,*APT] #aa 
,/AFF & ,SUN3 ,A ,NEW ,SYMBOLIC ,ORD] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,X,I4 ,/AFF & ,SUN3 ,A ,NEW ,SYMBOLIC ,ORD] 

,JU/ AS WE HAVE SE5 ?AT /ATUS ACCUMULATION WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION 9 ! SOCIAL HI]>*IES ?AT DEVELOP$ 9TO /ATES1 SYMBOLIC P[] WAS A QUE/ION ( VITAL IMPORTANCE = PROTO-/ATES4 ,LACK+ A RELIABLE DEGREE ( CO]CIVE P[]1 ! E>LIE/ /ATES & ! NON-/ATE HI]>*IES ?AT PREC$$ !M HAD TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) ! C5TRALIZATION & EXPANSION ( SYMBOLIC PRODUCTION1 9 ORD] TO UNIFY & PACIFY !IR SUBJECTS1 SUPPLANT ! SOCIAL PRACTICE ( RECIPROCITY1 5G9E] A RUPTURE ) ! OLD MODEL ( ORD]1 & E/ABLI% A NEW MODEL ( AU?ORITY4 

,! IDEA ?AT 0POLITICAL P[] FL[S FROM ! B>REL ( A GUN0 IS L>GELY TRUE 9 A MOD]N /ATE1 BUT 9 E>LY /ATES1 ?\< EXAMPLES AB\ND ( POLITICAL P[] DESC5D+ FROM ! $GE ( A BLADE1 IT MO/ COMMONLY FL[$ FROM ! GODS4 ,SYMBOLIC PRODUCTION WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A RELIGI\S ACTIVITY1 TO ! PO9T ?AT IT BECOMES H>D TO IMAG9E AN E>LY /ATE )\T RELIGION4 ,A WELL DEVELOP$1 HI]>*ICAL RELIGION SEEMS TO BE ALMO/ AS IMPORTANT AS A PATRI>*AL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & VALUE SY/EM 9 ! ROLE ( COMPANION & MOTOR TO /ATE =MATION4 

,IS !RE1 9V]SELY1 A RELATION BETWE5 A!ISM & /ATELESSNESS8 ,9 ,TACITUS'S SURVEY1 BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ,S*WABIA1 WE COME UPON ! PEOPLE :O DO NOT PRAY1 0UNAFRAID ( ANY?+ ?AT MAN OR GOD CAN DO TO !M40 .<#a#g#e.> ,AMONG HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES1 ALL ( :I* HAVE BE5 /ATELESS & EGALIT>IAN IF NOT \TRI<T ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 ! PRES5CE ( GODS IS DEBATABLE4 ,ALL DOCUM5T$ EXAMPLES TRADITIONALLY BELIEVE 9 A LIV+ =CE CONNECT+ ! 5TIRE WORLD1 SU* ?AT NO /RONG DI/9CTIONS >E MADE :]E ,WE/]N ?\<T DEPLOYS ! MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE CATEGORIES 0HUMAN0 & 0ANIMAL0 OR 0ANIMATE0 & 09ANIMATE40 ,SOME HUNT]-GA!R] BELIEF SY/EMS HOLD ?IS =CE TO BE IMP]SONAL--AN 5]GY OR AN IMMAN5T SPIRIT--& O!RS HOLD IT TO BE P]SONAL--NAM$ & DI/9CT SPIRITS 9HABIT+ EV]Y NATURAL PH5OM5ON1 FROM A ROCK TO A CL\D TO AN 9SECT4 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT IT IS A MISNOM] TO CATEGORIZE !SE SPIRITS AS GODS1 GIV5 ?AT A HORIZONTAL1 RECIPROCAL RELATION%IP EXI/S BETWE5 !M1 & A P]SON'S SPIRIT1 AFT] DEA?1 CAN GO ON TO 9HABIT ANO!R NATURAL PH5OM5ON4 ,IT IS WELL DOCUM5T$ H[ %AMANS OR 5TIRE COMMUNITIES MI<T 9SULT OR DEPRIVE A SPIRIT :O MISBEHAVES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN ,A9U M$IC9E MAN MI<T )HOLD (F]+S ( BE] OR CALL AN UNRESPONSIVE SPIRIT AN 0IDIOT10 :]EAS ! ,MBUTI W\LD TRADITIONALLY USE ! NOISY MOLIMO RITUAL TO WAKE UP ! =E/--SE5 AS A SPIRIT 9 ITS [N RI<T--IF ?+S W]E GO+ WRONG4 .<#a#g#f.> 

,P]HAPS IT IS MO/ ACCURATE TO UND]/& !SE HUNT]-GA!R] NON-RELIGIONS AS ! OPPOSITE ( ! ,WE/]N SCI5TIFIC NON-RELIGION1 :I* >BITR>ILY VIEWS ! UNIV]SE AS BE+ MADE UP ( DEAD MATT] & 5]GY1 & T5DS TO NEGATE SU* CONCEPTS AS SPIRIT OR WILL4 ,ON BALANCE1 ?IS CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS AN ULTIMATELY NON-FALSIFIABLE BELIEF ?AT IS JU/ AS MY/ICAL AS HUNT]-GA!R] BELIEF SY/EMS1 ) ITS RITUALS ( DISSECTION & CATEGORIZATION 9/EAD ( RITUALS ( TRANS=MATION & RECIPROCITY4 ,EMPIRICAL EVID5CE ON ITS SIDE C]TA9LY 9CLUDES PRO( ( A *EMICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A ROCK & A TOAD 7SOME?+ ( A NON SEQUITUR )9 A HUNT]-GA!R] WORLDVIEW71 :]EAS EMPIRICAL EVID5CE AGA9/ IT1 TO BE FAIR1 %\LD 9CLUDE ! WAY SCI5TIFIC BELIEF SY/EMS & ! SOCIAL /RUCTURES !Y ANIMATE >E 9T]RUPT+ & DE/ROY+ ! PLANET>Y LIFE SUPPORT SY/EMS1 OR ! 9F]IOR RECORD ) REG>DS TO HUMAN HEAL? ?AT SCI5TIFIC SOCIETIES HAVE 9 COMP>ISON1 NOT TO /ATI/ MONO!I/IC SOCIETIES1 BUT TO NOMADIC ANIMI/ SOCIETIES4 .<#a#g#g.> 

,H[EV]1 EV5 IF WE ACCEPT A DI/9CTION BETWE5 SPIRITUALITY & RELIGION1 ! CORRELATION BETWE5 A!ISM & /ATELESSNESS 5DS ) HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES4 ,NUM]\S /ATELESS SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE PRACTIC$ S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE1 FROM ,CRETE TO ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 HAVE WOR%IP$ GODS1 ?\< HET]ODOX BELIEFS1 FEMALE DEITIES1 LOCALIZ$ DEITIES1 OR NON-HI]>*ICAL PAN!ONS DI/+UI% !M FROM ! ORD]$1 PATRI>*AL RELIGIONS ( /ATES4 

,! FACT ?AT ! SPIRITUAL GRAMM> ( HUNT]-GA!R]S HAS TYPICALLY BE5 9COMPATIBLE ) ?AT ( S$5T>Y /ATES MI<T PRES5T ANO!R REASON :Y /ATE CONDUCT T[>DS HUNT]-GA!R]S IS MORE (T5 ?AN NOT EXT]M9ATORY :]EAS !IR POLICY T[>DS /ATELESS AGRICULTURALI/S T5DS TO BE ONE ( CONQUE/ & ABSORPTION4 ,SURR\ND$ BY SPIRITUALLY UN9TELLIGIBLE HUNT]-GA!R]S1 A PROTO-/ATE ) LIMIT$ CO]CIVE P[]S HAS FEW OPTIONS O!R ?AN TO DISPLACE !M OR RESPECT !IR AUTONOMY4 ,SURR\ND$ BY /ATELESS BUT S$5T>Y & GOD-WOR%IP+ COMMUNITIES1 ! PROTO-/ATE MI<T EASILY DEVISE ! 9NOVATION ( A SY/EM ( SYMBOLIC PRODUCTION AS A WAY TO ATTRACT & CONV]T ITS NEI<BORS4 ,! GODLESS1 NATURE-WOR%IP+ SPIRITUALITY ( HUNT]-GA!R]S1 !RE=E1 IS NOT ! ONLY EGALIT>IAN BELIEF SY/EM1 BUT IT IS ! MO/ /ATE-RESI/ANT4 

,! NECROPOLIS ( ! ,MYC5AEANS1 9 ?IS LI<T1 WAS NOT A 0DEAD CITY0 BUT A VITAL SITE ( PRODUCTION4 ,:]EAS ! COMMON]S W]E BURI$ 9 ANONYM\S PITS OR %AFTS1 ! ELITE W]E BURI$ 9 SPECIAL TOMBS ) DESC5D+ PA?S ( ACCESS ?AT BR\<T ONE CLOS] TO ! UND]WORLD4 ,SU* >*ITECTURAL WORKS1 A %ORT WALK AWAY FROM ! SETTLEM5TS ( ! LIV+1 W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO TURN ELITE ANCE/ORS 9TO 9T]M$I>IES ) ! GODS4 

,! BUILD+ ( PYRAMIDS & ZIGGURATS 9 ! ,&ES1 9 ,EGYPT1 & 9 ,SUM] ATTE/S TO ! ORGANIZATION ( MASS LABOR4 ,H[EV]1 ! HI/ORY ( 9FRA/RUCTURE DEVELOPM5T 9 BO? /ATE & /ATELESS SOCIETIES LEAVES NO D\BT ?AT SU* LABOR ORGANIZATION C\LD BE HORIZONTAL OR V]TICAL1 AN 9CONV5I5T FACT MO/ HI/ORIANS LEAVE \T4 ,= \R PRES5T PURPOSES1 ! MO/ RELEVANT FEATURE ( !SE /ATE-=M+ CON/RUCTION PROJECTS IS :AT !Y TELL US AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] 9 E>LY /ATES4 

,A BRIEF JAUNT ?R\< ! PROGRESSION ( /ATE >*ITECTURE IS TELL+4 ,:5 ! B\RGEOISIE WRE/$ CONTROL ( ! ,WE/]N /ATE AWAY FROM ! >I/OCRACY1 !Y F9ANC$ ! CON/RUCTION ( GAUDY YET BEAUTIFUL BUILD+S 9 ! CITY C5T]S--T[N HALLS1 P>LIAM5TS1 TRA9 /ATIONS1 OP]A H\SES1 /OCK EX*ANGES1 & SO =?--TO DEMON/RATE !IR GREATNESS & !IR LEGITIMACY1 MANUFACTUR+ A P$IGREE PO9T+ BACK TO ! MY?ICAL ORIG9S ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE & ,ROME4 ,N[ADAYS1 :5 ! /ATE CAPACITY = SURVEILLANCE1 DOM9ATION1 & CO]CIVE =CE IS UNEQUAL$ 9 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( \R SPECIES1 ! /ATE 9 P>TICUL> & ! RUL+ CLASS 9 G5]AL >E 9CAPABLE ( CON/RUCT+ ANY?+ BEAUTIFUL4 ,?\< MORE PEOPLE ?AN EV] BE=E GO TO TRA9 AS >*ITECTS1 9/ITUTIONAL BUILD+S >E 9SULT+LY UGLY :ILE ! BUILD+S ( ! RI* >E AT BE/ TACKY & TA/ELESS4 ,! ONLY IMPRESSIVE ?+S PRES5T-DAY /ATES >E CAPABLE ( BUILD+1 ?+S LIKE SUP]MAX PRISONS OR PIT M9ES ! SIZE ( CITIES1 >E KEPT \T ( VIEW BECAUSE ! M]E SI<T ( !M W\LD TEMPT ANY SANE1 HEAL?Y P]SON TO GO ON A %OOT+ RAMPAGE4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?\< ,I F9D P[] & ITS O/5TATION TO BE DISGU/+1 ,I HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT ELITE >*ITECTURE FROM E>LI] ]AS IS BO? IMPRESSIVE & BEAUTIFUL4 ,?IS ATT5TION TO EFFECT SPEAKS VOLUMES AB\T ! WEAK GRASP E>LY /ATES HAD ON CO]CIVE P[]1 & ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( SYMBOLIC P[]4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 E>LY /ATES BUILT MONUM5TS ?AT T5D$ TO IMPRESS VIEW]S4 

,9 ,SUM]1 AS 9 ! ,&ES1 PROTO-/ATES BUILT GREAT PYRAMIDS ?AT W]E 9ITIALLY OP5 /RUCTURES US$ 9 SPECTACUL> PUBLIC RITUALS4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT 9 AT LEA/ SOME CASES1 !SE PYRAMIDS PREC$$ ! CITIES ?AT GREW UP >\ND !M1 MEAN+ ?AT A CONC5TRATION ( SPIRITUAL P[] 5ABL$ A CONC5TRATION ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC P[]4 ,9 #c ,B,C,E AT ! ,SUM]IAN CITY-/ATE ( ,URUK1 ELITES ORD]$ ! BUILD+ ( ! ,:ITE ,TEMPLE ON ! RU9S ( AN E>LI] TEMPLE1 ATOP ! ZIGGURAT D$ICAT$ TO ! ,SKY ,GOD4 ,?IS TEMPLE WAS COV]$ 9 PRECI\S GYPSUM /ONE1 :I* REFLECTS SUNLI<T1 & POSITION$ SO ?AT IT W\LD BE VISIBLE FROM ACROSS ! ,SUM]IAN PLA94 ,IT WAS A MA/] /ROKE ( /ATUS COMPETITION ) O!R CITY-/ATES1 ATTRACTION ( SUBJECTS FROM 9DEP5D5T F>M+ SETTLEM5TS1 ASS]TION ( A PRIVILEG$ RELATION%IP ) DIV9ITY1 & A LEGITIMATION ( ITS [N]S' CLAIMS ( PRIVILEGE2 9 A PHRASE1 IT 5ABL$ ! PRODUCTION ( SYMBOLIC P[]4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! CON/RUCTION ( CLOS$ TEMPLES = ELITE USE ALL[$ PUBLIC RELIGION TO TAKE ON A SECRETIVE *>ACT]1 NECESS>Y = ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( A PRIE/LY CLASS & CONDUCIVE TO MA9TA9+ ! PRIVILEGES ( A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY'S UPP] /RATA4 ,DEPRIV$ ( ! FULL EX]CISE OR KN[L$GE ( !IR SOCIETY'S SPIRITUALITY1 ! L[] /RATA C\LD NOT HOPE TO FULLY EX]CISE OR UND]/& POLITICAL P[]4 

,9 ! PRE-,W>R+ ,/ATES ]A ( ANCI5T ,*9A 7#a#a-#e ,B,C,E71 ! GR[+ BUREAUCRACY WAS COMPLEM5T$ BY A BUREAUCRATIC RELIGION4 ,JU/ AS !RE WAS A DETAIL$ HI]>*Y ( GREAT] & LESS] FUNCTION>IES & (FICIALS1 !RE WAS A HI]>*Y ( GREAT] & LESS] GODS & SPIRITS2 JU/ AS EV]Y LEGAL PROCESS REQUIR$ A SPECIFIC BUREAUCRATIC RITUAL1 EV]Y SPIRITUAL SUPPLICATION HAD ITS CORRESPOND+ SACR$ RITUAL4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! ,*9ESE /ATE NATURALIZ$ ITS /RUCTURES & ALSO TRA9$ ITS SUBJECTS TO HONOR & P>TICIPATE 9 !M4 .<#a#g#h.> ,! DIV9E /ATE & ITS PROC$URES W]E A MIRROR ( ! E>?LY /ATE & ITS PROC$URES2 BO? W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 =MAL BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*IES4 .<#a#g#i.> ,?IS IS A /RIK+ IT]ATION ( RELIGION AS A /ATE-BUILD+ SPECTACLE1 A ME*ANISM WE WILL SEE REPEAT$ 9 O!R EXAMPLES 9 ?IS *APT]4 

,BUT MORE ?AN JU/ A SPECTACLE1 ,*9ESE /ATE RELIGION WAS ALSO A SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,JOSEPH ,NE$HAM >GUES ?AT ! ,I ,*+1 :I* APP>5TLY CONTRADICTS ! SCI5TIFIC T5D5CY ( ADM9I/RATIVE ?\<T 9 ! ANCI5T ,*9ESE /ATES1 WAS USEFUL BECAUSE3 

ITS SYMBOLIC SY/EM ( RITUALIZ$ DIV9ATIONS CLOSELY MIRROR$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANIZATION ( NEO-,CONFUCIAN BUREAUCRACY .<444&.> CON/ITUT$ A /RUCTURAL FRAMEWORK = ORGANIZ+ & CLASSIFY+ DIV]SE PH5OM5A1 A 0GIANT FIL+ SY/EM0 ?AT 5ABL$ ALL IDEAS & CONCEPTS TO BE NEATLY /YLIZ$ & 0FITT$ 9 TO ! .<BUREAUCRATIC.> SY/EM )\T DIFFICULTY40 .<#a#h.> 

,RELIGION ALSO GAVE ! ANCI5T ,*9ESE /ATES ! RUPTURE !Y NE$$ TO BREAK ) ! E>LI] FAMILY & CLAN SY/EM ( HI]>*ICAL BUT NON-/ATE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,LOCAL SPIRITS & DIV9E ANCE/ORS W]E PRES]V$ & HONOR$ )9 ! /ATE RELIGION2 !Y W]E 9CLUD$1 BUT AT A L[] RANK+4 0,PSY*OLOGICALLY1 !N1 ! RELATION%IP ( ! PEOPLE TO !IR ANCE/RAL SPIRITS CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ! CONTRACTUAL BOND ( 9T]DEP5D5CY L9K+ CLI5TS TO !IR PATRONS40 .<#a#h#a.> 

,COMMUNITIES OR FAMILY GR\PS C\LD APPEAL TO !IR VILLAGE SPIRITS & ANCE/ORS TO ACT AS PROTECTORS OR 9T]M$I>IES VIS-A-VIS ! MORE P[]FUL1 DI/ANT1 & IMP]SONAL GODS & SPIRITS ?AT =M AN 9T]M$IATE /RATA1 CORRESPOND+ TO ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS L9K+ ! DI/RICTS TO ! IMP]IAL C\RT1 :I* F\ND ITS [N P>ALLEL 9 ! C\RT ( ! ,JADE ,EMP]OR4 ,?\< M>K$LY HI]>*ICAL1 ! ,*9ESE PAN!ON WAS NOT /ATIC2 ON ! CONTR>Y IT WAS ITSELF A SITE ( P[] PLAYS4 ,! E>?LY EMP]OR RECOGNIZ$ SPECIFIC DEITIES AS DES]V+ WOR%IP1 0BE/[$ TITLE & RANK UPON !M & OCCASIONALLY DEMOT$ !M AGA940 .<#a#h#b.> 

,9 ! ,%ANG DYNA/Y 7CA4 #a#f-#a ,B,C,E71 /ATE P[] WAS CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ANCI5T ,*9A4 ,! 0H]$IT>Y !OCRATS10 RUL+ 0UND] A CONDITIONAL GRANT ( DIV9E AU?ORITY10 EV5TUALLY SECUR$ AN ABSOLUTE MONOPOLY ON ACCESS TO ! SACR$ & E/ABLI%$ FIX$ RULES = ! SECESSION ( P[]4 .<#a#h#c.> ,9 SUBSEQU5T DYNA/IES1 ! MON>*S CEM5T$ !IR ABSOLUTE RI<T TO RULE1 & ! RITUALS ( ORD] & ! CONCEPT ( ! ,M&ATE ( ,HEAV5 W]E SECUL>IZ$1 AS DISCUSS$ PREVI\SLY4 

,! EXAMPLE ( ! ,ROMAN E>LY /ATE PROVIDES ANO!R 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE4 ,! ,ROMANS SEEM$ TO OBS]VE A /RICT =MALISM1 A DUTY 9 ! OBS]VANCE ( RITUALS1 SACRIFICES1 & CELEBRATIONS4 ,!IRS WAS A SPIRITUALITY ( NUMB]S & B9>IES ?AT TOOK ON A SIMULTANE\SLY RELIGI\S & ADM9I/RATIVE SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! SYMBOLIC PREF]5CE = ! NUMB] ?IRTY EV5 DET]M9$ AN IDEAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ?IRTY CURIAE4 ,IT W\LD BE EASY TO DISMISS !IR FETI%IZATION ( C]TA9 NUMB]S & B9>IES1 !IR 9SI/5T ADH]5CE TO RITES & OBS]VANCES1 AS A PRIMITIVE ANOMALY )9 AN O!RWISE EFFICI5T & MILIT>I/IC SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY SUP]/ITION4 ,YET ! CONCEPT ( SUP]/ITION IS 9APPROPRIATELY APPLI$ 9 ! /UDY ( O!R SOCIETIES1 BECAUSE IT AM\NTS TO A VOLUNT>Y BL9DNESS1 AN >ROGANT FAI? ?AT ALL ONE'S [N PRACTICES & BELIEFS >E REASONABLE1 & ?AT ANY DIV]G5T PRACTICES & BELIEFS 9 ANO!R SOCIETY CAN BE IMM$IATELY *ALK$ UP TO ]ROR1 RA!R ?AN FUNCTIONAL & REASONABLE ELEM5TS ( !IR P>TICUL> HI/ORY4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! ,ROMANS1 !IRS WAS NOT AN IRRATIONAL1 9TUITIVE FAI? 9 ! SIGNS ( ! WORLD4 ,RA!R1 ,ROMAN SUP]/ITION & HI]URGY HAD A DISCIPL9$1 ADM9I/RATIVE *>ACT]4 ,?\< EMPA!TIC SPECULATION MAY BE DECID$LY UNSCI5TIFIC1 IT CAN ALSO HELP US BREAK ! ,O!RNESS ( DIFF]5T CULTURES &1 AT ! RISK ( PROJECT+1 %$ A LITTLE LI<T ON PRACTICES ?AT TO US SEEM ALI5 & TO !IR PRACTITION]S W]E P]FECTLY REASONABLE4 ,HYPO!SES MU/ BE TE/$ & AB&ON$ AS ! EVID5CE REQUIRES2 NONE!LESS1 MU*-MALIGN$ IMAG9ATION IS A DRIV+ =CE ( !ORY4 

,READ+ UP ON ! E>LY ,ROMANS1 ONE GETS ! S5SE ?AT !IR SYMBOLIC TRADITIONS & RELIGI\S OBS]VANCES W]E ADH]$ TO ) AN IRON WILL1 AS ?\< !Y W]E SUBCONSCI\SLY AW>E ?AT !Y LACK$ O!R SOCIAL GLUES4 ,& ! F]VOR ) :I* IT SEEMS1 FROM ?IS GREAT DI/ANCE1 !Y D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO SACRIFICES & BAC*ANALIA REM9DS ME ( FRAT BOYS1 EA* TRY+ TO BE ! L\DE/ 9 S++ ! S*OOL FI<T SONG1 OBS]V+ ALL ! RITUALS UNQUE/ION+LY1 GETT+ DRUNK EV]Y WEEK5D AS ?\< IT'S !IR DUTY1 SUBSUM+ TRAUMAS RECEIV$ & MO/ ( ALL 9FLICT$1 BECOM+ EFFECTIVE TRAUMA MA*9ES4 ,9 ! 5D1 !Y W]E PROBABLY NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM US1 & !IR ADH]5CE TO SEEM+LY >BITR>Y SYMBOLIC & SPIRITUAL RITUALS PROBABLY GAVE !M A GREAT ADVANTAGE 9 SURVIV+ A WORLD ( GR[+ POLITICAL CONFLICTS1 & F\ND+ A NEW SOCIETY ?AT W\LD QUICKLY GR[ F> BEYOND ! SCALES ?AT K9%IP & O!R TRADITIONAL SY/EMS C\LD HOPE TO ORGANIZE4 

,SPIRITUAL P[] PLAY$ A ROLE 9 5G9E]+ A RUPTURE ) ! VALUE SY/EMS ( E>LI]1 NON-/ATE SOCIETIES4 ,! BELLICOSE1 PATRI>*AL ,MYC5AEANS GIVE US A DRAMATIC EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,CONQU]+ ! ,CRETANS BUT PRES]V+ !IR MO/ IMPORTANT SPIRITUAL & COMM]CIAL C5T]S1 LIKE ! TEMPLE COMPLEX AT ,KNOSSOS1 ! ,MYC5AEANS COMMUNICAT$ !IR DOM9ANCE ) ! SYMBOL ( A W>HORSE PLAC+ ITS HO( ON ! HEAD ( ! COSMIC BULL1 :I* = ! ,CRETANS WAS A H]MAPHRODITIC SYMBOL ( F]TILITY4 ,! RITUAL KILL+ ( BULLS 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA MAY REPRES5T A SIMIL> SYMBOLIC RUPTURE1 AN 9T5TIONAL (F5SE AGA9/ AN E>LI] SOCIETY4 ,! PRE-,9DO-,EUROPEAN ,BASQUES PRES]VE ALT]NATE1 BULL-C5T]$ RITUALS 9 :I* ! ANIMALS >E ! PROTAGONI/S & NOT ! VICTIMS1 ?\< AFT] C5TURIES ( CO-OPTATION BY A PATRI>*AL SOCIETY1 ! RUNN+ ( ! BULLS IS N[ JU/ ANO!R =M ( TE/O/]ONE T\RISM DEVOID ( ANY RESPECT = ! BEA/S4 

,ECOC5TRIC & MATRIFOCAL PEOPLES :O 9HABIT$ ! L&S ! ,9DO-,EUROPEANS W\LD COME TO CONQU]1 SU* AS ! ,NAGA TRIBE 9 ,9DIA1 FREQU5TLY WOR%IP$ SNAKES1 :I* ! ,9DO-,EUROPEANS G5]ALLY HELD TO BE EVIL4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 A NEGATIVE SNAKE SYMBOLISM IS COMMON ?R\<\T ,9DO-,EUROPEAN CULTURES4 

,SYMBOLIC 9V]SIONS RELAT+ TO FEM99ITY & MAT]NITY ALSO HAVE A SPECIAL PLACE 9 PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION4 ,AS M5TION$ 9 ,*APT] ,I,X1 DIV9E ANCE/ORS :O W]E WOR%IP$ 9 ORD] TO LEGITIMATE E>?LY HI]>*IES W]E NE>LY ALWAYS M54 ,! FA!R AS F\ND] & CREATOR IS A SYMBOLIC REPLACEM5T = ! MO!R CREATOR COMMONLY WOR%IP$ 9 /ATELESS SOCIETIES 7?\< IT MU/ BE M5TION$ ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ! ASS]TIONS ( ESS5TIALI/ FEM9I/ HI/ORIANS1 E>? MO!RS & GREAT SPIRITS W]E FREQU5TLY H]MAPHRODITIC1 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 OR IMP]SONAL & G5D]LESS 9 ! SECOND74 ,GIV5 ! FREQU5CY ) :I* DIV9E MALE ANCE/ORS >E CREATORS ( SOME K9D 7F\ND]S ( CITIES1 PROG5ITORS ( L9EAGES1 DISCOV]]S ( FIRE OR METALLURGY71 PATRI>*AL ANCE/OR CULTS ALL[ M5 TO CO-OPT & MONOPOLIZE ! SYMBOLIC REALM ( CREATION4 

,M5'S MONOPOLIZATION ( SPIRITUALITY USUALLY DID NOT OCCUR 9 A CLEAN BREAK ) E>LI] BELIEF SY/EMS1 JU/ AS ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* C\LD NOT ABOLI% PAGAN GODS1 BUT HAD TO TURN !M 9TO SA9TS4 ,MANY /ATI/ PRIE/LY CLASSES CO-OPT$ ! FEM99E SYMBOLS ( E>LI] SPIRITUALITIES4 .<#a#h#d.> ,! PRIE/'S G[N REFLECTS A =GOTT5 EVOLUTION BY :I* M51 TO ACT AS SPIRITUAL 9T]M$I>IES 9 C]TA9 SOCIETIES1 DRESS$ AS WOM54 

,! E>LY /ATES ( ! ,CONGO BAS9 DEVELOP$ A UNIQUE PA?WAY = ! PATRI>*AL CO-OPTATION ( FEM99E SYMBOLIC P[]1 ) FEMALE CO-RUL]S LEGITIMIZ+ ! P[] ( ! MALE P>AM\NT RUL]S4 

,ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ! ,CONGO BAS9 E>LY /ATES WAS ! 9/ITUTE ( WOM5-CORUL]S .<444.> ,TRUE1 !Y HAD LO/ !IR 9FLU5CE RA!R CONSID]ABLY BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,BUT !IR REV]5CE P]SI/$1 & WOM5-CORUL]S HAD !IR [N C\RTS & GU>DS4 ,AS = ! ,BALUNDA1 ! LUKOKE%A HAD EV5 H] [N VILLAGES1 :I* W]E NOT UND] ! RULE ( ! MWATA-YAMVO .<MALE P>AM\NT RUL].>4 ,H] WORD WAS CRUCIAL 9 NOM9AT+ A NEW P>AM\NT RUL] & 9 MANY O!R CASES4 ,DUR+ C]EMONIES %E WAS SEAT$ 9 ! MO/ HONOR>Y PLACE & HAD ! FIR/ WORD4 .<#a#h#e.> 

,SU* AN 9/ITUTION REFLECTS ! RELATIVE WEAKNESS ( PATRI>*Y 9 ! ,CONGO /ATES4 ,9 FACT1 H]E WE GLIMPSE A PH5OM5ON ?AT DES]VES FUR!R 9VE/IGATION3 :Y W]E ! PRE-COLONIAL /ATES ( SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA SO S(T & NON-IMP]IALI/IC 9 COMP>ISON TO O!R /ATES8 ,W]E O!R E>LY /ATES--MO/ ( :I* DISAPPE>$ OR PROGRESS$ BE=E !Y C\LD BE DOCUM5T$ BY \TSIDE OBS]V]S--EQUALLY S(T8 ,IS IT AN E?NOC5TRIC READ+ ( ! >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE ?AT HAS GIV5 US A MORE PATRI>*AL1 BRUTAL1 & AUTOCRATIC IMAGE8 ,DID ! WELL-KN[N AN>*IC *>ACT] ( MANY SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES HOLD DEVELOP+ /ATES 9 *ECK1 =C+ !M TO SU/A9 !MSELVES ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( TRADE RA!R ?AN 5G9E]+ ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR [N SUBJECTS8 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! G5D] COMPLEM5T>ITY .<#a#h#f.> ( MANY ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES WAS ]OD$ BY ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL 9FLU5CE4 .<#a#h#g.> ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 ,PORTUGUESE1 & O!R COLONIZ]S SAW PATRI>*IES :]E NONE EXI/$4 ,BY ONLY DEAL+ ) MALE 9/ITUTIONS & LEAD]S1 & IGNOR+ OR EV5 ANNIHILAT+ FEMALE 9/ITUTIONS & LEAD]S1 !Y GRADUALLY CREAT$ ! V]Y SOCIETIES !Y HAD PROJECT$4 

,ANO!R ME?OD ( SYMBOLIC RUPTURE CONC]NS ! FIGURE ( =EIGN RUL]S4 ,MULTIPLE ,WE/ ,AFRICAN /ATES W]E F\ND$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ROYAL FAMILIES ( NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES1 OR BY EXPATRIATES1 :O LIV$ = A TIME ) ! ROYAL FAMILIES ( NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES4 .<#a#h#h.> ,!SE NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE !MSELVES BE5 /ATES1 & ! ROYAL FAMILIES REF]5C$ 9 SO MANY LEG5DS ( POLITOG5ESIS MAY HAVE BE5 RUL+ DYNA/IES1 OR SIMPLY FAMILIES ) A HI< /ATUS4 ,IT IS ALSO P]FECTLY FEASIBLE ?AT RETURN+ EXPATRIATES OR TRAVEL+ =EIGN]S MI<T HAVE CLAIM$ CONNECTION TO DI/ANT ROYALTY 9 ORD] TO AWE LOCALS & JU/IFY A SPECIAL POSITION ( LEAD]%IP NOT SUPPORT$ BY K9%IP RELATIONS4 ,MULTIPLE LEG5DS M5TION /ATE F\ND]S :O >RIVE ) ROYAL DEVICES OR O!R SYMBOLS ( DIV9E GRACE & LEAD]%IP4 ,!SE MAY HAVE BE5 SYMBOLS 5D[$ ) ?AT EXACT MEAN+ 9 ! NEI<BOR+ SOCIETY 79 :I* AN ELITE OR RUL+ FAMILY WAS S5D+ \T FRAN*ISE-MAK]S ) !IR BLESS+S71 OR !Y MAY HAVE BE5 /RANGE TOK5S1 ! MEAN+ ( :I* ! ]RANT /ATE-MAK]S EXAGG]AT$ OR 9V5T$4 

,! OP]ATIVE FACTOR IS ! MY/IFICATION ( LEGITIMACY4 ,MO/ SOCIETIES PRODUCE & JU/IFY /ATUS AS A DIRECT RELATION%IP TO AUTO*?ON\S P[] /RUCTURES4 ,YET ! EXPATRIATE OR =EIGN W\LD-BE RUL] HAS NO IMM$IATE P[] OR CLAIM TO SOCIAL /ATUS )9 ! SOCIETY !Y COME TO RULE4 ,9/EAD !Y 5JOY ! SAME MY/IQUE AS AN 0,9DIAN PR9CESS0 OR ! ,K+ ( ,SIAM MI<T HAVE 9 ! ,WE/4 ,BY CLAIM+ A ROYALTY /ATUS ?AT IS =EIGN1 & ?US EXOTIC1 & ?US B\NDLESS1 SU* A RUL] CAN EFFECTIVELY W9 ! LOYALTY ( ! PREEXI/+ HI]>*IES ?AT W\LD O!RWISE RESI/ /ATE =MATION4 ,HIS LACK ( /ATUS BECOMES A /ROKE ( GOOD LUCK FROM A /ATI/ VIEWPO9T4 ,LACK+ A ROLE 9 ! EXI/+ HI]>*IES1 HE CAN PLACE HIMSELF ATOP ALL ! LESS] LEAD]S1 :O W\LD NEV] TOL]ATE !IR COMPETITORS 7O!R *IEFS1 O!R HI<-/ATUS FAMILIES7 GA9+ P[] OV] !M1 & :O >E ALSO PREV5T$ FROM AMASS+ P[] BY TRADITIONAL 9V]SE HI]>*IES4 ,SU* HI]>*IES1 COMMON TO /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 ALL[ L[-/ATUS PEOPLE TO KEEP !IR LEAD]S 9 *ECK4 ,BUT !Y MI<T HAVE LIMIT$ EFFECT ON SOMEONE COMPLETELY EXT]NAL TO ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,) ! HELP ( A SYMBOLIC 9T]RUPTION ?AT EXOTIC TOK5S ( ROYALTY MI<T PROVIDE1 A =EIGN RUL] CAN JU/IFY ! NEW POSITION ?AT !Y OCCUPY AT ! TOP ( A SOCIAL PYRAMID4 ,9 FACT1 IT MI<T BE ! MASSES OR ! LESS] LEAD]S !MSELVES :O PUT ! NEW K+ ON ! ?RONE1 9 ORD] TO GA9 AN ADVANTAGE 9 !IR [N P[] /RUGGLES4 

,= SU* A PYRAMID TO MORPH 9TO A /ATE1 H[EV]1 ! RUL] W\LD NE$ A BUREAUCRACY & A LEGION ( (FICIALS1 APPO9T$ FROM ! TOP1 CAPABLE ( REWORK+ & CONTROLL+ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,SU* AN EVOLUTION MI<T TAKE G5]ATIONS1 & USUALLY REQUIRES ANO!R FACTOR 7W>F>E1 AN 9CREASE 9 TRADE1 ! >RIVAL OR DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW RELIGION7 = ! RUL] TO OV]COME ! AUTONOMY ?AT O!R LAY]S 9 ! HI]>*Y PRES]VE4 ,OR1 ! PYRAMID MI<T NEV] BECOME A /ATE1 EI!R P]SEV]+ AS A /ABLE WEAK HI]>*Y OR %$D+ ITS UPP] LAY]S TO RETURN TO A RELATIVELY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,B9I PROVIDE A GOOD EXAMPLE ( :Y /ATI/ RELIGION NE$$ TO 5ABLE ! C5TRALIZATION ( SPIRITUAL P[]4 ,AMONG ! ,B59 *IEFDOMS1 S5IOR LEAD]S ( ! COMMUNITY C\NCILS W]E LIMIT$ BY !IR SACRAL & RITUAL DUTIES1 :I* PREV5T$ !M FROM ACT+ EFFECTIVELY AS PR(ANE LEAD]S 7ORGANIZ+ MILIT>Y & ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS74 ,9 ! MORE P[]FUL *IEFDOMS1 !RE=E1 5IGIE APPE>$ TO P]=M ! PR(ANE ADM9I/RATIVE & MILIT>I/IC FUNCTIONS ?AT ! $IONW]E1 ! SPIRITUAL LEAD]S1 C\LD NOT4 ,H[EV]1 !RE REMA9$ AN AMBIGUITY BETWE5 ! TWO TYPES ( LEAD]%IP1 & ! ,B9I SOCIETY NEV] DEVELOP$ A SUCCESSFUL MILIT>Y 5G9E ?AT MI<T HAVE OP5$ A PA? TO POLITOG5ESIS4 ,! ODIONW]E1 ! SPIRITUAL P[]S HE MOBILIZ$1 & ! ANCE/ORS HE REPRES5T$1 W]E TI$ TO HIS LOCAL COMMUNITY1 & !RE=E W]E NOT EFFECTIVE = COMPLEM5T+ OR SURPASS+ ! PR(ANE P[] ( ! ONIGIE AT ! *IEFDOM-WIDE OR MACROPOLITICAL LEVELS4 .<#a#h#i.> ,! TWO TYPES ( LEAD]%IP1 ORGANIZ$ AT DIFF]5T SCALES1 C\LD NOT COMPLEM5T EA* O!R2 GIV5 ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( RELIGION OV] W>F>E1 ! PR(ANE LEAD]S LACK$ ! LEGITIMACY TO SURPASS ! SPIRITUAL LEAD]S2 & GIV5 ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( RITUAL PRACTICES 9 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES1 ! SPIRITUAL LEAD]S LACK$ ! SCALE ( ORGANIZATION TO SURPASS ! PR(ANE LEAD]S4 ,A LOCALIZ$ SPIRITUALITY1 !RE=E1 AM\NT$ TO A FATAL B>RI] TO /ATE =MATION4 

,*ANGES 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] W]E (T5 ACCOMPANI$ BY *ANGES 9 COSMOLOGIES & DIV9E PAN!ONS4 ,ON MULTIPLE CONT95TS1 FROM ,SUM] TO ! ,NILE TO ! ,&ES1 ! FIGURE ( ! ,SUN ,GOD REFLECTS ! GR[? ( /ATE AU?ORITY4 ,FROM A DIV]SE & POT5TIALLY HORIZONTAL PAN!ON ( DEITIES1 ! ,SUN ,GOD EM]GES AS A SUPREME GOD1 P>ALLEL TO MULTIPLE POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL PROCESSES3 ! C5TRALIZATION ( /ATE AU?ORITY ) SUPREME RUL]S DOM9AT+ LESS] RUL]S2 ! MONOPOLIZATION ( SPIRITUALITY BY A PR(ESSIONAL PRIE/LY CLASS1 :O NE$ TO /REAML9E ! PAN!ON & DILUTE ! IMPORTANCE ( LOCALIZ$ DEITIES \TSIDE !IR CONTROL2 & ! ALI5ATION ( SPIRITUALITY1 ) ! ASC5DANCE ( A SUPREME GOD :O IS AP>T FROM & ABOVE ! E>? & HIS WOR%IP]S4 ,9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ! ,BUDDHA PLAY$ ?IS ROLE1 & /ATE =MATION WAS 9 P>T ! PROCESS ( SUBORD9AT+ LOCAL DEITIES TO ?IS SUPREME SYMBOL ( 5LI<T5M5T4 .<#a#i.> ,9 O!R HI/ORICAL MOM5TS1 A S+LE GOD REPLACES A DIV]SE PAN!ON TO A*IEVE ! SAME EFFECT1 AS :5 ! ,EGYPTIAN PH>AOH ,AKH5AT5 PROMULGAT$ ! WOR%IP ( A S+LE DEITY1 ,AT54 ,?\< ! FIGURE ( A SUN GOD C]TA9LY L5DS ITSELF TO A /ATI/ M5TALITY1 !RE IS NO ESS5TIAL OR 9TR9SIC SYMBOLIC RELATION%IP4 ,DIV9E HI]>*IES FREQU5TLY *ANGE AS DIFF]5T FACTIONS GA9 P[] OV] ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,EV5 A GODDESS CAN BE US$ BY A /ATE-BUILD+ PROJECT1 AS :5 ,ISIS BECAME PREEM95T 9 ! ,EGYPTIAN PAN!ON4 ,! COMMON FEATURE IS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SUPREME FIGURE ?AT CAN ORD] ! SPIRITUAL UNIV]SE 9 A HI]>*ICAL FA%ION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,&EAN ORAL CULTURE1 ! ,TIWANAKU /ATE WAS AB&ON$ OR OV]?R[N 9 P>T BECAUSE 0! O!R GODS W]E CRY+10 :I* IS TO SAY PEOPLE DECID$ TO DEC5TRALIZE !IR SPIRITUAL PRACTICES SO AS TO AGA9 HONOR ! LOCALIZ$ DEITIES :O HAD BE5 AB&ON$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ,SUN ,GOD CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE4 .<#a#i#a.> 

,9 ! /ATELESS1 HORIZONTAL MODEL1 %AMANS1 WIT*ES1 & M$IC9E M5 W]E G5]ALLY RESPOND+ TO A CALL+2 TO EX]CISE !IR (FICE !Y HAD TO DEMON/RATE SOME TAL5T & BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,!IR PRIM>Y ACTIVITY WAS 9 RELATION TO ! COMMUNITY & NOT 9 RELATION TO O!R %AMANS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 A PR(ESSIONALIZ$ PRIE/LY CLASS C\LD BE SELF-REGULAT+1 & WAS PROBABLY HI]>*ICAL FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,AT SITES ( SPIRITUAL ACCUMULATION--SETTLEM5TS BUILT >\ND SACR$ %R9ES OR MONUM5TS--HOLY M5 C\LD COME TOGE!R 9 L>G] NUMB]S1 !Y C\LD WRITE ! RULES ( !IR [N CONDUCT1 & !Y C\LD DET]M9E ! NORMS ( ! SACR$ SITE & EV5TUALLY ( ! SURR\ND+ SETTLEM5T4 ,!Y C\LD ALSO DET]M9E :O C\LD BE 9CLUD$ )9 !IR CULT1 5ABL+ ! CREATION ( ELABORATE HI]>*IES ?AT NEW 9ITIATES W\LD ACCEPT 9 EX*ANGE = ACCESS TO PRIVILEGE & /ATUS4 

,! CONC5TRATION ( SPIRITUAL P[] 5ABL$ ! C5TRALIZATION ( POLITICAL P[]1 PUTT+ A VITAL COMPON5T ( /ATE =MATION 9 PLACE4 ,A PR(ESSIONALIZ$ CLASS ( PRIE/S1 SUPPORT$ BY DONATIONS1 SACRIFICES1 & RELIGI\S (F]+S BUT LACK+ ANY?+ BEYOND SYMBOLIC & SPIRITUAL P[] OV] ! RE/ ( SOCIETY1 CREAT$ A RITUAL >5A 9 :I* GREAT] LEVELS ( HI]>*Y C\LD BE P]=M$4 ,PR(ESSIONAL RITUALS W]E A /AGE ?AT ACCU/OM$ PR(ANE SPECTATORS TO ! LEAD]%IP ROLES ?AT PLAY$ \T AMONG ! PRIE/S4 ,?OSE PRIE/S1 )9 !IR CLOS$ CULT1 C\LD 5ACT F> MORE 9T5SE EXPRESSIONS ( AU?ORITY & OB$I5CE ?AN !Y C\LD EV] IMPOSE ON ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT BECAUSE RELIGION IS SPECTACLE1 !IR V]Y P]=MANCE ( 9T]NAL AU?ORITY 5D$ UP RE%AP+ IDEAS ( HI]>*Y REPRODUC$ 9 ! SOCIETY AT L>GE4 

,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT SUPREME RUL]S 9 MANY E>LY /ATES W]E ALSO ! HEADS ( RELIGI\S HI]>*IES4 ,9 ! PROTO-CITY-/ATES ( ,SUM]1 ! RUL]S W]E PRIE/-K+S4 ,9 ! ,BALUBA1 ,BAKUNDA1 & ,BAKUBA /ATES ( ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 0,! P>AM\NT RUL] WAS BO? AN EMBODIM5T ( A DIV9E SPIRIT & A PRIE/40 .<#a#i#b.> ,WE F9D ANO!R EXAMPLE 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA3 

,AS ! PR9CIPAL E>?LY DIV9] ( HEAV5LY 9T5T1 ! K+ HIMSELF WAS ! SUPREME HI< PRIE/ ( ANCI5T ,*9A4 ,HE WAS ,SON ( ,HEAV51 ,TIANZI1 ORDA9$ BY ! ,GOD ON ,HI<1 ,%ANG ,DI2 & IT WAS HIS DUTY TO (F] APPROPRIATE1 TIMELY SACRIFICES TO ! V>I\S DEITIES AS WELL AS TO ACCURATELY READ & REACT TO HEAV5LY PORT5TS SO AS TO 5SURE ! WELL-BE+ ( HIS PEOPLE4 .<#a#i#c.> 

,WRITT5 LANGUAGES & NUMB] SY/EMS PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE 9 /ATE =MATION4 ,?\< !Y >E NOT ALWAYS L9K$ TO /ATES1 WRIT+ & MA!MATICS >E MO/ LIKELY TO APPE> 9 /ATI/ SOCIETIES1 :]EAS SOCIETIES 9 RESI/ANCE TO /ATE DOM9ATION1 ?\< !Y >E P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ OR MA9TA9+ BO?1 >E MO/ LIKELY TO GIVE !M UP1 US+ ILLIT]ACY AS A PREV5TIVE TACTIC AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY & ! HI]>*Y ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT4 .<#a#i#d.> ,:AT IS MO/ CURI\S1 )9 ! CONSID]ATIONS ( ! PRES5T *APT]1 IS ?AT 9 E>LY /ATES ON MULTIPLE CONT95TS1 WRIT+ & NUMB] SY/EMS PLAY$ A DUAL PURPOSE1 F9D+ !IR GREATE/ USE 9 BO? RELIGION & TRADE4 

,9 ,SUM]1 ,EGYPT1 ! ,&ES1 & ,*9A1 E>LY WRIT+ SY/EMS RECORD$ RELIGI\S BELIEFS & TRADE BALANCES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,SUM]1 ,MESOAM]ICA1 ,CRETE1 & CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 WRIT+ WAS DEVELOP$ BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( SUPREME LEAD]S & BE=E ! PROLIFIC USE ( WRIT+ TO RECORD !IR DE$S--! PR$OM9ANT NOTION ( HI/ORY UP UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY4 ,WRITT5 RECORDS MAY BE SE5 AS A SIMPLE CONV5I5CE FROM ! /&PO9T ( A M]*ANT1 & ! EXI/5CE ( WRIT+ 9 ! /ATELESS1 M]CANTILE CIVILIZATIONS ( ! ,9DUS ,RIV] ,VALLEY & ANCI5T ,CRETE ATTE/ TO ?IS PRAGMATISM4 ,BUT AS F> AS RELIGION WAS CONC]N$1 WRIT+ GAVE PRIE/S ! POSSIBILITY TO 0CLASSIFY0 CULT BELIEFS1 TO DEVELOP A MEASURABLE BODY ( KN[L$GE ?AT C\LD BE SY/EMATICALLY IMP>T$ TO NOVICES1 & TO SECURE A SPECIAL ROLE )9 EM]G+ P[] /RUCTURES AS SCRIBES & *RONICL]S4 

,WE MI<T ASSUME ?AT NUMB] SY/EMS & E>LY MA!MATICS W]E EXCLUSIVELY PRAGMATIC 9 !IR SOCIAL USAGE1 BUT 9 FACT1 9 E>LY /ATES !Y 5JOY$ A MY/ICAL /ATUS & A CONSID]ABLE SYMBOLIC P[]4 ,IF WE ACCEPT :AT MI<T APPE> TO BE A COMMONS5SE DIVISION BETWE5 RELIGION & COMM]CE1 !N WE CAN AGA9 ASSUME ?AT = ! M]*ANTS1 NUMB]S W]E BUT A PRAGMATIC MEANS = MEASUR+ DEBT & PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! O!R PR9CIPAL USE ( E>LY MA!MATICS WAS 9 COMPLEX >*ITECTURE1 :I* 9 ! CASE ( ,SUM]1 ,EGYPT1 ! ,&ES1 & P]HAPS TO A LESS] EXT5T ,*9A1 MEANT ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ! CON/RUCTION ( BUILD+S ( RELIGI\S SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! FIGURE ( ! >*ITECT AS PUBLIC S]VANT BUILD+ SECUL> BUILD+S AS A TRADE EM]G$ MU* LAT]4 ,MANY ( ! FIR/ /ATE-EMPLOY$ >*ITECTS MAY HAVE BE5 PRIE/S & RELIGI\S M54 ,! PRIE/->*ITECT :O DESIGN$ ,EGYPT'S FIR/ PYRAMID1 ,IMHOTEP1 IS BETT] REMEMB]$ ?AN ! PH>AOH :O WAS BURI$ !RE2 9 FACT1 ,IMHOTEP WAS IMMORTALIZ$ AS A GOD4 

,9 ,TIWANAKU1 A PRE-,9CAN CIVILIZATION 9 ! ,&ES1 NUM]OLOGY WAS FUNDAM5TAL TO ! RELIGI\S ORD]4 ,?REE WAS AN IMPORTANT NUMB]1 BECAUSE IT 5UM]AT$ ! ELEM5TS 7WAT]1 E>?1 & SKY74 ,F\R WAS IMPORTANT = ! F\R DIRECTIONS4 ,!IR SUM IS SEV51 ANO!R IMPORTANT NUMB] = ! ,TIWANAKU PRIE/S4 ,SEV5 TIMES SEV5 IS =TY-N9E4 ,TIWANAKU RELIGI\S >*ITECTURE (T5 9CLUDES RECTANGLES ( =TY-EI<T ELEM5TS1 A NICE R\ND NUMB]1 ! PRODUCT ( TWELVE TIMES F\R 7OR ?REE TIMES F\R TIMES F\R74 ,=TY-EI<T REA*ES ITS P]FECTION AT =TY-N9E1 REPRES5T+ ! =TY-EI<T LEAD]S ( ,TIWANAKU'S IDEAL SPIRITUAL_/POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONAL S*EME1 PLUS ! SUPREME LEAD] OR GOD4 

,! ,MAYAN CAL5D> IS ANO!R IT]ATION ( ! SPIRITUAL IMPORTANCE ?AT /ATES PLACE ON NUMB]S4 ,! COSMOLOGICAL BELIEF ?AT TIME WAS CYCLICAL & ?AT ! SAME EV5TS OCCURR$ ON ! SAME DATES ( DIFF]5T CAL5D> CYCLES WAS A DRIV+ =CE 9 H[ ,MAYAN /ATES RECORD$--& F\<T OV]--HI/ORY4 ,= ! ,MAYAN ELITE1 RECORD+ EV5TS 5SUR$ A 0P]PETUAL CYCLE 9 ! FUTURE & ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO DE/ROY A MONUM5T SIGNIFI$ TO DE/ROY ! FUTURE40 ,:5 ONE ,MAYAN K+DOM WAS DEFEAT$ BY TWO RIVALS1 !Y 5GRAV$ ! /ORY ( !IR VICTORY 9 A HI]OGLYPHIC /AIRWAY4 ,:5 ! FIR/ K+DOM GOT ITS REV5GE FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 !Y RE>RANG$ ! 5GRAV$ /ONES 0TO CREATE A HI/ORICAL & *RONOLOGICAL NONS5SE40 ,9 SUM1 0,IT WAS V]Y IMPORTANT = .<! ,MAYANS.> NOT ONLY TO CONNECT A CONTEMPOR>Y FACT ) ITS MY?OLOGICAL PROTOTYPE BUT ALSO TO SET AN EXACT *RONOLOGICAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 !M40 .<#a#i#e.> 

,CAL5D>S W]E IMPORTANT TO ! E>LY /ATE 9 ,*9A AS WELL4 

,EV5 SU* O/5SIBLY SECUL>IZ$1 SCI5TIFIC ACTIVITIES AS CAL5DRICAL CALCULATION & METEOROLOGICAL OBS]VATION HAD PR(\ND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,?US ! PROMULGATION ( ,*9A'S E>LIE/ LUN> CAL5D>--REPUT$LY FIX$ BY ,%ANG DYNA/Y RUL]S--WAS AIM$ LESS AT RESPOND+ TO ! IMM$IATE ECONOMIC NE$S ( F>M]S 7:O 9 ANY EV5T CONT9U$ TO REGULATE !IR ACTIVITIES PRIM>ILY BY ! ONSET ( FLOODS1 ! COM+ ( RA9S1 & ! HELICAL RIS+ ( C]TA9 />S7 ?AN AT SATISFY+ ! RITUAL REQUIREM5TS ( *>ISMATIC1 SACRALLY-ORI5T$ DYNA/IC ELITES4 .<#a#i#f.> 

,:AT IF ! OV]LAP BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( M]*ANTS & PRIE/S 9 MULTIPLE E>LY /ATES IS NO CO9CID5CE8 ,I BELIEVE ?AT :AT MAY BE ! MO/ COMMON MODEL ( PRIM>Y /ATE =MATION IS BAS$ ON ! CONSOLIDATION & C5TRALIZATION ( 9T]REGIONAL NETWORKS 9 :I* NO PRACTICAL DI/9CTION EXI/$ BETWE5 SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL COMM]CE4 ,?IS IS ! SACR$ COMM]CE /ATE4 ,9 SU* A MODEL1 COMM]CE CANNOT BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS A M]CANTILE CONC]N MOTIVAT$ PR9CIPALLY BY PR(IT4 ,TO UND]/& ! MODEL1 WE HAVE TO IMAG9E A WORLD 9 :I* ! PILGRIMAGE & ! TRADE V5TURE >E POT5TIALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE2 9 :I* PRIE/S >E ALSO SCRIBES1 ACC\NTANTS1 SURVEYORS1 >*ITECTS1 9SURANCE AG5TS1 & BROK]S2 9 :I* HOLY SITES >E ALSO MECCAS ( >TI/IC & >TISANAL PRODUCTION2 ! MO/ VALUABLE GOODS >E ?OSE ) SPIRITUAL & SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE2 & TEMPLES OR TEMPLE GR\NDS ALSO S]VE AS M>KETS = TRADE GOODS4 

,! SACR$ COMM]CE /ATE IS ! ONE ?AT CAPTURES SU* A NETWORK ( SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL COMM]CE1 9/RUM5TALIZES & BUREAUCRATIZES ! PR(ESSIONAL RELIGI\S ORD] ?AT ALREADY EXI/S )9 ! NETWORK 7! RUL+ CLASS & ! 9/IGATORS ( POLITOG5ESIS WILL PROBABLY EM]GE FROM ! PRIE/LY ORD]1 OR O!RWISE BE A *>ISMATIC W>RIOR-K+ & 5T\RAGE :O OBTA9 ITS GOOD GRACES71 C5TRALIZES ! NETWORK & ITS PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES1 & IMPELS AN EXPANSION ( SYMBOLIC PRODUCTION4 ,SOME ( ! BE/-KN[N E>LY /ATES MAY BE EXAMPLES ( ?IS MODEL4 

,DAT+ TO >\ND #d ,B,C,E1 ,URUK WAS ! FIR/ CITY 9 ! WORLD4 ,PRIOR & ALSO CONTEMPORANE\S TO ,URUK1 ! ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T WAS FILL$ ) SMALL F>M+ SETTLEM5TS GO+ BACK SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE 9 ! REGION BETWE5 #a1 & #h ,B,C,E4 ,9 ! C5TURIES BE=E & AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ,URUK1 !SE SETTLEM5TS T5D$ TO CONTA9 SMALL %R9ES1 GOV]N$ OV] BY 5SI1 OR PRIE/-K+S1 ASSI/$ BY A C\NCIL ( ELD]S4 ,!Y CON/ITUT$ A WEAK C5TRAL P[] ) A PRIM>ILY RELIGI\S AU?ORITY1 PROBABLY BACK$ BY AGE & L9EAGE HI]>*IES4 

,>\ND #d ,B,C,E1 A ZIGGURAT OR PYRAMID WAS BUILT TO ! ,SUN ,GOD ,AN AT ,URUK1 P>ALLEL OR EV5 PREVI\S TO ! GR[? ( ?AT SETTLEM5T AS A CITY4 ,O!R CITIES >OSE 9 ! REGION1 SU* AS ,]IDU4 ,BETWE5 #cd & #c ,B,C,E1 9CREAS+LY ELABORATE TEMPLES W]E BUILT1 (T5 ATOP ! ZIGGURATS & (T5 ATOP ! RU9S ( OLD TEMPLES4 ,! PRES5CE ( RU9$ OR DEMOLI%$ TEMPLES SUGGE/S *ANG+ & EV5 OPPOS+ RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 :]EAS ! GR[+ PREVAL5CE ( CLOS$ /RUCTURES ( WOR%IP 7TEMPLES COMM&+ ! PREVI\SLY OP5 PLAT=MS ( ! ZIGGURATS7 SUGGE/S ! DEVELOPM5T ( PR(ESSIONALIZ$1 ELITE1 & SECRETIVE RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS4 ,TEMPLE CON/RUCTION1 US+ /ONES QU>RI$ AS F> AS SIXTY KILOMET]S AWAY1 SUGGE/S REGIONAL TRADE & A CO/LY EMPHASIS ON RELIGI\S P[]4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 WRIT+ WAS DEVELOP$1 ) ! FIR/ 5GRAV$ TABLETS DAT+ TO >\ND #ce ,B,C,E1 & A FUNCTIONAL IDEOGRAPHIC WRIT+ SY/EM DAT+ TO #ca ,B,C,E4 ,E>LY WRIT+ 9 ,SUM] WAS US$ TO RECORD RELIGI\S & COMM]CIAL 9=MATION1 & LAT] TO RECORD ! HI/ORIES ( SUPREME RUL]S4 

,>\ND #bi ,B,C,E1 GREAT *ANGES TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T4 ,MANY E>LI] BUILD+S W]E DE/ROY$1 & ! NEW1 =TRESS-LIKE BUILD+S SUGGE/ CONDITIONS ( W>F>E4 ,A N9E KILOMET] CITY WALL WAS BUILT AT ,URUK1 :OSE DOM9ANCE WAS UND]M9$ BY O!R EM]G+ CITY-/ATES4 ,! FIR/ HI/ORICALLY ATTE/$ SUPREME RUL] 9 ,SUM]1 ,5MEB>AGESI1 :O RUL$ FROM ! CITY ( ,KI%1 APPE>$ 9 #bf ,B,C,E4 ,FROM ?IS TIME =W>D1 ?\< PROBABLY />T+ E>LI]1 ! POLITIES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA W]E SLAVE SOCIETIES BAS$ ON ! HYP]-EXPLOITATION ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S & ! CAPTURE ( WORK]S FROM RIVAL POLITIES4 ,AT ! TIME ( ,HAMMURABI'S LAW CODE 7#a#g#h ,B,C,E71 ,MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO M5 7FULL CITIZ5S71 FREE M5 7DEP5D5TS LACK+ FULL RI<TS71 & SLAVES 7) ! /ATUS ( PROP]TY74 ,)9 EA* ( !SE CATEGORIES W]E 9VISIBILIZ$ SUBSETS ) FEW OR NO RI<TS3 WOM5 & *ILDR54 

,/ATE P[] WAS 9CREAS+LY SECUL>IZ$ AFT] #bi ,B,C,E1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 O!R /ATES :]E P[] WAS 9ITIALLY ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY SPIRITUAL 9 NATURE4 ,5SI1 N[ ! HEADS ( CITY-/ATES1 W]E ELECT$ BY NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES & HAD PR(ANE MILIT>Y DUTIES 9 ADDITION TO RITUAL ONES4 ,! LUGAL1 A SUPREME RUL] :O GOV]N$ MULTIPLE CITIES 7OR AT LEA/ TRI$ TO71 WAS ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! 5SI & WAS RESPONSIBLE = PUBLIC ACTIONS ?\< EV5TUALLY1 P]HAPS AS RELIGI\S P[] WAS DETA*$ FROM RITUALS & %R9ES & REATTA*$ TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE1 ! LUGAL CAME TO BE CONSID]$ A GOD4 ,P]HAPS 9/RUM5TAL TO ?IS TRANSITION WAS ! 9T5SELY SYMBOLIC LOCATION ( SACRALITY 9 ! PHYSICAL ACC\T]M5TS ( LEAD]%IP1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT A RUL] C\LD NOT EXI/ SEP>ATELY FROM ! SIGNS ( HIS AU?ORITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 0! SCEPT]1 ! /AFF1 & ! NOSE-ROPE10 :I* SYMBOLIZ$ ! RUL] AS A 0FAI?FUL %EPH]D10 W]E ALSO CONSID]$ TO CONTA9 DEITIES1 AS WAS ! ?RONE2 MEAN:ILE ! FLAG & 0! MONUM5T W]E ! SYMBOLS ( HIS P[] OV] ! COMMUNITIES & ! CONQU]$ T]RITORIES :]E HIS MONUM5T WAS 9/ALL$40 .<#a#i#g.> ,SOMETIMES ?RONES !MSELVES RECEIV$ (F]+S1 P]HAPS CONNECT$ TO ! WOR%IP ( DECEAS$ RUL]S4 ,AS = ! DAIS 9 ! TEMPLE1 ORIG9ALLY IT WAS ! PLACE RES]V$ = ! /ATUE ( A GOD1 BUT SUBSEQU5TLY IT BECAME ! PLACE 9 ! TEMPLE :]E ! RUL] SAT1 AGA9 ILLU/RAT+ A DIRECT TRANSF]5CE ( AU?ORITY4 

,NONE!LESS1 ! DEIFICATION ( ! RUL] DID NOT TRANSLATE 9TO DESPOTIC AU?ORITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RUL] WAS EXPECT$ TO E>N RESPECT & HE$ C\NSEL4 

,WE KN[ FROM ! OLDE/ ROYAL 9SCRIPTIONS ?AT ,SUM]IAN K+S HAD TO HAVE REM>KABLE =CE1 HUGE 5]GY1 EXT]NAL APPEAL CAUS+ PEOPLE'S LOVE1 WOR%IP & TREMBL+1 AS WELL AS TO BE RU?LESS TO !IR 5EMIES & TO PAY !IR SPECIAL ATT5TION TO GODS' & ELD]S' ADVICE4 .<#a#i#h.> 

,E>LY 9 ?IS SEQU5CE1 P[] WAS PR$OM9ANTLY SYMBOLIC & RELIGI\S1 & ,URUK WAS UNRIVAL$ AS ! HOLIE/ & MO/ AWE-9SPIR+ SITE4 ,?IS POSITION W\LD ALSO HAVE GIV5 IT VITAL TRADE ADVANTAGES 9 ! REGIONAL NETWORK1 ALL[+ IT TO BECOME ! HOME ( >TISANS & M]*ANTS :O W\LD HAVE GRADUALLY SURPASS$ ! F>M]S 9 SYMBOLIC & SPIRITUAL WEAL?4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ORGANIZ$ W>F>E & SUPREME RUL]S1 ! MO/ ELABORATE BUILD+S W]E COMMUNAL /RUCTURES RA!R ?AN PRIVATE PALACES1 & ! SITES ( RELIGI\S RITUAL 7! ZIGGURATS7 W]E OP5-AIR /RUCTURES1 ?\< !IR SYMBOLOGY WAS D\BTLESSLY HI]>*ICAL & CELE/IALLY ORI5T$4 ,) ! GREAT] CONC5TRATION ( SPIRITUAL P[]1 A PR(ESSIONALIZ+ PRIE/ CLASS SUPPORT$ BY RELIGI\S (F]+S C\LD MONOPOLIZE ! PLACES ( RITUAL & WOR%IP1 *ANG+ ! TRADITIONAL BELIEF SY/EMS TO FAVOR VALUES ( HI]>*Y & OB$I5CE4 

,URUK'S DOM9ANCE EXCIT$ ! JEAL\SY ( ELITES 9 O!R NASC5T CITIES1 LEAD+ TO W>F>E4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9CREASE 9 HO/ILITY ONLY 9T5SIFI$ ! UNITY ( ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN REGIONAL SY/EM1 CREAT+ ! POSSIBILITY = ! ELITE ( ONE CITY-/ATE TO DOM9ATE ! O!RS1 EX]CIS+ A P[] ?AT WAS NOT ONLY SYMBOLIC BUT ALSO CO]CIVE4 ,! DAY-TO-DAY GLUE ( ! REGIONAL SY/EM1 H[EV]1 WAS /ILL BAS$ 9 ! COMM]CE ( SPIRITUALITY & GOODS4 

,! PRIE/S ( ,NIPPUR1 = EXAMPLE1 TRADITIONALLY CONF]R$ ! K+%IP = ! :OLE ( ,SUM]4 ,NIPPUR WAS ! HOME ( ! SACR$ %R9E ( ,5LIL1 ! SECOND MO/ IMPORTANT GOD2 ! CITY HAD NO O!R CLAIM TO P[]4 ,IT WAS BUILT1 & REBUILT1 ON A SITE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO FLOOD+1 & ! SETTLEM5T WAS MA9TA9$ AT GREAT CO/ TO ! 9HABITANTS DESPITE REPEAT$ WAT] DAMAGE4 ,IT WAS1 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT A PRAGMATIC SETTLEM5T LOCAT$ TO PR(IT (F SOME ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE1 BUT A RELIGI\S SETTLEM5T LOCAT$ AT A SITE ( SPIRITUAL IMPORTANCE1 & ?IS IMPORTANCE WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL ! O!R CITIES 9 ! REGIONAL SY/EM4 

,! ,TIWANAKU /ATE =M$ 9 ! ,&ES >\ND #c ,C,E4 ,LIKE ! ,9CA /ATE ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 IT WAS A FUSION ( ,QUE*UA & ,AYM>A CULTURES ?AT MONOPOLIZ$ ! RI* TRADE BETWE5 ! PRODUCTS ( ! JUNGLE VALLEYS 9 ,LAS ,YUNGAS 7TROPICAL FRUITS & /APLES1 M$IC9ES1 FEA!RS7 & ?OSE ( ! HI< PLATEAU1 ! ,ALTIPLANO 7POTATOES1 C]EALS1 SALT1 WOOL74 ,PEOPLE PRACTIC$ AGRICULTURE 9 ?IS REGION ALREADY />T+ >\ND #e ,B,C,E1 & GO+ BACK AT LEA/ TO #ae ,B,C,E !RE WAS A SMALL F>M+ SETTLEM5T AT ! SITE ?AT W\LD LAT] BECOME CAPITAL4 ,>*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE FROM ?IS SETTLEM5T %[S NEI!R SOCIAL DIVISIONS NOR RELIGI\S MONUM5TS1 ?\< TRADE 9 C]AMICS1 OBSIDIAN1 GOLD1 & SILV] WAS PRACTIC$4 ,/>T+ >\ND #a ,C,E1 IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,TIWANAKU SITE TOOK ON SIGNIFICANCE AS A SPIRITUAL C5T]4 ,IT BECAME ! CAPITAL ( ! EM]G+ /ATE BETWE5 #c & #d ,C,E1 & REA*$ URBAN PROPORTIONS >\ND #f ,C,E4 ,AT ITS PEAK1 ! POPULATION ( ! CAPITAL CITY MEASUR$ 9 ! T5S ( ?\S&S1 & ! ?REE VALLEYS ?AT MADE UP ! C5T] ( ! T]RITORY MAY HAVE SU/A9$ A POPULATION 9 ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S OR EV5 SURPASS+ A MILLION4 .<#a#i#i.> 

,AS 9 O!R REGIONS1 WE SEE A RELATIVELY /ABLE /ATELESS P]IOD P]SI/+ = A LONG TIME AFT] ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE & S$5T>Y LIV+1 & A RELATIVELY RAPID 9CREASE 9 HI]>*Y1 /RATIFICATION1 & ! C5TRALIZATION ( P[] ONCE AN ORGANIZ$ RELIGI\S CULT P]FECTS ! ABILITY TO %APE ! SPIRITUAL BELIEFS ( ! BROAD] SOCIETY4 

,?\< AT ! EMPIRE'S PEAK ! POPULATION D5SITY WAS REM>KABLY HI<1 ?IS IS NOT AT ALL REFLECTIVE ( ! CONDITIONS P]TA9+ TO ! PRE-/ATE P]IOD1 :5 ! POPULATION WAS SO DISP]S$ ?AT W\LD-BE ELITES FAC$ A MAJOR B>RI] TO ! CONC5TRATION ( P[]4 ,! C]EMONIAL C5T]S CREAT$ BY RELIGI\S CULTS1 !RE=E1 HAD AN IMPORTANT S$UCTION EFFECT1 BR++ TOGE!R POPULATIONS1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 9 REGIONS ) DISP]S$ SETTLEM5TS4 ,TEMPOR>Y1 CELEBRATORY GA!R+S AT C]EMONIAL C5T]S W]E USEFUL = TRADE1 CREAT+ A MOM5T>Y SUP] ABUNDANCE ?AT >E PROBABLY BETT] CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS GIANT REGIONAL P>TIES ?AN AS M>KETS1 BUT !Y W]E NOT USEFUL = SU/A9$ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY UNTIL SU* TIME AS A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE C\LD BE CAPTIVAT$1 CONV9C$ TO SETTLE 9 A PROTO-URBAN LOCATION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 FROM A /ATI/ VIEWPO9T1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTION ( !SE P]IODIC C]EMONIAL GA!R+S WAS TO ]ECT AN EPHEM]AL BUT RECURR+ S*OOL1 A C5TRAL PO9T :]E ! EM]G5T PRIE/LY CLASS C\LD IMP>T SPIRITUAL LESSONS1 9FLU5C+ ! WORLDVIEW ( ! RE/ ( ! SOCIETY 9 A WAY ?AT EV5TUALLY FAVOR$ /ATE =MATION4 

,TRADE BETWE5 ! HI<L&S1 ! JUNGLE1 & ! COA/ LONG PR$AT$ ! /ATE & ! RELIGI\S CULT4 ,S9CE PEOPLE PRACTIC$ A GIFT ECONOMY1 GOODS W]E MORE LIKELY TO BE IMBU$ ) SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE ?AN ) ANY K9D ( QUANTITATIVE EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,! NECESS>Y EVOLUTION = /ATE =MATION1 !N1 WAS FROM SPIRITUAL COMMON+1 9 :I* EV]YONE HAD ACCESS TO SACR$ ACTS ( CREATION1 >TI/RY1 & GIFT-GIV+1 TO FIX$ SPIRITUAL VALUES ALL[+ = A C5TRALIZ$ PROCESS ( SPIRITUAL PRODUCTION4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT TRADE GOODS CIRCULAT$ 9 ! NETWORK EV5TUALLY DOM9AT$ & 9T5SIFI$ BY ! ,TIWANAKU /ATE W]E RITUAL ITEMS1 :I*1 BY ! V]Y NATURE ( !IR BE+ RITUALIZ$1 POSSESS$ A FIX$ RA!R ?AN A SUBJECTIVE SPIRITUAL VALUE4 ,BY *ANG+ ! VALUE P>ADIGM1 ! EM]G+ PRIE/S C\LD MAKE !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE TO TRADE BY CONTROLL+ ! V]Y RITES BY :I* GOODS W]E FIX$ ) A VALUE4 ,! NEW SPIRITUALITY1 !RE=E1 HAD TO NEGATE ! SUBJECTIVE--:AT IS USEFUL1 :AT IS BEAUTIFUL 7TO ME7--& MANUFACTURE A SOCIAL CONS5SUS ON :AT WAS OBJECTIVELY VALUABLE4 ,VALUE1 9 ITS E>LIE/ IT]ATIONS1 IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( A FREE M>KET1 BUT ( A PR(ESSIONAL CONSPIRACY4 

,! ,TIWANAKU ELITE LIV$ )9 A SACR$ COMP\ND--BUILT ) A MOAT TO GIVE IT ! APPE>ANCE ( A FLOAT+ ISL&--?AT COMMON]S W]E ALL[$ 9TO1 IT IS BELIEV$1 ONLY DUR+ SPECIAL C]EMONIES4 ,CULT KN[L$GE1 SU* AS IMAGES FROM CREATION /ORIES1 WAS RECORD$ 9 5GRAV+S EXCLUSIVELY LOCAT$ ON ! 9SIDE ( ! COMP\ND4 ,RELIGI\S RITES W]E COMPLEX1 9VOLV+ HALLUC9OG5S ?AT HAD TO BE C>EFULLY ADM9I/]$1 A/RONOMICAL KN[L$GE1 & HUMAN SACRIFICE & RITUAL DISEMB[EL+4 ,SACR$ ELITES MONOPOLIZ$ COMM]CE & R$I/RIBUT$ GOODS ACROSS ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,!Y EXP&$ !IR EMPIRE BY E/ABLI%+ TRADE MISSIONS & /ATE CULTS 9 NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES1 GRADUALLY W9N+ !IR SUBORD9ATION ?R\< PEACEFUL MEANS1 ?\< !Y W]E NOT ABOVE ATTACK+ & /EAL+ ! RELIGI\S MONUM5TS ( DEFIANT NEI<BORS4 ,/OL5 MONUM5TS W]E 9V>IABLY PLAC$ 9 A SUBMISSIVE POSITION )9 SYMBOLIC RELIGI\S >RANGEM5TS BACK AT ! CAPITAL4 

,>\ND #ie ,C,E1 POSSIBLY 9 RESPONSE TO A CLIMATIC *ANGE R$UC+ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY1 A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION AB&ON$ ! !OCRATIC /ATE4 ,ITS TEMPLES HAD FALL5 TO RU9S BY ! TIME ! ,9CA /ATE >OSE4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ RAPIDLY EM]G+ E>LY /ATES APPE>$ ALONG ! ,NILE ,RIV] DUR+ ! ,E>LY ,DYNA/IC P]IOD ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT4 ,! /&>D !ORIES CITE GRADUAL POPULATION GR[? LEAD+ TO L& %ORTAGES1 W>F>E1 & DOM9ATION BY ! /RONGE/ *IEFDOM2 OR NE$ = EXT5SIVE IRRIGATION TO CONTROL FLOOD+1 BUT AS ,DMITRI ,PR\SSAKOV PO9TS \T1 SETTLEM5T PATT]NS W]E ACTUALLY IRREGUL> & POPULATION WAS L[ 9 ,UPP] ,EGYPT AT ! TIME ( POLITOG5ESIS1 & !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT A G5]AL IRRIGATION SY/EM EXI/$ AT ?AT TIME 7DRA9AGE1 9 FACT1 APPE>S TO BE ! MA9 9FRA/RUCTURAL ACTIVITY 5C\RAG$ BY ! E>LY /ATE74 ,ALL ! SUPPOS$ PRECONDITIONS = /ATE =MATION >E LACK+3 A %ORTAGE ( RES\RCES2 AN EXT]NAL MILIT>Y ?REAT2 OR ! 9FLU5CE ( O!R /ATES4 .<#b.> 

,! ,NILE ,VALLEY WAS POPULAT$ BY NUM]\S 9DEP5D5T *IEFDOMS ?AT ALT]NAT$ BETWE5 W> & TRADE4 ,BE=E ! REIGN ( ,K+ ,N>M]1 ONE ( ?OSE *IEFS1 !RE WAS LITTLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ANY ( !M WAS ON ! PO9T ( ]ECT+ A /ATE4 ,! *IEFDOM C5T]$ AT ,?IS--! HOME ( ! PH>AOHS :O W\LD EV5TUALLY UNIFY ! ,NILE UND] ONE /ATE--DOM9AT$ ,UPP] ,EGYPT1 BUT EV5 !RE !IR AU?ORITY WAS MORE RECIPROCAL OR /ATUS-DRIV5 ?AN /ATE-LIKE4 ,!Y DID1 H[EV]1 EXCEL 9 ! USE ( L>GE BOATS TO TRANSPORT COLLECTIVE WORK CREWS1 SOLDI]S1 C>GO1 & ! PH>AOH HIMSELF 9 EXP$ITIONS ( A RITUAL1 COMM]CIAL1 OR MILIT>Y NATURE4 

,>\ND #ca ,B,C,E1 POSSIBLE FLOOD+ & A RISE 9 SEA LEVEL SEEMS TO HAVE S5T A WAVE ( ECOLOGICAL REFUGEES \T ( ! ,NILE ,DELTA & 9TO TO ,UPP] ,EGYPT1 ,CANAAN1 & O!R NEI<BOR+ L&S4 ,SOME?+ ON ! SCALE ( #a#b1 PEOPLE1 ) ALL !IR LIVE/OCK >RIV$1 9 ,UPP] ,EGYPT1 :I* WAS DOM9AT$ BY ! ,?9ITE PH>AOHS4 ,SYMBOLICALLY DEFEAT$ & SUBORD9AT$ BY ,K+ ,N>M]1 !Y W]E 0NATURALIZ$0 & ALL[$ TO SETTLE1 PROVID+ A BASIS = /ATE P[]4 

,SUBJUGATION ( SU* A MULTITUDE ( PEOPLE C\LD NOT FAIL TO RESULT 9 UNPREC$5T$ GR[? ( .<!.> P]SONAL AU?ORITY ( ,?9ITE RUL]S & TO RAISE ! MILIT>Y-ECONOMIC POT5TIAL ( ! 0,?9ITE ,K+DOM04 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! 'CAPTIVES' MI<T HAVE BE5 RECRUIT$ TO BUILD ,MEMPHIS1 ! FUTURE CAPITAL ( ,EGYPT1 UND] ,N>M]'S SUCCESSOR ,HORUS ,AHA .<44.> ,>*AEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS REVEAL ! ,MEMPHIS REGION TO BE RA!R D5SELY POPULAT$ AT ! E>LIE/ ,DYNA/IC TIMES4 .<#b#a.> 

,BUT 9 A P[]FUL %[+ ( RECIPROCITY1 ! TOTEM ( ! ,DELTA PEOPLE1 ! HAWK1 WAS ELEVAT$ TO BECOME ! *IEF DEITY ( ! EM]G+ /ATE2 ,HORUS REPLAC$ ,SE?1 ! TRADITIONAL GOD ( ,UPP] ,EGYPT1 9 PREEM95CE4 .<#b#b.> ,SU* RECIPROCITY IS A SURE SIGN ?AT /ATE AU?ORITY HAD NOT YET BE5 E/ABLI%$ & ?AT ,N>M]1 AT LEA/ AT ! BEG9N+ ( HIS REIGN1 WAS ! HEAD ( A *IEFDOM & NOT A /ATE4 

,! ORGANIZATION & ADM9I/RATION ( SU* A L>GE POPULATION1 DISLOCAT$ AT LEA/ 9 P>T FROM ITS TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY /RUCTURES1 W\LD HAVE PROVID$ A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY = BUREAUCRATIC 9NOVATION1 ALSO LIB]AT+ ! K+ FROM HIS *IEFLY ROLE AS ! HEAD ( A S+LE K9%IP GR\P1 & ! REPRES5TATIVE ( A S+LE LOCALIZ$ DEITY4 ,WE CAN ASSUME ?AT ! REFUGEES W]E NOT TRANS=M$ 9TO A P]MAN5T SUBORD9ATE CA/E1 AS ! ,>YANS DID ) ! CONQU]$ ,DASAS1 S9CE IT WAS PRESUMABLY ! ,DELTA PEOPLE :O RETURN$ TO 7RE7BUILD ,MEMPHIS--N[ UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,?IS PH>AOHS--DUR+ ! REIGN ( ! V]Y NEXT RUL]4 ,?IS LIKELIHOOD SEEMS TO CONFIRM ?AT ! CAPTURE ( ! #a#b1 WAS A PRIM>ILY SYMBOLIC VICTORY & NOT A FULL MILIT>Y HUMILIATION ?AT MI<T HAVE WREAK$ ! PSY*OLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES NECESS>Y = CREAT+ A NEW UND]CLASS4 

,AS ! ,EGYPTIAN POLITY GREW & TOOK ON ! FEATURES ( A /ATE1 IT DID NOT SPREAD AS A COHESIVE T]RITORIAL UNIT BUT AS A NETWORK ( DISCRETE 5CLAVES AMID WEAK] BUT 9DEP5D5T *IEFDOMS4 ,! CAPITALS ( ! EM]G+ ,EGYPTIAN /ATE1 ,?IS & ,MEMPHIS1 W]E SITES = ! WOR%IP ( DECEAS$ PH>AOHS1 :]EAS ! O!R 5CLAVES1 SU* AS ,HI]AKONPOLIS1 ,ELKAB1 ,KOPTOS1 ,BUTO1 & ,SAIS1 W]E EA* D$ICAT$ TO A SPECIFIC GOD OR GODDESS4 ,IT WAS ! ,RIV] ,NILE ?AT CONNECT$ !M ALL1 ALL[+ A RUDIM5T>Y /ATE TO GOV]N DISP]S$ SETTLEM5TS SEP>AT$ BY HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S & SURR\ND$ BY NEUTRAL OR HO/ILE *IEFDOMS4 .<#b#c.> 

,BOATS & RITUAL ACTIVITIES ON ! RIV] HAD LONG BE5 IMPORTANT TO ,EGYPTIAN TRIBAL ELITES1 & ! USE ( L>GE C>GO OR TROOP BOATS P[]$ BY MANY R[]S ALL[$ 0SELECTIVE COLONIZATION ( ! ,NILE BANKS1 SAIL+ SAFELY TO OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES0 & 0AVOID+ DE/RUCTIVE OV]L& BATTLES40 ,! PH>AOH1 REPRES5T+ ,HORUS1 SAIL$ ! ,NILE TWICE A YE> 9 AN IMPORTANT C]EMONIAL PROCESSION1 5SUR+ ! ADM9I/RATIVE UNITY ( ! /ATE & ALSO RE5ACT+ A CREATION MY? 9 :I* ! DIV9E RUL] TRAVEL$ ! WORLD ) HIS POSSESSIONS & 0?US E/ABLI%$ ! WORLD ORD]40 .<#b#d.> ,BOATS W]E EV5 BURI$ NEXT TO K+S 9 !IR SACR$ TOMBS4 

,! ,EGYPTIAN PROTO-/ATE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ITS SYMBOLIC MONOPOLY ( ! RIV] 7OR AT LEA/ A PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO ! RIV] ?AT NO *IEFDOM WAS P[]FUL 5\< TO OB/RUCT7 9 ORD] TO MONOPOLIZE TRADE BETWE5 ! 5CLAVES1 :I* 9 ADDITION TO DISPLAY+ RELIGI\S SPECIALIZATION ALSO PRODUC$ DIFF]5T MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,BY ! TIME ( ,HORUS ,D5 9 ! ,FIR/ ,DYNA/Y1 ! /ATE [N$ NUM]\S GRAN>IES & O!R /ORAGE FACILITIES ?AT CONC$$ AN ADVANTAGE 9 TRADE & EXTRA P[] :5 CLIMATIC *ANGES OR ,NILE FLOOD+ PROVOK$ SC>CITY4 ,SIMULTANE\S TO ?IS EXPANSION1 ! NUMB] ( ADM9I/RATIVE (FICIALS 9CREAS$4 

,COMM]CE ALONG ! RIV] 9 ! =M ( C]EMONIAL GIFT-GIV+ PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! SPIRITUAL EXPANSION & POLITICAL UNIFICATION ( ! E>LY ,EGYPTIAN /ATE4 ,! ,?IS K+S MADE LAVI% GIFTS & BUILT TEMPLES HONOR+ LOCAL DEITIES 9 !N-UNCONQU]$ ,MIDDLE ,EGYPT OR O!R AUTONOM\S /RET*ES ( ! RIV]4 ,SIMIL> TO ! EXPANSION /RATEGY ( ! ,9CA /ATE & V>I\S ,BUDDHI/ /ATES ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 E>LY ,EGYPT DID NOT RELY EXCLUSIVELY ON MILIT>Y CONQUE/ BUT S\<T RELIGI\S ALLIANCES4 ,9 ! TEMPLES1 /ATE GODS W]E SYMBOLICALLY UNIFI$ ) LOCAL DEITIES1 R5D]+ A SIGN ( RESPECT TO ! UNCONQU]$ CULTURE & ALSO CLE>+ ! PA? = ITS 9TEGRATION4 ,GRANT$1 SU* GIFT-GIV+ RITUALS >E NOT TYPICAL ( /ATE AU?ORITY1 :I* IS BAS$ ON ! COMM& RELATION%IP2 H[EV]1 !Y DO CON/ITUTE A /RATEGY = EV5TUAL 9CORPORATION4 ,!Y ALSO DECREASE HO/ILITIES ?AT C\LD 9T]F]E ) ! COHESIV5ESS ( ! 5CLAVES4 ,LESS] *IEFDOMS ?AT ACCEPT$ ! GIFTS W]E RECOGNIZ+ ! ,EGYPTIAN /ATE AS ! UNCONTE/$ P[] ON ! ,NILE4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE ! ,?9ITE PH>AOHS HAD TO GIVE MORE VALUABLE GIFTS ?AN !Y RECEIV$ 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE !IR SUPREME /ATUS1 ! SEMI-AUTONOM\S *IEFS ROSE 9 /ATUS UPON RECEIPT ( ! GIFTS1 ESPECIALLY RELATIVE TO !IR [N POPULATIONS4 ,9 TIME1 !IR ACCUMULATION ( P[] ALL[$ !M TO *ALL5GE ! 5CLAVE /ATE4 .<#b#e.> ,H[EV]1 ! SYMBOLIC P[] ( ! /ATE WAS ! MOTOR ( ?IS CRISIS2 ?\< !Y W]E ABLE TO *ALL5GE /ATE DOM9ANCE1 ! O!R *IEFDOMS W]E ALSO BECOM+ MORE /ATELIKE4 ,PH>AONIC GIFT-GIV+ WAS A CRAT(ORM+ EX]CISE ?AT BROKE ! P[] ( ! FIR/ /ATE & LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ! EM]G5CE ( A L>G] & MORE UNIFI$ /ATE4 

,9 ! TIME ( ! E>LY ,SECOND ,DYNA/Y1 !RE WAS A POLITICAL CRISIS ?AT SAW ! FRAGM5TATION ( ! 5CLAVE-BAS$ /ATE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! PH>AOHS1 RELOCAT$ 9 ! L>G] CITY ( ,MEMPHIS1 W]E CUT (F FROM !IR ANCE/RAL HOME AT ,?IS4 ,:5 ! ,EGYPTIAN /ATE REGA9$ ITS =CE1 IT UNIFI$ ! :OLE ( ! ,NILE 9 ONE T]RITORIAL BODY BACK$ BY ! NON-RECIPROCAL =CE ( MILIT>Y CONQUE/1 5D+ ! 5CLAVE SY/EM & ALSO ! RELIANCE ON A SPIRITUAL1 TRADE1 & GIFT-GIV+ NETWORK ?AT FOLL[$ ! C\RSE ( ! RIV]4 ,RELIGI\S P[] REMA9$ C5TRAL1 AS SE5 9 ! GR[? ( ! CULT ( ! SUN GOD ,RA & ! FR5ETIC CON/RUCTION ( PYRAMIDS TO HONOR ! DIV9E PH>AOHS4 

,! ,EGYPTIAN EXAMPLE IS DI/9CT FROM PRIM>Y /ATE =MATION 9 ! ,&ES & ,SUM]4 ,! POSITION ( A SUPREME RUL] APPE>$ E>LI] 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,EGYPTIAN /ATE ?AN 9 !SE O!R EXAMPLES4 ,!RE MAY BE ELEM5TS ( ! ROYAL C\RT /ATE MODEL ( POLITOG5ESIS1 ) W>F>E BETWE5 HI]>*ICAL *IEFDOMS 5ABL+ ! EM]G5CE ( A SUPREME RUL] SIMULTANE\S TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SPIRITUAL TRADE NETWORKS2 H[EV]1 AN ANOMALY AMONG /ATES1 PATRI>*Y 9 ,EGYPTIAN SOCIETY WAS REM>KABLY LI<T1 ) MULTIPLE WOM5 RUL]S4 ,MASSIVE MONUM5T BUILD+ ALSO FOLL[$ RA!R ?AN PREC$$ /ATE =MATION4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! ,?IRD ,DYNA/Y ?AT ! FIR/ PYRAMIDS W]E BUILT1 ?\< ! ,EGYPTIAN1 ,&EAN1 & ,SUM]IAN PYRAMIDS MAKE A POOR COMP>ISON1 S9CE ! PYRAMIDS ( ! =M] W]E NOT PLACES ( SPECTACUL> PUBLIC WOR%IP BUT SITES = ! ADORATION & DIV9ITY-BUILD+ ( DECEAS$ PH>AOHS4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT ! ,NILE ITSELF PROVID$ ! /AGE = ! SORT ( SPECTACUL> C]EMONIES ?AT ,SUM]IAN & ,&EAN E>LY /ATES P]=M$ ON !IR ZIGGURATS & C]EMONIAL PLAT=MS4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! MODELS %\LD BE TAK5 AS R\< PATT]NS RA!R ?AN /RICT TYPOLOGIES 7! LATT] BE+ A SORT ( PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE 9 :I* CLASSIFICATION & AB/RACTION1 ) ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL[+ QUANTIFICATION1 \TWEI< & OB/RUCT OBS]VATION & UND]/&+74 ,I ?9K ?AT ?IS ADMITT$LY 9COMPLETE SURVEY HAS %[N ?AT IF \R ATT5TION TO DETAIL IS RIGOR\S 5\<1 WE CAN DESCRIBE AS MANY PA?WAYS TO /ATE =MATION AS !RE HAVE BE5 /ATES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD4 ,OV]>*+ PATT]NS1 ?\<1 CONTRADICT A GOOD DEAL ( DOCTR9E & HELP US TO P]CEIVE ! NATURE 7& P]HAPS PO9TS ( WEAKNESS7 ( ! ,/ATE4 

,BUT BE=E WE TURN \R ATT5TION TO ! LESSONS ?AT MI<T HELP US RECLAIM \R FRE$OM & \R DE/9Y FROM ?IS LEVIA?AN ?AT HAS DOM9AT$ US = TOO LONG1 ,I WANT TO REA* BACK A LITTLE FUR!R1 TO EXPLORE A FEW MORE QUE/IONS ?AT REMA94 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,ADD$4 

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