,*APT] #h 
,!Y ,A9'T ,GOT ,NO ,CLASS3 ,SURPLUSES & ! ,/ATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,V,I,I,I4 ,!Y ,A9'T ,GOT ,NO ,CLASS3 ,SURPLUSES & ! ,/ATE 

,SO F>1 WE HAVE FOCUS$ ON PROCESSES ( SECOND>Y /ATE =MATION3 SOCIETIES ?AT =M$ /ATES )9 WORLD SY/EMS :]E O!R /ATES HAD ALREADY BE5 9/ITUT$1 & ?US CON/ITUT$ A MODEL & AN 9FLU5CE4 ,WE HAVE BEGUN TO APPRECIATE H[ A SOCIETY'S PRIOR ATTITUDE T[>DS AU?ORITY HAS A CRITICAL IMPACT ON H[ IT RESPONDS TO /ATE 9FLU5CE--:E!R ) RESI/ANCE OR IMITATION4 ,PLAC$ 9 ! SAME ADV]SE SITUATION1 A SOCIETY ) ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 COOP]ATIVE1 & RECIPROCAL VALUES WILL F9D AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTION1 :ILE A SOCIETY ?AT VALUES HI]>*Y MAY LIKELY =M A /ATE4 ,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 A NUMB] ( NON-/ATE MODELS = SOCIAL EVOLUTION ?AT 5ABLE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES TO RESPOND TO ?OSE SITUATIONS ?AT SUPPOS$LY CAUSE /ATES TO =M3 W>F>E1 POPULATION GR[?1 9T]NAL COMPLEXIFICATION1 TRADE EXPANSIONS1 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 ET CET]A4 

,SOON IT WILL BE TIME TO TURN \R ATT5TION TO ! RELATIVELY R>E PROCESS ( PRIM>Y /ATE =MATION3 SOCIETIES ?AT =M$ /ATES 9 A /ATELESS WORLD SY/EM1 )\T ANY GUID+ MODEL OR EXT]NAL /ATI/ PRESSURES4 

,BUT FIR/1 ,I ?9K IT WILL BE HELPFUL TO D$ICATE A *APT] TO ! MATT] ( ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION1 :I* SOME !ORIES POSIT AS ! MOTOR ( /ATE =MATION4 ,! V]Y NOTION ( UND]/&+ 7AS DI/9CT FROM ANALYZ+7 ! ECONOMY AS A DI/9CT SPH]E ( SOCIAL LIFE IS PROBLEMATIC FROM ! />T4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! ILLUSION HAS LONG S9CE BECOME SELF-CONFIRM+1 ?ANKS TO BUREAUCRACIES ?AT PRODUCE /ATI/ICS-BAS$ KN[L$GE1 PATRI>*AL SEP>ATIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 POLITICAL EXP$I5CY PROMOT+ AN 9/ITUTIONAL DIVISION BETWE5 ! =MAL & 9=MAL >EAS ( ! ,/ATE1 & NEO-,PLATONIC_/,*RI/IAN DUALISMS ?AT >E /ILL COMMONPLACE 9 SCI5TIFIC ?\<T4 

,! CONCEPT ( SOCIAL W>1 AN ELABORATION ( AN>*I/ !ORIES ( P[]1 REVEALS H[ PURPORT$LY DI/9CT MANEUV]S ( POLITICS & ECONOMY ACTUALLY F9D !IR P]FECT SYN!SIS )9 A P]MAN5T C\NT]9SURG5CY /RATEGY DESIGN$ TO ACCUMULATE P[] & TO PROTECT ! ,/ATE FROM ALL ! RESI/ANCE ITS ACCUMULATIVE PROCESS HAS G5]AT$ TO DATE4 

,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL CAN BE USEFULLY ANALYZ$ AS ONE ( ! MEANS A BROADLY UND]/OOD ,/ATE USES TO ACCUMULATE P[]1 BO? TO PROVISION ITSELF ) MORE RES\RCES & TO TRANS=M ! SOCIAL T]RA9 TO FACILITATE AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE READ AS A SPECIAL LANGUAGE ?AT MEMB]S ( ! ELITE USE TO COMMUNICATE AB\T %>$ 9T]E/S4 .<#a#a#i.> ,BUT IT ONLY MAKES S5SE :5 UND]/OOD AS A P>T ( ! ,/ATE'S IMP]ATIVE TO DOM9ATE ! SOCIAL BODY ?AT GIVES IT ITS P]V]SE LIFE4 7,L9EBAU< & ,R$IK] GIVE US AN 9DISP5SABLE EXAMPLE :5 !Y REVEAL ! PROTOTYPE ( ! FACTORY TO BE ! TRANSATLANTIC %IP1 ! P]FECT MODEL ( SOCIAL CONTROL3 A DESIGN$ 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! NE$S ( A SITE ( PRODUCTION & ! NE$S ( AU?ORIT>IAN DOM9ATION F9D A SYN!SIS47 

,IT BECOMES APP>5T1 ON A LONG TIMEL9E ?AT SURPASSES ,M>XISM'S N>R[ OPTIC1 ?AT ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES & SPIRITUAL VALUES ?AT /ATES & PROTO-/ATES CREATE4 ,I BELIEVE ALL ! AVAILABLE EVID5CE CONFIRMS ?AT ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION IS NEV] A CAUSE ( /ATE =MATION1 AL?\< DEVELOP+ AN EFFECTIVE /RATEGY ( ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION CAN ALL[ A /ATE TO GR[ RAPIDLY4 

,H[ C\LD ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUSES CAUSE ! =MATION ( NEW POLITICAL /RUCTURES :5 A SURPLUS CANNOT EXI/ )9 A RECIPROCAL ECONOMY8 ,9 A GIFT-BAS$ ECONOMY1 B\NTY & ABUNDANCE NEV] MANIFE/ AS SURPLUS1 S9CE ANY?+ ?AT IS NOT US$ BY AN 9DIVIDUAL OR H] FAMILY IS GIV5 AWAY4 ,! V]Y CONCEPT ( SURPLUS DOES NOT EXI/2 ! P]T95T CATEGORIES W\LD BE 0GIFT0 & 0WA/E40 

,ONLY A COMP\ND ( /RUCTURES ( CONC5TRAT$1 CO]CIVE & METAPHYSICAL P[] CAN BREAK ! G5]ALIZ$ PRACTICE ( RECIPROCITY ?AT IS ! F\NDATION ( EV]Y SOCIETY1 LEGITIMIZE ! CONCEPT ( QUANTITATIVE RA!R ?AN SOCIAL VALUE1 & A*IEVE ! 9/ITUTION ( ALI5ABLE PROP]TY ON ! GRAVE ( ! GIFT ECONOMY4 ,ABS5T ?OSE RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGES1 ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! PA?S BY :I* ! =M] CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ WILL BE EXPLOR$ 9 ! SUBSEQU5T *APT]S4 

,:AT =MS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION >E AVAILABLE TO E>LY /ATES8 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE IS A WEAK P>ASITISM ON PREEXI/+ TRADE & AGRICULTURE4 ,?IS C\LD TAKE ! =M ( A TRIBUTE [$ TO ! GODS 7& DISP5S$ ) BY A PRIE/LY CLASS71 TO A DOM9ANT L9EAGE OR CLAN ?AT HAS EFFECTIVELY LEGITIMIZ$ ITS CLAIMS TO ! T]RITORY & TO ! ANCE/ORS1 OR TO ! W>RIOR CA/E ( A NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITY ?AT HAS SUCCESSFULLY 9/ITUT$ ?AT AGE-OLD /ATE-BUILD+ ME*ANISM1 ! PROTECTION RACKET4 ,9 A CLE> BREAK ) ! VOLUNT>Y *>ACT] ( RECIPROCITY1 NONPAYM5T ( ! TRIBUTE CAN BE PUNI%$ ) SPIRITUAL O/RACISM1 SOCIAL EXCLUSION1 PHYSICAL EXPULSION1 OR PUNITIVE RAID+1 KIDNAPP+1 MURD]1 RAPE1 & O!R ACTS ( /ATE-BUILD+4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 E>LY /ATES 9V>IABLY PUT !IR NASC5T AU?ORITY TO ! TE/ 9 ! V]Y K9D ( SOCIAL RE5G9E]+ & LEGIBILITY-IMPOS+ >*ITECTURES ?AT CAPITALISM1 />T+ A M]E FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 HAS COME TO EXCEL AT4 7,W\LD IT BE TOO AWKW>D TO SPEAK ( CRAT(ORM+8 ,SCI5CE FICTION HAS GIV5 US ! CONCEPT ( T]RA=M+ TO SPEAK ( ! *EMICAL1 GEOLOGICAL1 & CLIMACTIC TRANS=MATION ( O!R PLANETS TO ALL[ MORE RECOGNIZABLE =MS ( COLONIZATION TO TAKE PLACE4 ,LIKEWISE1 CRATOS--/ATE AU?ORITY--TRANS=MS ! 5VIRONM5T AT AN ELEM5TAL & ECOSOCIAL LEVEL TO FAVOR ITS [N PROLIF]ATION47 

,FEW E>LY /ATES W]E CONT5T ) EXACT+ TRIBUTE & SKIMM+ ! TOP (F ( PREEXI/+ ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES4 ,TO V>Y+ DEGREES1 !Y PU%$ !IR SUBJECTS TO AUGM5T PRODUCTION & TO SPECIALIZE 9 A S+LE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY & ?US BECOME DEP5D5T ON A DI/RIBUTION NETWORK CONTROLL$ BY ! ,/ATE2 & !Y REORGANIZ$ ! SOCIAL FABRIC1 RELOCAT+ PEOPLE & DEVELOP+ NEW >*ITECTURES1 TO CEM5T & 9T5SIFY !SE *ANGES4 ,9 P>ALLEL1 !Y CAPTUR$ SLAVES & MANUFACTUR$ E?NIC OR RELIGI\S B>RI]S TO SOLID>ITY1 ALL[+ !M TO SUBJECT ! SLAVES TO LEVELS ( EXPLOITATION ?AT ! CITIZ5S W\LD NEV] ABIDE4 

,CAPITALISM AS A SOCIOECONOMIC SY/EM .<#a#b.> HAS ?RIV$ ON MAK+ EXPLOITIVE =MS ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY PR(ITABLE & EFFICI5T2 H[EV]1 ! ATTEMPTS ( E>LY /ATES TO IMPEL ECONOMIC PRODUCTION >E G5]ALLY M>K$ BY IMMIS]ATION & 9EFFICI5CY4 ,PRODUCTIVITY1 WE C\LD SAY1 WAS UNTIL REC5TLY F> LESS B\NTIFUL ?AN SUBSI/5CE 7& CONT9UES TO BE MU* LESS EFFECTIVE1 IF MEASUR$ 9 T]MS ( 5]GY 9PUT & ECOLOGICAL DRA9 RA!R ?AN LABOR P[]74 

,REF]R+ TO /ATE-ORGANIZ$ AGRICULTURE BY PRE-COLONIAL /ATES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,SCOTT SAYS3 0,!Y >E R>ELY MODELS ( EFFICI5T OR SU/A9ABLE AGRICULTURE1 BUT !Y >E1 & !Y >E 9T5D$ TO BE1 MODELS ( LEGIBILITY & APPROPRIATION40 .<#a#b#a.> ,COMP>+ E>LY CITY-/ATES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS ) ?OSE 9 ,ASIA1 ,B]EZK9 PO9TS \T ?AT HYP]-URBANIZATION WAS NOT EFFICI5T = PRODUCTION BUT WAS NECESSITAT$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE LIMITATIONS ( ! /ATE ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO MONOPOLIZE & REORGANIZE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 0,:5 ! GOV]NM5TAL TRADITION WAS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$1 ! PROPORTION ( URBAN POPULATION DIM9I%$40 .<#a#b#b.> 

,! ,BALUBA1 ,BAKUNDA1 & ,BALUNDA /ATES ( ! ,CONGO BAS91 DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,X,I1 CAN PRACTICALLY BE CONSID]$ ORIG9AL /ATES1 AS !Y HAD LITTLE OR NO CONTACT ) ! /ATES ( NOR!RN & EA/]N ,AFRICA1 & UNTIL LAT] ONLY 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE FROM ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N & ,M$IT]RANEAN /ATES4 ,!SE /ATES PRACTIC$ ! 9ALI5ABILITY ( L& ?R\<\T !IR EXI/5CE1 & IT WAS NOT AMONG ! FIR/ PRACTICES GIV5 UP AFT] ,EUROPEAN COLONIZATION4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! OBLIGATIONS ( /ATEHOOD W]E EQUAL TO OR LESS ?AN ?OSE 9 MANY NON-/ATE SOCIETIES3 TRIBUTE & IRREGUL> OBLIGATORY COLLECTIVE LABOR4 .<#a#b#c.> ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! /ATE /RUCTURES SUPPORT$ !MSELVES ?R\< =EIGN TRADE & ?US CON/ITUT$ A M9IMAL ECONOMIC BURD5 ON !IR SUBJECTS4 ,! GLUE & MOTOR ( /ATE ORGANIZATION 9 !SE SOCIETIES BELONG ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO :AT SOME W\LD LABEL ! SUP]/RUCTURE--! RELIGI\S & C]EMONIAL1 9 A WORD1 SYMBOLIC1 ACC\T]M5TS TO :AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! MAT]IAL BASE4 

,?\< IT IS NOT ALWAYS !IR PRIM>Y S\RCE ( SU/5ANCE1 AS 9 ! ,CONGO /ATES1 EM]G+ /ATES NE>LY ALWAYS TRY TO FOM5T & CONTROL TRADE4 ,! ,ZAPOTEC & ,MAYAN /ATES C5TRALIZ$ & MONOPOLIZ$ ! PRE/IGE SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY 7= EXAMPLE1 ! F9E/ C]AMICS & ! OBSIDIAN TRADE7 & ALL[$ O!R CRAFTS TO BE DEC5TRALIZ$ & L>GELY SELF-ORGANIZ$1 ?\< AT ! BOTTOM ( ! ECONOMIC HI]>*Y !Y =CIBLY RELOCAT$ PEASANTS 9 SETTLEM5TS D$ICAT$ TO SPECIALIZ$1 9T5SIVE AGRICULTURE4 ,CURI\SLY1 MANY ( ! /ATES ?AT MO/ EFFECTIVELY E/ABLI%$ TRADE EMPIRES ORGANIZ$ NETWORKS ( C]EMONIAL C5T]S 9 :I* SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL COMM]CE W]E OV]LAID4 ,! ,NILE & ! ,&ES /ATES1 :I* WILL BE DISCUSS$ MORE 9 A SUBSEQU5T *APT]1 W]E BO? EXAMPLES TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,! ,9CA /ATE ALSO ASSIGN$ DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY TO SPECIFIC T[NS1 9 A SIMPLE /RATEGY ?AT IS NONE!LESS ELOQU5T 9 DEMON/RAT+ A SYN!SIS ( SOCIAL CONTROL & ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION4 ,9 ! >TIFICIALLY HET]OG5E\S MAP ( !IR T]RITORY1 9DIVIDUAL T[NS W]E DEP5D5T RA!R ?AN SELF-SUFFICI5T1 HYP]-SPECIALIZATION AUGM5T$ 9NOVATION & \TPUT1 & ! 5TIRE POPULATION HAD TO 5GAGE 9 9T5SIFI$ TRADE1 :I* WAS MORE LEGIBLE & TAXABLE ?AN LOCALIZ$ PRODUCTION4 

,/ATES CAN ORGANIZE TRADE NETWORKS1 BUT TRADE NETWORKS !MSELVES DO NOT G5]ATE /ATES4 ,! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION1 ONE ( ! OLDE/ 9 ! WORLD1 IS AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE4 ,AT ITS HEI<T 7BETWE5 #bf & #ai ,B,C,E71 ! CIVILIZATION HAD A POPULATION ( SOME FIVE MILLION PEOPLE LIV+ 9 HALF A DOZ5 CITIES--SU* AS ,H>APPA & ,MOH5JO-,D>O--& OV] A ?\S& T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,IT MADE UP A WORLD SY/EM TOGE!R ) ITS TRAD+ P>TN]S1 ANCI5T ,EGYPT & ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,( !SE1 ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION WAS ! L>GE/4 ,& 9 CONTRA/ TO ! O!R TWO1 IT WAS PROBABLY /ATELESS4 ,NO SOLID EVID5CE HAS BE5 F\ND ( K+S1 PRIE/S1 >MIES1 TEMPLES1 OR PALACES4 ,SOME ( ! L>GE/ BUILD+S 9 ! URBAN C5T]S W]E PUBLIC BA?S2 ! URBAN PLANN+1 SEWAGE1 & HYGI5IC SY/EMS W]E ! BE/ 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD2 & ! RELATIVE EQUALITY ( H\S+ SIZE SUGGE/S AN EGALIT>IAN1 NON-/RATIFI$ SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 SOME 9EQUALITIES MAY HAVE EXI/$1 GIV5 A HI< RATE ( DISEASE & 9JURY F\ND AMONG HUMAN REMA9S4 ,! DISEASE CAN BE ACC\NT$ = BY A D5SE URBAN POPULATION1 AL?\< IT SEEMS ?AT SOME ( ! SICK & 9JUR$ RECEIV$ NO M$ICAL C>E4 ,) ! PROBABLE LACK ( AN >MY1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION PRACTIC$ ANY =M ( SLAV]Y EXTREME 5\< TO RESULT 9 A HI< 9JURY RATE4 ,O!R POSSIBLE SOCIAL DIVISIONS MI<T HAVE EXI/$ BETWE5 URBAN CITIZ5S 7:O SEEM$ TO BE EXCLUSIVELY CRAFTSPEOPLE & M]*ANTS7 & RURAL 9HABITANTS1 ! LATT] POSSIBLY EXCLUD$ FROM URBAN HEAL?C>E1 ?\< ! LACK ( MILIT>Y /RUCTURES SUGGE/S ?AT ! RURAL POPULATION TRAD$ !IR SURPLUS MORE OR LESS VOLUNT>ILY ) ! >TISANS ( ! T[NS & CITIES2 )\T A MILIT>Y1 ! CITIES C\LD NOT SUBJUGATE ! C\NTRYSIDE OR DO ANY?+ WORSE ?AN IMPOSE MILDLY UNFAVORABLE BALANCES ( TRADE4 

,IF ?IS IS 9DE$ A CASE ( AN AN>*IC SOCIETY ) A HI< POPULATION D5SITY1 IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE ?AT COLLECTIVELY 7& VIOL5TLY7 5=C$ SOCIAL NORMS W]E 9 PLACE1 LEAD+ TO A DEC5TRALIZ$ PRACTICE ( KILL+ AU?ORIT>IAN W\LD-BE LEAD]S AS WELL AS PEOPLE 5GAG+ 9 BEHAVIORS P]CEIV$ AS ANTI-SOCIAL1 SU* AS MURD]1 RAPE1 OR !FT2 OR ?AT ! CIVILIZATION SUB/ITUT$ W>F>E ) RITUALIZ$ OR 9=MAL BUT 9 ANY CASE VIOL5T SPORT COMPETITIONS 7= :I* !RE EXI/ NUM]\S PREC$5TS AMONG /ATELESS SOCIETIES74 

,9 ANY CASE1 !RE IS NO POSITIVE EVID5CE = SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 AS ! DISEASE & 9JURY RATE HAVE MULTIPLE POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS1 & NO EVID5CE = ! CORRESPOND+ MILIT>Y1 RELIGI\S1 & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES ?AT 5ABLE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 

,PREC$+ ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION W]E F>M+ SETTLEM5TS LIKE ,MEHRG>H1 A SMALL AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE GO+ BACK TO #fe ,B,C,E1 :I* BETWE5 #ee & #bf EXP]I5C$ A CRAFTS & TRADE EXPLOSION4 ,D\BTLESS IT WAS ONE ( MULTIPLE VILLAGES 9 ! REGION1 ALL[+ US TO IMAG9E ! FOLL[+ TIMEL9E4 ,9 A F]TILE ECOSY/EM ( MULTIPLE RIV] VALLEYS1 NEOLI?IC 7ADVANC$ /ONE-TOOL-US+7 HUNT]-GA!R]S EV5TUALLY ADOPT$ S$5T>Y SETTLEM5TS BAS$ ON ! CULTIVATION ( MULTIPLE GRA9S & O!R PLANTS1 :I* !Y DOME/ICAT$ OV] TIME TO FAVOR *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT MET !IR DIET>Y & TE*NICAL NE$S4 ,SOON AFT]1 !Y ALSO BEGAN DOME/ICAT+ A FEW ANIMAL SPECIES4 ,NETWORKS ( SU* SETTLEM5TS1 /ILL PRACTIC+ A GOOD DEAL ( HUNT+ & GA!R+ & /ILL SURR\ND$ BY PURE HUNT]-GA!R]S1 ) :OM !Y MAY HAVE MA9TA9$ RELATIONS1 EXI/$ 9 RELATIVE /ABILITY = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 :I* IS TO SAY HUNDR$S ( G5]ATIONS1 :I* 9 HUMAN T]MS MI<T AS WELL BE AN ET]NITY4 

,AFT] ?IS ET]NITY1 COPP] WORK+ GAVE RISE TO BRONZE TE*NOLOGY1 A MULTIPLICATION 9 ! AVAILABLE TOOLS & TE*NIQUES1 & A DIV]SIFICATION ( CRAFTS1 9T5SIFY+ TRADE & 9T]DEP5D5CY )9 ! VILLAGE NETWORK4 ,9CREASES 9 TRADE & 9 AGRICULTURAL EFFICI5CY L$ TO A POPULATION 9CREASE1 :I* AFT] ANO!R C\PLE ?\S& YE>S L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( CITIES4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 ! CITIES HAD NO RELIGION1 NO >MIES1 ONLY ! MO/ MODE/ =MS ( W>F>E1 IF ANY1 & NO RUL]S4 ,= ANO!R SEV5 HUNDR$ YE>S1 !Y C>RI$ \T !IR CRAFTS & !IR TRADE1 & ORGANIZ$ !IR CITIES ) SOME =M ( C\NCIL OR ASSEMBLY ( 9HABITANTS4 ,SU* A DEGREE ( /ABILITY IS R>E 9 /ATE TIMEL9ES4 ,CON/ITUT+ ANO!R A*IEVEM5T = /ATELESSNESS1 ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION WAS 9 MANY WAYS ! MO/ TE*NOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 !Y DI/RIBUT$ !IR WEAL? 9 A RELATIVELY EQUAL MANN]1 & EVID5TLY !Y DID NOT RESORT TO SLAV]Y1 RELIGION1 OR AGGRESSIVE W>F>E4 

,EV5TUALLY ! CITIES W]E AB&ON$1 P]HAPS DUE TO ! 5VIRONM5TAL IMPACTS OR ! DET]IORATION 9 LIV+ /&>DS WR\<T BY HI< POPULATION D5SITIES1 ?\< ! T[NS & AGRICULTURAL SETTLEM5TS ?RIV$ = MANY C5TURIES MORE UNTIL !IR EV5TUAL CONQUE/ BY ,>YAN 9VAD]S4 

,/ATELESS SOCIETIES ALSO EXI/$ AT ! HE>T ( ONE ( ! MO/ 9T5SIVE1 HI<-VALUE TRADE NETWORKS 9 WORLD HI/ORY1 9 ! ,B&A ISL&S ( ! ,MALUKU >*IPELAGO4 ,! ISL&]S P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! SPICE TRADE = C5TURIES1 OCCUPY+ AN ESS5TIAL PRODUCTIVE NI*E1 :ILE PRES]V+ !IR /ATELESSNESS4 

,SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?R\<\T ! ,MALUKU >*IPELAGO WAS LOCALIZ$ & L>GELY HORIZONTAL1 ?\< !RE WAS ALSO A C\NCIL ( WEAL?Y MALE ELD]S--ORANG KAYA--EA* ONE REPRES5T+ A DI/RICT4 ,! MAJORITY ( LOCAL AFFAIRS W]E SELF-ORGANIZ$1 ) ! ORANG KAYA PRIM>ILY DEAL+ )1 & D]IV+ !IR P[] FROM1 ! SPICE TRADE1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ,MALAY1 ,>AB1 & ,*9ESE TRAD]S4 ,ISLAM >RIV$ PEACEFULLY TO ! ISL&S 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 PROVID+ A %>$ SOCIAL FABRIC ) ! DOM9ANT TRADE NETWORKS & HELP+ TO UNITE \TSIDE TRAD]S ) LOCAL M]*ANTS4 ,TRADITIONAL =MS ( ANIMISM CONT9U$ TO BE PRACTIC$ 9 ! 9T]IOR1 AWAY FROM ! PORTS4 

,:5 ! ,V,O,C 7! ,DUT* ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY7 >RIV$ 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY & TRI$ TO IMPOSE A TRADE MONOPOLY ) UNFAVORABLE T]MS1 ! ISL&]S REVOLT$ & KILL$ ! 9T]LOP]S4 ,AFT] MILIT>ILY DEFEAT+ ! ,5GLI% 9 A S]IES ( BATTLES1 5D+ ! MAJOR SUBV]SION ( !IR MONOPOLY1 ! ,DUT* RETURN$ & =C$ ! ORANG KAYA TO SIGN A NEW TREATY4 ,CIT+ P]CEIV$ VIOLATIONS ( ! TREATY1 ! ,DUT* COMPANY 9/ITUT$ A POLICY ( G5OCIDE1 KILL+ OR EXPELL+ ! NATIVES & REPOPULAT+ ! ISL&S ) SLAVES OR =C$ IMMIGRANTS4 ,?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( /ATE AU?ORITY 9 ! >*IPELAGO4 

,ELSE:]E 9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIES1 LOCAL SOCIETIES ALT]NAT$ BETWE5 /ATES & /ATELESSNESS UNTIL !Y W]E DEF9ITIVELY COLONIZ$4 ,P]IODS ( HI<-9T5SITY TRADE AVAIL$ MORE RES\RCES TO /ATE-BUILD+ PROJECTS1 BUT !Y DID NOT MAKE !M 9EVITABLE4 ,ON ! IMPORTANT ISL& ( ,JAVA1 AT ! C5T] ( ! PEPP] TRADE1 WE SEE ! SAME CYCLES ( /ATE-=MATION & /ATE COLLAPSE AS WE SEE ELSE:]E1 ) MILDLY HI]>*ICAL BUT /ATELESS SOCIETIES PROV+ !IR RESILI5CE OV] C5TURIES4 ,9 ! 5D1 IT WAS NOT 5DOG5\S PROCESSES ( CLASS /RATIFICATION ?AT BR\<T 5DUR+ /ATE /RUCTURES TO ,JAVA1 BUT MILIT>Y IMPOSITION BY EXT]NAL P[]S--FIR/ ,MUSLIM & !N ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S4 

,! FIR/ CONT5D] = /ATEHOOD 9 ,JAVA MI<T BE ! ,T>UMANAG>A K+DOM1 ?\< ! AVAILABLE EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT ! K+DOM LACK$ CO]CIVE P[]S1 9/ITUTIONAL CONT9UITY1 & NON-*>ISMATIC AU?ORITY 79 O!R WORDS1 IT MI<T HAVE BE5 :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S CLASSIFY AS A *IEFDOM & NOT A /ATE74 ,K+ ,PURNAW>MAN WAS ! MO/ FAM\S RUL]1 HIS REIGN LA/+ FROM #c#i#e-#d#c#d4 ,! K+DOM'S F\ND] WAS HIS GR&FA!R1 A REFUGEE FROM ,9DIA :O POSSIBLY CAME FROM A RUL+-CLASS FAMILY1 :O FL$ ! EXPANSION ( ! ,GUPTA EMPIRE & M>RI$ A WOMAN ! F\ND+ MY?S REF] TO AS A LOCAL ,JAVANESE PR9CESS1 PROBABLY ! DAU<T] ( A HI<-/ATUS FAMILY4 

7,CURI\SLY1 A SIMIL> /ORY EXI/S AB\T ! F\ND+ ( ,SALAKANAG>A1 ! FIR/ ,9DIANIZ$ SOCIETY ( ,WE/ ,JAVA4 ,?\< NO DIRECT 9=MATION ON ! SOCIETY EXI/S1 LAT] ACC\NTS CLAIM ?AT ,SALAKANAG>A WAS F\ND$ BY AN ,9DIAN TRADE EMISS>Y :O M>RI$1 AGA91 A LOCAL PR9CESS4 ,?\< IMPOSSIBLE TO V]IFY1 ! /ORY SUGGE/S ! /ATUS ?AT S]V+ AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( A =EIGN /ATE CAN BR+1 ESPECIALLY 9 A HI]>*ICAL BUT NON-/ATE SOCIETY4 ,IT ALSO %[S ONE ( ! WAYS ?AT A /ATE'S CONTROL OV] & PROMOTION ( TRADE CAN SPREAD ! /ATE MODEL47 

,PURNAW>MAN WAS SAID TO HAVE SUBORD9AT$ =TY-EI<T SMALL] K+DOMS1 :I* MAY HAVE BE5 SEMI-AUTONOM\S CLANS OR COMMUNITIES1 EA* ) !IR [N *IEF4 ,MONUM5TAL 9SCRIPTIONS ?AT ,PURNAW>MAN COMMISSION$ SUGGE/ ?AT HE WON ! ALLIANCE ( LESS] K+S 7OR *IEFS71 & ?AT ! =TY-EI<T K+DOMS W]E !RE=E NOT ADM9I/RATIVE UNITS UND] HIS DIRECT CONTROL4 ,! ,TUGU 9SCRIPTION SPEAKS ( 0HIS 9TELLIG5CE & WISDOM0 & NOTES ?AT HE 0HAS BECOME ! ROYAL FLAG ( ALL K+S40 .<#a#b#d.> ,O!R 9SCRIPTIONS SPEAK ( LOYAL ALLIES FI<T+ AT HIS SIDE BE+ REW>D$ ) HONORABLE RECEPTIONS1 RA!R ?AN SUBORD9ATES UND] HIS COMM& SIMPLY FOLL[+ ORD]S4 

,A TYPICAL /ATE-BUILD+ FIGURE1 ,PURNAW>MAN OV]SAW IRRIGATION WORKS & SPREAD ,H9DUISM1 US+ ! ,BRAHMANS--! PRIE/ CLASS--TO LEGITIMATE HIS RULE4 ,TWO YE>S 9TO HIS REIGN1 HE E/ABLI%$ A NEW CAPITAL1 ANO!R COMMON EV5T 9 /ATE-=MATION1 AS A NEW CONFIGURATION ( P[] 7USUALLY ASSEMBL$ >\ND A SKILL$ /ATESMAN7 DEMON/RATES & CEM5TS ITS /R5G? BY CREAT+ A NEW C5T] & BREAK+ ! OLD NETWORKS ( P[]4 

,MANY ( ,T>UMANAG>A'S LAT] RUL]S1 LIKE ! MO/ FAM\S K+1 BORE ! ,SANSKRIT WORD W>MAN 9 !IR NAMES1 MEAN+ 0PROTECTOR0 OR 0%IELD40 ,?AT SYMBOLISM1 & ! MILIT>Y HI/ORY ( ! REGION1 SUGGE/S ?AT MANY HI]>*ICAL BUT NON-/ATE SOCIETIES 9 ! >EA DEVELOP$ /ATES AS A WAY TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM MORE AGGRESSIVE NEI<BOR+ /ATES1 ?\< JU/ H[ DEF5SIVE ! ,T>UMANAG>A K+DOM WAS IS UNC]TA9 7MONUM5TAL 9SCRIPTIONS SPEAK ( ,PURNAW>MAN DE/ROY+ 5EMY =TRESSES1 = EXAMPLE74 ,! /RATEGY1 9 ! 5D1 WAS UNSUCCESSFUL = ! K+DOM1 ?\< IT DID ALL[ ! ELITES TO WIELD GREAT] P[] = A TIME4 ,>\ND #f#e1 AN 9VASION BY ! ,SRIVIJAYA ,EMPIRE PUT AN 5D TO ! POLITY4 ,! LATT] WAS A ,BUDDHI/ M>ITIME EMPIRE BAS$ ON ,SUMATRA ?AT PR(IT$ FROM TRADE AGREEM5TS & CULTURAL TIES ) ,*9A & ! ,BUDDHI/ ,PALA ,EMPIRE ( ,B5GAL2 ITS TRADE NETWORK /RET*$ ALL ! WAY TO ! ,ISLAMIC ,CALIPHATE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

,! EVID5CE ?AT ,T>UMANAG>A MI<T NOT HAVE CROSS$ ! /ATE ?RE%OLD IS1 9 P>T1 ! LACK ( EVID5CE OR 9=MATION REG>D+ ITS SUBSEQU5T LEAD]S4 ,FEW ( !M ]ECT$ MONUM5TS1 AS ,PURNAW>MAN DID 7! /RANGE OBSESSION ) MONUM5T-BUILD+ IS NE>LY UNIV]SAL AMONG /ATES71 & :ILE IT IS UNKN[N :E!R SUBSEQU5T LEAD]S CAME FROM ! SAME DYNA/Y1 IT IS CLE> ?AT C5TRAL AU?ORITY FRACTUR$ & FALT]$1 AS ! CAPITAL *ANG$ LOCATION (T54 ,NOTE ?AT ! F\ND+ ( NEW CAPITALS T5DS TO BE A ONE-TIME & NOT A REPETITIVE EV5T 9 /ATE =MATION4 ,A NEW CAPITAL DEMON/RATES ?AT AU?ORITY HAS UND]GONE A QUALITATIVE *ANGE1 BREAK+ ) ! RELATIVELY FREE CONF$]ATION ( *IEFDOMS OR COMMUNITIES ?AT PREC$$ IT4 ,A CON/ANTLY *ANG+ CAPITAL DEMON/RATES A LACK ( CONT9UITY & /ABILITY1 VALUES ?AT ALL /ATES ATTEMPT TO PROJECT4 

,! K+DOM MA9TA9$ DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS ) ,*9A1 AN IMPORTANT TRADE P>TN]1 & ?IS CONTACT REMA9$ /ABLE EV5 AFT] ! REIGN ( ,PURNAW>MAN1 ?\< TRADE NETWORKS DO NOT NECESS>ILY COLLAPSE :5 /ATES DO4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,H9DU POLITY ?AT SUCCE$$ ,T>UMANAG>A WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY NOT /RATIFI$ OR 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 5\< TO QUALIFY AS A /ATE4 ,! ,SUNDA K+DOM ( WE/]N ,JAVA HOV]$ >\ND ! /ATE ?RE%OLD FROM >\ND ! SEV5? TO SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 ,*9ESE & LAT] ,PORTUGUESE M]*ANTS DESCRIB$ ! T]RITORY AS 0LAWLESS0 9 ?IS TIME P]IOD1 & ! DIPLOMATIC RELATION%IP ) ! ,*9ESE C\RT WAS NOT MA9TA9$4 ,! CAPITAL *ANG$ FREQU5TLY1 S*ISMATIC C5T]S ( P[] COMPET$ ) ONE ANO!R1 BORD]S W]E UN/ABLE & %IFT+1 & ! SUCCESSION ( AU?ORITY WAS IRREGUL> AT BE/4 ,)9 ! SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SRIVIJAYA ,EMPIRE1 ,SUNDA GU>ANTE$ ITS SURVIVAL ?R\< ALLIANCES & ACTS ( SUBMISSION TO P[]FUL NEI<BORS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! SOCIETY WAS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$1 & :ILE IT S\<T TO PRES]VE ITS POLITICAL AUTONOMY1 ITS RESI/ANCE TO NEI<BOR+ /ATES WAS NOT ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ! ,SUNDA K+DOM MADE AN ALLIANCE ) ,PORTUGUESE SPICE TRAD]S TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ! ,MUSLIM SULTANATES ?AT W]E GR[+ 9 P[] 9 ! REGION4 ,! SULTANATES W]E (T5 AID$ BY LOCAL ELITES :O US$ CONV]SION TO A NEW RELIGION AS A TOOL TO LAUN* REBELLIONS AGA9/ ! PREVI\S RUL]S4 ,! ,PORTUGUESE GOT FREE ACCESS TO ! HI<LY VALU$ ,SUNDA PEPP]1 BUT !Y ONLY PR(IT$ (F ! ALLIANCE = FIVE YE>S BE=E ! ,SULTANATE ( ,DEMAK EXPELL$ !M1 9 #a#e#b#g1 & TOOK OV] ! KEY PORT ( ,SUNDA ,KELAPA1 :I* !Y R5AM$ ,JAYAK>TA4 ,IT SUBSEQU5TLY BECAME P>T ( ! ,BANT5 ,SULTANATE4 ,FROM ?AT PO9T ON1 ! T]RITORY WAS ! PROP]TY ( ONE /ATE OR ANO!R1 EA* FI<T+ TO CONTROL ! TRADE NETWORKS4 

,9 ! E>LY-SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ,PR9CE ,JAYAWIK>TA1 A VASSAL ( ! ,SULTANATE ( ,BANT51 GRANT$ P]MISSION TO ! ,5GLI% & ,DUT* TO BUILD TRAD+ H\SES 9 ! PORT CITY4 ,HE TRI$ TO PLAY ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S (F ONE ANO!R TO KEEP EI!R ONE FROM GA9+ TOO MU* P[]1 BUT 9 DO+ SO LO/ ! SUPPORT ( ,BANT51 :I* BY ?AT TIME WAS FULLY 9 ! POCKET ( ! ,DUT*4 ,! ,DUT* ,V,O,C RAZ$ ,JAYAK>TA & BUILT !IR REGIONAL CAPITAL1 ,BATAVIA1 ON ITS A%ES1 BANI%+ ! LOCAL POPULATION & IMPORT+ ,*9ESE & O!R NON-,JAVANESE TO POPULATE ! >EA TO PREV5T AN 9SURRECTION4 

,! 9ITIAL /RATEGY ( ! ,PORTUGUESE1 ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 & ,DUT* COLONI/S WAS TO OCCUPY & CONTROL PREEXI/+ TRADE HUBS1 AS :5 ! ,PORTUGUESE CONQU]$ ,MALACCA 9 #a#e#a#a4 ,BUT AS !IR P[] & ! EXT5SION ( !IR NETWORK EXP&$1 !IR ACTIVITIES REA*$ A :OLE NEW SCALE1 AS ! ,V,O,C OP]ATION AT ,JAYAK>TA_/,BATAVIA ILLU/RATES4 ,NO LONG] CONT5T TO PR(IT (F ( OR EV5 MONOPOLIZE TRADE1 !Y BEGAN TO RE5G9E] ! T]RA91 DE/ROY+ & REMAK+ 5TIRE SOCIETIES1 9 ! SYMMETRICAL 9T]E/S ( SOCIAL CONTROL & PRODUCTIVITY4 ,! ,DUT* ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY WAS PE]LESS 9 ?IS REG>D4 

,A *>T]$ COMPANY1 ! FIR/ ) PUBLICLY TRAD$ /OCKS1 &--)9 A FEW DECADES ( ITS F\NDATION--! RI*E/ COMPANY 9 ! WORLD1 ! ,V,O,C WAS NOT M]ELY A BUS9ESS 9T]E/4 ,IT CON/ITUT$ A POLITOG51 EV5 A /ATE 9 ITSELF4 ,BY #a#f#f#i1 IT COMM&$ OV] TWO HUNDR$ %IPS1 A QU>T] ( !M W>%IPS1 & T5 ?\S& SOLDI]S4 ,! ,DUT* /ATE HAD GRANT$ ! ,V,O,C LAW-MAK+1 W>-MAK+1 & JUDICIAL AU?ORITY4 ,IT F\ND$ COLONIES ?AT PROV$ TO BE FULLY FUNCTION+1 IF NOT FULLY 9DEP5D5T1 /ATES ?AT LA/$ = C5TURIES4 ,IT DEPORT$ & IMPORT$ POPULATIONS TO BUILD NEW SOCIETIES D$ICAT$ TO A PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY1 IT ANNIHILAT$ HORIZONTAL COMMUNITIES1 & TOPPL$ PREEXI/+ LOCAL /ATES4 ,IT WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 OMNIPOT5T1 AS IT LO/ SEV]AL W>S AGA9/ ! MO/ P[]FUL ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN /ATES1 SU* AS ,VIETNAM1 ,CAMBODIA1 & ,M+ DYNA/Y ,*9A4 

,ONE ( ! ,V,O,C'S MO/ GR\NDBREAK+ A*IEVEM5TS WAS TO ORGANIZE1 PRACTICALLY ALONE1 AN 9T]CONT95TAL CYCLE ( ACCUMULATION ?AT WAS VITAL TO ! EM]G5CE ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM & ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ,EUROPE PRODUC$ PRACTICALLY NO?+ ?AT ! ECONOMICALLY ADVANC$ SOCIETIES ( ,ASIA WANT$4 ,ONLY ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL HAD ANY ABUNDANCE ( GOLD & SILV]1 SO TO AVOID UNFAVORABLE IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE BALANCES ( TRADE1 ! ,V,O,C 9ITIAT$ 9TRA-,ASIAN TRADE CIRCUITS 9 ORD] TO FUND ITS SPICE %IPM5TS TO ,EUROPE4 ,SECUR+ AN EXCLUSIVE TRADE CONTRACT ) ! ISOLATIONI/ ,JAPANESE %OGUNATE = TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 ! ,V,O,C GOT SILV] & COPP] FROM ,JAPAN = SILK & PORCELA9 FROM ,*9A1 :I* ! COMPANY ACQUIR$ ) COTTON FROM ,9DIA1 OPIUM FROM ,B5GAL1 & TEA FROM ,CEYLON4 ,! REV5UE & ! TRADE GOODS G5]AT$ FROM ?IS CIRCUIT ALL[$ !M TO ACQUIRE ! SPICES 9 ! ,9DIES ?AT SOLD = SU* A/RONOMICAL PRICES 9 ,EUROPE4 

,BUT ! ,V,O,C QUICKLY LE>N$ NOT TO LET %ORT-T]M CONSID]ATIONS PR$OM9ATE4 ,!Y /OCKPIL$ SPICES & MADE SURE NOT TO LET PRICES GET TOO HI<1 TO KEEP COMM]CIAL V5TURES AIM+ TO BREAK !IR MONOPOLY FROM BECOM+ TOO PR(ITABLE4 ,& 9 !IR POSITION AS BO? A /ATE BODY & A TRADE COMPANY1 !Y LE>N$ TO W9 ! W>S ) COMM]CE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT W9 ) BULLETS4 ,! OPIUM TRADE TO ,*9A PROVID$ AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE ( H[ ECONOMICS--& ADDICTION--C\LD BR+ TO ITS KNEES A C\NTRY ?AT ,EUROPEAN P[]S HAD BE5 UNABLE TO DEFEAT MILIT>ILY4 ,!IR NE$ = MILIT>Y & /ATE-MAK+ P[]1 H[EV]1 WAS EVID5T FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ AS A PR]EQUISITE = ANY ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,M9OANS & ! ,MYC5AEANS SUGGE/S SOME BASIC P>ALLELS ) ?AT ( ! ,SUNDA & ,V,O,C4 ,! ,M9OANS1 MORE ACCURATELY REF]R$ TO AS ! ,CRETAN CIVILIZATION1 W]E 9 ALL PROBABILITY A /ATELESS PEOPLE :O ORGANIZ$ AN IMPORTANT TRADE NETWORK SPANN+ ! EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN OV] MORE ?AN A ?\S& YE>S4 ,!Y W]E A PEACEFUL SOCIETY ) A M9IMUM ( DEF5SIVE 9FRA/RUCTURE & NO RECORD ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 (F5SIVE W>F>E4 ,!Y W]E1 IF NOT MATRI>*AL1 NON-PATRI>*AL1 ) ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY FEMALE DEITIES & FEMALE OR TRANS PRIE/ESSES4 

,! ,CRETAN CIVILIZATION IS BE/ KN[N = ITS L>GE C]EMONIAL C5T]S1 :I* >*AEOLOGI/S T]M$ 0PALACES10 ! MO/ FAM\S ONE LOCAT$ AT ,KNOSSOS4 ,H[EV]1 !SE PALACES W]E NOT ! SEATS ( POLITICAL RUL]S1 & 9 FACT !RE IS NO EVID5CE ( SU* RUL]S4 ,! PALACES S]V$ AS W>EH\SES1 R$I/RIBUTION C5T]S1 COLLECTIVE H\S+ = PRIE/ESSES & ADM9I/RATORS1 >*IVES1 & RELIGI\S SITES4 ,9 ! ,CRETAN SOCIETY1 ALL ( !SE FUNCTIONS W]E PROBABLY MIX$ TO ! PO9T ( BE+ 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 

,SCI5TI/S & HI/ORIOGRAPH]S HAVE PROPOS$ !SE PALACES AS ! L9*P9 9 AN EXPLOITATIVE ECONOMY1 :]E9 ! AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS WAS HO>D$ & R$I/RIBUT$ TO ! UPP] CLASSES4 ,& :ILE >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE DOES SUGGE/ ECONOMIC /RATIFICATION1 ) >TISANS DEAL+ 9 MORE HI<-PRE/IGE CRAFTS 5JOY+ MORE WEAL? ?AN F>M]S & H]D]S1 ?IS VISION IS PROBABLY 9ACCURATE & ALMO/ C]TA9LY UNFAI?FUL TO H[ ! ,CRETANS !MSELVES SAW !IR 0PALACE ECONOMY40 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,CRETAN DIET WAS TOO RI*1 TOO DIV]SIFI$ TO SUGGE/ A HYP]-EXPLOIT$1 5SLAV$ L[] CLASS4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 5SLAV$ WORK]S DO NOT HAVE ! RES\RCES = A HEAL?Y DIET1 & !Y LACK ! TIME TO D$ICATE TO MULTIPLE =MS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,NOR IS !RE EVID5CE ( A ,CRETAN >MY OR O!R ME*ANISMS CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ ! SORT ( WORK-OR-/>VE1 BLACKMAIL ECONOMY SO COMMON 9 O!R CITY-/ATES4 ,! V]Y DIV]SITY ( ,CRETAN FOOD PRODUCTION 7SPANN+ MULTICROP AGRICULTURE1 APICULTURE1 SILVACULTURE1 AQUACULTURE1 FI%+1 & HUNT+1 A DIV]SITY ?AT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = A WEAK /ATE TO SURVEIL & CONTROL71 PAIR$ ) ! LACK ( EVID5CE ( A POLICE OR MILIT>Y /RUCTURE MAKES ! PROPOSAL ( A CO]C$ OR DEP5D5T PEASANT POPULATION LUDICR\S4 ,9 ! WOR/ CASE1 M]*ANT-PRIE/S CONTROLL+ ! PALACES MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO IMPOSE AN UNFAVORABLE EX*ANGE RATE MAK+ IT DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE = ! PEASANTS TO ACQUIRE LUXURY GOODS1 BUT ! PEASANTS W\LD /ILL HAVE BE5 MORE OR LESS SELF-SUFFICI5T1 AUTONOM\S1 & HEAL?Y4 

,! ,CRETAN CIVILIZATION DID HAVE A WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 AT ! TIME A COMMON SIGN ( /ATE AU?ORITY1 AL?\< NE>LY ALL ! DECOD$ FRAGM5TS ( ,L9E> ,B >E SIMPLE TRADE RECORDS & LI/S ( RES\RCES1 ) A FEW RELIGI\S REF]5CES ?R[N 94 ,UNIV]SALLY1 E>LY /ATES ) WRITT5 LANGUAGES US$ ! WRITT5 RECORD TO PRES]VE LAWS1 *RONICLES1 & ACC\NTS ( ! P[] & GR&EUR ( !IR SUPREME LEAD]S4 

,9 PRACTICE1 ! PALACE ECONOMY WAS PROBABLY A NETWORK ( RELIGI\S C5T]S :]E F>M]S1 >TISANS1 & M]*ANTS BR\<T !IR PRODUCE OR !IR TRADE GOODS1 SOMETIMES 9 ! SPIRIT ( A GIFT1 AN (F]+ TO ! GODS ?AT W\LD BE R$I/RIBUT$1 & SOMETIMES 9 ! SPIRIT ( EX*ANGE4 ,MASK-WE>+ PRIE/ESSES REPRES5T$ ! GODS 9 IMPORTANT C]EMONIES1 ANONYMIZ+ SPIRITUAL P[] RA!R ?AN CONC5TRAT+ IT 9 ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR FAMILY4 ,!Y ALSO SPECIALIZ$ 9 ! OCCULT KN[L$GE1 LIKE MA? & WRIT+1 :I* ALL[$ !M TO ADM9I/] A L>GE TRADE NETWORK4 

,! SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE ( ,KNOSSOS WAS SO GREAT ?AT ! W>LIKE & PATRI>*AL ,MYC5AEANS1 :O OCCUPI$ ,CRETE >\ND #adb ,B,C,E1 LEFT IT 9TACT1 APP>5TLY US+ IT AS A CULTURAL & BUREAUCRATIC C5T]1 EV5 AS !Y BURN$ ! RE/ ( ! ,CRETAN PALACES4 ,!Y W]E UNABLE TO BUILD SOME?+ AS GR&IOSE1 SO !Y KEPT IT1 O/5SIBLY 9 ORD] TO CO-OPT ITS SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL P[] & P]HAPS ALSO AS A MONUM5T TO !IR CONQUE/4 ,= C5TURIES1 A FL\RI%+ TRADE NETWORK DID NOT CAUSE ! ,CRETANS TO DEVELOP A /ATE4 ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 A LESS TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ SOCIETY ?AT ESP\S$ PATRI>*AL & MILIT>I/IC VALUES DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ( ! ,CRETAN CIVILIZATION ?AT SUCCE$$ 9 BR++ /ATE AU?ORITY TO ! ISL&4 ,! ,MYC5AEANS DID !IR BE/ TO TAKE OV] ! EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN TRADE NETWORK4 ,ONCE AGA91 ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION WAS A PRIZE ?AT A PREEXI/+ /ATE CAPTUR$1 & NOT ! CAUSE ( /ATE-=MATION4 

,TWO ?\S& YE>S LAT] 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 ! TRIBAL C5T]S ( S$5T>Y AGRICULTURALI/S W]E (T5 LOCAT$ 9 PLACES ( SYMBOLIC1 SPIRITUAL IMPORTANCE4 ,!SE SETTLEM5TS W]E =TIFI$ OV] TIME1 SOME ( !M GIV+ RISE TO T[NS BETWE5 ! EI<? & T5? C5TURIES ?AT OCCUPI$ AN IMPORTANT PRODUCTIVE NI*E 9 PREEXI/+ TRADE NETWORKS4 ,!Y W]E SITES ( PRODUCTION 9 AGRICULTURE1 ANIMAL HUSB&RY1 METALLURGY1 CON/RUCTION1 =TIFICATION1 & JEWELRY MAK+4 0,!SE NEWLY EM]G+ URBAN C5T]S1 H[EV]1 APPE>$ 9DEP5D5TLY FROM ! /ATE-=MATIVE PROCESS & !IR EXI/5CE DOES NOT 9DICATE ! NECESS>Y OCCURR5CE ( /ATE SOCIETIES40 ,9 ! TWO C5TURIES PRIOR TO ! EM]G5CE ( !SE T[NS1 ! CON/RUCTION ( BO? =TS & OP5 SETTLEM5TS HAD 9CREAS$ #e P]C5T1 CREAT+ A D5SITY MORE FAVORABLE TO TRADE4 .<#a#b#e.> 

,! ,POLANIE /ATE ?AT EM]G$ BETWE5 ! N9? & T5? C5TURIES AB&ON$ MANY ( ! OLD TRIBAL C5T]S E>LY 9 ! PROCESS ( POLITOG5ESIS4 ,A C5TRALIZ$ CONF$]ATION ( *IEFS WAS ABLE TO AGGRESSIVELY R$RAW ! SOCIAL MAP 9 ORD] TO FAVOR ADM9I/RATIVE CONC]NS & A C5TRALIZ$ MILIT>Y /RATEGY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 %ORT-T]M ECONOMIC CONC]NS W]E TRUMP$ BY POLITICO-MILIT>Y CONC]NS ?AT ALL[$ A NEW ECONOMIC P>ADIGM TO BE BORN4 ,! OLD1 AB&ON$ C5T]S HAD BE5 F\ND$ ON A SPIRITUAL OR ECONOMIC LOGIC1 E4G4 SACR$ GA!R+ PLACES & GOOD SETTLEM5T LOCATIONS CLOSE TO WELL WAT]$ FIELDS OR F]TILE PA/URES4 ,! NEW SETTLEM5TS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,POLANIE /ATE W]E =TIFI$ ADM9I/RATIVE-MILIT>Y C5T]S AT REGUL> 9T]VALS 7AB\T EV]Y F\RTE5 KILOMET]S74 

,! NEW T[NS DISPLAY$ A BIMODAL DIVISION3 A HEAVILY =TIFI$ SECTION = ! RUL] & NOBILITY1 & A MOD]ATELY =TIFI$ SECTION = M]*ANTS1 >TISANS1 & M9OR KNI<TS4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NOBILITY RES]V$ = !MSELVES NOT ONLY BUILD+S ( GREAT] MONUM5TAL /ATUS BUT ALSO GREAT] MILIT>Y EFFECT DEMON/RATES AN ANTAGONISM NOT ONLY BETWE5 ! 9HABITANTS ( !SE SETTLEM5TS & \TSID]S 7EXPLOIT$ PEASANTS AS WELL AS HO/ILE =EIGN POLITIES7 BUT ALSO BETWE5 ! MIDDLE & UPP] /RATA4 

,! >TISANS1 9 FACT1 W]E 9ITIALLY PRISON]S ( A SORT1 =CIBLY RELOCAT$ TO PRIVILEG$1 C5TRAL T[NS ?AT /ATE PLANN]S WANT$ TO TURN 9TO C5T]S ( >TISANAL PRODUCTION4 ,!SE T[NS T5D$ TO BE ! SEATS ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 & ! CRAFTSPEOPLE MADE TO SETTLE !RE 9CLUD$ W>-CAPTIVES AS WELL AS COMPATRIOTS BR\<T 9 FROM !IR VILLAGES OR T[NS ( ORIG94 

,AT A /ROKE1 ! EM]G+ CLASS ( MILIT>Y ADM9I/RATORS GALVANIZ$ PROCESSES ( ECONOMIC PRODUCTION & ACCUMULATION1 & ALSO MONOPOLIZ$ !M4 ,!IR CONTROL OV] ! GR[? 9 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ALL[$ !M TO PAY MORE RETA9]S & FIELD L>G] >MIES1 AS WELL AS TO EXP& !IR CON/RUCTION WORKS4 ,9 ALL LIKELIHOOD !Y REGUL>LY 9VAD$ !IR NEI<BORS TO 0PROVIDE A CON/ANT GR[? ( LABOR & KEEP ! POSITIVE BALANCE BETWE5 ! GR[? ( POPULATION & FOOD PRODUCTION40 .<#a#b#f.> 

,A HUNDR$ YE>S 9TO ?IS PROCESS1 0MULTICOMPON5T =TS ) MONUM5TAL >*ITECTURE1 SURR\ND$ BY A NUMB] ( OP5 HABITATIONS .<444.> NAM$ BY ! ,M$IEVAL *RONICLES AS S$ES REGNI PR9CIPALS--! SEATS ( ROYAL REPRES5TATIVES0 APPE>$ AT 9T]VALS ( TW5TY-FIVE TO ?IRTY KILOMET]S1 0USUALLY ON ! LONG DI/ANCE TRADE TRAILS40 ,BY ! 5D ( ! T5? C5TURY !RE W]E SIX ( !SE REGIONAL CAPITALS1 NONE ( :I* W]E DI/+UI%$ AS ! EXCLUSIVE SEAT ( ! MON>*1 SUGGE/+ ?AT 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION /ILL HAD NOT OV]COME SOME K9D ( CONF$]AL EQUALITY AMONG ! NOBILITY4 .<#a#b#g.> 

,TO SUMM>IZE1 A GR[+ POPULATION & ! 9T]RELAT$ IMPROVEM5TS 9 AGRICULTURAL & METALLURGICAL TE*NIQUES1 :I* PROBABLY >RIV$ 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE AS DEC5TRALIZ$ 7ONE MI<T SAY 0AN>*IC07 9NOVATIONS1 TOGE!R ) A CONTEXT ( NEI<BORLY W>F>E1 PROVID$ AN OPPORTUNITY = HI]>*ICAL1 NON-/ATE *IEFDOMS 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE TO DEVELOP A /ATE4 ,! PA?WAY1 FOLL[+ WELL-KN[N MODELS PRACTIC$ BY ! NEI<BOR+ ,G]MANIC /ATES1 9VOLV$ CONV9C+ PREEXI/+ NOBILITY & LOCAL LEAD]S TO C5TRALIZE !IR P[]1 FIR/ 9 SOME =M ( CONF$]ATION1 TO ADM9I/] CON/RUCTION1 PRODUCTION1 & W>F>E4 ,?IS /ATE-BUILD+ ACTIVITY SPURR$ A CYCLE ( ACCUMULATION & A P>ADIGM %IFT 9 ! ECONOMIC MODE ( PRODUCTION1 SE5 NOT ONLY 9 ! QUANTITATIVE 9CREASE 9 TRADE & POPULATION 7\T/RIPP+ ! E>LI] POPULATION 9CREASE7 & ! QUALITATIVE IMPROVEM5T 9 AGRICULTURAL & METALLURGICAL TE*NIQUES1 BUT ALSO 9 ! 7RE7APPE>ANCE ( SU* SIGNIFICANT & GAME-*ANG+ ELEM5TS AS CURR5CY4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ALL ! *IEFDOMS & TRIBES 9 ! REGION EXP]I5C$ ! CONDITIONS ID5TIFI$ ) ! FIR/ /AGE 7P]TA9+ TO ! SEV5? & EI<? C5TURIES71 & ! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD %[S ?AT !Y ALSO 9CREAS$ !IR P>TICIPATION 9 TRADE1 =TIFICATION CON/RUCTION1 & AGGRESSIVE W>F>E 9 ! N9? & T5? C5TURIES1 BUT ONLY ONE ( !SE GR\PS1 ! ,POLANIE1 CREAT$ A /ATE4 ,PRESUMABLY1 ALL ( !SE SOCIETIES W]E CULTURALLY & ECONOMICALLY SIMIL>4 ,!Y HAD ! SAME MAT]IAL OPPORTUNITIES1 & !Y TOL]AT$ ! EXI/5CE ( ELITES2 !SE ELITES1 9 TURN1 APPLI$ HI]>*ICAL SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 9CREAS+ !IR WEAL? & C>RY+ \T AGGRESSIVE W>F>E4 ,/ILL1 = POLITOG5ESIS TO OCCUR1 SOME?+ ELSE WAS NE$$3 AN AMBITI\S PLAN TO REORGANIZE SOCIETY4 ,/ATE-=MATION WAS A /RATEGIC ACT ( ELITE WILL4 

,! ,POLANIE /ATE WAS ! MO/ PROACTIVE =CE 9 E/ABLI%+ A NEW ECONOMIC MODE BAS$ ON MONETIZATION1 COMPETITIVE RA!R ?AN RECIPROCAL TRADE1 ALI5AT$ PRODUCTION1 NOBLE PR]OGATIVES1 & ACCUMULATION4 ,& ! NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ALWAYS CLOSELY ADM9I/]$ & MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! EM]G+ /ATE1 FUEL$ & F9ANC$ ! POLITICAL CLASS AS !Y TRANSITION$ FROM PROTO-/ATE1 TO E>LY /ATE1 TO A C5TRALIZ$ MON>*Y4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE HAVE A COMPLEX PROCESS ) DEMOGRAPHIC1 CULTURAL1 POLITICAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & TE*NOLOGICAL FACTORS ALL 9T]RELAT+ SIMULTANE\SLY1 BUT AMONG !SE MULTIPLE ?READS1 ! FIR/ TO DEVELOP SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & A /RATEGIC PROJECTUALITY1 ! FIR/ TO BECOME A PROACTIVE AG5T CAPABLE ( PU%+ ! O!R ?READS 9 A GIV5 DIRECTION1 WAS ! POLITICAL CLASS ?AT BUILT UP A /ATE >\ND !MSELVES4 

,CONFIRM+ ! SOCIAL W> CONCEPT ( AN>*I/ !ORY1 ! K9D ( ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY GIVE RISE TO CAPITALISM WAS ORIG9ALLY CONCEIV$ BY ! POLITICAL CLASS AS A /RATEGIC MEANS = 9CREAS+ !IR P[]1 ANO!R MANEUV] 9 !IR UNIFY+ /RATEGIC ACTIVITY3 W>F>E4 ,9 ITS ORIG9S & 9 ITS ESS5CE1 ! ECONOMY IS BUT ONE MOM5T 9 ! W> ! ,/ATE CON/ANTLY WAGES AGA9/ SOCIETY4 

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