,*APT] #a 
,TAKE ,ME TO ,Y\R ,LEAD]3 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,ALI5 ,9VASION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,I4 ,TAKE ,ME TO ,Y\R ,LEAD]3 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,ALI5 ,9VASION 

,IT IS N[ A COMMONPLACE ?AT COLONIZ+ /ATES APPO9T LEAD]S TO HORIZONTAL SOCIETIES !Y >E TRY+ TO ABSORB ?R\< TRADE OR W>F>E4 ,?IS IS NOT P>TICUL> TO ONE /AGE OR TYPE ( /ATE =MATION1 BUT /ATE =MATION AS A CON/ANT ACTIVITY4 ,BRITI% COLONIZ]S BE/[$ TITLES ON LOCAL 9T]M$I>IES FROM ,AFRICA TO ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,U,S & ,CANADIAN OCCUPI]S SET UP TRIBAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,B\RGEOIS /ATES US$ REPRESSION & SUBSIDIES TO 5C\RAGE HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! LABOR UNIONS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! M$IA APPO9T SPOKESPEOPLE TO HET]OG5E\S REBELLIONS4 

,WRIT+ AB\T ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT EXPLA9S ! PROCESS3 

,EV]Y /ATE ) AMBITIONS TO CONTROL P>TS ( ,ZOMIA--,HAN ADM9I/RATORS 9 ,YUNNAN & ,GUIZH\1 ! ,?AI C\RT 9 ,AYUT?AYA1 ! ,BURMESE C\RT 9 ,AVA1 ,%AN *IEFS 7,%ABWA71 ! ,BRITI% COLONIAL /ATE1 & 9DEP5D5T NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS--HAS S\<T TO DISCOV]1 OR1 FAIL+ ?AT1 TO CREATE *IEFDOMS ) :I* !Y C\LD DEAL4 ,! ,BRITI% 9 ,BURMA1 ,LEA* NOT$1 EV]Y:]E PREF]R$ AUTOCRATIC 0TRIBAL0 REGIMES 9 COMPACT GEOGRAPHICAL CONC5TRATIONS ) :I* !Y C\LD NEGOTIATE2 CONV]SELY1 !Y HAD A DI/A/E = AN>*IC1 EGALIT>IAN PEOPLES :O HAD NO DISC]NIBLE SPOKESMAN4 .<#a#d.> 

,NOR WAS ?IS A ,BRITI% PH5OM5ON4 

,>M$ ) E?NOGRAPH]S & DET]M9I/IC !ORIES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ! ,FR5* 9 ,VIETNAM NOT ONLY DREW B\ND>IES >\ND ! TRIBES !Y DIMLY DISC]N$ & APPO9T$ *IEFS ?R\< :OM !Y 9T5D$ TO RULE BUT PLAC$ ! PEOPLES SO DESIGNAT$ ON A SCALE ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! ,DUT* ACCOMPLI%$ MU* ! SAME ADM9I/RATIVE AL*EMY 9 ,9DONESIA BY ID5TIFY+ SEP>ATE 9DIG5\S CU/OM>Y LAW 7ADAT7 TRADITIONS :I* !Y PROCE$$ TO CODIFY & USE AS A BASIS = 9DIRECT RULE ?R\< APPO9T$ *IEFS4 .<#a#e.> 

,:Y W\LD !Y APPO9T *IEFS TO PEOPLES ?AT HAD NONE8 

,PEOPLES :OSE V]NACUL> ORD] WAS EGALIT>IAN LACK$ ! 9/ITUTIONAL H&LES BY :I* !Y C\LD BE GOV]N$4 ,?OSE 9/ITUTIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE PROVID$1 IF NECESS>Y1 BY =CE4 .<#a#f.> 

,! REASON+ IS SIMPLE4 ,HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES >E EASI] TO CONTROL1 & HI]>*IES CANNOT DEF5D !MSELVES FROM MORE P[]FUL HI]>*IES4 ,(FICIALS FROM A /ATE CANNOT EASILY COMMUNICATE ) MEMB]S ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* DECISIONS >E MADE 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES1 OR SOCIETIES ) *AOTIC RA!R ?AN UNIT>Y DECISION-MAK+4 

,AS AN IMPORTANT ASIDE1 ,I W\LD *ALL5GE ! READ] TO ACCEPT *AOTIC ORGANIZATION AS A SUP]IOR =M1 EV5 ?\< WE >E USUALLY ONLY PRES5T$ ) A PEJORATIVE VISION ( *AOS4 ,9 UNIT>Y DECISION-MAK+1 AN 5TIRE POLITY MU/ ABIDE BY A S+LE DECISION1 OR !RE MU/ BE A CLE> HI]>*Y TO GOV]N & RANK ! DECISIONS MADE AT DIFF]5T LEVELS1 :E!R 9 A BUREAUCRATIC OR F$]ALI/IC SY/EM4 ,ALL GOV]NM5TS1 FROM FASCI/ DICTATOR%IPS TO DIRECT =MAL DEMOCRACIES1 %>E ! PR9CIPLE ( UNIT>Y DECISION-MAK+ & DISSEM9ATE ! ASSUMPTIONS ON :I* SU* DECISION-MAK+ IS BAS$4 ,*AOTIC DECISION-MAK+ FO/]S ! RECOGNITION ?AT SOCIETY CAN FUNCTION SPONTANE\SLY AS A DEC5TRALIZ$ NETWORK1 P]MITS CONFLICT AS A HEAL?Y =CE 9 \R LIVES1 5C\RAGES A MULTIPLICITY ( DECISION-MAK+ SPACES P]VAD+ ALL MOM5TS ( LIFE1 WELL BEYOND ! =MAL1 MASCUL9E SPH]E ( ! CONGRESS OR ! DICTAT1 & ALL[S DIFF]5T1 EV5 CONFLICT+1 DECISIONS TO BE MADE AT DIFF]5T PO9TS 9 ! HUMAN NETWORK1 :ILE 5C\RAG+ A COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS SO ALL DECISION-MAK]S CAN MAXIMIZE !IR 9TELLIG5CE & ACCORD+LY H>MONIZE4 ,HUMANS HAVE AN EVOLUTION>ILY TE/$ ABILITY TO UTILIZE *AOTIC DECISION-MAK+ AT A MACRO SCALE1 & ! ONLY PEOPLE :O DISPUTE ?IS >E ?OSE :O WI% TO P]MAN5TLY 9FANTILIZE !IR COMPATRIOTS SO AS TO CONTROL !M BY MONOPOLIZ+ DECISION-MAK+ 9 UNIT>Y /RUCTURES4 .<#a#g.> 

,9 FACT1 !SE TWO LOGICS ( COMMUNICATION1 *AOTIC & UNIT>Y1 >E MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 ,:5 A /ATE COMMUNICATES ) ANO!R SOCIETY1 IT IS 9T]E/$ 9 TRANSMITT+ ORD]S OR LEGISLAT+ AGREEM5TS1 NOT 9 CONTRIBUT+ ITS P]SPECTIVE TO ! MULTITUDE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! POPULATION ( A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY IS ALREADY ORGANIZ$1 9 SOME =M OR ANO!R1 9 ORD] TO BE RUL$1 :]EAS AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY IS 9 FACT ORGANIZ$1 TO V>Y+ EXT5TS1 SPECIFICALLY SO AS NOT TO BE RUL$4 ,! =MS ( ORGANIZATION >E NOT AT ALL--CONTR>Y TO CONV5TIONAL AN?ROPOLOGY--ORD]S ( COMPLEXITY ON AN EVOLUTION>Y SCALE2 RA!R !Y >E QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T & MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 ,!Y REPRES5T EI!R ! /RATEGIES ( ! RUL]S1 OR ! /RATEGIES ( ?OSE :O REFUSE TO BE RUL$4 

,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 A SCALE ( 9T5SITY AS REG>DS ! ABILITY ( A /ATE TO FOI/ HI]>*IES ON A TRADITIONALLY /ATELESS PEOPLE4 ,:5 AN 5CROA*+ /ATE HAS LESS DIRECT P[] 9 A REGION IT WI%ES TO CONQU]1 OR ! SOCIETY IT WI%ES TO CONQU] HAS FEW] 9/ITUTIONAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN 0H&LES0 TO MAKE USE (1 ! PROCESS IS DI/9CT1 AS IS ! RESI/ANCE TO ?IS PROCESS4 ,! ,BRITI% TRI$ TO APPO9T *IEFS AMONG ! HORIZONTAL ,*9 ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 & TO 9CREASE !IR PRE/IGE & AU?ORITY1 ! *IEFS1 SUBSIDIZ$ BY !IR P[]FUL ALLIES1 ?REW LAVI% FEA/S1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! FEA/+ CULTURE PREVAL5T 9 !IR SOCIETY4 ,9 RESPONSE1 A NEW CULT >OSE AMONG ! ,*9 ?AT 0REPUDIAT$ COMMUNITY FEA/S :ILE CONT9U+ ! TRADITION ( 9DIVIDUAL FEA/S ?AT S]V$ TO 9CREASE P]SONAL1 NOT *IEFLY1 /ATUS40 .<#a#h.> 

,9 ! 5D IT IS A MATT] ( COMMON S5SE4 ,A SOCIETY NE$S TO BE ACCU/OM$ TO HAV+ LEAD]S = A =EIGN P[] TO EFFECTIVELY BE ABLE TO APPO9T PUPPET RUL]S4 ,?OSE SOCIETIES ?AT ALREADY HAVE TRADITIONAL =MS ( HI]>*Y1 ?\< !SE MI<T NOT BE 5\< TO QUALIFY !M = /ATEHOOD1 >E MORE EASILY =C$ 9TO A /ATI/ LOGIC4 ,IF A /ATELESS PEOPLE HAS NO LOCAL1 TRADITIONAL =MS ( HI]>*Y ?AT CAN BE EXPLOIT$ BY A COLONIZ+ /ATE1 OR IF ! LOCAL LEAD]%IP--! POT5TIAL *IEFS--CLEAVE TO ! POPUL> VALUES ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM & AUTONOMY1 A COLONIZ+ /ATE HAS V]Y FEW POSSIBILITIES TO EXP& ITS CONTROL4 ,IT CAN EI!R ATTEMPT A POLICY ( G5OCIDE ?R\< EXT]M9ATION OR RESETTLEM5T1 OR ACCEPT ! AUTONOMY ( ! /ATELESS SOCIETY1 AT MO/ DEM&+ TRIBUTE1 A SORT ( BLACKMAIL BY :I* ! /ATELESS PEOPLE PRODUCES TRADE GOODS TO BUY REPRIEVE FROM PUNITIVE MILIT>Y ACTIONS4 

,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE CONT5T$ ITSELF ) TRIBUTE FROM ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES IT C\LD NOT CONQU]4 ,FR5* COLONIZATION 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA L>GELY FAIL$ TO 9DUCE ! DECID$LY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ,ALGONQUIAN TRIBES TO DEVELOP /ATE /RUCTURES4 ,9/EAD !Y S\<T TRIBUTE 9 ! =M ( ! FUR TRADE1 & OPT$ = SL[]1 LESS DRAMATIC =MS ( G5OCIDE--LIKE KIDNAPP+ NATIVE Y\? & =C+ !M 9TO ABUSIVE ,JESUIT S*OOLS :]E !Y W\LD HAVE TO ADOPT ! LANGUAGE & CULTURE ( ! COLONIZ]4 ,! MOD]N ,BOTSWANA /ATE USES =C$ RESETTLEM5T AGA9/ ! HORIZONTAL ,SAN HUNT]-GA!R]S4 ,EXAMPLES ( COLONIZ+ /ATES US+ TOTAL EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ RESOLUTELY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PEOPLES AB\ND1 SU* AS ! ,DUT* EXT]M9ATION ( ! NATIVES ( ! ,B&A ISL&S1 ! ,BRITI% G5OCIDE 9 ,TASMANIA1 OR ! REPEAT$ MASSACRES ( ,CALI=NIA NATIVES BY ,U,S SETTL]S4 

,PORTUGUESE & ,DUT* COLONIZATION ( ,CEYLON 7,SRI ,LANKA7 PROVIDES A GOOD EXAMPLE4 ,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ! ISL& WAS 9HABIT$ BY A PAT*WORK ( *IEFDOMS & K+DOMS--/ATELESS >EAS & WEAK /ATE P[]S--?AT W]E G5]ALLY NOT UNIFI$ 9 A S+LE POLITY4 ,! K+DOMS ( ,KOTTE1 ,JAFFNA1 ,RAIGAMA1 ,SITAWAKA1 & ,K&Y CONTE/$ = DOM9ANCE OR AT LEA/ TRIBUTE 9 ! WELL-KN[N CYCLE ( EMPIRE BUILD+ & COLLAPSE1 ) ! %IFT+ C5T]S ( P[] & AUTONOMY ?AT *>ACT]IZE E>LY /ATE-BUILD+ PROCESSES4 ,! /ATELESS1 FEUDAL >EAS ( ! ,VANNI *IEFDOMS 9 ! NOR? ( ! ISL& PAID TRIBUTE TO N[ ONE1 N[ ANO!R ( ! NEI<BOR+ /ATES 9 ! S\?4 ,OCCASIONALLY A MON>* W\LD CONQU] MULTIPLE K+DOMS OR EV5 UNITE ! :OLE ISL&1 BUT 9 G5]AL P[] WAS NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ & WAS NOT EASILY PASS$ ON FROM ONE RUL] TO ! NEXT1 SO ?AT ! EMPIRE R>ELY \TLIV$ ! EMP]OR4 

,NEI!R ! ,PORTUGUESE ,CR[N NOR ! ,V]E5IGDE ,OO/-9DIS*E ,COMPAGNIE 7,V,O,C7--! ,DUT* ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY--C\LD PROJECT ! MILIT>Y =CE NE$$ TO CONQU] ! ISL&4 ,9 FACT1 GU]RILLA RESI/ANCE ON ! ISL& DECIMAT$ MORE ?AN ONE ,EUROPEAN >MY4 ,FAC$ ) ?IS SITUATION1 ! ,PORTUGUESE & !N ! ,DUT* TRI$ TO PLAY DIFF]5T NATIVE K+DOMS (F AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 APPO9T+ CLI5T RUL]S :5EV] !Y C\LD4 ,) !IR NAVAL P[] & !IR ABILITY TO CONTROL TRADE1 ! ,PORTUGUESE W]E QUICKLY ABLE TO GA9 CONTROL OV] ! ,KOTTE K+DOM ) ! USE ( CLI5T & PUPPET RUL]S4 ,BUT /ATE-BUILD+ IS R>ELY A /RAI<T=W>D PROCESS4 ,KOTTE DEP5D5CY CAUS$ A BACKLA%1 ALL[+ ! ,SITAWAKA K+DOM TO TAKE OV] ITS T]RITORIES & CONTROL MO/ ( ! ISL&4 ,?IS POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION CAUS$ ANO!R BACKLA%1 & ! NEWLY CONQU]$ T]RITORIES REBELL$1 ALL[+ ! ,PORTUGUESE TO /EP 9 & REASS]T !IR CONTROL4 ,! TURN+ ( ! TABLES GAVE AN ADVANTAGE TO ! ,K&Y K+DOM1 /RATEGICALLY LOCAT$ 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! C\NTRY1 :]E IT 5JOY$ MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! ,DUT* ALLI$ ) ,K&Y TO SWEEP \T ! ,PORTUGUESE1 BUT NO SOON] HAD !Y WON ?AN !Y TURN$ ON !IR ]/:ILE P>TN]S4 

,READ]S CAN IMAG9E ! IMPACT ?IS PROCESS ( CONT9UAL W>F>E & TRADE HAD4 ,LOCAL ELITES1 UNLESS !Y W]E WILL+ TO GIVE UP !IR PRIVILEGES TO TAKE P>T 9 ! TOTAL LEVEL+ ( SOCIETY ?AT AN EFFECTIVE GU]RILLA RESI/ANCE W\LD REQUIRE1 HAD TO DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE W>-MAK+ HI]>*IES1 9V5T MORE EFFECTIVE ME*ANISMS ( DIPLOMACY & LEGITIMATION1 & 5GAGE 9 MORE 9T5SIVE =MS ( TRADE & PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE ! B>GA9+ P[] & ! IMPORT$ MILIT>Y H>DW>E ?AT W\LD ALL[ !M TO /AY 9 P[]4 ,EV5 ?\< ! ,PORTUGUESE & ! ,DUT* FAIL$ TO OCCUPY ! ISL& & IMPOSE DIRECT CONTROL1 !IR COMM]CIAL EMPIRES PR(IT$ & !IR /ATE-BUILD+ MISSION SUCCE$$4 ,AS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ALONG ! COA/ DEVELOP$ ON ,WE/]N L9ES1 9 #ahae ! ,BRITI% W]E ABLE TO CAPTURE ,CEYLON'S PREVI\SLY 9DOMITABLE GU]RILLA 9T]IOR )\T A FI<T4 ,! ,K&YAN >I/OCRATS SIGN$ A TREATY & CONS5T$ TO A ,BRITI% PROTECTORATE4 

,9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIES1 ! ,V,O,C E/ABLI%$ 0FACTORIES0 7REPRES5TATIVES ( ,5GLI% TRAD+ COMPANIES W]E KN[N AS 0FACTORS07 ?R\<\T ! >EAS :]E !Y TRI$ TO MONOPOLIZE TRADE4 ,!SE FACTORIES W]E =TIFI$ PORT SETTLEM5TS ) W>EH\SES1 B>RACKS1 ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S1 C\R?\SES1 PRISONS1 & O!R BUILD+S ?AT FULFILL$ ! JO9T FUNCTIONS ( COMM]CE & /ATE-BUILD+4 ,AT TIMES1 ! COLONIAL FACTORIES ALSO S]V$ AS PO9TS ( PRODUCTION = ! ASSEMBLY OR REF9EM5T ( TRADE GOODS4 

,/>T+ FROM !SE FACTORIES ! ,V,O,C OBTA9$ SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE OR EV5 OCCUPI$ T]RITORIES4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! ,V,O,C1 :I* WAS 9 ! ,NE!RL&S ONLY A TRADE COMPANY1 HAD REAL SOV]EIGNTY RI<TS 9 !SE T]RITORIES ( ! 0,EA/40 ,SO1 ! ,V,O,C HAD ! RI<T ( DECL>+ W> & CONCLUD+ A PEACE TREATY4 

,ALL ?IS IS DOM9AT$ BY TRADE1 NAMELY TO OBTA9 SPICES = ! L[E/ POSSIBLE PRICE4 ,= ?IS AIM1 CONTRACTS W]E SIGN$ ) NATIVE PR9CES4 ,9 SU* A CONTRACT WAS FIX$ ?AT SPICES ONLY %\LD BE DELIV]$ TO ! ,V,O,C4 ,9 EX*ANGE1 ! NATIVE RUL]S W]E MILIT>Y .<SIC.> SUPPORT$ BY ! ,V,O,C4 

,BY MUTUAL RIVALRY BETWE5 TWO PR9CES ! ,V,O,C (F]$ AID TO ONE ( !M1 MO/LY ! WEAKE/4 ,ONLY ) ! HELP ( ! ,V,O,C ?IS PR9CE C\LD GO ON FI<T+4 ,! ,V,O,C DIDN'T GIVE SO MU* SUPPORT ?AT HE REALLY C\LD W9 HIS W>4 ,SO HE WAS DEP5D5T4 ,HIS OPPON5T ALSO />T$ NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,V,O,C TO GET RID ( ! PROBLEMS4 ,BUT EV]Y K9D ( ,V,O,C SUPPORT HAD HIS .<SIC.> PRICE2 EXCLUSIVE DELIV]Y ( SPICES = A L[ PRICE4 .<#a#i.> 

,IF A PR9CE DIDN'T FULFILL HIS 0OBLIGATIONS0 7NOT FULFILL+ PRODUCTION QUOTAS OR ALL[+ SPICES TO BE SMUGGL$ \T TO O!R BUY]S7 !N A PUNITIVE EXP$ITION WAS ORGANIZ$4 

,AS COLONIZ]S ON DIFF]5T CONT95TS & 9 DIFF]5T C5TURIES HAVE LE>N$1 /ATE-BUILD+ IS 9DISP5SABLE = EFFECTIVE ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,! AG5TS ( COLONIZATION USE DIPLOMACY & COMM]CE1 ) A SYMBOLIC BATTLE OR MASSACRE ?R[N 9 TO DEMON/RATE !IR SUP]IORITY4 ,!Y MAKE ALLIANCES1 GIVE GIFTS1 PLAY LOCAL 5EMIES (F ONE ANO!R1 W9 TRAD+ P>TN]S1 FAVOR COMPLIANT LEAD]S OR REPRES5TATIVES1 KILL OR M>G9ALIZE DEFIANT ONES1 & GRADUALLY TRY TO BR+ !IR NEW ALLIES 9TO A CLI5T RELATION%IP1 SEEK+ !IR DEP5D5CE4 

,AS AN 5CROA*+ /ATE'S 9FLU5CE GR[S1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ITS APPO9T$ SPOKESP]SON )9 ! /ATELESS SOCIETY ALSO GR[S4 ,EV5 :5 ! /ATE DOES NOT OCCUPY ! /ATELESS SOCIETY & LACKS ! ABILITY TO RE/RUCTURE IT ON HI]>*ICAL L9ES1 AS MORE DECISIONS1 MORE RES\RCES1 & MORE =MS ( P[] FL[ ?R\< ! APPO9T$ *IEF OR SPOKESP]SON1 ! SYMBOLIC =CE ( !IR RELATION%IP ) ! EXT]NAL /ATE BEG9S TO \TWEI< ! SYMBOLIC =CE ( ! HORIZONTAL =MS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION ?AT >E BE+ ECLIPS$4 ,TO CL>IFY1 LEAD]S 9 NON-/ATE SOCIETIES HAD LITTLE OR NO CO]CIVE P[]1 & PLAY$ A FUNCTION )9 A L>GELY HORIZONTAL RELATION%IP ) ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,SPONSOR%IP BY AN \TSIDE /ATE 9VE/$ !M ) A NEW SYMBOLIC P[] & SUBV]T$ ! IDEA ( RECIPROCITY ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 BO? ! BASIS & ! LIMIT ( !IR AU?ORITY4 

,?IS IS NOT A CASE ( ONE /ATE SIMPLY EXP&+ ITSELF 9TO NEW T]RITORY & SUBJUGAT+ NEW CAPTIVES TO A HI]>*Y ( ITS [N CREATION4 ,IT IS 9 FACT ! =MATION ( A NEW /ATE ?AT (T5 FL[S \T ( A /RATEGY ( RESI/ANCE ( ! /ATELESS SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN CALL IT ! RELUCTANT CLI5T /ATE4 ,:5 A /ATELESS SOCIETY COMES 9TO CONTACT ) A /ATE ?AT IS 9T]E/$ 9 E/ABLI%+ AN EXPLOITATIVE RELATION%IP1 IT IS NOT UNCOMMON = MEMB]S ( ! /ATELESS SOCIETY TO 5T] 9TO A LIMIT$ RELATION%IP1 HOP+ TO ACQUIRE SOME MAT]IAL GA9S 7R>E TRADE GOODS OR BETT] WEAPONS1 = EXAMPLE7 :ILE KEEP+ ! =EIGN /ATE AT >M'S L5G?4 ,RA!R ?AN 9VIT+ =EIGN /ATE AG5TS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! HORIZONTAL SOCIAL LIFE1 !Y ACCEPT ! APPO9TM5T ( AN 9T]M$I>Y :O W\LD SEEK TO >RANGE FAVORABLE DEALS :ILE LIMIT+ CONTACT4 ,BUT AS ! =EIGN /ATE'S PRES5CE 9CREASES1 & !IR ABILITY TO LEV]AGE DEM&S OR DIFF]5T =MS ( BLACKMAIL GR[S1 ! 9T]M$I>Y 9CREAS+LY HAS TO WORK ON BEHALF ( ! /ATE'S 9T]E/S1 & !Y EX]CISE A GR[+ AM\NT ( P[] 9 !IR [N SOCIETY4 ,!Y BECOME ! CA?ODE ?AT GALVANIZES A NEW /ATE1 EMPLOY+ HELP]S TO ORGANIZE ! 9T5SIFY+ EXPLOITATION DEM&$ BY ! =EIGN /ATE1 & EV5TUALLY ORGANIZ+ A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS UND] !IR [N CONTROL SO !Y DO NOT HAVE TO RELY ON ! (T5-OBTUSE MILIT>Y =CE ( ! =EIGN /ATE4 

,9 ! ,U,S COLONIZATION ( ! ,GREAT ,PLA9S1 TRADE PO/S PLAY$ A VITAL ROLE4 ,(T5 ACCEPT$ BY AUTONOM\S NATIONS AS A WAY TO M9IMIZE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 5CROA*+ /ATE :ILE AVAIL+ !MSELVES ( ! B5EFITS ( TRADE1 ! TRADE PO/S BECAME ! NUCLEI >\ND :I* A 0RES]VATION0 7CONC5TRATION CAMP7 W\LD BE CON/ITUT$4 ,TRAD] 5VOYS 7(T5 ( MIX$ DESC5T7 & NATIVE POLICE =CES PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ?IS PROCESS1 :I* 9V>IABLY L$ TO ! APPO9TM5T--BY ! BUREAUCRACIES 9 ,WA%+TON--( A TRIBAL GOV]NM5T4 

,) A LITTLE BIT ( PRESSURE1 ! LOGIC ( ! /ATE 9FILTRATES ! /ATELESS SOCIETY1 :E!R ?AT SOCIETY IS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T OR AN 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,:AT APPE>$ TO BE ! EASI] PA? ( /ATE AVOIDANCE BECOMES ! PA? ( /ATE =MATION4 

,A SIMIL> PROCESS *>ACT]IZES AT LEA/ A P>T ( ! /ATE =MATION ?AT WAS TRIGG]$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN SLAVE TRADE 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA4 ,= ! P]IOD ( ! ,TRIANGUL> ,TRADE1 ,EUROPEAN /ATES HAD NEI!R ! MILIT>Y RES\RCES NOR ! POLITICAL WILL TO 5GAGE 9 A :OLESALE OCCUPATION ( ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T4 ,MO/ ( ! /ATES ?AT =M$ 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA BE=E ! ,B]L9 ,CONF]5CE ( #ahhd W]E NOT ! DIRECT CREATION ( ,EUROPEAN COLONIZ]S4 ,RA!R1 ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S1 ) OR )\T ! DIRECT 9VOLVEM5T ( !IR /ATES1 C>RI$ \T PUNITIVE RAIDS AGA9/ ,WE/ ,AFRICAN COMMUNITIES & !N 5TIRE NATIONS ?AT W\LD NOT HELP !M CAPTURE PEOPLE TO BE EXPORT$ AS SLAVES4 ,!Y ALSO 5GAG$ 9 MILIT>Y ACTION TO KEEP COA/AL COMMUNITIES FROM C5TRALIZ+ OR BECOM+ TOO /RONG1 5SUR+ ?AT !Y C\LD IMPOSE FAVORABLE TRADE T]MS4 ,AFRICAN 9T]M$I>IES TRI$ TO GET ! BE/ B>GA9 = GUNS & O!R TOOLS1 :ILE TRY+ TO M9IMIZE ! IMPACT ON !IR LOCAL SOCIETY4 ,! CO/ ( ! DEAL WAS PASS$ (F ONTO NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES1 FROM :OM SLAVES W]E TAK5 ) ! AID ( ,EUROPEAN WEAPONRY4 

,! COMPETITION BETWE5 DIFF]5T NATIONS TO AVOID ! WOR/ ( A RAW ECONOMIC DEAL IMPOS$ BY =EIGN /ATES L$ TO AN EXPLOSION ( /ATE =MATION 9 ,WE/ & ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA4 ,9T]M$I>IES (T5 BECAME ! POLES >\ND :I* NEW /ATES =M$4 ,BECAUSE SU* 9T]M$I>IES CAME FROM PRIVILEG$ /RATA 9 PREEXI/+ NON-CO]CIVE HI]>*IES1 !Y W]E ABLE TO ADAPT SU* HI]>*IES TO ! NEW CO]CIVE1 /ATI/ LOGIC4 ,OLD P[] RELATIONS W]E ]OD$1 BUT OLD =MS W]E PRES]V$ 9 APPE>ANCE4 

,MANY /ATELESS SOCIETIES 9 ,AFRICA HAD WEAK HI]>*IES UNIT+ 5TIRE NATIONS AT ! TIME ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS />T$ >RIV+4 ,?OSE :OM ! ,PORTUGUESE1 & LAT] ,DUT*1 ,FR5*1 & ,5GLI%1 CLASSIFI$ AS K+S W]E (T5 RELIGI\S OR MILIT>Y FIGURES :O PLAY$ A RITUAL OR DEF5SIVE ROLE = ! :OLE NATION1 BUT :O HAD NO P[] OV] SIMPLE VILLAGE *IEFS & C\NCILS1 & NO AU?ORITY 9 ! DAILY LIFE ( PEOPLE \TSIDE ! 0ROYAL0 C\RT4 ,SU* LEAD]S MI<T HAVE PR]OGATIVES 9 TRADE & NEGOTIATION ) NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES1 & SO !Y BECAME 9T]M$I>IES & ORGANIZ]S 9 ! GR[+ TRADE ( IVORY1 GOLD1 & SLAVES4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! ,A%ANTI /ATE1 P[] D]IV$ FROM TRADE ) ! ,EUROPEANS ALL[$ ! ROYAL C\RT TO E/ABLI% A BUREAUCRACY & RULE ! VILLAGES 9 A HI]>*ICAL *A9 ( COMM&1 ) APPO9T$ (FICIALS :OSE AU?ORITY CAME TO SUP]S$E ?AT ( ! *IEFS4 ,A%ANTI ACQUISITION ( FIRE>MS ?R\< TRADE ) ! ,DUT*1 & ! ROYAL ORGANIZATION ( A DISCIPL9$1 PR(ESSIONAL >MY1 ALL[$ ! ,A%ANTI TO CONQU] NEI<BOR+ SOCIETIES & EXP& !IR T]RITORY DRAMATICALLY4 ,(F5SIVE W>F>E1 9 TURN1 ALL[$ !M TO KIDNAP MORE PEOPLE & SELL !M 9TO SLAV]Y4 

,9 ! ,DAHOMEY K+DOM1 ACCESS TO FIRE>MS ALSO ALL[$ A ROYAL >MY CONTROLL$ BY A SUPREME LEAD] TO A*IEVE A MAJOR T]RITORIAL EXPANSION4 ,! K+'S PR]OGATIVE ( CONTROL OV] TRADE ALL[$ HIM TO %>PLY 9CREASE HIS P[] OV] ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,TRADITIONAL =MS ( W>F>E W]E TRANS=M$ AS W> CAPTIVES W]E N[ SOLD 9TO SLAV]Y1 EX*ANG$ = GUNS4 ,IT WAS ! K+ & HIS RETA9]S :O MONOPOLIZ$ ! NEW FIRE>MS & ALL[$ !M TO SUBORD9ATE ! C\NCILS & O!R P[]-%>+ ME*ANISMS ?AT W]E TYPICAL 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES PRIOR TO ! EFFECTS ( ! ,ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE4 ,! ,DAHOMEY ALSO EXCELL$ 9 ANO!R IMPORTANT TACTIC ( /ATE-BUILD+3 ! SUPPRESSION ( LOCAL CU/OMS & SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 CONQU]$ T]RITORIES4 .<#b.> 

,! ,OYO EMPIRE WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,WE/ ,AFRICAN /ATES ( ! P]IOD4 ,BE=E ! SLAVE TRADE HAD BEGUN TO WREAK ITS WOR/ EFFECTS1 ! ,OYO W]E ALREADY A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ) A SUPREME LEAD] AID$ BY SUB-*IEFS1 ?\< :E!R !Y C\LD BE DEF9$ AS A /ATE IS DEBATABLE2 = EXAMPLE1 ! SUB-*IEFS C\LD EX]CISE A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( P[] OV] ! P>AM\NT RUL]4 ,>\ND #a#e#c#e1 ! ,NUPE 9VAD$1 SACK+ ! CAPITAL & =C+ ! ROYAL FAMILY TO FLEE 9TO EXILE4 ,! ,NUPE W]E A /ATELESS PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ 9 A CONF$]ATION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ VILLAGES1 BUT REC5TLY UNIT$ BY A S+LE MILIT>Y LEAD]1 ,TSO$E1 :O HAD BE5 LIV+ ) ! ROYAL FAMILY ( A NEI<BOR+ SOCIETY1 & :O RETURN$ BE>+ SYMBOLS ( LEAD]%IP4 ,! ,NUPE 5JOY$ A MILIT>Y ADVANTAGE [+ TO !IR DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE & !IR USE ( CAVALRY4 ,! ,OYO ROYALS SP5T EI<TY YE>S 9 EXILE1 PRESUMABLY DREAM+ & S*EM+ ( RETURN+ TO P[]4 ,:5 !Y F9ALLY RECOV]$ !IR PRIOR T]RITORY & CON/RUCT$ A NEW CAPITAL1 !Y ORGANIZ$ A MORE C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T & ADOPT$ ! MILIT>Y USE ( CAVALRY4 ,?IS ACT ( /ATE =MATION CAME JU/ 9 TIME = ! ,OYO /ATE TO B5EFIT FROM ! SLAVE TRADE1 :I* IT DID IMM5SELY1 5JOY+ NE> CONT9U\S SUCCESS AS AN EXPANSIVE1 MILIT>I/ /ATE4 ,?IS WAS ALSO A SURVIVAL /RATEGY4 ,WE/ ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES ?AT DID NOT TURN TO AGGRESSIVE SLAVE-RAID+ W]E DEPOPULAT$ TO ! PO9T ( EXT9CTION BY ! VORACI\S ,EUROPEAN SLAV]S & !IR PROXIES4 

,9T5SIVE1 BLOODY TRADE & CON/ANT W>F>E 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA W]E ! +R$I5TS ?AT FUEL$ /ATE =MATION ON ! CONT95T1 ! PLANTATION ECONOMY 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 & 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,CAPITALISM HAD GONE GLOBAL4 

,BUT NOT ALL HI]>*ICAL ,WE/ ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES SEIZ$ ON ! SLAVE TRADE AS A MOTOR = /ATE-=MATION4 ,! ,B59 K+DOM OR MEGACOMMUNITY1 :I* SOME AN?ROPOLOGI/S >GUE DID NOT CON/ITUTE A /ATE 7SEE ,*APT] ,V,I,I71 TRI$ TO DISC\RAGE SLAV+4 ,!Y LIMIT$ TRADE ) ! ,EUROPEANS TO PEPP]1 IVORY1 & TEXTILES4 0,EV5TUALLY ,EUROPEAN PRESSURE & ! GOALS ( ! ,B59 NOBILITY COMB9$ TO G5]ATE A SIGNIFICANT SLAVE TRADE 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 BUT ,B59 NEV] MADE ! SLAVE TRADE ITS PRIM>Y S\RCE ( REV5UE OR /ATE POLICY40 .<#b#a.> 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ! SLAVE TRADE WAS NOT UNI=M ACROSS ,AFRICA4 ,9 ! ,CONGO BAS91 F> FROM ! ,EUROPEAN SLAVE =TS1 LOCAL POPULATIONS W]E NOT AS PRESSUR$ BY NASC5T CAPITALISM'S GR[+ APPETITE = LABOR AS W]E ! SOCIETIES F>!R WE/1 & ! SLAVE TRADE WAS NOT SO 9T5SE AS TO PRES5T A ?REAT ( LIQUIDATION4 ,9 FACT ! LOCALS DID NOT 5T] 9TO DIRECT CONTACT ) ,EUROPEAN OR ,>AB-,SWAHILI SLAVE TRAD]S & EXPLOR]S UNTIL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,/ATES 9 ! BAS9 DID NOT FACE AN URG5T NE$ TO GR[ 9 MILIT>Y P[] VIS-A-VIS !IR NEI<BORS1 NOR WAS !RE A PRON\NC$ 9FLUX 9 WEAPONRY4 ,/ATE ELITES 9 ! ,CONGO BAS9 C\LD COM=TABLY F9ANCE !MSELVES BY SELL+ W> CAPTIVES TO ,EUROPEAN OR ,>AB-,SWAHILI TRAD]S1 !RE=E DECREAS+ !IR NE$ TO EXPLOIT !IR SUBJECT POPULATION4 .<#b#b.> ,9 FACT1 ! MORE 9VOLV$ A ,CONGO BAS9 /ATE WAS 9 ! SLAVE TRADE1 ! LESS DEVELOP$ ITS 9T]NAL HI]>*IES & SY/EMS ( EXPLOITATION4 

,UND]/&+ LOCAL COMPLICITY ) ! 9T]NATIONAL SLAVE TRADE ALSO REQUIRES US TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 DIFF]5T P>ADIGMS ( SLAV]Y4 ,EV5 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 :ITE PROPON5TS ( ! SLAVE TRADE JU/IFI$ !IR SY/EMATIC PR(IT+ (F ( G5OCIDE & TORTURE ) ! >GUM5T ?AT SLAV]Y WAS ALREADY PRACTIC$ 9 ,AFRICA1 OR ?AT EV5 BE=E ,EUROPEAN CONTACT1 ONE-?IRD OR #e P]C5T ( ! POPULATION 9 SU*-&-SU* SOCIETY W]E SLAVES4 ,?IS IS A CONFUSION GO+ BACK AT LEA/ TO ,ROMAN TIMES1 :5 ,TACITUS--US$ TO ! BRUTAL *ATTEL SLAV]Y ( HIS [N EMPIRE--WROTE ?AT ! ,G]MANIC TRIBES ALSO PRACTIC$ SLAV]Y4 ,9 SOCIETIES ) A W>RIOR CLASS1 !RE FREQU5TLY ALSO EXI/$ A CLASS ( DEP5D5TS4 ,!SE MI<T BE W> CAPTIVES1 OA? BREAK]S1 OR PEOPLE :O DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 W>F>E4 ,9 SOME SOCIETIES SU* DEP5D5TS C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD1 BUT 9 G5]AL !Y HAD RI<TS ?AT MI<T 9CLUDE PROHIBITIONS ON BEAT+S & SEV]E PUNI%M5TS1 ON ! BREAK+ UP ( FAMILIES1 & GU>ANTEES TO FOOD1 H\S+1 RELIGI\S FRE$OM1 & DIGNITY4 ,MA/]S ALSO HAD AN OBLIGATION TO PROTECT !IR DEP5D5TS4 ,9 MANY ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES1 MA/]S & SO-CALL$ SLAVES WORK$ SIDE BY SIDE 9 ! FIELDS & 5JOY$ R\<LY EQUAL LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,US+ ! SAME WORD TO REF] TO ?IS K9D ( S]VITUDE & TO ! MURD]\S1 TOTALIT>IAN *ATTEL SLAV]Y ( ! ,EUROPEANS IS COMPLETELY MISLEAD+ & 9APPROPRIATE4 ,LET'S USE ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,WAGE LABOR CAN ACCURATELY BE DESCRIB$ AS A K9D ( SLAV]Y3 A UNIV]SAL SLAV]Y 9 :I* AUTONOMY1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 OR RUNN+ AWAY >E IMPOSSIBLE1 & ! CONDITIONS ( SLAV]Y >E ONLY MITIGAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! SLAVES HAVE ! RI<T TO HIRE !MSELVES \T TO O!R MA/]S4 ,9 \R SOCIETY1 !N1 SOME #ie P]C5T ( ! POPULATION >E SLAVES4 ,! PRIOR EXI/5CE ( DEP5D5TS 9 ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES 9 NO WAY *ANGES ! FACT ?AT ! ,ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE CON/ITUT$ A G5OCIDAL 9T]RUPTION TO !IR WAYS ( LIFE1 JU/ AS \R PRACTICE ( WAGE SLAV]Y W\LD NOT MAKE IT ANY LESS BRUTAL = AN ALI5 CIVILIZATION TO C>T AWAY HALF \R POPULATION = =C$ LABOR ON AN A/]OID COLONY4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ?REATS ( EXT]M9ATION FIR/ FROM ,5GLI% SLAV]S & COLONIZ]S & !N FROM ,U,S SETTL]S1 ! ,*]OKEE MADE A NUMB] ( 9ITIAL /EPS T[>DS /ATE =MATION BE=E 9TEGRAT+ !MSELVES AS SUBJECTS ( ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT BE=E COLONIZATION1 ! ,*]OKEE HAD ALREADY EXP]I5C$ AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,ORAL HI/ORIES & S*OL>%IP BO? SUGGE/ A POPUL> REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,ANI-KUTANI1 A H]$IT>Y PRIE/LY CLASS ?AT1 ?\< NOT CON/ITUT+ A /ATE1 HELD A NUMB] ( PRIVILEGES4 ,BE=E ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,*]OKEE PRIE/S HAD TAK5 ON A DIFF]5T FUNCTION AS M$IC9E M51 ACC$+ TO ! (FICE NOT ?R\< 9H]ITANCE BUT BY HAV+ !IR P]SONAL ABILITIES RECOGNIZ$ BY ! COMMUNITY4 .<#b#c.> 

,AFT] ! ,BRITI% DECIMAT$ ! 9DIG5\S OPPOSITION TO ! ,VIRG9IA COLONY1 !Y IMPLEM5T$ AN EXT5SIVE CAMPAIGN TO SIGN ALLIANCES ) 9DIG5\S GR\PS1 :OM !Y US$ AS AG5TS ( ECONOMIC PRODUCTION & AS PROXY =CES TO FI<T ! ,FR5* = DOM9ANCE ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! ,*]OKEE ACCEPT$ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,BRITI%1 SELL+ !M DE]SK9S & SLAVES & FI<T+ AGA9/ ,FR5* PROXIES LIKE ! ,%AWNEE4 ,BY ! MID-EI<TE5? C5TURY1 POPULATION PRESSURES & L& 5CROA*M5TS BY ! SETTL]S CAUS$ ! ALLIANCE TO BREAK D[N1 & ! ,*]OKEE F\<T A S]IES ( W>S1 FIR/ AGA9/ ! ,BRITI% & LAT] AGA9/ ! NEW ,AM]ICAN /ATE4 ,BE=E !SE W>S1 ,5GLI% TRAD]S & GOV]NM5T (FICIALS HAD FREQU5TLY TRI$ TO APPO9T LEAD]S OR EV5 0EMP]ORS0 TO ! ,*]OKEE PEOPLE1 BUT ! ,*]OKEE RESI/$ & RETA9$ !IR DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE1 ) COMMUNAL L& HOLD+S1 AUTONOM\S VILLAGES1 & ELECT$ LEAD]S ) /RICTLY LIMIT$ P[]S4 ,AFT] BE+ CONCLUSIVELY DEFEAT$ BY ! ,5GLI% & ,AM]ICANS1 & ) DISPOSSESSION & =CIBLE RESETTLEM5T ON ! RISE 7BUT /ILL BE=E ! ,TRAIL ( ,TE>S71 ! ,*]OKEE OPT$ = A /RATEGY ( ACCULTURATION4 ,?IS WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 A CONS5SUS POSITION3 A B& L$ BY ,DRAGG+ ,CANOE E/ABLI%$ ELEV5 T[NS ON ! ,*ICKAMAUGA ,CREEK & F\<T A GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ ! SETTL]S FROM #aggf TO #a#g#i#d4 

,GEORGE ,WA%+TON1 ! GREATE/ L&LORD & SLAVE[N] ( ! ,VIRG9IA COLONY & FIR/ PRESID5T ( ! NEW ,AM]ICAN /ATE1 5C\RAG$ ! ASSIMILATIONI/ ,*]OKEE TO GIVE UP COMMUNAL L& T5URE4 ,!Y ADOPT$ ,EUROPEAN ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 MODIFI$ !IR TRADITIONAL G5D] DIVISIONS1 9VIT$ ,*RI/IAN MISSION>IES TO CONV]T !M1 & E/ABLI%$ A GOV]NM5T 9 #a#g#h#h4 ,!IR FIR/ ?REE LEAD]S1 UP UNTIL #a#h#b#g1 W]E ALL RESI/ANCE FIGURES :O HAD F\<T ALONGSIDE ! FAM\S ,DRAGG+ ,CANOE4 ,9 #a#h#b#a1 ! REC5TLY /ATI/ ,*]OKEE W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 DEFEAT+ ! 9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,CREEK ,W>1 H&+ A VICTORY AT ,HORSE%OE ,B5D TO ,G5]AL ,&REW ,JACKSON1 ! V]Y MAN :O AS PRESID5T W\LD =CE !M ONTO ! ,TRAIL ( ,TE>S A FEW YE>S LAT]4 ,! /ATI/ ,*]OKEE PRACTIC$ SLAV]Y1 OP]AT$ BUS9ESSES1 & 5GAG$ 9 COMM]CE4 ,9 #a#h#b#g1 !Y ADOPT$ A CON/ITUTION MODEL$ ON ! ,U,S DOCUM5T1 ) TWO-TI]$ LEGISLATURE & ?REE BRAN*ES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS WOR? PO9T+ \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE CULTURAL *ANGES W]E MO/ PRON\NC$ AMONG ! ASC5DANT ,*]OKEE ELITE4 ,! MAJORITY F\<T = & PRES]V$ TRADITIONAL WAYS ( LIFE1 UNTIL & AFT] ! ,9DIAN ,REMOVAL ,ACT ( #ahc =CIBLY EVICT$ !M4 .<#b#d.> 

,IT IS CURI\S TO NOTE ?AT 9 ! FIR/ TWO C5TURIES ( CONTACT BETWE5 ! ,*]OKEE & ! ,5GLI%1 MO/ ( ! ,EUROPEANS :O 9TEGRAT$ !MSELVES 9 ,*]OKEE SOCIETY W]E ,SCOTS1 & SECOND>ILY ,IRI% & ,G]MANS1 :]EAS ! SETTL]S MO/ NOTORI\S = 5CROA*+ ON ,*]OKEE L&S W]E ,SCOTS-,IRI% FROM ,UL/]4 ,! ,SCOTS-,IRI% W]E ORIG9ALLY ,SCOTTI% SETTL]S :OM ! ,5GLI% ,CR[N RESETTL$ AS P>T ( A /RATEGY ( /ATE-=MATION 9 HI/ORICALLY AN>*IC ,IREL&4 ,! ,SCOTS & ! ,IRI% W]E PEOPLE :O HAD HI/ORICALLY RESI/$ /ATE =MATION2 MEAN:ILE 9 ,G]MANY !RE W]E A GREAT MANY PEASANTS SUFF]+ FROM PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION & ! LATE IMPOSITION ( A MOD]N /ATE4 ,PROCESSES ( /ATE =MATION OR /ATE RESI/ANCE CREATE CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT CAN LA/ OV] C5TURIES & AFFECT :E!R OR NOT PEOPLE FACILITATE OR RESI/ /ATE P[]4 

,! ,MUSKOGEE ,NATION ( S\!A/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA FAC$ A SIMIL> PROCESS ( COLONIZATION4 ,A P>T ( ! ,MUSKOGEE CLUNG TO PEACEFUL RESI/ANCE & NEGOTIATIONS :ILE O!RS TOOK TO GU]RILLA RESI/ANCE TO TRY TO 5D 5CROA*M5T ON !IR L&S4 ,SETTL]S PRACTIC$ G5OCIDAL TACTICS1 LIKE SLAU<T]+ ALL ! DE] TO />VE \T ! ,MUSKOGEE HUNT]S4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ! ,MUSKOGEE W]E P>TIALLY ACCULTURAT$4 ,RELATIONS ) ! EXP&+ /ATE HAD CREAT$ A 0PRIVILEG$ CLASS .<?AT.> WAS DEP5D5T ON !IR COLONIAL MA/]S = !IR P]SONAL WEAL?40 ,ROXANNE ,DUNB>-,ORTIZ WRITES3 

,?IS SMALL ELITE 9 ! ,S\!A/ EMBRAC$ ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ,AFRICANS1 & A FEW EV5 BECAME AFFLU5T PLANT]S 9 ! /YLE ( S\!RN PLANT]S1 MA9LY ?R\< 9T]M>RIAGE ) ,ANGLOS4 ,! TRAD+ PO/S E/ABLI%$ BY ,U,S M]*ANTS FUR!R DIVID$ ,MUSKOGEE SOCIETY1 PULL+ MANY DEEPLY 9TO ! ,U,S ECONOMY ?R\< DEP5D5CY & DEBT4 .<444.>,?IS ME?OD ( COLONIZATION BY CO-OPTATION & DEBT PROV$ EFFECTIVE :]EV] EMPLOY$ BY COLONIAL P[]S 9 ! WORLD1 BUT ONLY :5 IT WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY EXTREME VIOL5CE AT ANY SIGN ( 9DIG5\S 9SURG5CY4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MOV$ ACROSS ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 ?IS MANN]4 ,:ILE MO/ ,MUSKOGEES CONT9U$ TO FOLL[ !IR TRADITIONAL DEMOCRATIC WAYS 9 !IR VILLAGES1 ! ELITE ,MUSKOGEES W]E MAK+ DECISIONS & COMPROMISES ON !IR BEHALF ?AT W\LD BE> TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES = !M ALL4 .<#b#e.> 

,! ,RICKAHOK5 ( C5TRAL ,VIRG9IA PROVIDE AN EV5 MORE TRAGIC EXAMPLE4 ,DEFEAT$ 9 AN E>LY W> AGA9/ ! ,VIRG9IA COLONY ALONG ) O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,PO:ATAN CONF$]ACY1 !Y RESORT$ TO AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,BRITI%4 ,9 EX*ANGE = WEAPONS & P]MISSION FROM ! ,CR[N TO CONT9UE EXI/+1 !Y HAD TO PROVIDE ! ,BRITI% ) TOBACCO & SLAVES4 ,IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,RICKAHOK5 DECIMAT$ ! ,%ANANTOAH 7:O LIV$ 9 ! VALLEY NAM$ AFT] !M1 ! ,%5&OAH7 SOME TIME AFT] ! #a#f#fS1 :5 A ,G]MAN-,CZE* EXPLOR] F\ND ! VALLEY TO BE HEAVILY POPULAT$4 ,P]HAPS ! ,RICKAHOK5 !MSELVES RESETTL$ ! >EA1 BECAUSE 9 #age ANO!R :ITE 9VAD] REPORT$ ! VALLEY TO BE SO D5SELY POPULAT$ BY 0,TOBACCO ,9DIANS0 ?AT !RE W]E NO REMA9+ SITES = SETTLEM5T4 ,CURI\SLY1 JU/ TWELVE YE>S LAT]1 ,LT4 ,GOV]NOR ,ALEX&] ,SPOTSWOOD L$ A P>TY ( PATRICIANS--L& SPECULATORS & SURVEYORS--OV] ! ,BLUE ,RIDGE ,M\NTA9S & 9TO AN EMPTY ,%5&OAH ,VALLEY1 :I* !Y DIVID$ UP AS PLANN$4 ,H[ DID HE KN[ !Y W\LD F9D ! >EA DEPOPULAT$8 ,IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT 9 ! PREC$+ YE>S1 ! ,RICKAHOK51 DI/RU/+ !IR GRE$Y ALLIES 9 ! ,VIRG9IA COLONY & FLEE+ W>F>E 9 ! 9CREAS+LY VOLATILE ,APPALA*IAN CORRIDOR1 TOOK REFUGE ) ! ,HURON 9 ! F> NOR?4 ,! HI/ORY TEXTBOOKS 7( ! SETTL] /ATE ?AT GREW \T ( ,VIRG9IA & ! O!R COLONIES7 T5D NOT TO M5TION ?IS COMPLEX SET ( CONFLICTS1 9/EAD ASSUR+ !IR READ]S ?AT ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S F\ND ! ,%5&OAH ,VALLEY UN9HABIT$4 

,ALL ( !SE PROCESSES ( G5OCIDE1 EA* ) DIFF]5T RESULTS1 >E /&>D EFFECTS ( ! EXT5SION ( /ATE P[]4 ,! EXTREME DISP>ITY 9 MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGIES ALL[$ ,EUROPEANS TO CREATE SETTL] /ATES1 5SLAV+1 DEPOPULAT+1 & REPOPULAT+ ! T]RITORIES !Y CONQU]$4 ,H[EV]1 ! E>LI] /AGES ( ?IS PROCESS %[ H[ AN AGGRESSIVE /ATE CAN CAUSE ITS /ATELESS NEI<BORS TO EI!R =M !IR [N /ATES 9 ! HOPES ( SECUR+ AN ALLIANCE1 OR TO 5GAGE 9 REBELLION1 FLI<T1 & DEF5SIVE W>F>E1 POT5TIALLY UND]GO+ AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,EV5 ! MO/ PEACEFUL1 TRADE- OR CONV]SION-ORI5T$ /ATES1 SEEK+ TO MA9TA9 RELATIONS ) O!R POPULATIONS1 HAVE SOMETIMES 5D$ UP DISRUPT+ !IR NEW NEI<BORS TO ! PO9T ( DE/ROY+ !M4 ,ALL /ATES VIEW /ATELESS POPULATIONS AS POT5TIAL PROP]TY1 & D5Y !IR FUNDAM5TAL RI<T TO EXI/4 0,WE HAD TO DE/ROY ! VILLAGE 9 ORD] TO SAVE IT10 ?AT PHRASE ( BUREAUCRATIC 9SANITY FROM ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 EXPRESSES ! /ATI/ M5TALITY 9 ! MO/ LUCID1 LOGICAL WAY POSSIBLE4 

,NEGOTIATION ) A /ATE T5DS TO RESULT 9 DOM9ATION1 :E!R ! =M ?AT TAKES IS 9CLUSION 9 EXPLOITATIVE TRADE NETWORKS1 IMP]IAL ANNEXATION1 OR TOTAL ANNIHILATION4 ,TRUE 9DEP5D5CE FROM /ATES CAN ONLY COME ?R\< W>F>E4 

,9 ,SUR9AME1 ,JAMAICA1 & ,HAITI1 ,AFRICANS RUNN+ AWAY FROM 5SLAVEM5T BY ! ,DUT*1 ,BRITI%1 ,SPANI%1 OR ,FR5*1 & B&+ TOGE!R TO =M COMMUNITIES ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! M\NTA9S & =E/S =M$ A NUMB] ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES4 ,MANY ( !SE GR\PS W]E FIRMLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,AFT] FAIL+ TO SUBDUE ,SUR9AME'S ,BONI M>OONS 9 A GU]RILLA W> ?AT LA/$ #ae YE>S1 ! ,DUT* TRI$ CIVILIZ+ !M BY SIGN+ TREATIES PROMIS+ PEACE IF ! M>OON COMMUNITIES W\LD HELP HUNT D[N & RECAPTURE SLAVES :O ESCAP$ !NCE=?4 ,! MANEUV] FAIL$1 & TODAY SEV5TY ?\S& DESC5DANTS ( ! 0BU% M>OONS0 /ILL LIVE 9 RELATIVE AUTONOMY 9 ,SUR9AME4 

,! ,5GLI% HAD A LITTLE MORE SUCCESS ON ,JAMAICA1 BUT !Y ALSO 5D$ UP FI<T+ GU]RILLA W>S = A HUNDR$ YE>S AGA9/ ! M>OON COMMUNITIES ?AT BEGAN TO =M !RE 9 ! #a#f#eS4 ,! MO/ NOT$ RESI/ANCE FIGURE ( ! ,W9DW>D ,M>OONS1 :O W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN FA%ION1 WAS ,GRANNY ,NANNY4 ,! ,LEEW>D ,M>OONS1 ON ! WE/ SIDE ( ! ISL&1 W]E ORGANIZ$ HI]>*ICALLY4 ,!IR LEAD]S W]E M51 ! MO/ FAM\S ( :OM WAS NAM$ ,KODJO4 ,IT WAS ! ,W9DW>D ,M>OONS :O RESI/$ SIGN+ PEACE TREATIES ) ! ,5GLI% ! LONGE/4 ,AFT] SIGN+ ! TREATIES1 ! M>OONS ON ,JAMAICA W]E OBLIG$ TO HELP ! ,BRITI% RETURN NEWLY ESCAP$ SLAVES & SUPPRESS SLAVE REBELLIONS1 9 RETURN = PEACE & P>TIAL AUTONOMY4 ,! ,BRITI% ?US =C$ ! M>OONS TO ACCEPT A K9D ( BORD]1 A DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! M>OON CITIZ5S1 :O W]E 5TITL$ TO ! RI<T ( FRE$OM1 & ! COLONIAL SUBJECTS1 GOV]N$ BY ,BRITI% SLAVE LAWS4 ,! BORD] WAS A FIR/ /EP T[>DS CREAT+ DI/9CT NATIONALITIES1 5D+ ! SUBV]SIVE HOSPITALITY ) :I* ! M>OONS HAD PREVI\SLY WELCOM$ ALL RUNAWAYS 9TO !IR COMMUNITY4 ,9 ! 5D1 :AT WAS MO/ IMPORTANT = ! ,BRITI% WAS NOT TO REASS]T CONTROL OV] SPECIFIC PEOPLE OR A SPECIFIC T]RITORY1 BUT TO CLOSE AN OP5 SPACE 9 :I* !IR DIVISIONS ( RACE1 NATIONALITY1 & CLASS LO/ ALL MEAN+4 

,! MO/ DRAMATIC EXAMPLE ( M>OON RESI/ANCE COMES FROM ,HAITI4 ,9 ! #a#g#eS1 ,MACK&AL L$ A GR\P ( 5SLAV$ ,AFRICAN PLANTATION WORK]S 9 A REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,FR5* COLONY4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$1 & :5 ITS LEAD] WAS EXECUT$1 IT QUICKLY DI$ \T4 ,9 #a#g#i#a1 ! REBELLION ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY DEFEAT ! ,FR5* ,CR[N1 ! ,5GLI%1 ! ,SPANI%1 & !N ! ,FR5* REPUBLICAN TROOPS UND] ,NAPOLEON BROKE \T & SPREAD 9 A HORIZONTAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ FA%ION1 NOT DEVELOP+ HI]>*ICAL =MS = SEV]AL YE>S4 ,! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL PEOPLE 9 SP>K+ ! UPRIS+ W]E TWO ,V\DUN PRIE/S1 A MAN & A WOMAN4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT AMONG ALL ! M>OON RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS1 ! DEC5TRALIZ$ ONES W]E ! ONLY ONES 9 :I* WOM5 ALSO HELD LEAD]%IP POSITIONS1 & LEAD]%IP WAS MORE (T5 %>$1 :]EAS ! C5TRALIZ$ MOVEM5TS1 :I* W]E ALSO MORE LIKELY TO IMITATE ,EUROPEAN CULTURAL & POLITICAL =MS1 W]E EXCLUSIVELY L$ BY M54 

,EV5TUALLY1 ,T\SSA9T ,L',\V]TURE CLAIM$ ! TITLE ( G5]AL & ORGANIZ$ A ,EUROPEAN-/YLE >MY1 C5TRALIZ+ ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! CUSP ( VICTORY1 HE SUBMITT$ TO ,NAPOLEON'S DEM&S1 HELP+ ! ,FR5* TO RE/ORE A C]TA9 K9D ( ORD] TO ! ISL&4 ,?IS BETRAYAL SP>K$ A NEW DEC5TRALIZ$ REBELLION1 :I* =C$ ! ,FR5* \T4 ,A NUMB] ( ,T\SSA9T'S (FIC]S1 H[EV]1 9S]T$ !MSELVES 9TO LEAD]%IP POSITIONS1 E/ABLI%+ A ,EUROPEAN-/YLE /ATE ) ,FR5* ASSI/ANCE4 ,ONE AFT] ANO!R1 FIR/ ,DESSAL9ES & !N ,H5RY ,*RI/OPHE1 RUL$ LIKE TYRANTS & W]E EV5TUALLY ASSASS9AT$ BY !IR [N PEOPLE4 .<#b#f.> 

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