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,SLEEP] ,/ATES & ,IMP]IAL ,IMAG9>IES3 ,AU?ORITY'S ,AFT]LIFE & ,RE9C>NATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,I,V4 ,SLEEP] ,/ATES & ,IMP]IAL ,IMAG9>IES3 ,AU?ORITY'S ,AFT]LIFE & ,RE9C>NATION 

,! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & EVOLUTION>Y TYPOLOGY ( B&1 TRIBE1 *IEFDOM1 /ATE DOES NOT ACCURATELY DESCRIBE ! HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ( /ATES & /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 ,MANY B&S HAVE BE5 PO/-/ATE GR\P+S :OSE ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE HELPS !M RESI/ CAPTURE & 9CLUSION BY NEI<BOR+ /ATES4 0,TRIBES0 AS CLASSICALLY DEF9$ T5D$ TO BE ! PROJECTIONS & 9V5TIONS ( /ATES 7OR AS ,KOROTAYEV DOCUM5TS 9 ! ,YEM5I HI<L&S1 EVOLUTIONS ( *IEFDOMS71 :]EAS SOCIETIES DEF9$ AS 0*IEFDOMS0 C\LD BE /ABLE1 MILDLY HI]>*ICAL MEGACOMMUNITIES ?AT ACTIVELY CON/ITUT$ /ATE ALT]NATIVES RA!R ?AN /EPP+ /ONES TO /ATE-=MATION4 ,RA!R ?AN EXI/+ AS DISCRETE E?NIC UNITS1 SOCIETIES T5D TO BE DIFF]5TIAT$ >TICULATIONS ( CULTURAL1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ?AT ONLY FUNCTION AS P>T ( AN 9T]CONNECT$ REGIONAL OR GLOBAL SY/EM4 

,FROM AN AN>*I/ /&PO9T1 !RE IS SOME?+ ELSE LACK+ 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y TYPOLOGY4 ,NAMELY1 !RE HAVE BE5 SOME SOCIETIES ?AT1 AL?\< 9 ORGANIZATIONAL T]MS MAY BE DEF9$ AS *IEFDOMS1 ALREADY CONTA9 )9 !M MORE ?AN JU/ ! FIR/ /EPS ( /ATE =MATION1 & !RE=E ACT AS VEHICLES = /ATE-=MATION RA!R ?AN 9DEP5D5T & RESI/ANT HI]>*IES4 

,QUITE AP>T FROM !IR ORGANIZATIONAL REALITY1 /ATES 9CLUDE A PROJECTUAL DIM5SION 7AS WE HAVE SE5 9 ,*APT] ,I,I7 & AN IMAG9>Y DIM5SION 7,*APT] ,I,I,I71 ?AT >E :OLLY REAL1 EV5 ?\< !Y MU/ BE RELEGAT$ TO ! IMMAT]IAL SPH]E ACCORD+ TO AN ]RONE\S DI*OTOMY 7& SOMETIMES DIALECTIC7 ONCE 9 VOGUE4 ,A MORE NUANC$1 REALI/IC V]SION ( ?IS DIALECTIC1 SU* AS ! ,F\CAULT- & E?NOLOGY-9FLU5C$ ME?OD ( HI/ORY ESP\S$ BY ,JACQUES ,LE ,G(F1 W\LD DESCRIBE !SE TWO DIM5SIONS AS ASPECTS ( A SOCIETY'S M5TALITY1 0'?AT :I* *ANGES LEA/' 9 HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION40 .<#f#d.> ,H[EV]1 )9 ?IS FRAMEWORK1 A M5TALITY )\T ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ECONOMIES1 & SOCIAL /RUCTURES TO SUPPORT IT CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS >*AIC1 VE/IGIAL4 ,SU* A M5TALITY IS NO?+ BUT A RESIDUE ( ! H>D /RUCTURES ?AT HAVE PRESUMABLY EVOLV$ & LEFT IT BEH9D4 ,EV5 ?\< AN UNSUPPORT$ M5TALITY 9DISPUTABLY CON/ITUTES P>T ( ! SOCIAL REALITY1 IT LACKS A CLAIM TO REALITY BECAUSE )9 A PROGRESSIVE FRAMEWORK IT BELONGS TO ! PA/1 IT CON/ITUTES A DEAD-5D1 :]EAS ! SUPPOS$LY MORE EVOLV$ /RUCTURES REPRES5T ! ONLY WAY =W>D4 ,EV5 IF ?IS VIEW IS NOT ! AIM ( HI/ORICAL E?NOLOGY1 IT IS /ILL ! LIKELY \TCOME ( ! EVOLUTION>Y WORLDVIEW BUILT 9TO & ONLY P>TIALLY EXCIS$ FROM E?NOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 & ALL O!R ,WE/]N S*OLA/IC DISCIPL9ES4 ,9 #a#i#g#d1 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES WROTE H[ 0BEH9D ! MOD]N =MULATIONS1 ! OLD EVOLUTIONISM REMA9S1 9 FACT1 9TACT40 .<#f#e.> ,! SAME OBS]VATION C\LD BE MADE TODAY4 ,I DON'T ?9K ! 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE ( SCI5TI/S CAN BE COMPLETELY PURG$ ( ?IS P]VASIVE MY?OLOGY AS LONG AS ! 9T]CONNECT$ ECONOMIES1 9/ITUTIONS1 /RUCTURES1 & P>ALLEL M5TALITIES 7( BO? POPUL> & ELITE CULTURE7 >E 9FUS$ ) AN IMPLICITLY SUPREMACI/ & ACCUMULATIVE PROGRESSIVISM4 

7,MANY ACADEMICS FROM ! ,E>LY ,/ATE ,PROJECT1 = EXAMPLE1 ?\< !Y RECOGNIZE ! BASIC PRECEPTS ( MULTIL9E> EVOLUTION1 ! HI/ORICAL COMMONPLACE ( /ATE FAILURE1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( A /ATELESS COMPLEX SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 /ILL FREQU5TLY USE A TEMPORAL LANGUAGE ?AT IMPLICITLY ID5TIFIES ! /ATE AS ! MO/ ADVANC$ =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,& H[ C\LD !Y 5TIRELY PURGE ?IS COMPON5T ( !IR IDEOLOGY1 EV5 ONCE !Y HAVE ! CAPACITY TO RECOGNIZE IT AS ]RONE\S & MY?OLOGICAL1 :5 ! ONLY ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES = ,E>LY ,/ATE SCI5TI/S1 ASIDE FROM TEA*+ AT UNIV]SITIES1 IS TO ADVISE DOM9ANT /ATES ON EFFECTIVE ME?ODS = PROPP+ UP FAIL$ /ATES1 FROM ,SOMALIA TO ,IRAQ4 ,& AS = ! TEA*+ PO/S OR MUSEUM JOBS1 !SE >E H>DLY REFUGES ( PURE RESE>*1 AS ! NUMB] & QUALITY ( SU* PO/S IS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! PR(ITABILITY ) :I* ! DISCIPL9E CAN BE APPLI$ \TSIDE ( ACADEMIA47 

,TO %$ A LITTLE LI<T ON ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PROJECTUAL & IMAG9>Y DIM5SIONS1 LET US TURN TO E>LY M$IEVAL ,EUROPE4 ,BECAUSE ( ! /RONG PRET5SIONS ( PO/-,ROMAN ,EUROPEAN ELITES TO BE COMM&]S ( /ATES1 IT TOOK A LONG TIME = MOD]N SCI5TI/S & HI/ORIANS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT BY !IR S*EMA1 !Y W]E ACTUALLY LOOK+ AT *IEFDOMS & NOT /ATES4 .<#f#f.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,EUROPEAN T]M HAD CONNOTATIONS ( SOPHI/ICATION1 & ?US /ATEHOOD1 :]EAS NON-,WE/]N T]MS COMMUNICATE PRIMITIVISM1 & ?US *IEFDOMS4 

,ACCORD+ TO AN EVOLUTION>Y ANALYSIS BAS$ ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMPLEXITY & T]RITORIALITY1 MANY ,EUROPEAN K+S ( ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E 09 FACT0 *IEFS4 ,:ILE ACCURATE )9 ITS [N T]MS ( ANALYSIS1 ?IS VIEW IS ]RONE\S = NOT GIV+ IMPORTANCE TO ! IMAG9>Y ORGANIZATION ( !SE SOCIETIES4 

,BE=E ID5TIFY+ A FEW SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS ( ! COLLAPSE & REEM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 IT W\LD DO WELL TO PROBLEMATIZE A CRUCIAL ELEM5T ( SOCIAL SCI5TI/S' DEF9ITION ( ! /ATE3 ITS T]RITORIALITY4 ,CONTROL ( A T]RITORY RA!R ?AN ! UNIFICATION ( SPECIFIC K9%IP GR\PS SEEMS TO BE A UNIV]SAL & ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,YET MANY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S HAVE UNCRITICALLY TAK5 /ATE PRET5SIONS ( !IR [N T]RITORIALITY AT FACE VALUE1 P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y %>E ! /ATE'S IDEOLOGY & BELIEVE 9 ! PROJECTION ( ITS LEGITIMACY4 ,AS ,SCOTT CONVEYS 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( 0,M&ALA /ATES10 A /ATE'S T]RITORIALITY IS (T5 FICTIVE1 IMAG9>Y1 & PROJECTUAL4 .<#f#g.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 /ATES ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 UP UNTIL TODAY1 DO NOT EX]T CONTROL OV] ! 5TIRETY ( ! SPACE 7& H]E WE CAN CONSID] BO? SOCIAL & GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE7 !Y CLAIM TO DOM9ATE4 ,! FUNCTIONAL ASPECT1 !N1 >E ELITE CLAIMS4 ,A /ATE'S T]RITORIALITY RESIDES MO/ P]FECTLY 9 ITS RUL]S' IMAG9>Y4 ,:AT O!R ASPECTS ( /ATE =MATION >E PRODUC$ BY ! IMAG9ATION8 ,LET US RETURN TO ! EXAMPLE AT H&4 

,! ,WE/]N ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE COLLAPS$ 9 #d#g#f1 & ! POLITOG5S ) SOME DIRECT CONNECTION TO IT 7= EXAMPLE1 ,G]MANIC W> LEAD]S :O HAD S]V$ 9 ! ,ROMAN MILIT>Y7 W]E ONLY ABLE TO SUBJECT A PORTION ( ! OLD EMPIRE TO NEW /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,BE=E #f1 !RE W]E FEW POLITIES1 BESIDES ?AT ( ! ,FRANKS1 ! ,SAXONS1 & ! ,LONGOB>DS1 ?AT C\LD BOA/ BO? A SIGNIFICANT T]RITORY & A POLITICAL /RUCTURE WOR?Y ( CLASSIFICATION AS A /ATE4 ,! ECONOMIC & ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS ( /ATEHOOD DISSOLV$ ?R\<\T MO/ ( ,EUROPE4 ,CITIES DECL9$1 PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& DISAPPE>$1 HORTICULTURE BECAME ! PR$OM9ANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY &1 AS ,WE/]N ,EUROPE RE=E/$ EV5 HUNT+ BECAME IMPORTANT AGA94 ,ELITE HI]>*IES W]E (T5 R$UNDANT1 OV]LAPP+1 & AMBIGU\S1 LACK+ MULTIPLE LEVELS ( ADM9I/RATION1 A UNI=M LEGALITY1 OR A DEF9$ *A9 ( COMM&4 ,! ,*UR* & ! C\RTS ( W>RIOR-K+S WORK$ FUNDAM5TALLY 9 ALLIANCE BUT ALSO 9 COMPETITION1 !IR HI]>*IES OV]LAPP+ & (T5 CONFLICT+1 A SORT ( 9EFFICI5T D\BLE-MEASURE TO TIE ! POPULATION D[N 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY UNIFI$ MEASURE4 ,! L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO A PAT*WORK ( T]RITORIES PROMIS+ !IR OB$I5CE TO MULTIPLE MA/]S :O COMPET$ 5DLESSLY1 WORK+ \T A PECK+ ORD] ?AT REMA9$ AMBIGU\S = C5TURIES4 ,ON AN ORGANIZATIONAL & ECONOMIC LEVEL1 ! SY/EM WAS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,WAHA 9 C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 .<#f#h.> AL?\< ! LATT] DEVELOP$ 9 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T WAYS1 PREV5T+ /ATE =MATION = C5TURIES :]EAS ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES CONT9U\SLY CLIMB$ ?AT HILL NO MATT] H[ MANY TIMES !Y FELL D[N4 ,9 CONTRA/1 :AT HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS ,*9ESE OR ,JAPANESE FEUDALISM DIFF]S /RONGLY FROM ,EUROPEAN FEUDALISM 9 T]MS ( ORGANIZATION & PROP]TY RELATIONS1 AS HI]>*IES W]E UNIT>Y & WELL DEF9$1 ) A RELATIVELY UNAMBIGU\S *A9 ( COMM& & S\RCE ( SOV]EIGNTY & LEGALITY4 ,! PO9T ( COMMONALITY WAS A P>TIALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT CLASS :O HAD TO SURR5D] A P>T ( ITS PRODUCE 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ACCESS TO ! L&4 

,! SYMBOLIC & IMAG9>Y CONNECTIONS TO ANTIQUITY ?AT P]SI/$ ?R\< ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E NOT M]ELY A VE/IGIAL M5TALITY1 BUT A MEANS ( PRES]V+ /ATI/ ORGANIZATION ON AN IMAG9>Y PLANE1 GIV5 ITS UNFEASIBILITY ON ! MAT]IAL PLANE1 & A CODE OR DIFFUSE 9/RUCTION MANUAL = EV5TUALLY RECOV]+ /ATE =MATION1 A SORT ( TRAIL ( BREADCRUMBS BY :I* ,HANSEL & ,GRETEL C\LD F9D !IR WAY \T ( ! =E/ AGA94 

,E>LY M$IEVAL SOCIETY WAS ALSO *>ACT]IZ$ BY A RESURG5T TRIP>TITE DIVISION ?AT WAS UNIV]SAL AT ONE PO9T OR ANO!R AMONG ,9DO-,EUROPEAN PEOPLES4 ,?IS DIVISION CONSI/$ ( 0ORATORES1 BELLATORES1 & LABORATORES1 OR CL]GY1 W>RIORS1 & WORK]S40 .<#f#i.> ,WE %\LD NOTE1 AS ,LE ,G(F DOES ) O!R T]MS & ) ANO!R PO9T 9 M9D1 ?AT ! L+UI/ICALLY 9APPROPRIATE BUT SEMANTICALLY ACCURATE TRANSLATION ( LABORATORES IS 0IMPROV]S40 ,!SE W]E NOT TOIL]S BUT L&[N]S OR 9DEP5D5T F>M]S--?OSE ) !IR [N L& :O W]E R>ELY SELF-SUFFICI5T LABOR-WISE BUT :O MADE USE ( ADDITIONAL SEASONAL LABOR1 EV5TUALLY GIV+ RISE TO ! PO/-FEUDAL CLASS ( L&LESS OR SAL>I$ PEASANTS4 ,SOME ( ! TE*NIQUES & 9/RUM5TS CR$IT$ TO !SE IMPROV]S W]E ! PRODUCT ( !IR [N 9ITIATIVES & O!RS NO D\BT W]E OBS]V$ AMONG & /OL5 FROM ! PEASANTS1 :O 9 !IR UNREGULAT$ LABOR TIME EXP]IM5T$ ) LABOR-SAV+ ME?ODS1 B\NTY-AMPLIFY+ DEVICES1 & CREATIVE1 IMPRESSIVE1 GRATIFY+ GADGETS4 ,WE >E ?9K+ H]E ( ?+S LIKE CROP ROTATION1 MORE EXT5SIVE & LESS LABOR-9T5SIVE IRRIGATION1 ASYMMETRICAL PL[S1 WAT] :EELS1 & SO =?4 

,!SE IMPROV]S W]E NOT PRIM>ILY ! ONES :O TOIL$ TO IMPLEM5T & MANAGE !IR IMPROVEM5TS1 ?\< MANY W]E PROBABLY POOR 5\< ?AT !Y HAD TO WORK ALONGSIDE !IR HELP]S1 & SOME P]HAPS PREFIGUR$ ! ,PROTE/ANT WORK E?IC BY TAK+ P>T & PLEASURE 9 ! MANUAL ASPECT ( !IR LABOR4 ,H[EV]1 ! E>LY M$IEVAL ATTITUDE AMONG ! LIT]ATE /RATA T[>DS WORK--UNAMBIGU\SLY NEGATIVE--LEAVES NO DIRECT RECORD ( !IR 5?USIASM4 

,:AT IS CURI\S IS ?AT !SE IMPROV]S W]E H]ETICS1 ACCORD+ TO ! LETT] ( ,*UR* LAW1 = DISPUT+ ,GOD'S CONTROL ( TIME1 HIS PRESCRIPTION ( ASCETICISM1 & HIS ADMONI%M5TS AGA9/ ! GLORIFICATION OR ADORNM5T ( ! E>?LY WORLD2 YET !Y W]E PI\S SUPPORT]S ( ! ,*UR* & (T5 WON ITS ADMIRATION4 ,WE MI<T SURMISE ?AT ! IMPROV]S SIMPLY TREAD R\<%OD OV] ,*UR* DOCTR9E BECAUSE IT WAS ! ONLY WAY TO 9CREASE !IR WEAL? & !IR P[] RELATIVE TO ! O!R CA/ES4 ,IF ?IS W]E ! CASE1 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITIES W\LD HAVE TREAT$ !M ! SAME WAY !Y TREAT$ O!R H]ETICS1 OR ! WAY !Y TREAT$ ! 9VISIBLE F\R? CLASS1 ! PEASANTS :O C>RI$ \T MO/ ( ! ACTUAL LABOR4 ,*UR* COMPLICITY ) ! IMPROV]S 9 ! SUBV]SION ( !IR [N DOCTR9E REVEALS A %>$ DREAM1 A QUE/ = A GREAT] GLORY NOT PRES5T 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURES ( ! DAY1 & :OSE ATTA9M5T W\LD REQUIRE ! TOTAL TRANS=MATION OR LIQUIDATION ( ?OSE /RUCTURES4 

,BY ! TIME ! LABORATORES E/ABLI%$ !IR HEGEMONY1 ! TRIP>TITE SY/EM FROM :I* !Y >OSE HAD ALREADY DISAPPE>$4 ,BY ADVANC+ A NEW1 SCI5TIFIC .<#g.> CONCEPTION ( TIME & =C+ ! ,*UR* TO REV]SE OR AT LEA/ MODIFY ITS DOCTR9ES ON LABOR1 WAGES1 USURY1 & ! HONOR OR DI%ONOR 9H]5T TO A LONG LI/ ( PR(ESSIONS1 ?IS CA/E HELP$ CREATE ! SURPLUS1 ! DISCIPL9E1 & ! 9/RUM5TS ?AT NOT ONLY ALL[$ ! REEM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT ( A MORE P[]FUL /ATE ANIMAT$ BY A PRODUCTIVE RA!R ?AN P>ASITIC LOGIC4 

,! ORATORES PLAC$ LIMITATIONS ON ! BELLATORES1 CREAT+ ! RUDIM5TS ( A CULTURE ( 9T]NAL PEACE & COOP]ATION )9 ,EUROPE1 9 ORD] TO ASS]T !IR DIV9E IMPORTANCE OV] ! MORE ACTIONABLE P[] ( ! W>RIORS1 !IR OBVI\S RIVALS 9 ! TRIP>TITE SY/EM4 ,! PRIE/S' ACTIVISM AS PEACE BROK]S ALSO PREV5T$ !IR POT5TIAL DOMA9 FROM BE+ BROK5 UP 9TO A COLLECTION ( BICK]+ FIEFS EA* DOM9AT$ BY W>LORDS4 ,!Y SUPPORT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( M>TIAL P[]S1 AS A WAY TO 9CREASE !IR [N P[]1 BUT !Y ALSO WORK$ TO SEE ?AT ?OSE P[]S W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO A POLITICAL HI]>*Y LEGITIMAT$ BY ! ,*UR* RA!R ?AN REMA9+ 9 ! H&S ( A KNI<TLY CA/E ?AT C\LD EASILY COME TO RES5T ! ,*UR*4 ,H5CE ! MANY DAYS ON :I* W> MAK+ WAS =BIDD51 & ! PREEM95T ROLE ( ! ,*UR* AS M$IATOR4 ,ELITE HI/ORIANS1 H[EV]1 CAN EASILY =GET ! IMPORTANT ROLE ?AT PEASANTS PLAY$ 9 PRESSUR+ ! ,*UR* TO LIMIT ! P[] ( ! W>LORDS1 & ?US ASSUAGE ! ILL EFFECTS ?AT W>F>E HAD ON ! POOR4 

,AS = ! H]ESIES ( WORK & WEAL?1 ! ,*UR* /ROVE TO HAVE HOLY DAYS RESPECT$1 :5 MANY PEASANTS APP>5TLY WANT$ TO KEEP WORK+4 ,MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE FREE FROM C5TRALIZ$ SPIRITUAL VALUES ?REAT5$ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,SO ! ,*UR* RALLI$ TO MAKE SURE ! IMPROV]S & LABOR]S FREQU5TLY LEFT ! FIELDS 9 ORD] TO COME PRAY1 CELEBRATE1 & RECEIVE !IR MORAL 9/RUCTIONS4 ,:5 MAT]IAL POV]TY WAS ! ONLY OPTION1 ! ,*UR* PREA*$ ! HOL9ESS ( POV]TY & URG$ 9DEP5D5T-M9D$ PEASANTS TO SU/A9 !MSELVES ) SPIRITUALITY4 ,:5 ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? BECAME A SOCIAL POSSIBILITY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY :5 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES TO MONOPOLIZE ?AT WEAL? W]E COM+ 9TO PLACE1 ! ,*UR* BEGAN TO URGE ! LABOR]S TO WORK H>D]1 & !Y BEGAN SACRALIZ+ ! VALUES ( !IR UPP] CRU/1 ! IMPROV]S4 ,EV5 BE=E ! ,PROTE/ANT ,RE=MATION1 WEAL? & ACCUMULATION HAD BECOME SIGNS ( GODL9ESS4 ,AL?\< ?IS *ANGE MAY HAVE CONTRADICT$ ! CL]GY'S N>R[ CA/E 9T]E/S1 IT CORRESPOND$ TO ! IMAG9>Y ( A RESURG5T /ATE4 

,! ?REE CA/ES COMPET$ = RELATIVE P[] 9 ! EVOLV+ HI]>*IES1 BUT AT A MORE FUNDAM5TAL LEVEL !Y COOP]AT$4 ,9 A TYPICAL *IEFDOM1 C]TA9 CA/ES RESI/ ! PU% BY SPECIFIC P[]-HOLD]S T[>DS /ATI/ L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! RESURG5CE ( ! /ATE 9 ,EUROPE CANNOT BE *ALK$ UP TO A TRADITIONALI/ ALLEGIANCE TO M5TALITIES & SYMBOLOGIES ( ! DEFUNCT ,ROMAN /ATE4 ,TOO MU* TIME HAD PASS$ = A MEMORY1 L>GELY FAD$1 TO RETA9 SU* P[]1 & BESIDES1 ! IDEATION ( CONTROL1 DESPITE ! CONS]VATISM ( M5TALITIES1 WAS HI<LY ADAPTABLE ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 EV5TUALLY GIV+ RISE TO A /ATE MODEL ALMO/ 5TIRELY DI/9CT FROM ! ,ROMAN PR$ECESSOR1 EV5 AS ,R5AISSANCE /ATI/S CLAIM$ A DIRECT P$IGREE 9 ANTIQUITY & OP5$ ! WAY = CAPITALISM BY RE/OR+ 0,ROMAN LAW10 :I* ALL[$ PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&4 

,! KEY TO ?IS P>ADOX LIES 9 ! IMAG9>Y4 ,EV5 ?\< ! /ATE FELL ON A MAT]IAL PLANE1 ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES DID NOT BECOME TRIBES OR *IEFDOMS BECAUSE1 9 MO/ >EAS1 /ATE ORGANIZATION WAS MA9TA9$ 9 ! IMAG9>IES ( DOM9ANT CA/ES4 ,?OSE COMMUNITIES ?AT OV]?REW SU* CA/ES1 SU* AS ! H]ETICS ( ,/$+]1 ! PAGAN REBELS ( ! ,SPREE & ?OSE ( ! NASC5T ,POLI% /ATE1 PUT D[N BY ,KAZIMI]Z ! ,RE/OR]1 ! FREE PEASANT COMMUNES ( ! ,SLAVIC H9T]L&S1 & ! ,BOGOMILS ( ! ,BALKANS1 HAD TO BE DEALT ) MILIT>ILY BY NEI<BOR+ /ATES OR PROTO-/ATES1 BECAUSE !Y HAD DEMON/RABLY REJECT$ ! /ATI/ IMAG9>Y4 ,! F]VOR ( ! CRUSADES AGA9/ !M1 & ! WAY !Y W]E SO SPECIFICALLY & 5?USIA/ICALLY T>GET$1 F9DS NO P>ALLEL 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y W>S BETWE5 ,*RI/IAN PROTO-/ATES4 ,! W>S BETWE5 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES ?AT HELD TRUE TO ! DREAM ( /ATEHOOD W]E FRAT]NAL1 :]EAS ! W>S AGA9/ !SE REBELLI\S ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES W]E W>S ( COLONIZATION & EXT]M9ATION4 

,! /ATI/ M5TALITY ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS NO VE/IGE4 ,IT WAS A DYNAMIC PLANE 9 :I* NEW /ATE MODELS C\LD BE DEVELOP$ & TE/$1 N\RI%$ BY A NON-MAT]IAL CONT9UITY ) PA/ /ATES4 ,EUROPEAN /ATI/S DID NOT RE9V5T ! :EEL1 OR />T FROM SCRAT* AFT] A ,D>K ,AGE1 EV5 ?\< ! /ATE !Y RE=MULAT$ AFT] C5TURIES ( /ATELESSNESS WAS A :OLLY NEW MODEL ( /ATE4 ,!IRS WAS ! PROJECTUAL /ATE4 

,! AVAILABLE S\RCES DO NOT P]MIT US TO KN[ IF !RE EXI/$ A SIMIL> IMAG9>Y AMONG PRIE/LY & O!R CA/ES 9 ! /ATELESS 9T]REGNUM BETWE5 ! ,TIWANAKU & ,9CA /ATES 9 ! ,&ES1 BUT ,I W\LD SUGGE/ IT AS ANO!R HI/ORICAL P]IOD 9 :I* A /ATI/ IMAG9>Y MAY HAVE BE5 AT WORK4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,I CAN AFFIRM ?AT ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,TIWANAKU /ATE IS C]TA9LY AN EPISODE 9 ! IMAG9>Y ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN 9DIG5\S REBELS TODAY4 .<#g#a.> 

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