,*APT] #i 
,ALL 9 ! ,FAMILY3 ,K9%IP & ,/ATEHOOD 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,I,X4 ,ALL 9 ! ,FAMILY3 ,K9%IP & ,/ATEHOOD 

,?R\<\T A BROAD SWA? ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! ACCUMULATION ( /ATUS WAS MORE FEASIBLE ?AN ! ACCUMULATION ( MAT]IAL WEAL?4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT 9 SOME1 IF NOT MANY1 SOCIETIES1 ! FAMILY /RUCTURE EVOLV$ TO 5ABLE ! 9H]ITANCE ( /ATUS & *>ISMA BE=E IT WAS PUT 9 USE TO FACILITATE ! 9H]ITANCE ( PROP]TY4 ,9 FACT1 ALI5ABLE PROP]TY 7! LIB]AL 0PRIVATE PROP]TY07 LONG PO/DATES FAMILIAL DESC5T GR\PS1 !RE=E ! K9D ( PROP]TY PASS$ ON BY ! FAMILY W\LD BE USUFRUCT PROP]TY1 ! RI<T TO USE A PIECE ( L& BELONG+ TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,! TWO K9DS ( 9H]ITANCE POT5TIALLY W5T H& 9 H&4 ,A HI<-/ATUS FAMILY CLAIM+ DESC5T FROM A *>ISMATIC1 MY?OLOGIZ$ P]SONALITY OR FROM ! ORIG9AL F\ND]S ( A COMMUNITY MI<T CLAIM EXCLUSIVE ACCESS TO IMPORTANT ROLES 9 COMMUNITY RITUALS1 CEM5T+ !IR /ATUS1 AS WELL AS EXCLUSIVE ACCESS TO ! BE/ ( ! COMMONS 7! BE/ FIELDS OR FI%+ SPOTS1 FIR/ PICK 9 A H>VE/71 AVAIL+ !MSELVES ( PRIME OPPORTUNITIES = ! MO/ LAVI% GIFT-GIV+1 FUR!R PRODUC+ /ATUS )9 ! COMMUNITY4 

,TWO P]SI/5T EXAMPLES ?AT HAVE C>RI$ OV] TO MOD]N TIMES ILLU/RATE H[ FAMILIES CAN FUNCTION AS ME*ANISMS = ! ACCUMULATION ( /ATUS4 ,9 ! ,PATUM FE/IVAL 9 ,B]GA1 TO NAME JU/ ONE ( ! POPUL> FE/IVALS ?AT OCCUR 9 EV]Y T[N1 VILLAGE1 & NEI<BORHOOD ?R\<\T ,CATALUNYA1 MANY ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS--:O BE>S :I* MY?ICAL ANIMAL 9 ! PROCESSIONAL DANCES1 :O GETS TO DRESS UP AS :AT-->E H]$IT>Y4 ,N[ADAYS1 !SE ROLES >E A M>K ( PRIDE1 BUT 9 /ATELESS1 NON-9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES 9 :I* SPIRITUAL RITUALS W]E ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT GU>ANTORS ( SOCIAL COHESION1 ACQUIR+ & MA9TA9+ SU* A ROLE WAS ! CONTEMPOR>Y EQUIVAL5T ( SITT+ ON A GOLDM9E4 

,9 HIS MAGI/]IAL HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ,KROPOTK9 NOTES ! IMPORTANT CLASS DIVISION 9 ! RURAL VILLAGES BETWE5 CITIZ5S & 9HABITANTS4 ,?OSE :O ID5TIFI$ AS CITIZ5S1 ?US PROJECT+ !MSELVES 9TO ! SAME CLASS AS ! BUR<]S OR B\RGEOISIE ( ! T[NS & CITIES 7& 9 ALL ?REE ETYMOLOGIES1 L+UI/ICALLY ATTA*+ !MSELVES TO ! CITIES71 W]E ! BETT]-(F F>M]S :O CLAIM$ DESC5T FROM ! ORIG9AL F\ND]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,!SE1 9 !IR OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 FAVOR$ ! ALI5ATION--9 PRIVATIZ$1 9DIVIDUALIZ$ LOTS--( ! VILLAGE COMMONS3 ! FIELDS1 ! =E/S1 ! PA/URES & WA/E L&S1 ?AT ! PEASANTS COLLECTIVELY T5D$ = !IR SUBSI/5CE4 ,! O!RS1 ! 9HABITANTS1 :O W]E (T5 MORE NUM]\S1 W]E SAID TO BE REC5T >RIVALS GIV5 P]MISSION TO SETTLE 9 ! COMMUNITY BY ! MAGNANIM\S CITIZ5S1 ?\< !Y MAY HAVE BE5 LIV+ !RE = G5]ATIONS4 ,!Y OV]:ELM+LY FAVOR$ ! PRES]VATION ( ! COMMONS4 

,! RELATION%IP H]E EXPRESS$ PULLS US 9 TWO 9T]E/+ DIRECTIONS4 ,GO+ BACK1 WE CAN IMAG9E H[ 9T]E/$ P>TIES 9 AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY1 9 :I* COMMUNAL RELATIONS W]E PR$OM9ANT & HI]>*IES HAD LITTLE OR NO MAT]IAL BACK+1 C\LD PRODUCE AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T ON ! PA? T[>DS GREAT] HI]>*Y4 ,AGA9/ ! CEASELESS MOVEM5TS ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 !Y C\LD 9SI/ ?AT \TSID]S 7W&]]S OR REFUGEES ( W>1 FAM9E1 OR POLITICAL DOM9ATION7 BE ALL[$ TO SETTLE 9 ! COMMUNITY ONLY IF !Y W]E GRANT$ FEW] RI<TS TO ! COMMONS ?AN ! NATIVE-BORN COMMUNITY MEMB]S4 ,SU* A SOCIAL CONS5SUS1 EV5 ?\< IT W\LD LAY ! BASIS = AN UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL ( 9EQUALITY1 C\LD BE EASILY WON 9 A HORIZONTAL SOCIETY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT APPEALS TO ! COMMONS5SE NOTION ( 0FIR/ COME1 FIR/ S]VE0 & TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ! FACT ?AT ! NEWCOM]S >E ASK+ A FAVOR 7ACCEPTANCE 9 ! COMMUNITY7 & >E !RE=E NOT 9 A GOOD POSITION TO NEGOTIATE ! CONDITIONS ( !IR ACCEPTANCE4 

,CLE>LY1 A COMMUNITY ?AT EMPHASIZ$ SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID W\LD NEV] BE SO /+Y2 UNLESS ! /REAM ( NEWCOM]S W]E TOO GREAT TO ABSORB1 !Y W\LD WELCOME !M TO =M A P>T ( ! COMMUNITY ) NO /R+S ATTA*$4 ,BUT A COMMUNITY ?AT DID NOT UND]TAKE CON/ANT EF=TS TO 9CULCATE FEEL+S ( G5]OSITY W\LD LOOK ON NEWCOM]S ) MISGIV+ & AV>ICE1 :ILE ! AU?ORIT>IAN-M9D$ W\LD LOOK = A WAY TO PR(IT FROM ! NEW >RANGEM5T4 ,AGA9 WE SEE H[ IMPORTANT ! CULTURAL VALUES ( A SOCIETY >E 9 DET]M9+ H[ IT EVOLVES4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! /+Y SOCIETY1 ! NEW PROTO-CA/E ( DEP5D5TS W\LD BE ALL[$ TO WORK ! COMMUNAL L&S1 BUT ONLY IF !Y GAVE AWAY A P>T ( !IR PRODUCE AS AN OBLIGATORY GIFT4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 !Y C\LD BE APPROPRIAT$ AS ! DEP5D5TS ( ONE OR ANO!R FAMILY1 AS A WAY TO ADM9I/] !IR 9TEGRATION 9TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,SU* A SOCIAL /RUCTURE W\LD NOT BREAK ) ! COMMUNAL ECONOMY OR 5ABLE ! ACCUMULATION ( MAT]IAL WEAL?1 BUT IT W\LD ACCU/OM MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY TO 9EQUALITIES 9 RI<TS & 9 QUALITY ( LIV+1 & IT W\LD 5ABLE ! PRODUCTION ( EV5 GREAT] 9EQUALITIES ( /ATUS AS ! BIG FAMILIES R$I/RIBUT$ A P>T ( ! PRODUCTION ( !IR DEP5D5TS4 ,IT W\LD ALSO PROVIDE A READY ME*ANISM = ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? 7PRODUCTIVE DEP5D5TS7 ONCE ! COMMUNAL RELATION W]E SET ASIDE4 ,ALL ( !SE FEATURES DEP5D ON ! FAMILY /RUCTURE 9 ORD] TO BE REALIZ$4 

,& TO DIGRESS A MOM5T & TRACE ?IS RELATION%IP =W>D TO ! PRES5T1 WE UNMASK AN IMPORTANT FRAUD 9 ! DEMOCRATIC IDEOLOGY4 ,RI<TS1 AS WE KN[1 P]TA9 TO ADULT CITIZ5S4 ,WE >E TAU<T ?AT !Y >E UNIV]SAL1 & SIMULTANE\SLY TRA9$ TO IGNORE ! EXCLUD$ CATEGORIES AS EXCEPTIONAL1 M9UTE1 & 9CONSEQU5TIAL4 ,IMMIGRANTS MAY NOT 5JOY ALL !SE RI<TS1 BUT WE >E MEANT TO ?9K ( !M AS A T9Y SECTOR1 :O1 9 ANY CASE1 >E ON ! WAY TO ATTA9+ !IR FULL 9CLUSION4 

,9 REALITY1 DEMOCRACY 9 ITS ORIG9S 7AS MU* ITS MY?ICAL ORIG9S 9 ,GREECE & ,ROME AS ITS 9/ITUTIONAL ORIG9S 9 ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ,FRANCE7 HAS ALWAYS RELI$ ON ! EXPLOITATION ( A SUB/ANTIAL UND]CLASS4 ,9 REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE1 ! CITIZ5S W]E ! WELL-TO-DO P>T ( ! POPULATION4 ,! O!RS1 M]E 9HABITANTS1 W]E 9T5D$ TO BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! NEW SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! CATEGORY ( CITIZ51 FROM ! BEG9N+1 WAS 9T5D$ TO BE EXCLUSION>Y1 NOT 9CLUSION>Y4 ,! FACT ?AT IT ATTA9S A UNIV]SAL AURA IS ONLY DUE TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?AT :I* HAS BE5 EXCLUD$1 A PROCESS ( 9VISIBILIZATION ?AT ONLY 9T5SIFIES ! ORIG9AL EXCLUSION4 ,SU* A REVELATION FUR!R AFFIRMS ! EMPHASIS ?AT AN>*I/ !ORY PLACES ON ! M>G9AL AS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN :AT A SOCIETY HOLDS TO BE C5TRAL 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SY/EMIC LANGUAGES1 CULTURES1 & LOGICS4 .<#a#b#h.> 

,RETURN+ TO ! QUE/ION ( /ATUS & FAMILY1 WE NE$ TO WORK \T :AT K9D ( FAMILY /RUCTURES 5ABLE ! ACCUMULATION ( /ATUS1 ! /RATIFICATION ( SOCIETY1 & ! =MATION ( /ATES4 ,WE CAN />T BY LOOK+ AT ! FAMILY /RUCTURES ( RESOLUTELY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,!Y T5D TO BE NON-PATRI>*AL1 ?\< BO? MATRILOCAL & PATRILOCAL EXAMPLES AB\ND4 .<#a#b#i.> ,COLLECTIVE HOMES1 CONSI/+ ( L>GE EXT5D$ FAMILIES1 .<#a#c.> >E COMMON AMONG ! S$5T>Y1 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS ( EA/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ! ,AMAZON ,BAS9 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 

,WE CAN F9D AN EXCEPTION AMONG ! PRES5T-DAY ,MAPU*E4 ,TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES >E RESOLUTELY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & AS /ATELESS AS CONDITIONS P]MIT1 & !Y T5D TO LIVE 9 SEP>ATE RESID5CES ( NUCLE> FAMILIES4 ,BIL9EAL K9%IP IS A COMMON FEATURE1 MEAN+ 9DIVIDUALS TRACE !IR DESC5T & !IR RELATIONS ?R\< BO? ! MO!R & ! FA!R 7! MATRIL9E & ! PATRIL9E74 ,)9 ,MAPU*E COMMUNITIES1 !RE >E TRADITIONAL POSITIONS ( /ATUS1 BUT !Y DO NOT ADH]E TO K9%IP L9EAGES NOR DO !Y FUNCTION AS HI]>*ICAL /ATUS4 ,IF WE ONLY HAD ! ACC\NTS ( ,WE/]N OBS]V]S1 WE MI<T HAVE ASSUM$ ! ,MAPU*E TO BE ANO!R PRIMITIVE HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY RUL$ OV] BY *IEFS1 ! LONGKO1 BUT = ! RESI/ANCE & ! PRES]VATION ( !IR TRADITIONS BY ! ,MAPU*E !MSELVES4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! LONGKO1 !RE >E ALSO ! W]K51 :O PLAY ! ROLE ( MESS5G]S & ORGANIZ]S 9 COMMUNITY WORKS & 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 COMMUNITIES2 ! MA*I1 A M$IC9E MAN OR WOMAN2 ! LAW5TU*EFE1 :O SPECIALIZES 9 A KN[L$GE ( PLANTS2 ! GUTAM*EFE1 :O SPECIALIZES 9 ! SKELETAL SY/EMS ( HUMANS & O!R ANIMALS2 PELON1 A DIV9]2 ! WEUPIFE1 A COMMUNITY HI/ORIAN2 & O!RS4 .<#a#c#a.> ,ALL ( !SE ROLES BR+ SPECIAL RECOGNITION & /ATUS1 BUT !Y C>RY NEI!R CO]CIVE AU?ORITY NOR MAT]IAL PRIVILEGES4 ,9 TRADITIONAL ,MAPU*E COMMUNITIES TODAY1 ONE CAN OBS]VE H[ BE+ A LONGKO OR A W]K5 ABOVE ALL MEANS HAV+ RESPONSIBILITIES & WORK+ EXTRA H>D = ! GOOD ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,?R\< A ,EUROC5TRIC1 CRATOC5TRIC E?NOLOGY1 WE W\LD ONLY BE FAMILI> ) ! FIGURE ( ! *IEF1 & IT W\LD BE H>D] TO 5VISION ! RECIPROCAL1 COMPLEM5T>Y1 0CIRCUL>0 WAYS 9 :I* P[] IS %>$ 9 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,?\< ,MAPU*E FAMILY /RUCTURES MAY NOT BE ! MO/ TYPICAL ( SU* SOCIETIES1 ! MULTIPLICITY & COMPLEM5T>ITY ( P[] PROBABLY IS4 

,9 HIS WRIT+S ON ! V>I\S SOCIETIES ( ! ,AMAZON ,BAS91 ,CLA/RES DISCUSSES H[ !SE HORIZONTAL1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES PRES]VE !IR BIL9EAL TRAC+ ( K9%IP & ! SEP>ATE ID5TITY ( EXT5D$ FAMILIES )9 A COMMUNITY1 AS A WAY TO PREV5T ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! RESID5TIAL COMMUNITY OR ! EM]G5CE ( SEP>ATE L9EAGES & CLANS 7K9%IP /RUCTURES ASSOCIAT$ ) GREAT] HI]>*Y74 ,ADULTS T5D TO LIVE 9 A S+LE COMMUNITY1 & !Y HAVE LITTLE CONTACT ) ! ORIG9AL COMMUNITY ( !IR MO!R OR FA!R 7DEP5D+ ON :E!R !Y >E PATRILOCAL OR MATRILOCAL71 MEAN+ IT W\LD BE EASY = !M TO ONLY TRACE ONE L9E ( K9%IP--?R\< ! MATRIL9E IF !Y >E MATRILOCAL & ?R\< ! PATRIL9E IF !Y >E PATRILOCAL4 ,!IR 9SI/5CE ON A MORE EXPANSIVE VIEW ( K9%IP CAN BE READ AS A ME?OD = CREAT+ MORE NUM]\S HORIZONTAL TIES & PREV5T+ ! C5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 ATOMIZ$ COMMUNITIES OR SEP>ATE L9EAGES4 .<#a#c#b.> 

,REF]R+ TO ! /ATELESS SOCIETIES ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT DESCRIBES FAMILIES ?AT >E SO EXPANSIVE & MULTIL9E> ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS CAN NOT ONLY CLAIM K9%IP ) A L>GE NUMB] ( FAMILIES & COMMUNITIES1 !Y CAN EV5 CLAIM MULTIPLE E?NICITIES1 A USEFUL RES\RCE = PEOPLES :O NE$ TO ASSURE !IR SURVIVAL ?R\< HORIZONTAL RELATIONS1 :O (T5 HAVE TO FLEE /ATE >MIES & SLAVE-RAID+ P>TIES1 & :O CON/ANTLY RESI/ /ATE EF=TS TO HOMOG5IZE POT5TIAL SUBJECTS4 

,AMONG NOMADIC ,MBUTI COMMUNITIES1 ,COL9 ,TURNBULL DESCRIB$ ! HABIT ( CLAIM+ K9%IP RELATIONS ) EV]Y O!R MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY1 AS WELL AS ) NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R COMMON ANCE/ORS OR BLOOD RELATIONS W]E A G5ETIC 0FACT40 ,TRADITIONALLY1 K9%IP RELATIONS W]E DELIB]ATELY AMBIGU\S1 ALL ! ADULTS ( A COMMUNITY W]E P>5TS TO ALL ! *ILDR51 & ALL ! *ILDR5 ( ! SAME AGE GR\P W]E SIBL+S4 ,9 FACT1 ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ REPORTS ?AT ! ,MBUTI GOT ANNOY$ :5 HE TRI$ TO MAP \T A 0FACTUAL0 FAMILY TREE ( ! COMMUNITY TO ASC]TA9 :O1 )9 A ,WE/]N CONCEPTION1 WAS RELAT$ & :O WAS NOT4 .<#a#c#c.> 

,SOCIETIES )\T AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN E?OS1 WE CAN SURMISE1 TREAT$ RELATIONS NOT AS AN OPPORTUNITY = EV]YONE'S MUTUAL 5RI*M5T1 BUT AS A RES\RCE TO BE CONTROLL$4 ,& = SOMEONE TO GA9 P[] FROM ACCESS TO A RES\RCE1 !Y FIR/ MU/ MAKE ?AT RES\RCE >TIFICIALLY SC>CE4 ,9 FACT1 ! :OLE ,WE/]N CONCEPT ( AN 0OBJECTIVE0 K9%IP BAS$ ON %>$ G5ETIC MAT]IAL1 OR 9 E>LI] T]MS1 0BLOOD10 IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A MASSIVE MY?ICAL JU/IFICATION = LIMIT+ FAMILIAL RELATIONS4 

,UNIL9EAL DESC5T 5ABLES A SOCIETY TO BREAK 9TO DI/9CT L9EAGES OR CLANS1 & !SE L9EAGES CAN ATTEMPT TO ACCUMULATE /ATUS UNTIL ONE L9EAGE W9S A PRIVILEG$ POSITION4 ,REF]R+ TO ! HI]>*ICAL ,LUA 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,SCOTT WRITES3 0L9EAGES >E RANK$2 !Y JOCKEY = /ATUS2 & P>T ( ! JOCKEY+ RE/S ON CLAIMS TO SUP]IORITY BAS$ ON DIFF]5T1 & FABRICAT$1 ORIG9 MY?S & G5EALOGIES40 .<#a#c#d.> 

,?R\< ! UNEQUAL ACCUMULATION ( H]$IT>Y /ATUS1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY CAN SUBDIVIDE 9TO MULTIPLE RANK$ L9EAGES1 =M+ A COMPLEX HI]>*Y4 ,) \TSID]S BE+ GIV5 P]MISSION TO LIVE ON ! SOCIETY'S T]RITORY ON ! CONDITION ?AT !Y ACCEPT FEW] RI<TS1 A CA/E ( DEP5D5TS C\LD ALSO >ISE1 GIV+ EV5 MORE PRIVILEGES1 /ATUS1 & ECONOMIC B5EFITS TO ! HI<]-RANK$ L9EAGES4 

,BUT BE=E SU* A SOCIETY C\LD SU/A9 /ATE =MATION1 IT W\LD NE$ TO UND]GO O!R TRANS=MATIONS4 ,A SOCIETY ACCU/OM$ TO 9EQUALITY & ) A HI]>*ICAL DI/RIBUTION ( PRIVILEGES /ILL HAS NOT SUNK L[ 5\< TO LEGITIMIZE & NORMALIZE CO]CION1 ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE1 AGA9/ ! L[E/ RANK$ MEMB]S ( SOCIETY OR TO BREAK ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA ( RECIPROCITY OR ! PRACTICE ( COMMUNAL OR COLLECTIVE PROP]TY4 ,! SOCIETY'S T]RITORY /ILL BELONGS TO EV]YONE1 & ! /ATUS ( ! HI<E/-RANK$ L9EAGES /ILL DEP5DS ON !IR G5]OSITY4 ,IF !Y BEG9 TO ACT 9 AN AUTOCRATIC WAY1 !Y C\LD FEASIBLY LOSE !IR /ATUS & DROP 9 ! RANK+S4 

,!RE EXI/S A CRITICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A RANK$ SOCIETY & A /RATIFI$ SOCIETY4 .<#a#c#e.> ,A RANK$ SOCIETY IS /ILL1 9 MANY WAYS1 A M]ITOCRACY4 ,:ATEV] ! CRIT]IA = /ATUS1 ! L9EAGES /ILL HAVE TO E>N IT4 ,RANK$ /ATUS CAN & DOES *ANGE1 & SU* A HI]>*Y IS TOO FLEXIBLE & UN/ABLE A BASE TO SUPPORT ! UNWIELDY WEI<T ( A /ATE4 ,A /RATIFI$ SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 POSITS AN ESS5TIAL & !RE=E AN O/5SIBLY UN*ANGEABLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T CLANS OR O!R SOCIAL GR\P+S1 ?US CREAT+ A /ABLE1 LAY]$ ORGANIZATION ( CA/ES1 CLASSES1 OR ORD]S4 .<#a#c#f.> ,SU* AN >RANGEM5T ALL[S ! CONCEPT ( NOBILITY TO EM]GE1 P]MITT+ ! P]MAN5T DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO NOBLES & COMMON]S4 

,:AT DOES SU* A TRANS=MATION REQUIRE8 ,! ONLY POSSIBLE FACTOR ,I HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ID5TIFY IS W>F>E4 ,! IRREP>ABLE DIVISION ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ ON ! GRAVE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,! ONLY WAY TO BREAK ! LIV+ CONNECTION BETWE5 MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY IS ?R\< COLD1 CALCULAT$ MURD]2 ONLY SU* A LEVEL ( PSY*OLOGICAL DI/ANCE C\LD P]MIT ONE TO =CIBLY *ANGE ANO!R'S CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,P]MAN5TLY DIVID+ SOCIETY DEM&S ! ORGANIZ$ SPILL+ ( BLOOD & ! VANQUI%+ ( ?OSE POPULATIONS ?AT WILL MAKE UP ! L[] ORD]S4 

,SU* A SOCIETY1 9 !ORY1 W\LD /ILL PRACTICE COMMUNAL OR COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 ?\< ! COMMON]S1 AS DEP5D5TS1 W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO GIVE A P>T ( !IR PRODUCE TO ! NOBLES 9 ?AT DI/ORT$1 ASYMMETRICAL1 & CO]C$ V]SION ( RECIPROCITY ?AT BECOMES ! BASIS = ! /ATE RELATION%IP4 

,N[1 ! NOBILITY MU/ ADVANCE 9 !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IF !Y >E TO A*IEVE /ATE =MATION1 = !IR ABILITY TO EX]CISE CO]CION & TO EXT5D !IR P[] BEYOND A S+LE COMMUNITY OR T[N WILL PROBABLY /ILL BE LIMIT$4 

,! L9EAGE COMPETITION CAN PROVIDE A SOLUTION4 ,A *>ISMATIC MAN FROM A LEAD+ L9EAGE1 USUALLY BO? A SKILL$ MILIT>Y COMM&]1 AN EFFECTIVE ORATOR1 & A LUCID ORGANIZ]1 CAN UNITE MULTIPLE *IEFDOMS 9TO A S+LE CONF$]ATION 7OR1 JU/ AS (T51 HE CAN CREATE A POSITION ( C5TRAL LEAD]%IP )9 A PREEXI/+ CONF$]ATION74 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! MO/ LIKELY \TCOME ( SU* ALLIANCES IS DISSOLUTION & FRAGM5TATION1 AFT] OR EV5 BE=E ! DEA? ( ! *>ISMATIC LEAD]4 ,BUT IF HIS CLOSE/ COLLABORATORS CAN SUCCE$ 9 CREAT+ AN EFFECTIVE C\RT ( ADVIS]S1 DIGNIT>IES1 & FUNCTION>IES1 ?AT C\RT CAN ASSURE ! 9/ITUTIONAL TRANSITION ( P[]1 POT5TIALLY D5OT+ ! TRANSITION TO /ATEHOOD4 

,AN EFFECTIVE TRANSITION MAY BE AID$ BY1 OR IT MAY PRODUCE1 A C]TA9 9NOVATION ?AT FACILITAT$ MANY PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION3 ! FUR!R SUBDIVISION ( ! NOBILITY ) ! EM]G5CE ( A ROYAL L9EAGE1 A FAMILY GR\P ?AT ! O!R NOBLE L9EAGES LEGITIMIZE & CONSID] UNIQUELY 5D[$ TO RULE ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,! 9NOVATION ( ROYALTY BR+S NEW /ABILITY TO ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 POT5TIALLY 5D+ OR AT LEA/ LIMIT+ ! CONT9U$ JOCKEY+ = RANK & /ATUS BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T ELITE L9EAGES4 

,EUROPEAN ROYALTY W]E SIMPLY NOBLE FAMILIES1 !MSELVES JU/ ! EVOLUTION ( ! W>RIOR CLASS 9 A TRIP>TITE SY/EM1 :O SUCCE$$ 9 UNIT+ A L>GE T]RITORY 7I4E4 ONE ?AT 9CLUD$ MULTIPLE LESS EFFECTIVE *IEFS OR K+S7 OV] MULTIPLE G5]ATIONS4 ,AMONG ! NOMADIC ,SCY?IANS1 ! F\ND]S ( ! FIR/ 0NOMADIC EMPIRE10 ! CLAN ( ! ,ROYAL ,SCY?S CLAIM$ DESC5T FROM ! MO/ PRE/IGI\S ( ! ?REE BRO!RS REMEMB]$ 9 LEG5D AS ! F\ND]S ( ! ,SCY?IAN TRIBES4 ,! ,ROYAL ,SCY?S NOT ONLY CLAIM$ ! BE/ PA/URE L&S1 !Y ALSO FURNI%$ ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 TIMES :5 ! NOMADS OCCUPI$ & ADM9I/]$ S$5T>Y CIVILIZATIONS !Y HAD CONQU]$4 

,WE CAN CALL ?IS ! ROYAL C\RT /ATE4 ,?IS MODEL BR+S US TO ! CUSP ( A NEW CATEGORY1 PRIM>Y /ATE =MATION1 PROCESSES ( POLITOG5ESIS ?AT SOCIETIES UND]W5T )\T ! GUIDANCE OR PRESSURE ( ANY PREEXI/+ /ATE4 ,! ,>YAN /ATES 9 ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T DISPLAY MANY *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS MODEL1 ?\< IT IS UNC]TA9 IF ?OSE QUALIFY AS PRIM>Y /ATES OR IF ! ,>YANS W]E FAMILI> ) ! /ATES ?AT HAD ALREADY =M$ F>!R WE/4 ,GIV5 ! TRANS=MATIVE FUNCTION ( W>F>E )9 ?IS MODEL & ! EXP$I5CY ( CONQU]+ O!R POPULATIONS TO CREATE UND]CLASSES1 ! ROYAL C\RT /ATE HAS MU* 9 COMMON ) ! CONQUE/ /ATE1 ALREADY DISCUSS$4 ,H[EV]1 ! =M] T5DS TO BE A SL[]1 MORE FRAGM5T$ & HALT+ PROCESS ?AN ! LATT]4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! CONQUE/ /ATE1 ! W>RIOR CLASS ?AT CON/ITUTES ! POLITOG5 HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ SOME K9D ( CULTURAL TUTELAGE FROM A PREEXI/+ /ATE1 :I* ALL[S !M TO ]ECT !IR [N /ATE MORE QUICKLY4 

,! S]VICE ( AN EFFECTIVE W>RIOR CLASS IS NOT ! ONLY WAY A DOM9ANT L9EAGE CAN CEM5T ITS P[]4 ,ONE IMPORTANT S\RCE ( /ATUS 9 ! RANK+ COMPETITION IS CLAIM$ DESC5T FROM FAM\S ANCE/ORS4 ,!SE ANCE/ORS CAN BE 5TIRELY MY?ICAL FIGURES OR REAL PEOPLE :OSE A*IEVEM5TS TAKE ON ADD$ SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE AFT] !IR DEA?S1 SU* AS =EFA!RS ( ! L9EAGE1 F\ND]S ( CITIES1 TAM]S ( WILD]NESS1 BUILD]S ( IRRIGATION OR MONUM5TS1 DELIV]]S FROM SLAV]Y OR H>D%IP1 CONQU]ORS ( T]RITORY1 VANQUI%]S ( 5EMIES4 ,!Y >E NE>LY ALWAYS M51 GIV5 ?AT AS F> AS WE KN[1 ALL /ATES & PROTO-/ATES HAVE >IS5 FROM PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES4 

,ANCE/OR WOR%IP CREATES AN IMPORTANT CIRCUIT 9 ! CONC5TRATION ( P[]4 ,TO 9CREASE ITS [N PRE/IGE1 A L9EAGE ?AT HAS BE5 ABLE TO CLAIM A C]TA9 ANCE/OR WILL 9T5SIFY !IR WOR%IP ( ?AT ANCE/OR1 :I* ALSO MEANS !Y MU/ MAKE ! ANCE/OR EV] MORE WOR%IPABLE4 ,! RESULT AUGM5TS BO? ! L9EAGE & ! ANCE/OR4 ,IT SEEMS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE ?AT ! ANCE/ORS EV5TUALLY ATTA9 DIV9ITY1 EI!R AS A GOD'S FAVORITE MORTAL1 ! SON ( A GOD1 OR A GOD 9 HIS [N RI<T4 ,IT IS HI<LY PLAUSIBLE ?AT 9 AT LEA/ SOME PA?WAYS ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( GODS IS A CIVILIZATION EFFECT & A RELATIVELY REC5T 9V5TION1 RESULT+ FROM ! MULTIG5]ATIONAL RITUAL EXAGG]ATION SURR\ND+ FAM\S ANCE/ORS4 

,ONCE ! PRE/IGI\S ANCE/ORS BECOME DIV9E1 ! L9EAGE ?AT CLAIMS !M WILL NE$ HI<LY SPECIALIZ$1 ELABORATE RITUALS TO MA9TA9 !IR MONOPOLY4 ,& ?IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY WILL REQUIRE SPECIALIZ$ PRIE/S TO HONOR ! ANCE/ORS1 MA9TA9 !IR FAVOR1 & SECURE !IR BLESS+S4 ,P[]FUL ANCE/ORS CAN BE CR$IT$ ) BR++ RA91 F]TILITY1 GOOD =TUNE 9 TRADE & W>F>E1 & PROTECTION FROM 5EMIES4 

,! NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ( P[] = /ATE =MATION CAN BE A*IEV$ :5 ONE L9EAGE & ONE ANCE/OR 7OR A LIMIT$ GR\P ( ANCE/ORS7 EASILY LEADS ! RANK+S1 & :5 ! MALE HEAD ( ?AT L9EAGE BECOMES A SUPREME RUL] BY TRANS=M+ 9TO SOME K9D ( SYMBOLIC RE9C>NATION OR EXCLUSIVE L9K TO ! DIV9E ANCE/OR4 ,! SOCIETY ITSELF MAY NOT HAVE MADE ! TRANSITION FROM RANK+ TO /RATIFICATION1 BUT ?R\< ! MONOPOLIZATION ( A DIV9E ANCE/OR1 ! GOD-K+ & HIS C\RT ( PRIE/ HELP]S HAVE CREAT$ ANO!R IMP]MEABLE SOCIAL DIVISION3 BETWE5 ! DIV9E & ! PR(ANE4 ,?IS IS ! HOLY FA!R /ATE4 

,IT IS UNCLE> TO :AT EXT5T ! HOLY FA!R /ATE & ! ROYAL C\RT /ATE CON/ITUTE SEP>ATE MODELS4 ,?\< PROCESSES ( W>F>E & ! MONOPOLIZATION ( ANCE/OR WOR%IP MI<T V>Y 9 !IR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE1 9 ALL ! WELL DOCUM5T$ EXAMPLES ,I AM AW>E (--SU* AS ! ,CONGO BAS9 /ATES1 ! E>LY ,MAYAN /ATES1 & ! ,%ANG & ,ZH\ /ATES 9 ANCI5T ,*9A--RELIGION & W>F>E BO? PLAY$ FUNDAM5TAL ROLES4 

,9 ! ,CONGO BAS9 /ATES1 0,:ILE ! TOMBS ( ! P>AM\NTS W]E ! OBJECTS ( SPECIAL REV]5CE1 ! PRIE/S-KEEP]S ( 'K+'S TOMBS' W]E AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT C\RTI]S40 .<#a#c#g.> ,SYMMETRICAL TO ! HI]>*Y ( PRIE/S & SPIRITUAL C\RTI]S :O ATT5D TO ! GOD-K+1 A HI]>*Y EVOLVES AMONG ! DIV9E ANCE/ORS & NATURAL SPIRITS1 SU* ?AT ! SUPREME DIV9ITY GA9S HIS [N C\RT ?AT S]VES TO NATURALIZE ! E>?LY POLITICAL 9/ITUTION4 ,! RESULT IS A SIMULTANE\SLY MY/ICAL & BUREAUCRATIC PAN!ON & SOCIAL APP>ATUS ?AT TRANS=MS P[] FROM *>ISMATIC1 C]EMONIAL P]=MANCES 9TO A DI/RIBUTIVE ME*ANISM ?AT SUCCESSFULLY DEL9KS P[] FROM A SET ( LOCALIZ$ & LIMIT$ FAMILIAL RELATIONS & B9DS IT TO AN EXPANSIVE1 MOBILE1 & MONOPOLIZ$ CLAIM TO ! DIV9E4 ,IT IS EXPANSIVE & MOBILE BECAUSE A REV]$ ANCE/OR HAS AN EXCLUSIVE RELATION%IP TO HIS DESC5DANTS1 :]EAS AN ANCE/OR-TURN$-GOD CAN EX]CISE SUPREMACY & !RE=E ALSO S]VE ! SYMBOLIC HALF ( DOM9ATION OV] PEOPLE ( O!R L9EAGES OR O!R SOCIETIES4 ,! CLAIM IS MONOPOLIZ$ BECAUSE A COMMON P]SON CAN NO LONG] ACCESS IT BY SIMPLY CALL+ ON !IR ANCE/ORS1 AS ! K+-PRIE/ & LESS] PRIE/S M$IATE ACCESS TO ! TOMBS1 RELICS1 & 5]GIES ( ! ANCE/OR SPIRITS4 

,9 ! ,MAYAN /ATES1 :]E ! ELITE IDEOLOGY WAS BAS$ ON A CYCLICAL VIEW ( TIME1 

ALL ! MY?OLOGICAL EV5TS .<444.> HAD !IR EXACT DATES .<444.> ORGANICALLY 9CLUD$ 9TO ! HI/ORY ( ! RUL+ DYNA/Y .<444.> ,! KEY FIGURE :I* UNIT$ ! MY? & HI/ORY WAS ! RUL]4 ,9 ! IDEAL MODEL IT WAS ! SUPREME RUL] :I* REPRES5T$ ALL ! POLITY & AS ! ELDE/ P]SON 9 ! ELDE/ L9EAGE KEPT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ?IS WORLD & ! SUP]NATURAL ONE1 BETWE5 ANCE/ORS & ! LIV+4 .<#a#c#h.> 

,)9 ?IS NEW APP>ATUS1 ! RUL] HIMSELF IS CAPTIVE TO ! 9T5SIFI$ SYMBOLIC RELATION%IPS3 

,A 0K+-PRIE/0 .<AMONG ! E>LY /ATES ( ! ,CONGO BAS9.> WAS BELIEV$ TO BE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! =CES ( NATURE & TO 9FLU5CE ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE4 ,HIS MODE ( LIFE WAS CONTROLL$ BY MEANS ( A NUMB] ( SPECIAL TABOOS4 ,SU* A SACR$ RUL] MU/ ALSO BE PHYSICALLY P]FECT4 ,!RE W]E SPECIAL TRIALS = HIS HEAL?4 ,:5 HE WAS F\ND UNHEAL?Y DUR+ ! TRIAL1 RITUAL KILL+ WAS US$4 .<#a#c#i.> 

,& 9 ANCI5T ,*9A1 ,RI*>D ,BAUM WRITES3 

,?\< HE WAS EX (FICIO ,SON ( ,HEAV51 ! K+ NEV]!LESS HAD TO CON/ANTLY DEMON/RATE1 AFFIRM1 & R5EW HIS [N *>ISMA4 ,& IF1 9 SPITE ( HIS CONSCI5TI\S ATT5TION TO DUTY1 ! RIV]S OV]FL[$ !IR DIKES OR ! RA9S FAIL$ TO FALL1 ?IS WAS PRIMA FACIE EVID5CE ?AT ! EMP]OR LACK$ ! *>ISMATIC QUALITIES DEM&$ BY ,HEAV54 ,9 SU* CASES ! EMP]OR WAS EXPECT$ TO P]=M PUBLIC P5IT5CE = HIS FAIL+S4 ,9 EXTREME CASES .<4440FAILURE TO P]=M APPROPRIATE SACRIFICES0 OR 0EXCESSIVE TAXATION OR P]SI/5T NEGLECT ( IRRIGATION WORKS0444.> ! ,SON ( ,HEAV5 MI<T EV5 =FEIT HIS CLAIM .<444.> ,SU* =FEITURE C>RI$ ) IT ! IMPLI$ 0LEGITIMATE0 RI<T TO REBEL AGA9/--& OV]?R[--A REIGN+ MON>*4 .<#a#d.> 

,ANO!R LIMIT TO ! 9T5SIVE PRODUCTION ( SPIRITUAL P[] IS DESCRIB$ BY ,MAX ,WEB]4 ,NOT ONLY DO SPIRITUAL RITUALS LOSE !IR EFFECT OV] TIME 7P>ALLEL+ ! MOD]N PH5OM5ON ( SATURATION ?AT CAUSES ADV]TIZ]S TO LOSE SO MU* SLEEP71 BUT1 ACCORD+ TO ,WEB]1 0*>ISMATIC AU?ORITY MAY BE SAID TO EXI/ ONLY 9 ! PROCESS ( ORIG9AT+4 ,IT CANNOT REMA9 /ABLE1 BUT BECOMES EI!R TRADITIONALIZ$ OR RATIONALIZ$1 OR A COMB9ATION ( BO?40 .<#a#d#a.> ,A /ATE ?AT DID NOT WISELY RE9VE/ ITS SPIRITUAL CAPITAL 9 MILIT>Y1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & 9FRA/RUCTURAL CAPITAL1 W\LD MO/ LIKELY COLLAPSE4 ,! ,*9ESE /ATE ( ! ,%ANG & ,ZH\ DYNA/IES PURSU$ AGGRESSIVE MILIT>Y & ADM9I/RATIVE EXPANSIONS1 & DUR+ ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES P]IOD1 ,CONFUCIAN S*OL>S SECUL>IZ$ :AT HAD BE5 AN 9T5SELY RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( P[]4 ,M5CIUS CONCEIV$ ! VITAL ,M&ATE ( ,HEAV5 9 ALMO/ 5TIRELY SECUL> T]MS3 DIV9E 9T]V5TION WAS LIMIT$ TO ! 9VE/ITURE ( NEW RUL]S1 :O SIMPLY HAD TO R5EW !IR *>ISMA ?R\< GOOD GOV]NANCE4 

,HI]>*ICAL K9%IP /RUCTURES ATTA*$ TO ! MONOPOLIZATION ( SPIRITUALITY1 AS SE5 9 ! MODEL ( ! HOLY FA!R /ATE1 PROVIDE A WELL TRODD5 PA? TO POLITOG5ESIS4 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 HI]>*ICAL K9%IP /RUCTURES ALSO CON/ITUTE A B>RI]4 .<#a#d#b.> ,WE HAVE ALREADY LOOK$ AT EXAMPLES ( /ATES =M+ 9 SOCIETIES ) WEAK K9%IP ORGANIZATION1 SU* AS ! ,GREEK CITY-/ATES1 ,ROME1 & ! ,G]MANIC /ATES4 ,ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS TYPICAL ( /ATES IS A T]RITORIAL RA!R ?AN FAMILIAL BASIS = ORGANIZATION4 ,T]RITORY CAN BE MORE EASILY US$ TO DELIMIT & UNIFY A SOCIETY :5 ! /ATE OR PROTO-/ATE RESULTS FROM CONQUE/1 MO/ FREQU5TLY 9 ! CASE ( NOMADIC GR\PS ?AT TAKE OV] S$5T>Y SOCIETIES4 ,BUT :5 A /RATIFICATION PROCESS IS 5TIRELY 5DOG5\S1 >IS+ FROM A SOCIETY'S [N K9%IP /RUCTURES1 FAMILY-BAS$ TIES (T5 PREV5T ! 9/ITUTIONAL LOYALTIES ?AT /ATES NE$ TO FUNCTION4 ,(T51 IT IS CLAN ELITES :O FOIL ! DESIGNS ( /ATE-MAK+ ELITES4 

,W\LD-BE /ATE-MAK]S NE$ TO RUPTURE1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 ) ! K9%IP LOGIC SO ?AT !IR CLAIMS ( SOV]EIGNTY & AU?ORITY TRANSC5D FAMILIAL RELATIONS & CAN BE EXT5D$ TO A POT5TIALLY 9F9ITE POOL ( SUBJECTS4 ,!Y ALSO NE$ TO USE !IR P[] TO OV]RIDE OR SUPPLANT ! COMMUNITY-LEVEL RELATIONS ( RECIPROCITY ?AT TYPICALLY REMA9 9TACT ?R\< ! REIGN ( *IEFDOMS & O!R NON-/ATE HI]>*IES4 ,WEAK5+ COMMUNITY =MS ( EXI/5CE CAN PROVOKE RESI/ANCE ?AT MI<T SPELL DISA/] = ! FL$GL+ /ATE1 BUT FAIL+ TO DO SO WILL (T5 LEAD IT TO DIS9TEGRATE BACK 9TO A NON-/ATE SOCIETY ) PRON\NC$ HI]>*IES BUT ONLY WEAK =MS ( CO]CION & C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! CASE ) MANY E>LY /ATES 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/ 9 ! ?IRD & SECOND C5TURIES ,B,C,E4 .<#a#d#c.> 

,ANO!R SORT ( COLLAPSE RELAT$ TO ! LIMITATIONS ( P[] BAS$ 9 K9%IP ORGANIZATION OCCURR$ 9 ,*9A ) ! EXPANSION ( ! ,%ANG & ,ZH\ DYNA/IES4 ,FAMILIAL RELATIONS W]E IMPORTANT 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( P[] EV5 BE=E ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y4 ,ALREADY 9 ! LATE NEOLI?IC P]IOD 7CA4 #b ,B,C,E71 PROTO-,*9ESE CULTURES US$ FAMILY NAMES 7A /ATI/ 9V5TION ?AT DID NOT REA* ! P>T ( ,EUROPE MY PATRIL9E HAILS FROM UNTIL ! E>LY-N9ETE5? C5TURY ,C,E74 .<#a#d#d.> ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! ,LONG%AN CULTURE FL\RI%$ 9 :AT IS N[ NOR!RN & C5TRAL ,*9A4 ,TE*NOLOGICALLY SIMIL>1 AT A POLITICAL LEVEL1 ,LONG%AN CON/ITUT$ MULTIPLE CULTURAL V>IANTS4 ,W>F>E SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 COMMON BETWE5 POLITIES1 :I* T5D$ TO BE GR\P$ TOGE!R 9 ECONOMICALLY 9TEGRAT$ UNITS ( L>G] & SMALL] SETTLEM5TS4 ,SOME ( !SE POLITIES W]E /RATIFI$1 ) UP TO ?REE SOCIAL CLASSES1 AS AT ! L>GE WALL$ SETTLEM5T ( ,TAOSI 7?REE HUNDR$ HECT>ES 9 >EA74 ,! RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN ,%ANGDONG SETTLEM5TS CONTA9$ MULTIPLE REGIONAL C5T]S 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION & TRADE 9 POTT]Y1 JADE1 TEXTILES1 /ONE TOOLS1 F]M5T$ BEV]AGES1 & AGRICULTURE4 

,?\< ECONOMIC /RATIFICATION & SETTLEM5T 9TEGRATION V>I$1 !SE POLITIES CAN G5]ALLY BE DESCRIB$ AS 0MILIT>Y DEMOCRACIES0 ) C\NCILS ( L9EAGE *IEFS1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 & A SUPREME MILIT>Y LEAD] :O MAY HAVE BE5 *OS5 BY ! *IEFS4 .<#a#d#e.> 

,! ,LONG%AN SITES DECL9$ DRAMATICALLY 9 POPULATION >\ND #ai ,B,C,E1 %ORTLY BE=E ! SPREAD ( BRONZE TE*NOLOGY4 ,! /RONGE/ POLITY TO >ISE 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ?IS COLLAPSE WAS ! ,]LIT\ CULTURE1 :I* PROBABLY CORRESPONDS TO ! ,XIA DYNA/Y REF]R$ TO 9 SUBSEQU5T ,%ANG TEXTS4 ,! ,]LIT\1 :I* DEVELOP$ FROM ! ,WANGWANG ,I,I,I SUBSET ( ! ,LONG%AN CULTURE1 CON/RUCT$ A CITY ( UP TO ?IRTY-?\S& RESID5TS ON ! ,YI RIV]1 ]ECT$ MULTIPLE PALACES1 & MONOPOLIZ$ BRONZE SMELT+ 9 ! REGION4 ,>\ND ! TIME ( URBANIZATION 7ONE HUNDR$ YE>S 9TO ! CULTURE71 IT IS FEASIBLE ?AT A DOM9ANT L9EAGE SECUR$ A ROYAL /ATUS & CONSOLIDAT$ ITS RULE OV] O!R HI]>*ICALLY RANK$ L9EAGES4 ,FROM #ai TO #ae ,B,C,E1 ! ,]LIT\ CULTURE EXI/$ SOME:]E ON ! CUSP ( /ATEHOOD1 UNTIL ITS QUICK DECL9E ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,]LIGANG CITY AT ,ZH5GZH\1 & ! RISE ( ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y2 H[EV]1 ESPECIALLY IF ! DOCUM5T>Y ACC\NT IS CORRECT1 ! ,]LIT\ CULTURE WAS ALREADY DEFEAT$ & SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y 9 #af ,B,C,E1 :5 ,K+ ,TANG ORD]$ ! CON/RUCTION ( ! CITY ,YAN%I JU/ SIX KILOMET]S FROM ! ,]LIT\ CAPITAL4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,]LIGANG CULTURE & ! CORRESPOND+ ,%ANG DYNA/Y >E WELL KN[N TO HAVE ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( HI]>*ICALLY ORD]$ K9%IP L9EAGES ?AT C5TRALIZ$ & MONOPOLIZ$ ACCESS TO DIV9E RITES4 ,! K9%IP SY/EM WAS 9/RUM5TAL TO ! ,%ANG /ATE'S T]RITORIAL EXPANSION4 ,Y\NG] MALE RELATIVES ( ! DOM9ANT L9EAGE OR 9F]IOR ELITE L9EAGES 7E4G4 L9EAGES SAID TO BE DESC5D$ FROM Y\NG] BRO!RS ( ! MY?ICAL ANCE/OR-K+1 OR Y\NG] BRO!RS FROM SUBSEQU5T K+S 9 ! DOM9ANT L9E7 W\LD BE S5T \T FROM ! ROYAL CAPITAL TO F\ND NEW SETTLEM5TS AS A WAY TO SECURE MILIT>Y FRONTI]S1 EXP& AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION1 & 5C\RAGE POPULATION GR[?4 ,EA* ( !SE ELITE MALES1 S5T \T ) BLESS+S FROM ! K+ & 0RITUAL P>APH]NALIA & C]EMONIAL REGALIA10 W\LD BECOME ! F\ND] NOT ONLY ( A NEW T[N BUT ALSO A NEW BRAN* ( ! ROYAL L9EAGE4 

,9 HIS NEW SETTLEM5T1 ! ROYAL B5EFICE HOLD] W\LD ]ECT AN ANCE/RAL TEMPLE1 9 :I* HIS [N L9EAGE TABLET W\LD EV5TUALLY BE PLAC$ AS A F\ND] ( A BRAN* CLAN4 ,9 TIME1 NEW SEGM5TS W\LD HIVE (F FROM ?IS BRAN*1 =M+ SECOND>Y 7& !N T]TI>Y7 T]RITORIAL SUBL9EAGES :I* W]E RANK$ 9 A SEQU5TIAL HI]>*Y ( DESC5D+ POLITICAL & RITUAL /ATUSES4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 ! SY/EM ( ,%ANG PATRIMONIAL B5EFICES--! E>LIE/ KN[N =M ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ T]RITORIAL GOV]NANCE 9 ,*9A--REFLECT$ GRADATIONS ( K9%IP /ATUS )9 A SEGM5T$ ROYAL L9EAGE1 GRADATIONS :I* HAD !MSELVES BE5 PATT]N$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE AFT] ! PATRI>*Y ( ANCE/RAL SPIRITS4 .<#a#d#f.> 

,BUT :5 MILIT>Y SUCCESSES ALL[$ ! ,%ANG /ATE & ! ,ZH\ DYNA/Y ?AT FOLL[$ IT TO CONT9UE EXP&+1 ?IS K9%IP SY/EM ( T]RITORIAL ADM9I/RATION BECAME 0DILUT$0 & 0! K+ WAS UNABLE P]SONALLY TO CONDUCT ALL ! MANIFOLD C]EMONIAL RITUALS ?AT1 AS ,SON ( ,HEAV51 HE WAS CALL$ UPON TO P]=M 9 EA* ( ! C5TRAL /ATE'S T]RITORIAL DOMA9S40 ,EV] MORE DEGREES ( AU?ORITY HAD TO BE DELEGAT$ TO ELITES :O SYMBOLICALLY W]E 9F]IOR BUT 9 PRACTICE CAME TO EX]CISE SUPREME P[]4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ! /RATEGIC 9T]E/S ( T]RITORIAL EXPANSION CONV9C$ ! K+ TO GRANT H]$IT>Y ADM9I/RATIVE M&ATES TO UNRELAT$ BUT ALLI$ TRIBES ON ! P]IPH]Y :O P]=M$ MILIT>Y S]VICE & SWORE FEALTY4 

,EV5TUALLY1 GR[? ( ! /ATE L$ TO A FEUDAL =M ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,ZH\ P]IOD1 ) H]$IT>Y 5FE(FM5T GRANT$ TO LESS] NOBLES :O PROMIS$ OB$I5CE4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 SU* A SY/EM C\LD NOT SUPPORT A /RONG C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 & ! UNIFI$ /ATE DIS9TEGRAT$1 GIV+ RISE TO AN EFFICI5T EMPIRE ONLY AFT] ! C5TURIES-LONG ,W>R+ ,/ATES P]IOD4 ,CURI\SLY1 ?\< A K9%IP-BAS$ SY/EM ( /ATE P[] HAD SE5 ITS COLLAPSE 9 ?AT P]IOD ( 9T]NEC9E CONFLICT BETWE5 EMBATTL$ M9I-/ATES /RUGGL+ 0= IMP]IAL SUPREMACY1 ! LEGITIMIZ+ PR9CIPLE ( ANCE/RAL L9EAGE BECAME SO SIGNIFICANT AS TO PROVIDE FULL-TIME EMPLOYM5T = A BEVY ( IT9]ANT S*OL>-G5EALOGI/S40 .<#a#d#g.> ,DUR+ ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES P]IOD1 0,CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGI/S0 LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ! SUBSEQU5T ,HAN EMPIRE BY FUS+ 0! ?REE WORLDS ( ANCE/RAL SPIRITS1 K9%IP GR\PS1 & ! IMP]IAL BUREAUCRACY 9TO A S+LE1 9TEGRAT$ SY/EM ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL AU?ORITY40 .<#a#d#h.> 

,SUBSEQU5TLY1 L9ES ( COMM& W]E /RONG] & ! MON>* C\LD EX]CISE DESPOTIC RULE1 :]EAS 9 ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y ! K+ C\LD ONLY RULE BY CONSULT+ O!R PRIE/S OR ! HEADS ( ! CLANS1 & 9 ,ZH\ TIMES ! K+ HAD TO SEEK ! C\NSEL ( ! ,GUOR5 & ! ,DAIFU1 A POPUL> ASSEMBLY & A C\NCIL ( ELITE ELD]S1 RESPECTIVELY4 .<#a#d#i.> 

,RUL]S 9 ! ,MAYAN CIVILIZATION ALSO US$ G5EALOGIES1 AS WELL AS TITLES1 CLAIMS ( DIV9ITY1 & SPECIAL =MS ( CLO?+ & HEADDRESSES TO ASS]T !IR LEGITIMACY & COMPETE = /ATUS RELATIVE TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! BASIS = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ,CLASSIC ,MAYA W]E HI]>*ICAL COMMUNITIES ( ?REE TO SIX NUCLE> FAMILIES ) A COMMON ORIG91 L$ BY ! HEAD ( ! 0ELDE/0 FAMILY1 :O HAD ! PRIVILEGE ( POLYGAMY & MONOPOLIZ$ ! ANCE/OR CULT4 ,>\ND ! SEV5? & EI<? C5TURIES ,C,E1 ! ,MAYA *ANG$ FROM A SY/EM ( VASSAL K+S 7YAHAW7 RUL+ SUBORD9ATE BUT SEMI-AUTONOM\S K+DOMS 9 OB$I5CE TO A DIV9E SUPREME RUL]1 TO A SY/EM ( PROV9CIAL LORDS 7SAHAL7 CONTROLL$ DIRECTLY BY ! SUPREME RUL]4 ,MULTIPLE SU* E>LY /ATES EXI/$ ACROSS ! ,MAYAN CULTURAL >EA1 COMPET+ = DOM9ANCE & UNIFY+ ?R\< CONQUE/4 .<#a#e.> 

,! ,POLYNESIAN SOCIETIES ( ! ,PACIFIC PROVIDE O!R HI/ORIES ( /ATE =MATION 9 :I* K9%IP L9EAGES EX]CISE A KEY FUNCTION4 ,! SPREAD ( ! PROTO-,POLYNESIAN CULTURE ACROSS MANY HUNDR$S ( ISL&S AT DIV]SE LATITUDES1 FROM T9Y TO L>GE1 ISOLAT$ ATOLLS & EXT5SIVE >*IPELAGOS1 EA* ( !M A LABORATORY ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 PRES5TS A UNIQUE !ORETICAL OPPORTUNITY 7AL?\< ! ACADEMIC FETI% ( PH5OM5A 9 ISOLATION IS P]HAPS \T ( T\* ) H[ ?+S WORK 9 ! LIV+ WORLD1 ESPECIALLY IF ! MY?ICAL-SCI5TIFIC BELIEF ?AT A COMPLEX SY/EM CAN BE UND]/OOD BY UND]/&+ ITS SEP>ATE COMPON5TS IS NOT 5TIRELY ACCURATE74 ,! PROTO-,POLYNESIAN CULTURE ?AT SPREAD TO ALL !SE ISL&S 9CLUD$ A HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION L$ BY *IEFS1 DIVID$ BY L9EAGES1 & FIX$ G5EALOGICALLY4 

,IT W\LD BE AN ELUCIDAT+ FIELD = FUR!R RESE>*1 BUT ) ! LIMIT$ DATA ,I HAVE ACCESS TO1 IT SEEMS ?AT ,POLYNESIANS DEVELOP$ /ATES ON ANY ISL& ?AT WAS L>GE 5\<4 ,?IS DATA SET1 IT MU/ BE CAUTION$1 DOES NOT GIVE US ANY ABSOLUTE L[] SIZE-LIMIT = POLITOG5ESIS4 ,! ,POLYNESIAN PA?WAY = /ATE =MATION WAS P>TICUL>1 REFLECT+ ONE /RATEGY ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & NOT ANY UNIV]SAL HUMAN TRU?S4 ,:AT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO CONFIRM IS :E!R ONE COMMON CULTURAL MODEL ALWAYS EVOLV$ 9TO A /ATE1 GIV5 A L& BASE ABLE TO SUPPORT A SUFFICI5T POPULATION = COMPLEX POLITICAL HI]>*IES2 :AT ALT]NATIVES DEVELOP$ ON ISL&S ?AT C\LD NOT SUPPORT A L>GE POPULATION2 & UND] :AT CONDITIONS1 IF ANY1 HORIZONTAL OR NON-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL =MS TRIUMPH$ 7= EXAMPLE1 ON SMALL & ISOLAT$ ISL&S ?AT C\LD NOT 5GAGE 9 COMPETITIVE W>F>E OR CAT] TO *IEFLY AMBITIONS1 & !RE=E HAD TO RE-C5T] COOP]ATIVE & EGALIT>IAN VALUES74 

,! ,HAWAIIAN ,ISL&S1 ! L>GE/ POPULATION & ! MO/ ISOLAT$ >*IPELAGO )9 ! ,POLYNESIAN DIASPORA1 PRES5TS A GOOD CASE /UDY = /ATE =MATION ?R\< K9%IP HI]>*IES4 ,! ISL&S W]E SETTL$ SOMETIME >\ND #d ,C,E BY A FLOTILLA ( CANOES LOAD$ D[N ) PIGS1 DOGS1 & *ICK5S2 DOME/ICAT$ PLANTS LIKE 0T>O1 SWEET POTATO1 SUG>CANE1 & BANANAS1 & A FULL ASSORTM5T ( SE$S1 NUTS1 & CUTT+S = COCONUT1 C&L5UT1 M$ICAL PLANTS1 & FIB] PLANTS ?AT W\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO GO F]AL40 .<#a#e#a.> ,AS !IR 0TRANSPORT$ 5VIRONM5T0 TOOK ROOT1 ! NEW ,HAWAIIANS LIV$ L>GELY (F ( SEAFOOD & ! FLI<TLESS BIRDS ?AT POPULAT$ ! ISL&S4 ,!N !Y D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO CULTIVATION1 CLE>+ ! F]TILE L[L&S & GRADUALLY AUGM5T+ !IR POPULATION1 :I* BY #h ,C,E NUMB]$ 9 ! ?\S&S 7AT ,EUROPEAN CONTACT 9 #a#g#g#h1 IT WAS E/IMAT$ AT #b#d1-#d174 ,POPULATION GREW RAPIDLY BETWE5 #ab & #ae ,C,E1 :5 IT PEAK$4 ,>\ND #ad ,C,E1 SETTL]S BEGAN MOV+ UPL&1 CLE>+ =E/S ON /EEP M\NTA9SIDES TO OP5 UP NEW T]RITORY = PLANT+4 ,! NEW CULTIVATION DID NOT LA/4 ,]OSION C>RI$ ! M\NTA9 SOIL D[N TO ! REF]TILIZ$ L[L&S1 HI<L& CULTIVATION WAS P>TIALLY AB&ON$1 & POPULATION GR[? /ABILIZ$4 

,PRIOR TO #a#d1 SOCIETIES ON ! ISL&S W]E MAT]IALLY EGALIT>IAN1 ) LITTLE DIFF]5TIATION 9 WEAL?4 ,*IEFS PROBABLY HAD TO WORK TO FE$ !MSELVES1 SAME AS EV]YONE ELSE4 ,BUT 9 ! FIR/ TWO C5TURIES ( RAPID POPULATION GR[?1 0*IEFDOMS EXP&$ 9 SCALE10 & 9 ! ,CONSOLIDATION ,P]IOD 7#a#d-#a#e ,C,E71 MUTUALLY HO/ILE REGIONAL *IEFDOMS DIVID$ SOME ( ! ISL&S1 SU* AS ,MAUI & ,HAWAI'I4 ,DESPITE ! %ORTAGE ( >ABLE L&1 UN9HABIT$ BUFF] ZONES SPRANG UP BETWE5 !M1 A CONSEQU5CE ( W>F>E4 ,ALSO 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 JU/ AS *IEFLY RESID5CES 0) ELABORATE T]RACES & 5CLOS+ WALLS0 APPE>$1 !RE WAS A 0DRAMATIC0 9CREASE 9 ! 0CON/RUCTION ( RELIGI\S MONUM5TS40 .<#a#e#b.> ,AFT] #a#e1 :5 ! POPULATION /ABILIZ$1 IRRIGATION & O!R PRODUCTIVE 9FRA/RUCTURES W]E EXP&$ & 9T5SIFI$4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 POLITICAL /RUCTURES ON ! >*IPELAGO C\LD BE CLASSIFI$ AS /ATES1 ?\< O!RS 7E4G4 ,E>LE7 CONSID] !M V]Y L>GE COMPLEX *IEFDOMS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! TE*NOLOGICAL REORGANIZATION ( ,HAWAIIAN SOCIETY WAS SUBSEQU5T TO ! POLITICAL TRANS=MATION ?AT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 #ad & #a#e4 

,I W\LD HYPO!SIZE ?AT ! FLI<T TO ! M\NTA9S SE5 >\ND #ad WAS BO? A DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECT & A /ATE EFFECT4 ,?OSE ) LEA/ /ATUS & LEA/ ACCESS TO L& W\LD HAVE COMPRIS$ ! REFUGEES :O HEAD$ UPL& TO BEG9 ! >DU\S TASK ( CLE>+ =E/S & PLANT+ NEW G>D5S4 ,BUT !Y ALSO W\LD HAVE BE5 PEOPLE :O WANT$ TO GA9 DI/ANCE FROM ! 9CREAS+ >ROGANCE1 EXPLOITATION1 & W>F>E ( ! *IEFS4 ,!SE W]E PROBABLY FREE SETTLEM5TS1 S9CE AT ?AT TIME ! *IEFS LIKELY LACK$ CO]CIVE AU?ORITY OR [N]%IP OV] UNSETTL$ =E/S4 

,FLI<T & AB&ONM5T >E SOME ( ! MO/ COMMON /RATEGIES ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ EM]G+ /ATES1 & EA* HAS ITS ANALOG 9 MOD]N /ATES1 :I* >E N[ GLOBAL & CANNOT BE FL$ 9 ! PROP] S5SE 7ANALOGS 9CLUDE EMIGRATION TO LESS AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES1 CL&E/9ITY1 & DROP-\T CULTURE OR O!R =MS ( VOLUNT>Y M>G9ALITY74 ,!SE /RATEGIES >E AMONG ! EASIE/1 BUT !Y >E NOT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE AT /OPP+ ! RISE ( AU?ORITY1 & TODAY HUMANITY AS A :OLE IS PAY+ ! PRICE = SOCIAL REBELS' HI/ORIC PREF]5CE = ! EASY WAY \T4 ,9 ! ,HAWAIIAN ,ISL&S1 AB&ONM5T PROBABLY CON/ITUT$ AN EXTREMELY USEFUL RELEASE VALVE AT A TIME :5 *IEFLY AU?ORITY W\LD HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY UN/ABLE4 ,! RUNAWAYS EVID5TLY LACK$ ]OSION-RESI/ANT HORTICULTURAL TE*NIQUES 7SU* AS ?OSE P]FECT$ BY ! /ATELESS SOCIETIES 9 ! ,NEW ,GU9EA HI<L&S74 .<#a#e#c.> ,:5 !Y LO/ !IR G>D5S TO ]OSION1 !Y HAD TO GO BACK TO ! L[L& SETTLEM5TS1 :I* IRONICALLY HAD BE5 REF]TILIZ$ BY ! ]OD$ M\NTA9 SOIL1 & ?IS TIME !Y HAD NO LEV]AGE TO PROTE/ GR[+ AU?ORIT>IANISM BUT PRESUMABLY HAD TO REQUE/ P]MISSION = ACCESS TO L&1 ACCEPT+ ! NEW PROP]TY REGIME ?AT MAY HAVE COME 9TO =CE >\ND ?AT TIME4 ,AFT] ?AT PO9T1 ! BASIS ( P[] WAS MILIT>Y EFFECTIV5ESS & ACCESS TO L&1 & ,HAWAIIAN *IEFS DID NOT HAVE TO EXP5D AS MU* EF=T 9 SYMBOLIC PRODUCTION & ! BUILD+ ( MONUM5TS1 ?\< C]EMONIAL P]=MANCES CONT9U$ TO HOLD GREAT IMPORTANCE4 

,)9 ,HAWAIIAN SOCIETY1 0,RANK+ IS BAS$ ON ! MEASUR$ DI/ANCE FROM ! S5IOR L9E1 :]EBY ! HI<E/ RANK$ 9DIVIDUAL IS ! ELDE/ SON 9 ! DIRECT L9E ( ELDE/ SONS40 .<#a#e#d.> ,! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION WAS MADE UP ( COMMON]S :O W]E PROHIBIT$ FROM KEEP+ G5EALOGIES1 :I* WAS A PRIVILEGE ( ! *IEFS1 N[ CONSID]$ DI/9CT AS MEMB]S ( A NOBLE BLOODL9E4 ,9 PRACTICE1 *IEFS COMPET$ = RANK & POSITION RELATIVE TO ! P>AM\NT RUL]1 ?\< 09 !ORY1 A *IEF'S G5EALOGICAL DI/ANCE FROM ! P>AM\NT DET]M9$ RI<TS TO AN (FICE40 .<#a#e#e.> ,A *IEF GOV]N$ EA* COMMUNITY4 ,O!R *IEFS ATT5D$ TO ! P>AM\NT RUL]1 F\<T 9 HIS RET9UE1 OR MANAG$ ! P>AM\NT'S L&S & LABOR PROJECTS1 ALSO ORGANIZ+ ! FEA/S ) :I* LABOR]S W]E REW>D$ :5 WORK WAS DONE4 

,L& WAS DIVID$ BETWE5 ?AT BELONG+ TO ! *IEFS & SUBSI/5CE PLOTS CONC$$ TO ! COMMON]S4 ,ALL L& WAS CONSID]$ TO BELONG TO ! SUPREME RUL]2 9 EFFECT1 COMMON]S HAD TO P]IODICALLY WORK ! *IEFS' L&S & GIVE ANNUAL GOODS TO ! P>AM\NT 9 EX*ANGE = RI<TS TO SUBSI/5CE PLOTS4 ,SURPLUSES D]IV$ FROM ! NEW PROP]TY SY/EM W]E US$ TO FE$ NOT ONLY ! *IEFS BUT ALSO ! *IEFS' RETA9]S3 >TISANS1 W>RIORS1 & PRIE/S4 ,! P>AM\NT RUL]1 = HIS P>T1 HAD ! PRIVILEGE & OBLIGATION ( REPRES5T+ ! GOD ,LONO1 & HE HAD TO P]IODICALLY VISIT LOCAL COMMUNITY %R9ES & MAKE *>ISMATIC P]=MANCES ON MONUM5TAL /AGES4 

,BETWE5 #ae & #a#f#e1 DOM9ANT RUL]S ON ,MAUI & ON ,HAWAI'I UNIFI$ !IR RESPECTIVE ISL&S ?R\< MILIT>Y CONQUE/4 ,LAT]1 !SE TWO ISL&S 0F\<T REPEAT$LY ) EA* O!R 9 AN ATTEMPT TO FA%ION 9T]-ISL& POLITICS10 A PROJECT ! ,HAWAIIAN MON>* CONT9U$ SUCCESSFULLY ) ACCESS TO ,EUROPEAN WEAPONS & %IPS4 .<#a#e#f.> ,WE CAN HYPO!SIZE ?AT IF COLONIZATION BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD NOT 9T]RUPT$ ?IS PROCESS1 /ATE P[] W\LD HAVE SOON DIS9TEGRAT$ & !N REORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,HAWAIIAN ,ISL&S1 AS K9%IP HI]>*IES PROV$ 9SUFFICI5T TO PROJECT C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL P[] ACROSS MULTIPLE ISL&S4 

,! ,>YAN PEOPLES :O MIGRAT$ 9TO ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T 9 ! C5TURIES AFT] ! DECL9E ( ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION PROVIDE AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( CA/E /RUCTURES GIV+ RISE TO A PROTO-/ATE HI]>*Y1 ) MILIT>Y CONQUE/ CON/ITUT+ SOME?+ ( A CATALY/4 ,!IR PROCESS %[S ELEM5TS ( BO? ! CONQUE/ /ATE & ! ROYAL C\RT /ATE4 

,! ,>YANS >RIV$ AS /ATELESS1 SEMI-NOMADIC H]D]S1 !IR LIVE/OCK CONSI/+ PRIM>ILY ( C[S4 ,!Y W&]$ OR LIV$ 9 VILLAGES1 & DID NOT PRACTICE AGRICULTURE OR BUILD CITIES4 ,BE=E !IR MIGRATION !Y W]E NO D\BT 9FLU5C$ BY /ATE EFFECTS1 ) W>F>E & SLAVE-RAID+ FROM ! /ATE =MATION PROCESS 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA HAV+ F>-REA*+ CONSEQU5CES1 BUT IT IS UNKN[N IF !Y HAD ANY FIR/H& KN[L$GE ( /ATES4 ,9 ANY CASE !Y HAD NOT RECEIV$ ANY DETAIL$ TUTELAGE 9 /ATECRAFT1 :I* W\LD MAKE !M ATYPICAL AMONG CONQUE/ /ATES4 

,9 A TRIP>TITE DIVISION TYPICAL ( ! ,9DO-,EUROPEANS1 :I* AS WE HAVE SE5 ALSO LEFT ITS M>K ON /ATE =MATION 9 ! ,EUROPEAN SUBCONT95T1 ,>YAN SOCIETY WAS DIVID$ 9TO W>RIORS1 PRIE/S1 & LABOR]S4 ,! LATT] 9CLUD$ H]D]S & CRAFTSPEOPLE1 SU* AS COPP] OR BRONZE SMI?S1 POTT]Y MAK]S1 C>P5T]S1 & WEAV]S4 ,RA!R ?AN CON/ITUT+ ! BOTTOM ( A HI]>*Y1 ! LABOR]S W]E ONE ( ?REE COMPLEM5T>Y PILL>S4 ,SOME ( !M W]E HI<LY HONOR$1 SU* AS ! SMI?S OR ! C>P5T]S1 :O MADE *>IOTS & LAT] PL[S4 .<#a#e#g.> ,BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( ! CA/E SY/EM1 PR(ESSIONS W]E NOT H]$IT>Y & !RE WAS NO TABOO ON MIX+2 AT ?IS PO9T IT SEEMS ?AT ,>YAN FAMILY /RUCTURES W]E NOT DIVID$ 9TO HI]>*ICAL L9EAGES4 ,IF ?IS WAS 9 FACT ! CASE1 IT %[S ?AT !RE >E MULTIPLE PA?WAYS = ! EVOLUTION ( CA/ES 7\T ( PR(ESSIONAL DIVISIONS OR \T ( K9%IP & CLAN DIVISIONS71 JU/ AS !RE >E MULTIPLE PA?WAYS = ! EVOLUTION ( /ATES4 

,! ,>YAN TRIBES HAD AN ELECT$ *IEF OR K+1 BUT P[] REMA9$ ) TWO TRIBAL ASSEMBLIES1 ! SABHA1 :I* WAS ! C\NCIL ( ! ELD]S1 & ! SAMITI OR G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,SOME TRIBES HAD ONLY !SE TWO ASSEMBLIES1 & NO ELECT$ MON>*4 ,! TRIBES W]E BELLICOSE &1 IF NOT PATRI>*AL1 PATRILOCAL 7) WOM5 JO9+ ! FAMILIES ( !IR HUSB&S74 ,! *IEF WAS PRIM>ILY A W> LEAD]4 ,E>LY W>S BASICALLY CONSI/$ ( CATTLE-RAID+ & RELAT$ DISPUTES1 OR AGGRESSIVE TAKEOV]S ( T]RITORY FROM ! 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS4 

,! ,>YANS GRADUALLY ADOPT$ AGRICULTURE1 :I* W\LD HAVE ALREADY BE5 WELL KN[N 9 ! PLA9S & ! ,GANGES ,RIV] ,VALLEY :]E !Y SETTL$4 ,!IR PRIE/S COMPOS$ ! ,V$AS1 :I* DEPICT !IR SPIRITUAL UNIV]SE1 RECORD HI/ORIES ( GODS & ( ,>YAN W>S ) NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES1 EXPLA9 RITUALS1 & PRES]VE MANTRAS4 ,!Y W]E FIR/ RECORD$ ORALLY1 />T+ >\ND #ag ,B,C,E1 & WRITT5 D[N AT ! 5D ( ! MILL5NIUM4 

,! ,>YANS W>R$ ) ! ,DASAS & ! ,PANIS1 ! 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS ( !IR NEW T]RITORY4 ,! =M]1 !Y EV5TUALLY 9CORPORAT$ AS SLAVES1 TURN+ !IR TRIP>TITE LABOR DIVISION 9TO A CA/E SY/EM4 ,! ,>YANS FELT A WELL DOCUM5T$ CONTEMPT = ! D>K]-SK9N$ 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS1 & PROMOT$ TABOOS AGA9/ 9T]M>RIAGE4 ,9 FACT1 0! ,SANSKRIT WORD = CA/E1 V>NA1 ACTUALLY MEANS COLOR40 .<#a#e#h.> 

,IT MI<T BE IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T ?IS HI]>*ICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE CAN CONTRA/ ! ,>YAN EXAMPLE ) ?AT ( ! ,B9I1 M5TION$ 9 ,*APT] ,V,I,I1 :O1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E MILIT>ILY SUP]IOR TO ! ,EFA :O PREC$$ !M 9 ! T]RITORY ?AT !Y TOOK AS !IR HOME1 PROMOT$ AN E?OS ( COEXI/5CE & MIX+4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! CA/E SY/EM WAS >RANG$ AS FOLL[S3 ! ,K%ATRIYAS W]E W>RIORS & >I/OCRACY2 ! ,BRAHMANS W]E PRIE/S2 ! ,VA%IYAS W]E CULTIVATORS2 & ! ,%UDRAS W]E ,DASAS & MIX$ RACE PEOPLE4 ,EA* CA/E ALSO ALL[S = A GOOD DEAL ( 9T]NAL HI]>*Y 7BETWE5 A Y\NG1 UNPROV5 W>RIOR & AN ELD] ( AN >I/OCRATIC FAMILY2 BETWE5 AN UNIMPORTANT VILLAGE PRIE/ & A PRIE/ :O ADVISES ! K+2 BETWE5 A L&LESS PEASANT & AN HONOR$ CRAFTSP]SON2 BETWE5 PURE ,DASAS & PEOPLE ) ONE ,>YAN P>5T74 

,GRADUALLY1 ! ,VA%IYAS BECAME TRAD]S & L&[N]S & ! ,%UDRAS MOV$ UP TO BECOME CULTIVATORS4 ,?IS ALL[$ NEW CONQU]$ E?NIC GR\PS TO ASSUME A PLACE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! CA/E SY/EM4 

,) S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE & POLITICAL EXPANSION 7TRIBES GR[+1 UNIT+1 OR TAK+ SLAVES7 ! K+1 HELP$ BY ! PRIE/S1 BECAME DIV9E & !N H]$IT>Y4 ,! IMPORTANT ROLE ( ! PRIE/S 9 LEGITIMAT+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! *IEF >I/OCRAT_/W>RIOR W\LD PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ALT]+ ! CA/E HI]>*Y & ALSO SEP>AT+ ! MON>* FROM ! ,K%ATRIYA CA/E HE HAD COME FROM1 CREAT+ A ROYAL FAMILY SEP>ATE FROM ! G5]AL NOBILITY4 ,?IS %[S A CURI\S EVOLUTION 9 :I* ! MILIT>Y P[] ( ! W>RIOR CA/E DECL9ES 9 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE1 & A PRIE/ CLASS BE/[S DIV9ITY ON A K+1 )\T ! K+ HAV+ TO BE A PRIE/ HIMSELF4 ,ANCE/OR WOR%IP WAS IMPORTANT AMONG ! ,>YANS1 AS W]E G5EALOGIES1 BUT L9EAGES DID NOT EVOLVE 9TO CA/ES1 OR ANCE/ORS 9TO GODS1 AS 9 ! HOLY FA!R /ATE4 ,RA!R1 9 AN EFFECTIVE CAMPAIGN ( CLASS W>1 ! ,BRAHMANS DEVELOP$ ! TOOLS TO AUGM5T !IR P[] 9 A *ANG+ 5VIRONM5T1 TO MAKE !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE TO ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 & TO DIVIDE ! CA/E ?AT HAD /OOD ABOVE !M ?R\< /RATEGIC ALLIANCES4 ,9 PROTO-/ATE ,ROMAN SOCIETY1 BY CONTRA/1 :I* BE>S FUNDAM5TAL ORGANIZATIONAL & CULTURAL SIMIL>ITIES TO ,>YAN SOCIETY1 ! PRIE/S W]E NEV] SO DYNAMIC1 & IT WAS ! W>RIORS :O BECAME ! >*ITECTS ( ! NEW /ATE4 ,AMONG ! ,>YANS1 ! ,BRAHMANS ALSO PLAY$ ! DECISIVE ROLE 9 9CREAS+ PATRI>*Y 9 ,>YAN SOCIETY1 A VITAL ACCOMPANIM5T TO /ATE =MATION4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,>YAN POLITY WAS AS FOLL[S3 

,! TRIBAL K+DOM 7RA%TRA7 CONTA9$ TRIBES 7JANA71 TRIBAL UNITS 7VI%71 & VILLAGES 7GRAMA74 ,! NUCLEUS WAS ! FAMILY 7KULA7 ) ! ELDE/ MALE MEMB] AS ITS HEAD 7KULAPA74 ,! K+ WAS ASSI/$ BY A C\RT ( ! ELD]S ( ! TRIBE & BY ! VILLAGE HEADM54 ,EV5 CLOS] TO HIM W]E TWO (FIC]S3 ! PUROHITA OR *IEF PRIE/1 :O COMB9$ ! FUNCTION ( PRIE/1 A/ROLOG]1 & ADVIS]2 & ! S5ANI OR MILIT>Y COMM&]4 .<#a#e#i.> 

,! ROYAL C\RT ALSO CONTA9$ SPIES1 MESS5G]S1 & LAT] ! ROYAL *>IOTE]1 TREASUR]1 /EW>D1 & SUP]9T5D5T ( DIC+--GAMBL+ BE+ V]Y IMPORTANT TO ! ,>YANS4 ,AS NOT$ ABOVE1 ONCE ! *IEF BECAME A DIV9E ROYAL FIGURE1 HE NO LONG] S]V$ AS ! MILIT>Y COMM&]1 ?AT ROLE HAV+ BE5 SPECIALIZ$ & SUBORD9AT$ TO HIM4 

,>YAN SOCIETY AT ! LOCAL LEVEL HAD /ILL NOT UND]GONE SU* DRAMATIC *ANGES4 ,! GRAMA WAS ORIG9ALLY A GR\P+ ( ?REE G5]ATIONS ( RELAT$ FAMILIES1 9 :I* BRO!RS LIV$ TOGE!R ACCOMPANI$ BY !IR WIVES & *ILDR54 ,) S$5T>Y LIV+ & AGRICULTURE1 ! GRAMA GREW TO 5COMPASS MORE FAMILIES4 ,L& WAS ! COMMUNAL PROP]TY ( ! 5TIRE VILLAGE1 ?\< OV] TIME A P>T ( ! L& CAME TO BE ! PROP]TY ( ! *IEF1 :O HIR$ \T LABOR]S TO WORK HIS %>E4 0,! H\SE WAS A L>GE ALL-9CLUSIVE /RUCTURE ) FAMILY & ANIMALS LIV+ UND] ! SAME RO(40 .<#a#f.> ,! HE>?1 :I* WAS ALWAYS KEPT BURN+1 WAS IMPORTANT ECONOMICALLY & SYMBOLICALLY4 

,BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE1 M>RIAGES W]E FREELY *OS51 & WOM5 5JOY$ A DEC5T /ATUS4 ,FEMALE DEITIES T5D$ TO LACK IMPORTANCE1 ?\< SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEITIES W]E H]MAPHRODITIC4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! ,>YAN RELIGI\S PAN!ON WAS SIMIL> TO ! G5]AL ,9DO-,EUROPEAN >*ETYPE4 ,! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION PROBABLY LEFT AN IMPORTANT M>K1 AS SE5 9 ! POPUL> WOR%IP ( ! ,MO!R ,GODDESS1 ! ,BULL1 ! ,HORN$ ,DEITY1 & SACR$ TREES1 ELEM5TS ?AT LAT] WORK$ !IR WAY 9TO ,H9DU WOR%IP4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 0! MORE AB/RACT BRAHMAN SY/EM ( BELIEF1 F\ND$ ON ! ,V$AS1 APPEAL$ TO A LIMIT$ FEW40 .<#a#f#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE WAS AN ELITE RELIGION & A POPUL> RELIGION4 ,IT WAS ! =M] ?AT W\LD BECOME ! /ATE RELIGION1 ,H9DUISM4 

,ANIMAL SACRIFICE1 5C\RAG$ BY ! ,BRAHMANS1 CAME TO PLAY A VITAL ROLE 9 RELIGI\S LIFE1 W9N+ ! SUPPORT ( ! ECONOMIC ELITE1 GIV5 ?AT ?OSE :O HAD ! MO/ CATTLE W]E ! ONES :O C\LD ACQUIRE ! MO/ SPIRITUAL CAPITAL4 ,IT IS NO SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT ! HET]ODOX ,BUDDHI/S LAT] DID AWAY ) SACRIFICES4 

,BE=E ! CA/E SY/EM OP5$ ! DOOR TO /ATE =MATION1 ,>YAN LAW WAS PURELY CU/OM>Y1 ) DISPUTES M$IAT$ BY ELD]S OR LEAD]S1 & RECONCIL$ ) REP>ATIONS 7I4E4 ! PAYM5T ( C[S71 EV5 9 CASES ( MURD]4 ,! DEA? P5ALTY CAME LAT]1 AS DID CODIFI$ LAWS 9 :I* PEOPLE W]E PUNI%$ DIFF]5TLY ACCORD+ TO !IR CA/E4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 0,JUDICIAL PROC$URE WAS EXTREMELY ELABORATE40 .<#a#f#b.> 

,CODIFI$ & DIFF]5TIAT$ 7UNEQUAL7 LAWS W]E ALSO ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( ,HAMMURABI'S LAW CODE 7#a#g#e#d ,B,C,E74 ,9 REFLECT+ ON ! =MATION ( ! MOD]N /ATE--A MORE RELEVANT PROBLEM = TODAY'S READ]S--IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ! LIB]AL IDEOLOGY DEM&S 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW0 BUT KEEPS A COMPLICIT SIL5CE REG>D+ ! CODIFICATION ( LAW1 EV5 ?\< WRITT5 LAW 7AS OPPOS$ TO COMMUNITY M$IATION7 SIGNIFIES ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( JU/ICE & AN AU?ORIT>IAN TRANS=MATION ( P[] RELATIONS AT LEA/ AS EXTREME AS ! RESULTS ( DIFF]5TIAT$ LAW4 ,!RE MAY NO LONG] BE ONE LAW = SLAVES1 ANO!R LAW = MA/]S1 BUT ! LIB]AL PR9CIPAL ( EQUAL YET CODIFI$ LAW IS /ILL A F>CE4 ,DEMOCRATIC =MALISM1 COMB9$ ) A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ALL[S EXTREME JUDICIAL DIFF]5TIATION TO EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE ) AN IDEOLOGY ( EQUALITY4 ,AS ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE WROTE1 0,9 ITS MAJE/IC EQUALITY1 ! LAW =BIDS RI* & POOR ALIKE TO SLEEP UND] BRIDGES1 BEG 9 ! /REETS1 & /EAL LOAVES ( BREAD40 ,PRIVATE PROP]TY & /ATES 9EVITABLY PRODUCE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 :]EAS ! CODIFICATION ( LAW PR(ESSIONALIZES ! REPRODUCTION ( MORALITY & EXCLUDES COMMUNITIES FROM CONFLICT RESOLUTION1 5SUR+ ! REPRODUCTION ( HI]>*Y ?R\< AU?ORIT>IAN PUNI%M5T REGIMES4 ,H[EV]1 PHILOSOPH]S1 HI/ORIANS1 RESE>*]S1 & $UCATORS CONT9U\SLY SUBJECT US TO ! 9S9C]ELY NAIVE BELIEF ?AT WRIT+ IS AN UNQUALIFI$ GOOD4 

,9 ! EM]G+ MON>*IES ON ! ,GANGES PLA91 ! ,BRAHMANS BECAME ! TOP CA/E1 OV]TAK+ ! ,K%ATRIYAS & AU?OR+ ! NEW IDEOLOGICAL SY/EM 9 ALLIANCE ) ! K+4 ,! KEY ROLE ( ! PRIE/S BECOMES EVID5T IF WE COMP>E ! MON>*IES ?AT CON/ITUT$ E>LY /ATES ) ! L>GELY /ATELESS 0REPUBLICS0 ( ! HI<L&S4 ,9 ! LATT]1 ! ,K%ATRIYAS REMA9$ ! DOM9ANT CA/E4 

,! REPUBLICS & MON>*IES ?AT >OSE 9 NOR? ,9DIA BE=E #f ,B,C,E COMPRIS$ S+LE TRIBES OR TRIBAL CONF$]ATIONS4 ,! REPUBLICS RETA9$ ! IDEA ( ORGANIZATION BY ASSEMBLY1 & PRES]V$ MORE TRIBAL CU/OMS 9 G5]AL4 ,!SE REPUBLICS W]E FREQU5TLY F\ND$ BY ILLEGITIMATE OR DISPLAC$ MEMB]S ( ROYAL L9EAGES FROM NEI<BOR+ /ATES4 ,AT LEA/1 ?AT IS ! V]SION PRES]V$ 9 !IR MY?ICAL HI/ORIES1 DEMON/RAT+ A CURI\S RELATION%IP ) ! SYMBOLIC VALUE ( ! MON>*IES4 ,ON ! ONE H& !Y ASCRIB$ TO ! SAME /ATUS SYMBOLS1 LIKE ROYALTY1 & ON ! O!R H& !Y SEEM$ TO BROADCA/ A P]V]SE ADULT]ATION OR A DEFIANCE ( ! MON>*ICAL VALUES3 !IR SEMI-MY?ICAL F\ND]S W]E NOT ELDE/ SONS BUT BA/>DS & BLACK %EEP4 

,! REPUBLICS T5D$ TO HAVE A CAPITAL :]E ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TRIBES & HEADS ( FAMILY W\LD MEET 9 ASSEMBLY1 PRESID$ OV] BY ! RAJAH1 :O WAS *OS5 FROM AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,VRIJI CONF$]ACY ! TRIBES RETA9$ 9DEP5D5T & EQUAL /ATUS4 ,!Y HAD AN ADM9I/RATION BY (FICIALS SU* AS A TREASUR]1 ASSI/ANTS TO ! *IEF OR RAJAH1 & A MILIT>Y COMM&]4 ,EM]G+ T[NS SPECIALIZ$ 9 SPECIFIC CRAFTS1 LIKE POTT]Y1 OR !Y BECAME TRAD+ C5T]S4 ,K%ATRIYAS LIV$ 9 ! T[NS & 0PROBABLY 5C\RAG$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! >TISANS40 .<#a#f#c.> 

,! ,>YAN REPUBLICS TOL]AT$ UNOR?ODOX VIEWS1 AS SE5 9 ! SUBSEQU5T APPE>ANCE ( ,BUDDHISM & ,JA9ISM2 ! F\ND]S ( BO? ?OSE CULTS CAME FROM REPUBLICAN TRIBES1 & !Y SPREAD MO/ QUICKLY 9 ! REPUBLICAN >EAS4 ,BUDDHI/S 9 P>TICUL> SUPPORT$ ! REPUBLICS BY REPLAC+ ! ,H9DU MY? ( ! DIV9E ORIG9 ( /ATES ) ! MY? ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 

,P[]-HOLD]S )9 ! TRIBES ALSO DEF5D$ ! REPUBLICAN =M ( ORGANIZATION ) ITS WEAK] HI]>*IES1 :]EAS ! MON>*IES HAD TO SUBV]T TRIBAL LOYALTY & REPLACE IT ) CA/E LOYALTY & LOYALTY TO ! MON>*4 ,! TRIBAL REPUBLICS LA/$ UNTIL ! F\R? C5TURY ,C,E4 ,DEMON/RAT+ ! MULTI-L9EAL NATURE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 SOME MON>*IES LIKE ,KAMBOJA MORPH$ 9TO REPUBLICS1 ?\< 9 ! ,GANGES PLA9 ! MON>*IES REMA9$ PR$OM9ANT4 .<#a#f#d.> 

,BE=E #e ,B,C,E1 F\R POLITIES 7?REE MON>*IES & ! /ATELESS ,VRIJI CONF$]ACY7 COMPET$ = CONTROL ( ! ,GANGES PLA91 CONTROLL+ RIV] TRAFFIC1 FI<T+ = ACCESS TO TRADE ) EA/ ,9DIA & ,BURMA4 ,BY !N1 K+%IP WAS H]$IT>Y AMONG ! MON>*IES1 ROYAL FAMILIES ( DIFF]5T /ATES 9T]M>RI$1 & ! /ATES ?AT W\LD PROVE VICTORI\S EMPHASIZ$ EFFICI5T ADM9I/RATION ) H&PICK$ M9I/]S 7AS OPPOS$ TO H]$IT>Y M9I/]S74 ,VILLAGE HEADM5 COLLECT$ & DELIV]$ TAXES4 ,MO/ L& WAS COMMUNAL1 WORK$ BY ,%UDRAS4 ,VILLAGES W]E /OCKAD$1 SURR\ND$ BY FIELDS & PA/URES4 ,BEYOND WAS =E/ & WA/EL&1 & ONLY ! K+ C\LD SANCTION ! CLE>+ ( NEW L&S4 ,HIS PR]OGATIVE WAS TO RECEIVE ONE-SIX? ( !IR PRODUCE4 ,! 0UNT\*ABLES0 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ?IS P]IOD2 !Y W]E PROBABLY =M] HUNT]-GA!R]S :O W]E P>TIALLY ASSIMILAT$ & =C$ TO LIVE BY RU%-WEAV+ OR HUNT+1 BO? ( :I* W]E DISP>AG$ ACTIVITIES )9 ! DOM9ANT CULTURE4 

,BETWE5 #dic & #dfa ,B,C,E1 ,MAGADHA BECAME PREEM95T ON ! ,GANGES PLA91 DOM9AT+ NEI<BOR+ /ATES ?R\< W>F>E4 ,! /ATELESS ,VRIJI CONF$]ACY WAS ABLE TO RESI/ ! LONGE/3 SIXTE5 YE>S4 ,ONCE ?AT FELL1 ,MAGADHA MONOPOLIZ$ REGIONAL TRADE4 ,A LAT] RUL+ DYNA/Y ( ,MAGADHA1 ! ,N&AS1 9 P[] UNTIL #cba ,B,C,E1 W]E ! ONES TO AMASS AN >MY SO HUGE ?AT !Y DISSUAD$ ,ALEX&] ( ,MAC$ONIA FROM CONT9U+ HIS CONQUE/S PA/ ,PUNJAB4 ,9T]E/+LY1 ! FIR/ ,N&A WAS ( ,%UDRA ORIG91 ?\< HIS ASC5SION TO P[] ONLY SOLIDIFI$--RA!R ?AN UPSET--! CA/E SY/EM4 ,9 ?IS HI/ORY WE CAN SEE ANO!R SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! CA/E /ATE & ! DEMOCRATIC MOD]N /ATE1 SUGGE/+ 7& NOT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 \R /UDY7 ! CONT\RS ( A LOGIC ( P[] CAPABLE ( TRANSC5D+ ! /RUCTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS IT DEVELOPS TO EXPRESS ITSELF4 

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