,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

0,& P]HAPS SOLV+ ! MY/]Y ( ! BIR? ( ! ,/ATE MI<T ALSO P]MIT US TO CL>IFY ! CONDITIONS ( ! POSSIBILITY .<444.> ( ITS DEA?40 

--,PI]RE ,CLA/RES 

0,ACUDID LOS AN>QUI/AS 

EMPUN&O LA PI/OLA HA/A EL MORIR 

CON PETROLEO Y D9AMITA 

TODA CLASE DE GOBI]NO 

A COMBATIR 

6Y DE/RUIR60 

--0,>ROJA LA ,BOMBA0 

,SPANI% AN>*I/ SONG COMPOS$ 9 PRISON 9 #a#i#c#b1 POPUL>IZ$ 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #aicf 

,D$ICAT$ TO ,H>OLD ,H4 ,?OMPSON & ,KUWASI ,BALAGOON1 :O DI$ 9 ! DUNGEONS ( ! ,/ATE AFT] DECADES ( CONF9EM5T1 TO ,MATIAS ,CATRILEO1 %OT D[N 9 ! /RUGGLE TO REGA9 HIS PEOPLE'S L&1 & TO ALL ?OSE :O CONT9UE FI<T+1 9SIDE & \T4 

,SPECIAL ?ANKS TO ,ELIZABE? ,COBB1 = VIGOR\S PRO(READ+2 TO ,T>IQ ,KHAN1 = SUGGE/IONS & PO9T]S2 & TO ,J5NIF] ,C(FMAN1 = ! HE>TY CRITICISM & RESE>* PO9T]S ?AT AID$ MY FIR/ =AYS 9TO S*OL>LY WRIT+ MORE ?AN T5 YE>S AGO4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,= OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S1 AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 ACCUS$ ( BO? ROMANTICISM & ( RADICAL CYNICISM2 ! =M]1 = 9SI/+ ?AT HUMANITY'S ORIG9AL CONDITION IS TOTAL FRE$OM & ?AT EV5 N[ WE CAN CREATE SOCIETIES FREE ( CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS & LIVE ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL AID1 SOLID>ITY1 & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION2 & ! LATT] = MA9TA9+ ?AT ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T1 FROM ! MO/ DICTATORIAL TO ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC1 >E FUNDAM5TALLY OPPRESSIVE1 & ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ANY?+ BUT MIS]Y4 ,N[1 MA9/REAM S*OL>%IP IS F9ALLY L5D+ CR$IBILITY TO ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN 9TUITION ( REVOLUTION>IES LIKE ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 & TO ! SUBV]SIVE !ORIES ( SCI5TI/S LIKE ,PYOTR ,KROPOTK9 & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS4 

,! QUE/ION ( H[ & :Y /ATES W]E =M$ IS ! KEY/ONE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION'S CREATION MY?OLOGY4 ,MO/ READ]S WILL %>E MY EXP]I5CE ( HAV+ BE5 BR\<T UP 9 A SOCIETY :]E HI/ORY BEG9S ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ANY?+ \TSIDE ITS DOMA9 IS A ,D>K ,AGE1 T]RA 9COGNITA1 A SAVAGE & B>B>IAN L&4 ,WE >E TAU<T ?AT COMMUNITIES CREAT$ ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES ( T]RITORIAL GOV]NANCE ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY SOLIDIFY AS /ATES \T ( A NE$ TO ORGANIZE MORE EFFICI5TLY1 TO RESPOND TO NATURAL DISA/]S OR POPULATION GR[?1 TO ADM9I/] L>GE-SCALE 9FRA/RUCTURE1 TO DEF5D AGA9/ HO/ILE \TSID]S1 TO PROTECT 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS ?R\< A SOCIAL CONTRACT1 OR TO REGULATE ECONOMIC PRODUCTION & SURPLUS VALUE4 ,ALL ( !SE HYPO!SES >E DEMON/RABLY FALSE1 YET WE >E CONT9UALLY 9DOCTR9AT$ TO ACCEPT !M1 TO KEEP US FROM GRASP+ ! PR$ATORY1 P>ASITIC1 ELITI/1 & COMPLETELY UNNECESS>Y NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,(FICIAL V]SIONS ( ! /ORY ( /ATE =MATION CAN BE TRIUMPHANT1 PORTRAY+ ! ,/ATE AS AN ESCAPE FROM B>B>ISM1 OR !Y CAN BE CYNICAL1 ACKN[L$G+ ! ,/ATE TO BE A CONT9UATION ( HUMAN SAVAG]Y1 BUT AT ALL CO/S WE MU/ BELIEVE ?AT /ATE =MATION WAS NECESS>Y TO HUMAN PROGRESS & ?AT /ATES >E AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T ( GLOBAL SOCIETY TODAY4 

,?ANKS TO SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN /RUGGLES 9 ! /REETS1 & A GR[+ RECOGNITION--/>T+ ) ! NE> NUCLE> DISA/]S ( ! ,COLD ,W> & ACCEL]AT+ ) CLIMATE *ANGE & MASS EXT9CTION--?AT ! ,/ATE MAY WELL BE ! DEA? ( US ALL1 ROOM HAS F9ALLY BE5 CREAT$ = ! S*OL>%IP ?AT BACKS UP :AT HAS BE5 OBVI\S = C5TURIES3 ?AT ! ,/ATE IS ! 5EMY ( FRE$OM1 HUMAN WELL-BE+1 & ! HEAL? ( ! PLANET4 ,! AVAILABLE DATA DEMON/RATE ! UNIV]SALITY ( RESI/ANCE TO /ATE =MATION1 ! PR$OM9ANCE ( FAIL$ /ATES OV] SUCCESSFUL /ATES1 ! P>ASITICAL & CO]CIVE NATURE ( /ATES1 & ! EXI/5CE ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES ) HI< POPULATION D5SITIES1 A CAPACITY = DEF5SIVE W>F>E1 COMPLEX 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & O!R PRESUM$ 9/IGATORS OR PRODUCTS ( /ATE =MATION4 .<#a.> ,BO? ,HOBBESIAN & SOCIAL CONTRACT DOCTR9E AB\T ! ,/ATE1 :I* POP HI/ORIANS & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S P]PETUAT$ = AGES ?R\< A SELECTIVE CULL+ ( EVID5CE1 HAVE BE5 IRREP>ABLY DISCR$IT$4 ,! ,/ATE WAS NOT A SURVIVAL MEASURE TO HELP PEOPLE AGGRESSIVELY ELEVATE !MSELVES FROM A 0NA/Y & BRUTI%0 /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL 9 A DOG-EAT-DOG WORLD2 NOR WAS ! ,/ATE1 AT ANY PO9T1 ! RESULT ( A CONS5SUAL PROCESS DESIGN$ TO PROTECT PEOPLE'S LIB]TIES & WELL-BE+4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ! ,/ATE IS LOS+ ITS PLACE AS ! DEFAULT PROTAGONI/ ( HI/ORY4 ,MO/ ACADEMICS & WRIT]S >E =C$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! ANTIPA?Y ! ,/ATE HAS HAD TO OV]COME ?R\<\T ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ?\< !Y CONT9UE TO SYMPA?IZE ) ?IS CO]CIVE 9/ITUTION4 ,NO LONG] ABLE TO GLORIFY IT1 !Y TRY TO RESCUE IT AS A NECESS>Y EVIL4 ,TODAY1 ONLY POP HI/ORIANS CAN GET AWAY ) WRIT+ ! UNQUALIFI$ TALE ( GREAT M5 & ! EMPIRES !Y COMM&$4 ,MORE S]I\S ?9K]S1 /UDY+ SOCIAL NETWORKS1 ! DIFFUSION ( P[]1 OR ! UNIV]SALITY ( RESI/ANCE1 >E 9CREAS+LY RECOGNIZ+ ! WAYS ?AT HI/ORY HAS BE5 %AP$ BY ! CONFLICT BETWE5 RUL]S & ! RUL$4 .<#b.> ,O!RS1 LIKE AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT1 >E PICK+ UP ! TOR* C>RI$ =W>D BY ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES TO CONDUCT RESE>* FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( POPULATIONS DIRECTLY 9 RESI/ANCE TO /ATE AU?ORITY4 

,AN 9CREAS+LY CONV9C+ PICTURE ( ! ORIG9S ( ! ,/ATE IS EM]G+4 ,H[EV]1 P>TICIPANTS 9 ANTI-/ATE MOVEM5TS HAVE NOT NECESS>ILY BE5 PAY+ ATT5TION1 P]HAPS DUE TO A RESIDUAL MI/RU/ 9 ! V]Y ACADEMIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE SY/EMATICALLY PLAY$ ! ROLE ( /ATE APOLOGI/S4 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT WE %\LD NOT HOLD BACK 9 MODIFY+ & UPDAT+ \R !ORIES 9 LI<T ( NEW RESE>*1 ESPECIALLY S9CE \R /RUGGLES HAVE BE5 ! =CE ?AT HAS REVEAL$ ! FAIL+S ( ! DOM9ANT WORLD /RUCTURES & MADE SU* RESE>* CONCEIVABLE & NECESS>Y4 ,ONLY BY CON/ANTLY R5EW+ \R !ORETICAL FRAMEWORKS CAN WE %[ H[ ! MANN] 9 :I* /ATES EM]G$ ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO IS 9 FACT IMM$IATELY RELEVANT TO \R DAILY /RUGGLES & TRIBULATIONS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MANY PEOPLE :O OPPOSE ! ,/ATE1 OR :O AT LEA/ REJECT ! DOM9ANT MODELS ( GOV]NANCE1 FALL BACK ON ONE ( SEV]AL /OCK !ORIES ?AT >E ALMO/ AS DOGMATIC & 9ACCURATE AS ! /ATI/ DOCTR9E4 ,= AN>*I/ !ORY TO ADVANCE 9 ! QUE/ION ( /ATE =MATION1 ! ANSW]S PROVID$ BY ! APPROA*ES ( DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9ISM1 & PRIMITIVISM NE$ TO BE DISC>D$ OR HEAVILY REVIS$4 .<#c.> 

,9 ORD] TO CRITIQUE !SE ?REE APPROA*ES1 IT W\LD HELP TO CL>IFY ! CONCEPT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,I ?9K IT IS USEFUL TO REF] BO? TO ! E?ICAL1 IDEALI/1 & OPPOSITIONAL DEF9ITION PROPOS$ BY AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE ! FRAMEWORK ,BAKUN9 LAYS \T 9 0,R\SSEAU'S ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE0 & ,/ATISM & ,AN>*Y3 0,IF !RE IS A ,/ATE1 !RE MU/ BE DOM9ATION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R &1 AS A RESULT1 SLAV]Y2 ! ,/ATE )\T SLAV]Y IS UN?9KABLE--& ?IS IS :Y WE >E ! 5EMIES ( ! ,/ATE02 AS WELL AS ! /RUCTURAL1 EVOLUTION>Y DEF9ITION ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 :I* GIVES QUANTITATIVE & ANALYTICAL CRIT]IA TO DIFF]5TIATE ! ,/ATE FROM O!R =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! LATT]1 9 ITS SIMPLE/ =M1 ID5TIFIES A BUREAUCRATIC1 T]RITORIAL1 CO]CIVE ORGANIZATION ) MULTIPLE LEVELS ( ADM9I/RATION1 9 :I* P[] IS 9/ITUTIONAL RA!R ?AN P]SONAL1 & P[]-HOLD]S MONOPOLIZE 7AT LEA/ IDEALLY7 ! LEGITIMATE USE ( =CE & ! CODIFICATION ( MORALITY4 .<#d.> ,BO? ( !SE DEF9ITIONS WILL BE FUR!R DEVELOP$ ?R\<\T ! TEXT4 ,I ?9K IT IS USEFUL TO COMB9E !M 9 AN UNRESOLV$ T5SION 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE BO? /RATEGIC CL>ITY & ANALYTICAL CL>ITY1 ! LATT] TO ALL[ US TO DI/+UI% HI/ORICAL *ANGES & ! =M] 9 ORD] TO ROOT \R NEW UND]/&+ )9 A /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,!RE IS NO LE>N+ )\T TAK+ SIDES1 & !RE IS NO !ORY ?AT DOES NOT ALSO PROJECT A VISION ( ! FUTURE4 

,ACCORD+ TO DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 ! ,/ATE IS A PRODUCT ( CLASS DIVISIONS 9 SOCIETY3 GOV]NM5T IS AN ORGANIZ+ TOOL ( ! [N+ CLASS1 & DIFF]5T =MS ( GOV]NANCE >E DET]M9$ BY A SOCIETY'S ECONOMIC MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PROBLEM ) ?IS !ORY IS ?AT /ATE =MATION CANNOT BE ! PRODUCT ( CLASS DIVISIONS 9 SOCIETY BECAUSE IT PREC$ES SU* DIVISIONS1 AS >GU$ BY ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES4 ,A ME*ANISM ( POLITICAL P[] IS REQUIR$ TO P]MIT CLASS DIVISIONS TO GR[1 & A ME*ANISM ( SPIRITUAL P[] TO ALL[ CONCEPTS LIKE SURPLUS & DUTY TO APPE>4 ,ON ! :OLE1 :AT E>LY ,M>XI/S ANALYZ$ AS MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & SUP]/RUCTURE T5D TO EVOLVE SIMULTANE\SLY1 BUT IF ONE HAD TO SIMPLIFY1 NUM]\S TIMEL9ES ( /ATE EVOLUTION %[ ?AT :AT MAT]IALI/S ASSUME TO BE A CAUSE IS MORE (T5 AN EFFECT4 ,TURN+ MAT]IAL & O!R =MS ( DET]M9ISM ON !IR HEADS1 ,*RI/OPH] ,BOEHM1 9 AN EXT5SIVE SURVEY ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! KEY FACTOR ALL[+ A SOCIETY TO BE /ATELESS WAS NOT ITS MODE ( PRODUCTION OR GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS1 BUT AN E?ICAL & POLITICAL DET]M9ATION TO PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y3 :AT HE REF]R$ TO AS 0REV]SE DOM9ANCE HI]>*Y10 9 :I* SPECIAL FUNCTIONS W]E COMP>TM5TALIZ$ RA!R ?AN C5TRALIZ$ & POT5TIAL LEAD]S W]E CLOSELY WAT*$1 & W]E AB&ON$1 EXIL$1 OR ASSASS9AT$ IF !Y EXCE$$ !IR P[]S OR ACT$ 9 A GRE$Y OR AU?ORIT>IAN MANN]4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO A ME*ANI/IC TR5D 9 ACADEMIA ?AT W\LD DISMISS FRE$OM AS A SUBJECTIVE ILLUSION OR MEAN+LESS CONCEPT1 WE AN>*I/S ASS]T ?AT WILL1 BO? 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 7AT :I* LEVEL IT IS (T5 READ AS CULTURE71 IS AN 9DISP5SABLE =CE = %AP+ \R SOCIETY1 \R MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & \R RELATION%IP TO ! E>?4 .<#e.> 

,CAPITALISM CAN EASILY BE READ AS ! MOTOR ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 & AT A C]TA9 MOM5T 9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 ! NE$S ( AN EM]G+ CLASS ( 9VE/ORS1 M]*ANTS1 & WORK%OP [N]S EXCE$$ ! POLITICAL CAPACITIES ( ! ABSOLUTE MON>*IES1 ) !IR CUMB]SOME1 UNRESPONSIVE BUREAUCRACIES ORI5T$ T[>DS ! NE$S ( A L&[N+ >I/OCRACY4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASS =C$ ! CREATION ( RATIONALIZ$1 DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS CAPABLE ( PROACTIVE SOCIAL RE5G9E]+1 A SORT ( TOP-D[N T]RORISM ?AT W\LD LEAVE ! P>ASITISM ( E>LI] /ATES BEH9D & TRANS=M ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE 9TO AN ACCESSORY ( ECONOMIC PRODUCTION & /ATE P[]4 ,NEV] M9D ?AT ?IS PROCESS CAN BE MORE ACCURATELY READ AS ! IMPOSITION ( SOCIAL CONTROL ?AN AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ?\< ! LATT] HAS ALSO BE5 AN ESS5TIAL =CE4 ,A LONG]-T]M ANALYSIS %[S ?AT SU* P[] /RUGGLES HAVE TRANS=M$ MODELS ( /ATE ORGANIZATION MANY TIMES 9 ! PA/1 & ?AT ) GREAT FREQU5CY /ATES HAVE TAK5 ! 9ITIATIVE TO TRANS=M SOCIETY & IMPLEM5T NEW PRODUCTIVE MODELS4 ,SOMETIMES CAPITALI/S HAVE MOD]NIZ$ GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE !IR P[]1 & SOMETIMES GOV]NM5TS HAVE IMPOS$ PROACTIVE MEASURES TO RESCUE CAPITALI/S FROM !IR [N %ORTSI<T$NESS4 ,H[EV]1 CAPITALI/S & !IR PR$ECESSORS--SLAVE[N]S1 MONEYL5D]S1 M]*ANT-9VE/ORS--[E !IR V]Y EXI/5CE TO ! ,/ATE4 ,9 E>LY /ATES1 CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL P[] PREC$ES ECONOMIC /RATIFICATION 9 SOCIETY4 ,MANY SOCIETIES AT ! CUSP ( /ATE =MATION LACK$ SIGNIFICANT =MS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE1 RECIPROCITY IS ! BASIS ( SOCIETY & CULTURE4 .<#f.> ,IT WAS ! POLITICAL P[] ?AT E>LY /ATES ACCUMULAT$ ?AT ALL[$ !M TO REWORK ! BASIC F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY 9 ORD] TO MAKE EXPLOITATION FEASIBLE4 

,HUNDR$S OR EV5 ?\S&S ( YE>S ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ALONG AU?ORIT>IAN OR 0HOMO>*IC0 L9ES1 W]E REQUIR$ = ! EM]G5CE ( HAVES & HAVE-NOTS1 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 QUANTIFICATION ( VALUE1 TOIL]S & P>ASITES4 ,& P>ALLEL TO !SE PROTO-/ATE SOCIETIES1 WE HAVE EXAMPLES ( ALT]NATIVE =MS ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION ) AN EQUAL TE*NOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY & SIMIL> PRODUCTIVE TE*NIQUES1 ?AT *OSE DEC5TRALIZ$ =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 & NON- OR EV5 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURAL VALUES4 ,AS REG>DS SOCIETIES ) LITTLE OR NO ECONOMIC /RATIFICATION1 !RE >E HUNDR$S ( EXAMPLES ( HUMAN SOCIETIES PRACTIC+ A V>IETY ( MODES ( PRODUCTION & DIFF]5T =MS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 FROM HUNT]-GA!R]S 9 ,CALI=NIA TO AGRICULTURALI/S 9 S\?WE/ ,ASIA1 ) NO CLE> PATT]N1 NO DET]M9I/IC L9K BETWE5 ONE & ! O!R4 ,EV5 AMONG PRIMATES ( ! SAME SPECIES1 PRACTIC+ ! EXACT SAME 0MODE ( PRODUCTION10 ONE CAN F9D SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES 9 ! LEVEL ( HI]>*Y BETWE5 DIFF]5T GR\PS4 .<#g.> 

,LOOK+ AT ! NATIVE POPULATIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES CITES EXAMPLES ( SOCIETIES ?AT SWIT*$ FROM S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE TO NOMADIC HUNT+ )\T ANY SIGNIFICANT *ANGE TO !IR K9%IP & O!R SOCIAL /RUCTURES2 HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES ?AT DEVELOP$ S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE AGA9 )\T SIGNIFICANT *ANGES TO :AT ,M>XI/S W\LD T]M 0SUP]/RUCTURE02 & MULTIPLE CASES ( NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES ) COMPLETELY DIFF]5T MODES ( PRODUCTION BUT ALMO/ ID5TICAL =MS ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 .<#h.> 

,I W\LD ALSO BE REMISS IF ,I DID NOT M5TION E>LY ,M>XISM'S 9TR9SIC RACISM AS A REASON = CONTE/+ ITS EXPLANATIONS ( /ATE =MATION4 ,SU* RACISM1 IMPLICIT 9 A PRO-IMP]IALI/ FRAMEWORK ?AT LAUDS ,ALEX&]1 ,CES>1 & ,NAPOLEON1 & PORTRAYS ! COLONIZATION ( LESS DEVELOP$ 7READ3 NON-,WE/]N7 C\NTRIES AS PROGRESS1 BECOMES EXPLICIT :5 ,M>X & ,5GELS SPEAK ( 0B>B>IAN NATIONS10 0LAZY ,MEXICANS10 05]GETIC YANKEES10 0! 9T]E/S ( CIVILIZATION10 & SO =?4 ,EI!R WE AB&ON ! PROJECT ( =C+ NON-,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES TO PASS ?R\< A ,EUROC5TRIC DIALECTIC1 OR WE MU/ ]ECT ABSURD FIGURES LIKE AN 0,ASIATIC0 OR 0,AFRICAN MODE ( PRODUCTION0 TO %ORE UP A !ORY ?AT SIMPLY DOES NOT SQU>E ) ! HI/ORICAL RECORD4 .<#i.> 

,5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9ISM F>ES BETT] UND] SCRUT9Y ?AN MAT]IALISM1 S9CE !RE IS A SOLID CORRELATION BETWE5 5VIRONM5TAL FACTORS & SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 WE CAN EASILY FAIL TO NOTICE ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9I/S >E F> BETT] GAMBL]S ?AN !ORETICIANS4 ,ALBEIT ) GREAT ACUITY1 !Y P]=M :AT IS 9 ! 5D A SIMPLE1 IF NOT SIMPLI/IC1 OP]ATION3 ! SELECTION ( GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ?AT ADVANTAGE /ATE =MATION1 LIKE RIV] VALLEYS1 DI/ANCE FROM ! EQUATOR1 F]TILE PLA9S :]E MAJOR IRRIGATION WORKS >E FEASIBLE1 ETC4 ,! PROBLEM IS1 !Y SET !SE FACTORS TO MASQU]ADE AS AN EXPLANATION :5 9 FACT !Y TELL US ABSOLUTELY NO?+ AB\T CAUSATION4 ,?IS IS :]E GAMBL+ COMES 94 ,GEOGRAPHY CLE>LY AIDS OR IMP$ES /ATE =MATION4 ,IF Y\ CAN CORRECTLY ID5TIFY JU/ ONE ( A HUNDR$ FACTORS ?AT MAKE /ATE =MATION MORE FEASIBLE1 GIV5 A BROAD 5\< SAMPLE 7LIKE1 SAY1 ALL ( HUMAN HI/ORY7 Y\ WILL /ATI/ICALLY COME \T ON TOP4 ,?AT DOESN'T MEAN ?AT ! ONE FACTOR Y\ HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ID5TIFY IS ! ONLY FACTOR1 NOR ?AT IT IS A TRIGG] OR CAUSE4 ,:AT IT COMES D[N TO IS ?AT 5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9I/S >E UNABLE TO TAKE ANY S+LE RIV] VALLEY OR F]TILE PLA9 & PR$ICT ?AT 9 A C]TA9 MOM5T 9 HI/ORY1 !RE WILL OR WILL NOT BE A /ATE !RE4 

,H9DSI<T ALSO PLAYS A BIG ROLE4 ,AN ALI5 OBS]V]1 KN[+ ONLY ! GEOGRAPHY ( ,E>? & US+ ! DET]M9I/ ME?OD1 W\LD PROBABLY SELECT ,*9A AS ! LIKELIE/ SPOT = A WORLD-DOM9AT+ /ATE TO EM]GE4 ,WE CAN EXPLA9 :Y ?IS WASN'T ! CASE1 AS ,J>$ ,DIAMOND DOES3 ,*9A HAD TOO MANY FACTORS WORK+ = IT1 ALL[+ POLITICAL UNIFICATION TO OCCUR TOO E>LY1 SO ?AT ! EVOLV+ /ATE DID NOT B5EFIT FROM ! POSITIVE PRESSURE ( A DOZ5 DISUNIFI$1 COMPET+ /ATES1 AS DID ,EUROPE4 ,BUT IT'S ALWAYS EASI] TO TAILOR AN EXPLANATION :5 WE KN[ ! \TCOME4 ,& ,I D\BT ?AT ! 5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9I/S W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PR$ICT ! ALT]NAT+ PATT]NS ( /ATISM & /ATELESSNESS 9 ! ,EUROPEAN SUBCONT95T1 9 ! ,RIF1 OR 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 OR ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE WAG]$ ON ! ,&EAN PLATEAU AS ! LOCUS ( /ATE =MATION 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! ,PLATA OR ,BIO-,BIO RIV] VALLEYS4 

,AL?\< ,J>$ ,DIAMOND1 NE>LY ALONE AMONG NEO-5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9I/S1 HAS GONE A LONG WAY TO DI/ANCE ! !ORY FROM ITS :ITE SUPREMACI/ & COLONIALI/ ORIG9S 7SEE ,FRI$]I* ,RATZEL & ,ELLSWOR? ,HUNT+TON71 HE /ILL RELIES ON AN EXCESSIVELY MONI/IC EXPLANATION = HUMAN SOCIAL EVOLUTION ?AT 5TIRELY CUTS \T ! POLITICAL WILL ( SOCIETIES TO EX]CISE CO]CIVE P[] OR PRACTICE RECIPROCITY & COOP]ATION4 ,)9 HIS OPTIC1 EV]Y SOCIETY1 GIV5 ! PROP] GEOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITY1 WILL DEVELOP A /ATE & COMMIT ! SAME ATROCITIES ( SLAV]Y1 G5OCIDE1 IMP]IALISM1 & EXPLOITATION AS ! ,WE/4 ,?IS />RY-EY$ HUMANISM1 9 ! 5D1 IS AN ALIBI ?AT NATURALIZES & UNIV]SALIZES C]TA9 OPPRESSIVE VALUES PROMOT$ BY ,WE/]N ELITES4 ,ANTI-,WE/]N NATIONALISM IS NOT ! ANSW]1 S9CE ELITES ( O!R CULTURES HAVE ALSO ORGANIZ$ ATROCITIES1 AS ,DIAMOND CORRECTLY PO9TS \T4 ,CA/+ ! PROBLEM AS UNIV]SAL1 & ?US 9EVITABLE1 IS NO?+ BUT COMPLICITY ) ! ATROCITIES \R RUL]S SY/EMATICALLY C>RY \T1 :I* WE CAN *OOSE TO SUPPORT OR RESI/4 ,! ANSW] TO ! QU&>Y LIES 9 ! !ORETICAL REALIZATION ?AT ELITES >\ND ! WORLD MU/ BE ATROCI\S 9 ORD] TO WIELD P[]1 & ! RECOGNITION ?AT TODAY1 ! PR$OM9ANT P[] /RUCTURE1 & ?US ! ONE ?AT IT IS MO/ RELEVANT TO CRITICIZE1 IS ! ONE IMPOS$ BY ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 ,! GRAVE/ CONSEQU5CE ( ,DIAMOND'S HUMANISM1 9SI/+ ?AT EV]YONE EV]Y:]E HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! SAME 7?US1 C>RI]S ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL VALUES7 IS TO 9VISIBILIZE ! V]Y REAL & (T5 EFFECTIVE /RUGGLES = HORIZONTAL1 COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 ,FRE$OM & WELL-BE+ BECOME ! M]E CONSEQU5CES ( EXT]NAL FACTORS4 ,MORAL QUALMS SOLV$3 GET BACK TO WORK4 

,F9ALLY1 PRIMITIVISM CAN MAKE A LEGITIMATE E?ICAL >GUM5T AGA9/ S$5T>Y CIVILIZATION & ANIMAL HUSB&RY1 BUT ON A !ORETICAL LEVEL IT CANNOT ACC\NT = HI]>*ICAL CULTURES 9 SOME HUNT]-GA!R] GR\PS1 NOR = AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES ) HI< POPULATION D5SITIES ?AT W]E RESOLUTELY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & ECOC5TRIC BE=E COLONIZATION4 ,PRIMITIVISM 5JOYS AN ABSOLUTE LEGITIMACY 9S(> AS IT CON/ITUTES A REV9DICATION ( :AT IS PROBABLY ! HEAL?IE/ WAY ?AT PEOPLE CAN RELATE TO !IR 5VIRONM5T1 & A WAY ( LIFE ?AT T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD /ILL PRACTICE1 DESPITE ! EF=TS ( /ATES TO =CIBLY COLONIZE & SETTLE !M4 ,NO SOCIETY IS FREE ?AT DOES NOT P]MIT NOMADISM & ECOC5TRIC =MS ( LIV+2 DEMOCRATIC RI<TS1 SE5 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( HUNT]-GA!R]S1 >E JU/ ANO!R RECIPE = G5OCIDE4 ,PRIMITIVISM1 !RE=E1 IS COMM5DABLE = *AMPION+ :AT ,M>XISM CALL\SLY ASSIGNS TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY & 5VIRONM5TAL DET]M9ISM WRITES (F AS A NONCOMPETITIVE ECONOMIC MODE4 ,BUT ON ! !ORETICAL LEVEL1 PRIMITIVISM IS DEMON/RABLY MI/AK5 AS REG>DS ! ORIG9S ( OPPRESSION & HI]>*Y1 & SU* A MI/AKE IS RELEVANT TO \R ATTEMPTS1 H]E & N[1 TO W9 BACK \R FRE$OM4 ,ALSO1 P>ADOXICALLY1 C]TA9 EXPRESSIONS ( PRIMITIVISM FALL 9TO AN IRONICALLY RATIONALI/ ABSOLUTISM--= EXAMPLE1 9 !IR CONSID]ATION ( LANGUAGE1 TOOLS1 & SOCIAL PLANN+--?AT IS BY NO MEANS A FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( AN ECOC5TRIC OR 0PRIMITIVE0 WORLDVIEW4 ,& C]TA9 EXPRESSIONS ( PRIMITIVISM FALL 9TO ! POSITIVE RACISM ( ROMANTICIZ+ AN EXOTIFI$ ,O!R2 ! T]M ITSELF1 9 FACT1 PRES]VES ! EXOTIFICATION IMPLICIT 9 ! /ATI/ DI*OTOMY BETWE5 ! CIVILIZ$ & ! PRIMITIVE4 

,ALL ?REE ( !SE APPROA*ES1 9 ADDRESS+ ! QUE/ION ( /ATE =MATION1 T5D TO FOCUS ON EXPLA9+ ! CREATION ( ! V]Y FIR/ /ATES RA!R ?AN ! SPREAD & SURVIVAL ( DIFF]5T /ATE MODELS ?AT HAVE BE5 CREAT$ & ADAPT$ ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,AT MO/1 !Y ID5TIFY A ME*ANISM ?AT LIMITS OR IMPELS A UNIL9EAL GR[? 9 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 :E!R ?AT BE GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 OR ! 9N] PR9CIPLES ( CIVILIZATION ITSELF4 ,?IS FOCUS ASSUMES ! ,/ATE TO BE A SUP]IOR MODEL1 A ,P&ORA'S BOX ?AT SPREADS ITS EVIL ?R\<\T ! WORLD FROM ! MOM5T IT IS OP5$4 ,:ILE /ATE ORGANIZATION CAN PRODUCE C]TA9 ADVANTAGES 9 ! CONQUE/ ( O!R SOCIETIES1 ! SUPPOS$ SUP]IORITY ( /ATE ORGANIZATION1 EV5 FROM A /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE-MILIT>Y /&PO9T1 MU/ BE PROBLEMATIZ$4 

,COMPLEM5T>Y TO ! SIMPLI/IC VIEW ( /ATE =MATION IS A SIMPLI/IC VIEW ( /ATELESSNESS1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY RE/RICT$ TO ONE AN?ROPOLOGICAL TYPE1 ! HUNT]-GA!R]4 ,?IS AN?ROPOLOGICAL VIEW IS EI!R FETT]$ BY ! ROMANTICISM ( ! PRIMITIVI/S1 OR ! CONS]VATISM ( A ,H>OLD ,B>CLAY OR ,T$ ,KACZYNSKI1 BO? ( :OM CAN BE COMM5D$ = APPRECIAT+ !IR SUBJECT )\T IMPOS+ A ROSY1 IDYLLIC L5S TO MAKE ! SUBJECT MORE PALATABLE1 BUT NOT = !IR FAILURE TO QUE/ION & RE9T]PRET ! PATRI>*AL & ,EUROC5TRIC E?NOLOGIES ?AT HAVE CORRUPT$ !IR DATA SETS4 .<#a.> ,!Y DEAL1 9 O!R WORDS1 ) AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL VIEW ( /ATELESSNESS ?AT 9T]NALIZES AT LEA/ A P>T ( ! *>ACT]IZATION1 9S]T$ BY ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S1 ( /ATELESS PEOPLES AS /ATIC1 BACKW>DS1 & BRUTI%1 IGNOR+ ! HI/ORICITY ( /ATELESS PEOPLES & !IR ABILITY TO *AMPION & IMPLEM5T IDEALS ( LIB]TY1 H[EV] IMP]FECT ! PRACTICE4 ,LACK+ ?IS VITAL HUMAN ELEM5T1 !Y NONE!LESS CUT ! CRAP & ADVANCE A H>D-TO-DISPUTE CLAIM ?AT ! MIS]Y ( /ATELESSNESS IS F> BETT] ?AN ! MIS]Y ( ! ,/ATE4 

,F> & AWAY ! BE/ AN>*I/ DESCRIPTION ( /ATE =MATION IS ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN'S ,AGA9/ ,HIS-/ORY1 ,AGA9/ ,LEVIA?AN6 .<#a#a.> ,P]LMAN IS WRIT+ MY?1 ?IS IS ! /R5G? & LIMITATION ( HIS ESSAY1 BUT 9 MANY WAYS HE HITS ! NATURE ( /ATE =MATION ON ! HEAD1 PROVID+ A CONV9C+ HI/ORICAL1 /RUCTURAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL EXPLANATION = ! DEVELOPM5T ( /ATES4 ,ON BO? A FACTUAL & MY?ICAL LEVEL1 ! GREATE/ WEAKNESS ( HIS >GUM5T IS ITS UNIT>Y 9T5T4 ,HE TRIES TO PORTRAY A S+LE EV5T ( ORIG9AL /ATE =MATION1 EXPLA9+ ALL O!R /ATES AS CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,MESOPOTAMIAN EXP]I5CE4 ,H]E MORE ?AN ANY:]E ELSE HE CONTRADICTS ! FACTUAL RECORD & GIVES US A MY? ?AT IS PR(\NDLY UNHELPFUL1 ! ,P&ORA'S BOX ( /ATE =MATION1 AN EVIL ?AT ONCE UNLEA%$ CANNOT BE CONTA9$4 

,BECAUSE POLITOG5ESIS .<#a#b.> --/ATE =MATION--HAS T5D$ TO BE SU* A FRAGILE1 FRAGM5T$1 HALT+1 & (T5 UNSUCCESSFUL PROCESS1 ,I WILL FOCUS FIR/ ON ! F> MORE COMMON PH5OM5A ( SECOND>Y /ATE =MATION & /ATE RE-=MATION BE=E WORK+ BACK TO ! R>E OCCURR5CE ( ORIG9AL /ATES =M+ )\T ANY GUID+ MODEL4 ,?IS %\LD ALSO SITUATE ! CONV]SATION :]E IT BELONGS3 H[ TO UND]/& & PREV5T ! RESURG5CE ( /ATE P[] :]EV] IT HAS BE5 TOPPL$1 RA!R ?AN MY/IFY+ ! FIR/ /ATES 9 ORD] TO PLOT ! EXACT AL*EMICAL COMB9ATION ?AT ALL[$ !IR APPE>ANCE4 ,AFT] ALL1 HUMAN SOCIETIES >E CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ ANY?+1 9CLUD+ /ATES4 ,IS IT SU* A MY/]Y ?AT SOCIETIES )\T ! EXP]I5CE TO KN[ IT WAS A V]Y BAD IDEA W\LD DO SU* A ?+8 

,:5 WE TALK AB\T /ATES1 WE %\LD KEEP 9 M9D ?AT WE >E DISCUSS+ A SOCIAL >RANGEM5T ?AT EVOLV$ FOLL[+ A WIDE V>IETY ( EVOLUTION>Y PA?WAYS1 9 V]Y DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 ON DIFF]5T CONT95TS4 ,AS PREVI\SLY M5TION$1 !RE >E ALSO DIFF]5T REASONS = /UDY+ & ?US DEF9+ ! ,/ATE4 

,AS ,H[>D ,Z9N SAID1 0,Y\ CAN'T BE NEUTRAL ON A MOV+ TRA940 ,AN>*I/S /UDY ! ,/ATE 9 ORD] TO ATTACK IT1 & TO CREATE SOME?+ ?AT WILL BE MORE CONDUCIVE TO TOTAL FRE$OM & A HEAL?Y RELATION%IP ) ! PLANET4 ,WE LAY AT ! ,/ATE'S FEET A GREAT MANY ATROCITIES4 ,IT IS ! PRIM>Y CULPRIT = SLAV]Y & G5OCIDE ON EV]Y CONT95T1 = ! WOR/ W>S 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 = MASS 9C>C]ATION1 & = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PLANET4 ,AN>*I/S DEF9E ! ,/ATE AS A C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON CO]CION & ALI5ATION1 ! PRIMORDIAL ALI5ATION BE+ ! !FT ( EA* P]SON'S ABILITY TO DECIDE OV] !IR [N LIVES1 ! SUPPRESSION ( SELF-ORGANIZATION SO ?AT P[] C\LD BE C5TRALIZ$1 DELEGAT$1 & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$4 

,AN>*I/ DEF9ITIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 LIKE ! ONE (F]$ BY ,BAKUN91 T5D TO BE IMPRECISE PRECISELY SO !Y CAN BE 9CLUSIVE4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE NOT D$ICAT$ !IR LIVES TO ! ,IDEA1 ! DREAM ( TOTAL FRE$OM1 OR DI$ ON ! B>RICADES & ON ! SCAFFOLDS TO REPLACE ONE =M ( HI]>*Y ) ANO!R1 S(T] HI]>*Y4 ,A BROAD1 9CLUSIVE DEF9ITION ALL[S AN>*I/S TO CONFRONT DOM9ATION 9 :ATEV] =M IT MI<T TAKE1 9CLUD+ )9 \R [N MOVEM5TS1 & TO BE EV] READY TO ADAPT TO AN UNFOLD+ UND]/&+ ( H[ P[] OP]ATES4 ,AN>*ISM1 !RE=E1 HAS BE5 ABLE TO GR[ BEYOND ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 :I* IT FIR/ A*IEV$ A NAM$ EXI/5CE1 TO RECOGNIZE P>ALLEL ROOTS 9 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN /RUGGLES ON O!R CONT95TS1 TO BECOME A P>T ( E>LY ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLES1 & TO PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ PATRI>*Y4 ,?IS LATT] IS AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE2 PATRI>*Y1 IT TURNS \T1 IS A SY/EM ( OPPRESSION ?AT PREC$ES & CAN EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AN>*ISM1 AS ! =MULATION ( A DESIRE TO COMBAT ALL DOM9ATION1 IS BE/ S]V$ BY A BROAD DEF9ITION BAS$ ON OPPOSITION TO ANY IMP$IM5T TO FRE$OM RA!R ?AN TO A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL /RUCTURE4 

,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S (F] US MORE PRECISE DEF9ITIONS1 ?\< !SE >E DEVOID ( ANY COMMITM5T TO TAKE A /& AGA9/ ELITISM OR DEF5D FREE COMMUNITIES4 ,9 FACT1 !IR MORE ME*ANICAL1 DETA*$ ANALYSIS ALL[S !M TO BE USEFUL TO /ATES4 ,!RE >E C]TA9LY MORE C>E] OPPORTUNITIES 9 ADVIS+ 9T]NATIONAL AG5CIES H[ TO PROP UP FAIL$ /ATES ?AN !RE >E 9 ADVIS+ REBELLI\S MOVEM5TS H[ TO DE/ROY !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! EXT5SIVE RES\RCES !Y COMM& HAVE ALL[$ !M TO MAKE PRECISE DI/9CTIONS & TO %$ LI<T ON EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES ?AT W]E LO/ TO POPUL> MEMORY4 ,SOME ( ! KEY FACTORS ( CURR5T DEF9ITIONS ?AT MAY BE USEFUL TO CONTEMPLATE >E3 

A M9IMUM ( ?REE LEVELS ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION 7E4G4 ! CAPITAL1 PROV9CIAL CAPITALS1 & T[NS OR LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS7 :I* ALL[ = DELEGATION & *A9S ( COMM&2 .<#a#c.> 

UNIT>Y DECISION-MAK+ & AN EXPLICIT *A9 ( COMM&1 :I* IDEALLY DO NOT P]MIT CONTRADICTIONS1 EV5 IF CONTRADICTIONS >E REGUL>LY PRODUC$ 9 PRACTICE 7I4E4 ! :OLE APP>ATUS /RIVES TO AVOID CONTRADICTION1 & :5 DIFF]5T GOV]N+ BODIES >RIVE AT DIFF]5T DECISIONS1 ! CONFLICT MU/ BE >BITRAT$ TO DECIDE :I* BODY HAS JURISDICTION OR CON/ITUTES A SUP]IOR AU?ORITY72 

! ADM9I/RATION ( A R$I/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES1 FROM ! TOIL]S TO GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>IES1 :I* CAN 9CLUDE SYMBOLIC RUL]S1 BUREAUCRATS1 SOLDI]S1 PRIE/S1 & O!RS1 OR TO GOV]NM5T PROJECTS1 SU* AS ! CON/RUCTION ( 9FRA/RUCTURE OR MONUM5TS2 

AU?ORITY ?AT CAN BE DELEGAT$ 7I4E4 IT IS 9/ITUTIONAL RA!R ?AN P]TA9+ EXCLUSIVELY TO A *>ISMATIC 9DIVIDUAL7 & ?AT FL[S FROM A C5TRALIZ$ PO9T ( LEGITIMATION1 (T5 AB/RACT 7! GODS1 ! LAW1 ! PEOPLE72 

?IS C5TRALIZ$ PO9T ( LEGITIMATION1 ?\< IT MAY BE OP]AT$ UPON BY A V>IETY ( 9/ITUTIONS & SOCIAL GR\PS1 IS COLLECTIVELY HELD TO BE S+UL>1 & 9 ITS IDEAL =M H>BORS NO 9N] CONTRADICTIONS1 DESPITE 9CESSANT /RUGGLES BY ELITE FACTIONS TO CONTROL IT2 

ID5TITY & AU?ORITY >E T]RITORIAL RA!R ?AN K9%IP-BAS$ 7AL?\< NEW /ATES >E R>ELY P[]FUL 5\< TO FULLY SUPPRESS ! K9%IP P>ADIGM1 & HAVE TO GRADUALLY UND]M9E IT :ILE ALSO MAK+ USE ( IT1 ALL[+ T]RITORIAL & K9%IP P>ADIGMS TO COEXI/72 ! EXECUTION ( W>-MAK+1 PUNI%M5T1 CONFLICT RESOLUTION1 & NORMATIVE AU?ORITIES1 & ! 9T5T TO MONOPOLIZE !SE AU?ORITIES4 

,! A/UTE READ] WILL NOTICE A SUB/ANTIAL GAP BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES ( DEF9ITION4 ,9 FACT !RE HAVE BE5 A GREAT MANY SOCIETIES ?AT W]E NOT AN>*IC1 ?AT HAD H]$IT>Y OR RELIGI\S ELITES & DID NOT PLACE A HI< VALUE ON ! REJECTION ( AU?ORITY1 BUT HAD LITTLE OR NO CO]CIVE P[]S & NO BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION2 P]HAPS ! ELITES W]E NOT EV5 ABLE TO P>ASITICALLY EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( !IR SUBORD9ATES & NEI<BORS4 ,! ACADEMIC DEF9ITION1 FOCUS$ ON EXACT TYPOLOGIES1 CANNOT 9CLUDE SU* POLITIES AS /ATES4 ,?IS REFLECTS SCI5TI/S' COLONIAL PA/ & PRES5T2 ! IMPLICIT PURPOSE ( !IR DEF9ITION IS TO SPREAD ! MODEL & OV]SEE ! EVOLUTION ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES 9TO ! CLUB ( /ATEHOOD4 ,BECAUSE ! AN>*I/S' DEF9ITION IS E?ICAL1 & !IR GOAL IS JU/ ! OPPOSITE--TO DE/ROY /ATE ORGANIZATION & HELP SOCIETIES FREE !MSELVES FROM CO]CIVE AU?ORITY--!Y CANNOT GIVE A FREE PASS TO HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES ?AT LACK ! DEGREE ( /RATIFICATION & 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ?AT ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E LOOK+ =4 ,! AMBIGUITY CREAT$ BY RELY+ ON TWO DIFF]5T DEF9ITIONS ) A VA/ GRAY SPACE BETWE5 !M DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 PRES5T ANY REAL ME?ODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS = MY 9VE/IGATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! 9T]M$IATE GR\P ?AT 9HABITS ?IS GRAY SPACE IS ( GREAT !ORETICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,SOMETIMES1 0GRAY0 POLITIES RESI/$ TRANSITION+ TO /ATEHOOD1 :ILE 9 O!R CASES !Y DEVELOP$ /ATES AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY4 ,DIFF]5T CASE /UDIES CAN HELP ILLU/RATE ! ROLE ?AT ECONOMICS1 SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 & CULTURE PLAY$ 9 ?IS OP5-5D$ EVOLUTION4 

,N[ WE KN[ :AT WE >E LOOK+ = :5 WE 9VE/IGATE POLITOG5ESIS1 & WE KN[ ! SORTS ( EXPLANATIONS ?AT >E 9ADEQUATE OR DISCR$IT$4 ,9 BROAD /ROKES1 !N1 H[ CAN WE EXPLA9 /ATE =MATION8 ,IT IS N[ UND5IABLE ?AT !RE >E MULTIPLE PA?WAYS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( /ATES4 ,I WILL NOT (F] A S+LE CAUSE NOR A S+LE EVOLUTION>Y MODEL4 ,!RE >E SEV]AL MODELS WE C\LD CONSID]1 BUILD+ (F ! WORK ( A GREAT MANY SPECIALI/S4 ,H[EV]1 )9 EA* MODEL1 ,I F9D MORE P>TICUL>ITIES ?AN SIMIL>ITIES4 ,AS SU*1 ?R\<\T ! FOLL[+ *APT]S1 :I* >E DIVID$ !MATICALLY1 ,I HI<LI<T ! BASIC MODELS :5 !Y APPE>1 BUT PLACE ! WEI<T ( ! N>RATIVE ON ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( EA* CASE4 ,?IS MAY NOT BE ! BE/ =MAT = RAPID SUMM>IZ+1 BUT ITS ADVANTAGE IS 9 AVOID+ POT5TIALLY DOGMATIC SIMPLIFICATIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

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