,*APT] #a 
,BUILD+ ! ,WALLS ,HI<]3 ,FROM ,RAID+ TO ,W>F>E 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,X4 ,BUILD+ ! ,WALLS ,HI<]3 ,FROM ,RAID+ TO ,W>F>E 

0,! ACCUMULATION ( POPULATION BY W> & SLAVE-RAID+ IS (T5 SE5 AS ! ORIG9 ( ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y & C5TRALIZATION TYPICAL ( ! E>LIE/ /ATES40 .<#a#f#e.> 

,WE HAVE ALREADY LOOK$ AT ! PROCESS ( MILIT>IZATION AS A MOTOR ( /ATE-=MATION1 BUT ,I ?9K IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO UND]SCORE ?AT ! ROLE ( W>F>E CAN BE OV]/AT$4 ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE WAS NOT EXAGG]AT+ :5 HE SAID 0W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE40 .<#a#f#f.> ,NONE!LESS1 W>F>E DOES NOT NECESSITATE /ATE =MATION & /ATES DO NOT NE$ TO FAVOR MILIT>Y OV] NONMILIT>Y EXPANSION4 

,! CONQUE/ /ATE MODEL ?AT HAS CROPP$ UP SO FREQU5TLY 9 ?IS /UDY IS1 LET'S NOT =GET1 A MODEL ( SECOND>Y /ATE =MATION & NOT PRIM>Y /ATE =MATION4 ,! MILIT>I/IC ,9DO-,EUROPEAN W>RIOR BRO!RHOODS--:OSE LEGACY CAN BE SE5 9 MULTIPLE ,>YAN1 ,M$IT]RANEAN1 & ,G]MANIC /ATES--MAY HAVE BE5 A CONSEQU5CE ( ! RESI/ANCE ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES TO ! SLAVE-RAID+ & T]RITORIAL CONQUE/S ( ! E>LY /ATES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 AS ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN >GUES4 .<#a#f#g.> ,9 ! ROYAL C\RT & HOLY FA!R /ATES1 W>F>E CAN PLAY AN ACCESSORY ROLE AS A CATALY/ 9 A PROCESS ?AT IS DECID$LY NON-MILIT>I/IC4 ,9 ! SACR$ COMM]CE /ATES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 :I* WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 W>F>E MADE ITS DECISIVE APPE>ANCE NOT AT ! BEG9N+ BUT AT AN 9T]M$IATE /AGE ( POLITOG5ESIS4 

,IT MI<T BE FAIR TO CLAIM ?AT A /ATI/ WORLDVIEW TRADITIONALLY PRIVILEGES ESS5TIALISM & ! SYMBOLIC /ABILITY ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT4 ,/ATES (T5 T5D T[>DS CONS]VATISM & SEEK /ABILITY1 BUT !Y >E DRIV5 TO DEVELOP & PROGRESS BY ! ADV]SITY !Y PROVOKE4 

,)9 A /ATELESS SY/EM ( S$5T>Y SETTLEM5TS1 :]E A HI]>*ICAL1 PATRI>*AL1 & BELLICOSE CULTURE PR$OM9ATES1 RAID+ & EV5TUALLY W>F>E CAN PROVIDE A PA?WAY = POLITOG5ESIS3 ! RAID] /ATE4 ,9 A MUTUALLY RE9=C+ CYCLE ( MILIT>IZATION1 NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES RAID ONE ANO!R TO /EAL RES\RCES1 CAPTURE SLAVES1 & =CE WEAK] VILLAGES TO PAY TRIBUTE & PL$GE OB$I5CE4 ,OV] TIME1 ELITES IMPOSE MORE EFFICI5T MEANS ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE !IR T[N'S DEF5SES1 TO SU/A9 A L>G] W>RIOR CLASS1 & TO SUBSIDIZE W>-ORI5T$ TE*NOLOGIES4 ,TO REPEAT AN IMPORTANT PO9T1 /ATE ORGANIZATION DOES NOT 9H]5TLY GIVE A SOCIETY A MILIT>Y ADVANTAGE2 9 FACT DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETIES T5D TO BE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE AT RESI/+ 9VASION & CONQUE/4 ,BUT :]E AN AUTO*?ON\S ELITE ALREADY HOLDS P[]1 !Y WILL USE SITUATIONS ( W>F>E TO 5ACT 0SECURITY PROGRAMS0 ?AT 5HANCE !IR [N P[] FIR/ & =EMO/1 :E!R !Y >E A /ONE-TOOL-US+ SOCIETY 9 ! ,YUCATAN 9 #a ,C,E OR A NUCLE> SOCIETY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY4 

,9/EAD ( PROTECT+ !M1 SU* SECURITY PROGRAMS T5D TO PUT ! POPULATION 9 EV5 MORE DANG]1 BUT AS LONG AS !Y BELIEVE ! HYPE & DON'T NOTICE ?AT IT'S ! FOX :O IS GU>D+ ! H5H\SE1 ! POLICY WILL BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,JU/ LOOK AT ! ANTI-T]RORISM W>S ( ,BU% & ,BLAIR BEG9N+ 9 #b#a3 !Y EXPOS$ ! POPULATIONS ( ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO A HUGE 9CREASE 9 T]RORI/ ATTACKS1 BUT RA!R ?AN SIMPLY KILL+ !IR LEAD]S & BE+ DONE ) ! :OLE CIRCUS1 AS REASONABLE PEOPLE HAVE DONE C\NTLESS TIMES ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 !Y W]E CONV9C$ TO ACCEPT EV5 MORE SECURITY MEASURES & MORE SUPPOS$LY DEF5SIVE W>S4 ,/ATES HAVE BE5 US+ ! SAME TRICK = AT LEA/ F\R ?\S& YE>S4 

,AMONG /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 CON/ANT RAID+ DOES NOT NECESS>ILY CREATE GREAT] LEVELS ( HI]>*Y4 ,! 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS ( ! ,AMAZON BAS9--A COMPLEX RANGE ( S$5T>Y & NOMADIC SOCIETIES ( MULTIPLE E?NO-L+UI/IC GR\PS1 SOME LIV+ 9 T9Y B&S & O!RS 9 HUGE VILLAGES1 & NE>LY ALL ( !M RESOLUTELY /ATELESS--W]E NOT$ = !IR NE>-CON/ANT W>F>E4 ,H[EV]1 !IR PRACTICE ( W>F>E1 :I* WAS ALSO COMPLEM5T$ BY A LESS VISIBLE PRACTICE ( 9T]M>RIAGE & FRI5DLY TRADE1 HELP$ PRES]VE ! 9DEP5D5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES & PREV5T$ /ATE =MATION4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! SPECIFIC CULTURAL VALUES REPRODUC$ BY A SOCIETY--! 9T5TIONS & ! PROJECTUALITY ( ITS POLITICAL ACTORS--CAN CAUSE ! SAME SITUATION TO MANIFE/ 9 PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION OR /ATE RESI/ANCE4 

,! ,>YAN SETTLEM5TS ( NOR!RN ,9DIA MI<T HAVE GIV5 US AN EXAMPLE ( ! RAID] /ATE2 C]TA9LY DYNAMICS ( A BELLICOSE FE$BACK LOOP E/ABLI%$ /RONG] HI]>*IES 9 A !N-/ATELESS SOCIETY1 BUT ! ,BRAHMANS' AMBITI\S USE ( ! EM]G5T CA/E SY/EM CAUS$ POLITOG5ESIS 9 ,9DIA TO TAKE A DIFF]5T PA?4 ,A PROCESS ( MUTUAL HO/ILITY CLE>LY TRANS=M$ & ACCEL]AT$ ! PROCESS ( /ATE =MATION 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA1 FITT+ ,SP5C] & ,R$MOND'S 0,RIVAL ,POLITY ,MODEL0 9 :I* CONFLICT BETWE5 NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES SPURS POLITOG5ESIS2 H[EV]1 ! 9T5SIFICATION ( W>F>E CAME AFT] ! EM]G5CE ( MULTIPLE CITY-/ATES FOLL[+ A RELIGI\S PA?WAY ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,9/EAD1 WE CAN TURN TO ! E>LY ,ZAPOTEC /ATE = \R EXAMPLE4 

,! ,ZAPOTEC /ATE1 ) ITS CAPITAL AT ,MONTE ,ALBAN 9 ! ,OAXACA ,VALLEY1 ,MEXICO1 WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND #c ,B,C,E4 ,! CAPITAL CITY APPE>$ AS A REGIONAL C5T] TWO HUNDR$ YE>S E>LI]1 9 #e ,B,C,E4 ,! 9T]V5+ YE>S W]E TIMES ( RAID+ ?AT GRADUALLY DEVELOP$ 9TO T]RITORIAL W>F>E1 AS ,MONTE ,ALBAN SUBJUGAT$ ITS NEI<BORS1 CON/RUCT$ PALACES & TEMPLES1 & CONSOLIDAT$ A F\R-TI] SETTLEM5T HI]>*Y ( REGIONAL ORGANIZATION ?AT SPANN$ ! ,OAXACA ,VALLEY & BEYOND4 .<#a#f#h.> 

,! ,MONTE ,ALBAN ELITE PLAC$ GREAT SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE ON !IR MILIT>Y EXPLOITS4 ,9 ! P]IOD FROM #e-#c ,B,C,E1 :5 ! CITY WAS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$--?\< P]HAPS NOT 5\< TO QUALIFY AS A /ATE--! ELITE COMMISSION$ ! 5GRAV+ ( HUNDR$S ( SLABS & MONUM5TAL /ONES ) DEPICTIONS ( :AT SEEM TO BE SLA9 & MUTILAT$ 5EMIES1 SOME ( !M LEAD]S ( NEI<BOR+ SETTLEM5TS & O!RS SIMPLE W>RIORS OR CAPTIVES4 ,PROBABLY TO REM9D !IR [N PEOPLE ( !IR P[] 7AS A ?REAT OR A S\RCE ( PRIDE1 OR MORE LIKELY BO?1 GIV5 ?AT PATRIOTISM 9 ! PRES5T DAY CAN BE SE5 TO S]VE BO? FUNCTIONS71 ! CITY ELITE HAD ! /ONES PLAC$ 9 ! C5TRAL PLAZA4 ,9 ! SECOND P]IOD 7#c-#a ,B,C,E71 !RE APPE>$ DOZ5S ( 0CONQUE/ SLABS0 ?AT 0REF] NOT TO RAID+ BUT TO A MORE COMPLEX =M ( W>F>E3 ! TAK+ & HOLD+ ( T]RITORY40 .<#a#f#i.> 

,CURI\SLY1 SOME ( ! E>LIE/ CONQUE/S ( ! ,ZAPOTEC OCCURR$ RELATIVELY F> AWAY FROM !IR CAPITAL1 SU* AS !IR #c ,B,C,E TAKEOV] ( ! CANYON ,CANADA DE ,CUICATLAN1 EI<TY KILOMET]S TO ! NOR?4 ,PREVI\SLY 0! ,CANADA WAS OCCUPI$ BY #ab ,P]DIDO PHASE 7#g#e-#c .<,B,C,E.>7 VILLAGES10 :I* W]E BURN$ TO ! GR\ND1 REPLAC$ BY NEW SITES D$ICAT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO 9T5SIVE AGRICULTURE & LACK+ ! RI* C]EMONIAL LIFE ( ! E>LI] SOCIETY1 & BY A HEAVILY =TIFI$ COMPLEX ( SEV5 SITES ?AT CONTROLL$ ! NOR!RN 5TRANCE ( ! ,CANADA4 .<#a#g.> ,IT WAS ONLY SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S LAT] ?AT ! ,ZAPOTEC /ATE CONQU]$ & 9CORPORAT$ ! MU* CLOS] ,OCOTLAN1 ,ZIMATLAN1 & ,TLACOLULA LOCALITIES )9 ! ,OAXACA ,VALLEY4 ,*>LES ,SP5C] & ,ELSA ,R$MOND >GUE ?AT ! SETTLEM5TS NEI<BOR+ ,MONTE ,ALBAN W]E CONQU]$ LAT] BECAUSE !Y RESI/$ MORE EFFECTIVELY1 EVOLV+ SIMULTANE\SLY & ?US DEPLOY+ DEF5SIVE MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGIES FROM ! />T4 

,/>T+ BE=E #a ,B,C,E1 9 ! LOCALITY :]E ,MONTE ,ALBAN WAS LAT] F\ND$1 !RE WAS A L>GE AGRICULTURAL SETTLEM5T ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY GR[ TO A POPULATION ( >\ND ONE ?\S& PEOPLE4 ,9 ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD1 #g-#e ,B,C,E1 *ANGES 9 SETTLEM5T PATT]NS SUGGE/ 9CREAS$ W>F>E2 RAID+ & ! BURN+ ( SETTLEM5TS BECAME COMMON BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T LOCALITIES ( ! ,OAXACA ,VALLEY1 & AN UN9HABIT$ BUFF] ZONE APPE>$ AT !IR C5T]4 .<#a#g#a.> ,MONTE ,ALBAN MAY HAVE BE5 F\ND$ BY SURVIVORS :O EI!R AB&ON$ OR FL$ ! DE/RUCTION ( SOME ( !SE E>LI] SETTLEM5TS1 :I* = C5TURIES DOM9AT$ ! REGION & LAT] DISAPPE>$ FROM ! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD4 .<#a#g#b.> 

,FROM #e-#c ,B,C,E1 ,MONTE ,ALBAN'S MA9 RIVAL 9 ! ,OAXACA ,VALLEY ALSO TOOK SEV]AL /EPS T[>DS /ATE =MATION1 POSSIBLY 9 RESPONSE TO 9CREAS$ RAID+ & HO/ILITIES4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ 0POPULATION GR[? & NUCLEATION1 A MORE C5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION ) A SIZABLE PUBLIC PLAZA1 A ?REE-LEVEL SETTLEM5T-SIZE HI]>*Y 9 ! ,OCOTLAN ,ZIMATLAN SUBREGION1 & RE/RICT$ 9T]ACTION0 AS SE5 BY M9IMAL TRADE ) ,MONTE ,ALBAN4 .<#a#g#c.> 

,! MA9 SETTLEM5T ( ?AT RIVAL POLITY1 ,EL ,MOGOTE 7ALSO A RIVAL ( ! AB&ON$ SETTLEM5T :OSE SURVIVORS POSSIBLY F\ND$ ,MONTE ,ALBAN1 SUGGE/+ A LONG-LA/+ HO/ILITY71 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 RAID$ & TOR*$ >\ND #cc ,B,C,E4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! 9HABITANTS REBUILT !IR C5TRAL PLAZA ?IRTY MET]S UPSLOPE 9 A MORE DEF5SIVE LOCATION1 ) A PROTECTIVE /ONE WALL4 ,DESPITE ! SETBACK1 ! SETTLEM5T GREW BY OV] ONE-?IRD 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 #c-#a ,B,C,E1 :5 ,MONTE ,ALBAN HAD ALREADY ORGANIZ$ A /ATE & BEGUN ITS T]RITORIAL EXPANSION4 ,>*ITECTURAL & C]AMIC /YLES SUGGE/ ?AT ! REBUILT ,EL ,MOGOTE 7,EL ,PAL5QUE7 MA9TA9$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,MONTE ,ALBAN & CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP 9 ! DIRECTION ( A /ATE1 AS SE5 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( A MULTI-ROOM TEMPLE & A PALATIAL DWELL+ = ! LEAD] OR LEAD]S4 ,HO/ILITY ) ,MONTE ,ALBAN SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 CONT9U\S1 9CLUD+ A TRADE EMB>GO2 OBSIDIAN FROM C5TRAL ,MEXICO REGUL>LY MADE IT AS F> AS ,MONTE ,ALBAN1 BUT NOT TO ,EL ,PAL5QUE1 NEI!R DO ,MONTE ,ALBAN'S F9E C]AMICS APPE> 9 ! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD AT ,EL ,PAL5QUE4 ,!RE >E ALSO SIGNS ( 9CREAS$ W>F>E 9 ?IS P]IOD1 ) ! REBUILT SETTLEM5T BE+ COMPLETELY BURN$ & AB&ON$ >\ND #c ,B,C,E4 .<#a#g#d.> ,BE=E ITS DEMISE1 ! POLITY ) ITS CAPITAL AT ,EL ,PAL5QUE ALSO DEVELOP$ ! F\R-LEVEL SETTLEM5T HI]>*Y ?AT >*AEOLOGI/S CONSID] DEF9ITIVE = QUALIFICATION AS A /ATE4 

,! SAME PROCESS ( POLITOG5ESIS AS ! MUTUALLY HO/ILE MILIT>IZATION ( RIVAL POLITIES MI<T ALSO HAVE OCCURR$ 9 ! ,YEGUIH POLITY 9 ,TLACOLULA1 TO ! EA/4 

,TO SUMM>IZE ?IS *RONOLOGY1 SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S AFT] ! F\ND+ ( S$5T>Y AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES1 AN 9CREASE 9 RAID+ L$ TO *ANGES 9 SETTLEM5T PATT]NS4 ,CAU<T 9 A SORT ( FE$BACK LOOP1 ! RAID+ BECAME MORE VIOL5T4 ,REFLECT+ ! V]Y BELLICOSE CULTURE ?AT PROBABLY 9ITIAT$ ! RAID+ & GREW 9 RESPONSE TO IT1 COMMUNITIES IMBU$ MILIT>Y ACTIONS ) A C5TRAL SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE1 AS SE5 9 ! MONUM5TAL 5GRAV+S DEPICT+ VANQUI%$ FOES1 & 9 ! BURN+ ( O!R SETTLEM5TS1 AN ECONOMICALLY WA/EFUL ACTIVITY ?AT GOES BEYOND RAID+ = SLAVES OR RES\RCES4 ,!RE WAS A DIFF]5TIATION1 AT ?IS TIME1 BETWE5 ELITE & NON-ELITE MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY1 AS SE5 9 DIFF]5CES ( MAT]IAL WEAL? & H\S+ SIZE4 ,NONE!LESS1 NEI!R TRADE & ECONOMIC EXPANSION NOR RELIGION SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ! MOTORS ( POLITOG5ESIS4 ,LESS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES 9 ! REGION ALSO EXP]I5C$ TRADE & GR[?4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( L>G] TEMPLES ACCOMPANI$ /ATE =MATION1 PROBABLY AS A MEANS = ! NEW RUL]S TO LEGITIMATE & AUGM5T !IR RULE1 BUT IT WAS ! PLAZAS ADORN$ ) MONUM5TS TO RAID+ & CONQUE/--POSSIBLE MU/]+ GR\NDS = ! W>RIORS--& NOT ! TEMPLES ?AT COMPRIS$ ! PHYSICAL & SYMBOLIC C5T] ( ! SETTLEM5TS4 

,E>LY ON 9 ?IS PROCESS1 A MILDLY HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY C\LD W9 SOCIAL CONS5SUS = A POLICY ( CON/ANT W>F>E--DESPITE ! HI< SOCIAL CO/ 9 CASUALTIES & ! BURN+ ( SETTLEM5TS--BY 5C\RAG+ VALUES ( BRAV]Y & DEMONIZ+ NONP>TICIPATION AS C[>DICE4 ,! COMPETITIVE SPIRIT ?AT APPEALS TO W>RIORS EV5 9 /ATELESS SOCIETIES C\LD 9T5SIFY1 GIV5 A TOL]ANCE = HI]>*Y4 ,ELD]S :O DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES 9 RAID+ W\LD COME TO 9HABIT A PRIVILEG$ POSITION1 :I* !Y C\LD USE TO 5C\RAGE PATRI>*AL & MILIT>I/IC VALUES4 ,NON-W>RIOR DEP5D5TS 7WOM51 CAPTIVES1 NONP>TICIPAT+ M57 C\LD !N BE SUBJECT$ TO HI<] LEVELS ( EXPLOITATION & PREV5T$ FROM 5C\RAG+ PEACEFUL ACTIVITIES OR RECIPROCAL VALUES4 ,PRIE/S OR HI<-/ATUS FAMILIES1 TOGE!R ) ELD] W>RIORS1 C\LD SPUR ! Y\NG M5 9TO EV] MORE VIOL5T & DOM9E]+ =MS ( W>F>E1 5ABL+ ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION1 CONQUE/1 & ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( HI]>*Y1 EV5 ?\< ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY W\LD B5EFIT FROM SU* DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! CULTURAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL WAGE ( CON/ANT OPPORTUNITIES = GLORY 9 BATTLE WAS 5\< TO H>NESS AN 9T]M$IATE /RATUM--! W>RIORS--TO BREAK SOCIAL SOLID>ITY & AVAIL ! NEW ELITE ) CO]CIVE P[]S4 

,AN EXT]NAL OR SUPRA-LOCAL PROCESS ACCOMPANI$ ! *ANGES OCCURR+ AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL4 ,SMALL] SETTLEM5TS QUICKLY SUBORD9AT$ !MSELVES TO P[]FUL NEI<BORS1 PAY+ TRIBUTE & PRESUMABLY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! MILIT>Y ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( REGIONAL P[]H\SES LIKE ,MONTE ,ALBAN & ,EL ,MOGOTE1 :I* REORGANIZ$ ! SUBORD9ATE SETTLEM5TS 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE POPULATION1 SUBMIT !M TO A HI]>*ICAL ADM9I/RATION & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 & 9CREASE !IR [N DEF5SIVE ADVANTAGES4 ,P>ALLEL & 9T]L9K$ PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION 9 AT LEA/ TWO SUBREGIONS ( ! ,OAXACA ,VALLEY ACT$ AS B>RI]S TO ! EXPANSIONI/ DESIRES ( EA* POLITY1 BUT !SE B>RI]S W]E 9 FACT A CATALY/ ?AT SPURR$ EA* POLITY TO SEEK COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES4 ,! W9N] WAS ! ,MONTE ,ALBAN /ATE1 :I* MILIT>IZ$ MO/ RAPIDLY1 DEVELOP+ ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMPLEXITY ?AT ALL[$ IT TO CONQU] & OCCUPY A WEAK] SOCIETY A FULL EI<TY KILOMET]S AWAY1 SUBSEQU5TLY REORGANIZ+ ITS VICTIM TO SUPPORT ! EXPLOITIVE & MILIT>I/IC PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION4 

,)9 ?IS MODEL1 GR[? IS NEI!R GRADUAL NOR GEOMETRICAL1 BUT A RESULT ( ! POLITICAL POLICIES & MILIT>Y CAMPAIGNS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ELITE4 ,POPULATION GR[? IS NOT ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS BUT AN 9T5TIONAL /RATEGY TO FO/] DEF5SIVE ADVANTAGES4 ,9T5SIFI$ AGRICULTURE ) IRRIGATION1 AS AT ,CANADA1 WAS NOT AN 9NOVATION BY LOCALS LOOK+ TO IMPROVE !IR EFFICI5CY1 BUT AN IMPOSITION BY ! CONQU]ORS LOOK+ TO 9CREASE \TPUT & /EAL ALL ! SURPLUS4 ,9 FACT1 WE CAN IMAG9E ?AT ! LOCALS 5JOY$ A MORE LEISURELY EXI/5CE :5 !Y PRACTIC$ ! SUPPOS$LY MORE PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURAL ME?OD ( ALLUVIAL FLOOD+1 & = !M1 ! TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS TO FIX$ IRRIGATION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A DRAMATIC 9CREASE 9 !IR LABOR REQUIREM5TS & A DECREASE 9 !IR QUALITY ( LIV+4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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