,WORK]S ,P[] & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,TOM ,WETZEL 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE BY ,BLACK ,ROSE ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,9 A POLITICAL MOM5T :]E ! TIDE ( FASCISM APPE>S TO BE ON ! M>*1 LOOK+ AT PA/ EXAMPLES CAN PROVIDE 9SPIRATION1 HOPE & LESSONS4 ,9 ?IS VALUABLE & LUCID LONG-=M ESSAY1 VET]AN WRIT] & ACTIVI/ ,TOM ,WETZEL DETAILS :AT ,GEORGE ,ORWELL DESCRIB$ :5 FIR/ >RIV+ 9 AN>*I/ DOM9AT$ ,B>CELONA AS HIS FIR/ TIME ACTUALLY SEE+ 0! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 ! SADDLE40 

,MO/ CRITICALLY ! ESSAY FOCUSES ON ! QUE/ION ( WORK+ CLASS P[] & REVOLUTION>Y VISION )9 ! EV5TS & SPECIFICALLY FROM )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,(T5 OV]LOOK$ 9 MANY ACC\NTS IS ?AT ! MILIT>Y C\P ( ,JULY #aicf WAS ANTICIPAT$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ LEFT 9 ,SPA94 ,9 ,MAY ( #aicf ! ,C,N,T HELD :AT WAS KN[N AS ! ,Z>AGOZA CONGRESS :I* DEBAT$ & ADOPT$ A REVOLUTION>Y VISION ( 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 ?AT W\LD BE BUILT FROM 0A DUAL /RUCTURE ( GOV]NANCE 444 BAS$ ON BO? WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES & ASSEMBLIES ( RESID5TS 9 VILLAGES OR NEI<BORHOODS0 :I* W\LD F$]ATE ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,ALSO DISCUSS$ >E ! CRITICAL 9T]NAL DEBATES & OPPOSITION )9 ! ,C,N,T TO JO9+ ! POPUL> FRONT GOV]NM5T1 ! ALT]NATIVE PROPOSALS TO REPLACE ! GOV]NM5T ) ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]1 & ! BETRAYAL ( ! REVOLUTION'S IDEALS BY ! ,SOVIET-ALIGN$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ,SPA9'S NATIONAL ELECTIONS 9 ,FEBRU>Y ( #a#i#c#f1 A REPRESSIVE RI<T-W+ GOV]NM5T WAS SWEPT \T ( (FICE & REPLAC$ BY A COALITION ( LIB]ALS & SOCIALI/S4 ,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( A LESS REPRESSIVE 5VIRONM5T1 ,SPA9'S WORK]S PROPELL$ ! L>GE/ /RIKE WAVE 9 ,SPANI% HI/ORY1 ) DOZ5S ( CITYWIDE G5]AL /RIKES & HUNDR$S ( P>TIAL /RIKES4 ,BY ! 5D ( ,JUNE A MILLION WORK]S W]E \T ON /RIKE4 

,B>ELY A MON? AFT] ! ELECTION1 ! ,L& ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION L$ #h1 L&LESS LABOR]S 9TO A SEIZURE ( ?REE ?\S& F>MS 9 ! 0,SPANI% ,SIB]IA0 -- ! POV]TY-/RICK5 REGION ( ,E/REMADURA4.<#a.> ,) ! C\NTRY AT A HI< PIT* ( DEBATE OV] ITS FUTURE1 POLITICAL POL>IZATION WAS PUNCTUAT$ BY TIT-=-TAT KILL+S ( ,RI<T & ,LEFT ACTIVI/S4 ,) RI<T-W+ POLITICIANS OP5LY CALL+ = AN >MY TAKEOV]1 ! WIDELY ANTICIPAT$ >MY C\P BEGAN 9 ,SPA9 ON ,JULY #a#i?4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,SPANI% HI/ORY1 ! PEOPLE AGGRESSIVELY RESI/$ AN >MY TAKEOV] ATTEMPT4 ,! C\P WAS DEFEAT$ 9 TWO-?IRDS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! UNIONS MOV$ TO CONFISCATE VA/ AM\NTS ( CAPITALI/ ASSETS1 PUTT+ MO/ ( ,SPA9'S ECONOMY UND] WORK] MANAGEM5T4 ,UNIONS BUILT !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y LABOR >MY TO FI<T ! ,SPANI% MILIT>Y4 ,! MILIT>Y'S ATTEMPT TO CRU% ! C\NTRY'S LABOR MOVEM5T PROPELL$ ! WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION ?AT ! ,SPANI% ELITE HAD LONG FE>$4 ,! CIVIL W> ITSELF WAS CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ITS MO/ EXTREME =M4 

,TWO ( ! KEY PLAY]S 9 ?IS DRAMA W]E ! C\NTRY'S MA9 LABOR F$]ATIONS4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO -- ,C,N,T7 HAD #a4#f MILLION MEMB]S 9 E>LY #aicf 7ACCORD+ TO GOV]NM5T /ATI/ICS74 ,! ,C,N,T WAS ! RESULT ( NE>LY SEV5 DECADES ( AN>*I/ LABOR ORGANIZ+ 9 ,SPA94 ,S9CE #aiai ! ,C,N,T HAD BE5 BAS$ ON ! S9DICATO UNICO 70S+LE UNION07 -- AUTONOM\S LOCAL 9DU/RIAL UNIONS4 ,9 ,B>CELONA 9 #aicf ! ,C,N,T CON/RUCTION & METALLURGICAL S9DICATOS UNICOS EA* HAD MORE ?AN #c1 MEMB]S4 

,EA* S9DICATO UNICO HAD 0SECTIONS0 ?AT HAD !IR [N ASSEMBLIES & ELECT$ %OP /EW>DS 7DELEGADOS74 ,9 MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES LIKE TEXTILE OR METALWORK+1 !RE WAS A 0SECTION0 = EA* FIRM OR PLANT4 ,9 ! CON/RUCTION 9DU/RY1 ! 0SECTIONS0 CORRESPOND$ TO ! V>I\S CRAFTS4 ,ALL ( ! AUTONOM\S 9DU/RIAL UNIONS 9 A CITY OR C\NTY 7COM>CA7 W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R 9TO A LOCAL LABOR C\NCIL 7F$]ACION LOCAL74 

,! UNIONS W]E P>T ( A L>G] CONTEXT ( MOVEM5T 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT 9 ,SPA9 ALSO ORGANIZ$ ALT]NATIVE S*OOLS & AN EXT5SIVE NETWORK ( AT5EOS -- /OREFRONT COMMUNITY C5T]S4 ,! AT5EOS W]E C5T]S = DEBATES1 CULTURAL EV5TS1 LIT]ACY CLASSES 7BETWE5 #c & #e P]C5T ( ! POPULATION WAS ILLIT]ATE 9 ! '#cS71 & SO ON4 ,A *>ACT]I/IC IDEA ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS ! EMP[]M5T ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 PREP>+ !M = EFFECTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,! LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALISM ( ! ,C,N,T WAS A =M ( 0PREFIGURATIVE0 POLITICS4 ,9 DEVELOP+ A UNION BAS$ ON P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION-MAK+ ?R\< ! ASSEMBLIES & UNPAID1 ELECT$ DELEGADOS1 ,C,N,T MILITANTS BELIEV$ !Y W]E PRACTIC+ A =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS A =ETA/E ( A SOCIETY :]E WORK]S RAN 9DU/RY & ! SOCIETY WAS SELF-MANAG$ ?R\< ! P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ( ASSEMBLIES4 

,! REGION ( ,SPA9 ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/ FROM ,MURCIA NOR? TO ,CATALONIA & ,>AGON CORRESPONDS R\<LY TO ! T]RITORY ( ! M$IEVAL ,K+DOM ( ,>AGON-,CATALONIA1 :I* WAS M]G$ ) ,CA/ILLE 9 ! #a#e? C5TURY TO =M ! MOD]N ,SPANI% NATION-/ATE4 ,?IS REGION WAS ! MA9 /RON<OLD ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,9 ,>AGON & ,MURCIA #h P]C5T ( UNION MEMB]S BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T2 9 ,VAL5CIA IT WAS #g P]C5T4 ,9 9DU/RIAL ,CATALONIA #f P]C5T ( ! UNION MEMB]S W]E 9 ! ,C,N,T4 0,UNION D5SITY0 9 ,CATALONIA 9 #aicf WAS QUITE HI< -- #f P]C5T ( ! REGION'S #i1 WAGE-E>N]S BELONG$ TO A UNION4 

,! SECOND MAJOR LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,SPA9 WAS ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S 7,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES -- ,U,G,T71 ) #a4#d MILLION MEMB]S 9 E>LY #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,U,G,T WAS ALIGN$ ) ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,OBR]O ,ESPANOL -- ,P,S,O,E7 AL?\< ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS ALSO ACTIVE )9 IT4 ,! ,U,G,T WAS ! MAJORITY UNION ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,CA/ILLIAN C5TRAL REGIONS ( ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ,MADRID1 & 9 ! COAL-M9+ REGION ( ,A/URIAS ON ! NOR? ,ATLANTIC COA/4 ,! ,U,G,T ,L& ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION 7,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,TI]RA -- ,F,N,T,T7 HAD A HALF MILLION MEMB]S 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#f4 ,) ITS CAMPAIGN = AGR>IAN RE=M ?R\< L& SEIZURES1 ! ,F,N,T,T WAS A MASS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,! ,BOOM & ! ,DEA? ,SQUADS 

,! MASS MOBILIZATIONS & ! SOCIAL POL>IZATION LEAD+ UP TO ! CIVIL W> W]E ! CULM9ATION ( A SOCIAL CRISIS ?AT HAD BE5 BREW+ 9 ,SPA9 = DECADES4 ,! CRISIS BEGAN TO MANIFE/ ITSELF DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,W> ,I ]A4 ,SPA9 WAS NEUTRAL DUR+ ! W> & WAS ABLE TO TRADE ) BO? SIDES4 ,A MASSIVE 9DU/RIALIZATION & URBANIZATION BOOM GOT UND]WAY 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS W\LD CONT9UE DUR+ ! WORLD BOOM ( ! #a#i#bS4 ,B>CELONA WAS ! FA/E/ GR[+ CITY 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,9DU/RIAL SUBURBS GREW UP RAPIDLY >\ND NEW FACTORIES4 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 A MAJOR TRAD+ C5T] ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN S9CE ! MIDDLE AGES1 & WAS HOME TO AN 5TREPR5EURIAL BUS9ESS CLASS4 

,! ECONOMIC BOOM ( ! ,WORLD ,W> ,I YE>S ALSO L$ TO GR[? = ,SPA9'S TWO MAJOR LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag ALSO 5C\RAG$ A GR[+ RADICAL TR5D4 ,! HI< PO9T ( LABOR /RUGGLE DUR+ ! W> WAS A NATIONAL G5]AL /RIKE 9 #a#i#a#g1 SUPPORT$ BY BO? ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ! ,C,N,T W]E MA/]S ( ! CITY UNTIL ! >MY MOV$ 9 TO SUPPRESS ! /RIKE4 7,VICTOR ,S]GE'S NOVEL ,BIR? ( ,\R ,P[] IS AN IMPRESSIONI/IC ACC\NT ( ! #aiag ,B>CELONA G5]AL /RIKE47 

,TO DEAL ) ! GR[+ ?REAT ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! HEAD ( ! POLICE1 ,SEV]IANO ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO1 BEGAN RECRUIT+ GUNM5 TO ASSASS9ATE ,C,N,T (FICIALS & ACTIVI/S1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! POLICE4 ,EMPLOY]S & (FICIALS ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* PROVID$ FUND+ = ! DEA? SQUADS4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD !RE W]E #dd ATTEMPT$ MURD]S ( WORK]S 9 ,CATALONIA4.<#b.> ,WORK]S W]E BE+ =C$ TO JO9 0YELL[0 TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,S9DICATOS ,LIBRES 70,FREE ,UNIONS071 AT ! PO9T ( A GUN4 ,A SMALL CORE ( RELIGI\S1 ,C>LI/ SKILL$ WORK]S HAD =M$ ! ,S9DICATOS ,LIBRES4 ,C>LISM WAS A =M ( RI<T-W+ ,CA?OLIC POLITICS 9 ,SPA94 ,9 RESPONSE1 SOME Y\NG AN>*I/S =M$ >M$ ACTION GR\PS1 :I* RETALIAT$ BY ASSASS9AT+ EMPLOY]S & *UR* LEAD]S :O W]E BELIEV$ TO BE FUND+ ! DEA? SQUADS4 

,= YE>S ,SPA9 HAD BE5 TRY+ TO HOLD ONTO ITS LA/ SCRAP ( EMPIRE 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,9 #aibc A MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN 9 ,MOROCCO1 PROMOT$ BY ,K+ ,ALFONSO1 L$ TO A DISA/] 9 :I* #a1 ,SPANI% SOLDI]S W]E KILL$4 ,! >MY CLAMP$ A DICTATOR%IP ON ,SPA91 HEAD$ BY ,G5]AL ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 P>TLY AS A MEANS TO SUPPRESS \TRAGE OV] ?IS 9CID5T4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS BANN$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 9TRODUC$ A S*EME ( 9CORPORAT+ ! UNIONS 9TO ! /ATE VIA ,>BITRATION ,BO>DS2 HE 5C\RAG$ P>TICIPATION BY ! ,U,G,T AS A 0RESPONSIBLE0 ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ,CA?OLIC 0,FREE ,UNIONS10 PREA*+ ! H>MONY ( LABOR & CAPITAL & A =M ( PROLET>IAN CL]ICAL-FASCISM1 COMPET$ ) ! ,U,G,T = REPRES5TATION ON ! ,>BITRATION ,BO>DS4 ,) /ATE & EMPLOY] BACK+1 ! ,FREE ,UNIONS HAD =M$ A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION BY #aibe 7,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,S9DICATOS ,LIBRES -- ,F,N,S,L7 ) #b1 MEMB]S1.<#c.> NE>LY AS L>GE AS ! ,U,G,T4 

,MASS ,R5T ,/RIKE 

,9 #aic ! K+ FL$ ! C\NTRY AS ! DICTATOR%IP COLLAPS$4 ,ELECTIONS BR\<T A COALITION ( LIB]ALS & SOCIALI/S TO P[]1 TO GOV]N ! NEW ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,C,N,T UNIONS REGA9$ ! LEGAL RI<T TO ORGANIZE4 

,FAC$ ) GR[+ UNEMPLOYM5T1 & A DESIRE TO REBUILD !IR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C,N,T S9DICATO UNICO ( CON/RUCTION WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA BEGAN A CAMPAIGN ( 9VAD+ CON/RUCTION SITES TO SIGN UP MEMB]S & TO DEM& ?AT CONTRACTORS HIRE #ae P]C5T MORE WORK]S4 ,! CON/RUCTION UNION >GU$ ?AT ! H\S+ SECTOR 9 ,CATALONIA HAD MADE SUP]-PR(ITS DUR+ ! BOOM ( ! '#bS -- PR(ITS ?AT W]E TI$ D[N 9 UNPRODUCTIVE 9VE/M5TS4 ,9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE EMPLOY$ BY ! 9DU/RY W\LD PUT MORE MONEY 9TO CIRCULATION1 HELP+ TO C\NT] ! DEPRESSION4 ,) WORK]S P\R+ 9TO ! ,C,N,T S9DICATO UNICO1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,F,N,S,L CON/RUCTION CRAFT UNIONS COLLAPS$4 

,9 ! LATE '#bS A BROAD DEBATE HAD BEGUN 9 ! ,C,N,T AB\T ! UNION'S FUTURE DIRECTION4 ,ONE ASPECT ( ?IS DEBATE WAS ! PROPOSAL TO GR\P LOCAL UNIONS 9TO NATIONAL 9DU/RY UNIONS = COORD9AT$ ACTION AGA9/ EMPLOY]S 9 AN 9DU/RY ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,JOAN ,PEIRO -- A SELF-$UCAT$ GLASS WORK] & AN 9FLU5TIAL SYNDICALI/ !ORETICIAN --WAS ABLE TO P]SUADE A ,C,N,T CONGRESS TO ALL[ NATIONAL 9DU/RY UNIONS 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,H[EV]1 SOME AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ?IS PROPOSAL ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT C\LD LEAD TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW BUREAUCRACY ( PAID (FICIALS BEYOND ! CONTROL ( ! LOCAL UNIONS4 ,DUE TO ?IS OPPOSITION1 NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]E CREAT$ 9 ONLY A FEW 9DU/RIES 9 ! ,C,N,T BE=E #a#i#c#f4 ,A NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL UNION WAS CREAT$ AMONG WORK]S AT ! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,TELEPHONE ,CO4 ,9 #aica ! ,C,N,T LAUN*$ A NATION-WIDE /RIKE AGA9/ ! PHONE COMPANY4 ,?IS WAS AN 9ITIATION 9TO UNION /RUGGLE = ! L>GELY FEMALE WORK=CE ( TELEPHONE OP]ATORS4 

,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! DEBATE 9 ! ,C,N,T WAS H[ TO BREAK \T ( ! BOX ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLES ?AT FOCUS ONLY ON ISSUES ( WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,!RE WAS A FEEL+ ?AT ! ,C,N,T NE$$ TO EXT5D ITS 9FLU5CE BEYOND A PURELY LABOR CONTEXT TO O!R >EAS ( SOCIETY4 ,JOAN ,PEIRO >GU$ = ! =MATION ( NEI<BORHOOD-BAS$ COMMITTEES TO ORGANIZE >\ND BROAD ISSUES ( CONC]N TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 NOT JU/ WORK-RELAT$ QUE/IONS4 

,DUR+ ! BOOM ( ! '#bS1 R5TS HAD RIS5 BY #ae P]C5T 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,CR[D+1 CON/RUCTION ( *ANTIES BY UNSCRUPUL\S L&LORDS & H\S+ )\T BASIC AM5ITIES LIKE RUNN+ WAT] HAD BECOME COMMON4 ,9 E>LY #aica ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO DISCUSS ! POSSIBILITY ( A /RUGGLE >\ND R5TS1 & >TICLES AB\T ! H\S+ CRISIS BEGAN APPE>+ 9 ! BIG DAILY PAP] OP]AT$ BY ! ,C,N,T 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 

,! R5T /RUGGLE BEGAN ) A MASS MEET+ ( ! ,C,N,T CON/RUCTION UNION 9 ,APRIL ( #a#i#c#a4 ,AT ?AT MEET+ ,>TURO ,P>]A & ,SANTIAGO ,BILBAO PROPOS$ ! =MATION ( AN ,ECONOMIC ,DEF5SE ,COMMISSION1 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( O!R UNIONS4 ,P>]A & ,BILBAO W]E BO? PROM95T MEMB]S ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA -- ,F,A,I74 ,! ,F,A,I WAS A LOOSE AMALGAM ( AN>*I/ GR\PS ?AT WORK$ MA9LY AS CAUCUSES )9 ! ,C,N,T UNIONS4 

,AFT] A S]IES ( NEI<BORHOOD MEET+S1 ! R5T CAMPAIGN SETTL$ ON A DEM& = A #d P]C5T R5T ROLLBACK AT A MASS MEET+ AT ! ,PALACE ( ,F9E ,>TS ON ,JULY #e?4 ,! MEET+ DECID$ ?AT ! R5T DEPOSITS PAID BY T5ANTS %\LD BE US$ TO PAY ! NEXT MON?'S R5T & AFT] ?AT R5T]S W\LD REFUSE TO PAY R5T IF !IR L&LORD DIDN'T AGREE TO ! R5T R$UCTION4 ,! ,*AMB] ( ,URBAN ,PROP]TY -- ! L&LORDS' ORGANIZATION -- D5\NC$ ! CAMPAIGN AS A CRIM9AL VIOLATION ( !IR RI<TS4 ,!Y DEM&$ POLICE ACTION TO SUPPRESS ! R5T CAMPAIGN4 ,BY ! 5D ( ,AUGU/1 ! ,ECONOMIC ,DEF5SE ,COMMISSION CLAIM$ ?AT #a1 PEOPLE W]E NOT PAY+ !IR R5T4 

,! ABILITY ( ! R5T /RUGGLE TO REA* \T BEYOND ! EXI/+ ,C,N,T UNION MEMB]S WAS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! L>GE NUMB]S ( WOM5 :O W]E ACTIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,ON ONE OCCASION A GR\P ( ASALTOS 7,ASSAULT ,GU>DS -- A P>AMILIT>Y NATIONAL POLICE =CE CREAT$ BY ,REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS 9 ! E>LY '#cS7 S5T TO EVICT A T5ANT BACK$ D[N :5 CONFRONT$ BY A L>GE CR[D ( WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,BECAUSE ! CITY EMPLOYES *>G$ ) C>RY+ \T EVICTIONS W]E EI!R 9TIMIDAT$ BY ! CR[DS OR W]E 
SYMPA!TIC TO ! R5T /RIKE1 ! L&LORDS BEGAN RECRUIT+ !IR [N MILITIA TO C>RY \T EVICTIONS4 

,! L&LORDS' ORGANIZATION APPEAL$ TO ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T TO TAKE ACTION TO SUPPRESS ! /RIKE4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ! ,U,G,T EXECUTIVE SECRET>Y & A LEAD] ( ! ,P,S,O,E1 WAS A MEMB] ( ! CAB9ET 9 ! LIB]AL_/SOCIALI/ COALITION GOV]NM5T4 ,CABALL]O WAS UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! R5T /RIKE1 CALL+ IT 0ABSURD40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,CABALL]O'S ,U,G,T WAS PROVID+ SCABS TO BREAK ! ,C,N,T TELEPHONE /RIKE 9 ,MADRID4 

,9 ! MID/ ( ! R5T /RIKE 9 ,B>CELONA1 A L>GE EXPLOSION W5T (F4 ,NO ONE WAS 9JUR$1 BUT !RE WAS SEV]E DAMAGE TO TELEPHONE EQUIPM5T4 ,EV5 ?\< !RE WAS NO CONNECTION TO ! R5T /RIKE1 ! GOV]NM5T US$ ?IS AS A PRETEXT TO BAN MEET+S ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,DEF5SE ,COMMISSION4 ,! GOV]NM5T ALSO BANN$ MEET+S ( ! ,C,N,T TELEPHONE UNION4 

,! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T APPO9T$ A CONS]VATIVE LAWY] AS CIVIL GOV]NOR = ,CATALONIA & HE ANN\NC$ ?AT HE W\LD SIMPLY NOT ALL[ ! R5T /RIKE TO CONT9UE4 ,! AU?ORITIES BEGAN US+ PREV5TIVE DET5TION TO HOLD ,SANTIAGO ,BILBAO & #eb O!R ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S4 ,PREV5TIVE DET5TION MEANT ?AT A P]SON C\LD BE HELD 9DEF9ITELY )\T ANY *>GES BE+ FIL$4 ,?IS HAD BE5 ONE ( ! HAT$ ME?ODS ( ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,PEOPLE HAD ?\<T ?AT !SE ME?ODS W\LD BECOME A ?+ ( ! PA/ UND] ! NEW ,REPUBLIC4 

,EV5TUALLY1 POLICE W]E ABLE TO SUPPRESS ! R5T /RIKE BY >RE/+ T5ANTS :O HAD BE5 PUT BACK 9TO AP>TM5TS BY !IR NEI<BORS AFT] AN EVICTION4 ,NONE!LESS1 9 MANY >EAS ( ! CITY 9DIVIDUAL L&LORDS HAD 5T]$ 9TO R5T R$UCTION DEALS ) !IR T5ANTS4 ,MANY T5ANTS ?US FELT !Y HAD WON SOME?+4 ,= A Y\NG] G5]ATION ( ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S1 ?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME !Y HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 A L>GE-SCALE DIRECT ACTION CAMPAIGN4 ,= WORK+ CLASS P>TICIPANTS IT WAS A DIRECT LESSON 9 ! WAY A BROAD RANGE ( GR\PS1 FROM L&LORDS TO POLICE TO POLITICIANS1 W]E ALIGN$ AGA9/ !M4.<#d.> 

,! ,L& & ! ,*UR* 

,SPA9 9 ! '#cS WAS A C\NTRY ) V]Y UNEV5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,WEAL?Y1 9DU/RIALIZ$ ,CATALONIA MI<T LOOK LIKE DEVELOP$ >EAS 9 O!R WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 BUT O!R >EAS ( ,SPA9 W]E RA!R DIFF]5T4 ,SPA9 WAS /ILL A PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN C\NTRY1 ) #d#e4#e P]C5T ( ! 0ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE0 POPULATION 5GAG$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,9 AN AGR>IAN C\NTRY A L>GE P>T ( ! WEAL? IS TI$ UP 9 L& [N]%IP4 ,S\? ( ! ,GUAD>RAMA M\NTA9S WAS ! LATIFUNDIAZONE1 ! REGION ?AT HAD BE5 CONQU]$ FROM ! ,MOORS BY A ,CA/ILIAN >MY 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,CAPITALI/ 9VE/ORS B\<T UP LATIFUNDIAS --HUGE E/ATES -- AFT] FEUDAL RE/RICTIONS ON SALE ( L& W]E BROK5 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,9 ?IS REGION TWO ?\S& FAMILIES [N$ #i P]C5T ( ! L&4 ,MEAN:ILE1 #g#e1 L&LESS LABOR]S W]E EMPLOY$ AT />VATION WAGES4 

,NOR? ( ! ,GUAD>RAMAS W]E >EAS :]E CAMPES9OS[N$ SMALL- TO M$IUM-SIZ$ F>MS4 ,9 SOME >EAS ( ! NOR?1 ! PLOTS W]E (T5 TOO SMALL TO SUPPORT A FAMILY4 ,! CAMPES9OS HAD TO HIRE !MSELVES \T = WAGES1 OR WORK AS %>ECROPP]S4 

,! MA9 SOCIAL BASE ( ! F>-RI<T POLITICAL P>TIES W]E ! RELIGI\S1 L&-[N+ F>M]S 9 >EAS ( ! NOR? LIKE ,OLD ,CA/ILE & ,NAV>RE1 & ! RELIGI\S MIDDLE /RATA -- SMALL BUS9ESS [N]S1 LAWY]S1 (FICIALS1 ETC4 -- ( ! PROV9CIAL T[NS4 ,9 ! BIG CITIES & ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC & ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/S !SE MIDDLE CLASSES W]E ! SOCIAL BASE ( ! LIB]AL ,REPUBLICAN P>TIES4 

,! ELITE CLASSES 9 ,SPA9 REG>D$ ! ,SPANI% ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* AS AN ESS5TIAL IDEOLOGICAL PROP ( ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BUT ! *UR* WAS WIDELY HAT$ 9 WORK+ CLASS CIRCLES = PREA*+ ! ACCEPTANCE ( POV]TY :ILE AMASS+ VA/ ASSETS & CAT]+ TO ! MORE AFFLU5T SECTORS ( SOCIETY4 ,9 #aic !RE W]E MORE CL]GY 9 ,SPA9 ?AN 9 ANY C\NTRY O!R ?AN ,ITALY4 ,!RE W]E #c#e1 PRIE/S & #h1 MONKS & NUNS4 ,YET REGUL> ATT5DANCE AT MASS WAS NOT V]Y HI<4 ,S\? ( ! ,GUAD>RAMAS1 IT WAS AS L[ AS #e P]C5T ( 
! POPULATION4.<#e.> ,*UR* OPPOSITION TO SCI5CE MEANT ?AT MANY TEA*]S & DOCTORS W]E ANTI-CL]ICAL4 ,ANTI-CL]ICALISM WAS WIDESPREAD AMONG ! ,SPANI% ,LEFT1 FROM WORK+ CLASS AN>*I/S TO MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]AL ,REPUBLICANS4 

,! FIR/ LIB]AL_/SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T 9 #aica ATTACK$ ! P[] ( ! *UR* BY DISALL[+ ANY *UR* ROLE 9 $UCATION O!R ?AN RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION4 ,! P[]FUL ,JESUIT ORD] WAS DISSOLV$4 ,CIVIL M>RIAGE & DIVORCE W]E E/ABLI%$4 

,UPRIS+S & ,FACTIONAL ,/RUGGLES 

,! LIB]AL_/SOCIALI/ COALITION ALSO 5GAG$ 9 V>I\S ACTS ( REPRESSION DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,C,N,T UNIONS4 ,CABALL]O WAS WILL+ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !SE MEASURES TO BUILD ! ,U,G,T UNION AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 ?IS REPRESSIVE 5VIRONM5T1 :I* =C$ ! ,C,N,T 9TO DIRECT CONFRONTATIONS ) ! AU?ORITIES1 A NUMB] ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ! ,C,N,T PU%$ ! UNION 9TO ATTEMPT$ REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKES & 9SURRECTION>Y ADV5TURES4 ,9 A TYPICAL SC5>IO1 A GR\P ( AN>*I/S W\LD SEIZE ! LOCAL T[N HALL1 RUN UP ! R$ & BLACK FLAG1 BURN PROP]TY RECORDS & DECL>E 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 9 ! T[N4 ,ADVOCATES ( !SE ME?ODS CALL$ ?IS 0REVOLUTION>Y GYMNA/ICS40 ,!SE ATTEMPT$ 9SURRECTIONS W]E A ?R[BACK TO ! #a#i? C5TURY AN>*I/ CONCEPT ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 -- ! IDEA ?AT AN EXEMPL>Y ACTION BY A SMALL GR\P ( REVOLUTION>IES CAN SP>K (F A SPONTANE\S POPUL> UPRIS+4 ,9 ! MO/ 9FAM\S ( !SE ATTEMPTS -- A FAIL$ NATIONAL G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,JANU>Y #aicc -- P>AMILIT>Y ASALTOS C>RI$ \T A MASSACRE 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,CASAS ,VIEJAS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,A :OLE FAMILY WAS BURN$ 9 !IR HUT & ! POLICE %OT PEOPLE :O HAD SURR5D]$4 

,! WOR/ FE>S ( MANY SYNDICALI/S W]E REALIZ$ 9 ! ,JANU>Y #aicc UPRIS+3 0! NATIONAL CONF$]ATION & ! REGIONALS .<W]E.> MANIPULAT$ BY A SMALL GR\P ( MILITANTS :O HAD COMMITT$ ! 5TIRE MEMB]%IP TO PRECIPIT\S & DANG]\S ACTION10 WRITES ,J]OME ,M9TZ4 0,! MEMB]%IP HAD BE5 BADLY MAUL$ 9 /REET FI<T+1 ! LEAD]S >RE/$ & BEAT51 & ! .<UNIONS.> CLOS$40.<#f.> 

,9 ! SYNDICALI/ VIEW1 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION REQUIR$ ! PRIOR ORGANIZATION & $UCATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ITS SKILLS & SELF-CONFID5CE1 & WORK+ \T A COH]5T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY1 NOT A RELIANCE ON PURE 0SPONTANEITY40 ,JOAN ,PEIRO1 9 HIS #aicc BOOK ,S9DICALISMO1 PUT IT ?IS WAY3 

0,= US ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS NOT JU/ A MATT] ( RIS+ VIOL5TLY AGA9/ ! ORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! /ATE444,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION CONSI/S 9 TAK+ OV] FACTORIES & M9ES1 ! L& & ! RAILWAYS4 ,IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO TAKE OV] SOCIAL WEAL?1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO KN[ H[ TO USE IT -- & TO USE IT IMM$IATELY1 )\T ANY DISCONT9UITY40.<#g.> 

0,CONT9UITY0 W\LD BE ASSUR$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION IS C>RI$ \T BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 :O HAVE ! SKILLS TO CONT9UE ! RUNN+ ( 9DU/RY4 

,! FACTIONAL /RUGGLE 9SIDE ! ,C,N,T 9 ! E>LY '#cS BECAME QUITE HEAT$ AFT] A GR\P ( ?IRTY UNION (FICIALS & ACTIVI/S S5T TO ! CAPITALI/ PRESS A DOCUM5T CRITICIZ+ AN ALLEG$ 0DICTATOR%IP0 OV] ! ,C,N,T BY ! ,F,A,I4 ,!SE ?IRTY ACTIVI/S & !IR FOLL[]S BECAME KN[N AS ! TRE9TI/A 70?IRTY-I/07 T5D5CY4 ,IT WASN'T ONLY ! TRE9TI/AS :O OPPOS$ ! 9SURRECTION>Y ADV5TURES BE+ PROPELL$ BY ,F,A,I GR\PS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,F,A,I GR\PS \TSIDE ,CATALONIA W]E ALSO CRITICAL4 ,) ! ADV5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ TRE9TI/AS -- ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA -- BEGAN ADVOCAT+ ! =MATION ( A LABOR POLITICAL P>TY1 & SOON E/ABLI%$ ! ,UNIONI/ ,P>TY 7,P>TIDO ,S9DICALI/A7 TO COMPETE 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,AL?\< MO/ TRE9TI/AS DID NOT FOLL[ ,PE/ANA 9TO ELECTORAL POLITICS1 V>I\S AN>*I/S WORRI$ ?AT ?IS WAS ! DIRECTION ! TRE9TI/AS W]E HEAD$4 

,F,A,I GR\PS 9 ,CATALONIA W]E ALSO WORRI$ AB\T A ,L59I/ GR\P ORGANIZ+ 9 ! ,C,N,T UNIONS4 ,9 #aic ! ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION ( ,CATALONIA & ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S HAD M]G$ ) ! MAJORITY FROM ! ,CATALAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P>TIT ,COMUNI/A ,CATALA -- ,P,C,C7 TO =M ! ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,BLOC 7,BLOC ,OBR] I ,CAMP]OL -- ,B,O,C74 ,! ,B,O,C WAS AN ANTI-,/AL9I/ GR\P ?AT ID5TIFI$1 NONE!LESS1 ) ! ,L59I/ MODEL ( A 
0VANGU>D P>TY40 ,! ,B,O,C WAS ESPECIALLY /RONG 9 ,LLEIDA4 ,A LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! ,C,N,T 9 ,LLEIDA WAS ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR91 A POPUL> TEA*]4 ,MAUR9 WAS ! LEAD] ( ! ,B,O,C4 ,! ,B,O,C ALSO TRI$ TO GA9 CONTROL ( LIB]T>IAN AT5EOS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! MA9 DECISION-MAK+ BODY 9 AN AT5EO W\LD BE ! P]IODIC ASSEMBLIES ?AT ELECT$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE ( ! AT5EO4 ,! ,B,O,C W\LD %[ UP 9 =CE TO !SE ASSEMBLIES TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE4 

,BY #aicb ! ,F,A,I HAD GA9$ SUFFICI5T HEGEMONY 9 ! ,C,N,T ?AT IT WAS ABLE TO GET ! TRE9TI/A- & ,B,O,C-DOM9AT$ UNIONS EXPELL$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,C,N,T LO/ MO/ ( ITS UNION ORGANIZATION 9 ,LLEIDA4 ,9 #aicd ! ,B,O,C-CONTROLL$ UNIONS =M$ A NEW LABOR F$]ATION1 ! ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION ( ,UNION ,UNITY 7,F$]ACION ,OBR]A DE ,UNIDAD ,S9DICAL --,F,\,S74 ,9 #aice ! ,B,O,C M]G$ ) A SMALL] ,L59I/ GR\P & *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A -- ,P,\,M74.<#h.> 

,9 #aicc RI<T-W+ P>TIES WON ! ELECTIONS1 & ,SPA9 5T]$ A P]IOD ( REPRESSIVE GOV]NM5T1 KN[N AS ! BI5NIO NEGRO 70TWO BLACK YE>S074 ,AT ?IS TIME ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & MU* ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY BEGAN TO MOVE TO ! LEFT4 ,CABALL]O BEGAN TALK+ AB\T ! NE$ = 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 & 0A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T40 

,A NUMB] ( EV5TS L$ TO ! ,P,S,O,E'S TURN TO ! LEFT3 ! RISE TO P[] ( ,HITL] 9 ,G]MANY & ( ! CL]ICAL-FASCI/ ,*RI/IAN ,SOCIAL ,P>TY 9 ,AU/RIA1 RIS+ UNEMPLOYM5T1 ! POPUL> \TRAGE AT ! ,CASAS ,VIEJAS MASSACRE1 ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ,SPANI% EMPLOY]S4 ,! SMALL AM\NTS ( MONEY MADE AVAILABLE TO PROVIDE L& = L&LESS LABOR]S BY ! GOV]NM5T W]E TOTALLY 9ADEQUATE TO DEAL ) ! MAGNITUDE ( L& RE=M NE$$4 ,!RE WAS V]Y LITTLE TO %[ FROM ! ,P,S,O,E'S COALITION ) ! LIB]AL ,REPUBLICANS 9 #a#i#c#a-#c#c4 

,ONE SIGN ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVE TO ! LEFT WAS AN ATTEMPT AT A NATIONAL G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,RELATIONS ) ! ,C,N,T W]E /ILL NOT PAT*$ UP & POOR COORD9ATION DOOM$ ! /RIKE 9 MO/ ( 
,SPA94 ,! SITUATION WAS DIFF]5T 9 ,A/URIAS :]E ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T HAD WORK$ = SOME MON?S TO DEVELOP A 0,WORK]S ,ALLIANCE40 ,?US 9 ,OCTOB] ! TWO UNIONS SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! REGION = TWO WEEKS1 9 A JO9T UPRIS+4 ,BUT !Y W]E ISOLAT$4 ,:5 ! >MY WAS S5T 9 TO CRU% ! REBELLION1 ?\S&S W]E KILL$ & MANY ?\S&S S5T TO PRISON4 ,WIVES & DAU<T]S ( ! REBELS W]E RAP$ & MUTILAT$ BY ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION -- AN >MY UNIT MADE UP ( ?UGS & CRIM9ALS FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,! UPRIS+ FRI<T5$ ! ELITE CLASSES :ILE ! VIOL5T REPRESSION ALI5AT$ ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,LEFT-,LIB]T>IAN ,VISION 

,BY E>LY #aicf ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T UNION ORGANIZATIONS WAS AT AN ALL-TIME HI<4 ,) ! C\NTRY GRIPP$ BY 9T5SE DEBATE AB\T ITS FUTURE1 A WAVE ( /RIKES SPREAD ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ NUM]\S COMMUNITY-WIDE G5]AL /RIKES4 ,) ! VICTORY ( ! LIB]AL_/SOCIALI/ COALITION 9 ! ELECTIONS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 WORK]S C\LD ANTICIPATE A BREA?+ SPACE 9 :I* TO ORGANIZE /RIKES & PRESS = *ANGE4 ,! F>M WORK] UNIONS W]E C>RY+ \T !IR L& RE=M ?R\< MASS L& SEIZURES4 ,! TRE9TI/A !ORETICIAN ,JOAN ,PEIRO TOLD A J\RNALI/ 9 ,MAY3 0,! MASSES >E MOV+ T[>DS REVOLUTION40 

,) RI<T-W+ ACTIVI/S CALL+ = ! >MY TO TAKE P[]1 MANY PEOPLE W]E ANTICIPAT+ A MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( MOBILIZATION & CRISIS1 ! ,C,N,T HELD A NATIONAL CONGRESS AT ,Z>AGOZA4 ,BY #aice ! ,CATALAN AN>*I/ GR\PS HAD MOV$ AWAY FROM !IR E>LI] 9SURRECTION>Y PHASE & T[>DS RECONCILIATION ) ! TRE9TI/AS4 ,TO HAVE ! MAXIMUM UNITY = ! BATTLES AHEAD1 ! ,F,A,I/AS9VIT$ ! TRE9TI/AS BACK 9TO ! ,C,N,T4 

,AMONG ! ISSUES TAK5 UP AT ! CONGRESS WAS ! ,C,N,T'S VISION = :AT K9D ( SOCIETY IT WANT$ TO CREATE1 :I* IT CALL$ 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM40 ,! VISION DOCUM5T ADOPT$ BY ! ,Z>AGOZA CONGRESS ATTEMPT$ TO SYN!SIZE ! COMMUNALI/ 
AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CES ON ,SPANI% ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ AB\T PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,A DUAL /RUCTURE ( GOV]NANCE = ! SOCIETY WAS 5VISION$1 BAS$ ON BO? WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES & ASSEMBLIES ( RESID5TS 9 VILLAGES OR NEI<BORHOODS4 ,! WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES W\LD ELECT WORKPLACE C\NCILS & BE L9K$ 9TO NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 TO MANAGE ! V>I\S 9DU/RIES4 

,/RONG EMPHASIS WAS PLAC$ ON ! 0FREE MUNICIPALITY0 & ITS AUTONOMY1 REFLECT+ ! COMMUNALI/ AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS W\LD BE AN 9/ITUTION ROOT$ 9 ASSEMBLIES ( ! RESID5TS 9 VILLAGES OR URBAN NEI<BORHOODS4 ,9 A L>GE CITY1 SU* AS ,B>CELONA1 ! ASSEMBLIES W\LD ELECT ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! C\NCIL W\LD CONT9UE TO WORK A REGUL> JOB 9 SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 & IMPORTANT ISSUES W\LD BE REF]R$ BACK TO ! BASE ASSEMBLIES = DECISION4 

,9 ! V]SION ( SOCIAL PLANN+ PROPOS$ BY ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1.<#i.> ! V>I\S SELF-MANAG+ NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS W\LD BE L9K$ 9TO AN ,ECONOMICS ,C\NCIL1 AS A COORD9AT+ BODY4 ,BUT ! ACTUAL PLANS W]E TO BE DEVELOP$ BY REGIONAL & NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( DELEGATES FROM ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 ) ! HELP ( SUPPORT /AFF4 ,?IS IS1 9 EFFECT1 A DEMOCRATIC1 SYNDICALI/ V]SION ( C5TRAL PLANN+4 

,! ,Z>AGOZA CONGRESS VISION DOCUM5T DIFF]S FROM ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN'S PROPOSAL BY ADD+ ! /RUCTURE ( RESID5TIAL ASSEMBLIES & GEOGRAPHIC F$]ATIONS ( !SE AS ! EXPRESSION ( POLITICAL SELF-RULE BUT ALSO AS ! *ANNEL = CONSUM] 9PUT1 ) RESPONSIBILITY = >TICULAT+ PROPOSALS = PUBLIC GOODS SU* AS HEAL? C>E1 M$IA1 T[N BEAUTIFICATION1 & H\S+4 ,BUT H[ EXACTLY W\LD CONSUM] 9PUT BE PLUGG$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( SOCIAL PLANN+8 ,9 FACT ! ,Z>AGOZA DOCUM5T DOESN'T SAY4 ,TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM LACK$ A CONCEPT ( P>TICIPATORY PLANN+.<#a.> -- 9T]ACTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIAL PLAN ?R\< CONSUM]_/WORK] NEGOTIATION4 

,! ,Z>AGOZA DOCUM5T PROVID$ = ! L9K+ ( ! FREE MUNICIPALITIES 9TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL ,PEOPLE'S ,CONGRESSES4 ,9 EFFECT1 ?IS PROVID$ = LOCAL1 REGIONAL & 
NATIONAL LEGISLATURES4 ,! DOCUM5T ALSO 5VISIONS A 0,PEOPLE'S ,MILITIA0 --9 O!R WORDS1 AN >MY -- AS A MEANS ( DEF5SE ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4.<#a#a.> ,A /RUCTURE ?AT CAN MAKE RULES = A SOCIETY & DEF5D ITS RULE-MAK+ AU?ORITY ) MILIT>Y =CE IS 9 FACT A POLITY1 A =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IF A ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN POLITY ISN'T A /ATE1 !N A DI/9CTION IS NE$$ BETWE5 A POLITY 7OR /RUCTURE ( GOV]NANCE7 & A /ATE4 ,TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ WRIT+ ON ?IS SUBJECT WAS NOT V]Y CLE>4 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S ATTEMPT TO MAKE ?IS DI/9CTION LEADS T[>DS ! EMPHASIS ON LOCAL AUTONOMY & DEC5TRALIZATION *>ACT]I/IC ( ,SPANI% COMMUNALI/ AN>*ISM3 ,BECAUSE 0! ,/ATE WAS E/ABLI%$ = ! PRECISE PURPOSE ( IMPOS+ ! RULE (0 DOM9AT+ CLASSES1 A MOVE T[>DS SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & 0LIB]AT+ LABOR0 REQUIRES 0A NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION0 ?AT IS 0MORE POPUL>1 MORE DEC5TRALIZ$1 & NE>] TO ! FOLK-MOTE SELF-GOV]NM5T0 ?AN 0REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T10 ! TYPE ( /ATE *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM1 = ,KROPOTK94.<#a#b.> 

,AL?\< ! ,Z>AGOZA CONGRESS 5DORS$ A PROPOSAL = A 0REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ALLIANCE0 ) ! ,U,G,T UNION F$]ATION1 ! CONGRESS FAIL$ TO DISCUSS ACTUAL /RATEGY OR A PROGRAM = ! IMM$IATE SITUATION ?AT ! ,C,N,T FAC$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,C,N,T W\LD BE =C$ TO 0IMPROVISE 9 TOTAL 9COH]5CE0 79 ! WORDS ( ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO7.<#a#c.>TWO MON?S LAT]1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT4 

,C\P 

,! >MY TAKEOV] BEGAN 9 ,SPA9 9 ! E>LY MORN+ H\RS ( ,JULY #a#i?4 ,AT #e ,A,M FACTORY SIR5S BEGAN GO+ (F 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD >RANG$ ! SIR5S AS A SIGNAL TO ITS DEF5SE ORGANIZATION ?AT ! >MY WAS MOV+ \T ( ITS BASES4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD ORGANIZ$ AB\T #b NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE GR\PS ?R\<\T ! ,B>CELONA >EA1 ) AB\T TWO ?\S& >M$ ACTIVI/S1 & HAD SET UP A REGIONAL WORK]S DEF5SE COMMITTEE TO COORD9ATE !M4 ,! NI<T BE=E ! C\P !Y HAD SEIZ$ A CA*E ( >MS FROM A %IP 9 ,B>CELONA H>BOR4 

,:5 ! ,C,N,T CONC5TRAT$ ITS =CES AT ONE ( ! >MY BASES 9 ! MORN+1 A CORPORAL 9 ! ,SPANI% >MY %OT HIS FASCI/ (FIC] & P]SUAD$ HIS FELL[ SOLDI]S TO SURR5D]4 ,?US ! ,C,N,T GA9$ ACCESS TO A L>GE SUPPLY ( >MS4 ,EMPLOYES ( ! /REETC> COMPANY SEIZ$ ! >MOR$ C> US$ BY ! COMPANY = ! MOVEM5T ( CA% & US$ IT AS AN >MOR$ VEHICLE 9 ! FI<T4 ,ONCE ! ,C,N,T HAD GONE 9TO ACTION AGA9/ ! >MY1 RANK-&-FILE ASALTOS JO9$ ! FI<T4 ,9 ,B>CELONETA1 A WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOOD >\ND ! DOCKS1 A POLICE MAJOR BEGAN H&+ \T WEAPONS TO ANYONE :O C\LD %[ A UNION C>D4 ,PILOTS ( ! ,SPANI% AIR =CE BEGAN BOMB+ & /RAF+ POSITIONS ( ! >MY >\ND ,B>CELONA4 

,NO:]E 9 ,SPA9 DID RANK-&-FILE MEMB]S ( ! POLICE TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE TO FI<T ! >MY ON !IR [N4 ,:]E WORK]S FAIL$ TO TAKE AGGRESSIVE1 >M$ ACTION & TRU/$ TO LIB]AL GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 ! POLICE PLAY$ A WAIT+ GAME4 ,9 ! ,C,N,T /RON<OLD ( ,Z>AGOZA1 9 ,>AGON1 A LOCAL ,C,N,T LEAD] TRU/$ A LOCAL LIB]AL ,REPUBLICAN (FICIAL4 ,:5 ! >MY REVOLT$1 ! RESULT WAS A T]RIBLE SLAU<T]4 ,9 #aigi A MASS GRAVE WAS UNCOV]$ \TSIDE ,Z>AGOZA ) #g1 BODIES4 

,ALMO/ EV]Y:]E 9 ,SPA9 :]E UNION ACTIVI/S MOV$ AGGRESSIVELY AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ & W]E JO9$ BY ! POLICE1 ! >MY C\P WAS DEFEAT$4 ,9 ,MADRID MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D W]E SOCIALI/S4 ,!RE W]E NOT MANY PLACES :]E ! PEOPLE DEFEAT$ ! >MY )\T ! AID ( ! POLICE4 ,NO:]E 9 ,SPA9 DID >MY SOLDI]S REBEL AGA9/ !IR (FIC]S UNLESS !Y W]E BE+ BESIEG$ BY ANGRY WORK]S & POLICE4 

,! (FIC]S 9 ! ,SPANI% NAVY W]E MO/LY BLUE-BLOOD SONS ( ! L&-[N+ OLIG>*Y4 ,!Y HAD A L[ OP9ION ( ! L[] RANKS ( SAILORS4 ,MANY ,SPANI% SAILORS HAD PREVI\SLY WORK$ 9 ! ,SPANI% COMM]CIAL %IPP+ 9DU/RY :]E !Y HAD (T5 BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T OR ,U,G,T UNIONS4 ,!Y HAD A L[ OP9ION ( !IR (FIC]S4 ,! NI<T BE=E ,JULY #a#i? SAILORS 9 ! ,SPANI% FLEET HELD SECRET MEET+S1 ELECT$ %IP COMMITTEES1 & PROCE$$ TO >RE/ OR %OOT !IR FASCI/ (FIC]S4 

,AT ! 5D ( TWO WEEKS1 ! FASCI/ G5]ALS HAD LO/ AB\T HALF ! P]SONNEL ( ! >MY 9 ,SPA91 #d P]C5T ( ! POLICE P]SONNEL1 TWO-?IRDS ( ! NAVY & MO/ ( ! AIR =CE4 ,! >MY C\P HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 TWO-?IRDS ( ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ >EAS & ! BIG CITIES4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT =CE AVAILABLE TO ! FASCI/ G5]ALS WAS ! #b#e1-MAN ,>MY ( ,AFRICA1 A BATTLE-H>D5$ COLONIAL =CE ( M]C5>IES & ?UGS4 ,) ! ,SPANI% SAILORS 9 CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY'S W>%IPS 9 ,JULY1 & !SE %IPS PR[L+ ! /RAI<TS ( ,GIBRALT>1 ! WAT]-BORNE TRANSIT ( ! ,>MY ( ,AFRICA TO ,SPA9 FROM ,MOROCCO WAS BLOCK$ MOM5T>ILY4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,NAZI ,G]MANY CAME TO ! AID ( ! FASCI/ ,SPANI% G5]ALS BY PROVID+ ,G]MAN AIRCRAFT & PILOTS TO F]RY ! ,>MY ( ,AFRICA TO ,SPA9 -- ! FIR/ AIRLIFT ( AN 5TIRE >MY 9TO ACTION 9 MILIT>Y HI/ORY4 ,) OIL REF9]IES & GASOL9E /OCKS SEIZ$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ,SPA91 ! FASCI/ >MY WAS 9 DANG] ( RUNN+ \T ( GAS4 ,TEXACO !N PROVID$ ANO!R =M ( 9T]NATIONAL AID4 ,! ,C,E,O ( ?AT COMPANY ORD]$ TANK]S AT SEA TO PUT 9TO PORTS CONTROLL$ BY ! FASCI/ >MY4 ,! COMPANY PROVID$ @s#e MILLION ( GASOL9E ON CR$IT4 

,MEAN:ILE1 (FIC]S 9 ! ,BRITI% NAVY 9 ,GIBRALT> W]E HORRIFI$ AT ! SI<T ( ,SPANI% W>%IPS RUN BY L[]-RANK SAILORS %[+ CASUAL DISREG>D = TRADITIONAL RULES ( DRESS & EX*ANG+ CL5*$-FI/ SALUTES4 ,! ,BRITI% NAVAL (FIC]S DIRECTLY AID$ ! ,SPANI% FASCI/S4 ,:5 ! ,SPANI% >MY WAS BESIEG+ ! COA/AL T[N ( ,ALGECIRAS FROM ! L&SIDE1 SAILORS ( ! ,SPANI% FLEET ATTEMPT$ TO PROTECT ! T[N BY FIR+ !IR %IPS' GUNS AT ! >MY4 ,! ,BRITI% NAVY BLOCK$ ?IS BY MOV+ ,BRITI% %IPS 9 FRONT ( ! T[N4 

,9 T[NS ?AT W]E TAK5 BY ! >MY1 A PURGE COMMITTEE WAS SET UP4 ,TYPICALLY ?IS W\LD CONSI/ ( A POLICE (FICIAL1 A PRIE/1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! FASCI/ ,FALANGE1 & A LOCAL L&[N]4 ,LI/S W]E DRAWN UP ( KN[N LEFTI/S & EXECUTIONS W]E C>RI$ \T SY/EMATICALLY4 ,ACCORD+ TO A MEMB] ( ! ,FALANGE3 0,EI<TY P]C5T ( ?OSE BE+ EXECUT$ 9 ! RE>GU>D W]E WORK]S4 ,! REPRESSION WAS AIM$ AT DECIMAT+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 DE/ROY+ ITS P[]444,IT WAS 
A CLASS W>40.<#a#d.> ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT AU?ORITIES EXECUT$ BETWE5 #a1 & #b1 PEOPLE 9 ! FASCI/ ZONE DUR+ ! CIVIL W>4 

,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! >MY 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,JULY #b?1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE P\R$ \T 9TO ! /REETS1 TO CELEBRATE ! VICTORY4 ,! *IEF ( POLICE1 ,FR$]IC ,ESC(ET1 WORRI$ AB\T GR[+ ,C,N,T P[]1 S5T POLICE TO ! MILIT>Y >MS DEPOT AT ,SANT ,&REU :]E #c1 RIFLES W]E /OR$4 ,!Y >RIV$ TOO LATE4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD ALREADY CONFISCAT$ ! WEAPONS4.<#a#e.> ,! ,C,N,T ALSO SEIZ$ ! =TIFICATIONS ON ,MONTJUI*1 OV]LOOK+ ,B>CELONA4 

,9 ADDITION TO DI/RIBUT+ >MS TO ITS NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE GR\PS1 ! ,C,N,T MOV$ IMM$IATELY TO CREATE AN >MY ( ITS [N4 ,?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 FROM ! ,C,N,T UNIONS W]E RECRUIT$4 ,! ,C,N,T DEF5SE COMMITTEE REQUISITION$ MOTOR VEHICLES -- TAXIS1 C>S ( ! WELL-TO-DO1 BUSSES1 & TRUCKS4 ,MOTORIZ$ MILITIA UNITS CALL$ COLUMNS W]E ORGANIZ$ = ! PURPOSE ( M\NT+ AN (F5SIVE TO DRIVE ! >MY \T ( ,CATALONIA & NE>BY REGIONS4 ,A TYPICAL COLUMN WAS AB\T ! SIZE ( A MILIT>Y DIVISION4 ,! ULTIMATE DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY 9 EA* COLUMN WAS ! ASSEMBLY ( ! MILITIA MEMB]S4 ,! ASSEMBLY ELECT$ ! COMM&+ (FIC] 70*IEF DELEGATE07 ( ! COLUMN4 ,! SUB-UNITS EA* ELECT$ A DELEGATE TO A 0W> COMMITTEE0 -- ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE ( ! COLUMN4 ,A SYMPA!TIC NONCOM OR (FIC] FROM ! ,SPANI% >MY WAS ATTA*$ TO EA* COLUMN AS A TE*NICAL ADVIS]4 ,! OV]ALL DIRECTION ( ! COLUMNS WAS ! WORK ( ! ,C,N,T UNION DEF5SE COMMITTEE4 

,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f1 ! LABOR MILITIA COLUMNS FROM ,VAL5CIA & ,CATALONIA DROVE ! FASCI/ >MY \T ( ,CATALONIA & #a KILOMET]S WE/ ACROSS ! REGION ( ,>AGON -- ! L>GE/ AM\NT ( T]RITORY GA9$ & HELD BY ! ANTI-FASCI/ =CES 9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,B>CELONA WAS ! C5T] ( ! ,SPANI% MOTOR VEHICLE 9DU/RY4 ,AFT] ,JULY #a#i? ! ,C,N,T METALLURGICAL UNION MOV$ TO IMM$IATELY CONFISCATE ! ASSETS ( ?IS 9DU/RY1 TO CONV]T IT TO W> PRODUCTION = ! UNION MILITIA4 ,9 A MATT] ( WEEKS1 ! 
,C,N,T HAD SET UP #bd METALWORK+ & *EMICAL FACTORIES MAK+ %ELLS1 EXPLOSIVES & >MOR$ VEHICLES = ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR >MY4 

,! ,DEBATE 9 ! ,C,N,T ,OV] ,POLITICAL ,P[] 

,ACCORD+ TO HIS ASSOCIATES1 ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS WAS ANXI\S & N]V\S ON ,JULY #b?4 ,HIS POLICE *IEF1 ,ESC(ET1 HAD JU/ W>N$ HIM ?AT ! POLICE C\LD NO LONG] 5SURE A RE-ASS]TION ( GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY4.<#a#f.> ,! ,C,N,T N[ HELD DE FACTO >M$ P[] 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,COMPANYS WAS ! PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT DE ,CATALUNYA 7,COMMONWEAL? ( ,CATALONIA -- AN AUTONOM\S REGIONAL P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T7 & HEAD ( ! POPULI/1 ,CATALAN NATIONALI/ ,ESQU]RA7,P>TIT ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA DE ,CATALUNYA -- ,LEFT ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA74 ,! ,ESQU]RA HAD DEFEAT$ ! ,CATALAN ,LEAGUE 7,LLIGA ,CATALANA71 ! P>TY ( ,CATALAN BIG BUS9ESS1 9 ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f4 ,! ,CATALAN MIDDLE /RATA -- [N]S ( SMALL M]CANTILE & 9DU/RIAL BUS9ESSES1 SMALL L&LORDS1 LAWY]S & PR(ESSIONALS1 MANAG]S1 FAMILY F>M]S -- W]E ! MA9 SOCIAL BASE ( ! ,ESQU]RA4 

,COMPANYS WAS ! =M] LAWY] ( ! ,C,N,T1 & KNEW MANY ( ! AN>*I/S4 ,HE NE$$ TO FIGURE \T AN APPEAL TO !M ?AT W\LD PREV5T ! OV]?R[ ( HIS GOV]NM5T4 

,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 & ,JOAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] W]E LEAD+ ACTIVI/S ON ! ,C,N,T REGIONAL DEF5SE COMMITTEE1 & MEMB]S ( ,NOSOTROS 70,US07 -- A ,F,A,I GR\P4 ,COMPANYS 9VIT$ !M TO HIS (FICE ON ,JULY #b?4 ,COMPANYS TOLD !M3 0,FIR/ ( ALL ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I HAVE NEV] BE5 TREAT$ ) ! PROP] IMPORTANCE :I* !Y DES]VE4 ,Y\ HAVE ALWAYS BE5 H>%LY PROSECUT$4 ,& ,I1 :O US$ TO BE ) Y\1 WAS =C$ BY POLITICAL REALITIES TO OPPOSE Y\ & H\ND Y\4 ,Y\ >E N[ 9 CONTROL ( ! CITY & ,CATALONIA BECAUSE Y\ ALONE R\T$ ! FASCI/ MILIT>I/S4 ,BUT LET ME REM9D Y\ ?AT Y\ DIDN'T LACK HELP TODAY FROM M5 ( MY P>TY1 AS WELL AS FROM ! ,ASSAULT & ,PRESID5TIAL ,GU>DS4444,Y\ HAVE WON & ! P[] IS 9 Y\R H&S4 ,IF Y\ DON'T NE$ ME & IF Y\ DON'T WANT ME AS ,PRESID5T ( ,CATALONIA1 TELL ME N[ & ,I WILL BE ONLY ONE MORE SOLDI] 9 ! /RUGGLE444,Y\ CAN C\NT ON MY LOYALTY AS A MAN & A P>TY LEAD] :O BELIEVES ?AT A %AMEFUL PA/ CAME TO AN 5D TODAY & ,I 
S9C]ELY HOPE ?AT ,CATALONIA WILL BE 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! C\NTRIES :O >E ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE 9 SOCIAL MATT]S40.<#a#g.> 

,COMPANYS !N PROPOS$ ! ,C,N,T'S P>TICIPATION ON AN ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE1 CONTROLL$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES1 TO RUN ! >M$ EF=T AGA9/ ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y4 ,?IS WAS A CLEV] GAMBIT BECAUSE ITS NOM9AL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! /ATE W\LD ALL[ AN>*I/S TO SAY !Y W]5'T P>TICIPAT+ 9 A GOV]NM5T BODY BUT W\LD DRAW !M 9TO A C\RSE ( ACTION CONTROLL$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TY LEAD]S1 & W\LD LEAVE ! GOV]NM5T 9TACT4 

,IT WAS ! P]SONAL OP9ION ( ,SANZ1 ,DURRUTI & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD OV]?R[ ! ,G5]ALITAT1.<#a#h.> BUT !Y DIDN'T EXPRESS ?AT OP9ION TO ,COMPANYS4 ,!Y TOLD HIM ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD TO DECIDE :AT TO DO4 ,?AT NI<T1 ! ,C,N,T LOCAL LABOR C\NCIL 9 ,B>CELONA HAD A MEET+ TO DECIDE ITS /ANCE ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,AT ?AT MEET+1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] >GU$ ?AT 0! MOVEM5T %\LD TAKE P[]40 ,FELIX ,C>RASQU]1 A S*OOLTEA*]1 & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 BO? REPRES5T+ ! ,F,A,I1 >GU$ AGA9/4 ,! DEBATE1 H[EV]1 WAS FRAM$ 9 T]MS ( ! QUE/ION3 0,%\LD WE IMPOSE \R VISION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM8 ,%\LD ! ,C,N,T RULE ALONE80 ,C>RASQU] & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN >GU$ ?AT ?IS W\LD BE A DICTATOR%IP IMPOS$ BY A M9ORITY4 ,AFT] A HEAT$ DEBATE1 ! ,B>CELONA LABOR C\NCIL VOT$ AGA9/ ! OPTION ( TAK+ P[]4.<#a#i.> 

,H[EV]1 ?IS DIDN'T SETTLE ! QUE/ION4 ,! ACTUAL DECISION W\LD BE MADE BY A REGIONAL PL5>Y ( ALL ! ,C,N,T LOCAL LABOR C\NCILS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! REGIONAL SECRET>Y CALL$ ?IS MEET+ = ,JULY #b#cRD4 ,! REGIONAL PL5>Y WAS A MEET+ ( OV] #e ,C,N,T LOCAL LABOR C\NCIL DELEGATES4 ,! MEET+ WAS HELD 9 ! ,CASA DE ,CAMBO1 ! =M] EMPLOY]S' ASSOCIATION HEADQU>T]S4 ,?IS L>GE BUILD+ HAD JU/ BE5 SEIZ$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 TO PROVIDE SPACE = ! ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I & ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 7,FREE ,WOM5 -- ! AN>*I/ WOM5'S ORGANIZATION74 

,! DELEGATION FROM ! LABOR C\NCIL ( ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT PROPOS$ ?AT ! UNIONS %\LD TAKE P[] & OV]?R[ ! ,G5]LITAT2 N[ WAS ! MOM5T TO C>RY \T ! ,C,N,T'S REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 9 !IR 
VIEW4 ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT WAS AN >EA ( 9DU/RIAL SUBURBS ON ! S\? $GE ( ,B>CELONA1 AN >EA ?AT HAD BE5 BUILT UP DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL BOOM ( ! #a#i#bS4 ,! ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT DELEGATION ASK$ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TO >TICULATE !IR POSITION 9 ! DEBATE4 ,A *>ISMATIC SPEAK]1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HAD WORK$ MO/ ( HIS LIFE AS A WAIT]1 :5 HE WASN'T 9 JAIL4 ,HIS LIFE-LONG EXP]I5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE LEFT HIM ) A /RONG S5SE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO IMPOSE ITS WILL ON SOCIETY IF IT WAS EV] TO FREE ITSELF4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] EMPHASIZ$ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS MU/ BE GOV]N$1 IT CANNOT BE LEFT ) A P[] VACUUM1 :I* 0W\LD ALL[ ! V>I\S ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES TO TAKE CONTROL & OBLIT]ATE US40 ,! REGIONAL SECRET>Y1 ,M>IANO ,VAZQUEZ --- A CON/RUCTION WORK] ( GYPSY ORIG9 --MA9TA9$ ?AT !Y %\LD ACCEPT ,COMPANYS' (F] ( P>TICIPATION 9 AN ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE PROVISIONALLY :ILE 0GOV]N+ FROM ! /REETS40 

,! MA9 SPEAK]S AGA9/ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] W]E ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN4 ,MONTS5Y WAS AN AN>*I/ NOVELI/ & *>ISMATIC SPEAK]4 ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN W]E BO? MEMB]S ( ,N]VIO -- A ,F,A,I GR\P4 ,BO? WORK$ = ! AN>*I/ PUBLI%+ COOP]ATIVE ?AT HAD BE5 F\ND$ BY ,MONTS5Y'S P>5TS4 ,MONTS5Y WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I & BO? H] & DE ,SANTILLAN W]E AT ?IS MEET+ AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,F,A,I4 

,MONTS5Y >GU$ ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S PROPOSAL TO C>RY \T ! ,C,N,T'S 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/0 PROGRAM W\LD MEAN ! IMPOSITION ( AN 0AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP0 OV] ! POPULATION4 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN FOCUS$ ON ! DANG] ( =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 PO9T+ TO ! PRES5CE (F ! COA/ ( ,BRITI% W>%IPS4 

,9 REPLY1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PO9T$ \T ?AT HE HAD NEV] SPOK5 ( A 0DICTATOR%IP0 ( AN>*I/S OR ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,HE OBJECT$ TO CALL+ ! RULE ( ! WORK]S' UNIONS A 0DICTATOR%IP40 ,HE >GU$ ?AT1 AS ! MAJORITY LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C,N,T HAD AN OBLIGATION TO LEAD ! WAY =W>D 9 ! REVOLUTION & HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES & IDEOLOGY ( ! ,C,N,T UNIONS W\LD BE A GU>ANTEE ?AT UNION GOV]NANCE ( ! SOCIETY W\LD NOT DEG5]ATE 9TO AN 
AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME4 ,HE TAGG$ ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN'S COMM5TS AS JU/ AN APPEAL TO FE>4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ,VAZQUEZ1 HE SAID ?AT AT LEA/ ! REGIONAL SECRET>Y ACKN[L$G$ ?AT A REVOLUTION MU/ BE GOV]N$4 ,BUT HE 9SI/$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T MU/ BE 9 *>GE ( MAK+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,:ILE ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS SPEAK+1 HE NOTIC$ ?AT ,FIDEL ,MIRO --ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,N]VIO GR\P & AN ACTIVI/ 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? -- WAS MOV+ FROM DELEGATION TO DELEGATION 9 ! HALL1 L9+ UP VOTES4 ,:5 ! VOTE WAS TAK51 ! PROPOSAL = COLLABORATION ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES ON ! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE GOT ! MAJORITY4.<#b.> 

,9 HIS MEMOIR1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] PO9TS \T ?AT ! DELEGATES HAD BE5 GA!R$ 9 HA/E1 )\T ! OPPORTUNITY TO CONSULT ACTIVI/S 9 ! UNIONS OR DISCUSS ! IMPLICATIONS ( :AT WAS BE+ DECID$4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] BELIEV$ ?AT ! MEET+ HAD BE5 UNDULY 9FLU5C$ BY 0PETTY B\RGEOIS AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUALS0 LIKE ,MONTS5Y & ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 :O HAD A C]TA9 9FLU5CE ?R\< ! AN>*I/ PRESS 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,BUT :Y W]E ! LABOR C\NCIL DELEGATES SWAY$ BY ! REM>KS ( ,MONTS5Y & DE ,SANTILLAN8 ,CONCEIV+ ( UNION POLITICAL P[] AS A 0,C,N,T DICTATOR%IP0 MAY BE ! RESULT ( AN AMBIGUITY 9 ! SYNDICALI/ CONCEPT ( 0PREFIGURATIVE0 POLITICS4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN UNIONS 0PREFIGURE0 A SOCIETY ( SELF-MANAGEM5T C\LD BE 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN ?AT ! UNION ITSELF TAKES OV] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL MANAGEM5T ( ! SOCIETY -- & SYNDICALI/S HAVE SOMETIMES TALK$ 9 ?AT WAY4 ,?IS MI<T LEAD TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,C,N,T ITSELF W\LD BE ! GOV]N+ /RUCTURE = ! ECONOMY & POLITY4 ,H5CE A 0,C,N,T DICTATOR%IP40 

,BUT ! SYNDICALI/ CONCEPT ( PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS1 ( 0BUILD+ ! NEW SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD10 DOESN'T HAVE TO BE 9T]PRET$ ?AT WAY4 ,IT C\LD BE UND]/OOD TO MEAN ?AT PRACTICES & HABITS ( P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY >E BUILT UP ?R\< ! MASS UNION ORGANIZATIONS & !N ?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 NEW /RUCTURES ( WORK] MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY & /RUCTURES ( POLITICAL GOV]NANCE1 SEP>ATE 
FROM ! UNION ITSELF4 ,! ,Z>AGOZA VISION DOCUM5T 9CLUD$ A PROPOSAL = REGIONAL & NATIONAL WORK] CONGRESSES1 AS P>T ( ! ECONOMIC PLANN+ PROCESS4 ,!SE CONGRESSES W\LD BE MADE UP ( DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! UNION OR WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES4 ,A REGIONAL WORK] CONGRESS C\LD HAVE BE5 A MEANS TO UNITE ! ,C,N,T1 ,U,G,T & ,F,\,S UNIONS 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! #c#e1-MEMB] ,C,N,T WAS ! MAJORITY LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,IT W\LD HAVE A GREAT 9FLU5CE OV] ! DIRECTION TAK5 BY A /RUCTURE ( POLITICAL P[] 9 :I* ! ,F,\,S & ,U,G,T UNIONS ALSO P>TICIPAT$1 AS M9ORITIES4 

,MONTS5Y'S TALK ( 0,C,N,T DICTATOR%IP0 WAS TAILOR$ TO APPEAL TO AN>*I/ PREJUDICES4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT PROP]LY FRAME ! SITUATION FAC+ ! ,C,N,T AT ?IS TIME4 ,9 ! COM+ MON?S1 ! ,C,N,T W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ITS AIM WAS 0! TRIUMPH ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION40 ,VICTORY 9 ?IS 5DEAVOR W\LD REQUIRE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS DISSOLVE ! 9/ITUTIONAL BASIS ( ! P[] ( CLASSES ?AT DOM9ATE & EXPLOIT ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! SOCIAL BASE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ,SPA9 WAS ! SMALL BUS9ESS & PR(ESSIONAL_/MANAG]IAL CLASSES4 ,!SE SOCIAL CLASSES W\LD 9EVITABLY OPPOSE ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 AS IT W\LD DISSOLVE !IR CLASS PRIVILEGE & P[]4 ,ANY P[] RETA9$ BY ! ,REPUBLICAN & ,BASQUE ,NATIONALI/ P>TY LEAD]S 9 GOV]NANCE W\LD BE US$ TO OB/RUCT ! PROCESS ( WORK+ CLASS EMP[]M5T4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 S9CE ! ADOPTION ( ITS 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 ORI5TATION1 & ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC W+ ( ! ,P,S,O,E1 W]E ALLI$ ) !SE ANTI-FASCI/ MIDDLE /RATA4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT WAS EQUALLY CLE> ?AT A WORK+ CLASS VICTORY W\LD REQUIRE ! MAXIMUM ( WORK+ CLASS UNITY4 ,! ,C,N,T C\LD NOT IGNORE ! #a4#d MILLION WORK]S 9 ! ,U,G,T4 ,& 9 ,CATALONIA1 !RE W]E ALSO ! #g1 WORK]S 9 ! ,P,\,M-CONTROLL$ ,F,\,S UNIONS4 ,9 A LIFE OR DEA? /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! >MY1 ! MASSES ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ! ,C,N,T WORK \T AN ALLIANCE ) ! O!R WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,C,N,T HAD ALREADY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO A 0REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' 
ALLIANCE0 ) ! ,U,G,T AT ITS CONGRESS 9 ,MAY4 ,! ,C,N,T-,U,G,T UNITY 9 ! UPRIS+ 9 ,A/URIAS 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd WAS AN EXAMPLE ?AT EV]YONE WAS FAMILI> )4 

,IF ! ,C,N,T C\LD NOT COME UP ) A PRACTICAL PROGRAM = A UNIFI$ WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL P[]1 ?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE ! /RATEGY BE+ PROMOT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S & ! O!R ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES3 A TOP-D[N UNITY ( LEAD]S ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES ?R\< A REBUILT ,REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,NO O!R OPTION WAS REALI/IC4 ,EI!R ! ,C,N,T TOOK POLITICAL P[] JO9TLY ) ! O!R UNIONS1 OR ! NE$ = UNITY 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/ >MY W\LD LEAD TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT SOLUTION4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 ! ,SPANI% /ATE W\LD BE REBUILT -- A HI]>*ICAL APP>ATUS ?AT W\LD BE US$ TO DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( CLASSES ?AT DOM9ATE ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AL?\< ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE APP>ATUS WAS TEMPOR>ILY DIS>M$1 DUE TO ! REVOLT ( ! OLD >MY & POLICE1 & ! CON/RUCTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MILITIA1 ! /ATE APP>ATUS /ILL HAD CONSID]ABLE RES\RCES AS LONG AS IT WAS LEFT 9TACT4 ,IT HAD SOCIAL LEGITIMACY 9 ! EYES ( ! ,REPUBLICAN MIDDLE CLASSES1 & IT HAD CONTROL OV] ! C\NTRY'S F9ANCIAL SY/EM1 GOLD RES]VES & =EIGN CURR5CY & TRADE RELATION%IPS4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! C\P ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BEGAN ITS CAMPAIGN TO REBUILD ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE4 

,?IS MEANS ?AT ! REAL QUE/ION ! ,C,N,T FAC$ WAS H[ TO CREATE A JO9T GOV]N+ /RUCTURE = ! C\NTRY ) ! O!R UNIONS1 WIP+ AWAY ! OLD /ATE APP>ATUS & 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ WORK+ CLASS P[]4 

,! ,C,N,T ACTUALLY DID COME >\ND TO ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,BUT IT W\LD TAKE ANO!R SIX WEEKS ( DEBATE 9 ! UNION4 

,! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE WAS NOT AN ORGAN ( WORK+ CLASS 0DUAL P[]40 ,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT LEAD]S 9 FACT CONTROLL$ ! COMMITTEE1 JU/ LIKE ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! #c#e1-MEMB] ,C,N,T HELD ONLY ?REE \T ( #ae SEATS ON ! COMMITTEE1 ) ANO!R TWO REPRES5TATIVES = ! ,F,A,I4 ,! ,U,G,T1 :I* HAD ONLY #a1 MEMB]S 9 ,CATALONIA1 ALSO HAD ?REE SEATS4 ,! ,ESQU]RA'S F>M]S' 
UNION HAD ONE SEAT4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICAN POLITICAL P>TIES HAD F\R REPRES5TATIVES4 

,)9 DAYS ( ! MILIT>Y C\P1 A NEW POLITICAL ORGANIZATION WAS =M$ 9 ,CATALONIA -- ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA 7,P>TIT ,SOCIALI/A ,UNIFICAT DE ,CATALUNYA -- ,P,S,U,C74 ,?IS WAS =M$ FROM ! M]G] ( F\R SMALL P>TIES3 ! SECTION ( ! ,P,S,O,E 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,CATALAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,C71 ! ,PROLET>IAN ,P>TY 7A ,CATALAN NATIONALI/ WORK] GR\P71 & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,UNION 7A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GR\P74 ,! ,P,S,U,C1 ) #f1 MEMB]S1 BECAME ! AFFILIATE ( ! ,MOSC[-L9E ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P,C,E7 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ,P,S,U,C HAD TWO SEATS ON ! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE1 EV5 ?\< ! L>G] ,P,\,M HAD ONLY ONE4.<#b#a.> 

,! #g1-MEMB] ,F,\,S HAD NO REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9 ,AUGU/ ! ,C,N,T REGIONAL LEAD]S 9 ,CATALONIA W\LD 5T] 9TO A DEAL ) ! ,U,G,T TO ALL[ ONLY ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T UNION C>DS = P>TICIPATION 9 ! FOOD RATION+ SY/EMS SET UP 9 ! WAKE ( ! FASCI/ C\P4 ,?IS =C$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,F,\,S4 ,?IS WAS A SECT>IAN ]ROR ON ! P>T ( ! LEAD+ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,! ,P,\,M'S POLITICS W]E CLOS] TO ?OSE ( ! ,C,N,T ?AN ! ,MOSC[-L9E ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD SOON CEM5T !IR CONTROL OV] ! ,U,G,T 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,LEAV+ ! ,F,\,S 9TACT W\LD HAVE PROVID$ ! ,C,N,T ) AN IMPORTANT ALLY4 

,! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE PROV$ TO BE 9EFFECTIVE4 ,!RE WAS NO UNIFI$ POLICY OR REAL COORD9ATION4 ,EA* ORGANIZATION US$ ITS PO/S AS IT WANT$4 ,! ,ESQU]RA1 ,P,S,U,C & ,P,\,M EA* HAD !IR [N SEP>ATE MILITIA DIVISIONS1 AP>T FROM ! MU* L>G] UNION MILITIA ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,EA* ( !SE F\R ORGANIZATIONS RAN ITS [N MILITIA COMM& & PROVID$ ITS [N SUPPLY SY/EM = ITS MILITIA4 ,?IS WAS ! PATT]N ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,?IS WAS NOT AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO RUN ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/ >MY4 ,!RE WAS A G5]AL FAILURE AT COORD9ATION4 

,C,N,T ,PROPOSES ,LABOR ,GOV]NM5T 

,! LEAD+ ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S & MILITIA LEAD]S SAW ?AT !RE WAS CLE>LY A NE$ = A UNIFI$ COMM& & UNIFI$ TRA9+ & 
SUPPLY SY/EMS4 ,IF !Y C\LDN'T DO ?IS = ! MILITIA1 !RE W\LD 9EVITABLY BE PRESSURE TO RE-CREATE A CONV5TIONAL >MY RUN BY ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,)9 DAYS ( ! MILIT>Y C\P1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY />T$ BEAT+ ! DRUM = ! RE-CREATION ( A CONV5TIONAL1 TOP-D[N MILIT>Y4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA SY/EM C\LD ONLY BE SAV$ IF ! ,C,N,T C\LD F9D A WAY TO CREATE A UNIFI$ MILITIA4 ,! ONLY WAY TO DO ?IS W\LD BE TO CREATE A UNIFI$ LABOR GOV]NANCE /RUCTURE = ,SPA94 ,! UNIONS NE$$ TO TAKE P[]4 

,TO C\NT] ! DRIVE TO REBUILD ! OLD HI]>*ICAL >MY1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] GAVE A SPEE* ON ,AUGU/ #a?1 CALL+ = A REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE'S >MY3 

0,A PEOPLE'S >MY GR[+ \T ( ! MILITIA %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ON NEW PR9CIPLES4 ,WE WILL ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y S*OOL :]E WE WILL TRA9 TE*NICAL (FIC]S :O WILL NOT BE C>BON COPIES ( ! OLD (FIC]S1 BUT RA!R SIMPLY TE*NICIANS :O WILL FOLL[ ! 9/RUCTIONS ( (FIC]S :O HAVE PROV5 !IR LOYALTY TO ! PEOPLE & ! PROLET>IAT40.<#b#b.> 

,AT ANO!R REGIONAL PL5>Y ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( ,AUGU/1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 FRU/RAT$ ) ! 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE1 ONCE AGA9 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T TAKE P[]1 ABOLI%+ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 REMOV+ ! POLITICAL P>TY LEAD]S FROM ANY ROLE1 & R$UC+ ! ROLE ( ! ,U,G,T TO A M9ORITY1 9 KEEP+ ) ITS SIZE 9 ,CATALONIA4.<#b#c.> 

,ON ,AUGU/ #c#a/1 ,JOSE ,GIRAL1 ! ,REPUBLICAN PRIME M9I/] 9 ,MADRID1 TOLD A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T NATIONAL COMMITTEE3 

0,EV]Y?+ IS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C,N,T6 ,! ,C,N,T DIRECTS ! W> AS IT WANTS BUT )\T %>+ 9 ! SUPREME RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,GOV]N6 ,TAKE P[]60.<#b#d.> 

,F9ALLY1 AT A NATIONAL PL5>Y ( ! ,C,N,T ON ,SEPTEMB] #cRD1 AT ! 9SI/5CE ( ! REGIONAL DELEGATION FROM ,CATALONIA1 ! ,C,N,T DECID$ TO PROPOSE ! =MATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y LABOR GOV]NM5T TO REPLACE ! NATIONAL ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T3 A ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL 7,JUNTA ,NACIONAL DE ,DEF5SA7 MADE UP ( SEV5 DELEGATES ( ! ,U,G,T & SEV5 ( ! ,C,N,T1 ) ,L>GO 
,CABALL]O AS PRESID5T4.<#b#e.> ,! NATIONAL C\NCIL W\LD BE P>T ( A F$]ALI/ SY/EM ) REGIONAL ,C\NCILS ( ,DEF5SE4 ,! AU?ORITY ( ! C\NCILS W\LD BE LIMIT$ TO ! SOCIAL SELF-DEF5SE FUNCTION -- 0PEOPLE'S C\RTS10 POLICE1 A UNIFI$ ,PEOPLE'S ,MILITIA4 ,! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS W\LD HAVE NO AU?ORITY TO 9T]V5E 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY2 9DU/RIES W\LD BE MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,A ,RUSSIAN AG5T 9 ,SPA9 WROTE TO ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES3 0,! ?\<T ( CREAT+ SU* A C\NCIL F9DS A WIDE RESPONSE EV5 AMONG ! MASSES ?AT >E NOT UND] ! AN>*I/S' 9FLU5CE40.<#b#f.> ,! ,C,N,T PROPOS$ ?AT ! UNIFI$ ,PEOPLE'S ,MILITIA BE CONTROLL$ BY 0JO9T ,C,N,T-,U,G,T COMMISSIONS40 ,ORGANIZ$ LABOR W\LD HAVE A MONOPOLY ( >M$ P[] 9 ,SPA94 

,! ,C,N,T'S TIM+ WAS (F1 H[EV]4 ,= ! FIR/ SIX WEEKS AFT] ! MILIT>Y C\P1 9EFFECTIVE LIB]ALS PRESID$ OV] ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID4 ,BY E>LY ,SEPTEMB]1 H[EV]1 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 EXECUTIVE SECRET>Y ( ! ,U,G,T1 HAD JU/ BE5 MADE PRIME M9I/]4 ,HE HAD SAID PUBLICLY ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD TO BE PUT ON HOLD TO DEFEAT ! FASCI/ >MY4 ,M>CEL ,ROS5B]G1 ! ,SOVIET AMBASSADOR1 W>N$ ,CABALL]O ?AT ! ,C,N,T PROPOSAL W\LD DE/ROY ! 09T]NATIONAL LEGITIMACY0 ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC4 ,MANUEL ,AZANA1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ?REAT5$ TO RESIGN4 ,TO PLACATE ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVES MET ) ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,C,E & ASSUR$ !M ?AT !Y W\LD /ILL BE REPRES5T$ VIA !IR TRADE UNION CADRES 9 ! ,U,G,T4 

,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S HAD A HI/ORY ( WAV]+4 ,!Y W\LD TALK AB\T 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 ONE MOM5T1 !N SCURRY BACK TO A MOD]ATE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC /ANCE ! NEXT MOM5T4 ,TO GIVE ,CABALL]O SOME SP9E1 !Y NE$$ TO PUT HIM OV] A B>REL4 ,9 ,CATALONIA !Y HAD ! P[] TO SIMPLY WIPE AWAY ! ,G5]ALITATGOV]NM5T & IMPLEM5T !IR PROPOSAL = A JO9T GOV]N+ C\NCIL ) ! O!R UNIONS4 ,DO+ ?AT C\LD HAVE =C$ ! ,U,G,T TO AGREE TO EXT5D ?IS SOLUTION TO ALL ( ,SPA94 

,REGIONAL DEF5SE C\NCILS W]E CREAT$ 9 ,A/URIAS & ,>AGON4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,A/URIAS HAD #ae MEMB]S1 ) ! ,U,G,T 9 ! MAJORITY4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS 
W]E ONLY GIV5 TWO REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9 ,>AGON ! 9ITIATIVE TO =M A ,C,N,T-CONTROLL$ ,REGIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL CAME FROM ! ,C,N,T VILLAGE UNIONS 9 ! ZONE ( ,>AGON ?AT HAD BE5 LIB]AT$ BY ! LABOR MILITIA4 

,BUT ,CATALONIA WAS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN RURAL ,>AGON OR ,A/URIAS4 ,CATALONIA HAD ?REE-F\R?S ( ,SPA9'S 9DU/RIAL CAPACITY & ,SPA9'S L>GE/ CITY4 ,IF ! ,G5]ALITAT HAD BE5 REPLAC$ ) A WORK+ CLASS GOV]NANCE /RUCTURE1 ,CABALL]O C\LDN'T HAVE IGNOR$ ?IS4 ,BUT 9/EAD1 ! ,C,N,T ( ,CATALONIA W5T 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,!Y JO9$ ! ,G5]ALITAT GOV]NM5T ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#f?4 ,?IS COMPLETELY UND]M9$ ! ,C,N,T'S B>GA9+ LEV]AGE ) ,CABALL]O BECAUSE IT TOLD HIM !Y W]5'T S]I\S AB\T !IR ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROPOSAL4 

,:ILE ! NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,U,G,T = A ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL W]E GO+ ON 9 ,MADRID1 ,$U>DO DE ,GUZMAN WAS $ITOR ( ! ,C,N,T PAP] ,CA/ILLA ,LIBRE 9 ,MADRID4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 ! 9ITIATIVE TO =M A WORK+-CLASS GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID WAS H9D]$ BY ! ,C,N,T'S FAILURE TO TAKE P[] 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EV5 IF ! COMPLETE IMPLEM5TATION ( 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 WAS NOT POSSIBLE AT ! MOM5T1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO CREATE 

0A PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T -- TOTAL WORK+-CLASS DEMOCRACY 9 :I* ALL SECTORS ( ! PROLET>IAT -- BUT ( ! PROLET>IAT ALONE -- W\LD BE REPRES5T$4444,TO MAKE A REVOLUTION1 P[] MU/ BE SEIZ$4 ,IF ! ,C,N,T HAD DONE SO 9 ,CATALONIA1 IT W\LD HAVE HELP$1 NOT H9D]$1 \R M9ORITY POSITION 9 ,MADRID4 ,BUT !Y BELIEV$ ?AT IT WAS SUFFICI5T TO HAVE TAK5 ! /REETS1 TO HAVE SEIZ$ >MS4 ,!Y COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS40 

,ACCORD+ TO DE ,GUZMAN1 0! PETTY B\RGEOISIE WAS 9EVITABLY OPPOS$ TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E RECRUIT+ 9 ?IS CLASS1 & 9 ALLIANCE ) ! PETTY B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICANS W]E B\ND TO GA9 /R5G? IF ! ,G5]ALITAT & ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T W]E RECON/ITUT$40 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT IT WAS A MI/AKE = ! ,C,N,T TO HAVE NOT PU%$ = A WORK+ CLASS GOV]NM5T AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ :5 
!RE WAS NO EFFECTIVE GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID AT ALL4 0,A REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T ( GREAT PROMISE HAD BE5 LO/10 9 HIS OP9ION4.<#b#g.> 

,DE ,GUZMAN SUGGE/S ?AT !RE WAS A CONFUSION AB\T 0APOLITICISM0 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 HIS VIEW IT %\LD MEAN 0SIMPLY NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! F>CE ( .<P>LIAM5T>Y.> ELECTIONS40 ,?IS IS NOT ! SAME AS SAY+ ?AT A POLITY -- A /RUCTURE ( POPUL> GOV]NANCE -- IS NOT NE$$ TO REPLACE ! /ATE4 ,JU/ AS SYNDICALI/S HAD ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ ! CONT9UITY ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION BE+ MA9TA9$ 9 A PROCESS ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! SAME >GUM5T CAN BE MADE = ! POLITICAL FUNCTIONS -- MAK+ & 5=C+ ! BASIC RULES 9 SOCIETY4 ,!SE >E ALSO NECESS>Y FUNCTIONS4 

,TO RESPOND TO ,SOCIALI/ CONC]NS AB\T 5SUR+ ! LOYALTY ( ! 0ANTI-FASCI/ PETTY B\RGEOISIE10 ! ,C,N,T1 AT ANO!R NATIONAL PL5>Y 9 MID-,SEPTEMB]1 MODIFI$ ! ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROPOSAL SO ?AT IT W\LD BE MADE UP ( FIVE ,C,N,T DELEGATES1 FIVE ,U,G,T DELEGATES1 & F\R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TIES4 ,) ?IS MODIFICATION1 ONE ( ! SMALL] ,REPUBLICAN P>TIES -- ! ,F$]AL ,REPUBLICANS --5DORS$ ! ,C,N,T PROPOSAL4 ,BUT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O /ILL REFUS$ ?IS 0LEAP \TSIDE ! B\NDS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION40 ,) ! ,C,N,T JO9+ !,G5]ALITAT GOV]NM5T1 HE KNEW ! ,C,N,T WASN'T S]I\S4 ,CABALL]O MADE A C\NT] PROPOSAL3 ,! ,C,N,T W\LD JO9 ! EXI/+ ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 

,F9ALLY1 AT YET ANO!R NATIONAL PL5>Y ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#h?1 ! TRE9TI/A NATIONAL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,HORACIO ,PRIETO1 PU%$ = ACCEPT+ ,CABALL]O'S (F]4 ,! DELEGATION FROM ,CATALONIA WAS ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ TO ?IS4 ,! REGIONAL ORGANIZATION 9 ,CATALONIA WAS 9CONSI/5T -- IT OPPOS$ ! ,C,N,T DO+ AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL :AT IT HAD DONE 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,HAV+ FAIL$ TO *>T A COH]5T C\RSE = UNIFY+ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 BUILD+ NEW /RUCTURES ( GOV]NANCE1 TO REPLACE ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE1 ! ,C,N,T F9ALLY JO9$ ! NATIONAL ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ON ,NOVEMB] #d?1 RECEIV+ ONLY F\R \T ( #ah PO/S 9 ! CAB9ET4.<#b#h.> ,AT ! FIR/ MEET+ ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 ,JOAN ,PEIRO PROPOS$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T AU?ORIZE ! COMPLETE COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ECONOMY4 ,?IS 
9ITIATIVE WAS BLOCK$ BY ! OBJECTIONS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ,REPUBLICANS1 ,BASQUE ,NATIONALI/S1 & !IR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & ,COMMUNI/ ALLIES4 

,?R\<\T ! MON? ( ,OCTOB]1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ! ,C,N,T'S DAILY PAP] 9 ,B>CELONA1 HAD M\NT$ A MAJOR CAMPAIGN 9 FAVOR ( ! PROPOSAL = A JO9T ,C,N,T-,U,G,T ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL4 ,N[ ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD OPT$ = ,POPUL> ,FRONT COLLABORATION1 ! ,C,N,T REGIONAL COMMITTEE WANT$ A LESS 09TRANSIG5TLY REVOLUTION>Y0 L9E AT ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 ,AMONG ! /AFF MEMB]S :O W]E FIR$ DUE TO !IR OPPOSITION TO ! POLICY ( ,POPUL> ,FRONT COLLABORATION WAS A DISABL$ J\RNALI/1 ,JAIME ,BALIUS.<#b#i.> & ! PAP]'S MANAG+ $ITOR1 ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS4 ,BALIUS & ,CALLEJAS W\LD LAT] SURFACE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO REVIVE ! LABOR DEF5SE C\NCIL PROPOSAL 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#g4 

,UNIONS ,MOVE ,T[>DS ,SOCIALIZATION FROM ,BEL[ 

,!RE IS NO CLE>] EXPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! ,C,N,T ?AN ! MASSIVE EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY 9 ,SPA9 ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f1 & ! DIRECT MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY BY ! WORK]S DUR+ ! CIVIL W>4 ,9 ! ,B>CELONA >EA ALONE1 MORE ?AN #c1 5T]PRISES W]E SEIZ$ BY ! UNIONS4 ,NO 9/RUCTIONS = !SE TAKEOV]S W]E ISSU$ BY ! REGIONAL OR NATIONAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,!Y W]E C>RI$ \T ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ACTIVI/S 9 ! LOCAL UNIONS4 ,EXPROPRIATION WAS ESPECIALLY WIDESPREAD 9 ,CATALONIA ) ! ,C,N,T HOLD+ DE FACTO >M$ P[]4 

,BURNETT ,BOLLOT5 WAS AN ,AM]ICAN ,U,P,I REPORT] 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TIME4 ,AMONG ! 9DU/RIES ?AT ,BOLLOT5 LI/S AS 0CONFISCAT$ BY ! UNIONS & CONTROLL$ BY WORK] COMMITTEES0 W]E ! FOLL[+3 RAILWAYS1 COMM]CIAL %IPP+1 /REETC>S & BUSSES1 TAXICABS1 ELECTRIC P[] COMPANIES1 GAS & WAT] SY/EMS1 GLASS-BOTTLE FACTORIES & P]FUM]IES1 TEXTILE MILLS & PAP] FACTORIES1 M9ES & CEM5T WORKS1 FOOD PROCESS+ PLANTS & BREW]IES1 MOTION PICTURE !AT]S1 LIVE !AT]S & GR& OP]A1 NEWSPAP]S & PR9T %OPS1 DEP>TM5T /ORES & HOTELS1 DELUXE 
RE/AURANTS & B>S4.<#c.> ,9 ADDITION1 MOTOR FREI<T COMPANIES1 BAK]IES1 B>B] %OPS1 ! PLATE GLASS & MIRROR 9DU/RY1 ! LUMB] 9DU/RY 9 ! ,PYR5EES M\NTA9S1 FURNITURE-MAK+1 & HOSPITALS W]E ALSO EXPROPRIAT$4 ,! ,C,N,T NATIONAL TELEPHONE 9DU/RIAL UNION SEIZ$ ! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,TELEPHONE ,CO1 ! L>GE/ SUBSIDI>Y ( ! ,AM]ICAN MULT9ATIONAL ,I,T,T4 ,9 ,VAL5CIA1 ! ,C,N,T CREAT$ AN ORGANIZATION TO MANAGE ! PUR*ASE1 PACK+ & EXPORT ( ! CITRUS CROP -- ,SPA9'S L>GE/ S\RCE ( =EIGN EX*ANGE E>N+S 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,?\S&S ( H\SES ( ! WEAL?Y W]E EXPROPRIAT$ AS W]E L>GE AP>TM5T COMPLEXES4 ,!RE W]E ALSO AT LEA/ A C\PLE ?\S& COLLECTIVIZ$ AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES CREAT$ ?R\<\T ! ANTI-FASCI/ ZONE4 

,BE=E DISCUSS+ ! DETAILS ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T CREAT$ BY ! UNIONS1 IT IS USEFUL TO KEEP 9 M9D :AT ! ,C,N,T'S AIM WAS4 ,BE=E ! CIVIL W>1 ! ,C,N,T HAD NEV] ADVOCAT$ ?AT WORKPLACES OR 9DU/RIES %\LD BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PRIVATE PROP]TY ( !IR WORK]S4 ,ABAD ,DIEGO DE ,SANTILLAN EXPLA9$ ! RATIONALE = ! ,C,N,T'S OPPOSITION TO PRIVATE [N]%IP3 

0,WE >E AN ANTI-CAPITALI/1 ANTI-PROPRIETOR MOVEM5T4 ,WE HAVE SE5 9 ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 ( FACTORIES1 ( ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT1 9 ! CAPITALI/ APP>ATUS ( DI/RIBUTION1 ! PRIM>Y CAUSE ( MIS]Y & 9JU/ICE4 ,WE WANT$ ! SOCIALIZATION ( ALL ! WEAL? 9 ORD] ?AT NOT A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL %\LD BE LEFT ON ! M>G9 ( ! BANQUET ( LIFE40.<#c#a.> 

,?US1 ! ,C,N,T ADVOCAT$ SOCIAL [N]%IP4 ,ALL ( ! WORKPLACES 9 AN 9DU/RY W\LD BE GR\P$ TOGE!R 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION :I* W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = MANAG+ ?AT 9DU/RY4 ,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS W\LD BE COORD9AT$ BY REGIONAL & NATIONAL ECONOMICS C\NCILS4 ,SOCIAL [N]%IP W\LD BE REFLECT$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL PLANS TO :I* ! V>I\S 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO ADH]E 9 !IR WORK4 ,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 WROTE DE ,SQANTILLAN >E NOT 0PROPRIETORS0 ( ! 9DU/RIES BUT >E 0ONLY ADM9I/RATORS AT ! S]VICE ( ! 5TIRE SOCIETY40 ,ECONOMIC C\NCILS1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WROTE1 W\LD 0RECEIVE !IR 
DIRECTIVES FROM BEL[1 !Y MAKE ADJU/M5TS ACCORD+ TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL CONGRESSES40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,JOAN ,F]R]1 A BOOKKEEP] :O WAS ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T COMM]CIAL WORK]S UNION 9 ,B>CELONA3 

0,IT WAS \R IDEA 9 ! ,C,N,T ?AT EV]Y?+ %\LD />T FROM ! WORK]1 NOT -- AS ) ! ,COMMUNI/S -- ?AT EV]Y?+ %\LD BE RUN BY ! /ATE4 ,TO ?IS 5D WE WANT$ TO SET UP 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS -- TEXTILES1 METAL-WORK+1 DEP>TM5T /ORES1 ETC4 -- :I* W\LD BE REPRES5T$ ON AN OV]ALL ,ECONOMICS ,C\NCIL :I* W\LD DIRECT ! ECONOMY4 ,EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ ECONOMIC PLANN+1 W\LD ?US REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S40.<#c#b.> 

,9 ! V>IATION ON ?IS !ME APPROV$ BY ! ,Z>AGOZA CONGRESS1 !RE W\LD ALSO BE 9PUT TO ! SOCIAL PLANN+ PROCESS AB\T :AT TO PRODUCE FROM ! GEOGRAPHIC RESID5T ASSEMBLIES 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS OR VILLAGES & ! REGIONAL & NATIONAL ,PEOPLE'S ,CONGRESSES L9K+ !SE RESID5T ASSEMBLIES TOGE!R4 

,9 ! LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/ VIEW1 SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY WAS TO BE CON/RUCT$ 0FROM BEL[10 ?R\< ! DIRECT ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,!RE W]E TWO ASPECTS OR PHASES TO SYNDICALI/ SOCIALIZATION4 ,! FIR/ PHASE WAS EXPROPRIATION ( ASSETS ( ! CAPITALI/S & CREATION ( AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION1 SUPPRESS+ M>KET COMPETITION BETWE5 FIRMS 9 ! 9DU/RY4 ,! SECOND PHASE W\LD BE ! CREATION ( OV]ALL SOCIAL PLANN+4 ,9 FACT1 ,SPA9 NEV] GOT TO ?IS SECOND PHASE4 

,9 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES1 ! UNIONS MOV$ QUICKLY TO CREATE AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION1 M]G+ ! ASSETS ( ! BUS9ESSES 9 ?AT 9DU/RY4 ,:]E 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS W]E SET UP1 !SE W]E ( TWO TYPES4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ! ,C,N,T UNION ITSELF BECAME ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION RUNN+ AN 9DU/RY4 ,9 O!R CASES1 ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION WAS A NEW /RUCTURE1 AP>T FROM ! UNION4 ,?IS SECOND TYPE ( 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION T5D$ TO EM]GE :]E !RE WAS A /RONG ,U,G,T UNION4 ,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION WAS =MALLY SEP>ATE 
FROM ! UNIONS SO ?AT IT C\LD BE AN ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T %>$ P[]4 

,! ,MADRID-,Z>AGOZA-,ALICANTE 7,M,Z,A7 WAS A L>GE1 PRIVATELY [N$ RAILWAY ?AT OP]AT$ ! MA9L9ES FROM ,MADRID TO ,B>CELONA & ,VAL5CIA1 & ! MA9L9E ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/4 ,ON ,JULY #b?1 ) /REET-FI<T+ /ILL GO+ ON 9 ,B>CELONA1 MILITANTS FROM ! ,C,N,T RAILWAY NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL UNION TOLD ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,M,Z,A !Y W]E FIR$4 ,! WORK]S W]E TAK+ OV]4 ,! ELECTRIC COMMUT] RAILWAY OP]AT+ \T ( ,B>CELONA WAS ALSO SEIZ$1 & ! RAILWAYS W]E M]G$ TOGE!R 9TO A S+LE NETWORK4 ,?IS TAKEOV] WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,C,N,T UNION BUT ! ,U,G,T SOON CAME ALONG4 ,EA* UNION HAD AB\T AN EQUAL PROPORTION ( ! RAILWAY WORK=CE4 ,! TRA9 OP]AT+ CREWS1 :O HAD A MORE MILITANT TRADITION1 T5D$ TO BELONG TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,! /ATION AG5TS1 RAILWAY CL]KS1 & Y>DMA/]S T5D$ TO BELONG TO ! ,U,G,T4 

,! NEW ORGANIZATION =M$ TO OP]ATE ! RAILWAY NETWORK WAS CALL$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,RAILWAY ,F$]ATION4 ,! COORD9AT+ COMMITTEE -- CALL$ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE -- CONSI/$ ( SIX ,U,G,T MEMB]S & SIX ,C,N,T MEMB]S4 ,EXCEPT = A FULL-TIME EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR1 !Y ALL CONT9U$ TO WORK AT !IR REGUL> JOB4 ,= EA* SECTION ( ! RAILWAY L9E & EA* /ATION1 A COMMITTEE WAS =M$ ( DELEGADOS ELECT$ BY A LOCAL ASSEMBLY4 ,9 ! BI-WEEKLY ASSEMBLIES1 ! PROPOSALS ( ! COMMITTEE W\LD BE EI!R APPROV$ OR DISAPPROV$ BY ! WORK]S4 

,! RAILWAYS HAD BE5 OP]AT+ AT A LOSS EV5 BE=E ! CIVIL W>1 DUE TO GR[+ AUTOMOBILE USE4 ,TO IMPROVE EFFICI5CY ( ! TRANSPORT NETWORK1 ! RAILWAY F$]ATION UND]TOOK TO DO AN EXT5SIVE SURVEY ( TRANSPORT S]VICES ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT UNIONS4 ,!Y MAPP$ ! V>I\S BUS1 MOTOR FREI<T1 & COMM]CIAL %IPP+ S]VICES4 ,!Y DISCOV]$ ?AT V>I\S POOR RURAL >EAS HAD NO PUBLIC TRANSPORT S]VICES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 !RE WAS MULTIPLE DUPLICATION ( S]VICES ALONG ! COA/AL CORRIDOR4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT UNIONS AGRE$ ON A PLAN TO ELIM9ATE SOME S]VICES COMPET+ ) ! 
RAILWAY SU* AS ! COA/AL M>ITIME %IPP+ L9E1 & CREATE NEW BUS & MOTOR FREI<T S]VICES = UNS]V$ RURAL >EAS4 ,! RAILWAY BUILT A NEW BRAN* L9E 9 A RURAL >EA ( ,>AGON TO S]VE BO? ! VILLAGES & ! NE>BY LABOR MILITIA ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4.<#c#c.> 

,MORE ?AN A DOZ5 ELECTRIC P[]1 GAS & WAT] COMPANIES W]E EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T PUBLIC UTILITY UNIONS4 ,9ITIALLY ! UNIONS SET UP 0CONTROL COMMITTEES0 AFT] ,JULY #a#i? AT ! V>I\S COMPANIES1 ) ! EXI/+ MANAGEM5T /ILL 9 PLACE4 ,! EXPROPRIATION BY ! UNIONS DIDN'T HAPP5 UNTIL ! 5D ( ,AUGU/4 ,AS ) ! RAILWAY 9DU/RY1 AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION SEP>ATE FROM ! UNIONS WAS =M$ TO TAKE OV] MANAGEM5T ( ?IS 9DU/RY4 ,! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T PUBLIC UTILITY 9DU/RIAL UNIONS W]E AB\T AN EQUAL PROPORTION ( ! WORK=CE -- EA* AB\T #h1 MEMB]S 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS = ! GAS1 WAT] & ELECTRIC P[] DIVISIONS1 EA* MADE UP ( AN EQUAL NUMB] ( ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T DELEGATES1 W]E RESPONSIBLE TO P]IODIC REGIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! WORK]S4.<#c#d.> 

,!RE W]E ALSO NUM]\S 9DU/RIES :]E ! ,C,N,T UNION ITSELF BECAME ! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION1 ! ORGAN ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! 9DU/RY4 

,! ,C,N,T WOOD UNION 9 ,CATALONIA SEIZ$ & %UT D[N ! SMALL CAB9ETMAK+ %OPS1 :]E CONDITIONS W]E (T5 CRAMP$1 9EFFICI5T & DANG]\S4 ,!SE %OPS W]E REPLAC$ BY A NEW FACTORY1 ! ,D\BLE ,X4 ,! UNION IMPORT$ ,FR5* MA*9]Y ) ! LATE/ SAFETY DEVICES4 ,AN EXI/+ L>GE 
FURNITURE FACTORY WAS EXPROPRIAT$ BUT EXP&$ BY ADD+ TWO NEW FLOORS4 ,EA* ( !SE FACTORIES EMPLOY$ AB\T #b PEOPLE4 ,A ,F,A,I GR\P 9 ! WOOD UNION OPPOS$ ! DRIVE TO CONSOLIDATE ! 5TIRE 9DU/RY 9TO A S+LE UNION-MANAG$ 9DU/RIAL OP]ATION4 ,!Y ADVOCAT$ ! CREATION ( SMALL1 AUTONOM\S PRODUCTION C5T]S4 ,!IR CRITICS DESCRIB$ ?IS AS A ?R[BACK TO ! PRE-CAPITALI/ ]A ( SELF-EMPLOY$ >TISANS4 ,! ,F,A,I PROPOSAL WAS DEFEAT$4 

,! UNION ALSO SEIZ$ ! FURNITURE RETAIL /ORES4 ,! LUMB] OP]ATIONS 9 ! ,PYR5EES M\NTA9S W]E TAK5 OV]4 ,! UNION MANAG$ ! 5TIRE 9DU/RY FROM EXTRACT+ ! RAW MAT]IAL TO SALE ( ! F9I%$ PRODUCT 9 %[ROOMS4 

,! UNION BELIEV$ ?AT IT %\LD LOOK AFT] ! OV]ALL WELL-BE+ ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ! UNION BUILT A GYM ) AN ,OLYMPIC-SIZE SWIMM+ POOL AT ! ,D\BLE ,X FACTORY4 ,9 A M\NTA9 VALLEY ! UNION SET UP AN AGRICULTURAL OP]ATION TO GR[ FOOD = ! FAMILIES ( UNION MEMB]S4 

0,! CONCEPT ?AT PREVAIL$10 A WOOD UNION MEMB] RECALL$1 0WAS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS %\LD HAVE GOOD FURNITURE AT *EAP PRICES40.<#c#e.> 

,) SO MANY ( ! UNION MILITANTS AWAY 9 ! MILITIA1 !RE WAS A T5D5CY = ! WOOD UNION TO APPO9T =M] [N]S OR !IR SONS AS ADM9I/RATIVE HEADS ( SECTIONS4 ,!RE WAS SOME DANG] 9 HAV+ PEOPLE 9 SU* POSITIONS :O >E 9 ! HABIT ( GIV+ ORD]S & HAV+ O!RS OBEY !M4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! UNION COMMITTEES W]E N[ TRANS=M$ 9TO ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS = AN ORGANIZATION RUNN+ AN 9DU/RY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE UNION MEMB]1 DISCONT5T DEVELOP$ BECAUSE ! MEMB]S FELT !Y W]5'T 9VOLV$ 9 DECISION-MAK+ :]EAS 0! ,C,N,T TRADITION WAS TO DISCUSS & EXAM9E EV]Y?+40 ,ONE PROBLEM1 9 HIS VIEW1 WAS ! FAILURE TO PRODUCE A NEWSLETT] TO KEEP MEMB]S 9=M$4.<#c#f.> 

,AS 9 MO/ CASES ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA1 NO NEW %OP /EW>DS COMMITTEES W]E ELECT$ AFT] ! WOOD UNION COMMITTEES W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS = MANAGEM5T ( ! 9DU/RY4 ,A NUMB] ( 
! ,C,N,T VET]ANS 9T]VIEW$ BY ,RONALD ,FRAS] = ,BLOOD ( ,SPA9 BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS FAILURE TO RE-CREATE A SEP>ATE UNION ORGANIZATION WAS A MI/AKE4 

,ELIM9ATION ( ! CLASS SY/EM IS NOT M]ELY A =MAL PROCESS ( EXPROPRIATION & CREATION ( A NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,JOB DEF9ITIONS NE$ TO BE RE-?\<T1 P[] EQUALIZ$ ?R\< LE>N+ NEW SKILLS & WORK]S TAK+ OV] TASKS =M]LY DONE BY 0PR(ESSIONALS40 ,+RA9$ HABITS ( GIV+ & OBEY+ ORD]S NE$ TO BE BROK5 D[N4 ,BECAUSE ! NEW SY/EM 9H]ITS DIFF]5CES 9 SKILLS1 $UCATION & HABITS FROM HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS ( P[]1 !RE IS A DANG] ( EXP]TIZE & DECISION-MAK+ BE+ RE-CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO SOME NEW HI]>*Y4 ,P]HAPS ! UNION ORGANIZATION -- SEP>ATE FROM ! /RUCTURE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! 9DU/RY -- WAS NE$$ TO LOOK \T = ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS PROCESS ( TRANSITION4 

,ANO!R 9DU/RY ?AT WAS TOTALLY RE-ORGANIZ$ WAS HAIR-CUTT+4 ,BE=E ,JULY #a#i?1 !RE HAD BE5 #a1#a HAIRDRESS+ P>LORS 9 ,B>CELONA1 MO/ ( !M EXTREMELY M>G9AL4 ,! #e1 ASSI/ANT HAIRDRESS]S W]E AMONG ! L[E/-PAID WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT HAD DECRE$ A #d-H\R WEEK & #ae P]C5T WAGE 9CREASE AFT] ,JULY #a#i? --ONE ( ! ,ESQU]RA'S ATTEMPTS TO WOO WORK] SUPPORT4 ,?IS SPELL$ RU9 = MANY HAIRDRESS+ %OPS4 ,A G5]AL ASSEMBLY WAS HELD & IT WAS AGRE$ TO %UT D[N ALL ! UNPR(ITABLE %OPS4 ,! #a1#a %OPS W]E REPLAC$ BY A NETWORK ( #bce NEI<BORHOOD HAIRCUTT+ C5T]S1 ) BETT] EQUIPM5T & LI<T+ ?AN ! OLD %OPS4 ,DUE TO ! EFFICI5CIES GA9$1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO RAISE WAGES BY #d P]C5T4 ,! 5TIRE NETWORK WAS RUN ?R\< ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,C,N,T B>B]'S UNION4 ,! =M] [N]S BECAME MEMB]S ( ! UNION4.<#c#g.> 

,TO SOME CRITICS1 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! HAIRCUTT+ 9DU/RY WAS A MI/AKE3 0,:AT 9 REALITY WAS BE+ COLLECTIVIZ$810 ASK$ ,SEBA/IA ,CL>A1 A TRE9TI/A GOV]NM5T EMPLOYEE 9 ,CATALONIA2 0,A PAIR ( SCISSORS1 A RAZOR1 A C\PLE ( B>B]'S *AIRS4 ,& :AT WAS ! RESULT8 ,ALL ?OSE SMALL [N]S444N[ TURN$ AGA9/ US40.<#c#h.> 

,CL>A'S COMM5T OV]LOOKS ! EFFICI5CY GA9S CAPTUR$ AS HI<] WAGES = ! WORK]S & ! IDEA ?AT SOCIALIZATION IS NOT JU/ AB\T PHYSICAL ASSETS BUT *ANG+ SOCIAL P[] RELATION%IPS4 ,! AIM ( ! LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS TO DO AWAY ) ! SUBORD9ATION ( WORK]S 9H]5T 9 BE+ HIR$ TO WORK = A BOSS = WAGES4 

,HEAL? C>E WAS ANO!R 9DU/RY TRANS=M$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,A NEW #g-MEMB] ,C,N,T S9DICATO UNICO = ! HEAL? 9DU/RY 9 ,B>CELONA -- 9CLUD+ #c1#b MALE NURSES -- WAS CREAT$ 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,! V>I\S PR(ESSIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ AS 0SECTIONS0 ( ! HEAL? UNION4 ,?IS UNION EXPROPRIAT$ ! HOSPITALS & CREAT$ & MANAG$ A NEW SOCIALIZ$ HEAL? C>E SY/EM 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,BE=E ,JULY1 M$ICAL PRACTICES W]E TYPICALLY [N$ BY A S5IOR PHYSICIAN1 & ! Y\NG] DOCTORS W]E HIR$ AS ASSI/ANTS4 ,M$ICAL S]VICES W]E FOCUS$ ON WEAL?I] NEI<BORHOODS4 ,POOR VILLAGES (T5 HAD NO DOCTOR4 ,! NEW SY/EM WAS 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( HEAL? RES\RCES4 ,IF A POOR VILLAGE DIDN'T HAVE A DOCTOR1 ! HEAL? UNION W\LD F9D ONE4 

,! HEAL? UNION TRI$ TO DO AWAY ) PRIVATE PRACTICES BUT WAS NOT ABLE TO GET ! MAJORITY ( DOCTORS TO AGREE TO ?IS4 ,ALL ( ! DOCTORS W]E REQUIR$ TO WORK ?REE H\RS A DAY = ! HEAL? UNION1 :I* LEFT !M ) 5\< TIME 9 ! DAY TO SEE PRIVATE PATI5TS4 ,:5 WORK+ = ! UNION1 ALL DOCTORS W]E PAID ! SAME PAY RATE -- BUT !IR H\RLY RATE WAS AB\T F\R TIMES A TYPICAL WORK]'S WAGE4 

,! GOV]NM5T PROVID$ SOME FUNDS TO HELP PAY = ! SOCIALIZ$ HEAL? C>E SY/EM 9 ,CATALONIA1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO COV] ALL CO/S4 ,AL?\< VISITS TO ! NEW NETWORK ( \TPATI5T CL9ICS W]E FREE1 ! HEAL? UNION *>G$ FEES = (FICE VISITS TO DOCTORS & = SURG]Y4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANY UNIONS1 COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RIES & VILLAGE COLLECTIVES 5T]$ 9TO SPECIAL AGREEM5TS ) ! HEAL? UNION TO PROVIDE FREE HEAL? C>E = !IR MEMB]S & !IR FAMILIES4 ,! HEAL? UNION RAN D5TAL CL9ICS & ALSO TOOK OV] RESE>* & MANUFACTURE ( PH>MACEUTICALS4 

,?IS SOCIALIZ$ HEAL? C>E SY/EM WAS EXP&$ ?R\<\T ! ANTI-FASCI/ ZONE ?R\< ! WORK ( ! #d1-MEMB] ,C,N,T NATIONAL 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION = HEAL? C>E1 CONSI/+ ( #d LOCAL UNIONS4.<#c#i.> 

,! MA9 P>T ( ! PUBLIC TRANSIT SY/EM 9 ,B>CELONA WAS ! /REETC> SY/EM1 :I* OP]AT$ #f R\TES ?R\<\T ! METROPOLITAN >EA4 ,?IS SY/EM WAS OP]AT$ BY ,B>CELONA ,TRAMWAYS1 [N$ MA9LY BY ,BELGIAN 9VE/ORS4 ,( ! #g1 EMPLOYES ( ?IS COMPANY1 #f1#e BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT S9DICATO UNICO4 

,ON ,JULY #b? AN >M$ GR\P FROM ! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT UNION DISCOV]$ ?AT ! TOP MANAGEM5T ( ,B>CELONA ,TRAMWAYS HAD FL$4 ,A MASS MEET+ ( ! TRANSIT WORK]S WAS HELD ! FOLL[+ DAY & ! ASSEMBLY VOT$ OV]:ELM+LY TO EXPROPRIATE ! TRANSIT COMPANIES 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?REE PRIVATE BUS COMPANIES1 TWO FUNICUL>S1 & ! SUBWAY W]E TAK5 OV] ALONG ) ! /REETC> COMPANY4 

,! /REETC> SY/EM HAD BE5 BADLY MAUL$ 9 ! /REET FI<T+ -- TRACKS HAD BE5 DAMAG$1 OV]HEAD WIRES W]E KNOCK$ D[N 9 PLACES1 EQUIPM5T BOXES W]E %OT UP1 & /REETC> TRACKS W]E BLOCK$ BY B>RICADES4 ,WORK+ NI<T & DAY1 ! TRANSIT WORK]S GOT ! /REETC> NETWORK WORK+ )9 FIVE DAYS4 ,OV] TIME ! /REETC>S W]E REPA9T$ 9 ! DIAGONALLY DIVID$ R$ & BLACK PA9T S*EME ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,PRIOR TO ,JULY #a#i?1 EQUIPM5T BOXES ( ! ELECTRIC P[] COMPANY 9 ! MIDDLE ( /REETS MADE IT NECESS>Y = ,B>CELONA /REETC>S TO NEGOTIATE TI<T CURVES >\ND !M2 ?IS HAD BE5 A S\RCE ( D]AILM5TS4 ,AFT] ! UNION TAKEOV]1 ! WORK]S >RANG$ ) ! WORK]-RUN PUBLIC UTILITY F$]ATION TO RELOCATE ! ELECTRIC P[] EQUIPM5T SO ?AT ! TRACKS C\LD BE /RAI<T5$ \T4 

,! V>I\S MODES -- BUSSES1 SUBWAY1 /REETC>S -- W]E SEP>ATE UNION 0SECTIONS01 AS W]E ! REPAIR DEPOTS4 ,!SE ALL W]E MANAG$ ?R\< ELECT$ COMMITTEES1 ANSW]ABLE TO ASSEMBLIES ( ! WORK]S4 ,AN 5G9E] WAS ELECT$ TO EA* ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE1 TO FACILITATE CONSULTATION BETWE5 MANUAL WORK]S & 5G9E]S4 ,!RE WAS 
AN OV]ALL ASSEMBLY = DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT$ ! TRANSIT-SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,!RE WAS NO TOP MANAG] OR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR4 

,B>CELONA ,TRAMWAYS HAD OP]AT$ ) A F>E ZONE SY/EM :I* MEANT ?AT IT CO/ MORE = PEOPLE 9 ! \T] WORK+ CLASS SUBURBS TO GET 9TO ! CITY C5T]4 ,! WORK]-RUN TRANSIT OP]ATION SWIT*$ TO A FLAT F>E ?R\<\T ! METROPOLITAN >EA1 TO EQUALIZE F>E CO/S TO RID]S4 ,DESPITE ?IS L[]+ ( ! F>E1 ! WORK]-RUN TRANSIT SY/EM OP]AT$ AT A PR(IT4 ,A L>GE AM\NT ( ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN MA*9E TOOLS W]E PUR*AS$1 TO MAKE ! TRANSIT OP]ATION L>GELY SELF-SUFFICI5T 9 SP>E P>TS4 ,! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT UNION 5T]$ 9TO AN >RANGEM5T ) ! NEW HEAL? UNION TO 5SURE FREE M$ICAL C>E = TRANSIT WORK]S & !IR FAMILIES4 

,DUE TO W>-TIME RE/RICTIONS ON AUTOMOBILE TRAVEL1 RID]%IP 9CREAS$ BY #fb P]C5T ! FIR/ YE> ON ! WORK]-MANAG$ TRANSIT NETWORK4 ,IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTA9 NEW /REETC>S4 ,TO ACCOMMODATE ! 9CREAS$ RID]%IP1 ! WORK]S R$ESIGN$ ! LAY\T ( ! MA9T5ANCE FACILITY1 TO R$UCE ! D[NTIME = /REETC>S DUR+ R\T9E MA9T5ANCE4 ,A NUMB] ( JUNK$ /REETC>S W]E REBUILT & PUT BACK 9TO S]VICE4 ,NEW1 LI<T-WEI<T C>S W]E BUILT = ! TWO FUNICUL>S4 

,AFT] ! PASSAGE ( ! ,G5]ALITAT COLLECTIVIZATION DECREE 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c#f1 ! TRANSIT NETWORK1 :I* WAS BE+ MANAG$ BY ! UNION1 WAS RE-ORGANIZ$ AS ! ,UNIT$ ,PUBLIC ,S]VICE ,COLLECTIVE1 =MALLY SEP>ATE FROM ! ,C,N,T UNION4 ,9 SOME SECTIONS ( ! COLLECTIVE :]E !RE WAS A ,U,G,T UNION -- AS ON ! SUBWAY -- ! ,U,G,T HAD DELEGATES ON ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES4 ,BE=E ,JULY #a#i?1 ! PEONES 7TRACK LABOR]S7 W]E ! L[E/ PAID WORK]S & ! SKILL$ WORK]S MADE #e P]C5T MORE4 ,AFT] ! SEIZURE ( ! 9DU/RY1 ALL WORK]S O!R ?AN ! SKILL$ WORK]S RECEIV$ ! SAME PAY1 & ! SKILL$ WORK]S 7SU* AS MA*9I/S7 RECEIV$ ONLY #f P]C5T MORE4 ,! WORK]S VOLUNTE]$ ON ,SUNDAYS 9 WORK%OPS SET UP BY ! TRANSIT UNION TO BUILD W> MAT]IALS = ! LABOR MILITIA4.<#d.> 

,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 A CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA TO WORK \T A G5]AL SOLUTION = ! EXPROPRIAT$ WORKPLACES 9 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,H[ F> C\LD ! ,C,N,T PROCE$ T[>DS SOCIALIZATION8 ,:AT %\LD ! ,C,N,T DO ) ! EXPROPRIAT$ FIRMS8 ,TYPICALLY1 FACILITIES W]E MANAG$ BY ! UNION :5 !Y W]E EXPROPRIAT$4,! IDEA ( CONV]T+ EXPROPRIAT$ 5T]PRISES 9TO COOP]ATIVES1 OP]AT+ 9 A M>KET ECONOMY1 HAD NEV] BE5 ADVOCAT$ BY ! ,C,N,T BE=E ! W>4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ?IS IDEA WAS PROPOS$ AT ?IS CONF]5CE AS A TEMPOR>Y /OP-GAP SOLUTION1 UNTIL FULL SOCIALIZATION C\LD BE IMPLEM5T$4 ,! USE ( ! WORD 0COLLECTIVE0 TO DESCRIBE ?IS /OP-GAP SOLUTION WAS PROPOS$ AT ?IS CONF]5CE BY ,JOAN ,FABREGAS1 A ,CATALAN NATIONALI/ ACC\NTANT :O JO9$ ! ,C,N,T AFT] ,JULY ( '#c#f4 0,UP TO ?AT MOM5T1 ,I HAD NEV] HE>D ( COLLECTIVIZATION AS A SOLUTION = 9DU/RY --! DEP>TM5T /ORES W]E BE+ RUN BY ! UNION10 RECALL$ ,JOAN ,F]R]1 ! ,C,N,T COMM]CIAL UNION SECRET>Y4 0,:AT ! NEW SY/EM MEANT WAS ?AT EA* COLLECTIVIZ$ FIRM W\LD RETA9 ITS 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]1 BUT ) ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( F$]AT+ ALL 5T]PRISES )9 ! SAME 9DU/RY40.<#d#a.> 

,AT ?AT CONF]5CE1 ! MORE P[]FUL UNIONS1 SU* AS TRANSPORTATION1 PUBLIC UTILITIES1 WOODWORK]S1 & PUBLIC 5T]TA9M5T1 :I* HAD ALREADY PROCE$$ TO ! FIR/ PHASE ( SOCIALIZATION --CONSOLIDATION ( AN 5TIRE 9DU/RY 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION -- WANT$ TO CONT9UE ON ?IS PA?4 ,! SMALL]1 WEAK] UNIONS WANT$ TO CONV]T ! EXPROPRIAT$ 5T]PRISES 9TO COOP]ATIVES4 

,! SELF-MANAG$ COLLECTIVES W]E A GREAT AFFIRMATION ( ! CAPACITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO MANAGE PRODUCTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,VICTOR ,ALBA -- A MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M DUR+ ! REVOLUTION3 

0,! COLLECTIVES ( #aicf NOT ONLY DIDN'T FAIL1 BUT !Y W]E A SUCCESS4 ,GIV5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y DEMON/RAT$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT WORK]S CAN ADM9I/] 5T]PRISES ) EQUAL OR MORE EFFICI5CY ?AN !IR EMPLOY]S40.<#d#b.> 

,&REU ,CAPDEVILA1 A ,C,N,T TEXTILE MILITANT 9 ,B>CELONA1 SAID ?AT BE=E COLLECTIVIZATION1 ! RANK-&-FILE ( ! 
UNION 0DIDN'T KN[ H[ TO TALK40 ,!Y LET A H&FUL ( ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S DEAL ) MANAGEM5T = !M4 ,BUT ?IS *ANG$ ) COLLECTIVIZATION3 

0,IT WAS AMAZ+4 ,EV]YONE TURN$ 9TO A P>ROT4 ,EV]YONE WANT$ TO SAY :AT HE OR %E ?\<T & FELT4 ,!Y OBVI\SLY FELT !MSELVES 9 *>GE N[1 ) ! RI<T TO SPEAK = !MSELVES40.<#d#c.> 

,NONE!LESS1 ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( ! REVOLUTION -- ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! M>KET & ! /ATE1 ! FAILURE TO CREATE A SY/EM ( POPUL> SOCIAL PLANN+ -- CREAT$ PROBLEMS4 

,ONE PROBLEM ?AT EM]G$ WAS ! 9EQUALITY BETWE5 COLLECTIVES DUE TO DIFF]5CES 9 ! 9H]IT$ EQUIPM5T1 ACCESS TO M>KETS1 OR O!R DIFF]5CES 9 !IR SITUATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FIR/-PHASE SOCIALIZATION WAS NOT C>RI$ \T 9ITIALLY 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EA* FIRM CONT9U$ AS A SEP>ATE COLLECTIVE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOSEP ,CO/A1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T TEXTILE UNION 9 ! NE>BY SUBURB ( ,BADALONA3 

0,WE DIDN'T SEE ! ,B>CELONA TEXTILE COLLECTIVES AS MODELS = \R EXP]I5CE4 ,9DIVIDUAL COLLECTIVIZ$ MILLS ACT$ !RE FROM ! BEG9N+ AS ?\< !Y W]E COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S UNITS1 M>KET+ !IR [N PRODUCTS AS !Y C\LD & PAY+ LITTLE HE$ TO ! G5]AL SITUATION4 ,IT CAUS$ A HORRIFIC PROBLEM4 ,IT WAS A SORT ( POPUL> CAPITALISM40.<#d#d.> 

,9 ,BADALONA1 ! ,C,N,T UNION COORD9AT$ ALL ! MILLS ?R\<\T ! T[N4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 LIKE O!R MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES 9 ,CATALONIA1 HAD PRODUC$ MA9LY = ! ,SPANI% M>KET4 ,) A ?IRD ( ! C\NTRY 9 ! H&S ( ! FASCI/ >MY1 9DU/RY 9 ,CATALONIA LO/ MU* ( ITS M>KET4 ,CATALONIA'S 9DU/RIAL \TPUT FELL BY #c P]C5T DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #aicg A JO9T ,C,N,T-,U,G,T TEXTILE 9DU/RY CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,CATALONIA TO E/ABLI% A ,TEXTILE ,9DU/RY ,C\NCIL --AN 9DU/RIAL F$]ATION ?AT W\LD 9TRODUCE COORD9ATION & 5D COMPETITION BETWE5 WORKPLACES4 ,! CONGRESS AGRE$ ?AT COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DIVIDUAL PLANTS HAD BE5 A MI/AKE & 
?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PROCE$ RAPIDLY T[>DS COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION ( ! 9DU/RY4 

,(T5 COLLECTIVES DEALT ) ! LOSS ( M>KETS BY WORK+ %ORT] H\RS OR PAY+ PEOPLE :O W]5'T WORK+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 MORE ?AN #a#e1 PEOPLE W]E /ILL BE+ PAID = NON-WORK 9 ,CATALONIA 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,AS HE NOT$1 IT WAS SOCIALLY 9EFFICI5T TO HAVE A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE UND]-EMPLOY$ OR UNEMPLOY$2 ! SOCIETY WAS LOS+ ! WORK !Y C\LD DO4.<#d#e.> ,A SY/EM ( SOCIAL PLANN+ W\LD HAVE ALL[$ !M TO RE-ALLOCATE JOBS 9 ACCORDANCE ) DEM& & NE$ = \TPUT4 

,! ,C,N,T'S FAILURE TO CONSOLIDATE POLITICAL P[] WAS ITSELF A REASON = ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT GOV]NM5T CONTROLL$ =EIGN CR$ITS & ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM4 ,OV] TIME1 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RY BECAME HEAVILY 9DEBT$ TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS WAS EV5TUALLY US$ TO SECURE EV] MORE /ATE CONTROL 9 ! LAT] YE>S ( ! CIVIL W>1 AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY GA9$ 9CREAS+ P[] & MOV$ T[>DS A NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 

,! ,C,N,T'S WAGE AIM 9 ! REVOLUTION WAS ! SUELDO UNICO 70S+LE WAGE074 ,IF IMPLEM5T$1 ?IS W\LD HAVE MEANT ?AT EV]YONE W\LD BE PAID AT ! SAME H\RLY RATE4 ,A ,C,N,T TEXTILE UNION ACTIVI/ EXPLA9$ ! RATIONALE = ! SUELDO UNICO3 

0,WE LIB]T>IANS HAVE A MAXIM :I* IS B9D+3 EA* %ALL PRODUCE ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 EA* %ALL CONSUME ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4 ,PRODUCTION IS LIKE A CLOCK --EA* P>T IS 9T]DEP5D5T4 ,IF ONE P>T FAILS ! CLOCK WILL NO LONG] %[ ! H\R4 ,IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E :I* ( ! WORK]S FULFILL+ SO MANY DIFF]5T TASKS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,! M9] DIGG+ \T ! COAL1 ! WORK] TRANSPORT+ IT TO ! FACTORY1 ! /OK] %OVEL+ IT 9TO ! FACTORY FURNACE4 ,)\T ANY ( !M ! PROCESS W\LD /OP4 ,ALL %\LD BE PAID ! SAME WAGE2 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE %\LD DEP5D ON :E!R A MAN IS S+LE OR IS M>RI$ & HAS A FAMILY2 9 ! LATT] CASE1 HE %\LD GET SO MU* EXTRA P] DEP5D5T40.<#d#f.> 

,! SUELDO UNICO WAS IMPLEM5T$ 9 SOME 9DU/RIES & LOCALITIES4 ,ONE SU* LOCATION WAS ! CITY ( ,HOSPITALET DE 
,LLOBREGAT1 A WORK+ CLASS SUBURB ON ! S\? $GE ( ,B>ELONA4 ,TEXTILES W]E ! L>GE/ 9DU/RY BUT !RE W]E ALSO BLA/ FURNACES1 F\NDRIES & METAL-WORK+ PLANTS4 ,! ,C,N,T UNIONS 9 ,HOSPITALET W]E P>T ( ! LABOR C\NCIL ( ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT :I* HAD ADVOCAT$ OV]?R[+ ! ,G5]ALITAT GOV]NM5T 9 ,JULY ( '#c#f4 ,9 ! CITY ( ,HOSPITALET ! ,C,N,T DID SWEEP AWAY ! OLD CITY GOV]NM5T1 REPLAC+ IT ) A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE4 ,! ,C,N,T REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE HELD V>I\S NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES TO GET FE$BACK4 ,?IS DID NOT QUITE EQUAL ! PRE-W> ,C,N,T IDEA ( A 0FREE MUNICIPALITY0 BECAUSE ! GEOGRAPHIC ASSEMBLIES DID NOT ELECT ! NEW MUNICIPAL C\NCIL2 IT WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! UNIONS4 

,DUE TO DIFF]5CES 9 ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( COLLECTIVES1 ! ,HOSPITALET ,C,N,T DECID$ TO IMPLEM5T ! SUELDO UNICO BY PROCE$+ TO SOCIALIZATION ( ! T[N'S ECONOMY1 ) ! MORE WELL-(F COLLECTIVES CROSS-SUBSIDIZ+ ! LESS WELL-(F4.<#d#g.> 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,RAILWAY ,F$]ATION ALSO 9ITIALLY EQUALIZ$ ! WAGES ( ALL ! RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! GU>DS AT RAILWAY GRADE CROSS+S 9 ,SPA9 W]E USUALLY WOM54 ,!Y W]E ! L[E/ PAID RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,!SE FEMALE WORK]S GA9$ ! MO/ FROM ! WAGE EQUALIZATION ON ! RAILWAYS4 ,LAT] ON1 H[EV]1 ! RAILWAY F$]ATION NE$$ TO HIRE SEV]AL 5G9E]S4 ,!Y W]E =C$ TO PAY !SE 5G9E]S AB\T #b4#e TIMES ! WAGE PAID TO ! O!R WORK]S4 

,UND] A M>KET ECONOMY1 $UCAT$ PR(ESSIONALS C\LD USE !IR SC>CE EXP]TIZE TO DEM& HI<] WAGES & O!R PRIVILEGES4 ,?IS C\LD BE DEALT ) OV] TIME 9 A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY ) A SY/EM ( FREE $UCATION = WORK]S & A SY/EMATIC CAMPAIGN TO UPGRADE WORK]S' SKILLS4 ,BUT IT W\LD TAKE TIME TO DO ?AT1 & A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY HADN'T YET BE5 CONSOLIDAT$4 

,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 

,WAGE EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 DO+ ! SAME WORK WAS ONLY A*IEV$ SPORADICALLY & WAS MO/ LIKELY 9 9DU/RIES :]E ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES HAD ORGANIZ$ WOM5'S GR\PS4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES HAD BE5 =M$ AS A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION 
9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#f4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES CAME \T ( A WOM5'S CAUCUS 9 ! ,C,N,T UNIONS4 

,9 #aice ! ,C,N,T METALLURGICAL S9DICATO UNICO 9 ,B>CELONA WAS PAY+ ,SOL$AD ,E/ORA* A SMALL /IP5D AS AN ORGANIZ]4 ,E/ORA* WAS A FACTORY WORK] & ACTIVI/ 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?4 ,! METALLURGICAL UNION WAS WORRI$ AB\T ! LACK ( 9VOLVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! UNION4 ,E/ORA* DISCOV]$ ?AT IF WOM5 TRI$ TO SPEAK AT ,C,N,T UNION MEET+S1 !Y'D BE LAU<$ AT BY ! M54 ,! PROBLEM WASN'T JU/ ! MALE *AUV9I/ ATTITUDES ( ! M54 ,E/ORA* CAME TO BELIEVE ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y = WOM5 TO HAVE !IR [N AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION -- A SAFE SPACE :]E !Y C\LD /UDY SOCIAL ISSUES1 LE>N PUBLIC SPEAK+1 & BECOME PREP>$ TO BE ACTIVI/S4 ,ONLY !N W\LD WOM5 BE ABLE TO HOLD !IR [N ) ! M5 9 UNION MEET+S4 ,! RESULT WAS A WOM5'S CAUCUS 9 ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! WOM5'S CAUCUS ALSO ORGANIZ$ *ILD C>E SO ?AT WOM5 ACTIVI/S C\LD ATT5D UNION MEET+S & GET ELECT$ AS DELEGATES4 

,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES /AT$ ?AT ITS PURPOSE WAS TO LIB]ATE WOM5 FROM ! 0TRIPLE 5SLAVEM5T0 ( 0IGNORANCE1 5SLAVEM5T AS WOM51 & 5SLAVEM5T AS WORK]S40 ,! WOM5 :O F\ND$ ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES DID NOT USE ! LABEL 0FEM9I/40 ,!Y W]E AS CLASS CONSCI\S AS !IR MALE C\NT]P>TS4 ,& TO !M1 0FEM9ISM0 WAS A MOVEM5T = WOM5 TO GA9 ACCESS TO ELITE POSITIONS 9 ! PR(ESSIONS1 MANAGEM5T1 GOV]NM5T4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES WAS ORI5T$ TO WORK+ CLASS WOM51 RECRUIT+ NE>LY #c1 WOM5 DUR+ ?REE YE>S ( REVOLUTION & W>4 

,DESPITE !IR LOYALTY TO ! ,C,N,T MOVEM5T1 ! WOM5 :O =M$ ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES 9SI/$ ?AT WOM5'S LIB]ATION WAS DI/9CT FROM WORK+ CLASS LIB]ATION1 & REFUS$ TO BE JU/ A SUBORD9ATE APP5DAGE -- A 0WOM5'S AUXILI>Y0 -- ( ! ,F,A,I & ,C,N,T4 ,!Y DIDN'T BELIEVE ?AT ! M5 C\LD LIB]ATE WOM54 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,F,A,I & ,C,N,T1 ON ! O!R H&1 T5D$ TO VIEW ! IDEA ( AN AUTONOM\S WOM5'S MOVEM5T AS 0DIVISIVE40 

,ONE >EA ( *ANGE 9 G5D] RELATIONS 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! W> WAS ! BIG 9CREASE 9 WOM5 WORK+ 9 9DU/RY4 ,AS M5 W5T (F TO FI<T 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ PEOPLE'S >MY1 WOM5 W]E RECRUIT$ TO TAKE !IR PLACE4 

,! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,WOM5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,ASOCIACION DE ,MUJ]ES ,ANTI-FASCI/AS -- ,A,M,A7 WAS ORGANIZ+ AMONG ! WOM5 WORK+ 9 9DU/RY4 ,! ,A,M,A WAS A 0TRANSMISSION BELT0 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,) ! ,A,M,A GA9+ 9FLU5CE 9 9DU/RIES1 ! ,C,N,T ACTIVI/S FE>$ ?AT WOM5 W\LD BE RECRUIT$ TO ! ,U,G,T UNIONS4 ,! ,C,N,T UNIONS C\LD BE PU%$ ASIDE4 ,TO C\NT] ?IS1 ! LOCAL UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T OP5$ !IR UNION HALLS TO ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES4 ,! UNIONS PROVID$ SPACE = *ILD C>E C5T]S1 WOM5'S /UDY GR\PS1 & LIT]ACY CLASSES & APPR5TICE%IP PROGRAMS = WOM54 ,9 COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORIES1 WORK W\LD BE /OPP$ TO ALL[ ACTIVI/S FROM ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES TO GIVE PRES5TATIONS4 

,AN 9DU/RY :]E ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES HAD A /RONG PRES5CE WAS PUBLIC TRANSIT4 ,PURA ,P]EZ WAS A MEMB] ( ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES :O WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ WOM5 TO DRIVE /REETC>S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,P]EZ1 ! M5 ( ! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT UNION TOOK WOM5 ON 0AS APPR5TICES1 ME*ANICS1 & DRIV]S1 & REALLY TAU<T US :AT TO DO40 ,! ,C,N,T COMPAN]OS1 ,P]EZ RECALL$1 0REALLY GOT A KICK \T (0 ! AMAZ$ LOOKS ON ! FACES ( PASS5G]S :5 !Y REALIZ$ ?AT A WOMAN WAS AT ! CONTROLS ( ! /REETC>4.<#d#h.> 

,TRAJECTORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 

,DESPITE ! REAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION UND]WAY 9 ,SPA91 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A DE ,ESPANA -- ,P,C,E7 9SI/$ ?AT ! IMM$IATE AG5DA 9 ,SPA9 WAS A 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION10 & ?AT ! /RUGGLE %\LD BE SE5 AS SIMPLY ! DEF5SE ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC40 

,! ,P,C,E'S /ANCE1 & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL'S ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL ! ACTUAL WORK] REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 9 ITS PROPAG&A 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 WAS DESIGN$ TO RE-ASSURE ! WE/]N CAPITALI/ 0DEMOCRACIES10 IT IS (T5 SAID1 ESPECIALLY ! ,U,S,A1 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S & !IR 
SUPPORT]S ADVANC$ ! VIEW ?AT ?IS WAS ! BE/ WAY ( W9N+ ! W> AGA9/ ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y4 

,MU* ( ! HI/ORICAL DEBATE ON ! ROLE ( ,COMMUNISM 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> HAS FOCUS$ ON ,/AL9'S GEOPOLITICAL DESIGNS4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD ONLY JU/ REC5TLY BEGUN TO EM]GE FROM 9T]NATIONAL ISOLATION1 JO9+ ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,! ATTEMPT ( ! ,COMMUNI/S TO ASSUAGE ! FE>S ( ! ,BRITI%1 ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* CAPITALI/ 0DEMOCRACIES0 WAS NOT ONLY A TACTIC = OBTA9+ >MS %IPM5TS BUT ALSO FIT 9 ) ,/AL9'S FE>S ( ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM1 & HIS DESIRE TO EI!R 5T] 9TO A MILIT>Y PACT ) ! WE/]N 0DEMOCRACIES0 OR ELSE DRAW !M 9TO A CONFLICT ) ! FASCI/ P[]S4 ,BUT ! ,P,C,E DEVELOP$ ITS [N SOCIAL BASE 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! CIVIL W>4 ,:AT WAS ! REAL SOCIAL MEAN+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY = ,SPA98 ,TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION1 WE NE$ TO LOOK AT ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ,M>X SAW 9 CAPITALISM MA9LY A BIPOL> /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR4 

,H[EV]1 S9CE ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE-REGULAT$1 CORPORATE =M ( CAPITALISM BR\<T ) IT ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW MA9 CLASS1 :I* ,I CALL ! COORD9ATOR CLASS4.<#d#i.> ,ONCE CAPITALI/ V5TURES HAD BECOME TOO L>GE = ! 5TREPR5EURS TO MANAGE !MSELVES1 ! CAPITALI/S HAD TO CONC$E A REALM ( P[] TO HI]>*IES ( MANAG]S & PR(ESSIONALS1 9 ! CORPORATIONS & ! /ATE4 ,! P[] ( ! COORD9ATOR CLASS IS NOT BAS$ ON [N]%IP BUT ON A RELATIVE MONOPOLIZATION ( LEV]S ( DECISION-MAK+ & O!R EMP[]+ =MS ( WORK4 ,! COORD9ATOR CLASS HAVE !IR [N CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS CLASS HAS ! ABILITY TO BE A RUL+ CLASS4 ,! PA? PIONE]$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS !IR USE ( ! /ATE TO CON/RUCT A NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 :I* ! COORD9ATOR CLASS RULES1 )\T CAPITALI/S4 

,LIMIT+ \R FOCUS TO ! CLASS DIM5SION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 !RE >E TWO DIFF]5T TYPES ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION ?AT >E POSSIBLE4 ,A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS 
A PROCESS ?AT1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 UNRAVELS ! /RUCTURES ( CLASS P[] ( ! CAPITALI/S & COORD9ATORS SO ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] A CLASS ?AT DOM9ATES & EXPLOITS ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,A COORD9ATORI/ REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IS A TRAJECTORY ( *ANGE ?AT1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 DISLODGES ! CAPITALI/S FROM !IR DOM9ANT POSITION BUT EMP[]S ! COORD9ATOR CLASS AS ! NEW DOM9AT+ GR\P4 ,! WORK+ CLASS REMA9S A SUBORD9ATE & EXPLOIT$ GR\P4 

,! ,P,C,E'S TRAJECTORY 9 ,SPA9 IS AN EXAMPLE ( :AT ,I CALL ,LEFT COORD9ATORISM -- ! PURSUIT ( /RATEGIES & PROGRAMS ?AT EMP[] ! COORD9ATOR CLASS1 UND] ANTI-CAPITALI/ OR ,LEFT RHETORIC4 ,LEFT COORD9ATORISM IS ! LA/ DEF5SE ( ! CLASS SY/EM 9 A SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T :]E A WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T IS ?REAT5+ ITS SURVIVAL4 ,! EMP[]M5T ( ! COORD9ATOR CLASS WAS CLE> 9 ! /RATEGY ( ! ,P,C,E3 ! CAMPAIGN TO REBUILD ! /ATE APP>ATUS2 ! CAMPAIGN TO BUILD UP A HI]>*ICAL >MY & POLICE & RECRUIT ! (FIC] CORPS TO ! P>TY2 ! CAMPAIGN TO RECRUIT1 & DEF5D ! 9T]E/S (1 ! MIDDLE /RATA ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY2 & ! MOVES DUR+ ! W> T[>DS NATIONALIZATION & /ATE CONTROL ( COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 

,! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/S HAD A CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 OCCURR+ 9 /AGES4 ,! IMM$IATE /RUGGLE WAS A 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC0 /AGE4 ,?IS NOTION ( /AGES WAS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ BY ,GEORGI ,DIMITROV1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 AT A MEET+ ( ! 9T]NATIONAL HELD ON ,JULY #b#c1 #a#i#c#f3 

0,WE %\LD NOT1 AT ! PRES5T /AGE1 ASSIGN ! TASK .<TO ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/S.> ( CREAT+ SOVIETS & TRY TO E/ABLI% A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,SPA94 ,?AT W\LD BE A FATAL MI/AKE4 ,!RE=E WE MU/ SAY3 ACT 9 ! GUISE ( DEF5D+ ! ,REPUBLIC2 DO NOT AB&ON ! POLITICS ( ! DEMOCRATIC REGIME 9 ,SPA9 AT ?IS PO9T4444,:5 \R POSITIONS HAVE BE5 /R5G!N$1 WE CAN GO FUR!R40 7EMPHASIS ADD$7.<#e.> 

,!RE WAS AN 9T]NATIONAL GEOPOLITICAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,SOVIET COORD9ATOR ELITE & ! CAPITALI/ IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM NE$S TO HAVE AS MU* ( ! PLANET AS POSSIBLE OP5 
TO P5ETRATION & EXPLOITATION BY P]IPATETIC PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,ANY REVOLUTION -- :E!R COORD9ATORI/1 NATIONALI/1 OR PROLET>IAN -- ?AT 0TAKES \T0 >EAS ( ! WORLD FROM ACCESSIBILITY TO IMP]IALI/ CAPITAL WILL WEAK5 WORLD CAPITALISM &1 = ?AT REASON1 WILL T5D TO BE OPPOS$ BY ! CAPITALI/ IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 ANY COORD9ATORI/ REVOLUTION W\LD BE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,SOVIET COORD9ATOR ELITE4 

,! SLOGAN ( DEF5D+ ! 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC0 HAD TWO MEAN+S = ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/S4 ,FIR/1 IT WAS UND] ?IS SLOGAN ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,SPA9 WORK$ TO RECRUIT MEMB]S ( ! SMALL BUS9ESS & COORD9ATOR CLASSES1 BY DEF5D+ !IR 9T]E/S4 

,! SECOND MEAN+ ( ! ,P,C,E'S DEF5SE ( ! 0B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC0 WAS !IR CAMPAIGN TO REBUILD ! ,REPUBLICAN /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S LONG-T]M REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY WASP]MEATIONI/4 ,) ! REBUILD+ ( A HI]>*ICAL >MY & POLICE MA*9E1 ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD WORK TO CAPTURE CONTROL ( ! (FIC] POSITIONS4 ,!IR AIM WAS TO USE ?IS AS ! MEANS TO EV5TUALLY TAKE /ATE P[] 9 ,SPA94 

,AT ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T BEGAN ! PROCESS ( CREAT+ A NEW NATIONAL POLICE =CE1 CALL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,REPUBLICAN ,GU>D1 ) #b#h1 MEMB]S BY ,DECEMB]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A HUGE =CE ( #d1 CU/OMS & BORD] POLICE WAS CREAT$ UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,DR4 ,JUAN ,NEGR91 A SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT & PR(ESSOR ( PHYSIOLOGY FROM A WEAL?Y FAMILY4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 ! GOV]NM5T DECID$ TO REPLACE ! WORK] MILITIAS ) A CONV5TIONAL TOP-D[N >MY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS ABLE TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! NEW ACADEMY CREAT$ TO TRA9 (FIC]S4 ,! P>TY ALSO CONTROLL$ ! NEW ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,W> :I* WAS SET UP TO EX]CISE POLITICAL CONTROL OV] ! >MY ?R\< A NETWORK ( POLITICAL COMMISS>S4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S CONTROLL$ ! FL[ ( NEWSPAP]S TO ! TROOPS AT ! FRONT4 ,COMMUNI/S PUT GREAT PRESSURE ON (FIC]S TO TAKE A P>TY C>D4 ,?OSE ?AT DIDN'T W]E UND]M9$4 ,! ,P,C,E DEMORALIZ$ ! >MY BY 0ACT+ ) ! WILDE/ SECT>IANISM10 A ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ MEMB] ( ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? RECALL$4.<#e#a.> 

,! ,P,C,E 9 ,JULY ( '#c#f />T$ FROM A WEAK POSITION4 ,IT HAD LESS ?AN #d1 MEMB]S 9 ,SPA91 & V]Y LITTLE SUPPORT )9 ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S US$ SEV]AL TACTICS TO OV]COME ?IS WEAK POSITION4 

,FIR/1 !Y PURSU$ A /RATEGY ( CANNIBALIZ+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY BASE4 ,A NUMB] ( ! LEAD]S ( ! SOCIALI/ Y\? ORGANIZATION 79CLUD+ ,SANTIAGO ,C>ILLO7 W]E TAK5 ON T\RS 9 ,RUSSIA & W9$ & D9$4 ,!SE SECRET ,COMMUNI/S NEGOTIAT$ A M]G] BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ Y\? ORGANIZATIONS1 CREAT+ ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? 7,JUV5TUD ,SOCIALI/A ,UNIFICADA -- ,J,S,U74 ,! M]G] DEAL HAD /IPULAT$ ?AT ! POLITICS ( ! ,J,S,U W\LD BE DECID$ AT A CONGRESS4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ Y\? GR\P WAS L>G] ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/ Y\? ORGANIZATION & CONTA9$ MANY FOLL[]S ( ! ,CABALL]O-ORI5T$ LEFT-W+ ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S W]E PREV5T$ FROM GA9+ CONTROL ( ! ,J,S,U BY SIMPLY NOT HOLD+ ! PROMIS$ CONGRESS4 ,! ,CATALAN ,COMMUNI/S HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY SECTION 9 ,CATALONIA ?R\< A SIMIL> M]G] TACTIC4 ,9 ! FALL ( #aicf ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S TRI$ TO P]SUADE ,L>GO ,CABALL]O TO AGREE TO A M]G] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,BY !N HE SAW :AT ! RESULT ( ?IS POLICY HAD BE5 & REFUS$4 

,L&-[N+ F>M]S1 %OPKEEP]S1 [N]S ( SMALL- TO M$IUM-SIZ$ BUS9ESSES1 MANAG]S & :ITE COLL> WORK]S HAD BE5 ! MASS SOCIAL BASE ( ! ,ESQU]RA 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,!SE MIDDLE /RATA W]E (T5 FRI<T5$ BY ! EXPROPRIATION ( BUS9ESSES & BUILD+S1 & UNION MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY4 ,9 O!R C\NTRIES ?REAT5$ BY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 !SE SOCIAL /RATA HAVE BECOME ! MASS BASE = FASCISM4 ,BUT 9 ,CATALONIA ! MIDDLE /RATA W]E ANTI-FASCI/ BECAUSE !Y W]E ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S4 

,RECRUITM5T ( !SE ,REPUBLICAN MIDDLE /RATA WAS ! SECOND TACTIC ?AT PROPELL$ ! GR[? ( ! ,P,C,E4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E SUCCESSFUL AT RECRUIT+ ! MIDDLE /RATA ?R\<\T ! ANTI-FASCI/ ZONE BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNI/S APPE>$ TO BE A MU* T\<] & MORE DISCIPL9$ DEF5D] ( !IR CLASS 9T]E/S ?AN ! OLD ,REPUBLICAN P>TIES4 

,! FIR/ FI<T BETWE5 ! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA WAS OV] A PROPOS$ LAW TO LEGALIZE ! EXPROPRIATIONS ( BUS9ESSES4 

,?IS FI<T TOOK PLACE 9 ,OCTOB]1 AFT] ! ,C,N,T JO9$ ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,&REU ,CAPDEVILA1 ! ,C,N,T TEXTILE WORK]1 

0,! ,P,S,U,C & ! ,ESQU]RA F\<T EXTREMELY H>D TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( FIRMS LIABLE = COLLECTIVIZATION :ILE ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I HELD \T = ! MO/ RADICAL DECREE POSSIBLE4 ,! REASON ! ,C,N,T AGRE$ TO COLLECTIVIZATION WAS ?AT WE C\LD NOT SOCIALIZE1 AS WAS \R AIM4 ,! WORK]S HAD TAK5 OV] ! FACTORIES444BUT ! VICTORY WAS NOT EXCLUSIVELY ! ,C,N,T'S4 ,WE C\LDN'T TAKE OV] & CONTROL ! :OLE ECONOMY40.<#e#b.> 

,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E MO/ OPPOS$ TO UNION SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 ! PROCESS ( L9K+ TOGE!R ! 5TIRE ECONOMY 9DEP5D5T ( ! /ATE4 ,PRES]V+ PRIVATELY [N$ BUS9ESSES WAS A WAY ( BLOCK+ UNION SOCIALIZATION4 ,! LAW ?AT WAS PASS$ ONLY LEGALIZ$ EXPROPRIATION ( FIRMS ) #a OR MORE WORK]S1 OR FIRMS ) #e TO #a WORK]S IF #ge P]C5T ( ! WORK]S VOT$ TO DO SO4 ,9 PRACTICE ! ,C,N,T SIMPLY IGNOR$ ! FACT ?AT ?IS WAS 9CONSI/5T ) ! EXPROPRIATIONS ( L>GE NUMB]S ( SMALL] BUS9ESSES !Y HAD C>RI$ \T4 ,! ,P,S,U,C EF=T TO BLOCK MOVES BEYOND ! M>KET ECONOMY WAS A TACTIC ?AT /R5G!N$ PR(ESSIONALS & MANAG]S AS WELL AS ! SMALL BUS9ESS [N]S4 

,! ,P,S,U,C ALSO ORGANIZ$ A UNION ( SMALL BUS9ESS [N]S & %OPKEEP]S1 ,GREMIOS Y ,5TIDADES DE ,PEQU5OS ,COM]CIANTES E ,9DU/RIALES 7,SMALL ,COMM]CIAL & ,9DU/RIAL ,BUS9ESSES -- ,G,E,P,C,I74 ,BY ! SPR+ ( #aicg ! ,U,G,T 9 ,CATALONIA HAD MU%ROOM$ TO #c#e1 MEMB]S 79CLUD+ #a#h1 9 ,G,E,P,C,I71 NE>LY AS L>GE AS ! #d1-MEMB] ,C,N,T4 ,A LOT ( ?IS GR[? WAS BAS$ ON ! ,P,S,U,C ORGANIZ+ ( ! MIDDLE /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 

,A ?IRD REASON = GR[? ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DUR+ ! W> WAS ! PRE/IGE & 9FLU5CE D]IV$ FROM ,SOVIET >MS %IPM5TS TO ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 & ! >RIVAL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES DUR+ ! BATTLE ( ,MADRID 9 ,OCTOB]-,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS & ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI HAD VISIT$ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O 9 ,MADRID TO TRY TO GET A COMMITM5T ( P>T ( ,SPA9'S GOLD RES]VES 
TO PROVIDE RES\RCES = ! ,CATALAN W> 9DU/RIES & MILITIAS4 ,CABALL]O 9ITIALLY AGRE$ TO ?IS1 BUT WAS P]SUAD$ TO *ANGE HIS M9D BY ,JUAN ,NEGR94 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#c?1 ,CABALL]O AGRE$ TO LET ,NEGR9 S5D ! GOLD RES]VES :]EV] HE WANT$4 ,AT ?IS TIME ,SPA9 HAD ! F\R?-L>GE/ GOLD RES]VES 9 ! WORLD1 WOR? AB\T @s#h MILLION 7@s#a#a BILLION 9 TODAY'S MONEY74 ,! ,COMMUNI/S P]SUAD$ ,NEGR9 TO %IP #g P]C5T ( ! GOLD RES]VES TO ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,SPANI% W]E GIV5 V]BAL ASSURANCES ?AT ! GOLD C\LD BE REEXPORT$ ANY TIME !Y WI%$4 ,ONCE ! GOLD >RIV$ 9 ,MOSC[1 H[EV]1 ,/AL9 COMM5T$ ?AT 0! ,SPANI>DS WILL NEV] SEE !IR GOLD AGA91 JU/ AS ONE CANNOT SEE ONE'S [N E>S40 

,! TRANSF] ( ! GOLD TO ,RUSSIA WAS EXTREMELY DAMAG+ TO ! ,SPANI% ECONOMY & ! ANTI-FASCI/ W> EF=T4 ,:5 WORD GOT \T ?AT ! ,SPANI% PESETA WAS NO LONG] BACK$ BY ! HUGE ,SPANI% GOLD RES]VE1 ! VALUE ( ! PESETA FELL %>PLY ON ! =EIGN CURR5CY M>KET4 ,BY ,DECEMB] ! ,SPANI% CURR5CY LO/ HALF ITS VALUE4 ,?IS CAUS$ A BIG RISE 9 ! CO/ ( IMPORTS4.<#e#c.> 

,HITL]1 ,MUSSOL9I1 & ! FASCI/ REGIME 9 ,PORTUGAL ALL PROVID$ MILIT>Y SUPPORT TO ! ,SPANI% FASCI/ >MY4 ,9 ,>MS = ,SPA9 ,BRITI% RESE>*] ,G]ALD ,H[SON DOCUM5TS 9 GREAT DETAIL ! >MS %IPM5TS PROVID$ TO BO? SIDES 9 ! CIVIL W>4 ,H[SON %[S ?AT ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y RECEIV$ F> MORE >MS ?AN DID ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE4 ,! ,RUSSIANS S5T F> LESS W> MAT]IAL TO ,SPA9 ?AN HAS BE5 PREVI\SLY ?\<T4 ,!Y S5T V]Y FEW NEW WEAPONS4 ,MO/ WAS OLD1 OBSOLETE /UFF4 

,IT BECAME V]Y DIFFICULT = ! ,SPANI% ANTI-FASCI/S TO OBTA9 >MS AT ANY PRICE DUE TO AN EMB>GO IMPLEM5T$ BY ,FRANCE1 ,BRITA9 & ! ,U,S,A4 ,AN 5TIRE SY/EM ( C]TIFICATES = MILIT>Y GOODS WAS SET UP TO TRACK >MS %IPM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! ,F,B,I 9VAD$ W>EH\SES 9 ,MEXICO TO CAPTURE ,I,D NUMB]S ( WEAPONS AS P>T ( ! ,AM]ICAN P>TICIPATION 9 ! EMB>GO EF=T4 

,! ,NEW ,DEAL 9 ! ,U,S,A WAS 9ITIALLY 9CL9$ TO ALL[ %IPM5TS ( >MS TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE 9 ,SPA94 ,AN 9T5SIVE LOBBY+ CAMPAIGN ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC BI%OPS L$ TO ,AM]ICAN SUPPORT = ! SO-CALL$ 0,NON-,9T]V5TION0 PACT 7DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,BASQUE ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC 
,*UR* SUPPORT$ ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE74 ,9 ,MAY1 #a#i#c#h1 ,JOSEPH ,K5N$Y L$ ANO!R ,CA?OLIC LOBBY+ EF=T ?AT SUCCESSFULLY /OPP$ AN ATTEMPT BY LIB]AL CONGRESSM5 TO REPEAL ,AM]ICAN P>TICIPATION 9 ! EMB>GO4.<#e#d.> 

,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN AG5TS HAD TO PROVIDE HUGE BRIBES ANY:]E !Y W5T 9 ! WORLD TO GET >MS4 ,! 0,NON9T]V5TION0 PACT MADE ! ,SPANI% ANTI-FASCI/S EV5 MORE DEP5D5T ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,S5D+ ! GOLD TO ,RUSSIA GAVE ! ,SOVIET REGIME CONTROL OV] ! FL[ ( >MS 9 ,SPA94 ,= EXAMPLE1 LATE 9 #aicg ,G>CIA ,OLIV] APPROA*$ ,JUAN ,NEGR9 ) A PROPOSAL TO ORGANIZE A GU]RILLA >MY 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,&ALUSIA4 ,MO/ ( ,&ALUSIA HAD BE5 OV]RUN BY ! FASCI/ >MY 9 ! E>LY WEEKS ( ! CIVIL W> BUT IT WAS BELIEV$ ?AT ?\S&S ( ANTI-FASCI/S W]E HID+ \T 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WANT$ >MS & SUPPLIES = AN ORGANIZ+ GR\P ( AB\T #b :O W\LD FILT] 9TO ! M\NTA9S4 ,?IS CORE GR\P W\LD !N ORGANIZE AN >MY ?AT W\LD H>ASS ! FASCI/ =CES FROM BEH9D !IR L9ES4 ,NEGR9 9ITIALLY AGRE$ TO ?IS4 ,BUT ! ,SOVIET REPRES5TATIVES REFUS$ TO AU?ORIZE ! >MS BECAUSE !Y DIDN'T WANT A GU]RILLA >MY CONTROLL$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 

,& S5D+ ! GOLD TO ,RUSSIA ONLY MADE IT EASI] = ,/AL9 TO ROB ! ,SPANI>DS4 ,! ,SOVIETS FAK$ ! PRICES ( >MS BY CREAT+ A SPECIAL EX*ANGE RATE1 FAVORABLE TO !MSELVES1 = ! >MS DEALS4 ,! ,RUSSIANS SW9DL$ ,SPA9 \T ( @s#e MILLION ON ! SALE ( TWO AIRPLANES ALONE4 ,WRITES ,H[SON3 0,( ALL ! SW9DLES1 *EAT+S1 ROBB]IES & BETRAYALS ! ,REPUBLICANS HAD TO PUT UP ) FROM GOV]NM5TS1 (FICIALS & >MS TRAFFICK]S ALL OV] ! WORLD1 .<!.>444BEHAVIOR BY ,/AL9 & ! HI< (FICIALS ( ! ,SOVIET NOM5KLATURA IS444! MO/ SQUALID1 ! MO/ TREA*]\S & ! MO/ 9DEF5SIBLE40.<#e#e.> 

0,! ,SPANI% ,KRON/ADT0 

,BY E>LY #aicg ! ,COMMUNI/S FELT /RONG 5\< TO MAKE MOVES T[>DS OBTA9+ HEGEMONY 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,P,C,E HAD #b#c1 MEMB]S BY ,M>*1 & ! ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ 
,Y\? HAD ANO!R #b#e1 MEMB]S4.<#e#f.> ,DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD ! ,F,A,I'S MEMB]%IP GREW TO AB\T #a#f14 ,ONLY AB\T #d P]C5T ( ! ,P,C,E MEMB]%IP WAS WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ 9T5TION TO MOVE AGA9/ ! WORK] REVOLUTION WAS MADE CLE> 9 ,PRAVDA 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#f3 0,AS = ,CATALONIA1 ! PURG+ ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S HAS BEGUN1 IT WILL BE CONDUCT$ ) ! SAME 5]GY ) :I* IT WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R40 

,JOAN ,DOM5E*1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T GLASS WORK]S UNION1 HAD BE5 9 *>GE ( FOOD SUPPLY 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #g?1 ! ,C,N,T-CONTROLL$ SUPPLY ORGANIZATION WAS DISSOLV$ BY ORD]S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,RESPONSIBILITY = FOOD WAS TRANSF]R$ FROM ,DOM5E* TO ! ,P,S,U,C4 ,! ,P,S,U,C PUT ! FREE M>KET & LOCAL BUS9ESSES 9 *>GE -- A MOVE ?AT /R5G!N$ ,G,E,P,C,I4 ,! RESULT WAS A BIG 9CREASE 9 FOOD PRICES1 DUE TO HO>D+ & %ORTAGES4 ,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS1 ! COLLECTIVES W]E BLAM$4 

,ON ,JANU>Y #b#cRD1 ! ,U,G,T ( ,CATALONIA1 N[ CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 HELD A 0CONGRESS0 ( L&[N+ F>M]S 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS WAS BASICALLY A PROPAG&A /UNT AGA9/ ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 ,AGITATION BY ! ,COMMUNI/S L$ TO AN >M$ UPRIS+ BY F>M]S 9 ,T>RAGONA PROV9CE1 RESULT+ 9 A NA/Y CLA% ) ! ASALTOS & ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS 7MILITIA POLICE =M$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i? #a#i#c#f74 ,! CONFLICT ESCALAT$ :5 ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS1 A NEW PRO-,COMMUNI/ *IEF ( POLICE1 BEGAN MOVES TO DIS>M CIVILIANS 9 ,B>CELONA -- AN ATTACK ON ! ,C,N,T NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE GR\PS4 ,!SE CONFLICTS L$ TO A ,G5]ALITAT DECREE DISSOLV+ ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS ON ,M>* #d?4 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 ! ,C,N,T JO9$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] BECAME M9I/] ( JU/ICE4 ,?IS PUT HIM 9 *>GE ( ! ,SPANI% PRISON SY/EM4 ,9 ,OCTOB] A ?\S& RI<T-W+ PRISON]S 9 ,MADRID JAILS HAD BE5 TAK5 BY PRISON GU>DS TO ! $GE ( T[N & EXECUT$1 )\T AU?ORIZATION4 ,TO PREV5T ABUSES ( ?IS SORT1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] APPO9T$ AN AN>*I/1 ,MEL*OR ,RODRIGUEZ1 HEAD ( 
PRISONS 9 ,MADRID4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID1 ! ,MADRID ,DEF5SE ,JUNTA4 ,ON ,APRIL #b?1 #a#i#c#g1 ,RODRIGUEZ REVEAL$ ?AT A SECRET ,COMMUNI/ PRISON HAD BE5 DISCOV]$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,! NEPHEW ( A HI< (FICIAL 9 ! ,P,S,O,E WAS BE+ DETA9$ 9 ?AT PRISON1 & A NUMB] ( ,SOCIALI/S HAD BE5 TORTUR$ !RE4 ,?IS SC&AL L$ ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T TO DISSOLVE ! ,MADRID ,DEF5SE ,JUNTA4 ,NOT LONG AFT] ?IS1 ! ,P,C,E *ANG$ ITS TUNE AB\T ,CABALL]O4 ,9 E>LY #aicf ! ,COMMUNI/ PRESS HAD T\T$ ,CABALL]O AS ! 0,SPANI% ,L5940 ,BY ! SPR+ ( #aicg !Y W]E DESCRIB+ HIM AS A S5ILE OLD FOOL4 

,ON ,APRIL #b#e?1 A ,P,S,U,C ACTIVI/1 ,ROLDAN ,CORTADA1 A =M] TRE9TI/A1 WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT -- AN AN>*I/ /RON<OLD4 ,A LEAD+ AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ 9 ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT WAS ACCUS$ BUT NO PRO( WAS PROVID$4 ,! FUN]AL ( ,CORTADA WAS ! OCCASION = A MASSIVE /REET DEMON/RATION -- A ,COMMUNI/ %[ ( =CE4 

,9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( 9CREAS+ T5SION1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/S & ,C,N,T EXPLOD$ ON ,MAY #cRD :5 A L>GE =CE ( ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ POLICE ATTACK$ ! WORK]-CONTROLL$ TELEPHONE EX*ANGE BUILD+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 ) COORD9AT$ ASSAULTS ON TELEPHONE EX*ANGES ELSE:]E4 ,! TELEPHONE SY/EM 9 ,SPA9 WAS BE+ RUN BY A ,C,N,T-CONTROLL$ WORK] F$]ATION4 ,C,N,T WORK]S HAD BE5 LI/5+ 9 ON CALLS ( GOV]NM5T (FICIALS 9 ORD] TO KEEP TABS ON !M4 ,?IS WAS US$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S AS A PRETEXT = TRY+ TO SEIZE ! TELEPHONE SY/EM4 ,! ,P,S,U,C WAS NOT AGA9/ ! PRACTICE ( LI/5+ 9 ON CALLS1 H[EV]4 ,AS A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,P,S,U,C LEAD] ,JUAN ,COMOR]A LAT] RECALL$3 0,( C\RSE1 HAD ! ,P,S,U,C BE5 9 A POSITION TO LI/5 9 ON TELEPHONE CONV]SATIONS1 IT W\LD HAVE DONE SO ALSO4 ,! P>TY ALWAYS WANT$ TO BE WELL-9=M$40.<#e#g.> ,IT WAS A QUE/ION ( P[]4 

,WORD ( ! ATTACK ON ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE SPREAD RAPIDLY4 ,)9 H\RS ! ,C,N,T NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES W5T 9TO ACTION AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ POLICE & BEGAN BUILD+ B>RICADES4 ,! ,P,\,M & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? JO9$ ! FRAY & SOON 
>M$ WORK] GR\PS W]E 9 CONTROL ( MO/ ( ! CITY & ! SUBURBS4 ,A G5]AL /RIKE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! ,B>CELONA >EA4 ,! GOV]NM5T =CES RETA9$ CONTROL ONLY 9 SOME P>TS ( ! C5TRAL >EA4 

,?IS :OLE FI<T WAS A FAIRLY SPONTANE\S REACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ AN >M$ P[] PLAY BY ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T TRI$ TO NEGOTIATE AN 5D TO ! FI<T+1 & PROHIBIT$ ,C,N,T >MY UNITS FROM 9T]V5+4 ,ON ,MAY #d? ! ,C,N,T APPEAL$ VIA L\DSPEAK]S & ! UNION RADIO = AN 5D TO FI<T+ & = EV]YONE TO RETURN TO WORK4 ,BO? ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 AN>*I/ M9I/]S 9 ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 APPEAL$ OV] ! RADIO = AN 5D TO ! FI<T+4 ,A MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M DESCRIB$ :AT HAPP5$ AT A B>RICADE 9 REACTION TO ,MONTS5Y'S RADIO SPEE*3 

0,! ,C,N,T MILITANTS W]E SO FURI\S !Y PULL$ \T !IR PI/OLS & %OT ! RADIO4 ,IT S\NDS 9CR$IBLE BUT IT HAPP5$ 9 FRONT ( MY EYES4 ,!Y W]E ABSOLUTELY FURI\S1 & YET !Y OBEY$4 ,!Y MI<T BE AN>*I/S1 BUT :5 IT CAME TO !IR [N ORGANIZATION !Y HAD TREM5D\S DISCIPL9E40.<#e#h.> 

,ON ,MAY #f? WORK]S BEGAN TO DISMANTLE ! B>RICADES4 ,! ,P,S,U,C IMM$IATELY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION TO SEIZE ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE4 ,! ,C,N,T LEAD]S SEEM$ TO BELIEVE ?AT EV]Y?+ W\LD RETURN TO ! SITUATION ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! FI<T+1 N[ ?AT 0\R MEMB]S HAVE %[N !IR TEE?40 ,IT DIDN'T PLAY \T ?AT WAY4,A L>GE =CE ( HEAVILY >M$ P>AMILIT>Y POLICE W]E S5T TO ,B>CELONA TO RE-IMPOSE GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY4 ,L>GE CA*ES ( WEAPONS W]E SEIZ$ FROM ! ,C,N,T4 ,ON ,MAY #a#a?1 ! MUTILAT$ BODIES ( TWELVE Y\NG AN>*I/S W]E DUMP$ AT A CEMET]Y NE> ,RIPOLLET4 ,ON ,MAY #e?1 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 A PHILOSOPHY PR(ESSOR & EXILE FROM ,ITALIAN FASCISM1 WAS MURD]$ BY ,COMMUNI/S1 ALONG ) ANO!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/4 

,AT A CAB9ET MEET+ ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ON ,MAY#a#e?1 ! ,COMMUNI/S PROPOS$ A MOTION BANN+ ! ,C,N,T & ! ,P,\,M4 ,CABALL]O RESPOND$ ?AT ?IS C\LD NOT BE LEGALLY DONE1 & ?AT 
HE W\LD NOT ALL[ IT AS LONG AS HE REMA9$ HEAD ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! TWO ,COMMUNI/ M9I/]S !N WALK$ \T ( ! MEET+4 ,:5 ,CABALL]O SAID1 0,! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S CONT9UES10 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS1 ,REPUBLICANS1 & ,BASQUE ,NATIONALI/S ALSO WALK$ \T1 BACK+ UP ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,ONLY ! ?REE ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S & ! F\R ,C,N,T M9I/]S SUPPORT$ ,CABALL]O4 

,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T & ! ,P,C,E W]E ! MA9 VICTORS FROM ! ,MAY /RUGGLE4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS \/$ FROM BO? ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T & ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,SOON1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T DEPRIV$ ! ,G5]ALITAT ( CONTROL OV] ITS LOCAL POLICE & EV5TUALLY REPEAL$ ! AUTONOMY ( ,CATALONIA4 ,COMPANYS & ! ,ESQU]RA W]E COMPLETELY M>G9ALIZ$4 ,CABALL]O WAS REPLAC$ ) ,JUAN ,NEGR9 -- A SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT :O WAS SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S MOV$ AGA9/ ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/S1 US+ ! POLICE TO SEIZE ! MA9 NEWSPAP]S CONTROLL$ BY ! ,CABALL]O FACTION ( ! ,P,S,O,E4 

,NEGR9 APPROV$ ! REPRESSION AGA9/ ! ,P,\,M ?AT ,CABALL]O REFUS$ TO DO4 ,SOON1 ,&REU ,N91 ! ,P,\,M LEAD]1 WAS >RE/$1 TORTUR$ & ASSASS9AT$ BY ,COMMUNI/ AG5TS4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#e?1 A DECREE WAS ISSU$ AU?ORIZ+ ! ,MILIT>Y ,9VE/IGATION ,S]VICE 7,S]VICIO ,9TELLIG5CIA ,MILIT> -- ,S,I,M74 ,S,I,M WAS A SECRET POLITICAL POLICE1 RIDDL$ ) ,SOVIET ,G,P,U 7MILIT>Y SECRET POLICE7 AG5TS4 ,!RE W]E #f1 ,S,I,M AG5TS 9 ,MADRID ALONE4 

,BILL ,H]RICK WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY :O S]V$ 9 ! ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN BATTALION 9 ,SPA94 ,9 HIS MEMOIR1 ,H]RICK DESCRIBES H[ HE RECEIV$ ANGRY />ES AS HE WALK$ >\ND ,B>CELONA 9 HIS ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES UNI=M 9 LATE #a#i#c#g444& PEOPLE SPIT ON HIM4 ,HE REPORTS ?AT HE WAS =C$ BY A P>TY BOSS TO WITNESS %OOT+S ( Y\NG REVOLUTION>IES 9 A ,S,I,M PRISON4 ,HE DESCRIBES ! EXECUTION ( A GIRL :O %\T$ ,VIVA LA REVOLUCION6 BE=E A ,S,I,M ?UG FIR$ A BULLET ?R\< H] BRA94 ,! MURD] ( ?AT GIRL HAUNT$ ,H]RICK & L$ TO HIS EV5TUAL BREAK ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4.<#e#i.> 

,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY WAS BAS$ ON ! IDEA ( TRY+ TO GET ! CAPITALI/ IMP]IALI/ P[]S TO ALL[ >MS %IPM5TS TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS WAS NOT A V]Y REALI/IC /RATEGY4 ,! MA9 WORRY ( ! ,BRITI% ELITE WAS ,BOL%EVISM1 NOT FASCISM4 ,?AT'S :Y ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T 9 ! '#cS MADE 5DLESS CONCESSIONS TO ,HITL]4 

,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY L$ NATURALLY TO VIEW+ ! /RUGGLE AS A CONV5TIONAL W>4 ,BUT 9 CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y T]MS1 ! FASCI/S HAD ! ADVANTAGE4 ,!Y HAD A TRA9$ >MY & ACCESS TO MORE >MS1 VIA ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I4 ,! FAILURE TO ORGANIZE GU]RILLA W> BEH9D FASCI/ L9ES D]IV$ FROM ?IS PICTURE ( ! /RUGGLE AS A CONV5TIONAL W>4 ,BUT GU]RILLA W>F>E W\LD HAVE MADE USE ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE'S ADVANTAGE 9 POPUL> SUPPORT TO TIE D[N L>GE PORTIONS ( ! FASCI/ >MY4 

,NO APPEAL WAS MADE ON A CLASS BASIS TO WORK]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES BECAUSE ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY DID NOT PORTRAY ! FI<T AS ESS5TIALLY A /RUGGLE = WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,AS ,GEORGE ,ORWELL WROTE3 

0,ONCE ! W> HAD BE5 N>R[$ D[N TO A 'W> = DEMOCRACY' IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE ANY L>GE-SCALE APPEAL = WORK+ CLASS AID ABROAD444,! WAY 9 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES C\LD REALLY HAVE HELP$ ,SPANI% COMRADES WAS BY 9DU/RIAL ACTION --/RIKES & BOYCOTTS4 ,NO SU* ?+ EV] BEGAN TO HAPP540.<#f.> 

,! MA9 ADVANTAGE ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE HAD WAS ! REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ( ! PEOPLE4 ,COMMUNI/ MANEUV]S TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! >MY1 & CURTAIL OR DE/ROY WORK] MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY1 CONTRIBUT$ TO DEMORALIZATION4 

,=C$ ,COLLECTIVIZATION8 

,9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#c#g1 ! ,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T DECRE$ ! ABOLITION ( ! ,C,N,T-CONTROLL$ ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL ( ,>AGON4 ,>MY TROOPS UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,COMMUNI/ G5]AL ,5RIQUE ,LI/] BROKE UP COLLECTIVES1 GAVE L& BACK TO L&[N]S1 & >RE/$ #f ,C,N,T MEMB]S 7& KILL$ SOME ( !M74 ,TO JU/IFY ! RAMPAGE 9 ,>AGON1 ! ,COMMUNI/S ACCUS$ ! AN>*I/S ( OP]AT+ A =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION REGIME4 

,!Y CLAIM$ !Y W]E !RE TO LIB]ATE ! CAMPES9OS4 ,! AN>*I/S1 = !IR P>T1 PORTRAY$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! AGR>IAN ECONOMY ( ,>AGON AS ! PRODUCT ( LOCAL 9ITIATIVE1 A MOVEM5T ( EMANCIPATION FROM RURAL EMPLOY]S & EXPLOITATIVE L&LORDS4 ,!RE IS EVID5CE TO SUPPORT BO? PICTURES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MAC>IO ,ROYO1 A CAMPES9O MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T REGIONAL COMMITTEE 9 ,>AGON1 SOME ELEM5T ( CO]CION WAS 9EVITABLE 9 A REVOLUTION4 ,! DOM9AT+ CLASSES WILL 9EVITABLY OPPOSE ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT H[ F> %\LD ?IS CO]CION EXT5D8 ,COMMUNI/ POLICY ON AGRICULTURE HAD BE5 A S\RCE ( CONFLICT ) SECTORS ( BO? ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T ,L& ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION 7,F,N,T,T74 

,! MA9 DISPUTE WAS OV] ! POLICY T[>DS ! L>GE- TO M$IUM-SIZ$ L&[N]S :O DIDN'T FLEE 9 REACTION TO ! >MY C\P4 ,!SE PEOPLE HAD 5\< L& TO HIRE LABOR]S TO WORK = !M4 ,!Y W]E ! EQUIVAL5T TO ! KULAK CLASS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,9 MO/ ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ ZONE BO? ! ,F,N,T,T & ,C,N,T USUALLY TOOK ! POSITION ?AT L&[N+ CAMPES9OS %\LD ONLY BE ALL[$ TO RETA9 AS MU* L& AS !IR [N FAMILY C\LD F>M4 ,! AIM ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,N,T,T WAS TO DO AWAY ) ! HIR+ ( WAGE LABOR 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,BUT ! ,P,C,E WAS OPPOS$ TO EXPROPRIATION ( ANY L&[N]S :O HADN'T FL$4 ,H[EV]1 ! MORE PROSP]\S L&-[N+ F>M]S W]E USUALLY RI<T-W+]S1 & W]E (T5 ! OLD RI<T-W+ CACIQUES7POLITICAL BOSSES7 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ POLICY ( DEF5D+ !M -- EV5 TO ! PO9T ( HELP+ !M TAKE BACK L& ?AT HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ -- /R5G!N$ ! RI<T-W+ ELEM5T 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,ACTUAL ,C,N,T PRACTICE ( RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION DIFF]$ BY >EA4 ,9 ,&ALUSIA1 ! ,C,N,T'S POLICY WAS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! ,P,C,E4 ,! ,C,N,T 9 ,&ALUSIA EXPROPRIAT$ NO L& AT ALL4 ,!Y SET UP COLLECTIVES ON E/ATES ( [N]S :O FL$1 & US+ ! SMALL PLOTS ?AT CAMPES9OS VOLUNT>ILY BR\<T ) !M4.<#f#a.> 

,! DISPUTE AB\T ,>AGON WAS ALSO AB\T ! EXT5T TO :I* SMALL-HOLD+ CAMPES9OS :O DID NOT HIRE WAGE-WORK]S W]E =C$ TO M]GE !IR SMALL PLOTS 9TO COLLECTIVES4 ,DO+ ?IS WAS CONTR>Y TO ,KROPOTK9'S ADVICE 9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD & WAS NOT PURSU$ BY ! ,C,N,T 9 O!R >EAS ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ ZONE4 

,SATURN9O ,C>OD WAS ! SON ( A L&LESS F>M LABOR] 9 ,>AGON & ! LEAD] ( A ,C,N,T MILITIA COLUMN4 ,C>OD WAS WELL AW>E ( H[ ! CAMPES9OS W]E ATTA*$ TO !IR LITTLE PLOTS ( L&4 0,IT'S A P>T ( HIS BE+4 ,HE'S A SLAVE TO IT4 ,TO DEPRIVE HIM ( IT IS LIKE TE>+ HIS HE>T FROM HIS BODY4 ,HE MU/ NOT BE =C$ TO GIVE IT UP TO JO9 A COLLECTIVE10 ,C>OD SAID4.<#f#b.> ,BUT ,C>OD'S ADVICE WAS NOT ALWAYS HE$$ 9 ,>AGON4 

,! VILLAGE ( ,ANGUES IS AN EXAMPLE4 ,9 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA91 ,RONALD ,FRAS] QUOTES A C\PLE FROM ,ANGUES4 ,BO? W]E /AUN* ,C,N,T SUPPORT]S3 ! MAN SAID HE W\LD GIVE HIS LIFE TO DEF5D ! ,C,N,T4 ,:5 ! COLLECTIVE WAS SET UP1 !Y W]E HAPPY TO GET \T FROM UND] ! MAJOR L&[N]S :O HAD BE5 GR9D+ !M D[N4 

,BUT !Y DESCRIB$ ! T[N AS BE+ MANAG$ BY A COMMITTEE ( #b M5 :O W5T >\ND ) PI/OLS ON !IR WAI/S & DID NO WORK4 ,NONE ( ! L&[N+ CAMPES9OS W]E ALL[$ TO /AY \T ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,F>M]S :O TRI$ TO LEAVE C\LDN'T BUY F]TILIZ] OR SE$ S9CE MONEY HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ & ! RES\RCES W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! COMMITTEE RUNN+ ! T[N W]E ALSO L9+ !IR POCKETS4 ,ALL ! BE/ FOOD 5D$ UP 9 !IR H\SES1 ! ,C,N,T C\PLE ALLEG$4 

,! COMMITTEEM5 RODE >\ND 9 C>S ?AT HAD BE5 EXPROPRIAT$ FROM WELL-TO-DO FAMILIES4 ,UNLIKE ! O!R WOM5 9 ! VILLAGE1 !IR WIVES W]E ALSO EXEMPT FROM WORK4 ,VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES W]E R>ELY 9VOK$ & !RE WAS NO PROC$URE = RECALL ( ! COMMITTEE MEMB]S4 ,! ,C,N,T C\PLE SAID !RE WAS GREAT DISCONT5T4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ANO!R REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 NE$$ TO GET RID ( ?IS NEW MANAG]IAL ELITE4.<#f#c.> 

,COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A PORTRAY$ ALL ( ,>AGON AS BE+ LIKE ?AT VILLAGE ( ,ANGUES4 ,9 FACT1 !RE W]E O!R T[NS :]E ! SITUATION WAS V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS WAS A PROSP]\S T[N ( SMALL-HOLD+ F>M]S 9 ,>AGON1 ) AB\T #b1#e RESID5TS4 ,BE=E ! W>1 ! ,C,N,T UNION HAD AB\T #b MEMB]S4 ,! AN>*I/S 9ITIAT$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! T[N BY CALL+ AN ASSEMBLY ( ! RESID5TS4 ,! ASSEMBLY ELECT$ AN ,ANTI-FASCI/ COMMITTEE -- HALF W]E ,C,N,T MEMB]S & HALF W]E SUPPORT]S ( ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICAN P>TY4 ,! ASSEMBLY & ELECT$ COMMITTEE BECAME BO? ! NEW GOV]NM5T ( ! T[N & A MEANS ( SOCIALIZ+ ! T[N'S ECONOMY4 ,?IS IS AN EXAMPLE ( :AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CALL$ A 0FREE MUNICIPALITY40 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! FEW PLACES :]E ! AN>*I/S ACTUALLY CON/RUCT$ ?IS TYPE ( GEOGRAPHIC1 ASSEMBLY-BAS$ GOV]NANCE /RUCTURE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,NUM]\S F>M]S BR\<T !IR SMALL PLOTS 9TO ! T[N COLLECTIVE1 AGREE+ TO WORK ! L&S COLLECTIVELY4 ,AN ADVANTAGE ( ?IS WAS ?AT IT MADE IT MORE FEASIBLE TO USE MA*9]Y1 :I* ! T[N B\<T = USE 9 ! F>M+ OP]ATION4 ,! SECRET>Y ( ! COLLECTIVE WAS A #b#f-YE> OLD SELF-EMPLOY$ AN>*I/ CAB9ET-MAK]4 ,HE BR\<T HIS [N TOOLS 9TO ! COLLECTIVE4 ,! COLLECTIVE CONTROLL$ ALL S]VICES4 ,! POLITICAL P[] EX]CIS$ BY ! T[N COLLECTIVE IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT !Y BANN$ ! HIR+ ( ANYONE TO WORK = WAGES4 ,!Y ALSO BANN$ GAMBL+ & SALE ( ALCOHOL4.<#f#d.> 

,A GR\P ( #e L&[N+ F>M FAMILIES 9 ! VILLAGE REFUS$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE4 ,AN >RANGEM5T WAS MADE = ! COLLECTIVE TO M>KET ! PRODUCTS ( ! 09DIVIDUALI/S01 AS AN>*I/S CALL$ !M1 & TO PROVIDE !M ) S]VICES & SUPPLIES4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO HAVE AN >RANGEM5T ( ?IS SORT IF SMALL-HOLD]S W]E TO BE ALL[$ TO CONT9UE TO F>M !IR [N SMALL PLOTS BECAUSE ! COLLECTIVE CONTROLL$ S]VICES & MONEY WAS 9ITIALLY ABOLI%$ 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS & O!R VILLAGES1 & LAT] ! F$]ATION ( COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON SET UP A UNI=M RATION+ SY/EM ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,APP>5TLY1 NO SU* >RANGEM5T TO ALL[ = 9DEP5D5T SMALL-HOLD]S WAS CREAT$ 9 ,ANGUES4 

,FELIX ,C>RASQU]1 A S*OOLTEA*] 9 ,CATALONIA & ,F,A,I MEMB]1 RECALL$ ?AT 9 HIS VISITS TO VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON HE TRI$ TO RE9 9 0FANATICS0 :O TRI$ TO =CE COLLECTIVIZATION ( ALL ! L&4 0,Y\ HAVE GOT TO LEAVE PEOPLE FREE TO DECIDE :AT !Y WANT TO DO10 HE REM9D$ !M4 ,HE SAID ?AT =C+ ALL ! SMALLHOLD]S 9TO COLLECTIVES ONLY HAPP5$ 9 A FEW CASES BECAUSE !RE W]E ONLY A H&FUL ( VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON :]E 0COLLECTIVIZATION WAS TOTAL40.<#f#e.> ,! PRES5CE ( 09DIVIDUALI/S0 F>M+ !IR [N PLOTS1 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS & MO/ O!R VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON REFUTES ! ,COMMUNI/ CLAIM ?AT %ALL-HOLD]S W]E UNIV]SALLY CO]C$ 9TO COLLECTIVES ?R\<\T ,>AGON4 

,:5 ,LI/]'S TROOPS 9VAD$ ,>AGON 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#i#c#g1 AN ASSEMBLY ( RESID5TS WAS CALL$ 9 ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS &1 ) POLICE PRESID+1 ANYONE :O WANT$ TO QUIT ! COLLECTIVE WAS ALL[$ TO DO SO4 ,! MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVE DROPP$ TO #a1#e4 ,?US #f P]C5T ( ! RESID5TS /ILL VOLUNT>ILY SUPPORT$ ! COLLECTIVE1 DESPITE ! ?REAT5+ PRES5CE ( ,COMMUNI/ TROOPS4 ,AB\T #g P]C5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON SURVIV$ ! ,COMMUNI/ PUTS*4 

,! COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,>AGON HAD A DUAL PURPOSE4 ,TO ! EXT5T ! 9ITIATIVE WAS LOCAL1 ! MOTIVATION WAS COMMUNITY SELF-MANAGEM5T & EQUALITY4 ,BUT ! LABOR >MY 9 ,>AGON1 ONLY A FEW KILOMET]S FROM ! VILLAGES1 DID NOT HAVE A V]Y RELIABLE L9E ( SUPPLY TO ,CATALONIA & ,VAL5CIA :]E ! MILITIAS HAD BE5 =M$4 ,! ,>AGON VILLAGES ALSO HAD ! ROLE ( PROVID+ FOOD = ! LABOR MILITIA4 

,(T51 MONEY WAS ABOLI%$ & A SY/EM ( RATION+ IMPOS$4 ,BY CONTROLL+ ! CONSUMPTION ( ! LOCAL POPULATION1 A SURPLUS C\LD BE G5]AT$ TO SUPPLY ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,WORK+ = ! ANTI-FASCI/ MILITIA = FREE WAS A MATT] ( PRIDE = ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,LEFT 9 ! VILLAGES1 & A S\RCE ( RES5TM5T AMONG ! VILLAGE RI<T-W+]S4 

,BUT ! ABOLITION ( MONEY WAS ITSELF ANO!R S\RCE ( DISCONT5T AMONG ! CAMPES9OS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,C,N,T PRESID5T ( ! VILLAGE COLLECTIVE 9 ,ALCORISA1 ! CAMPES9OS DIDN'T LIKE ! IDEA ( TAK+ 
?+S = FREE FROM ! COMMON /ORE BECAUSE !Y FELT IT WAS LIKE BEGG+4.<#f#f.> ,!Y BELIEV$ !Y E>N$ A RI<T TO A C]TA9 LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION ?R\< !IR WORK4 

,! AN>*I/ SECRET>Y ( ! SUCCESSFUL COLLECTIVE AT ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS SAID ?AT ! ABOLITION ( MONEY 0TURN$ \T TO BE ONE ( \R BIGGE/ MI/AKES40 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] TO PAY PEOPLE = WORK1 & PROVIDE ADDITIONAL ALL[ANCES = ! NE$S ( DEP5D5TS4 

,IF ABLE-BODI$ ADULTS E>N AN 5TITLEM5T TO CONSUME BAS$ ON WORK1 ?IS ALL[S EA* 9DIVIDUAL TO TAILOR !IR REQUE/S = PRODUCTS TO !IR [N DESIRES4 ,)\T ?AT1 !RE IS ONLY ! SET ( ?+S (F]$ TO EV]YONE BY ! COLLECTIVE4 ,ABS5CE ( MONEY L$ TO 9EFFICI5CIES LIKE PEOPLE ?R[+ AWAY BREAD BECAUSE IT WAS FREE4 

,SATURN9O ,C>OD BELIEV$ ?AT ! ABOLITION ( MONEY HAD BE5 BAS$ ON A CONFUSION ( MONEY ) CAPITAL4 ,HE 9SI/$ ?AT !RE WAS A NE$ = A SY/EM ( SOCIAL ACC\NT+4.<#f#g.> ,?IS W\LD REQUIRE A MONET>Y UNIT TO 5CAPSULATE ! VALUE TO US ( ! RES\RCES US$ TO PRODUCE ?+S4 ,CAPITAL IS A SOCIAL RELATION ( DOM9ATION1 EX]CIS$ ?R\< M>KET PUR*ASE ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & HIR+ ( WORK]S1 TO MAKE A PR(IT4 ,MONEY NE$ NOT IMPLY ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ?AT CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC >RANGEM5T4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S HAD HELP$ TO =M AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES 9 O!R >EAS4 ,!IR REAL AIM WASN'T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! COLLECTIVES BUT ! DE/RUCTION ( ,C,N,T P[]4 ,:ILE ! ,COMMUNI/ TROOPS W]E ATTACK+ ! ,C,N,T 9 ,>AGON1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP DID NOT ALL[ ,C,N,T >MY UNITS 9 ! >EA TO 9T]V5E4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS :OLE EPISODE WAS ! UND]M9+ ( MORALE4 ,?IS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FASCI/ >MY'S CONQUE/ ( ,>AGON A FEW MON?S LAT]4 

,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI 

,DUR+ ! ,MAY ,DAYS FI<T BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ POLICE & !IR WORK+ CLASS ADV]S>IES 9 ,B>CELONA1 AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP'S POLICY ( ,POPUL> ,FRONT COLLABORATION WAS PROPOS$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P 7,AGRUPACION ,LOS ,AMIGOS DE ,DURUTTI7 -- A ,F,A,I GR\P4 ,! ,AMIGOS DI/RIBUT$ A LEAFLET DUR+ ! FI<T+ CALL+ = 
! ,C,N,T TO OV]?R[ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 REPLAC+ IT ) A REVOLUTION>Y C\NCIL 7JUNTA7 9 ,CATALONIA CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T UNIONS4 ,!IR LEAFLET ALSO CALL$ = COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & DIS>M+ ( ! POLICE4 

,! ,AMIGOS HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$ 9 ,M>* #aicg ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,C,N,T MILITIA MEMB]S :O OPPOS$ ! CREATION ( ! NEW HI]>*ICAL ,REPUBLICAN >MY4 ,! GR\P WAS NAM$ = ,DURRUTI BECAUSE ( HIS LA/ FI<T 9 ! ,C,N,T 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c#f4 ,HORACIO ,PRIETO1 WANT+ TO MAKE USE ( ,DURRUTI'S POPUL>ITY1 HAD TRI$ TO GET HIM TO BE ONE ( ! ,C,N,T M9I/]S 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 ,DURRUTI REFUS$4 0,:5 ! WORK]S EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 :5 ONE ATTACKS =EIGN PROP]TY1 :5 PUBLIC ORD] IS 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 :5 ! MILITIA IS CONTROLL$ BY ! UNIONS1 :51 9 FACT1 ONE IS 9 ! PROCESS ( MAK+ A REVOLUTION FROM ! BOTTOM UP10 SAID ,DURRUTI1 ?IS IS SIMPLY 9COMPATIBLE ) MA9TA9+ ,REPUBLICAN /ATE LEGALITY4.<#f#h.> 

,! ,AMIGOS W]E LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/S TRY+ TO REVIVE ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROGRAM ?AT ! ,C,N,T HAD ADVOCAT$ 9 ,SEPTEMB]-,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f4 ,TWO ( ! LEAD+ ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,AMIGOS W]E ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS & ,JAIME ,BALIUS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] & ,OCTOB] #aicf BO? ,CALLETAS & ,BALIUS HAD BE5 /AFF MEMB]S ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A DUR+ ! CAMPAIGN = ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROPOSAL4 

,9 ! ACTUAL EV5TS 9 ,MAY ( #a#i#c#g1 ! ,AMIGOS DID NOT HAVE SUFFICI5T WEI<T 9 ! ,C,N,T TO BR+ AB\T A *ANGE ( DIRECTION4 ,! ,AMIGOS HAD SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG ! ,C,N,T MILITIA UNITS & ! ,C,N,T NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE GR\PS4 ,BUT ! MA9 WEI<T 9 ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA W]E ! LOCAL UNION MILITANTS1 ! DELEGADOS ON ! LOCAL LABOR C\NCILS & ! WORKPLACE C\NCILS 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,IF ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ,AMIGOS HAD PREVAIL$ AMONG ! LABOR C\NCILS1 !Y C\LD HAVE GA9$ CONTROL ( A REGIONAL PL5>Y & \/$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT COLLABORATIONI/ REGIONAL COMMITTEE4 

,:5 PEOPLE F9D !MSELVES PURSU+ A C\RSE ( ACTION1 !Y WANT TO FEEL ?AT !Y >E JU/IFI$ 9 DO+ SO4 ,?IS MEANS !RE IS A T5D5CY = PEOPLE TO F9D JU/IFICATIONS = !IR ACTIONS4 ,BY ,MAY ( #aicg LEAD+ AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAD BE5 FOLL[+ ! 
,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY & OCCUPY+ POSITIONS ( HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY 9 ! GOV]NM5T & 9 ! >MY = SOME TIME4 ,?IS WAS B\ND TO *ANGE !IR \TLOOK4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE IS ,JOAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/ ( #aicf HE HAD BE5 A *AMPION ( ! ,C,N,T 0GO+ = BROKE10 OV]?R[+ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & TAK+ P[] 9 ITS [N H&S4 ,BY ,M>*1 #aicg HIS VIEWPO9T HAD *ANG$2 HE HAD BECOME A DEF5D] ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT COALITION4 ,?IS *ANGE WAS %[N DRAMATICALLY BY HIS CONDUCT DUR+ ! ,MAY EV5TS1 OPPOS+ ANY ATTEMPT TO BROAD5 ! /RUGGLE1 TO SEIZE P[] = ! UNIONS4,9 !IR MA9 PAMPHLET1 ! ,AMIGOSCRITICIZ$ ! ,C,N,T'S FAILURE TO TAKE POLITICAL P[] 9 ,JULY ( #a#i#c#f3 0,:AT HAPP5$ HAD TO HAPP54 ,! ,C,N,T444DID NOT HAVE A CONCRETE PROGRAM4 ,WE HAD NO IDEA :]E WE W]E GO+4444,:5 AN ORGANIZATION'S :OLE EXI/5CE HAS BE5 SP5T PREA*+ REVOLUTION1 IT HAS AN OBLIGATION TO ACT :5EV] A FAVORABLE SET ( CIRCUM/ANCES >ISES4 ,& 9 ,JULY ! OCCASION DID PRES5T ITSELF4 ,! ,C,N,T \<T TO HAVE LEAP$ 9TO ! DRIV]'S SEAT 9 ! C\NTRY444,9 ?IS WAY WE W\LD HAVE WON ! W> & SAV$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT .<! ,C,N,T.> DID ! OPPOSITE4 ,IT COLLABORAT$ ) ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( /ATE1 PRECISELY :5 ! /ATE WAS CRUMBL+ AWAY40.<#f#i.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ! ADVOCACY ( ! UNION-CONTROLL$ NATIONAL & REGIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS1 ! ,AMIGOS ALSO ADVOCAT$ ! =MATION ( ! 0FREE MUNICIPALITIES0 -- GOV]NANCE /RUCTURES BAS$ ON NEI<BORHOOD OR VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES ( RESID5TS -- :I* ! ,C,N,T HAD ADVOCAT$ 9 ! PROGRAM ADOPT$ AT ,Z>AGOZA 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#c#f4 ,BALIUS CALL$ ! FREE MUNICIPALITIES 0AN AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T40 ,! ,AMIGOS ALSO HELD TO ! SYNDICALI/ PROGRAM ( SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY FROM BEL[ ?R\< UNION MANAGEM5T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BALIUS1 ! WORK]S' 9ITIATIVE 9 ! ,MAY EV5TS 9 ,B>CELONA %[$ 0! PROLET>IAT'S UN%AKABLE DET]M9ATION TO PLACE A WORK]S' LEAD]%IP 9 *>GE ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 ! ECONOMY & ! 5TIRE EXI/5CE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:I* IS TO SAY 7= ANY AN>*I/ NOT AFRAID ( ! WORDS7 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS FI<T+ = ! TAK+ ( P[] :I* W\LD HAVE COME TO PASS ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( 
! OLD B\RGEOIS 9/RUM5TS & ]ECTION 9 !IR PLACE ( A NEW /RUCTURE BAS$ ON ! COMMITTEES ?AT SURFAC$ 9 ,JULY .<#a#i#c#f.>40.<#g.> ,FROM A SOCIAL AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 A KEY ISSUE AB\T ! PROPOS$ ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS W\LD BE !IR ACC\NTABILITY TO ! ASSEMBLIES AT ! BASE4 ,! ,AMIGOS PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS BE ELECT$ BY ! UNION ASSEMBLIES4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! MAK+ ( POLICY8 ,A POSSIBLE SOLUTION H]E W\LD HAVE BE5 TO MAKE ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS GET !IR M>*+ ORD]S FROM ! REGIONAL & NATIONAL CONGRESSES PROPOS$ 9 ! ,C,N,T'S ,Z>AGOZA PROGRAM ( ,MAY1 #a#i#c#f4 ,!SE W\LD BE DELIB]ATIVE BODIES1 MADE UP ( DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! BASE ASSEMBLIES1 & ) MAJOR ISSUES S5T BACK TO ! BASE ASSEMBLIES = DECISION4 ,! ,C,N,T DID ACTUALLY CREATE A REGIONAL CONGRESS 9 ,>AGON1 REPRES5T+ ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES & !IR ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T UNIONS1 TO CONTROL ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL SET UP 9 ?AT REGION4 

,! ,C,N,T ALSO PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS BE PROHIBIT$ FROM 9T]V5+ 9 MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 :I* W\LD BE CONTROLL$ BY A SY/EM ( WORK]-MANAG$ 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS & A SY/EM ( SOCIAL PLANN+4 

,?US IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! SYNDICALI/ PROPOSAL = ,DEF5SE ,C\NCILS & A UNIFI$ & A UNION-CONTROLL$ PEOPLE'S MILITIA WAS A TACTIC AT LEA/ POT5TIALLY CONSI/5T ) SOCIAL AN>*ISM4 

,H[ DOES ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROPOSAL DIFF] FROM ! ,L59I/ CONCEPT ( 0TAK+ P[]08 ,IT MAY HELP TO LOOK AT ! DEBATE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ,NI*OLAI ,BUKH>91 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI & A NUMB] ( O!R ,BOL%EVIKS PROPOS$ A SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T BO>DS = ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY ELECT$ BY ! UNIONS4 ,L59 D5\NC$ ?IS AS AN 0AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ DEVIATION0 BECAUSE IT W\LD GIVE ECONOMIC P[] TO ! 0NONP>TY MASSES0 :O MADE UP #i P]C5T ( ! MEMB]%IP ( ! UNIONS4 ,BY ! LOGIC ( ,L59'S POSITION1 HE W\LD HAVE TO D5\NCE ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROPOSAL BECAUSE IT W\LD GIVE ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & >M$ P[] TO ! 0NONP>TY MASSES0 9 ! UNIONS4 

,= ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 H[EV] ! 0/R5G? ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S0 AFT] ,JULY #a#i? #aicf LAY 9 ! DISP]S$ PATT]N ( P[] 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ ZONE1 BROK5 UP 9TO A MYRIAD ( LOCAL & REGIONAL COMMITTEES4.<#g#a.> ,PEIRATS1 :O WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? 9 ,CATALONIA1 OPPOS$ ! ,C,N,T JO9+ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T BUT ALSO OPPOS$ ! ALT]NATIVE ( REPLAC+ ! ,REPUBLICAN C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ) A ,C,N,T-,U,G,T NATIONAL DEF5SE C\NCIL4 ,9 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,PEIRATS SAYS ?AT ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL PROPOSAL WAS 0JU/ A GOV]NM5T UND] ANO!R NAME40 ,BUT C\LDN'T ?AT BE SAID ( ANY POLITY ?AT W\LD PROVIDE OV]ALL GOV]NANCE = ,SPA9 AS A :OLE8 ,PEIRATS WAS $ITOR ( A J\RNAL 9 ,CATALONIA CALL$ ,ACRACIA -- ! NAME MEANS 0,NO P[]40 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ,PEIRATS' 0,NO P[]0 AN>*ISM WAS OPPOS$ TO ANY SORT ( OV]>*+ POLITY OR GOV]N+ /RUCTURE = ,SPA94 

,BUT ?IS WAS SIMPLY NOT POSSIBLE4 ,A UNIFI$ COMM& WAS NE$$ 9 ! >M$ FI<T AGA9/ ! FASCI/ MILIT>Y4 ,! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T W\LD 9SI/ ON UNITY 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,!RE W]E ONLY TWO WAYS ?IS C\LD BE A*IEV$4 ,EI!R ! ,C,N,T TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE TO REPLACE ! EXI/+ /ATE APP>ATUS 9 ,CATALONIA & AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL1 UNIT+ ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T 9TO A WORK+ CLASS-CONTROLL$ GOV]N+ P[]1 OR ELSE ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD BE SUCCESSFUL 9 UNIT+ ! POPULATION BEH9D A REBUILD+ ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS & A HI]>*ICAL >MY4 ,?IS WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMA ?AT FAC$ ! ,C,N,T AFT] ,JULY #a#i? #a#i#c#f4 

,IF ! ,C,N,T HAD OV]?R[N ! ,G5]ALITAT & BR\<T ! ,U,G,T & ,F,\,S UNIONS 9TO A REGIONAL WORK]S CONGRESS TO ELECT A REGIONAL LABOR GOV]N+ C\NCIL = ,CATALONIA1 IT W\LD HAVE PUT TREM5D\S PRESSURE ON ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ! ,U,G,T LEAD]%IP TO AGREE TO ?IS SOLUTION = ,SPA9 AS A :OLE4 ,IF ! PROPOS$ /RUCTURE ( NATIONAL & REGIONAL ,C,N,T-,U,G,T GOV]N+ C\NCILS & A UNIFI$ PEOPLE'S MILITIA1 CONTROLL$ BY ! UNIONS1 HAD BE5 CREAT$1 ! ,C,N,T C\LD HAVE BLOCK$ ! ,COMMUNI/ PROPOSALS = A HI]>*ICAL >MY & = S5D+ ! GOLD TO ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,C,N,T C\LD HAVE BLOCK$ ! ,P,C,E'S /RATEGY = GA9+ 
/ATE P[]4 ,BY FAIL+ TO PURSUE ?IS PA?1 ! ,C,N,T MADE ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT /RATEGY 9EVITABLE1 & ?US FACILITAT$ ! ,COMMUNI/S' GR[+ P[]4 ,GIV5 ! FASCI/ SIDE'S SUP]IORITY 9 >MS SUPPLIES1 CREAT+ A WORK+ CLASS-CONTROLL$ POLITY 9 ,SPA9 WAS NOT A GU>ANTEE ( VICTORY4 ,BUT IT W\LD HAVE IMPROV$ ! *ANCES ( SUCCESS4 

,TO !IR CR$IT1 ,BALIUS & ! ,AMIGOS SAW ?AT A WORK+-CLASS-CONTROLL$ POLITY -- A /RUCTURE ( POLITICAL SELF-GOV]NANCE -- IS NE$$ TO REPLACE ! /ATE1 IF ! WORK+ CLASS IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL AT LIB]AT+ ITSELF4 

,TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM WAS AMBIGU\S OR 9CONSI/5T ON ! QUE/ION ( :AT REPLACES ! /ATE4 ,!RE WAS A LACK ( CL>ITY AB\T ! NE$ = A NEW TYPE ( POLITY TO P]=M ! NECESS>Y POLITICAL FUNCTIONS -- MAK+ ! BASIC RULES1 ADJUDICAT+ ACCUSATIONS ( CRIM9AL CONDUCT & DISPUTES BETWE5 PEOPLE1 & DEF5D+ ! BASIC SOCIAL >RANGEM5T AGA9/ 9T]NAL OR EXT]NAL ATTACK & 5=C+ ! BASIC RULES4 ,! POLITICAL FUNCTIONS ( SOCIETY CANNOT BE DONE AWAY ) ANY MORE ?AN SOCIAL PRODUCTION C\LD BE4 ,BUT ! POLITICAL FUNCTIONS CAN BE C>RI$ ON BY A /RUCTURE ( POPUL> SELF-GOV]NANCE1 ROOT$ 9 ! P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ( ASSEMBLIES 9 ! COMMUNITIES & WORKPLACES4 

,TOM ,WETZEL IS ACTIVE ) ,WORK]'S ,SOLID>ITY ,ALLIANCE 9 ! ,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,BAY ,>EA & HAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND H\S+ & TRANSIT ISSUES 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO4 ,! TEXT HAS BE5 LI<TLY $IT$ = CL>ITY FROM ! ORIG9AL4 

.<#a.> ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,DURRUTI3 ,! ,PEOPLE ,>M$1 P4 #a#h#a4 

.<#b.> ,ALB]TO ,BALCELLS1 ,CATALUNA CONTEMPORANEA ,I,I 7#a#i-#a#i#c#f71 P4 #a#g1 CIT$ 9 ,RONALD ,FRAS]1 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA93 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 

.<#c.> ,COL9 ,M4 ,W9/ON1 ,WORK]S & ! ,RI<T 9 ,SPA91 #a#i-#a#i#c#f4 

.<#d.> ,9=MATION ON ! ,B>CELONA R5T /RIKE ( #aica IS FROM ,NICK ,RID]1 0,! ,PRACTICE ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION3 ,! ,B>CELONA ,R5T ,/RIKE ( #a#i#c#a0 9 ,= ,AN>*ISM3 ,HI/ORY1 ,!ORY1 & ,PRACTICE1 ,DAVID ,GOODWAY1 $4 

.<#e.> ,ANTONY ,BEEVOR1 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #b#i4 

.<#f.> ,J]OME ,M9TZ1 ,! ,AN>*I/S ( ,CASAS ,VIEJAS1 P4 #b#f#h4 

.<#g.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,RONALD ,FRAS]1 ,BLOOD ( ,SPA93 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #e#d#d4 

.<#h.> ,VICTOR ,ALBA & ,/EPH5 ,S*W>TZ1 ,SPANI% 
,M>XISM V]SUS ,SOVIET ,COMMUNISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,P,\,M4 

.<#i.> ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 ,EL ORGANISMO ECONOMICO DE LA REVOLUCION 7TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% UND] ! TITLE ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION74 

.<#a.> ,! IDEA ( P>TICIPATORY PLANN+ WAS FIR/ DEVELOP$ 9 ! #a#i#gS BY A NUMB] ( RADICAL ECONOMI/S4 ,! MO/ WELL-KN[N V]SION IS ! 0P>TICIPATORY ECOOMICS0 MODEL DEVELOP$ BY ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL4 ,AN E>LY V]SION WAS 0,P>TICIPATORY ,PLANN+0 9 ,SOCIALI/ ,VISIONS1 ,/EVE ,ROSSKAMM ,%ALOM1 $4 

.<#a#a.> ,EXC]PTS FROM ! ,Z>AGOZA CONGRESS VISION DOCUM5T >E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% 9 ,ROB]T ,ALEX&]1 ,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,VOLUME ,ONE1 PP4 #d#h-#f#g4 

.<#a#b.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM0 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS3 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,WRIT+S BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW91 $41 PP4 #a#h#c-#a#h#d4 

.<#a#c.> ,9 ! WORDS ( ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 ,LOS AN>QUI/AS Y EL POD]1 P4 #i#b4 

.<#a#d.> ,DIONISIUS ,RIDRUEJO1 9T]VIEW$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#b4 

.<#a#e.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #g#a4 

.<#a#f.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #a#a4 

.<#a#g.> ,ABEL ,PAZ1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#a#c4 

.<#a#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 9T]VIEW 9 ! #a#i#gS1 QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #a#a4 

.<#a#i.> ,?IS DEBATE IS DESCRIB$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #a#a#b4 

.<#b.> ,?IS ACC\NT ( ! DEBATE IS FROM ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 0,WRONG ,/EPS3 ,]RORS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION10 ,MICK ,P>K]1 TRANSLATOR4 7,?IS PAMPHLET IS AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( EXC]PTS FROM ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S MEMOIR1 ,ECO DE LOS PASOS47 

.<#b#a.> ,ON ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIA ,COMMITTEE1 ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 OP CIT1 P4 #h#f4 

.<#b#b.> ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#f#a4 7,?IS IS A TRANSLATION ( ,LOS AN>QUI/AS 5 LA CRISIS ESPANOLA47 

.<#b#c.> ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 OP CIT1 P4 #i#h4 

.<#b#d.> ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 IBID1 P4 #a#h4 

.<#b#e.> ,CES> ,M4 ,LOR5ZO1 OP CIT1 PP4 #a#h-#a#h#a4 

.<#b#f.> ,RONALD ,RADO%1 ,M>Y ,R4 ,HABECK1 & ,GRIGORY ,SEVO/IANOV1 $S41 ,SPA9 ,BETRAY$3 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #d#h4 

.<#b#g.> ,9T]VIEW ) ,$U>DO DE ,GUZMAN1 E>LY #a#i#gS1 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #ahf & PP4 #c#c#e-#c#c#f4 

.<#b#h.> ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 OP CIT1 PP4 #a#h#e-#a#h#f4 

.<#b#i.> ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P3 #a#i#c#g-#a#i#c#i1 P4 #b#d4 

.<#c.> ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,CONSPIRACY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 PP4 #d#c-#d#d4 

.<#c#a.> ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 /ATEM5T FROM ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 APP5D$ TO ! #aicg ADDITION ( ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#b#a4 

.<#c#b.> ,9T]VIEW 9 ! E>LY '#gS1 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#b4 

.<#c#c.> ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #b#e#c-#b#f#d4 

.<#c#d.> ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 IBID1 PP4 #b#d-#b#d#e4 

.<#c#e.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 #b#b#a4 

.<#c#f.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#b#c4 

.<#c#g.> ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y1 ,NA*T UB] ,SPANI51 EXC]PT TRANSLAT$ 9 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 $41 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES3 ,WORK]S' ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 PP4 #i#c-#i#d4 

.<#c#h.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#c#c4 

.<#c#i.> ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 OP CIT1 PP4 #b#f#d-#b#g#h4 

.<#d.> ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 IBID1 PO4 #b#d#e-#b#e#c4 

.<#d#a.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#a#b4 

.<#d#b.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,ROB]T ,ALEX&]1 ,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,VOLUME ,ONE1 P4 #d#h#g4 

.<#d#c.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 PP4 #b#a#d-#b#a#e4 

.<#d#d.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 IBID1 P4 #b#b#i4 

.<#d#e.> ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 /ATEM5T FROM ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c#f1 APP5D$ TO ! #aicg ADDITION ( ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #a#b#a4 

.<#d#f.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#a#h4 

.<#d#g.> ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 OP CIT1 PP4 #b#h#i-#b#i#e4 

.<#d#h.> ,9=MATION AB\T ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES IS FROM ,M>?A ,A4 ,ACKELSB]G1 ,FREE ,WOM5 ( ,SPA93 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,/RUGGLE = ! ,EMANCIPATION ( ,WOM54 

.<#d#i.> ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL1 0,A ,TICKET TO ,RIDE3 ,MORE ,LOCATIONS ON ! ,CLASS ,MAP0 9 ,BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL1 ,PAT ,WALK]1 $4 

.<#e.> ,RONALD ,RADO%1 ,M>Y ,R4 ,HABECK1 & ,GRIGORY ,SEVO/IANOV1 OP CIT1 P4 #a#a4 

.<#e#a.> ,SOCRATES ,GOMEZ1 QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#c#c4 

.<#e#b.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #b#a#e4 

.<#e#c.> ,ANTONY ,BEEVOR1 OP CIT1 P4 #abd 

.<#e#d.> ,ANTONY ,BEEVOR1 IBID1 P4 #a#g#d4 

.<#e#e.> ,G]ALD ,H[SON1 ,>MS = ,SPA93 ,! ,UNTOLD ,/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 P4 #a#e#a4 

.<#e#f.> ,REPORT BY ,&RE ,M>TY TO ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 ,M>* #a#i#c#g1 TRANSLAT$ 9 ,RONALD ,RADO%1 ,M>Y ,R4 ,HABECK1 & ,GRIGORY ,SEVO/IANOV1 OP CIT1 P4 #a#d#e4 

.<#e#g.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 PP4 #c#g#g-#c#g#h4 

.<#e#h.> ,JUAN ,&RADE1 QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#h#b4 

.<#e#i.> ,BILL ,H]RICK1 ,JUMP+ ! ,L9E4 

.<#f.> ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA1 P4 #f#i4 

.<#f#a.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#g#a4 

.<#f#b.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 IBID1 P4 #c#f#d4 

.<#f#c.> ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 PP4 #c#f#g-#c#f#i4 

.<#f#d.> ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 OP CIT1 PP4 #a#c#f-#a#d#c4 

.<#f#e.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#f#f4 

.<#f#f.> ,C,N,T VILLAGE COMMITTEE PRESID5T1 QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#f#b4 

.<#f#g.> ,SATURN9O ,C>OD1 QUOT$ 9 ,FRAS]1 OP CIT1 P4 #c#f#c4 

.<#f#h.> ,QUOTE FROM ,DURRUTI 9 ,! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,ACTION1 ,*AP #d 774 

.<#f#i.> ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI ,GR\P1 ,T[>DS A ,FRE% ,REVOLUTION 7TRANSLATION ( ,HACIA UNA REVOLUCION NUEVA7 77 

.<#g.> ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 QUOT$ 9 ,AGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 OP CIT1 P4 #i#b4 

.<#g#a.> ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 OP CIT1 P4 #a#h#c4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,WORK]S ,P[] & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,WORK]S ,P[] & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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