,*APT] #c 
,SAVE ,ME FROM ,Y\RSELF3 ,! ,/ATI/ ,SPREAD ( ,SALVATION ,RELIGIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,I,I,I4 ,SAVE ,ME FROM ,Y\RSELF3 ,! ,/ATI/ ,SPREAD ( ,SALVATION ,RELIGIONS 

0,ADOPTION ( ! .</ATE.> MODEL WAS TANTAM\NT TO ADOPTION ( ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* LEGITIMIZ$ ! POLITICAL ORD] ( ! /ATE40 .<#e#d.> 

,! P>A/ATAL ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HAD ATTA*$ ITSELF TO ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 US+ ?AT /RUCTURE'S LA/ C5TURIES TO SPREAD ! RELIGION CONSID]ABLY1 CONV]T+ ! ELITES & !N ! PEASANTS ( B>B>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,:5 ! EMPIRE FELL1 ! ,*UR* HELD ON TO ! DREAM4 ,EV5 :]E IT WAS TOO WEAK TO CON/ITUTE AN IMP]IAL /ATE1 IT SPREAD A COMMON CULTURAL LANGUAGE ?AT FAVOR$ /ATE =MATION & PREA*$ OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY4 ,OV] C5TURIES1 IT S]V$ AS A C5TRALIZ$ NETWORK TO MOBILIZE RES\RCES = /ATE =MATION1 UNTIL ! P[] ( ?OSE /ATES 9CREAS$ TO A PO9T :]E !Y EI!R MONOPOLIZ$ ! RES\RCES ( ! ,*UR* OR REBELL$ AGA9/ IT1 CREAT+ !IR [N AUTONOM\S *UR*ES ) A DOCTR9E MODIFI$ TO LEGITIMIZE ! TRANS=M$ BASIS ( !IR P[]4 

,:AT IS (T5 MISS$ 9 ! PROGRESSIVE TELL+ ( HI/ORY IS ?AT ! ,ROMANS CAME CLOS] TO ! CREATION ( CAPITALISM ?AN SUBSEQU5T SOCIETIES1 UP UNTIL ! 5D ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! BEG9N+ ( COLONIZATION BEYOND ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,EA/]N ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! ,BYZANT9ES1 & ! ,>AB /ATES KEPT CAPITALI/ /RUCTURES ALIVE 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD SY/EM4 ,A MAJOR CAUSE ( ! PEASANT REBELLIONS ?AT BEGAN TO OCCUR 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! ,LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS ! RE/ORATION ( ,ROMAN LAW BY LOCAL ELITES1 :I* ALL[$ L& TO BE B\<T & SOLD AS A COMMODITY4 ,AS A DIRECT RESULT & P>ALLEL1 ! CONDITION ( PEASANTS--:O W]E MU* BETT] (F 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES OR UND] ! E>LI] ,G]MAN TRIBES ?AN !IR ,ROMAN HOMOLOGUE1 ! SLAVE--BEGAN TO DET]IORATE GRAVELY1 AS ! WORK] WAS CREAT$1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y WAS BR\<T BACK--NOT FROM NONEXI/5CE1 BUT FROM DECL9E--& 9T5SIFI$ & EXP&$ IMMEASURABLY4 

,! EPIDEMICS1 POV]TY1 />VATION1 S]VITUDE1 9TOL]ANCE1 WIT* HUNTS--BASICALLY ALL ! FEATURES ASSIGN$ TO ! /]EOTYPICAL IMAGE ( ! ,D>K ,AGES--W]E 9 FACT *>ACT]I/IC ( ! 5D ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,! ,D>K ,AGES W]E ONLY D>K = /ATES1 BECAUSE !IR P[]1 RELATIVE TO !IR SUBJECTS1 WAS GREATLY DIM9I%$ COMP>$ TO ! C5TURIES BE=E & AFT]4 ,MANY >EAS UND] ,ROMAN RULE SLIPP$ FROM /ATE CONTROL = A NUMB] ( C5TURIES1 & AS ,KROPOTK9 DOCUM5T$1 MANY M$IEVAL T[NS FRE$ !MSELVES FROM LORDLY AU?ORITY 9 ! T5? & ELEV5? C5TURIES4 .<#e#e.> 

,:5 /ATE P[] WAS RE/OR$1 IT WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ANO!R ,ROMAN PRACTICE ?AT MI<T HAVE SLIPP$ 9TO OBSOLESC5CE W]E IT NOT = ! DILIG5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*3 USURY4 ,CONTR>Y TO ITS [N DOCTR9E1 ! ,*UR* 5C\RAG$ F9ANCE--L5D+ ) 9T]E/--9 ORD] TO FUND ITS [N P[] PURSUITS4 ,9 ! F\RTE5? & FIFTE5? C5TURIES1 ! MO/ P[]FUL F9ANCI]S ( ,EUROPE DID BUS9ESS )1 & W]E LOCAT$ CLOSE TO ! ,VATICAN4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! PROMOTION ( USURY WAS ONE MAJOR CORRUPTION ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ?AT ! ,PROTE/ANTS DID NOT CONSI/5TLY CRITICIZE4 ,ONLY ! ,ANABAPTI/S1 SLAU<T]$ BY !IR ]/:ILE ,PROTE/ANT ALLIES1 H>P$ ON ! S9 ( F9ANCE4 7,IT IS ALSO CURI\S H[1 N[ADAYS1 ! FREQU5T DEMONIZATION ( ,ISLAMIC %>I'AH LAW ALMO/ NEV] M5TIONS %>I'AH'S PROHIBITION ( L5D+ ) 9T]E/1 A DETAIL ?AT C]TA9LY WORRIES ! [N]S ( ,WE/]N M$IA \TLETS MORE ?AN QUE/IONS ( WOM5'S RI<TS47 

,AS BO? ! ,PROTE/ANT ,RE=MATION & E>LY ,*RI/IANITY DEMON/RATE1 SALVATION RELIGIONS CAN SUBV]T /ATE AU?ORITY & SUBSEQU5TLY CREATE NEW1 MORE P[]FUL AU?ORITIES4 

,! EXT5SION ( NEW /ATE /RUCTURES ?R\< ! S\!RN REA*ES ( ! DEFUNCT ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE & BEYOND1 RID+ ! WAVE ( ,ISLAM1 WAS EV5 MORE DRAMATIC ?AN ! ,G]MAN EXPLOSION 9 ! NOR?4 ,9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,>ABIAN P59SULA PRIOR TO ,ISLAM1 ! EM]G5CE ( A /ATE WAS IMP$$ BY ! /RONG TRIBAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,TRIBAL LEAD]S W\LD BROOK NO O!R LEAD]S /&+ OV] !M1 NOR A BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION DIFFUS+ !IR P[]2 :]EAS TRIBAL MEMB]S TYPICALLY CONSID]$ SUBMISSION TO ANYONE BUT ! PROV5 LEAD] ( !IR [N TRIBE AN 9DIGNITY 7& ! LEAD]1 9 PRACTICE1 WON RESPECT MORE ?AN HE 5JOY$ ! A PRIORI SUBMISSION ( HIS FELL[S74 ,! EXCEPTION TO ?IS DYNAMIC HAD TO BE F\ND 9 AN EXCEPTIONAL & EXTRAPOLITICAL SPACE3 RELIGION4 

,! SOLUTION TO ?IS IMPASSE WAS WORK$ \T EV5 PRIOR TO ,ISLAM BY ! EVOLUTION ( ! ORGANIZATION C5T]$ UPON ! SACR$ 5CLAVE1 MANAG$ BY AN H]$IT>Y RELIGI\S >I/OCRACY RESPECT$ & PROTECT$ BY ! TRIBES4 .<#e#f.> 

,ISLAM1 BY BE+ ?OR\<LY MONO!I/IC1 C\LD A*IEVE ! C5TRALIZATION ( !SE 5CLAVES2 & BY PREA*+ ! HOL9ESS ( SUBMISSION TO ,GOD !Y C\LD CONV9CE ! TRIBAL LEAD]S TO B[ TO A HI<]1 APOLITICAL AU?ORITY 9 A WAY ?AT PRES]V$ & EV5 AMPLIFI$ !IR DIGNITY1 & LEFT !IR [N POLITICAL AU?ORITY SYMBOLICALLY 9TACT4 ,RELIGION BROKE ! 9T5SE LOCALISM ?AT (T5 PREV5T$ /ATE =MATION1 & MASK$ ! EM]G5CE ( A PR(ESSIONAL CLASS4 ,9 ! ,YEM5I HI<L&S1 ! SAYYIDS1 :O TRAC$ !IR DEC5T TO ,MUHAMMAD1 CON/ITUT$ ! NEW H]$IT>Y RELIGI\S >I/OCRACY1 & !Y W]E AID$ BY A SECOND-TI]1 ! QADIS1 LE>N$ FAMILIES :O C\LD NOT CLAIM DESC5T FROM ! ,PROPHET4 ,ISLAMIC %>I'AH LAW ALSO 9FLU5C$ ! TRANS=MATION ( A COLLECTIVE PROP]TY REGIME 0T[>DS ! 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION ( ! >ABLE L&S BY ALL ! ADULT MEMB]S ( ! TRIBES40 .<#e#g.> 

,9 ,YEM51 :I* WAS TO PROVIDE VITAL MILIT>Y P[] = ! ,>AB EXPANSION1 A C5TRAL /ATE WAS 9TEGRAT$1 9 A COMMON SY/EM1 ) SURR\ND+ NON-/ATE TRIBES ?R\< A NUMB] ( ECONOMIC1 RELIGI\S1 & POLITICAL L9KS4 ,ISLAM 9T5SIFI$ ?IS S5SE ( UNITY1 NOT ONLY 9 ! HI<L&S BUT ACROSS ! ,>ABIAN P59SULA2 9FLU5C$ BY ,ISLAM'S 9SI/5CE ON G5EALOGIES1 ! ,YEM5I QUICKLY ELABORAT$ !IR [N1 ?US JO9+ ! ,>AB E?NOS1 :I* PREVI\SLY HAD NOT 9CLUD$ !M4 ,! MILIT>ILY POT5T TRIBES EA* 9CLUD$ #b1-#c1 MEMB]S1 AS WELL AS T5S ( ?\S&S ( NONMEMB] DEP5D5TS ) V>Y+ LEVELS ( /ATUS1 FROM ! SAYYIDS & QADIS1 TO ! UN>M$ 0WEAK0 POPULATION UND] TRIBAL PROTECTION1 .<#e#h.> BUT*]S1 B>B]S1 H]ALDS1 M]*ANTS1 HORTICULTURALI/S1 CRAFTSPEOPLE1 ,JEWS1 & L[E/ ( ALL1 S]VANTS4 .<#e#i.> 7,9T]E/+LY1 ! TRIBAL ORGANIZATION ( ! REGION HAS PROV5 MU* MORE DURABLE ?AN ! /ATE ORGANIZATION1 & P]SI/$ 9TACT WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT /ILL REMA9S P>TIALLY 9TACT TODAY47 

,ISLAM & ! /ATE MODEL IT L9K$ TO SPREAD ON ! BACK ( AN ,>ABIC POPULATION EXPANSION1 & ALSO ?R\< ! 9T]CONT95TAL TRADE EXPANSION ?AT WAS OCCURR+ 9 ?OSE C5TURIES4 ,! ,ISLAMIC /ATE ALREADY HAD SOME EXP]I5CE ) 9CORPORAT+ 9TO !IR SOCIAL SY/EM NON-,MUSLIMS & PEOPLE :O FELL \TSIDE !IR ,>AB G5EALOGIES4 ,:5 ! NON-,MUSLIM POPULATION 9 !IR ADM9I/RATIVE PURVIEW BEGAN TO 9CREASE EXPON5TIALLY ) ! FIR/ CONQUE/S1 SO TOO DID ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! SOCIAL PRES5CE ( NON-,MUSLIMS1 AS WELL AS NON-,>ABIC CONV]TS TO ,ISLAM1 PROVID$ A SOLID SOCIAL HI]>*Y AS WELL AS READY-MADE JU/IFICATIONS & METRICS = TAXATION & TRIBUTE 7,>ABIC ,MUSLIMS W]E ! MO/ PRIVILEG$ /RATUM1 & !N NON-,>ABIC ,MUSLIMS1 & !N NON-,MUSLIMS74 ,! WELL-KN[N HI/ORICAL TOL]ANCE ( ,ISLAM MAY BE RELAT$ TO ! FACT ?AT1 BY TOL]AT+ 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES1 !Y ALSO PROVID$ A /ABLE BASIS = ! HI]>*IES ON :I* !IR /ATES RELI$4 

,SOON1 ,ISLAMIC /ATES W]E AT ! SCI5TIFIC & COMM]CIAL C5T] ( A NASC5T WORLD SY/EM ?AT SPANN$ ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 & ,ASIA4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,>ABIC C\NTRIES 9 ! CRADLE ( ! ,MUSLIM WORLD EXP]I5C$ *RONIC PROBLEMS ) /ATE =MATION4 ,AM9 ,MAAL\F SPECULATES AS TO :Y ! ,>AB /ATES W]E SO FRAGM5T$ & 9EFFECTIVE JU/ A C\PLE C5TURIES AFT] ! GOLD5 AGE ( ! ,UMAYYAD ,CALIPHATE1 :I* HAD DOM9AT$ AN >EA EXT5D+ FROM ,P]SIA TO ,SPA94 ,! ,ABBASID ,CALIPHATE ?AT SUCCE$$ IT LO/ MO/ ( ITS DOMA9 )9 HALF A C5TURY1 & ! CALIPH ( ,BA<DAD WAS SOON LITTLE MORE ?AN A RELIGI\S FIGURE BE/[+ SYMBOLIC AU?ORITY ON--& SOMETIMES HELD HO/AGE BY--,TURKI% SULTANS OR O!R W>LORDS4 ,! ,TURKS1 :O !MSELVES HAD REC5TLY BE5 A /ATELESS1 NOMADIC PEOPLE1 ALSO FAIL$ TO A*IEVE ANY LA/+ POLITICAL UNIFICATION 7EXCEPT+ A SMALL PORTION ( ! EMPIRE1 ! ,ANATOLIAN P59SULA ?AT W\LD LAT] COME TO BE> !IR NAME1 & NOT = ANO!R F\R HUNDR$ YE>S74 ,*>ISMATIC W> LEAD]S LIKE ,IMAD AL-,D9 ,ZANGI OR ,SALAH AL-,D9 W\LD UNIFY A L>GE T]RITORY1 BUT !IR DEA?S ALMO/ ALWAYS L$ TO CIVIL W> 7OR W]E 9 FACT ! FIR/ BL[ 9 A CIVIL W>1 9 ! CASE ( FREQU5T POISON+S & ASSASS9ATIONS74 ,A REGUL> SUCCESSION & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ TRANSF]5CE ( P[] WAS A R>E OCCURR5CE4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! VA/ =M] EMPIRE WAS A DISUNIFI$ COLLECTION ( CITY-/ATES4 ,ISLAM HAD1 H[EV]1 SUCCE$$ 9 DE/ROY+ A /ATELESS IMAG9>Y4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 SU* AS NON-,>ABIC M\NTA9 POPULATIONS 9 ! ,CAUCUSUS OR ! ,RIF1 ,ISLAM HAD SUCCE$$ 9 C5TRALIZ+ SYMBOLIC P[] & CREAT+ A /ATI/ IMAG9>Y1 SU* ?AT /ATE-BUILD+ WAS H5CE=? ! GOAL ( NE>LY ALL POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 9EFFECTIVE AS IT MI<T BE4 

,SPECIFICALLY1 ,MAL\F ASKS :Y ! ,FRANKI% CRUSAD]S W]E SO MU* MORE SUCCESSFUL AT BUILD+ /ABLE /ATES 9 ,SYRIA & ,PALE/9E ?AN ! ,>ABS4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ,>ABS P]CEIV$ FRANJ PRACTICES ( HYGI5E1 M$IC9E1 & JU/ICE AS 9SANELY IGNORANT & MON/R\S1 & MOD]N ,WE/]N CRIT]IA W\LD HAVE TO CORROBORATE SU* A VIEW4 ,BEYOND ! TYPICAL CULTURALI/ EXPLANATIONS ( ,WE/]N 9NOVATION--! ,>ABS RE/$ ON !IR S5SE ( CULTURAL SUP]IORITY :]EAS ! ,EUROPEANS ACTIVELY S\<T TO APPROPRIATE NEW KN[L$GE--,MAL\F PO9TS \T ?AT ,MUSLIM POLITICAL CULTURE PLAC$ NO LIMITS ON ! AU?ORITY ( RUL]S1 :]EAS A DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT AMONG ! ,FRANKS LIMIT$ ! >BITR>Y P[] ( RUL]S1 5C\RAG+ PEASANT 9DU/RI\SNESS & ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE1 AS ! UND]TAK]S ( SU* LABOR C\LD EXPECT TO 5JOY A L>G] P>T ( ! FRUIT ( !IR EF=TS4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$1 ?\<1 TO PREV5T ANY EXCESSIVE ORI5TALIZ+1 ?AT ! (T5 CELEBRAT$ 0DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT0 WAS A MILIT>I/IC FRAT]NITY & A %>$ ID5TIFICATION ) P[] ?AT ALWAYS RELI$ ON ! 5SLAVEM5T OR EXT]M9ATION ( AN ,O!R4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,>ABIC ABSOLUTISM WAS NOT MU* DIFF]5T FROM ,ROMAN ABSOLUTISM AT ! HEI<T ( ?AT EMPIRE'S P[]4 

,MAL\F CONT9UES3 ! 0NOMADIC ORIG9S0 ( ! ,>ABS & ,TURKS MI<T ALSO EXPLA9 0!IR 9ABILITY TO BUILD /ABLE 9/ITUTIONS10 SU* ?AT 0EV]Y TRANSMISSION ( P[] PROVOK$ CIVIL W>40 .<#f.> ,MAL\F H9TS ?AT ! FREQU5CY ( 0SUCCESSIVE 9VASIONS0 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ MADE /ABLE /ATES AN UNREALI/IC OBJECTIVE = ! POLITICAL CLASS4 ,! ELITE CULTURE ( FR5ETIC CONQUE/ MAY HAVE BE5 A RATIONAL ADAPTATION TO SU* UNC]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ WAS A HUB ( CULTURE1 TRADE1 & O!R S\RCES ( P[]1 & AS A RESULT1 IT WAS DEMOGRAPHICALLY UN/ABLE1 TO PUT IT LI<TLY4 ,IF Y\ >E UNLIKELY TO BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% A DYNA/Y DUE TO FREQU5T 9VASIONS 7:I* ALSO PUT AN 5D TO ! MORE /ABLE ,FRANKI% /ATES AFT] LITTLE MORE ?AN A C5TURY71 !N IT MAKES MORE S5SE TO LIVE HI< ON ! HOG1 TO PILLAGE & DESPOIL & G5]ALLY CREATE HEAV5 ON E>?1 RA!R ?AN ?9K+ ( LEGACIES & ! /ABILITY ( Y\R POLITICAL /RUCTURES4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 /ATE BUILD]S ON ! ,EUROPEAN SUBCONT95T MAY HAVE B5EFIT$ FROM 9HABIT+ A BACKWAT] ?AT NO ONE 9 !IR RI<T M9D W\LD WANT TO 9VADE4 

,ISLAM WAS AN IMPORTANT =CE = /ATE =MATION = MORE ?AN A MILL5NIUM4 ,9 REC5T TIMES1 ,MUSLIM FUNDAM5TALISM HAS BE5 AN EFFECTIVE /ATE-BUILD+ MOVEM5T 9 PLACES LIKE ,AF<ANI/AN OR ,IRAQ_/,SYRIA1 :]E ,WE/]N1 PO/-COLONIAL /ATES HAVE FAIL$4 ,BUT = MO/ ( ITS HI/ORY1 A MORE TOL]ANT =M ( ,ISLAM L9K$ TO GLOBAL TRADE EXPANSION WAS ! ACTIVE MOTOR ( POLITOG5ESIS4 ,:5 ,MUSA ,I ( ,MALI W5T ON A PILGRIMAGE TO ,MECCA1 ! %E] ABUNDANCE ( LAVI% GIFTS HE BR\<T ) HIM NOTICEABLY R$UC$ GOLD PRICES ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE WORLD SY/EM4 ,IT WAS ,MUSLIM TRAD]S :O TRULY KICK$ (F ! CYCLE ( ACCUMULATION L9K+ ,AFRICA1 ,EUROPE1 ,9DIA1 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 ,*9A1 & ! ,EA/ ,9DIES1 :I* ,PORTUGUESE & ,DUT* M]*ANTS W\LD LAT] TAKE OV]4 ,) ,ISLAM & 9T5SIFI$ TRADE CAME A NUMB] ( NEW /ATES 9 ,S\? ,ASIA & ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AT T5D$ TO BE MORE ROBU/ ?AN !IR ,H9DU OR ANIMI/ PR$ECESSORS4 

,TRADE EXPANSIONS (T5 GO H& 9 H& ) /ATE EXPANSIONS1 AS TRADE CREATES NETWORKS ?AT /ATES CAN EXPLOIT1 & /ATES CREATE 9FRA/RUCTURES & IMPOSE CONDITIONS ( ALI5ATION ?AT MAKE ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? POSSIBLE4 ,:ILE TRADE OCCURS AN>*ICALLY & CAN BE ORGANIZ$ )\T /ATES1 A /ATE MAY DECREASE ITS CO/S & RISKS1 ALL[+ IT TO BE PURSU$ PURELY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( PR(IT1 & ALSO CREATE DEP5D5T POPULATIONS VULN]ABLE TO EXPLOITATION4 ,TRAD]S1 !RE=E1 COME TOGE!R AS A CLASS TO FAVOR /ATES & /ATE =MATION1 BUT ?IS SAME PROCESS EV5TUALLY ALL[S !M TO BECOME P[]FUL 5\< TO ?REAT5 C]TA9 =MS ( /ATE ORGANIZATION & IMPEL O!RS4 ,/ATES1 AS !Y BECOME MORE P[]FUL1 CAN BE ! GREATE/ ?REAT TO TRADE1 ?US P[]FUL /ATES WILL 5T] 9TO CONFLICT ) ! M]*ANTS ON :OM !Y BECOME 9CREAS+LY RELIANT4 ,IF ?IS CONFLICT IS RESOLV$ 9 A WAY ?AT MUTUALLY 9CREASES ! P[] ( RUL]S & M]*ANTS1 IT IS ?R\< ! GREAT] 9CLUSION ( M]*ANTS 9 /ATE DECISION-MAK+1 & ?R\< ! MODIFICATION ( PRODUCTION & COMM]CE 9 ORD] TO FAVOR /ATE P[]1 = EXAMPLE ?R\< W> 9DU/RIES4 

,BECAUSE TRADE SUP]S$ES /ATE BORD]S1 M]*ANT CLASSES WILL (T5 COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! ZEAL & DOGMATISM ( /ATE RELIGION2 FREQU5TLY COLLABORAT+ ) =EIGN]S :O P]=M O!R RELIGIONS1 & HAV+ ! EXP]I5CE ( OP]AT+ 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES1 !Y DEVELOP A PECULI> 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,SALVATION RELIGIONS1 BECAUSE !Y >E UNIV]SALIZ+1 CAN FLATT5 \T ! CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT LOCALIZ$ RELIGION ONLY 5HANCES1 & HELP M]*ANTS CREATE A COMMON CULTURE 9 !IR TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 BY EXP\ND+ UNIV]SAL TRU?S ANTAGONI/IC TO O!R TRU? CLAIMS1 SALVATION RELIGIONS MAY 9ITIALLY POSE A PROBLEM TO P[]-HOLD]S4 ,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS HO/ILE TO ,JUDAISM & 9ITIALLY TO ,*RI/IANITY1 & ! ,MECCA ELITE EXPELL$ ,MOHAMM$ = HIS TEA*+S4 ,! *AUV9ISM ( P[]-HOLD]S W\LD PREV5T !M FROM TAK+ FULL ADVANTAGE ( ! TRANSNATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES PRES5T$ BY ! M]*ANT CLASS4 ,YET A RUL+ CLASS CAN NEV] ADOPT A TRUE 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,!Y NE$ A PROV9CIAL *AUV9ISM TO MOBILIZE & MILIT>IZE !IR SOCIETY :5 TRADE W>S TURN 9TO HOT W>S1 AS ! ,>AB EXPANSION & ! ,CRUSADES BO? DEMON/RAT$4 

,SALVATION RELIGIONS CAN SP>E ELITES ?IS DILEMMA BY FRAGM5T+ SOCIETY 9TO SECUL> & ECCLESIA/ICAL SPACES1 AS ,*RI/IANITY DID1 OR BY PRACTIC+ TOL]ANCE1 AS ,ISLAM DID DUR+ ! PEAK C5TURIES ( OV]L& 9T]CONT95TAL TRADE1 OR AS ,BUDDHISM DID 9 ITS EXPANSION ?R\< /ATELESS P>TS ( ,ASIA4 ,9 ! =M] MODEL1 C]TA9 RELIGI\S RULES >E SUSP5D$ = A SPECIFIC CLASS ( PEOPLE1 :I* MAY EV5TUALLY GIVE RISE TO A P[] /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,*UR* & ! SEMI-AUTONOM\S CLASS 7AS HAPP5$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE72 9 ! LATT] MODEL1 ! CLAIM TO A SUP]IOR TRU? IS MA9TA9$1 BUT ! CONSEQU5CES >E RES]V$ = ! AFT]LIFE 7OR RE9C>NATION71 ) ! AU?ORITIES B5EVOL5TLY PROTECT+ 9FIDELS FROM PUNI%M5T 9 ?IS LIFE4 ,! =M] GIVES A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE TO AUTO*?ON\S M]*ANTS BUT SACRIFICES ! PRIMACY ( ! PRIE/S1 :]EAS ! LATT] MODEL ALL[S ! NATIONAL RELIGION TO MA9TA9 ITS DOM9ANCE BUT ALSO ALL[S =EIGN M]*ANTS TO GA9 DOM9ANCE )9 ! NATIONAL T]RITORY4 ,?IS IS MORE OR LESS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! NEI<BORLY SY/EM CON/ITUT$ BY ,*RI/5DOM & ,ISLAM4 

,GIV5 ?AT !RE >E MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS TO ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! *AUV9ISM & UNIV]SALISM ( SALVATION RELIGIONS1 SU* RELIGIONS CAN COMPLEM5T TRADE & /ATE EXPANSIONS BETT] ?AN LOCALIZ$ PAGAN SPIRITUALITIES4 ,UNLIKE PAGAN RELIGIONS1 SALVATION RELIGIONS >E MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE2 !RE=E /ATES CAN USE !M AS A TOOL = W> MOBILIZATION4 ,BUT SALVATION RELIGIONS BR+ ADVANTAGES TO /ATE =MATION 9 O!R WAYS AS WELL4 

,AS SALVATION RELIGIONS SPREAD1 !Y CAN PROVE SUBV]SIVE TO PREEXI/+ /ATES AS COMMON]S SEIZE ON !M TO RALLY POPUL> RAGE & DIFF]5TIATE !MSELVES SPIRITUALLY FROM !IR RUL]S4 ,H[EV]1 SALVATION RELIGIONS >E EASILY RECUP]AT$ & HIJACK$ BY =W>D-?9K+ /ATES4 ,! SPREAD ( SU* RELIGIONS1 !RE=E1 S]VES TO %AKE UP ! CONS]VATISM ?AT (T5 PLAGUES /ATES & TO ALL[ MORE POT5T1 PROACTIVE GOV]NM5TS TO CLE> AWAY DEFUNCT REGIMES & OP5 A NEW PA? = /ATE ADVANCEM5T4 ,JU/ AS ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE SEIZ$ ON ,*RI/IANITY TO SUP]S$E ! Z]O-SUM IMP]IAL COMPETITION ?AT WAS BLE$+ ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD DRY1 A REK9DL$ ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALISM IS RE9VIGORAT+ ! PROCESS ( /ATE =MATION 9 ! /AGNAT+1 PO/-COLONIAL /ATES ( ,SAH>AN ,AFRICA4 

,=TUIT\SLY = !M1 A %>$ RELIGION DOES NOT 5D COMPETITION BETWE5 /ATES1 :I* W\LD CAUSE !M TO ATROPHY1 BUT IT DOES CREATE A UNIFI$ CULTURAL FIELD ?AT E/ABLI%ES C]TA9 PROTECTIONS1 %>$ NORMS1 & 9=MATIONAL NETWORKS ?AT >E 9VALUABLE TO M]*ANTS 9 ! ABS5CE ( A UNIFI$ /ATE /RUCTURE GOV]N+ DIV]SE T]RITORIES4 ,M]*ANTS BECOME KEY AG5TS ( ! NEW RELIGION1 ALSO 9CREAS+ !IR CONNECTIVITY TO :ATEV] PROGRESSIVE /ATES HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 RECUP]AT+ ?AT RELIGION4 ,! MAT]IALLY 9T5SE *ANNELS & NETWORKS CREAT$ BY M]*ANTS CAN !N BE US$ AS PA?S = /ATE EXPANSION1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM 9 ,AFRICA & ,ASIA4 ,9CID5TALLY1 MISSION>IES ( SALVATION RELIGIONS CAN ALSO PLAY ?IS ROLE1 ACT+ AS ADVANCE TROOPS TO E/ABLI% BEA*HEADS1 COLLECT 9=MATION ON ! NATIVES1 & PREP>E !M = OCCUPATION4 

,BECAUSE NE>LY ALL ! /ATES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA BE=E ! MOD]N P]IOD ADH]$ TO ,BUDDHISM & ONE ( !IR MAJOR /RUGGLES WAS ! CON/ANT CIVILIZATION & RECAPTUR+ ( SUBJECTS1 :O W]E PRONE TO RUN TO ! HILLS1 ! UNIV]SALIZATION ( ,BUDDHISM TO ALL REGIONAL /ATES DEPRIV$ HILL PEOPLES & B>B>IANS ( ! *ANCE TO USE ONE COMPET+ SALVATION RELIGION SUBV]SIVELY AGA9/ ANO!R4 ,BUDDHISM & CIVILIZATION W]E SYMBOLICALLY UNIT$1 9CREAS+ ! =M]'S ALLURE & CULTURAL SWAY4 ,& EV5 ?\< ! /ATES ( EA/ & S\!A/ ,ASIA W]E 9 COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R1 BY CREAT+1 ALMO/ F$]ALI/ICALLY1 A UNIFI$ SUB/RATE ( RELIGION !Y 9CREAS$ !IR COLLECTIVE CIVILIZ+ P[]1 & ALL ( !M GA9$4 ,AFT] ALL1 ONCE SUBJECTS W]E BR\<T D[N FROM ! HILLS & PUT TO WORK1 !Y C\LD BE F\<T OV]1 CAPTUR$ & RECAPTUR$ BY ! COMPET+ /ATES4 ,IT WAS EASI] TO *ANGE !IR NATIONALITY ?AN TO CIVILIZE !M 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,GIV5 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CL]GY 7SAN<A7 9 ,!RAVADA C\NTRIES LIKE ,BURMA & ,SIAM & A COSMOLOGY ?AT POT5TIALLY MADE ! RUL] 9TO A ,H9DU-,BUDDHI/ GOD-K+1 IT WAS AT LEA/ AS VITAL = ! CR[N TO CONTROL ! ABBOTS ( ! REALM AS IT WAS TO CONTROL ITS PR9CES--& AT LEA/ AS DIFFICULT .<444.> 

,DESPITE !IR SYNCRETISM & 9CORPORATION ( ANIMI/ PRACTICE1 ,!RAVADA MON>*S1 :5 !Y C\LD1 PROSCRIB$ HET]ODOX MONKS & MONA/]IES1 \TLAW$ MANY ,H9DU-ANIMI/ RITES 7MANY ( !M DOM9AT$ BY FEMALES & TRANSVE/ITES71 & PROPAGAT$ :AT !Y TOOK TO BE 0PURE10 UNCORRUPT$ TEXTS4 ,! FLATT5+ ( RELIGI\S PRACTICE WAS1 !N1 A PROJECT ( ! PADI /ATE TO 5SURE ?AT ! ONLY O!R K+DOM-WIDE 9/ITUTION ( ELITES BESIDES ! CR[N'S [N E/ABLI%M5T WAS FIRMLY UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,A C]TA9 UNI=MITY WAS ALSO A*IEV$ BECAUSE ! L>G] ABBEYS W]E1 AFT] ALL1 RUN BY A SURPLUS-APPROPRIAT+ ELITE ?AT1 LIKE ! CR[N ITSELF1 ?RIV$ BE/ ON ! RI* PRODUCTION & CONC5TRAT$ MANP[] AVAILABLE AT ! /ATE CORE4 .<#f#a.> 

,CLE>LY1 SALVATION RELIGIONS ADVANTAGE /ATES BECAUSE !Y PROVIDE A PSY*OLOGICAL WEAPON AGA9/ ! DISORD]LY BYPRODUCTS ( EXPLOITATION & SUFF]+1 & !Y FOCUS A PEOPLE'S SYMBOLIC & SPIRITUAL ATT5TION ON A DOMA9 ?AT IS BO? )9 /ATE CONTROL 7! PUBLICLY SUBSIDIZ$ TEMPLES7 & CONV5I5TLY AWAY FROM ! UGLY T]RA9 ( /ATE EFFECTS 79 ,NIRVANA OR ,HEAV571 AWAY FROM ! FIELDS1 ! PRISONS1 ! GUTT]S1 ! BATTLEFIELDS4 ,UNLIKE ANIMI/ & PAGAN RELIGIONS1 :I* MAY ALSO BE US$ TO AWE & PACIFY SUBJECTS1 SALVATION RELIGIONS DO NOT HAVE A POT5TIALLY SUBV]SIVE1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ATTA*M5T TO ! LOCAL2 !IR GOD IS OMNIPRES5T & !IR TEA*+S >E DESIGN$ TO BE TRANSPORT$4 ,?US !Y ALI5ATE ACCESS TO ! DIV9E :ILE MA9TA9+ A MOBILITY BEFITT+ AN >MY4 

,H[EV]1 ALL RELIGIONS CAN BE SUBV]T$ BY MY/ICAL CULTS OR H]ETICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,HET]ODOX BELIEV]S CLAIM ! /ATE RELIGION1 USUALLY 7BUT NOT ALWAYS7 PROTECT+ !MSELVES FROM ! FULL ZEAL ( A HOLY W> WAG$ AGA9/ !M1 & ALSO B5EFIT+ FROM TRADE & O!R PEACEFUL RELATIONS ) !IR CORELIGIONI/S4 ,BY PROPAGAT+ HET]ODOX BELIEFS1 !Y CAN SUBV]T /ATE AU?ORITY & C>VE \T A SPH]E ( 9DEP5D5CE :ILE CLAIM+ ! PRIVILEGES ?AT ATTA9 TO BELIEV]S4 

,! TR5D IS TRANSCONT95TAL4 ,PEASANT REBELLIONS 9 ,EUROPE ?AT *ALL5G$ FEUDAL AU?ORITY FREQU5TLY ADOPT$ ,ANABAPTISM1 OR ONE ( MANY ,M>IAN OR ,MANI*EAN H]ESIES4 ,H]ETICAL =MS ( ,BUDDHISM HAVE LONG BE5 POPUL> AMONG ! HI<L& COMMUNITIES 9 RESI/ANCE TO /ATE 5CROA*M5TS 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,A SIMIL> PATT]N CAN BE OBS]V$ AMONG ! ,B]B]S ( ,NOR!RN ,AFRICA4 

,:5 ! ,ROMANS :O CONTROLL$ ! PROV9CE ( ,IFRIQIYAH .<,AFRICA.> BECAME ,*RI/IANIZ$1 ! HI<L& ,B]B]S 7:OM !Y NEV] FULLY SUBJUGAT$7 ALSO BECAME ,*RI/IANS--BUT ,DONATI/ & ,>IAN H]ETICS1 SO AS TO REMA9 DI/9CT FROM ! *UR* ( ,ROME4 ,:5 ,ISLAM SWEPT ! >EA ! ,B]B]S BECAME ,MUSLIMS1 BUT SOON EXPRESS$ !IR DISS5T FROM ! 9EQUALITIES ( ,>AB ,MUSLIM RULE BY BECOM+ ,KH>IJITE H]ETICS4 .<#f#b.> 

,HET]ODOX & H]ETICAL SECTS W]E MANIFOLD 9 ,*RI/IAN ,EUROPE1 BE+ ATTA*$ BO? TO DISSID5T MOVEM5TS AMONG ELITES PROMOT+ ALT]NATIVE /RATEGIES = ! ORGANIZATION ( P[]1 & ALSO TO POPUL>1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS ?AT CONTE/$ ! EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES ( P[]-HOLD]S4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! TWELF? & ?IRTE5? C5TURIES1 SECUL> P[]-HOLD]S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 C]TA9 ,FR5* T]RITORIES :]E PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION W]E MO/ ADVANC$1 BEGAN PRESSUR+ ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* TO JU/IFY ! PURG+ ( COMPETITORS4 ,UND] ! GUISE ( A W> ON H]ESY1 :OEV] C\LD SECURE ! APPROVAL ( ! ,*UR* C\LD HUMILIATE OR EV5 ELIM9ATE !IR RIVALS1 SOMETIMES EV5 :5 !SE HAD ! FAVOR ( ! K+4 ,9 EFFECT1 ?IS CON/ITUT$ ! GRADUAL ABOLITION ( ! ,PEACE & ,TRUCE ( ,GOD1 ! RESULT ( A T5?- & ELEV5?-C5TURY POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT HAD PRESSUR$ ! ,*UR* TO SEV]ELY LIMIT FEUD+ BY NOBLES1 ?US PROTECT+ COMMON]S FROM ! RAVAGES ( W>F>E & FROM ! ELEVAT$ TAX BURD5 ?AT W5T ) IT4 ,BY DEMONIZ+ !IR RIVALS AS H]ETICS1 SECUL> RUL]S C\LD GET >\ND ! PROHIBITIONS 5ACT$ BY ! ,PEACE & ,TRUCE ( ,GOD4 ,BUT AS FEUDAL W>F>E GA9$ /EAM1 ! W> ON H]ESY DEVELOP$ ME*ANISMS ( ITS [N1 UND] CONTROL ( ! ,*UR*4 ,! E>LIE/ T>GETS W]E ELITES1 BUT ,ROME'S BLOODH\NDS QUICKLY TURN$ !IR ATT5TION AGA9/ ! COMMON]S4 ,!SE TWO MOVEM5TS1 ! SECUL> & ! ECCLESIA/IC1 & !IR T>GET+ ( ! UPP] & L[] /RATA ( SOCIETY1 F\ND !IR MAXIMUM PO9T ( H>MONY 9 ! CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,CA?>S ( ! ,FR5* ,PYR5EES4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! R5EWAL ( SECUL> W>F>E DIV]G$ TO FOM5T PROCESSES ( EMPIRE BUILD+ ?AT 5D$ 9 ! MOD]NIZATION ( ! ,/ATE1 :]EAS ! ECCLESIA/IC PURGES LAT] TOOK ON G5D] & CLASS OV]TONES & TRANS=M$ 9TO ! WIT* HUNTS1 A TOOL ?AT MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES QUICKLY APPROPRIAT$1 TOGE!R ) ! E>LY 5CLOSURES & DEBT POLICIES LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,RELIGI\S PURIFICATION WAS AN IMPORTANT MOTOR = /ATE =MATION AMONG ! ,ISRAELITE TRIBES AFT] !Y SETTL$ 9 ! T]RITORIES ?AT W\LD BECOME !IR HOMEL&4 ,! TRIBES W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 A LOOSE CONF$]ATION1 BUT HO/ILE 9CURSIONS BY BELLICOSE NEI<BORS 5C\RAG$ !M TO B& TOGE!R UND] A COMMON W> LEAD] OR K+ 7A COMMON OCCURR5CE 9 /ATELESS TRIBAL CONF$]ATIONS74 ,UP TO ?AT TIME1 ,ISRAELI MONO!ISM 7:I* 9 PRACTICE WAS /ILL QUITE OP5 TO POLY!ISM1 ,YAHWEH P]HAPS BE+ VIEW$ AS A SPECIAL GOD ( ! TRIBES RA!R ?AN ! ONLY TRUE ,GOD7 PROSCRIB$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A S+LE HUMAN RUL]1 S9CE SU* A RUL] WAS O/5SIBLY USURP+ A P[] POSITION ?AT BELONG$ ONLY TO ,GOD4 ,SU* A VIEW %[S H[ RELIGI\S PRACTICES ?AT LAT] BECAME IMPORTANT MOTORS ( /ATE-=MATION W]E ORIG9ALLY TACTICS ( /ATE-RESI/ANCE 7SIMIL> TO H[ ,*RI/IANITY WAS 9ITIALLY A /ATE-RESI/ANT PRACTICE74 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( E>LY ,ISRAELITE ANTI-/ATI/ MONO!ISM %\LD HAVE OBVI\S SUBV]SIVE IMPLICATIONS1 GIV5 ?AT ITS PRACTITION]S HAD BE5 SLAVES ( ! ,EGYPTIAN GOD-K+1 ! PH>AOH4 

,CONTR>Y TO ! EXAGG]ATIONS 9 ! ,BIBLE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM ( ,ISRAEL WAS NOT A /ATE1 & ! LEVEL ( UNIFICATION IT A*IEV$ WAS M9IMAL1 LIMIT$ TO ! BATTLEFIELD & A FEW ACTS ( TEMPLE CON/RUCTION1 ! MO/ FAM\S BE+ 9 ,J]USALEM1 A CITY ?AT AT ! TIME ONLY HAD A FEW HUNDR$ 9HABITANTS4 .<#f#c.> ,P]HAPS ONLY ! LA/ ( ! ?REE SUPPOS$ K+S--,SAUL1 ,DAVID1 & ,SOLOMON--ACTUALLY EX]CIS$ A LEAD]%IP ROLE OV] ! :OLE ( ! CONF$]ATION4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! CONQUE/ /ORY ( ! ORIG9S ( ,ISRAEL WAS MADE UP A C\PLE C5TURIES LAT] BY /ATE HI/ORIANS :O WANT$ TO 9V5T A MILIT>I/ P$IGREE 9 :I* ! C\NTRY WAS F\ND$ ON ! SLAU<T] ( HEA!NS4 ,>*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE %[S ?AT 9 REALITY1 ! ,ISRAELITES & ! ,CANAANITES PEACEFULLY COEXI/$4 

,! NOR!RN TRIBAL CONF$]ATION ( ,ISRAEL1 :I* CONTA9$ ! MAJORITY ( ! ,ISRAELITE TRIBES1 REJECT$ ,SOLOMON'S ATTEMPT TO F\ND A DYNA/Y1 SO ?AT HIS SON ONLY HAD AU?ORITY 9 ! SMALL]1 S\!RN ,K+DOM ( ,JUDAH4 ,POLITOG5ESIS ACTUALLY OCCURR$ OV] ! FOLL[+ C5TURY1 AS ! ,K+DOM ( ,JUDAH & ! ,K+DOM ( ,ISRAEL F\<T EA* O!R & ALSO WAG$ W>S AGA9/ ! ,MOABITES1 ! ,ASSYRIANS1 ! ,EGYPTIANS1 & ! NEO-,BABYLONIANS4 ,! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T REFLECTS ! ,K+DOM ( ,JUDAH'S DISDA9 = ,ISRAEL'S TOL]ANCE ( POLY!ISM1 & DOCUM5TS ,JUDAH'S USE ( MONO!ISM TO LEGITIMATE ! ROLE ( A SUPREME MON>* SUPPORT$ BY A PRIE/LY CLASS4 ,! ,K+DOM ( ,ISRAEL PROMOT$ POLY!ISM--P>TICUL>LY ! WOR%IP ( ! ,PHO5ICIAN GOD ,BAAL--P>TLY AS A WAY TO PREV5T !IR RELIGI\S-CULTURAL DOM9ATION BY ,J]USALEM 7! CAPITAL ( ,JUDAH7 & P>TLY AS A REFLECTION ( !IR GREAT] TOL]ANCE 7OR WEAK] CONTROL BY A PRIE/LY CLASS74 ,?\< ! NOR!RN K+DOM WAS MORE POPUL\S & >*ITECTURALLY MORE ADVANC$1 IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT !Y DID NOT DEVELOP 9TO A /ATE UNTIL LAT]1 UND] ! ,OMRIDES DYNA/Y4 

,POLY!I/IC /ATES L>GELY DESCRIB$ ! FICKLE1 %IFT+ =TUNES ( NATURE OR GEOPOLITICS 7E4G4 9VASIONS1 DECL9ES 9 TRADE7 AS ! RESULT ( W>S OR CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! GODS2 9 O!R WORDS1 SOCIETY & ! /ATE W]E P]IPH]AL TO EXTREMELY IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,SU* A VIEW1 9 :I* HUMAN SOCIETY IS AT ! M]CY ( =TUNE1 CREAT$ A CRUCIAL B>RI] TO ! EXPANSION ( /ATE P[]4 ,! MONO!I/IC /ATE ( ,JUDAH1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 C\LD DEVELOP A CRATOC5TRIC WORLDVIEW 9 :I* DIV9E WILL & /ATE 9T]E/S W]E COMPLETELY FUZ$4 ,ANY MIS=TUNE1 :E!R A PLAGUE OR ! SUPPOS$ DIVISION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 WAS A RESULT ( ! WRA? ( AN EXTREMELY DEM&+ ,GOD4 ,ANY GOOD =TUNE WAS ! RESULT ( OB$I5CE TO ,GOD'S WILL4 ,! WILL ( ,GOD & ! WILL ( ! ,/ATE1 9CID5TALLY1 W]E SYNONYM\S4 

,?IS NEW MORAL UNIV]SE 5%R9$ TOTAL OB$I5CE & ALSO MADE SURE ?AT ! PRIE/S ALWAYS HAD A USEFUL CULPRIT EV]Y TIME ?+S W5T WRONG1 GIV5 ?AT TOTAL OB$I5CE IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 PRACTICE4 ,MILL5NIA BE=E ! PRISON-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX W\LD COME TO MANUFACTURE ! CRIME & 9C>C]ATION IT PR(ITS (F (1 MONO!I/S HAD LE>N$ TO PRODUCE ! S9S ?AT C\LD CREATE A DEM& = MORE MONO!ISM4 

,PURIFICATION1 9 ! ,ISRAELITE CASE1 W5T H& 9 H& ) MILIT>IZATION1 ?\< IT WAS ! FUNCTION ( ! PRIE/LY CLASS 9 LEGITIMIZ+ & EXP&+ /ATE AU?ORITY ?AT WAS MO/ HI<LY PRIVILEG$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/