TO CONTA9 ALL ?+S 9 ESS5CE BUT NOT 9 FACT4 ,SO PRIMITIVE MAN 5L>G$ HIS IDEA ( ,GOD4 ,GRADUALLY HE BE/[$ ON ! DEITY ALL ! P[]S :I* EXI/$ 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 GOOD & BAD1 VIRTU\S & VICI\S4 ,SU* WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ALL RELIGIONS1 SU* !IR EVOLUTION FROM FETI% WOR%IP TO ,*RI/IANITY4 ,WE WILL NOT /OP TO ANALYZE ! HI/ORY ( RELIGI\S1 !OLOGICAL1 & METAPHYSICAL NONS5SE1 NOR SPEAK AB\T ! EV] OCCURR+ GODLY 9C>NATIONS & VISIONS :I* HAVE HAPP5$ DUR+ C5TURIES ( HUMAN IGNORANCE4 ,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT !SE SUP]/ITIONS OCCASION$ T]RIBLE SUFF]+1 & !IR PROGRESS WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY RIV]S ( BLOOD & MU* M\RN+4 ,ALL !SE T]RIBLE HORRORS ( POOR HUMANITY W]E 9EVITABLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y W]E ! NECESS>Y EFFECT1 ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT ALL P[]FUL IDEA ?AT ! UNIV]SE IS GOV]N$ & CONDITION$ BY A SUP]NATURAL P[] & WILL4 ,C5TURY SUCCE$S C5TURY4 ,MAN BECOMES MORE & MORE US$ TO ?IS BELIEF4 ,F9ALLY IT SEEKS TO CRU% & TO KILL EV]Y EF=T T[>DS HI<] DEVELOPM5T4 

,! MAD DESIRE TO RULE OR TO GOV]N1 FIR/ ON ! P>T ( A FEW M51 !N ( A C]TA9 CLASS1 DEM&D ?AT SLAV]Y & CONQUE/ %\LD BE ACCEPT$ AS ! UND]LY+ PR9CIPLES ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 /R5G!N$ ! T]RIBLE BELIEF 9 A ,GOD ABOVE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 NO SOCIAL ORD] C\LD EXI/ )\T BE+ F\ND$ ON ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,ALL DOCTR9AIRES DEF5D BO? ( !SE \TRAGE\S 9/ITUTIONS4 

,) !IR DEVELOPM5T 9CREAS$ ! P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ( ! PRIE/S & >I/OCRATS4 ,!IR FIR/ CONC]N WAS TO 9OCULATE ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLES ) ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY1 ! B5EFIT1 & ! SACR$NESS ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,& ! PURPOSE ( ALL ?IS WAS TO *ANGE BRUTAL & VIOL5T SLAV]Y 9TO LEGAL1 DIV9ELY PREORDA9$ & SANCTIFI$ SLAV]Y4 

,DID ! PRIE/S & REALLY & TRULY BELIEVE 9 !SE 9/ITUTIONS :I* !Y W]E 5DEAVOR+ TO UPHOLD ) ALL !IR P[]1 & TO !IR [N B5EFIT8 ,OR W]E !Y ONLY LAIRS & HYPOCRITES8 ,9 MY OP9ION !Y W]E HONE/ BELIEV]S & DI%ONE/ DECEIV]S SIMULTANE\SLY4 

,!Y !MSELVES BELIEV$1S9CE !Y P>TICIPAT$1 NATURALLY1 9 ! HORRORS ( ! MASSES4 ,ONLY LAT]1 AT ! TIME ! OLD WORLD DECL9$ -- ?AT IS1 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 DID !Y BECOME UNBELIEV]S & %AMELESS LAIRS4 ,! F\ND]S ( /ATES CAN BE REG>D$ ALSO AS HONE/ M5 ,MAN READILY BELIEVES ?AT :I* HE DESIRES & ?AT :I* IS NOT DETRIM5TAL TO HIS [N 9T]E/S4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE IF HE IS 9TELLIG5T & $UCAT$4 ,?R\< HIS EGOTISM & HIS DESIRE TO LIVE ) HIS NEI<BORS & TO PR(IT BY !IR E/IMATION HE WILL BELIEVE ALWAYS ONLY 9 ?AT :I* IS USEFUL & DESIRABLE TO HIM4 ,I AM CONV9C$1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,?I]S & ! ,V]SAILLES GOV]NM5T W]E TRY+ TO CONV9CE !MSELVES1 VIOL5TLY1 ?AT !Y W]E SAV+ ,FRANCE BY MURD]+ SEV]AL ?\S& M51 WOM51 & *ILDR54 

,EV5 IF ! PRIE/S1 PROPHETS1 >I/OCRATS1 & B\RGEOIS ( ALL TIMES W]E HONE/ BELIEV]S1 9 SPITE ( ALL1 !Y W]E P>ASITES4 ,ONE CANNOT SUPPOSE ?AT !Y BELIEV$ EV]Y BIT ( NONS5SE 9 RELIGION & POLITIES :I* !Y TAU<T ! MASSES4 ,I WILL NOT GO SO F> BACK AS TO ! TIME :5 TWO ,AUGURS 9 ,ROME W]E UNABLE TO LOOK 9TO EA* O!RS FACE )\T SMIL+4 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT EV5 9 ! TIME ( M5TAL D>KNESS & SUP]/ITION ! 9V5TORS ( MIRACLES W]E CONV9C$ ( !IR TRU?4 ,! SAME MAY BE ,RAID ( POLITIES1 :]E ! MOTTO IS3 0,ONE MU/ UND]/& H[ TO GOV]N & ROB A PEOPLE SO ?AT !Y DO NOT COMPLA9 TOO MU* OR =GET TO BE SUBS]VI5T1 SO ?AT !Y GET NO *ANCE TO ?9K ( RES5TM5T & REVOLT40 

,H[ CAN ONE POSSIBLY BELIEVE AFT] ?IS ?AT ! M5 :O MAKE A BUS9ESS \T ( POLITIES1 & :OSE GOAL IS 9JU/ICE1 VIOL5CE1 LIES1 TREASON1 S+LE1 & :OLESALE MURD]1 HONE/LY BELIEVE ?AT ! WISDOM & >T ( RUL+ ! ,/ATE MAKE = ! COMMON WEAL8 ,9 SPITE ( ALL !IR BRUTALITY !Y >E NOT SO /UPID AS TO ?9K ?IS4 ,*UR* & ,/ATE W]E 9 ALL TIMES ! S*OOLS ( VICE4 ,HI/ORY TE/IFIES TO !IR CRIMES4 ,EV] & ALWAYS W]E PRIE/ & POLITICIAN ! CONSCI\S1 SY/EMATIC1 UNYIELD+1 BLOOD?IR/Y 5EMIES & EXECUTION]S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT H[ CAN WE RECONCILE TWO SE SEEM+LY OPPOS$ ?+S LIKE *EAT] & *EAT$1 LI> & BELIEV]8 ,9 ?\<T IT LOOKS DIFFICULT1 BUT 9 LIFE WE F9D ! TWO (T5 TOGE!R4 

,! GREAT BULK ( MANK9D LIVE 9 A CONT9UAL QU>REL & APA!TIC MISUND]/&+ ) !MSELVES4 ,!Y REMA9 UNCONSCI\S ( ?IS1 AS A RULE1 UNTIL SOME UNCOMMON OCCURR5CE WAKES !M UP \T ( !IR SLEEP1 & =CES !M TO REFLECT ON !MSELVES & !IR SURR\ND+S4 

,9 POLITICS1 AS WELL AS 9 RELIGION1 MAN IS ONLY A MA*9E 9 ! H&S ( HIS OPPRESS ORS4 ,BUT ROBB] & ROBB$1 OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$ LIVE SIDE BY SIDE1 RUL$ BY A H&FUL ( PEOPLE1 9 :OM ONE RECOGNIZES ! REAL OPPRESSORS4 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME TYPE ( M51 :O1 FREE ( ALL POLITICAL & RELIGION PREJUDICE1 CONSCI\SLY TORTURE & OPPRESS ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! L#g? & L#h? C5TURIES1 UNTIL ! ADV5T ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION1 !Y RUL$ ,EUROPE & DID AS !Y LIK$4 ,!Y DO ! SAME TO-DAY4 ,BUT WE HAVE REASON TO HOPE ?AT !IR RULE WILL BE OV] SOON4 

,HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?AT ! *IEF PRIE/S ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE OR ALSO ! SWORN S]VANTS & CREATURES ( !SE DAMNABLE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:IL/ CONSCI\SLY DECEIV+ ! PEOPLE & LEAD+ !M 9TO DISA/]1 !SE P]SONS >E CONC]N$ TO UPHOLD ZEAL\SLY ! SANCTITY & UNAPPROA*ABILITY ( BO? E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,! ,*UR*1 ON ! AU?ORITY ( ALL PRIE/S & MO/ POLITICIANS1 IS ESS5TIAL TO ! PROP] C>E ( ! PEOPLE'S SONS2 & ! ,/ATE IS 9DISP5SABLE1 9 !IR OP9ION1 = ! PROP] MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE1 ORD]1 & JU/ICE4 ,& ! DOCTR9AIRES ( ALL S*OOLS EXCLAIM 9 *ORUS3 0,)\T ,*UR* OR ,GOV]NM5T1 PROGRESS & CIVILIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE40 

,WE MAKE NO COMM5T ON ! HEAV5LY H]EAFT]1 S9CE WE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 AN IMMORTAL S\L4 ,BUT WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT NO?+ (F]S A GREAT] M5ACE TO TRU? & ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY ?AN ! ,*UR*4 ,H[ ELSE C\LD IT BE8 ,IS IT NOT ! TASK ( ! ,*UR* TO *LOR(ORM ! WOM5 & *ILDR58 ,DOES %E NOT KILL ALL S\ND REASON & SCI5CE ) H] DOGMAS1 & DEGRADE ! SELF-RESPECT ( MAN BY CONFUS+ HIS IDEAS ( RI<T & JU/ICE8 ,DOES %E NOT PREA* ET]NAL SLAV]Y TO ! MASSES 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! RUL+ & OPPRESS+ CLASS8 ,& IS %E NOT DET]M9$ TO P]PETUATE ! PRES5T REIGN ( D>KNESS1 IGNORANCE1 MIS]Y1 & CRIME8 ,= ! PROGRESS ( \R AGE NOT TO BE AN EMPTY DREAM1 IT MU/ FIR/ SWEEP ! ,*UR* \T ( ITS PA?4 

O ,*APT] #ab 3 ,:]E ,I ,/& 

,I AM A PASSIONATE SEEK] AFT] TRU? 7& NO LESS EMBITT]$ 5EMY ( EVIL DO+ FICTIONS7 :I* ! P>TY ( ORD]1 ?IS (FICIAL1 PRIVILEG$ & 9T]E/$ REPRES5TATIVE ( ALL ! PA/ & PRES5T RELIGIONS1 METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL & 0SOCIAL0 ATROCI\SNESS CLAIM TO EMPLOY EV5 TODAY ONLY TO MAKE ! WORLD /UPID & 5?RALL$ IT1 ,I AM A FANATICAL LOV] ( TRU? & FRE$OM :I* ,I CONSID] ! ONLY SURR\ND+S 9 :I* 9TELLIG5CE1 CONSCI\SNESS & HAPP9ESS DEVELOP & 9CREASE4 

,I DO NOT MEAN ! COMPLETELY =MAL FRE$OM :I* ! ,/ATE IMPOSES1 JUDGES & REGULATES1 ?IS ET]NAL LIE :I* 9 REALITY CONSI/S ALWAYS ( ! PRIVILEGES ( A FEW BAS$ UPON ! SLAV]Y ( ALL -- NOT EV5 ! 9DIVIDUALI/1 EGOTI/ICAL1 N>R[ & FICTITI\S FRE$OM :I* ! S*OOL ( ,J4,J4 ,R\SSEAU & ALL O!R SY/EMS ( PROP]TY MORALI/S1 MIDDLE CLASS B\RGEOISISM & LIB]ALISM RECOMM5D -- ACCORD+ TO :I* ! SO CALL$ RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS :I* ! ,/ATE 0REPRES5TS0 HAS ! LIMIT 9 ! RI<T ( ALL1 :]EBY ! RI<TS ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL >E NECESS>ILY1 ALWAYS R$UC$ TO NIL4 ,NO1 ,I CONSID] ONLY ?AT AS FRE$OM WOR?Y & REAL AS ITS NAME %\LD IMPLY1 :I* CONSI/S 9 ! COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL P[]S :I* >E 9 A POT5TIAL /ATE 9 EV]YONE1 ! FRE$OM :I* KN[S NO O!R LIMITS ?AN ?OSE PRESCRIB$ BY ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE1 SO ?AT !RE BE REALLY NO LIMITS -- = !SE LAWS >E NOT 5=C$ UPON US BY EXT]NAL LEGISLATORS :O >E >\ND & OV] US1 !SE LAWS >E 9NATE 9 US1 CL++ TO US & =M ! REAL BASIS ( \R MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL BE+2 9/EAD ( !RE=E SEE+ 9 !M A LIMITATION1 WE MU/ LOOK UPON !M AS ! REAL CONDITION & ! ACTUAL CAUSE ( \R FRE$OM4 

,UNCONDITIONAL ,FRE$OM 

,I MEAN ?AT FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :I*1 9/EAD ( /OPP+ F> FROM ! FRE$OM ( O!RS AS BE=E A FRONTI]1 SEES ON ! CONTR>Y ! EXT5D+ & ! EXPANSION 9TO ! 9F9ITY ( ITS [N FREE WILL1 ! UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?R\< !1 FRE$OM ( ALL2 FRE$OM ?R\< SOLID>ITY1 FRE$OM 9 EQUALITY2 ! FRE$OM :I* TRIUMPHS OV] BRUTE =CE & OV] ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORIT>IANISM1 ! IDEAL EXPRESSION ( ?AT =CE :I*1 AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL T]RE/RIAL & HEAV5LY IDOLS1 WILL F9D & ORGANIZE A NEW WORLD ( UNDIVID$ MANK9D UPON ! RU9S ( ALL *UR*ES & ,/ATES4 ,I AM A CONV9C$ P>TIZAN ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 = ,I KN[ ?AT \TSIDE ?IS EQUALITY1 FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 HUMAN DIGNITY & MORAL & SPIRITUAL WELL-BE+ ( MANK9D & ! PROSP]ITY ( NATION1 & 9DIVIDUALS WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A LIE ONLY4 ,BUT AS AN UNCONDITIONAL P>TIZAN ( FRE$OM1 ?IS FIR/ CONDITION ( HUMANITY1 ,I BELIEVE ! EQUALITY MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION ( WORK FREELY ORGANIZ$1 & 9TO COMMUNES F$]AT$1 BY PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS & ?R\< ! EQUALLY SPONTANE\S F$]ATION ( COMMUNES -- NOT ?R\< & BY SUPREME SUP]VIS+ ACTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS PO9T SEP>ATES ABOVE ALL O!RS ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S OR COLLECTIVI/S FROM ! AU?ORIT>IAN 0COMMUNI/S01 ! ADH]5TS ( ! ABSOLUTE 9ITIVAITVE NECESSITY ( & BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! COMMUNI/S IMAG9E ?AT CONDITION ( FRE$OM & SOCIALISM 7I4E41 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! SOCIETY'S AFFAIRS BY ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! SOCIETY ITSELF )\T ! M$IUM & PRESSURE ( ! ,/ATE7 CAN BE A*IEV$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 *IEFLY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! T[NS ) ! HELP ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y 7:O >E O!RWISE1 KN[N AS LIB]T>IAN7 SOCIALI/S1 5EMIES ( EV]Y D\BLE-$G$ ALLIES & ALLIANCE BELIEVE1 ON ! V]Y CONTR>Y ?AT ! AIM CAN BE REALIZ$ & MAT]IALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION NOT ( ! POLITICAL BUT ( ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC1 & !RE=E ANTI-POLITICAL =CES ( ! WORK+ MASSES ( ! T[N & C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ ALL WELL DISPOS$ PEOPLE ( ! UPP] CLASSES :O >E READY TO BREAK AWAY FROM !IR PA/ & JO9 !M OP5LY & ACCEPT !IR PROGRAM UNCONDITIONALLY4 

,TWO ,ME?ODS 

,FROM ! DIFF]5CE NAM$1 !RE >ISE TWO DIFF]5T ME?ODS4 ,! 0,COMMUNI/S0 PRET5D TO ORGANIZE ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 ORD] TO 0CAPTURE ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,/ATE04 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ORGANIZE PEOPLE ) ! OBJECT ( ! LIQUIDATION ( ! ,/ATES ALTOGE!R :ATEV] BE !IR =M4 ,! FIR/ >E ! P>TIZANS ( AU?ORITIV5ESS 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 ! SOCIALI/S HAVE CONFID5CE ONLY 9 FRE$OM TO DEVELOP ! 9ITIATIVE ( PEOPLES 9 ORD] TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES4 ,! COMMUNI/ AU?ORIT>IANS WI% TO =CE CLASS 0SCI5CE0 UPON O!RS1 ! SOCIAL LIB]T>IANS PROPAGATE EMPIRICAL SCI5CE AMONG !M SO ?AT HUMAN GR\PS & AGGREGATIONS 9FUS$ ) CONVICTION 9 & UND]/&+ ( IT1 SPONTANE\SLY1 FREELY & VOLUNT>ILY1 FROM BOTTOM UP W>DS1 ORGANIZE !MSELVES BY !IR [N MOTION & 9 ! MEASURE ( !IR /R5G? -- NOT ACCORD+ TO A PLAN SKET*$ \T 9 ADVANCE & DICTAT$ TO !M1 A PLAN :I* IS ATTEMPT$ TO BE IMPOS$ BY A FEW 0HI<LY 9TELLIG5T1 HONE/ & ALL ?AT0 UPON ! SO-CALL$ IGNORANT MASSES FROM ABOVE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL LIB]T>IANS ?9K ?AT !RE IS MU* MORE PRACTICAL REASON & COMMON1 S5SE 9 ! ASPIRATIONS & ! ( ! PEOPLE ?AN 9 ! 0DEEP0 9TELLIG5CE ( ALL ! LE>N$1 M5 & TUTORS ( MANK9D :O WANT TO ADD TO ! MANY DISA/R\S ATTEMPTS 0TO MAKE HUMANITY HAPPY0 A /ILL NEW] ATTEMPT4 ,WE >E ON ! CONTR>Y ( ! CONVICTION ?AT HUMANK9D HAS ALL[$ ITSELF TOO LONG 5\< TO BE GOV]N$ & LEGISLAT$ = & ?AT ! ORIG9 ( ITS MIS]Y IS NOT TO BE LOOK$ = 9 ?IS OR ?AT =M ( GOV]NM5T & MAN-E/ABLI%$ ,/ATE1 BUT 9 ! V]Y NATURE & EXI/5CE ( EV]Y RUL+ LEAD]%IP1 ( :ATEV] K9D & 9 :ATEV] NAME ?IS MAY BE4 ,! BE/ FRI5DS ( ! IGNORANT PEOPLE >E ?OSE :O FREE !M FROM ! ?RALLDOM ( LEAD]%IP & LET PEOPLE ALONE TO WORK AMONG !MSELVES ) ONE ANO!R ON ! BASIS ( EQUAL COMRADE%IP4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #i1 #bba 3 ,WRIT+S -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,WRIT+S -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/