,*APT] #e 
,! ,MOD]N ,/ATE3 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,HYBRID 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,V4 ,! ,MOD]N ,/ATE3 ,A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,HYBRID 

,/ATES CAN BE CONS]VATIVE--OR EV5 LAZY--9/ITUTIONS ?AT SEEK /ABILITY & DEVELOP PROGRESSIVELY :5 IMPELL$ TO DO SO BY RESI/ANCE OR ADV]SITY4 ,EUROPEAN /ATES /UMBL$ UPON A GREAT ADVANTAGE 9 ! PROCESS ( DEVELOP+ BIOP[] & COLONIALISM TO FUEL !MSELVES1 >GUABLY AS A RESPONSE TO A S]IES ( CRISES ( GOV]NANCE4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT CAPITALISM PROVOK$ SO MU* RESI/ANCE & 9/ABILITY1 ANY /ATE SEEK+ TO RIDE ?IS NEW =CE W\LD CON/ANTLY HAVE TO ADAPT1 PLOT1 SPY1 MOBILIZE1 MILIT>IZE1 & GR[4 ,CAPITALISM 9AUGURAT$ AN UN5D+ SOCIAL W> ?AT HAS CON/ITUT$ A CEASELESS LE>N+ PROCESS = /ATES4 

,REPHRAS+ AN ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ HYPO!SIS .<#g#b.> & BACK+ IT UP ) EXT5SIVE RESE>* & NOVEL ANALYZES1 ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I >GUES = A DI*OTOM\S NATURE ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 COMB9+ A COMM]CIAL P[] ?AT 9HABITS A SPACE ( FL[S ) A T]RITORIAL P[] ?AT 9HABITS A SPACE ( PLACES4 ,9 ,! ,LONG #b? ,C5TURY1 HE TRACES ! EVOLUTION ( ?IS M>RIAGE EXP]TLY1 FROM ! CITY-/ATES ( NOR!RN ,ITALY1 .<#g#c.> TO ITS FIR/ PROTOTYPE 9 ! P>TN]%IP BETWE5 ,G5OVESE M]*ANTS & ! ,CA/ILIAN ,CR[N ?AT BEGAN A GLOBAL CYCLE ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION1 TO ITS P]FECTION BY ! ,UNIT$ ,PROV9CES ( ! ,NE!RL&S1 AU?ORS ( ! ,WE/PHALIA OR 9T]/ATE SY/EM1 TO ITS GLOBAL EXPANSION BY ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ITS 9T5SIFICATION UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,WE CAN COMPLEM5T A READ+ ( ,>RI<I'S DETAIL$ HI/ORY ) A CONSID]ATION ( ! FACTORS ?AT LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 SOME ( :I* >E GLANC$ OV] 9 HIS WORK & O!RS ( :I* FALL \TSIDE ITS SCOPE4 

,! LACK ( /RONG FAMILY TIES & CLAN SY/EMS 9 MO/ ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 AS WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 ANO!R *APT]1 /RONGLY ADVANTAG$ BO? ! DEMOCRATIC MILIT>ISM ?AT WAS ESS5TIAL = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A L>GE NUMB] ( ,EUROPE'S E>LY /ATES1 & = ! RE/RUCTUR+ ?AT ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE REQUIR$4 ,!RE WAS NO /RONG /RUCTURAL RESI/ANCE TO BUREAUCRATIZATION & ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW P>ADIGM ( SOV]EIGNTY3 9 FACT1 ! CULTURE ( 9DIVIDUAL ADVANCEM5T ?AT MAY ONLY >ISE 9 A CONTEXT ( WEAK FAMILY TIES WAS SIMULTANE\SLY 9/RUM5TAL TO ! B\RGEOIS SUP]SESSION ( ! NOBILITY1 TO ! PRACTICES ( $UCATION NECESS>Y = TRA9+ A BUREAUCRATIC CLASS CLOSELY COMPLICIT ) ! COMM]CIAL CLASS 7RA!R ?AN UNQUE/ION+LY LOYAL TO A DESPOTIC RUL]1 OR 0CORRUPT$0 BY LOYALTY TO K971 & TO ! NEW LABOR E?IC ?AT HAD TO BE 9CULCAT$ 9 ! L[] CLASSES4 

,! W> ON H]ESY & ! W> ON ! COMMUNE W]E ALSO VITAL FACTORS4 ,! REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & ME?ODOLOGIES NECESS>Y TO ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE >OSE 9 ! W> ON H]ESY1 ! WIT* HUNTS1 & ! BLOODY LEGAL & P>ALEGAL CAMPAIGNS ?AT FACILITAT$ ! 5CLOSURE ( ! COMMONS4 ,E4,P4 ,?OMPSON'S SEM9AL /UDY1 ,:IGS & ,HUNT]S1 ON ! APPLICATION ( ! ,BLACK ,ACT TO PUNI% RESI/ANCE TO 5CLOSURE REVEALS ! NEW PRACTICE AT WORK4 ,M>CUS ,R$IK] & ,PET] ,L9EBAU<1 9 ,! ,MANY-,HEAD$ ,HYDRA1 EXPLORE ! ORIG9S & SOME ( ! P>ALLEL L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T ( REPRESSIVE ME?ODOLOGIES RELAT$ TO ! PRIVATE PROP]TY REGIME1 :ILE ,SILVIA ,F$]ICI1 9 ,CALIBAN & ! ,WIT*1 & ,>?UR ,EVANS1 9 ,WIT*CRAFT 9 ! ,GAY ,C\NT]CULTURE1 DIG EV5 DEEP]1 TRAC+ ! PROCESS F>!R BACK & REVEAL+ A MISS+ L9K--PATRI>*Y--:I* HAS MODULAT$ ! 5TIRE REPRESSIVE EVOLUTION4 ,*RI/IANITY'S PREVI\SLY M5TION$ PREF]5CE = 9TOL]ANCE & = A SEP>ATION ( SECUL> & ECCLESIA/ICAL SPACE1 ALL[$ ?IS REPRESSIVE EVOLUTION TO TAKE PLACE4 

,R4,I4 ,MOORE CONV9C+LY >GUES ?AT ! BONFIRE1 ?\< IT HAS BECOME ! V]Y SYMBOL = ! /ATE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ H]ETICS1 REPRES5T$ A FAILURE = ! AU?ORITIES4 ,PUNI%M5T ( H]ESY WAS SY/EMATICALLY DESIGN$ TO DISCIPL9E1 TO GA9 REP5TANCE4 ,& ?\< !RE W]E CLE>LY EXCEPTIONS TO ?IS1 :5 POLITICAL 5EMIES NE$$ TO BE ELIM9AT$ OR ELITES JUDG$ IT BETT] TO BURN 0ONE TO $UCATE ONE HUNDR$10 .<#g#d.> ! SPECTACLE ( SUPREME PUNI%M5T WAS SOMETIMES US$ BY ! H]ETICS & WIT*ES !MSELVES4 ,REFUS+ TO REP5T & FAC+ EXECUTION WAS (T5 A =M ( 9SUBORD9ATION3 SOME H]ETICS EV5 ?REW !MSELVES 9TO ! BONFIRE AS AN ULTIMATE ACT ( DEFIANCE AGA9/ ! ,*UR*4 .<#g#e.> 

,FALL+ 9TO ! PECULI>LY PO/MOD]N1 PO/-,HOLOCAU/ ]ROR ( RAT+ ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A ACCORD+ TO !IR BODY C\NT1 ,SILVIA ,F$]ICI EXAGG]ATES ! NUMB] ( DEA?S 9 ! WIT* HUNTS1 CLAIM+ A MILLION KILL$ :5 ! TRUE FIGURE IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY LESS ?AN #a14 ,BUT F> MORE IMPORTANT W]E ?OSE :O W]5'T KILL$4 ,EV5 IF 0ONLY0 #e1 W]E EXECUT$ .<#g#f.> 7A HUGE FIGURE1 RELATIVE TO ! POPULATION ( E>LY MOD]N ,EUROPE71 ?IS ALSO REPRES5TS T5S ( ?\S&S ( COMMUNITIES TRAUMATIZ$ & ?REAT5$1 T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE :O RECEIV$ NON-LE?AL PUNI%M5T1 & MANY MORE T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE :O REP5T$ TO AVOID PUNI%M5T4 

,ANO!R CRITICISM AGA9/ H] WORK & ( ,WIT*ES1 ,MIDWIVES1 & ,NURSES BY ,B>B>A ,EHR5REI* & ,DEIRDRE ,5GLI% DISPUTES ! FEM9I/ HYPO!SIS ?AT ! W> ON WIT*ES WAS 9 P>T A PATRI>*AL ATTEMPT TO ]ADICATE ! TRADITION ( WOM5 HEAL]S4 ,?IS CRITICISM IS DEMON/RABLY MISGUID$4 ,! >GUM5T .<#g#g.> IS BAS$ ON :AT APPE>S TO BE A SOLID BUT COMPLETELY MIS9T]PRET$ FACT3 ! MAJORITY ( ! VICTIMS ( ! WIT* HUNTS W]E PROBABLY NOT HEAL]S1 & 9 FACT A DISPROPORTIONATE NUMB] ( /ATE'S WITNESSES W]E (FICIALLY LIC5S$ MIDWIVES & NURSES4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT WE MU/ AVOID A SIMPLIFI$1 HOMOG5\S1 & ROMANTICIZ$ VISION ( :O !SE PEOPLE W]E1 IT IS ALSO TRUE1 AS ,F$]ICI DOCUM5TS1 ?AT ! WIT* BURN+S W]E COMPLEM5T$ BY A PROCESS ( 9CREAS$ /ATE REGULATION ( WOM5 & ( FEM99E PR(ESSIONS4 ,! NEWLY PR(ESSIONALIZ$ MALE DOCTORS W]E APPE>+ ON ! SC5E & ATTEMPT+ TO MONOPOLIZE HEAL+ PRACTICES4 ,A PLACE WAS RES]V$ = WOM5 :O W]E WILL+ TO SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! DOCTORS AS NURSES1 & TO SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! /ATE BY GETT+ LIC5S$4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !SE SELL\TS W]E ALSO FREQU5TLY SNIT*ES AGA9/ !IR SI/]S :O CONT9U$ TO PRACTICE AUTONOM\SLY & )\T P]MISSION4 ,ON CONSID]ATION1 ?IS TR\BLESOME FACT ONLY RE9=CES ! ANALYSIS ( ,F$]ICI1 ,EHR5REI*1 & ,5GLI%4 ,& ! DOCUM5TS ( ! WIT* TRIALS DEMON/RATE A DIRECT L9K BETWE5 ! REPRESSION & ! ,*UR* & SECUL> ELITE'S FE> ( WOM5 HEAL]S2 0,NO ONE DOES MORE H>M TO ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ?AN MIDWIVES10 AS ! ,MALLEUS ,MALEFIC>UM CLAIMS4 .<#g#h.> 

,AS ,F$]ICI & ,EVANS BO? AMPLY DEMON/RATE1 9 !IR WAYS1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! MOD]N /ATE WAS PREC$$ BY & 9 TURN AID$ ! R5EWAL 7A R5AISSANCE1 IF Y\ WILL87 ( PATRI>*AL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,*UR* & O!R RUL+ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! DAY4 ,ROMAN PATRI>*Y HAD BE5 ]OD$ TO A L>GE EXT5T AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,WE/]N ,EMPIRE1 FIR/ ?ANKS TO ! RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN G5D] RELATIONS AMONG ! ,CELTIC1 ,G]MANIC1 & ,SLAVIC TRIBES1 & LAT] ?ANKS TO ! RESI/ANCE ( WOM51 QUE] PEOPLE1 TRANS PEOPLE1 & H]ETICS OR TRADITIONALI/S_/PAGANS4 ,FIR/ ,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY & !N1 9 A SEAMLESS TRANSITION1 ,5LI<T5M5T PHILOSOPHY1 S]V$ TO COORD9ATE ! (F5SIVE ?AT RE/OR$ AN ABSOLUTE PATRI>*Y UTILIZ+ A BROAD >RAY ( /ATE & NON-/ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM ! MUNICIPAL TO ! CONT95TAL LEVEL4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( ! 9T]/ATE SY/EM ! ,DUT* & !IR ALLIES 9AUGURAT$ ) ! ,SETTLEM5T ( ,WE/PHALIA WAS ! NATION4 ,IT'S IMPORTANT TO DI/+UI% ! ,EUROPEAN CONTEXT1 9 :I* ! T]M >OSE1 & NON-,WE/]N CONTEXTS1 SPANN+ A GREAT V>IETY ( PROCESSES1 9 :I* SOME PEOPLES SUBSEQU5TLY *OSE TO T]M !MSELVES AS NATIONS4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 H[EV]1 ,I AM REF]R+ TO ! ,WE/]N CONTEXT4 ,CONTR>Y TO NATIONALI/ MY?OLOGIES1 NATIONS 9 ! ,WE/ DID NOT >ISE AS P>T ( A SL[ PROCESS ( L+UI/IC & CULTURAL UNIFICATION1 NOR DID !Y EV5 APPE> )9 !IR [N BORD]S4 ,CONFIRM+ A PLANK ( PO/MOD]N !ORY1 ?IS P>TICUL> SELF WAS ONLY DEF9$ :5 IT CAME 9 CONTACT ) AN O!R4 ,FOLL[+ ,JACQUES ,LE ,G(F & ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I1 WE CAN CONT5D ?AT NATIONS >OSE BETWE5 ! TWELF? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES 9 ! UNIV]SITIES & ! TRADE PO/S1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,AS ,LE ,G(F DOCUM5TS 9 ,TIME1 ,WORK1 & ,CULTURE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 /UD5TS AT ,EUROPE'S NEW UNIV]SITIES ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO NATION4 ,!Y W]E1 AFT] ALL1 AN 9T]NATIONAL BODY4 ,& ,I W\LD SURMISE ?AT1 :ILE !IR [N PRIOR ID5TITIES MI<T HAVE PR$ISPOS$ !M TO RELATE ONLY ) ?OSE ( !IR [N IMM$IATE CITY OR POLITY 7BECAUSE ( C\RSE1 !RE W]E NO ,ITALIANS !RE1 ONLY ,PADUANS1 ,BOLOGNESE1 & SO =?71 !IR RELATIVELY R$UC$ NUMB]S PU%$ !M TO SEEK \T O!R COMPANIONS ) :OM !Y N[ SAW SIMIL>ITIES4 ,PREVI\SLY !Y W\LD HAVE ONLY SE5 L+UI/IC & CULTURAL DIFF]5CES1 BUT 9 CONTRA/ TO O!R /UD5TS :O MI<T HAIL FROM AS F> AWAY AS ,BRITTANY1 ,FL&]S1 OR ,SAXONY1 N[ !Y F\ND A COMMON ID5TITY4 ,& ! SAME PROCESS W\LD PLAY \T 9 A UNIV]SITY 9 ,BOLOGNA1 ,P>IS1 OR ,AUGSBURG4 ,/UD5TS1 F> AWAY FROM HOME1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES AS ,ITALIANS1 ,FLEMI%1 ,FR5*1 OR ,G]MANS1 :]EAS BE=E !Y HAD BE5 ,G5OVESE1 ,ANTW]P]S1 ,PROV5CALS1 ,HANNOV]IAN1 & SO =?4 

,SIMIL>LY1 AT ! TRADE PO/S ?AT W]E POPP+ UP 9 ,EUROPE'S HUBS ( COMM]CE1 & :I* 9 C]TA9 9*OATE MOM5TS W]E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EMBASSIES1 BIRDS ( A FEA!R FLOCK$ TOGE!R4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 !IR ORNI?OLOGICAL AFF9ITY HAD LESS TO DO ) ! ANXIETIES ( Y\NG M5 AWAY FROM HOME = ! FIR/ TIME1 & MORE TO DO ) ! NE$ TO TRADE RELIABLE 9=MATION ) COLLEAGUES :O C\LD BE MORE EASILY TRU/$ & MORE EASILY COMMUNICAT$ )1 DUE TO SPEAK+ SIMIL> DIALECTS & BROADCA/+ V>I\S CULTURAL CUES ?AT C\LD PROVIDE ! BASIS = SOLID>ITY 9 A /RANGE L&4 ,:AT'S MORE1 A BUS9ESSMAN IS MORE LIKELY TO TREAT SOMEONE ) RESPECT IF !Y KN[ !Y WILL LIKELY CO9CIDE 9 ! FUTURE1 & ?\< ! M]*ANTS 9HABIT$ A SPACE ( FL[S & NOT A SPACE ( PLACES1 TRADE VOLUME & ?US 9T]ACTIONS W]E AT LEA/ SOME:AT PROPORTIONAL TO DI/ANCE4 ,PROXIMITY1 !RE=E1 ALSO FAVOR$ A COMMON ID5TITY4 

,!SE TWO CLASSES ( PEOPLE1 /UD5TS & TRAD]S1 PLAY$ A DYNAMIC1 ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 ! SUBSEQU5T CREATION ( NATION-/ATES4 ,!Y HAD ALREADY =MULAT$ !IR NATIONS 9 ! SPECIAL PETRI DI% CON/ITUT$ BY ?OSE HUBS ( $UCATION & COMM]CE1 & !Y TRANSPOS$ ! SAME ID5TITIES & ETIQUETTES ONTO ! /ATE /RUCTURES :5 !Y W]E CALL$ ON TO HELP GOV]N1 FILL+ 9 FUNCTIONS ( BUREAUCRACY1 SOCIAL CONTROL1 & PRODUCTIVITY ?AT W]E LACK+ 9 ! FEUDAL /ATE4 

,R4,I4 ,MOORE ALSO HI<LI<TS ! NE$ ( ! EM]G+ MOD]N /ATE TO DISMANTLE ! FEUDAL SY/EM ( DUAL P[]1 :I* HAD BE5 NECESS>Y TO HOLD SOCIETY TOGE!R :ILE ! /ATE WAS WEAK1 BUT :I* CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR OB/ACLE TO ! ACCUMULATION ( P[] ONCE PRODUCTIVE1 CULTURAL1 & REPRESSIVE =CES HAD EVOLV$ TO ! PO9T :]E TOTALIT>IAN /ATES W]E FEASIBLE 7& ,I W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ALL MOD]N /ATES >E FUNDAM5TALLY TOTALIT>IAN1 DIFF]+ BY DEGREE & /RATEGIES = DISGUIS+ OR CELEBRAT+ ?IS FACT74 ,?IS CONFLICT ) PREEXI/+ /ATE /RUCTURES WAS ABOVE ALL A PROCESS 9 :I* P[] WAS /REAML9$1 C5TRALIZ$1 & MADE MORE EFFICI5T4 ,BUT IT HAD PR(\ND IMPACTS ON ! ,WE/]N M5TALITY & PROVID$ NEW TOOLS = /ATE CONTROL4 ,MOD]NIZ+ /ATE ELITES C\LD PRES5T !MSELVES AS REBELS1 & ALMO/ )\T EXCEPTION !Y US$ M>G9ALIZ$ & EXPLOIT$ ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY TO HELP !M TOPPLE ! OLD REGIME SO !Y C\LD 9/ITUTE A NEW ONE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 NE>LY EV]Y REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N ,WE/]N HI/ORY IS ACCOMPANI$ BY AFT]%OCKS1 FROM ! 5RAGES & PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS ( ,FRANCE1 TO ,%AYS' ,REBELLION1 TO ,KRON/ADT1 :5 ! OPPRESS$ REALIZE ?AT ?\< ! =MS ( P[] HAVE *ANG$1 !Y >E /ILL AT ! BOTTOM ( AN EV5 MORE POT5T SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 

,PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5TS SY/EMATICALLY R$IRECT POPUL> RAGE1 :I* IS 9SPIR$ BY NO?+ LESS ?AN ! VIOL5CE ( BE+ GOV]N$1 AT ELEM5TS ( P[] ?AT >E 9EFFECTIVE & POT5TIALLY OBSOLETE4 ,! GOAL 7AT LEA/ ( ?OSE :O COMM& SU* MOVEM5TS7 & ! RESULT IS TO MAKE P[] MORE P[]FUL4 ,PROGRESSIVES' FAVORITE :IPP+ BOY HAS LONG BE5 CORRUPTION1 BUT CORRUPTION IS ! LA/ VE/IGE ( HUMANITY 9 AN 9CREAS+LY 9HUMAN SY/EM4 

,! ORGANIZATIONAL AMBIGUITY ( M$IEVAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* RESULT$ 9 SITUATIONS ( DUAL OR EV5 TRIPLE P[]1 PRES5T$ OPPORTUNITIES = W\LD-BE /ATE >*ITECTS TO PLAY !IR RIVALS (F ONE ANO!R4 ,=W>D-?9K+ MON>*S (T5 FAVOR$ ! COMMON]S 9 ORD] TO USE !M AGA9/ ! FEUDAL LORDS1 SIMIL> TO H[ ! BURG]S W\LD SUBSEQU5TLY USE ! PEASANTS & URBAN LABOR]S AGA9/ ! MON>*S 9 A NUMB] ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS4 ,AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,WE/]N ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 A GREAT NUMB] ( T[NS1 CITIES1 & RURAL COMMUNITIES WON !IR ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE & DEF5D$ IT VIGOR\SLY AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( DIFF]5T ELITES4 ,! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! RURAL COMMUNITIES HAD A COMMUNAL RA!R ?AN COMM]CIAL *>ACT]1 BAS$ 9 A UNIV]SAL ACCESS TO ! COMMONS4 ,FAC$ ) ! CONFLICT BETWE5 COMMON]S & NOBLES1 MON>*S W]E SOMETIMES =C$ & SOMETIMES A/UTELY *OSE TO LEGALLY RECOGNIZE & CODIFY ! RI<TS ( ! COMMON]S1 EI!R AS 0USES & CU/OMS0 AS REG>D$ ! COMMONS1 OR AS *>T]S 9 ! CASE ( POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T T[NS & CITIES4 

,! ,*UR* WAS ABLE TO WIELD ITS MONOPOLY ON SPIRITUAL RITUALS TO IMP$E ! COMMON]S' AUTONOMY1 IMPOS+ TAXES 9 EX*ANGE = ! RI<TS TO M>RY & BURY COMMUNITY MEMB]S4 ,& ! NOBLES US$ W> & DEBT TO GRADUALLY IMPOSE S]FDOM OR L& ALI5ATION ON ! PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,?\< PEASANT & URBAN MILITIAS MEANT ?AT ! NOBLES NEV] HAD A TRUE MONOPOLY ON MILIT>Y =CE1 IT WAS ! NOBLES :O W]E ! RECIPI5TS ( L& TITLES DOL$ \T BY MON>*S 9 EX*ANGE = FEALTY1 P>TICIPATION 9 MILIT>Y CAMPAIGNS1 & O!R S]VICES4 ,TITLE DID NOT EXT+UI% PREEXI/+ COMMUNAL & USUFRUCT>Y RI<TS ( ! PEASANT 9HABITANTS1 BUT IT DID GIVE ! NOBLES A CLAIM = EXACT+ PAYM5TS 9 GOODS & S]VICES4 ,9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA1 AS ,*RI/IAN W>RIOR-K+S PU%$ \T ! ,MUSLIM RUL]S ( AL-,&ALUS1 ! NEW ELITES W]E P>TICUL>LY OPPORTUNI/IC1 DECL>+ !IR CONQUE/ T]RA NULLIS EV5 ?\< IT (T5 CAME ) PEASANT 9HABITANTS ATTA*$4 ,!Y W]E ALSO ABLE TO MONOPOLIZE ! CA/LES1 :I* 9 MANY CASES HAD BE5 COMMUNALLY MA9TA9$ & G>RISON$4 ,BECAUSE SELF-DEF5SE WAS SE5 AS A COLLECTIVE OBLIGATION1 NOBLES C\LD USE IT AS ANO!R EXCUSE TO IMPOSE LEVIES & TAXES4 

,M$IEVAL MON>*S WON P[] AS ! >BIT]S ( ! CONFLICTS ?AT ?IS 9CREAS+ EXPLOITATION PROVOK$1 5ACT+ LEGAL COMPROMISES 9 RESPONSE TO ! FREQU5T LAWSUITS & REBELLIONS ) :I* NOBLES & COMMON]S PRESS$ !IR 9T]E/S4 ,!Y ALSO 9T]V5$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( M$IEVAL DEMOCRACY4 ,FREE VILLAGES1 T[NS1 & CITIES MADE !IR DECISIONS 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES1 (T5 GIV5 LEGAL RECOGNITION BY ! MON>*1 AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( ! NOBLES TRY+ TO EXT5D !IR AU?ORITY4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL EQUALITY ( ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES S]V$ TO MASK ! GR[+ ECONOMIC 9EQUALITIES ?AT W]E AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! CURR5CY-BAS$ COMM]CE SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! ELITE4 ,AS GUILD MA/]S1 M]*ANTS1 & PEASANT L&[N]S GREW 9 P[]1 ALL ( !M US+ LEGAL1 MONET>Y1 & 9FRA/RUCTURAL DEVICES CREAT$ OR DEF5D$ BY ! MON>*1 ! COMMON]S W]E DIVID$ AGA9/ !MSELVES & C\LD NO LONG] PURSUE COMMON 9T]E/S ?AT MI<T HAVE OB/RUCT$ ! GR[? ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! NEW COMMON] ELITE EASILY TOOK OV] ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES ?AT ONCE CON/ITUT$ ! BULW>K ( !IR K9D4 ,IT BE>S NOT+ ?AT MAJORIT>IAN1 C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES ( UNIT>Y DECISION-MAK+ HAVE NEV] SUCCESSFULLY PREV5T$ ! EM]G5CE ( AN ELITE2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HAVE G5]ALLY BE5 COMPLICIT 9 ! PROCESS4 

,9 #a#b#f#e1 ! CITY ( ,B>CELONA CREAT$ ! ,CONSELL DE ,C5T1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ONE ,HUNDR$1 A REPRES5TATIVE BODY COMPOS$ ( PROBI HOM9ES OR FIR/-CLASS CITIZ5S SELECT$ PRIM>ILY FROM AMONG ! GUILD MA/]S & M]*ANTS ( ! CITY1 :I* SUPPLANT$ ! P[] ( ! OP5 ASSEMBLIES ( NEI<BORS4 ,K+ ,JAUME ,I WAS A DIRECT 9/IGATOR ( ?IS PROCESS4 ,9 #a#b#h#d1 ,K+ ,P]E ,I,I,I GRANT$ ! ,C\NCIL ! P[] TO DIRECTLY SEIZE ! GOODS & PROP]TIES ( ?OSE :O DID NOT PAY !IR R5TS4 ,9 #a#b#h#e1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ,B>CELONA REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! PATRICIANS & ATTEMPT$ TO RECOV] CONTROL ( ! MUNICIPALITY1 BUT ! K+ 9T]V5$ ON ! OLIG>*S' BEHALF4 ,! MODEL ( RULE BY CLOS$ C\NCILS & MAGI/RATES SPREAD ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ,CATALUNYA1 REPLAC+ ! OP5 ASSEMBLIES 9 ALL BUT A FEW RURAL COMMUNITIES 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,URBAN M]*ANTS QUICKLY BECAME MORE IMPORTANT TO ! MON>* ?AN ! L&$ NOBILITY = FUND+ ! MANY W>S BY :I* HE CEM5T$ HIS P[]1 & BY :I* ! M]*ANTS EXP&$ !IR TRADE NETWORKS4 ,W>S BETWE5 TRADE RIVALS ,CATALUNYA & ,G5OVA REFLECT$ ?IS M]CANTILE TURN ( LOGIC4 ,! OLIG>*S1 9 TURN1 QUICKLY DISCOV]$ ! USEFULNESS ( PATRIOTISM1 A KEY =CE 9 ! BIR? ( ! NATION & ! MOD]N /ATE1 9 CONV9C+ ! POOR & MIDDLE-CLASS COMMON]S TO SUPPORT ! W>S & ! TAXES ?AT ACCOMPANI$ !M4 ,)9 A C\PLE ( C5TURIES1 MUNICIPALITIES SMALL & L>GE ?R\<\T ,CATALUNYA BECAME MIR$ 9 W>-RELAT$ DEBTS4 ,H[ DID !Y RESOLVE !SE8 ,BY SELL+ (F ! COMMONS4 .<#g#i.> 

,! ,5LI<T5M5T1 & ! PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5TIFIC RATIONALISM ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT1 W]E ALSO A S9E QUA NON = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,SILVIA ,F$]ICI ILLUM9ATES SOME ( ! HORRORS P]PETRAT$ BY ! RATIONAL WORLDVIEW & SUBSEQU5TLY BLAM$ BY ! DOM9ANT HI/ORIOGRAPHY ON ! 0IRRATIONALITY0 ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,GO+ CONSID]ABLY FUR!R1 ,ALEX ,GORRION WRITES ?AT SCI5TIFIC RATIONALISM IS A MY?ICAL SY/EM DIRECTLY DESC5D$ FROM ,*RI/IANITY ?AT UNCONSCI\SLY POSITS AN?ROPOC5TRISM1 ECOCIDE1 A SUPREMACI/1 UNIL9EAL PROGRESSIVISM1 & A ,C>TESIAN WORLDVIEW1 & ?AT FUNCTIONS AT ! S]VICE ( ! P]PETUAL ACCUMULATION ( P[]4 .<#h.> 

,!RE IS ALSO MU* TO BE SAID AB\T ! RE/ORATION ( ,ROMAN LAW FAVOR+ PRIVATE PROP]TY & ALL[+ L& TO BE ALI5AT$1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW PRODUCTIVE TE*NIQUES & MODES ( PRODUCTION1 & NEW =MS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !SE >E ! ASPECTS ( ! TRANSITION ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 MO/ /UDI$1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! LATT] ( !SE ASPECTS >E MORE ! FL\RI%ES RA!R ?AN ! DRIV+ =CES ( ! PROCESS4 ,I WILL1 H[EV]1 9CLUDE ONE EXAMPLE ?AT *ALL5GES ! L9E> TEMPORALITY ( SU* PROGRESS1 & ILLU/RATES ! SIMULTANEITY ( MILIT>Y DEVELOPM5T1 SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T1 & HI/ORICAL ID5TITY ,>RI<I WRITES3 

,BY R$ISCOV]+ & BR++ TO P]FECTION LONG-=GOTT5 ,ROMAN MILIT>Y TE*NIQUES1 ,MAURICE ( ,NASSAU1 ,PR9CE ( ,ORANGE1 A*IEV$ = ! ,DUT* >MY 9 ! E>LY SEV5TE5? C5TURY :AT SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T W\LD A*IEVE = ,U,S 9DU/RY TWO C5TURIES LAT] .<444.> ,SIEGE TE*NIQUES W]E TRANS=M$ 7#a7 TO 9CREASE ! EFFICI5CY ( MILIT>Y LABOR-P[]1 7#b7 TO CUT CO/S 9 T]MS ( CASUALTIES1 & 7#c7 TO FACILITATE ! MA9T5ANCE ( DISCIPL9E 9 ! >MY'S RANKS4 ,M>*+ & ! LOAD+ & FIR+ ( GUNS W]E /&>DIZ$1 & DRILL+ WAS MADE A REGUL> ACTIVITY4 ,! >MY WAS DIVID$ 9TO SMALL] TACTICAL UNITS1 ! NUMB]S ( COMMISSION$ & NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S W]E 9CREAS$1 & L9ES ( COMM& RATIONALIZ$4 .<#h#a.> 

,:5 ,ROB]T ,MC,NAM>A W5T FROM ! ,=D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY TO ! ,DEF5SE ,DEP>TM5T1 HE WAS COM+ FULL CIRCLE1 COMPLET+ A MOTION />T$ BY ! ,PR9CE ( ,ORANGE4 ,9 W>F>E1 ELITE PLANN]S F\ND ! P]FECT T]RA9 = DEVELOP+ ! RATIONAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS PRIM>ILY ASSOCIAT$ ) CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS4 

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