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,*IEFDOMS & ,MEGACOMMUNITIES3 ,ON ! ,/ABILITY ( ,NON-,/ATE ,HI]>*IES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,V,I,I4 ,*IEFDOMS & ,MEGACOMMUNITIES3 ,ON ! ,/ABILITY ( ,NON-,/ATE ,HI]>*IES 

,= A LONG TIME1 ,WE/]N AN?ROPOLOGI/S ACCEPT$ ,ELMAN ,S]VICE'S NEO-EVOLUTIONI/ SEQU5CE ( F\R /AGES = CLASSIFY+ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! P9NACLE BE+ ! /ATE1 ( C\RSE4 ,! P5ULTIMATE /AGE1 ! *IEFDOM1 WAS G5]ALLY >GU$ TO BE AN UN/ABLE POLITICAL =MATION1 L5D+ MORE CR$5CE TO ! ASSUMPTION ?AT /ATE EVOLUTION WAS 9EVITABLE1 9 ?IS 9/ANCE DUE TO ! 9CONV5I5CES & IMP]FECTIONS ( ! PREVI\S /AGE ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 

,9 REC5T YE>S1 ?IS SEQU5CE HAS BE5 PROBLEMATIZ$2 = ONE1 BECAUSE *IEFDOMS 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD HAVE PROV5 HI<LY RESILI5T 9 RESI/+ ! IMPOSITION ( /ATE P[]1 REMA9+ 9TACT UP UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY1 EV5 ?\< !Y NOM9ALLY FALL )9 ! PRESUM$ BORD]S ( ONE OR SEV]AL /ATES4 

,*IEFDOMS APPE> MORE DURABLE & /ABLE ?AN WAS ORIG9ALLY 5VISAG$ BY NEO-EVOLUTIONI/ ?9K+4 ,NOT ONLY HAVE !Y SURVIV$ 9TO ! PRES5T AGE BUT1 9 C\NTRIES :]E ! /ATE HAS COLLAPS$ OR FAIL$ TO DIS*>GE ITS MO/ M9IMAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 *IEFDOMS >E 9CREAS+LY TAK+ OV] A MORE OV]TLY POLITICAL FUNCTION1 BUTTRESS+ ! IMPORTANT SOCIAL & CULTURAL ROLE !Y HAVE ALWAYS PLAY$4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! P>TIZANS ( *IEFDOM /RESS LONGEVITY & CONS5SUAL PATT]NS ( DECISION-MAK+ AS TWO ( ! MO/ CRUCIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?IS =M ( POLITICAL >RANGEM5T4.<#i#f.> 

,! FALSE SUPPOSITION ( 9/ABILITY 9 *IEFDOMS CAN BE *ALK$ UP TO AN UNEXAM9$ E?NOC5TRISM ?AT CAUSES SCI5TI/S TO PLACE IMPORTANCE ON AN ELEM5T ?AT !IR [N CULTURE EMPHASIZES4 ,WE/]N]S (T5 MAKE ! MI/AKE ( ASSIGN+ P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE TO MASCUL9E1 =MAL LEAD]S1 & MANY *IEFDOMS REGUL>LY PRODUCE POLITICAL ALLIANCES ?AT T5D TO FALL AP>T1 ESPECIALLY AFT] !IR MO/ *>ISMATIC FIGURE DIES4 ,BUT P]HAPS ! PROCESS ( FISSION AS MU* AS ?AT ( FUSION IS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! SOCIETY 9 QUE/ION2 P]HAPS /RUCTURES & RELATION%IPS ?AT ONLY EXI/ AT A VILLAGE OR LOCAL LEVEL >E F> MORE IMPORTANT 9 ! ACTUAL FUNCTION+ ( ! SOCIETY ?AN ! FIGURE ( A P>AM\NT *IEF4 

,NOT ONLY >E *IEFDOMS MORE DURABLE ?AN ASSUM$1 !Y ALSO RESI/ CLASSIFICATION )9 A CONT9UUM ?AT 5DS ) ! =MATION ( A /ATE4 ,MANY *IEFDOMS ?R\<\T HI/ORY GREW 9 SIZE & COMPLEXITY NOT BY TRANSITION+ TO /ATEHOOD1 BUT BY =M+ 0MEGACOMMUNITIES0 ?AT C\LD 9CLUDE MILLIONS ( MEMB]S1 )\T RELY+ ON ! C5TRALIZ$1 CO]CIVE1 & ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURES ?AT DEF9E /ATEHOOD4 

,UND]/&+ H[ & :Y SOME *IEFDOMS ACT$ AS /EPP+ /ONES TO /ATE =MATION1 :]EAS O!RS EXP]I5C$ POLITICAL GR[? )\T DEVELOP+ ! /ATES ?AT SUPPOS$LY ACCOMPANY SU* GR[?1 & /ILL O!RS RESI/$ 7& 9 SOME CASES CONT9UE TO RESI/7 ! TRANSITION TO /ATEHOOD OR ! DEVELOPM5T ( /ATE P[]1 CAN %$ SOME LI<T ON SOME ( ! DYNAMICS ( /ATE =MATION4 

,9 SUM1 & REPEAT+ :AT IS N[ A COMMON !ME1 IT SEEMS ?AT IT WAS LESS ! \TW>D =MS 7:AT C\LD BE TRAC$ AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL S*EMA BY AN \TSIDE OBS]V]7 & MORE ! 9T]NAL E?OS ?AT GUID$ !SE TRANSITIONS4 

,! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE1 ALSO KN[N AS ! ,IROQUOIS OR ,SIX ,NATIONS1 >E ORGANIZ$ 9 AN 9T]TRIBAL CONF$]ATION ( SIX DIFF]5T NATIONS 7,MOHAWK1 ,ONEIDA1 ,ONONDAGA1 ,CAYUGA1 ,S5ECA1 & ,TUSC>ORA74 0,?IS SY/EM 9CORPORAT$ SIX WIDELY DISP]S$ & UNIQUE NATIONS ( ?\S&S ( AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES & HUNT+ GR\NDS FROM ! ,GREAT ,LAKES & ! ,/4 ,LAWR5CE ,RIV] TO ! ,ATLANTIC1 & AS F> S\? AS ! ,C>OL9AS & 9L& ,P5NSYLVANIA10 9 ! WORDS ( ,ROXANNE ,DUNB>-,ORTIZ4 .<#i#g.> ,BE=E COLONIZATION1 ! /ATELESS CONF$]ATION COMPRIS$ COMPLEX =MS ( VILLAGE1 9T]VILLAGE1 & 9T]TRIBAL ORGANIZATION1 PREC$+ CONTACT ) ,EUROPEANS BY SEV]AL C5TURIES4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( COLONIZATION1 ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE WELCOM$ ! ,TUSC>ORA1 A COA/AL TRIBE FLEE+ W>F>E1 & 5GAG$ 9 ALT]NAT+ /RATEGIES ( TRAD+1 ALLIANCE1 & >M$ RESI/ANCE TO KEEP ! COLONIZ]S AT BAY4 ,!Y W]E EV5TUALLY =C$ TO LIVE ON RES]VATIONS & ADOPT TRIBAL GOV]NM5TS1 ?\< TRADITIONALI/ MEMB]S ( ! ,SIX ,NATIONS CONT9UE TO FI<T = AUTONOMY1 RECLAIM+ !IR L& & BLOCKAD+ DIFF]5T =MS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 .<#i#h.> 

,GORD ,HILL NOTES ?AT ,MOHAWK >M$ RESI/ANCE AT ,OKA1 :]E ,CANADIAN SETTL]S W]E TRY+ TO BUILD A GOLF C\RSE ON !IR L& 0SET ! TONE = 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE ALL ?R\<\T ! #iS40 .<#i#i.> ,MU* ( ?IS RESI/ANCE OCCURR$ 9 CONFLICT ) ! 0,9DIAN ,ACT *IEFS0 & TRIBAL GOV]NM5TS4 

,BE=E COLONIZATION1 ! CONF$]ATION WAS 0*>ACT]IZ$ BY A COMPLICAT$ & EFFICI5T SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY1 :I* FUNCTION$1 H[EV]1 )\T ANY BUREAUCRATIC GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS1 RETA9+ ITS EGALIT>IAN TRADITIONS & HAV+ NO PRON\NC$ HI]>*Y40 ,! ALLIANCE ?AT =M$ ! 0,IROQUOIS ,LEAGUE0 PRES]V$ PEACE BETWE5 ! NATIONS & GAVE !M AN ADVANTAGE 9 W>F>E AGA9/ HO/ILE NEI<BORS1 A CAPACITY ?AT PROV$ ESPECIALLY NECESS>Y AFT] ! >RIVAL ( ! ,EUROPEANS4 ,DECISIONS CONC]N+ ALL ! NATIONS W]E MADE 9 A LEAGUE C\NCIL1 CELEBRAT$ P]IODICALLY OR IRREGUL>LY4 ,! C\NCIL COMPRIS$ A NUMB] ( SA*EMS1 H]$IT>Y DELEGATES FROM EA* TRIBE4 ,! SA*EM C\LD NOT PROPOSE OR ACCEPT A DECISION )\T ! APPROVAL ( ! POPULATION1 & ! C\NCIL ITSELF MADE DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS4 0,A DECISION TO BE MADE WAS FIR/ DISCUSS$ 9 A CLAN BY ! WOM51 & !N ! W>RIORS HELD A MEET+40 .<#a.> ,A NEW SA*EM WAS FIR/ NOM9AT$ BY ! WOM51 BAS$ ON HIS P]SONAL QUALITIES1 & !N RATIFI$ BY ! *IEFS & ELD]S AT A MEET+ ( ! :OLE TRIBE4 

,! SA*EM HAD NO SPECIAL AU?ORITY 9 W>TIME1 & ! *IEFS :O FUNCTION$ AS MILIT>Y LEAD]S 5JOY$ AN AU?ORITY 0BAS$ ON !IR MILIT>Y M]ITS ALONE40 ,! ORGANIZATION ( GR\PS ( W>RIORS WAS NON-HI]>*ICAL4 ,VILLAGES ALSO HAD !IR [N C\NCILS1 9 :I* LOCAL ELD]S 7,AGOK/5HA AMONG ! ,MOHAWK7 PLAY$ A SPECIAL ROLE1 ?\< ! C\NCILS W]E OP5 & ANYONE C\LD SPEAK4.<#a#a.> 

,)9 ! ALLIANCE1 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES & TRIBES RETA9$ !IR AUTONOMY1 !IR TRADITIONS1 & !IR DECISION-MAK+ PRACTICES4 ,9 ADDITION TO POLITICAL UNIFICATION = REASONS ( PEACE & W>F>E1 ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE ALSO 5GAG$ 9 A HI< LEVEL ( COORD9ATION & EX*ANGE 9 CULTURAL & ECONOMIC MATT]S1 BUT ! COMMUNITIES & H\SEHOLDS 7! 0L[] LEVELS0 ( ! CONF$]ATION1 )9 A ,WE/]N OPTIC7 RETA9$ !IR ORGANIZATIONAL P[]S 9 !SE AFFAIRS4 

,! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE PEOPLES AVOID$ C5TRALIZ$ P[] BY MEANS ( A CLAN-VILLAGE SY/EM ( DEMOCRACY BAS$ ON COLLECTIVE /EW>D%IP ( ! L&4 ,CORN1 ! /APLE CROP1 WAS /OR$ 9 GRAN>IES & DI/RIBUT$ EQUITABLY 9 ?IS MATRIL9EAL SOCIETY BY ! CLAN MO!RS1 ! OLDE/ WOM5 FROM EV]Y EXT5D$ FAMILY4 .<#a#b.> 

,EXT5D$ FAMILIES LIV$ TOGE!R 9 COLLECTIVE1 MATRILOCAL 0LON<\SES40 

,! POLITICAL UNIFICATION ( ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE1 9 L>GE P>T = REASONS ( W>F>E1 DID NOT 9 ANY WAY CON/ITUTE A /EP T[>DS /ATE =MATION OR GREAT] 9T]NAL HI]>*Y4 ,?IS FACT DISPROVES DET]M9I/ !ORIES AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( W>F>E PROVOK+ POLITOG5ESIS4 ,W>F>E DOES NOT CAUSE /ATE =MATION1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY >GU$2 RA!R1 PREEXI/+ HI]>*IES CAN USE W>F>E TO JU/IFY & ACCEL]ATE /ATE =MATION4 ,A RESOLUTELY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY LIKE ! ,SIX ,NATIONS CAN EFFECTIVELY ORGANIZE ITSELF = W>F>E )\T 9CREAS+ 9T]NAL HI]>*IES4 ,ANO!R DEMON/RATION ( ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT] ( !IR ORGANIZATION AT ALL LEVELS IS ! FACT ?AT ! LEAGUE C\NCIL1 ! SA*EM1 & O!R SPACES OR AG5TS ( POLITICAL P[] DID NOT EVOLVE 9TO ! PO/]IOR TRIBAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN COLONIZ]S HAD TO BREAK ! POLITICAL UNITY ( ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE & 5D ! PRACTICE ( ! LEAGUE C\NCIL 9 ORD] TO FULLY SUBJUGATE & COLONIZE ! ,SIX ,NATIONS4 ,& 9 CONTRADICTION TO ,VOROBYOV1 ! :ITE AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,I HAVE QUOT$1 ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE DID NOT 0FALL 9 ! LATE #a#h? C5TURY40 .<#a#c.> ,!Y CONT9UE TO EXI/1 PRACTIC+ AUTONOM\S =MS ( EXI/5CE :]E !Y CAN1 & /ILL FI<T+ AGA9/ ! IMPOSITION ( AU?ORITY1 AS ! QUOTATIONS FROM ,GORD ,HILL 9DICATE4 

,NONE!LESS1 !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO G5OCIDAL POLICIES1 P>TICUL>LY BY :ITE SETTL]S ACT+ AS P>AMILIT>IES = ! COLONIZ+ /ATES4 ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON1 ! =EMO/ SLAVE [N] ( ,BRITA9'S COLONIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ORD]$ AN >MY UND] HIS COMM& TO S[ 0T]ROR0 & 0LAY WA/E0 TO ALL ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE T[NS1 0?AT ! C\NTRY MAY NOT BE M]ELY OV]RUN BUT DE/ROY$0 & HE 9/RUCT$ HIS SUBORD9ATE TO REFUSE 0ANY OV]TURE ( PEACE BE=E ! TOTAL RU9 ( !IR SETTLEM5TS IS EFFECT$40 .<#a#d.> ,SU* >E ! TACTICS ( ! ,/ATE4 

,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ! ,PO:ATAN CONF$]ACY >OSE 9 ! L&S JU/ WE/ ( ! ,*ESAPEAKE ,BAY4 ,PO:ATAN WAS ABLE TO REPLACE *IEFS ( LESS] *IEFDOMS ) HIS CLOSE RELATIVES4 ,SU* A MANEUV] CON/ITUT$ A GREAT C\P1 GIV5 ?AT A *IEF APPO9T$ FROM )\T CONTRADICTS ! LOGIC ( ! *IEFDOM1 :I* IS O/5SIBLY A GR\P ( RELAT$ PEOPLE TI$ TO A SPECIFIC COMMUNITY4 ,HE WAS ABLE TO A*IEVE ?IS ) ! SPECT] ( HIS /ATUS & P[] AS A RUL]1 9 A CONTEXT :5 ! 9CURSIONS ( EXT]NAL 5EMIES MADE ! P>TIAL LOSS ( AUTONOMY SEEM PREF]ABLE TO ! ?REAT ( EXT9CTION4 ,ONE MU/ ALSO ASK IF )9 ?OSE SUBORD9ATE *IEFDOMS1 ! PEOPLE SAW ,PO:ATAN'S REPRES5TATIVES AS !IR RUL]S OR AS M]E EMISS>IES4 ,! P>TIAL LOSS ( AUTONOMY ( !SE SUBORD9ATE *IEFDOMS1 & ! PRES5CE ( A P>AM\NT *IEF1 SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,PO:ATAN CONF$]ACY WAS FOLL[+ A DIFF]5T PA? ?AN ! ,SIX ,NATIONS TO ! NOR?4 ,H[EV]1 ! DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES ( ! ,*ESAPEAKE ,BAY W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY ANNIHILAT$ BY ! 9SATIABLE ,5GLI% )9 A HUNDR$ YE>S1 MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ IF 9 TIME !Y W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ A /ATE ( !IR [N4 

,ALL ! NOMADIC EMPIRES ( ! ,EURASIAN /EPPES--?OSE ( ! ,TURKS1 ! ,HUNS1 ! ,MONGOLS1 & ! ,UI<URS--US$ A SIMIL> SY/EM4 ,LACK+ A BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 P>AM\NT RUL]S S5T !IR COMRADES-9->MS OR !IR RELATIVES TO GOV]N PROV9CES1 DEP5D5T TRIBES1 & ALLI$ *IEFDOMS4 ,EA* ( !SE GR\PS WAS L>GELY SELF-SUFFICI5T & AUTONOM\S1 ) !IR [N /RUCTURES ( 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT !Y PRESUMABLY TOL]AT$ ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY AS A WAY TO MA9TA9 !IR ALLIANCE & AVOID HO/ILITIES4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! DUTIES REQUIR$ BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY W]E MUTUAL SELF-DEF5SE & MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E3 LIMIT+ RAID+ & (F5SIVE W>F>E TO ! 5EMIES ( ! C5TRAL POLITY4 ,SU* AN ALLIANCE T5D$ TO COME ) FEW OBLIGATIONS BEYOND RITUAL GIFTS & OBEISANCE1 & PROVID$ ! B5EFITS ( PROTECTION FROM P[]FUL /ATE NEI<BORS & ! BOOTY FROM SUCCESSFUL RAID+4 

,ALL ! 0NOMADIC EMPIRES0 7ACTUALLY TRIBAL CONF$]ATIONS7 =M$ AS NEI<BORS TO L>GE S$5T>Y /ATES3 :E!R ,HAN ,*9A1 ! ,BYZANT9E ,EMPIRE1 OR ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! ,TURKIC TRIBAL CONF$]ATION WAS BORN \T ( AN 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE1 :]EAS ! ,HSIUNG-NU1 CONTEMPOR>IES ( ! ,HAN DYNA/Y1 W]E COMPOS$ 9 P>T ( RUNAWAYS & REFUGEES FROM /ATE P[]4 ,! NOMADS A*IEV$ AN AUTONOM\S SUBSI/5CE 9 ! /EPPES ?ANKS TO !IR L>GE H]DS1 :I* DET]M9$ !IR NOMADISM1 AS !Y REGUL>LY HAD TO MOVE ON TO FRE% PA/URE4 ,H[EV]1 NOMADIC COMMUNITIES ?AT RELI$ EXCLUSIVELY ON !IR [N PA/ORAL PRODUCTS C\LD NOT HOPE TO ESCAPE MAT]IAL POV]TY4 ,TO COMPLEM5T !IR RES\RCES1 !Y HAD TO RAID OR TRADE ) S$5T>Y NEI<BORS4 .<#a#e.> ,BUT :5 ?OSE S$5T>Y NEI<BORS W]E /ATES1 !Y TRI$ TO CONTROL COMM]CE ) ! AIM ( DOM9AT+ ! NOMADS4 ,:]EAS RAID+ BY NOMADS WAS NOT TYPICALLY A FACTOR 9 ! =MATION ( S$5T>Y /ATES1 ! EXPANSIONI/ T5D5CIES ( A P[]FUL /ATE DID 5C\RAGE AN IMP]IALI/IC EVOLUTION AMONG ! TRIBAL CONF$]ATIONS4 ,! BACKBONE ( A NOMADIC EMPIRE WAS ! EXT5SIVE MILIT>Y HI]>*Y ?AT DEF9ITIVELY CON/ITUT$ A /ATE AT ! PO9T :5 ! NOMADS TOOK OV] A S$5T>Y /ATE1 US+ CLAN REPRES5TATIVES TO QUICKLY E/ABLI% A BUREAUCRACY4 ,! PO/-NOMADIC BUREAUCRACY1 H[EV]1 ATTA*$ ITSELF LIKE A P>ASITE TO ! PREEXI/+ BUREAUCRACIES ( ! S$5T>Y /ATE4 ,(FICIALS ( ! NOMADIC EMPIRE OV]SAW ! CONT9U$ FUNCTION+ ( ! S$5T>Y /ATE1 MAK+ SURE ?AT A P>T ( ALREADY ONGO+ EXPLOITATIVE PROCESSES W5T TO ! 5RI*M5T ( ! NOMADIC MILIT>Y HI]>*Y4 

,SPEAK+ ( B>B>IAN 9VASIONS ( ,EUROPE1 ,TYM[SKI WRITES3 

! TRANS=MATION ( ! 9VAD]S' TRIBAL ORGANIZATION 9TO A /ATE ORGANIZATION WAS RELATIVELY FA/4 ,?IS WAS BECAUSE IT TOOK PLACE 9 AN >EA :]E A /ATE ORGANIZATION HAD ALREADY BE5 OP]AT+ = A LONG TIME1 & ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION PATT]NS1 ECONOMIC POT5TIAL1 &--DESPITE ! DE/RUCTION--ALSO ! DEMOGRAPHIC POT5TIAL1 W]E ALL AT H&1 READY = USE4 .<#a#f.> 

,! /ATES ( ! GREAT NOMADIC EMPIRES T5D$ TO BE %ORT-LIV$1 P]HAPS 9 P>T DUE TO ! NOMADS' ANTI-CIVILIZATIONAL IMAG9>Y1 & !IR DISDA9 = S$5T>Y LIFE & BUREAUCRATIC FUNCTIONS4 0',ALL CITIES MU/ BE RAZ$' ,<5<IS ,KHAN US$ TO SAY1 'SO ?AT ! WORLD MAY ONCE AGA9 BECOME A GREAT /EPPE 9 :I* ,MONGOL MO!RS WILL SUCKLE FREE & HAPPY *ILDR54'0 .<#a#g.> 

,9 ,EUROPE1 MANY TRIBES RESI/$ ,*RI/IANIZATION & ! IMPOSITION ( /ATE AU?ORITY = C5TURIES1 :]EAS TRIBES LIKE ! ,FRANKS ?AT HAD UND]GONE A PROCESS ( MILIT>IZATION & ADOPT$1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 ! CULTURE ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 E/ABLI%$ /ATES BY SUPPRESS+ ! AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE ( DIFF]5T TRIBES1 FIR/ SUBORD9AT+ & !N REPLAC+ LOCAL *IEFS1 EV5TUALLY ABOLI%+ ! TRIBAL CU/OMS TO ALL[ = BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION4 

,QUITE ! CONTR>Y1 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA1 /ATES & TRIBES COEXI/$ 9DEF9ITELY ,TYM[SKI WRITES 

,MANY /ATES 9 ,BLACK ,AFRICA DIS9TEGRAT$ & COLLAPS$ NOT ONLY AS ! RESULT ( 9VASIONS1 BUT ALSO DUE TO 9T]NAL PROCESSES4 ,! PH5OM5ON ( /ATE FRAGM5TATION1 & RETURN TO TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! =M] /ATE'S >EA WAS WELL KN[N 9 ,AFRICA .<444.> ,! TRIBES1 DESPITE ! EXI/+ POSSIBILITIES1 DID NOT ALWAYS TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO /ATES .<444.> ,MOREOV]1 UNTIL ! 5D ( ! PRE-COLONIAL P]IOD1 ! E/ABLI%M5T & DEVELOPM5T ( /ATES WAS F> FROM BE+ A ONE-WAY PROCESS .<444.> ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS PROCESS WAS (T5 REV]SIBLE1 & SEV]AL /ATES FELL AP>T 9 TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS4 .<#a#h.> 

,! ,B59 MEGACOMMUNITY ( ! ,UPP] ,GU9EA COA/ ( WE/]N ,AFRICA BEGAN AS A NETWORK ( LOCALIZ$ COMMUNITIES L9K$ BY A COMMON LANGUAGE1 ,B9I1 & NOT BY ANY =MAL RELATION%IPS OR ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURES4 ,B9I COMMUNITIES SU/A9$ !MSELVES ?R\< COMMUNAL AGRICULTURE1 P]=M$ JO9TLY BY ! EXT5D$ FAMILY GR\P1 & BY HUNT+ & GA!R+1 FROM ! 5D ( ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ,B,C,E ?R\< ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ,C,E4 ,! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,KWA1 ! E?NO-L+UI/IC PR$ECESSORS ( ! ,B9I1 W]E =AG]S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ,B,C,E :5 !Y MOV$ 9TO ! REGION4 ,! AUTO*?ON\S 9HABITANTS ( ! =E/ BELT1 :OM !Y NAM$ ! ,EFA1 ALREADY PRACTIC$ HOE AGRICULTURE & LIV$ 9 /ABLE VILLAGES1 PRACTICES ! PROTO-,B9I EV5TUALLY ADOPT$4 ,! TWO E?NOL+UI/IC GR\PS COEXI/$ = C5TURIES BE=E ! ,B9I 9TEGRAT$ ! ,EFA 9TO A JO9T CULTURAL SY/EM 9 :I* ! ,EFA CON/ITUT$ A LESS PRE/IGI\S TI]4 ,EV5TUALLY !Y W]E ASSIMILAT$ ?R\< 9T]M>RIAGE1 ?\< ?OSE :O ID5TIFY AS DESC5DANTS ( ! ,EFA 0HOLD SOME QUITE IMPORTANT PRIE/LY PO/S )9 ! ,B59 SY/EM0 ( RELIGI\S & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 .<#a#i.> 

,)9 ?IS PROCESS >OSE ! EXT5D$ FAMILY SY/EM ?AT HAS REMA9$ RELATIVELY CON/ANT ?R\<\T !IR SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,P]HAPS ! EXT5D$ TRAC+ ( FAMILY TIES ALL[$ = BO? 9TEGRATION & DIFF]5TIATION 9 A DUAL-TI]$ E?NOPOLITICAL SY/EM *>ACT]IZ$ BY A WEAK CULTURAL HI]>*Y1 9T]M>RIAGE1 & COEXI/5CE1 ?AT EV5TUALLY L$ TO ASSIMILATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! FUR!R SOMEONE MAPP$ !IR SANGU9>Y RELATIONS1 ! MORE LIKELY !Y C\LD CONNECT !MSELVES TO BO? ,B9I & ,EFA1 :]EAS 9 A SY/EM ( EI!R NUCLE> FAMILIES OR DEL9EAT$ CLANS1 EA* P>TICUL> GR\P C\LD MORE EFFECTIVELY PRES]VE ! ILLUSION ( BELONG+ TO ONE E?NICITY OR ! O!R4 ,! FAMILY /RUCTURE1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT A CAUSE ( ?IS E?OS ( COEXI/5CE1 S9CE IT SEEMS TO HAVE >IS5 AFT] ! TWO GR\PS CAME 9TO CONTACT4 

,9 CONTRA/1 WE CAN CONSID] ! EVOLUTION ( ,>YAN SOCIETY 9 ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T4 ,UPON 9ITIAL CONTACT ) ! AUTO*?ON\S 9HABITANTS1 ! ,>YANS VIEW$ ! LOCALS ) DISGU/1 & APPLI$ A PRACTICE ( DOM9ATION & SUBORD9ATION4 ,9 !IR CASE1 ! RESULT ( A DUAL-TI]$ E?NOPOLITICAL SY/EM WAS A COMPLEX CA/E SOCIETY ?AT 5C\RAG$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A P[]FUL /ATE4 

,:AT WE DO KN[ IS ?AT ! EXT5D$ FAMILY SY/EM 9 ,B9I SOCIETY WAS & CONT9UES TO BE CLOSELY L9K$ TO AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES4 ,! EXT5D$ FAMILY CAN BETT] APPROA* ECONOMIC SUBSI/5CE ?AN A NUCLE> FAMILY1 !RE=E NOT LEAV+ ORGANIZATIONAL GAPS ?AT EM]G+ ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTIONS C\LD FILL4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS NOT SO L>GE AS A CLAN1 & NOT SO SUIT$ = A R$I/RIBUTIVE ECONOMY ?AT W\LD ALL[ ! CONC5TRATION ( WEAL?4 

,B9I FAMILIES >E DIVID$ 9TO ?REE AGE-GRADES1 ) MALE ELD]S 5JOY+ POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 BACK$ BY AN ANCE/OR CULT 7S9CE ELD]S >E SE5 AS ! 9T]M$I>IES ) ! ANCE/ORS74 ,! ELD]S =M A COMMUNITY C\NCIL & APPO9T ! OLDE/ MEMB] AS A C]EMONIAL LEAD]4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 NO EXT5D$ FAMILY AMASSES P[] OV] ! O!R FAMILIES1 BECAUSE MEMB]%IP 9 ! C\NCIL 9CLUDES ALL FAMILIES1 & LEAD]%IP 9 ! C\NCIL EFFECTIVELY ROTATES FROM ONE FAMILY TO ANO!R4 ,EXT5D$ FAMILIES ALSO HAVE !IR [N C\NCILS1 & 9 COMMUNITIES ( A S+LE EXT5D$ FAMILY1 A MEMB] ( EV]Y NUCLE> FAMILY IS PRES5T 9 ! C\NCIL4 ,! C\NCILS DECIDE ON ! USE ( COMMUNAL L&S1 PRES]VE TRADITIONS1 M$IATE 9FRACTIONS ( COMMUNITY LAWS1 & WOR%IP DEITIES & ANCE/ORS ON BEHALF ( ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY4 ,9 TURN1 !Y TRADITIONALLY RECEIVE GIFTS ( A 0PRE/IGI\S & RITUAL *>ACT]0 ?\< = !IR SUBSI/5CE !Y HAVE TO DEP5D ON !IR FAMILIES4 ,PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES ( ALL COMMUNITY MEMB]S W]E PROBABLY ALSO PRACTIC$ 9 E>LI] C5TURIES4 .<#a#a.> 

,! ,B9I EXP]I5C$ A CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL P[] BEG9N+ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! FIR/ C5TURY ,C,E4 ,BE=E ?AT1 MULTIPLE COMMUNITIES SOMETIMES COORD9AT$ !IR ACTIVITIES ) TEMPOR>Y C\NCILS PRESID$ OV] BY ! MO/ S5IOR ELD]2 H[EV]1 SU* UNIONS W]E TEMPOR>Y & NEV] 9FR+$ ON ! AUTONOMY ( 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 *IEFDOMS APPE>$ 9 :I* A PRIVILEG$ FAMILY 7&1 MO/ IMM$IATELY1 ITS LEAD]S7 HAD ! PR]OGATIVE ( REPRES5T+ & ?US GOV]N+ O!R FAMILIES4 ,?AT FAMILY'S COMMUNITY ( ORIG9 ?US GA9$ PREEM95CE OV] O!R COMMUNITIES 9 ! ALLIANCE4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ! LEAD]S ( A *IEFDOM EXT5D$ !IR RULE TO A WEAK] *IEFDOM1 ?\< 9 G5]AL ?IS WAS ACCOMPLI%$ NOT ?R\< MILIT>Y CONQUE/ BUT BY ! P>AM\NT LEAD] ADOPT+ 0SUP]NATURAL AIRS0 & SUCCESSFULLY >GU+ A DIV9E RI<T TO RULE4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES & EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITY UNIONS W]E ABLE TO COEXI/ ALONGSIDE ! *IEFDOMS4 ,ANO!R MIXTURE HAS ALSO SURVIV$ 9TO ! PRES5T DAY3 9 SOME COMMUNITIES1 ! POSITION ( PRIE/ TO A SPECIFIC DEITY IS 9H]IT$ 7A *>ACT]I/IC TYPICALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) GREAT] HI]>*Y & ! ACCUMULATION ( P[]7 :]EAS O!R COMMUNITIES /ILL HOLD TO ! TRADITIONAL PRACTICE 9 :I* PRIE/S MU/ BE APPO9T$ !IR SPECIFIC ROLES BY ! C\NCIL4 .<#a#a#a.> 

,! RISE ( *IEFDOMS CO9CID$ ) ! APPE>ANCE ( IRON-WORK+ TE*NOLOGIES1 AN 9T5SIFICATION ( AGRICULTURE1 & A RISE 9 POPULATION LEAD+ TO A POPULATION D5SITY POT5TIALLY HI<] ?AN 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ?IS EXPLOSION MI<T LEAD SOME TO EXPECT A MILIT>I/IC TURN 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 H[EV]1 ?\< ! CLE>+ ( =E/S & ! HUNG] = >ABLE L& SOMETIMES L$ TO VIOL5T COMPETITIONS1 0! UNIFICATION ( ! ,B9I COMMUNITIES WAS PEACEFUL0 & ! POPULATION PRESSURES DID NOT PROVOKE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MILIT>ILY EFFECTIVE SY/EM ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 .<#a#a#b.> 

,!SE PRESSURES DID NOT1 ( C\RSE1 LACK CONSEQU5CES4 ,! NEW *IEFDOMS BEGAN TO LEGITIMIZE A NEW FIGURE ( PR(ANE LEAD]%IP1 ! ONOGIE1 :O COMPLEM5T$ ! SPIRITUAL LEAD]%IP ( ! C\NCIL ( ELD]S4 ,! FIR/ 5EGIE W]E W>RIORS FROM ! SECOND AGE-GRADE :O DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES AS LEAD]S ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 0,ALL ?IS WAS A BL[ TO ! G]ONTOCRATIC PR9CIPLE ( MANAGEM5T AMONG ! ,B9I40 .<#a#a#c.> 

,CITIES >OSE AS A CONSEQU5CE 0& AN ASPECT0 ( ! RISE ( *IEFDOMS1 9 A COMPLEX PROCESS ( MUTUALLY 9FLU5C+ FACTORS4 ,! LEAD]S ( A *IEFDOM PRIVILEG$ !IR COMMUNITY ( ORIG9 OV] ! O!R COMMUNITIES1 & TRI$ TO ORGANIZE ! COMMUNITIES )9 AN AGRICULTURAL 5CLOSURE DEL9EAT$ BY DIT*ES & E>?WORKS4 ,SU* AN EVOLUTION BO? REQUIR$ & FAVOR$ POPULATION GR[? & 9T5SIFI$ AGRICULTURE1 :ILE ALSO PROVID+ DEF5SIVE ADVANTAGES 9 W>F>E1 :I* 9CREAS$ 9 T&EM ) ! O!R FACTORS 7S9CE ,B9I UNIFICATION WAS PEACEFUL1 AS M5TION$1 W>F>E WAS PRIM>ILY WAG$ AGA9/ RAID]S FROM NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES OR GR\PS ( ,EFA ?AT DEFI$ ASSIMILATION74 ,! AGRICULTURAL 5CLOSURE QUICKLY FILL$ 9 TO CON/ITUTE A CITY ( UP TO A C\PLE ( ?\S& PEOPLE1 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ( ?IS EVOLUTION4 ,SUBORD9ATE FAMILY GR\PS !N W5T \T TO =M SETTLEM5TS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! *IEFDOM-CITY1 & !SE SETTLEM5TS GREW 9 TURN4 

,AT LEA/ T5 DIFF]5T PROTO-CITIES1 BACK$ BY #ac *IEFDOMS 0& A GREAT MANY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES0 ALIGN+ ) ONE OR ANO!R ( !SE PROTO-CITIES1 COMPET$ = CULTURAL PR$OM9ANCE & RECOGNITION AS ! 0SACRAL-RITUAL C5T]40 ,9 ! FIR/ C5TURIES ( ! SECOND MILL5NIUM ,C,E ,B59 ,CITY WON \T & ! O!R C5T]S %RANK BACK 0D[N TO ! LEVEL ( BIG VILLAGES40 ,?IS M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A MON>*IC P]IOD 9 :I* ! MANY *IEFDOMS W]E POLITICALLY UNIT$ BY A P>AM\NT RUL]1 CLAIM+ ! TITLE ( ,OGISO 70RUL]S FROM ! SKY074 ,!SE RUL]S W]E LIKELY ,YORUBA W>RIORS :O CAME 9 RAID+ P>TIES FROM ! NOR?4 ,! SON OR GR&SON ( ! FIR/ ,OGISO1 ,]E1 IS CR$IT$ ) MANY 9NOVATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS1 P>TICUL>LY 0SYMBOLS ( ROYALTY & OBJECTS ( ! ANCE/OR CULT10 ) MOV+ ! SEAT ( HIS GOV]NM5T TO ,B59 ,CITY1 HAV+ A PALACE BUILT !RE ?AT MEASUR$ A HALF MILE BY A QU>T] MILE1 & OP5+ A C5TRAL M>KET 9 FRONT ( ! PALACE4 ,HE & HIS BRO!RS >E CR$IT$ ) LEAD+ ! =MATION ( MANY NEW SETTLEM5TS4 ,=TY CRAFT UNIONS W]E ALSO SAID TO HAVE BE5 9ITIAT$ 9 HIS REIGN1 & ! LEAD]S ( ! UNIONS EV5TUALLY PLAY$ IMPORTANT ROLES 9 GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION4 ,]E'S SON1 H[EV]1 WAS ! LA/ RUL] 9 ! DYNA/Y4 ,AFT] FAIL+ TO IMPOSE HIS LEAD]%IP1 HE ABDICAT$ & LEFT ! C\NTRY1 RETURN+ TO ,IFE 7! L& ( HIS =EBE>S74 ,H[EV]1 TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS ( RULE BY =EIGN W> LEAD]S WAS 5\< TO E/ABLI% ! TRADITION ( A P>AM\NT RUL] GOV]N+ ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,! NEXT TW5TY ,OGISO W]E 0REPRES5TATIVES ( DIFF]5T LOCAL1 ,B9I *IEFDOMS0 :O ALL FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% !IR [N DYNA/Y4 ,! LA/ ( !M DI$ 9 MIS]Y AFT] BE+ BANI%$ = BE+ AUTOCRATIC & NOT 0CONSULT+ HIS ADVIS]S40 .<#a#a#d.> 

,! LEAD]S ( ?IS SUPRA-*IEFDOM POLITY W]E TYPICALLY LEAD]S FROM SPECIFIC COMMUNITIES :O W]E ABLE TO GOV]N ON ! BASIS ( *>ISMA BUT W]E NEV] ABLE TO CREATE ! 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK & CO]CIVE AU?ORITY NECESS>Y TO C5TRALIZE POLITICAL P[] & E/ABLI% A /ATE4 ,!Y W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN PRIMUS 5TRE P>ES1 FIR/ AMONG EQUALS1 AL?\< SU* AN E?OS W\LD NOT BE ANTI!TICAL TO /ATE =MATION 9 ! DEMOCRATIC PA?WAY ( POLITOG5ESIS4 

,9 FACT1 :5 ! MON>*Y WAS ABOLI%$ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ,B59 ,CITY WAS GOV]N$ AS A REPUBLIC1 & ! CITY ITSELF ALMO/ BROKE UP1 AS MANY PEOPLE DESIR$ A RETURN TO ! MORE EGALIT>IAN1 ALBEIT G]ONTOCRATIC1 SY/EM ( COMMUNITY C\NCILS4 ,TWO SYMBOLIC LEAD]S ( ! REPUBLIC WI%$ TO F\ND !IR [N DYNA/IES1 ONE AFT] ! O!R4 ,! FIR/ WAS PREV5T$ FROM DO+ SO BY POPUL> PRESSURE1 BUT ! SECOND WAS 5?RON$ & AID$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ,B59 ,CITY1 :O HAD SUCCE$$ 9 EXT5D+ !IR AU?ORITY WELL BEYOND ! CITY & ACROSS ALL ,B59 DUR+ ! E>LI] REIGN ( ! ,OGISO1 :OM !Y US$ AS A 0SCRE50 = !IR [N AU?ORITY4 ,!Y DESIR$ 0! RE/ORATION ( ! SUPREME ALL-,B59 AU?ORITY0 & TO ?IS 5D !Y 9VIT$ A =EIGN RUL] FROM ,IFE TO ASC5D ! ?RONE & BR+ 0PEACE & CONCORD40 ,! HEADS ( ! ,B59 ,CITY *IEFDOM 0HOP$ TO CONTROL ! =EIGN]0 & TO PRES]VE ! POLITICAL UNITY ( ,B591 BUT UND] !IR [N 9FLU5CE & NOT ?AT ( ! HEADS ( O!R ,B9I *IEFDOMS4 .<#a#a#e.> 

,9 ! 5D1 !Y FAIL$ 9 ?IS 5DEAVOR1 ?\< ! ULTIMATE DANG] CAME NOT FROM !IR TRADITIONAL RIVALS1 ! O!R *IEFDOMS1 BUT FROM !IR [N WEAPON1 ! ,OBA1 OR MON>*4 ,! F\R? ,OBA SUCCE$$ 9 VIOL5TLY SUBORD9AT+ ! ,B59 ,CITY LEAD]S :O HAD /YL$ !MSELVES 0K+-MAK]S40 ,HE DEPRIV$ !M ( ! RI<T TO BE> SYMBOLS EQUAL TO ?OSE ( ! MON>* OR TO CONF] TITLES1 & RE/RICT$ !M TO CR[N+ EA* NEW K+ RA!R ?AN *OOS+ K+S FROM AMONG ! ROYAL FAMILY4 ,HE ALSO 0CREAT$ A NEW CATEGORY ( TITLE-HOLD]S AS A C\NT]BALANCE40 ,BE=E1 ,B59 WAS A COMPLEX *IEFDOM 9 :I* ONE SEGM5T1 ! *IEFDOM ?AT CONTROLL$ ,B59 ,CITY1 HELD PREEM95T 9FLU5CE OV] ! O!R *IEFDOMS4 ,! NEW MON>*Y CON/ITUT$ A QUALITATIVE *ANGE 9 :I* A RITUAL & ADM9I/RATIVE C5T] WIELD$ A UNIQUE & 9CREAS+LY CO]CIVE P[] OV] ALL ! SEGM5TS1 AGA9/ !M BUT ALSO 9 CONC]T ) !M1 AS EA* SEGM5T WAS L$ BY HEADS :O 5JOY$ A GOOD DEAL ( PRIVILEGE & SPIRITUAL P[]4 

,! ROYAL C\RT EMPLOY$ A NUMB] ( DIGNIT>IES & (FICE-HOLD]S :O ACT$ AS 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 ! ,OBA & ! O!R PEOPLE4 ,9 FACT1 ! CROSS-CULTURALLY COMMON TABOO AGA9/ SUPREME LEAD]S RELAT+ FREELY ) COMMON PEOPLE SEEMS TO BE AN EFFECTIVE ME*ANISM1 NOT ONLY = CREAT+ A MY/ICAL /ATUS >\ND A SUPREME LEAD]1 BUT ALSO = 5SUR+ ! COMPLEXIFICATION ( AU?ORITY & ! PROLIF]ATION ( C\RTS 7:I* >E AT LEA/ P>TIALLY ! PR$ECESSORS ( BUREAUCRACIES71 & TO ALL[ ! UPP] /RATA TO ISOLATE & CONTROL ! SUPREME RUL]4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,B59 MEGACOMMUNITY REMA9$ RELATIVELY /ABLE = AB\T SIX C5TURIES1 UNTIL ITS 9VASION BY ! ,BRITI%1 )\T DEVELOP+ MANY *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ! /ATE1 EV5 ?\< ! QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T AU?ORITY ( ! ,OBA CON/ITUT$ A POT5TIAL K]NEL ( /ATE P[]4 ,! *IEFS & P>AM\NT RUL]S DID NOT G5]ALLY 9T]F]E ) SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITIES1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y CONT9U$ TO FAVOR COMMUNAL VALUES4 ,RELAT$ TO ?IS1 ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY NEV] DEVELOP$ /RONG CO]CIVE P[]S1 & NO SOCIAL GR\P EV] A*IEV$ TOTAL DOM9ANCE OV] ! O!RS4 ,MO/ DIGNIT>IES & TITLE-HOLD]S W]E (FICIALLY NON-H]$IT>Y & APPO9T$ BY ! ,OBA1 BUT 9 PRACTICE !Y REMA9$ )9 ! SAME FAMILIES = C5TURIES1 ?US !Y NEV] CAME TO SUPPORT ! P>AM\NT RUL] OV] ! COMMUNITIES4 ,& 9 ! COMMUNITIES1 C\NCILS ( ELD]S CONT9U$ TO HOLD PREEM95CE1 ?\< (T5 BALANC$ BY ! Y\NG] W>RIORS1 & SO ! DIFF]5T FAMILIES REMA9$ MORE OR LESS EQUAL1 & ?US SUBSI/5CE PRACTICES REMA9$ EGALIT>IAN & COMMUNAL4 ,! ,OBA HAD BROK5 \T ( ! CON/RA9TS ( A COMPLEX *IEFDOM--A TYPE ( ALLIANCE AMONG *IEFDOMS ?AT IS TYPICALLY %ORT-LIV$--YET HE DID NOT DEVELOP /ATE AU?ORITY ON O!R SOCIAL FRONTS4 ,! FUNCTION ( ! P>AM\NT RUL] REMA9$ RELIGI\S1 & HIS P[] WAS PRIM>ILY SYMBOLIC4 ,IT SYMBOLIZ$ ! UNITY ( ALL ! *IEFDOMS & 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES1 !RE=E L5D+ ITSELF TO A POLITICAL /ABILITY ?AT WAS SPIRITUAL RA!R ?AN BUREAUCRATIC4 

,?IS PECULI> BALANCE1 NONE!LESS1 WAS >RIV$ AT BY A P[] /RUGGLE BETWE5 DIFF]5T LOCI ( LEAD]%IP1 :I* IS A DYNAMIC ?AT DES]VES FUR!R EXPLORATION4 ,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( /ATE EVOLUTION ?AT ! EM]G+ C5T] ( /ATE AU?ORITY MU/ WAGE A BLOODY CONFLICT AGA9/ ! P[]-HOLD]S 9 ! PREEXI/+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,?OSE PRIOR LEAD]S >E G5]ALLY COMPLICIT ) POLITOG5ESIS 7SOMETIMES UNWITT+LY SO7 BUT 9 MANY SPECIFIC 9/ANCES WILL FI<T AGA9/ /ATE =MATION 9 ORD] TO HOLD ONTO !IR [N P[]4 ,GIV5 SU* AMBIGUITY1 WE CAN VIEW NON-/ATE P[]-HOLD]S AS CONDUITS ( ! LOGIC ( P[]1 :I* CONDITIONS !M TO PU% = 9NOVATIONS & =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT 5C\RAGE ! FUR!R ACCUMULATION ( P[]2 AT ! SAME TIME !Y WI% TO HOLD ONTO P[]1 EV5 ?\< ! CONDITIONS ?AT ALL[ !M TO BE P[]-HOLD]S MU/ BE SUP]S$$ = P[] TO ACCUMULATE FUR!R4 ,?US !Y FAVOR ! ACCUMULATION ( P[] EV5 AS !Y OPPOSE ! ORGANIZATIONAL PROGRESS ?AT HI<] 9T5SITIES ( P[] REQUIRE4 

,9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 ! COLLABORATION & CONFLICT BETWE5 MON>*IES & ! B\RGEOISIE DISPLAYS ! SAME AMBIGUITY4 ,9 ?IS1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! LOGIC ( P[] IS BO? S$UCTIVE & IMP]SONAL4 ,AS AN>*I/S HAVE LONG >GU$1 ?\< (T5 HESITANTLY1 METAPHORICALLY1 OR AMBIVAL5TLY1 GIV5 ! ,WE/]N PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( QUANTITATIVE SOCIAL SCI5CE1 P[] IS A SOCIAL =CE ?AT MU/ BE ANALYZ$ AS A PROTAGONI/ ( HI/ORY4 ,9 FACT1 MU* ( ! BEHAVIOR ( CAPITAL AS A SOCIAL =CE IS DUE TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT S]VES AS A COV] = P[]4 ,?\< IT IS MORE 5TIC+ AS A SUBJECT ( ANALYSIS DUE TO ITS QUANTITATIVE & OBJECTIVE PRET5SIONS1 IT D]IVES ITS FUNCTION FROM ! SYMBOLIC VALUE IT IS IMBU$ ) BY A :OLE HO/ ( MILIT>Y1 SPIRITUAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,AN ANALYSIS ( P[] AS AN ACTIVE VALUE CAN ALSO %$ A CL>IFY+ LI<T ON O!R CONTROV]SIES REG>D+ :]E TO DRAW ! L9E = ! ?RE%OLD ( POLITOG5ESIS4 ,!RE IS A DEBATE AMONG ,E>LY ,/ATE AN?ROPOLOGI/S AS TO :E!R ! ANCI5T ,GREEK POLEIS OR 0CITY-/ATES0 CON/ITUT$ /ATES4 ,SOME1 SU* AS ,MO%E ,B]5T1 9SI/ ?AT !Y DO NOT QUALIFY1 BECAUSE !Y >E /RUCTURALLY DIFF]5T FROM MO/ O!R E>LY /ATES4 ,SU* >GUM5TATION PUTS DEF9ITIONS BE=E PH5OM5A & MAKES IT H>D] TO P]CEIVE ATYPICAL 9NOVATIONS ?AT OP5 UP NEW PA?WAYS ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,GREEK POLEIS G5]AT$ A GREAT DEAL ( !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL MAT]IAL ?AT WAS DRAWN ON BY SUBSEQU5T /ATES & IS /ILL DRAWN ON BY /ATES TODAY4 ,I DON'T BELIEVE !RE WAS ANY SIMIL> TRANSF]5CE ( ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES TO /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 ,!RE=E1 IF ! ,GREEK EXP]I5CE IS MORE READILY TRANSF]ABLE TO /ATES ?AN TO /ATELESS 5TITIES1 >E C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( DEC5TRALIZATION 5\< TO JU/IFY ! POLEIS AS /ATELESS SOCIETIES8 ,IF ! SUPREME RUL] 9 A TYPICAL E>LY /ATE WIELD$ ABOVE ALL SYMBOLIC P[]1 :AT IS ! PROBLEM IF 9 ! POLEIS ?AT SYMBOLIC C5T] W]E NOT OCCUPI$ BY A HUMAN CLAIM+ TO REPRES5T ! GODS BUT BY A DIV9E PR9CIPLE ITSELF3 LAW8 

,O!R S*OL>S REFUTE ! >GUM5TS ( ,GREEK /ATELESSNESS1 PO9T+ \T ?AT ! PROPORTION ( BUREAUCRATS 9 ! POLEIS WAS COMP>ABLE TO ! E>LY ,*9ESE /ATE2 ?AT ! PROPORTION ( SLAVES & O!R NON-CITIZ5S WAS 9 FACT A MAJORITY2 ?AT ! PRIVATE MANAGEM5T ( SLAVES IS A COMMONPLACE 9 MANY /ATES1 & ?AT ! /ATE DID 9 FACT CONTROL SLAVES US$ 9 SILV]-M9+1 CON/RUCTION1 & BUREAUCRATIC FUNCTIONS2 ?AT ACCUMULATION ?R\< W>F>E RA!R ?AN 9T]NAL TAXATION WAS COMMON 9 O!R E>LY /ATES AS WELL2 AS WAS ! ROTATION ( AU?ORITY1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES & ! ,NOVGOROD REPUBLIC1 :I* W\LD EV5 9VITE =EIGN (FICIALS TO COME ACT AS TEMPOR>Y RUL]S4 .<#a#a#f.> 

,! EXAMPLE ( ! POLEIS ALSO 5C\RAGES US TO BREAK \T ( ! >TIFICIALLY LIMIT$ SCOPE ( ANALYSIS 5C\RAG$ BY ! MYOPIC MY?OLOGY ( NATION-/ATES1 :I* T5DS TO IGNORE ! M>G9S ( A SOCIETY & ITS NEI<BORS4 ,! COMM]CIAL & MILIT>Y NETWORK ( ! ,GREEKS CON/ITUTES ! TRUE T]RA9 ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL CITY-/ATE4 ,S9CE A /ATE'S T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES >E FICTIVE 9 ANY CASE1 WE %\LDN'T HESITATE TO LOOK BEYOND ,A!NS'S WALLS1 OR EV5 BEYOND ! PLA9S ( ,ATTICA1 TO MEASURE ! POPULATION & ! =MS ( EXPLOITATION L9K$ 9TO ?AT P>TICUL> /ATE SY/EM4 ,! ANCI5T ,GREEK POLEIS ORGANIZ$ !IR P[] 9 A SPACE ( FL[S RA!R ?AN A SPACE ( PLACES2 !RE=E A SY/EMS ANALYSIS IS BE/ SUIT$ TO UND]/& ! FUNCTION+ ( ! /ATES !Y CREAT$4 

,! ,M$IT]RANEAN PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T T]RA9 = SU* ANALYSIS1 9 FACT4 ,! FALL ( ! ,MYC5AEAN /ATE AT ! 5D ( ! ,BRONZE ,AGE OP5$ UP A SPECIFIC SOCIO-POLITICAL SPACE 9 :I* ! ,GREEK CITY-/ATES LAT] EM]G$4 ,?AT COLLAPSE WAS P>T ( A WAVE ( 9VASIONS1 REVOLUTIONS1 & CATA/ROPHES ?AT SPELL$ ! 5D ( A GREAT MANY CIVILIZATIONS ALL ACROSS ! EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,! ,LATE ,BRONZE ,AGE COLLAPSE OCCURR$ BETWE5 #abf & #aae ,B,C,E & WAS M>K$ BY A %>P DECL9E 9 TRADE1 A WIDESPREAD LOSS ( WRITT5 LANGUAGE1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( CITIES 9 ! REGION1 FROM ,PHYLOS TO ,GAZA1 SOME ( :I* W]E NEV] RESETTL$4 

,I BELIEVE ! KEY TO UND]/&+ ?IS COLLAPSE IS RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ALL ( !SE CIVILIZATIONS =M$ A %>$ WORLD-SY/EM4 ,L+UI/ICS1 AS WELL AS ! ,WE/]N 9CL9ATION TO BREAK UP REALITY 9TO SUBJECTS 7& CORRESPOND+ OBJECTS OR 9]T MAT]IAL7 RA!R ?AN UND]/&+ IT AS A QUE/ION ( FIELDS & RELATION%IPS1 CAN PREJUDICE US TO VIEW ! REGION AS BE+ POPULAT$ BY 0SEP>ATE0 CULTURES & POLITIES3 ! ,EGYPTIANS2 ! ,ASSYRIANS2 ! ,ISRAELITES2 ! ,MYC5AEANS2 & SO =?4 ,IT IS MORE ACCURATE TO UND]/& !SE PEOPLES & POLITIES AS DIFF]5T /R&S WOV5 TOGE!R 9 A COMPLEX FABRIC4 

,! ,BRONZE ,AGE COLLAPSE HAS BE5 WIDELY /UDI$1 & NUM]\S CAUSES HAVE BE5 PROPOS$1 FROM AN 9CREASE 9 W>F>E & B>B>IAN 9VASION1 TO CLIMATIC *ANGES & VOLCANIC ]UPTIONS1 TO ECONOMIC COLLAPSE /EMM+ FROM ! EXHAU/ION ( ! BRONZE SUPPLY 7BRONZE-BAS$ 9DU/RY1 UNLIKE ! IRON-BAS$ 9DU/RY ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 REQUIR$ 9T5SE TRADE NETWORKS SPANN+ A L>GE GEOGRAPHIC REGION74 ,NONE ( !SE EXPLANATIONS SEEMS SATISFY+ 9 ITS [N RI<T1 & NONE 5JOY A SCI5TIFIC CONS5SUS4 ,BE=E SUGGE/+ ANO!R CAUSE1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO PROBLEMATIZE ! CONCEPT ( CAUSATION ITSELF1 AT LEA/ 9 H[ IT HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 APPROA*$ 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 

,CAN WE IMAG9E ?AT ! P]IODIC \TBUR/S ( 9SURRECTION1 COLLAPSE1 CIVIL W>1 & REVOLUTION ?AT AT ! PRES5T >E OCCURR+ ) AN 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY 7,ALBANIA1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,GREECE1 ,TUNISIA1 ,EGYPT1 ,LIBYA1 ,SYRIA1 ,BRAZIL1 ETC47 EV5TUALLY 9T5SIFY TO ! PO9T :]E !Y CAUSE ! COLLAPSE ( ! CURR5T WORLD SY/EM8 ,& :AT IF T5 ?\S& YE>S W5T BY1 ALL ELECTRONIC RECORDS W]E LO/1 & ! ONLY ?+ FUTURE RESE>*]S C\LD UNCOV] W]E CLIMATE DATA1 SOME ( ! MO/ BASIC *RONOLOGIES ( ! MAJOR /ATES1 & SOME CURSORY 9=MATION AB\T ECONOMIC PRACTICES8 

,SURELY SOME W\LD HYPO!SIZE ?AT CLIMATE *ANGE W]E ! CAUSE ( ! COLLAPSE1 O!RS--UNE>?+ CRYPTIC REF]5CES TO ! APPE>ANCE ( A BELLICOSE CLASS KN[N AS 0T]RORI/S0 & DISCOV]+ >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE ( CIVIL W> 9 ,UKRA9E1 ,IRAQ1 ,SYRIA1 ,YEM51 ,AF<ANI/AN1 ,LIBYA1 & ,COLOMBIA--W\LD SUGGE/ 9VASION & W>F>E4 ,O!RS MI<T POSIT PEAK OIL OR CURR5CY 9FLATION4 ,FROM ! CURR5T /&PO9T1 ALL ( !SE EXPLANATIONS %\LD /RIKE US AS UNSATISFACTORY1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y >E ALL 9T]RELAT$ & NONE ( !M1 PRECISELY1 IS ! CAUSE ( ! 9CREAS+ SY/EMIC 9SECURITY WE CAN FEEL4 ,AT LEA/ NOT 9 ! WAY A *EMICAL REACTION CAN BE ID5TIFI$ AS HAV+ A CLEAN1 SIMPLE1 CONCRETE CAUSE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ( !SE FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO ! 9SECURITY ( ! WORLD SY/EM1 ?AT GREAT FABRIC WE >E ALL WRAPP$ UP 94 ,EA* ( !SE FACTORS %AKES & PULLS AT ! FABRIC1 CAUS+ GR[+ 9/ABILITY1 UNTIL ANY /RUCTURES BUILT ATOP ! FABRIC COLLAPSE 7OR UNTIL ! FABRIC ITSELF IS TORN74 ,9 COMPLEX SY/EMS1 IT IS 9/ABILITY & TURMOIL ?AT CAUSE SY/EMIC COLLAPSE & ! SPONTANE\S EM]G5CE ( NEW SY/EMS4 ,BUT 9/ABILITY IS NOT JU/ ! SUM ( DISCRETE =CES ACT+ ON A /ATIC EQUILIBRIUM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! 9/ABILITY COMES TO CON/ITUTE A =CE 9 ITSELF ?AT TRIGG]S MORE DE/ABILIZ+ EV5TS4 ,IT UNIFIES ! TOTAL >RAY ( =CES ?AT CAUSE 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES TO REPRODUCE ! DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ( ! SY/EM OR TO REBEL AGA9/ IT4 ,!SE =CES >E ECONOMIC1 ECOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 POLITICAL 79 T]MS ( ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURES1 DISC\RSES ( LEGITIMACY1 & ALSO RELATIONS ( W>_/PEACE BETWE5 POLITIES71 SPIRITUAL1 & ALSO PSY*OSOCIAL4 ,?IS LA/1 (T5 IGNOR$1 & APPROA*+ :AT ,GEORGE ,KATSIAFICAS T]MS ! 0]OS EFFECT10 IS UND5IABLE ON ! GR\ND3 A SOCIETY IS MO/ LIKELY TO REBEL :5 ! P[] /RUCTURES ?AT DOM9ATE IT APPE> UN/ABLE1 OR :5 NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES ALSO REBEL1 NO MATT] :AT !IR REASONS4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y1 />T+ AT ! 5D ( #b#h1 SOCIAL REBELLIONS OCCURR$ ) GREAT] FREQU5CY1 EV5 9 MANY C\NTRIES :]E ! ECONOMIC CRISIS HAD ONLY APPE>$ 9 ! NEWS BUT NOT YET MANIFE/$ 9 HI<] UNEMPLOYM5T1 OR :Y !RE WAS A DIRECT 9T]PLAY & TRANSF]5CE BETWE5 9SURRECTIONS & UPRIS+S 9 ,GREECE & ,TURKEY--ONE C\NTRY 9 ECONOMIC RECESSION & ! O!R EXP]I5C+ ECONOMIC GR[?--OR ,GREECE & ,BULG>IA--ONE UPRIS+ 9SPIR$ BY AN>*I/ VALUES & ! O!R BY FASCI/ VALUES4 

,ASSUM+ ?AT WE CAN UND]/& SY/EMIC COLLAPSE 9 ?IS LI<T1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ ANO!R FACTOR 7POT5TIALLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR1 AL?\< ! DATA DO NOT EXI/ TO PROVE ?IS CLAIM7 = ! ,BRONZE ,AGE COLLAPSE3 9T]NAL REBELLION & /RUGGLES = FRE$OM4 

,I PROPOSE ?AT WE W\LD ATTA9 A F> MORE ACCURATE VIEW ( HI/ORY IF1 EV]Y TIME A /ATE COLLAPS$1 WE ASSUM$ REBELLION WAS A PR9CIPAL CAUSE1 UNLESS EVID5CE EXI/$ = ANO!R CAUSE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT /ATES PROVOKE RESI/ANCE FROM !IR [N SUBJECTS1 & ?AT /RUGGLES = FRE$OM >E UNIV]SAL 7AL?\< VISIONS ( FRE$OM & ME?ODS = ATTA9+ IT >E BEYOND ANY D\BT HI/ORICALLY & CULTURALLY SPECIFIC74 ,TOO (T51 HI/ORIANS & >*AEOLOGI/S FABRICATE *EAP MY/]IES1 0,:Y DID ?IS GREAT CIVILIZATION SUDD5LY COLLAPSE810 BECAUSE !Y REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! OBVI\S3 ?AT /ATES >E ODI\S /RUCTURES ?AT !IR POPULATIONS DE/ROY :5EV] !Y GET ! OPPORTUNITY1 & SOMETIMES EV5 :5 !Y FACE IMPOSSIBLE ODDS4 

,! S*OL>S ( P[] >E />+ ,OZYM&IAS 9 ! FACE4 ,BEYOND ! AN>*I/ 9TUITION1 :I* HAS PROV5 ACCURATE 9 ITS HI/ORICAL PR$ICTIONS 5\< TIMES ?AT ANYONE :OSE PSY*E IS NOT 9TEGRALLY WRAPP$ UP ) BOOTLICK+ %\LD HAVE TAK5 NOTE1 WE HAVE A NUMB] ( FACTS TO BACK UP ?IS ASS]TION4 ,TO />T )1 !RE >E NUM]\S DOCUM5T$ EXAMPLES ( SOCIETIES ?AT OV]?R[ /ATE /RUCTURES 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES HORIZONTALLY4 ,SU* RECORDS >E TYPICALLY FROM PLACES LIKE ,AMAZONIA OR SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA :]E ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN POPUL> CULTURES >E CONDUCIVE TO ! PRES]VATION ( SU* HI/ORIES4 

,BUT 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 A %ORTAGE ( EVID5CE IS NOT EVID5CE ?AT POPUL> REBELLIONS W]E NOT A MAJOR =CE ( HI/ORY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! ONE FACTOR ?AT IS LEA/ LIKELY TO LEAVE >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE4 ,IT LEAVES NO TRACE 9 CLIMATE RECORDS1 IT NE$ NOT BE PREC$$ OR EV5 ACCOMPANI$ BY ANY DRAMATIC *ANGE 9 TE*NOLOGIES & MAT]IAL REMA9S1 & ! LIT]ATE CLASSES ( PRE-MOD]N /ATES >E UNLIKELY TO PUT IT D[N 9 WRIT+4 ,9 FACT1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( WRIT+ IS A LIKELY RESULT ( AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* WRITT5 LANGUAGE IS CONTROLL$ BY ! ELITE4 .<#a#a#g.> ,NEI<BOR+ /ATES ?AT WITNESS$ SU* REVOLUTIONS MI<T ALSO BE UNLIKELY TO DISCUSS & DOCUM5T A POPUL> UPRIS+ BECAUSE !Y !MSELVES W]E ASSUR$LY AFFLICT$ BY ! SAME CONFLICTS & DANG]S4 ,ANYONE :O P>TICIPATES 9 RADICAL MOVEM5TS TODAY KN[S ?AT REVOLUTION>Y EPISODES >E SY/EMATICALLY D[NPLAY$ OR ]AS$ FROM ! (FICIAL HI/ORIES1 & ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MOD]N /ATES COMM& MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ MEANS ?AT ALL[ !M TO RECUP]ATE RADICAL HI/ORIES1 REFRAM+ !M 9 A WAY ?AT LEGITIMATES /ATE P[]4 .<#a#a#h.> ,BRONZE ,AGE /ATES DID NOT HAVE SU* MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,! PR9CIPAL WAY = !M TO AVOID FANN+ ! FLAMES ( TRANSREGIONAL REBELLION W\LD BE TO SUPPRESS ! NEWS4 

,& :AT ( ! W>S & B>B>IAN 9VASIONS8 ,*RONICLES ( ! ,EGYPTIAN /ATE M5TION A S]IES ( SEAF>+ RAID]S AS WELL AS L&-BAS$ 9VAD]S :OM MOD]N RESE>*]S NAM$ AS ! 0,SEA ,PEOPLES40 ,PROBABLY ORIG9AT+ FROM >\ND ! ,AEGEAN ,SEA1 !Y W>R$ ) /ATES 9 ! >EAS ( MOD]N-DAY ,TURKEY1 ,SYRIA1 ,PALE/9E1 & ,EGYPT4 ,!IR RAID+ WAS SO CALAMIT\S ?AT SOME S*OL>S PROPOSE !M AS A CAUSE = ! ,BRONZE ,AGE COLLAPSE4 ,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT SOME IF NOT ALL ( ! ,SEA ,PEOPLES W]E /ATELESS1 & !IR W>F>E MAY HAVE BE5 9 P>T MOTIVAT$ BY HO/ILITY TO ! /ATES ( ! REGION4 ,! ,EGYPTIAN1 ,HITTITE1 & ,MYC5AEAN /ATES1 TO NAME ! PR9CIPAL PLAY]S1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 A LONG-/&+ P[] PLAY & SCRAMBLE = RES\RCES ?AT KEPT ! REGION IMM]S$ 9 W>F>E1 ! WOR/ CONSEQU5CES ( :I* W]E BORN BY ! L[] /RATA1 ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,& AS WE HAVE SE51 A MAJOR ACTIVITY ( /ATE =MATION IS SLAVE-RAID+ & ! CAPTURE ( 5TIRE POPULATIONS1 :I* ALSO LEADS TO MANY PEOPLE FLEE+ TO ZONES ( RESI/ANCE 7POSSIBLY 9 ! M\NTA9S & ISL&S ?AT MADE UP ! ,AEGEAN & ITS BORD]S74 ,AS ! /ATES GREW 9 P[] & ! LIB]AT$ ZONES FILL$ UP1 !RE W\LD BE MORE PRESSURE ON FUGITIVE POPULATIONS TO FI<T BACK4 

,EVID5CE = ! /ATELESSNESS ( ! ,SEA ,PEOPLES 9CLUDES !IR USE ( ORAL HI/ORY & !IR LACK ( WRIT+1 :I* ALSO D5OTES A LACK ( BUREAUCRACY2 !IR NOMADISM & EXTREME MOBILITY2 !IR APP>5T USE ( CONF$]AL ALLIANCES BETWE5 DIFF]5T PEOPLES2 !IR IMPRESSIVE MILIT>Y EFFICI5CY )\T A CORRESPOND+ F\ND+ ( DYNA/IES OR CITIES 7/ATE SOCIETIES ?AT >E MILIT>ILY EFFECTIVE >E 9V>IABLY PROLIFIC F\ND]S & BUILD]S72 !IR OSCILLATION BETWE5 W>R+ AGA9/ NEI<BOR+ /ATES & HIR+ !MSELVES \T AS M]C5>IES4 ,ALL ( !SE >E *>ACT]I/ICS ( /ATELESS PEOPLES AT ! TIME1 AT LEA/ 9 >EAS DEVA/AT$ BY /ATE EFFECTS4 

,IF ?IS IS ! CASE1 ! APPE>ANCE ( ! ,SEA ,PEOPLES W\LD CON/ITUTE E?NOG5ESIS1 ! CREATION ( A NEW PEOPLE OR E?NIC GR\P1 9 ?IS CASE ONE CON/ITUT$ BY RUNAWAY SLAVES & FRAGM5TS ( COMMUNITIES FLEE+ ! W>F>E & SLAVE-RAID+ ( /ATES4 ,SU* A PROCESS CON/ITUT$ ! PREEM95T MODEL = REVOLUTION AT ! TIME4 ,)\T 9T]NATIONALISM1 FRE$OM W\LD HAVE BE5 AN E?NIC PROP]TY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! NOMADIC EMPIRES1 WE HAVE SE5 H[ SU* E?NICITIES CAN EV5TUALLY %IFT FROM BE+ ! ANTAGONI/S ( /ATES TO ! F\ND]S ( /ATES4 ,! RELATIVE /R5G? ( ! VALUES ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM1 ON ! ONE H&1 & MILIT>ISM1 ON ! O!R1 AS WELL AS ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( PATRI>*Y1 PROBABLY DET]M9E :E!R A LIB]AT$ PEOPLE BECOME A NEW POLITOG54 

,9 ANY CASE1 POPULATION AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,MYC5AEAN CIVILIZATION WAS CONT9U\S1 BUT PALACES & MANY T[NS W]E BURNT D[N1 & PEOPLE BECAME MORE NOMADIC1 LIV+ 9 %IFT+ SETTLEM5TS & SUPPORT+ !MSELVES TO A GREAT] EXT5T ) H]D ANIMALS1 P>TICUL>LY CATTLE4 ,AFT] A FEW C5TURIES ! NEW POLEIS EM]G$1 AGRICULTURE PU%$ ANIMAL HUSB&RY TO ! M>G9S1 SLAV]Y RETURN$ 9 =CE1 COMM]CE FL\RI%$1 & W>F>E 9CREAS$4 ,! GREAT CIVILIZATION FROM :I* ! ,WE/ CLAIMS DESC5T HAD >RIV$4 

,A BROAD POPUL> REBELLION DE/ROY+ ! PRIOR CIVILIZATION MAY EXPLA9 ! P>TICUL> RELATION%IP ( ! ,GREEK CITY-/ATES ) P[]4 ,! MILIT>Y BASIS ( !IR P[] COMPRIS$ EGALIT>IAN =MATIONS ( FOOT SOLDI]S :O US$ 9NOVATIVE TI<T =MATIONS TO OV]COME CAVALRY & L>G] BUT LESS MOTIVAT$ IMP]IAL >MIES1 TOGE!R ) AN EFFECTIVELY DEPLOY$ NAVAL P[]1 ! BACKBONE ( :I*--! R[]S--W]E ALSO GRANT$ POLITICAL RI<TS & ?US GIV5 A /AKE 9 VICTORY4 ,ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES & ?OSE ?AT RESULT FROM POPUL> REBELLIONS T5D TO BE 9NOVATIVE & ADEPT :5 IT COMES TO W>F>E1 & ?IS MAY EXPLA9 ! ,GREEK DEVELOPM5TS4 

,SU* A MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION DE?RONES ! NOBILITY1 :O O!RWISE C\LD CEM5T !IR POLITICAL DOM9ANCE OV] ! MIDDLE /RATA ?R\< !IR ABILITY TO FIELD M\NT$ TROOPS = W>F>E4 ,NOBLE OR HI<-/ATUS FAMILIES /ILL EXI/$ 9 ! ,GREEK POLEIS1 S9CE !IR ECONOMY ALL[$ = ! PRIVATE ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?1 BAS$ AS IT WAS ON MONET>Y EX*ANGE1 ALI5AT$ WEAL? FROM LIVE/OCK TO SLAVES1 ! ]OSION ( COLLECTIVE VALUES 9 FAVOR ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ADH]+ TO H\SEHOLDS1 & A PATRI>*AL SY/EM :]EBY MALE HEADS CONTROLL$ ! H\SEHOLDS & ALL !IR WEAL?4 7,NOTE ?AT SU* A REGIME--FAMILIAL PRIVATE PROP]TY--WAS /ILL A F> CRY FROM ! REGIME ( 9DIVIDUAL PRIVATE PROP]TY ?AT LIB]AL IDEOLOGUES SEEK TO NATURALIZE4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT FAMILIAL PRIVATE PROP]TY D]IVES FROM DEGRAD$ SY/EMS ( COLLECTIVE PROP]TY 9 :I* POPUL> VALUES ( %>+ & COMMUNITY SOLID>ITY HAVE ]OD$1 OR :5 SITUATIONS ( =C$ MIGRATION & CRISIS HAVE WEAK5$ ! COMMUNITY & FAVOR$ ! ATOMIZ$ FAMILY AS A SURVIVAL 9/ITUTION47 

,! IMPORTANT ,GREEK POLITICAL CONCEPT ( EQUALITY1 !RE=E1 WAS AN ALI5AT$ POLITICAL EQUALITY RA!R ?AN A HOLI/IC SOCIAL EQUALITY1 ! SAME AS IT IS 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACIES ( TODAY4 ,POLITICAL EQUALITY IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT ?AT 5C\RAGES ! CON/ITUTION ( A BROAD ELITE 7BAS$ ON ! 9CLUSION ( ALL POT5TIALLY ELITE SECTORS RA!R ?AN AN EXCLUSION>Y PROCESS BY :I* ELITE FACTIONS COMPETE = ABSOLUTE DOM9ANCE1 (T5 DE/ABILIZ+ ! SY/EM 9 ! PROCESS74 ,FACTIONS 9 ?IS BROAD ELITE MAY COMPETE ECONOMICALLY BUT !Y ALL MU/ COLLABORATE 9 ! WIELD+ ( POLITICAL & CULTURAL P[]1 ) ! AIM ( ADVANC+ A UNIFI$ /ATI/ PROJECTUALITY4 

,! POLEIS1 !RE=E1 REJECT$ MON>*S BUT NOT ! SORT ( P[] ?AT MON>*S ACCUMULAT$ & WIELD$4 ,NOBLES1 9 ?IS SY/EM1 MI<T A*IEVE DOM9ANCE = A TIME1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y C\LD MOBILIZE ! MIDDLE CLASSES AGA9/ !IR RIVALS1 BUT ON PR9CIPLE ! PRES5CE ( A S+LE RUL]1 A TYRANT1 WAS CULTURALLY PROSCRIB$ & DISC\RAG$4 

,ON AN E?ICAL PLANE1 WE CAN CLASSIFY ?IS VISION ( EQUALITY--! SLAV]'S EQUALITY--AS HYPOCRISY1 !N & N[4 ,BUT 9 A HI/ORICAL LI<T1 WE >E LOOK+ AT A V]Y IMPORTANT GOV]N+ /RATEGY1 & ONE ?AT MAY REFLECT ! REEM]G5CE ( A /ATE \T ( ! A%ES ( ! ,MYC5AEAN CIVILIZATION4 ,SUCCESSFUL POPUL> REBELLIONS (T5 CREATE AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN E?OS4 ,P]HAPS1 OV] ?REE C5TURIES1 9CIPI5T ELITES US$ MILIT>Y BRO!RHOODS & A RESURG5T PATRI>*Y TO E/ABLI% A NEW K9D ( /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,!Y DID MORE ?AN PAY LIP S]VICE TO ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN E?OS ?AT MAY HAVE ?RIV$ AFT] ! REBELLION4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE CO-OPT$ & MODIFI$ IT TO PROTECT !IR [N 9T]E/S AS ELITES FROM ! ATTEMPTS ( ANY S+LE FACTION TO A*IEVE TOTAL DOM9ATION1 AS 9 ! PRIOR DESPOTIC MODEL4 ,!Y ALSO W\LD HAVE US$ IT TO MOBILIZE A L>G] PORTION ( !IR SOCIETY--ANY C&IDATE = 0CITIZ50 /ATUS1 & ?US ! PRIVILEGES ( EQUALITY--TO SUPPORT ! /ATE PROJECT4 ,AFT] ALL1 !Y W\LD HAVE NE$$ A BROAD] BASE ( SUPPORT AT A TIME ( MAT]IAL POV]TY & 9FRA/RUCTURAL WEAKNESS4 ,& BECAUSE 0FREE0 MALES >E NOT ! ONLY AG5TS ( HI/ORY1 AL?\< READ+ MO/ ACADEMIC WORKS Y\'D NEV] GUESS1 !SE CONNIV+ ELITES ADDITIONALLY HAD TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM A LEVEL+ REBELLION BY ! O!RS 9 !IR SOCIETY :O /ILL *AMPION$ ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN E?OS4 ,!RE=E1 !Y CONT9U$ TO VOCALLY OPPOSE A SYMBOLIC ASPECT ( ! PRIOR /ATE ?AT WAS = !M OBSOLETE1 ! K+1 9 ORD] TO CA% 9 ON & RECUP]ATE A REBELLI\S POPUL> CULTURE4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS DID EXACTLY ?AT 9 ORD] TO CREATE NEW /ATES ?AT W]E 9 ! 5D F> MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ! REGIMES !Y REPLAC$4 

,! ABOVE IS CONJECTURE1 BUT EV]Y ELEM5T 9 ! HYPO!SIS HAS BE5 DOCUM5T$ 9 O!R PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION4 ,:ATEV] ! TRAJECTORY1 IT WAS NOT UNIV]SAL4 ,MU* ( ! >EA REMA9$ /ATELESS UNTIL 9VAD$ & CONQU]$ BY ! GR[+ CITY-/ATES4 

,RETURN+ TO ! DOCUM5T$ HI/ORY & 9 P>TICUL> TO ! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC FIGURE ( ! TYRANT1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT A CULTURAL PROSCRIPTION DOES NOT AT ALL MEAN ?AT :AT IS PROSCRIB$ WILL NOT BE PRES5T 9 ! SOCIETY4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y4 ,GREEK D5IGRATIONS ( TYRANNY TELL US ?AT IT HAD NO PLACE 9 !IR IDEAL MODEL ( GOV]NANCE1 BUT ! HI/ORICAL RECORD %[S ?AT 9 PRACTICE1 ! ,GREEK DEMOCRACIES DEMON/RAT$ A CYCLICAL DEP5D5CE ON TYRANTS4 

,MAJORITY RULE REQUIRES AN UND]LY+ CONS5SUS ?AT :ATEV] RITUALIZ$ DECISION IS PRODUC$ WILL BE RESPECT$ BY ALL4 ,:5 ?IS CONS5SUS BREAKS D[N1 FROM ! ORIG9AL DEMOCRACIES ( ! CITY-/ATES TO ! REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACIES ( TODAY1 A DICTATOR /EPS 94 ,DEMOCRATIC MY?OLOGY REQUIRES ?IS DICTATOR TO BE DELEGITIMIZ$1 & 9DE$ SOMETIMES !IR MOTIVATION IS P]SONAL P[] MORE ?AN GOV]NM5TAL /ABILITY1 YET DICTATORS PROVIDE 9/ITUTIONAL CONT9UITY :]E SOMETIMES =MAL DEMOCRACY CANNOT4 ,!Y ALSO HAVE ! EXTRA-DEMOCRATIC ABILITY TO WEAK5 OR ELIM9ATE RE=MI/ FACTIONS ?AT MAKE ! DEMOCRATIC CONS5SUS UNT5ABLE1 TYPICALLY1 ?OSE :O /RAY TOO F> FROM :AT IS CONSID]$ A C5TRI/ POSITION4 7,GRANT$1 ?IS H\SE-CLEAN+ CAPACITY IS F> MORE DEVELOP$ 9 MOD]N DICTATOR%IPS ?AN IT WAS 9 ! ,GREEK POLEIS47 ,TYRANTS W]E LIKE ! P>ALEGAL ,BATMAN ?AT EV]Y SY/EM ( LAW & ORD] NE$S TO FUNCTION2 CONDEMN$ & EXT]NALIZ$ TO A M>G9AL SPACE ( ILLEGITIMACY1 BUT CLE>LY PRES5T BO? 9 ! IMAG9>Y & 9 ! HI/ORICAL OP]ATION ( ! IDEALIZ$ MODEL !Y %AD[4 

,9 ! POLEIS1 ! TYRANTS MADE USE ( ! SAME 9/ITUTIONAL =CES AS ! ASSEMBLY TO MOBILIZE RES\RCES & EXECUTE !IR DECISIONS4 ,TO ME1 ?IS 9T]*ANGEABILITY--TAKE \T ! ASSEMBLY1 PUT ! TYRANT 9 ITS PLACE1 & ! SOCIETY KEEPS FUNCTION+--CON/ITUTES AN IMPORTANT TE/3 COMPATIBILITY4 ,! FACT ?AT ! POLEIS PASS ?IS TE/ PROVES ?AT ! ASSEMBLY & ! DICTATOR FUNCTION )9 ! SAME DEMOCRATIC LOGIC4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 TRULY /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 SADDL$ ) A PRESID5T1 A *IEF1 OR AN ASSEMBLY ( MALE1 SLAVE-[N+ CITIZ5S1 WILL EI!R IGNORE ! ADDITION 7PROBABLY1 ! PEOPLE W\LD KILL OR EXILE !M IF !Y ATTEMPT$ TO ASS]T !IR AU?ORITY71 OR ! 5TIRE SOCIAL FABRIC W\LD HAVE TO BE RE5G9E]$1 BECAUSE IT CONTA9S NO FEATURES OR 9T]FACES COMPATIBLE ) ! OP]ATION ( ! /ATI/ 9/ITUTION4 ,GIVE ! 6,KUNG A ,DEP>TM5T ( ,TRANSPORTATION1 & !RE WILL BE A TOTAL DISCONNECT1 AS ! 6,KUNG DO NOT TRADITIONALLY HAVE TAXATION1 OR HI<WAYS1 OR A CULTURAL ACCEPTANCE ( BUREAUCRATIC *A9S ( COMM&4 

,! COMPATIBILITY TE/ ALSO WORKS TO DIFF]5TIATE /ATES FUNCTION+ ACCORD+ TO MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE LOGICS4 ,W\LD A ,HAN BUREAUCRACY FUNCTION 9 ,NAPOLEONIC ,FRANCE8 ,! ?\<T EXP]IM5T C\LD PROVIDE SOME USEFUL ANALYSIS4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 = C]TA91 C\LD NOT HAVE REPLAC$ ! RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS 9 AN ,AFRICAN /ATE BAS$ ON ANCE/OR CULTS2 ! =M] HAS NO 9T]FACE ) =MAL K9%IP SY/EMS4 ,! FACT ( COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 DICTATOR & ASSEMBLY 9 ! ANCI5T ,GREEK POLEIS DEMON/RATES :AT MO/ SOCIAL SCI5TI/S & HI/ORIANS1 ?ANKS TO !IR CONDITION+ BY DEMOCRATIC MY?OLOGY1 WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO SEE3 ?AT !SE TWO 9/ITUTIONS CON/ITUTE P>T ( ! SAME POLITICAL SY/EM1 JU/ AS !Y DO 9 P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACIES TODAY4 

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