,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( A ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,*APT] 3 ,\R ,PREFACE #c1#a#i ,WORDS2 #b1#a ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION #a1#c#g ,WORDS2 #f1#g#i#g ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,CRISIS ( ,CAPITALISM #a1#b#i ,WORDS2 #g1#f#b#h ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #c 3 ,BASIC ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY #c1#c#a#i ,WORDS2 #b#a1#e#e ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #d 3 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,WORK #c1#h#h#b ,WORDS2 #b#e1#e#i#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #e 3 ,WORK]S' ,MANAGEM5T3 ,! ,FACTORY #b1#f#b#c ,WORDS2 #a#f1#i#b#c ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,CONT5T ( ,WORK]S' ,MANAGEM5T AT ,FACTORY ,LEVEL #b1#a#b#b ,WORDS2 #a#c1#f#c#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #g 3 ,G5]AL ,PROBLEMS ( ,SOCIALI/ ,ECONOMY #e1#d#d#e ,WORDS2 #c#e1#a#a#e ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY #iha ,WORDS2 #f1#b#g#h ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY #h1#a#i#c ,WORDS2 #e#c1#e#c#g ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #a 3 ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,TRANSITION #a1#a#h#e ,WORDS2 #g1#g#i#f ,*>ACT]S O ,NOTES #c1#g#g#e ,WORDS2 #b#e1#e#i#b ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,*APT] 3 ,\R ,PREFACE 4 ,\R ,PREFACE BY ,SOLID>ITY ,GR\P 7,LONDON72 ,M>* #aigb ,TO ! BE/ ( \R KN[L$GE !RE HAVE BE5 NO S]I\S ATTEMPTS BY MOD]N LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES TO GRAPPLE ) ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( A TOTALLY SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY4 ,:AT MIIES - & MO/ ( ! VICTIMS - ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE78 ,OR1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ISN'T ?IS ALLEGATION ITSELF ! REAL MY/IFICATION8 ,DOESN'T HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 & 9 P>TICUL> ! WORK+ CLASS EXP]I5CE ( REC5T DECADES1 PROVE ! V]Y OPPOSITE8 ,DON'T ! V]Y ADVANCES ( SCI5CE 5HANCE ! FEASIBILITY ( A RATIONAL =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 :]E REAL P[] W\LD LIE 9 ! H&S ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES8 ,?IS PAMPHLET SEEKS TO DEAL ) SOME ( !SE QUE/IONS4 ,! EV5TS ( ! LA/ FEW YE>S %[ QUITE CLE>LY ?AT ?IS IS NO LONG] A 0!ORETICAL0 PREOCCUPATION1 RELAT+ TO SOME REMOTE & PROBLEMATIC FUTURE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS A REAL1 IMM$IATE & D[N-TO-E>? CONC]N4 ,AT ANY TIME BETWE5 N[ & ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S - NAY1 MILLIONS - ( M5 & WOM5 MAY WELL BE CONFRONT$ ) PROBLEMS ( ! K9D H]E DISCUSS$4 ,& ON ! SOLUTIONS ORD9>Y PEOPLE MAY COLLECTIVELY PROVIDE TO !SE PROBLEMS WILL DEP5D :E!R HUMANITY REALLY MOVES TO SOME?+ NEW1 OR :E!R WE JU/ EX*ANGE ONE S]VITUDE = ANO!R4 ,LET US IMM$IATELY CIRCUMSCRIBE ! RELEVANT >EA4 ,WE >E NOT CONC]N$ ) ! RECIPES & D\BLE-TALK ( V>I\S 0RE=M$0 OR 0P>TIALLY RE=M$0 BUREAUCRACIES4 ,WE >E NOT CONC]N$ ) 0WORK]S CONTROL0 SE5 AS AN ADJUNCT OR DECORATION TO NATIONALIZATION & ! POLITICAL P[] ( SOME VANGU>D ,P>TY4 ,WE >E NOT DISCUSS+ H[ TO RUN1 FROM ABOVE1 A SY/EM ( WORK]S-MANAGEM5T-FROM-BEL[ 7AS 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA74 ,WE WANT TO GO A LITTLE DEEP] ?AN ?OSE ,POLI% BUREAUCRATS1 ! ONLY REC5T ADDITION TO :OSE WISDOM SEEMS TO BE ?AT ONE %\LDN'T 9CREASE PRICES1 )\T W>N+1 ! WEEK BE=E ,*RI/MAS4 ,WE WON'T BE EXAM9+ :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f1 FIR/LY BECAUSE ?IS HAS BE5 DONE BE=E1 & BETT] ?AN WE C\LD1 & SECONDLY1 BECAUSE IT ONLY HAS LIMIT$ RELEVANCE TO ! PROBLEMS ( AN ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY1 9 ! LA/ ?IRD ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,NOR1 = MU* ! SAME REASONS1 WILL WE EXAM9E ! WI!R$ REMA9S ( :AT MAY BRIEFLY HAVE FL[]$ 9 ! ,ALG]IAN C\NTRYSIDE1 BE=E BE+ SWEPT AWAY 9 #aife BY ,B\M$I5NE'S !OCRATIC PUTS* 7TO ! PLAUDITS1 BE IT REMEMB]$1 ( ! RUL]S ( 0,COMMUNI/0 ,*9A74 ,NOR WILL WE E*O ,CA/RO'S PEANS TO ! 0SOCIALI/0 WORK E?IC1 HIS EXHORTATIONS TO HIS FOLL[]S TO 0CUT YET MORE SUG> CANE10 OR HIS FULM9ATIONS AGA9/ SUNDRY SLACK]S1 UTT]$ )\T EV] SEEK+ TO DISCOV] ! REAL S\RCE ( !IR 0SLACKNESS03 !IR LACK ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONS & !IR REFUSAL TO P>TICIPATE 9 !IR [N EXPLOITATION4 ,AT ! O!R 5D ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM1 WE WILL ONLY DEAL 9 PASS+ ) ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ALL WORK & ALL SORR[1 ALL LIMITATIONS ON HUMAN FRE$OM1 & ALL COMPULSION C\LD IMM$IATELY BE SWEPT AWAY1 & ?AT SOCIALISM IMPLIES ! IMM$IATE TRANSC5D+ ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,) ! DECAY ( EV]Y SOCIAL ORD]1 V>I\S MILL5>IAL DOCTR9ES T5D TO FL\RI%4 ,WE 5DORSE ! VISION BUT >E CONC]N$ ) ! /EPS = MAK+ IT REALITY4 ,?OSE :OM WE MI WILL PROBABLY D5\NCE US = DISCUSS+ ! ORGANIZATION & TRANS=MATION ( WORK 79/EAD ( ITS ABOLITION74 ,BUT1 SU* IS ! CAPACITY ( \R M9DS = MUTUALLY 9COMPATIBLE IDEAS ?AT ! V]Y COMRADES :O TALK ( ABOLI%+ ALL WORK WILL TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT1 UND] SOCIALISM1 LIE NOT ( ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT RES]VOIRS & P[] /ATIONS >E DIV9E DISP5SATIONS TO SOCIALI/ HUMANITY - OR ?AT !RE IS NO HUMAN OR SOCIAL CO/ 9VOLV$ 9 !IR CREATION4 ,WE >E 9T5SELY CONC]N$1 ON ! O!R H&1 AB\T H[ COLLECTIVELY TO DET]M9E :E!R ! CO/ IS ACCEPTABLE1 & H[ IT %\LD BE %>$4 ,9 CONSID]+ V>I\S ASPECTS ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY WE WILL NOT BE DISCUSS+ ! 9SII\S WRIT]S ( SCI5CE FICTION4 ,!IR UND\BT$ M]IT IT IS ?AT !Y1 AT LEA/1 HAVE P]CEIV$ ! FANTA/IC SCOPE ( :AT C\LD BE POSSIBLE1 EV5 TODAY4 ,UNLIKE ,JULES ,V]NE1 WE >5'T PLANN+ TO PROCE$ 0#b1 ,LEAGUES ,UND] ! ,SEA0 OR EV5 TO UND]TAKE A 0,J\RNEY TO ! ,C5T] ( ! ,E>?40 ,WE JU/ WANT TO WALK WIDELY & FREELY ON ITS SURFACE1 9 ! H]E-&-N[4 ,9 ?IS1 WE WILL IMM$IATELY DIFF]5TIATE \RSELVES FROM MO/ MOD]N REVOLUTION>IES1 :O UND] PRETEXT ( 0KEEP+ !IR FEET ON E>?0 REMA9 WAI/-DEEP 9 CONCRETE4 ,?IS PAMPHLET IS BAS$ ON A TEXT BY ,P4 ,*AULIEU 70,SUR ,LE ,CONT5U DU ,SOCIALISME07 :I* FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #aieg 79 ISSUE ,NUMB] #bb ( ! ,FR5* J\RNAL1 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE74_<#b_> ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP ! DATE 9 M9D4 ,! TEXT WAS WRITT5 JU/ AFT] ! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS HAD BE5 RU?LESSLY SUPPRESS$1 FOLL[+ A PROLONG$ & H]OIC /RUGGLE 9 :I* HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S HAD PUT =W>D DEM&S = ! ABOLITION ( NORMS1 = ! EQUALIZATION ( WAGES1 = WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 = A ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 & = CONTROL FROM BEL[ ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS EX]CIS+ ANY K9D ( DECISIONAL AU?ORITY4_<#c_> ,! TEXT WAS WRITT5 BE=E ! MOM5T\S DEVELOPM5TS ( ! SIXTIES1 BE=E ! MASSIVE GR[? ( 0DO-IT-Y\RSELF0 POLITICS1 & BE=E ! ,B]KELEY EV5TS ( #aifd 7:I* %[$ ! EXPLOSIVE NEW T5SIONS MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WAS BUSILY PRODUC+74 ,IT WAS WRITT5 BE=E ! VA/ SPREAD - AT LEA/ 9 ,EUROPE - ( ! 0Y\? REVOLT0 7) ITS DEEP QUE/ION+ ( ! 0WORK E?IC0 AS SU* - & ( SO MANY O!R ASPECTS ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE & BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WOM5'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 7) ITS WIDESPREAD CRITIQUE NOT ONLY ( ! ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ( WOM51 BUT ( ! MORE SUBTLE =MS ( EXPLOITATION 9H]5T 9 ! ATTRIBUTION ( FIX$ POL>ITIES & ROLES TO ! TWO SEXES74 ,F9ALLY1 IT WAS WRITT5 MORE ?AN A DECADE BE=E ! GREAT EV5TS ( ,MAY #aifh 7DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! MOVEM5T'S DEM&S = 0AUTOGE/ION10 OR 0SELF-MANAGEM5T10 AT TIMES1 S\ND LIKE ! REV]B]AT+ E*OES ( :AT ! TEXT IS TALK+ AB\T74 ,WAY AHEAD ( ITS TIME 9 #a#i#e#g1 ! TEXT SEEMS DAT$1 9 SOME RESPECTS1 9 #aigb - NOT SO MU* 9 :AT IT SAYS1 :I* RETA9S GREAT FRE%NESS & ORIG9ALITY1 BUT 9 :AT IT DOES NOT & C\LD NOT SAY4 ,:Y1 9 VIEW ( ALL ?IS1 IS ,SOLID>ITY PUBLI%+ ?IS DOCUM5T AT ?IS P>TICUL> TIME8 ,! ANSW] IS TW(OLD4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ! TEXT REMA9S1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! MO/ COG5T1 LUCID & COMPREH5SIVE VISION ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( A MOD]N SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY EV] TO HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$4 ,SECONDLY1 BECAUSE WE FEEL ?AT A DISCUSSION ON ?IS !ME IS N[ FAIRLY URG5T4 ,! TEXT DOES NOT EVADE DIFFICULTIES1 BUT FACES !M HONE/LY & OP5LY4 ,ITS SCOPE IS WIDE4 ,H[ C\LD 9/ITUTIONS BE MADE COMPREH5SIBLE8 ,H[ C\LD !Y BE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLL$ FROM BEL[8 ,H[ C\LD RELEVANT 9=MATION BE MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL1 SO ?AT MEAN+FUL DECISIONS MIKET0 MIGE 5T]PRISES & ) ! MEAN+ ( POLITICS 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,REVOLUTION>IES USUALLY REACT TO ALL ?IS 9 ONE ( ?REE WAYS3 ,= ! ,L59I/S ( ALL ILK !RE IS NO PROBLEM4 ,!Y MAY PAY LIP S]VICE TO 0PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY10 0,WORK]S ,C\NCILS10 & 0WORK]S' CONTROL10 BUT KN[ 9 !IR BONES ?AT1 :]EV] NECESS>Y1 !IR ,P>TY 7:I* HAS AS GREAT A ROLE TO PLAY AFT] ! REVOLUTION AS BE=E7 WILL TAKE ! APPROPRIATE DECISIONS4 ,!Y DISMISS WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ) D]OGATORY COMM5TS AB\T 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE FACTORY0 OR ) PR(UNDITIES LIKE 0Y\ CAN'T HAVE GR\PS ( WORK]S DO+ :ATEV] !Y LIKE1 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE40 ,9 ?IS1 !Y >E TILT+ AT M5 ( /RAW1 = LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES HAVE NEV] CLAIM$ ANY SU* ?+4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,L59I/S UTT]LY FAIL TO UND]/& :AT IS H]E BE+ PROPOS$3 WE >E NOT DISCUSS+ 0WORK]S CONTROL0 7SE5 AS SOME ADJUNCT OR DECORATION TO A HI]>*Y ( POLITICAL ORGANS1 :I* W\LD G5U9ELY EMBODY DECISIONAL AU?ORITY1 & :I* W\LD NOT BE DIRECTLY BAS$ ON ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES74 ,:AT WE >E PROPOS+ & DISCUSS+ IS SOME?+ MU* MORE FUNDAM5TAL1 A TOTAL REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 A REORGANIZATION 9VOLV+ EV]Y ONE ( ITS SOCIAL RELATIONS & BASIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,NON-,L59I/ REVOLUTION>IES WILL REACT TO :AT WE SAY 9 TWO DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,EI!R1 0,:Y WORRY AB\T SU* ?+S8 ,BLUEPR9TS >E A WA/E ( TIME4 ,! WORK]S !MSELVES WILL DECIDE :5 ! TIME COMES40 ,OR1 MORE SIMPLI/ICALLY1 0,UND] SOCIALISM !RE JU/ WON'T BE ANY PROBLEMS ( ?IS K9D4 ,ALL PRES5T PROBLEMS /EM FROM ! MAT]IAL SC>CITY ( CAPITALISM :I* A 0FREE SOCIETY0 WILL IMM$IATELY ABOLI%40 ,! TEXT >GUES MO/ COG5TLY :Y !SE >E %ORT-SIIAN REVOLUTION>IES REFRA9 FROM DISCUSS+ !SE MATT]S AS FROM N[4 ,ONE MAY ACCEPT OR REJECT :AT ! AU?OR PROPOSES 7WE >E NOT \RSELVES ALL AGRE$ ON HIS V>I\S VIEWS74 ,BUT IT CANNOT BE CLAIM$ ?AT S_/HE FAILS TO TACKLE A :OLE RANGE ( NEW PROBLEMS4 ,WE >E H]E FIRMLY 9 ! ]A ( ! COMPUT]1 ( ! KN[L$GE EXPLOSION1 ( WIRELESS & TELEVISION1 ( 9PUT-\TPUT MATRICES1 & ( ! PROBLEMS ( TODAY'S SOCIETY4 ,WE HAVE LEFT ! QUIET] WAT]S ( ,[5'S ,NEW ,VIEW ( ,SOCIETY 7#a#h#a#c71 ( ,MORRIS' ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E 7#a#h#i#a71 ( ,BLAT*=D'S ,CL>ION1 OR ( SUNDRY O!R SOCIALI/ OR AN>*I/ UTOPIAS ( E>LI] YE>S4 ,LET US NOT BE MISUND]/OOD4 ,WE >E NOT PASS+ VALUE JUDGM5TS4 ,WE >E NOT DECRY+ ! S5SITIVITY & DEEP HUMANITY ?AT P]MEAT$ ! VISION ( MANY E>LI] REVOLUTION>IES4 ,WE >E M]ELY CLAIM+ ?AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL 9FRA/RUCTURES ( !IR SOCIETIES & ( \RS >E SO IMMEASURABLY DIFF]5T AS TO MAKE COMP>ISONS RA!R MEAN+LESS4 ,AL?\< WE HATE MU* ?AT WE SEE >\ND US - &1 9 P>TICUL>1 MANY ( ! PRODUCTS ( MISAPPLI$ SCI5CE - WE DON'T WANT TO MOVE ! CLOCK BACK 79CID5TALLY1 A REM>KABLY FRUITLESS OCCUPATION74 ,WE SEE NO ADVANTAGE 9 C&LES OR COKE OV] ELECTRICITY1 OR 9 C>RY+ WAT] FROM ! WELL :5 IT CAN BE GOT FROM A TAP4 ,WE WANT TO CONTROL & HUMANIZE ?IS SOCIETY 7BY MEANS COMM5SURATE ) ITS VA/NESS71 NOT TO SEEK REFUGE 9 SOME MY?ICAL GOLD5 PA/4 ,NOR DO WE USE ! WORD 0UTOPIA0 9 ANY D]OGATORY S5SE1 AS CONTEMPOR>Y ,M>XI/S SO (T5 DO4 ,WE >E US+ IT 9 A PURELY ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 0UTOPIAN0 MEANS 0:I* EXI/S NO:]E40 ,:5 WE SAY ?AT ! AU?OR'S PROPOSALS >E NOT UTOPIAN WE >E SAY+ NO MORE ?AN ?AT HIS M5TAL CON/RUCTS >E BUT EXTRAPOLATIONS FROM :AT ALREADY EXI/S H]E & N[1 FROM EXP]I5CES ! WORK+ CLASS HAS ALREADY BE5 ?R\< & FROM 9/ITUTIONS IT HAS ALREADY CREAT$4 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO CONTRIBUTE ?IS PAMPHLET TO ! S]I\S & SU/A9$ DISCUSSION N[ TAK+ PLACE AMONG LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES AB\T ALL ASPECTS ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY4 ,?IS DISCUSSION IS ALREADY RANG+ WIDELY & FRUITFULLY OV] SU* FIELDS AS $UCATION1 CONDITION+ BY ! FAMILY1 9T]NALIZ$ REPRESSION1 URBANISM1 T[N PLANN+1 ECOLOGY1 NEW =MS ( >T & COMMUNICATION1 NEW RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 & BETWE5 PEOPLE & ! ESS5TIAL CONT5T ( !IR LIVES4 ,9 ?IS SURGE ( QUE/ION+ ONE DIM5SION IS1 H[EV]1 MISS+4 ,! DIM5SION IS ?AT ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,! SIL5CE H]E IS QUITE DEAF5+4 ,SURE1 !RE >E OCCASIONAL DI/ANT E*OES ( :AT DE ,LEON SAID BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> AB\T 0SOCIALI/ 9DU/RIAL UNIONS0 - OR AB\T :AT V>I\S SYNDICALI/S HAVE PROCLAIM$1 ) DIM9I%+ CR$IBILITY1 AB\T ! NE$ = 0ONE BIG UNION40 ,= MOD]N REVOLUTION>IES1 H[EV]1 ?IS IS TOTALLY 9ADEQUATE4 ,P]HAPS :AT WE PROPOSE ISN'T GOOD 5\< EI!R1 BUT AT LEA/ IT TRIES TO GRAPPLE ) ! PROBLEMS ( \R EPO*4 ,AL?\< ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ISN'T ! BE-ALL & 5D-ALL ( LIFE1 IT IS ! PRE-CONDITION ( A GREAT DEAL ELSE4 ,& IT IS HI< TIME REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IANS />T$ DISCUSS+ ?IS SUBJECT RATIONALLY4 ,!Y MU/ REALIZE ?AT IF !Y HAVE NO VIEWS ON !SE MATT]S1 O!RS 7! TRAD. REV.IE.>S7 DO4 ,POLITICS1 LIKE NATURE1 ABHORS A VACUUM4 ,IF WE DON'T WANT ! ECONOMIC TYRANNY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO BE REPLAC$ BY ! TYRANNY ( ,P>TY-DOM9AT$ /RUCTURES - MASQU]AD+ AS 0SOCIALISM0 OR 0WORK]S CONTROL0 - IT IS HI< TIME WE EXPLA9$1 & 9 SOME DETAIL1 :AT WE MEAN BY WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & A SOCIETY G5U9ELY BAS$ ON ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS4 ,CONS]VATIVES WILL SAY ?AT :AT IS H]E \TL9$ ?REAT5S ! RIE DEAD RIE RELUCTANT TO >TICULATE71 NAMELY ?AT ALL ?IS IS 0PIE 9 ! SKY0 BECAUSE 9 9DU/RY AS ELSE:]E !RE MU/ ALWAYS BE LEAD]S1 & ?AT HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION IS BO? 9EVITABLE & 9TR9SICALLY RATIONAL4 ,! LIB]ALS & ,LABOR LEFTS - AW>E ( ! 9CREAS+ CYNICISM ) :I* PEOPLE N[ REG>D !M - WILL PROCLAIM ?AT :AT WE SAY IS 0:AT !Y MEANT ALL ALONG10 :5 !Y W]E TALK+ AB\T 0WORK]S' P>TICIPATION40 ,HAV+ FAIL$ TO GRASP ! ESS5CE ( :AT WE >E TALK+ AB\T1 !Y WILL !N D\BTLESS />T >GU+ H[ IT C\LD ALL BE 9TRODUC$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION6 ,!RE WILL BE MORE SUBTLE CRITICISMS TOO4 ,?OSE AL>M$ AT ! MON/ROSITIES ( MOD]N SCI5CE - OR ?OSE NATURALLY SUSPICI\S ( :AT !Y DO NOT FULLY UND]/& - WILL %Y AWAY FROM ! TEXT'S BOLD ADVOCACY ( SUBJUGAT+ ! MO/ MOD]N TE*NIQUES TO ! NE$S ( DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y WILL REMEMB] ! 0PLAN FACTORY10 ! MATRICES & ! COEFFICI5TS1 =GET :O WILL BE DET]M9+ !M1 & D5\NCE ! TEXT AS A 0TE*NOCRATIC0 VIEW ( SOCIALISM4 ,! TEXT WILL BE CRITICIZ$ BY MANY AN>*I/S AS CONTA9+ ,M>XI/ RESIDUES 7= 9/ANCE IT /ILL ATTRIBUTES AN 5ORM\S SPECIFIC WEIIAT1 A WEIX DID 9 HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM4 ,WE WILL BE TOLD ?AT ! TE*NICAL CAPACITY ( 9DU/RY HAS 9CREAS$ SO VA/LY 9 ! LA/ DECADES AS TO 9VALIDATE ! NE$ = SU* A PHASE ( HI/ORY4 ,WE HOPE TO 9ITIATE A WIDE DISCUSSION ON ?IS ISSUE4 ,MANY ,M>XI/S WILL D5\NCE ! TEXT AS AN AN>*I/ DREAM 7AN>*I/ DREAMS >E BETT] ?AN ,M>XI/ NIES - BUT WE W\LD PREF]1 IF POSSIBLE1 TO REMA9 AWAKE674 ,SOME WILL SEE ! TEXT AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO ! P]PETUATION ( WAGE SLAV]Y - BECAUSE IT /ILL TALKS ( 0WAGES0 & DOESN'T CALL = ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( 0MONEY0 7AL?\< CLE>LY DEF9+ ! RADICALLY DIFF]5T MEAN+S !SE T]MS WILL ACQUIRE 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY74 ,! TEXT WILL ALSO BE DISMISS$ BY MANY 9 ! UND]GR\ND4 ,!Y WILL CONSID] IT IRRELEVANT BECAUSE IT DOES NOT CALL = ! IMM$IATE 0ABOLITION0 ( WORK4 ,A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ CRITICISM - BUT ALONG ! SAME L9ES - WILL BE DIRECT$ AT US BY ! ,SITUATIONI/S :O CON/ANTLY TALK ( 0WORK]S' 7SIC7 C\NCILS 444 :ILE DEM&+ ! ABOLITION ( WORK6 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !Y SEEM TO CONFUSE ATTACKS ON ! WORK E?IC_<#d_> & ON ALI5AT$ LABOR1 BO? ( :I* >E JU/IFI$ & NECESS>Y1 ) ATTACKS ON WORK ITSELF4 ,SU* AN APPROA* FAILS TO RELATE TO ! PROBLEMS ( TRANS=M+ :AT EXI/S H]E & N[ 9TO :AT C\LD OP5 ! WAY TO A NEW SOCIETY1 = ! CON/RUCTION ( :I*1 :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT1 MANY MILLION MAN-H\RS ( LABOR WILL PROBABLY HAVE TO BE EXP5D$4 ,F9ALLY ! MORE P]CIPI5T SUPPORT]S ( ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION WILL CORRECTLY PO9T \T ?AT AS LONG AS MILLIONS ( WOM5 HAVE TO /AY AT HOME !Y WILL BE GROSSLY UND]-REPRES5T$ 9 ! V>I\S S*EMES ! PAMPHLET 5VISAGES4 ,! ANSW] H]E IS NEI!R TO CONSID] H\SEWORK AS AN 09DU/RY0 & 5C\RAGE H\SEWIVES TO ORGANIZE 9DU/RIALLY 7:I* W\LD P]PETUATE ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS71 NOR = ALL AU?ORITY TO BE VE/$ 9 LOCALITY-BAS$ UNITS4 ,! POSITION ( WOM5 WILL *ANGE RADICALLY & NEW =MS ( REPRES5TATION WILL UND\BT$LY BE CREAT$4 ,ALL !SE >E >EAS DES]V+ ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE ATT5TION4 ,WE HOPE ?AT :AT IS BE/ 9 ! TEXT WILL SURVIVE ! CROSSFIRE4 ,WE >E FREQU5TLY TOLD3 0Y\R CRITIQUE ( MOD]N SOCIETY IS TELL+ 5\<4 ,BUT IT IS NEGATIVE4 ,!SE >E 5ORM\S PROBLEMS4 ,H[ W\LD Y\ LIKE TO SEE ?+S ORGANIZ$840 ,WELL1 H]E AT LEA/ IS ! DRAFT ( AN ANSW]1 BAS$ ON A COH]5T SY/EM ( IDEAS4 ,WE WILL TELL \R QUE/ION] ?AT A SOCIETY1 ECONOMICALLY ORGANIZ$ ALONG ! L9ES H]E DESCRIB$1 W\LD BE 9F9ITELY PREF]ABLE TO :AT MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS TO (F] US4 ,& TO ?OSE ON ! 0F> LEFT0 WE W\LD SAY ?AT SU* A SOCIETY W\LD ALSO BE PREF]ABLE TO :AT !Y & !IR 0VANGU>D ,P>TIES0 >E CONCOCT+ 0ON \R BEHALF40 ,! BALL W\LD !N CLE>LY BE 9 !IR C\RT4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE TO RELATE TO :AT ! LIB]T>IANS W]E SAY+1 AB\T ECONOMICS AS WELL AS AB\T O!R ?+S4 ,?AT ALONE1 9 \R OP9ION1 IS REASON 5\< = PUTT+ =W>D \R VIEWS4 O ,*APT] #a 3 ,9TRODUCTION #a4 ,9TRODUCTION ,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N SOCIETY & :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T OV] ! LA/ #a YE>S 7&1 9 P>TICUL>1 S9CE #a#i#a#g7 HAVE COMPELL$ US RADICALLY TO REVISE MO/ ( ! IDEAS ON :I* ?AT MOVEM5T HAD BE5 BAS$4 ,SEV]AL DECADES HAVE GONE BY S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,FROM ?AT REVOLUTION IT IS NOT SOCIALISM ?AT EM]G$1 BUT A NEW & MON/R\S =M ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY 9 :I* ! BUREAUCRACY REPLAC$ ! PRIVATE [N]S ( CAPITAL & 0! PLAN0 TOOK ! PLACE ( ! 0FREE M>KET40 ,!RE >E SEV]AL BASIC +R$I5TS = ! REVISION WE PROPOSE4 ,! FIR/ IS TO ASSIMILATE ! VA/ EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ( :AT HAPP5$ TO IT4 ,! NEXT IS TO GRASP ! REAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & O!R UPRIS+S AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R +R$I5TS TO ! PROPOS$ REVISION4 ,A LOOK AT MOD]N CAPITALISM1 & AT ! TYPE ( CONFLICT IT BRE$S1 %[S ?AT ?R\<\T ! WORLD WORK+ PEOPLE >E FAC$ ) ! SAME FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS1 (T5 POS$ 9 SURPRIS+LY SIMIL> T]MS4 ,!SE PROBLEMS CALL = ! SAME ANSW]4 ,?IS ANSW] IS SOCIALISM1 A SOCIAL SY/EM :I* IS ! V]Y OPPOSITE BO? ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM N[ 9/ALL$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A & ELSE:]E - & ( ! TYPE ( CAPITALISM N[ PREVAIL+ 9 ! ,WE/4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM ALL[S US CLE>LY TO P]CEIVE :AT SOCIALISM IS NOT & CANNOT BE4 ,A CLOSE LOOK BO? AT PA/ PROLET>IAN UPRIS+S & AT ! EV]YDAY LIFE & /RUGGLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS - BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/ - 5ABLES US TO POSIT :AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE & %\LD BE4 ,BAS+ \RSELVES ON ! EXP]I5CE ( A C5TURY WE CAN & MU/ N[ DEF9E ! POSITIVE CONT5T ( SOCIALISM 9 A MU* FULL] & MORE ACCURATE WAY ?AN C\LD PREVI\S REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 TODAY'S VA/ IDEOLOGICAL MORASS1 PEOPLE :O CALL !MSELVES SOCIALI/S MAY BE HE>D TO ASS]T ?AT 0!Y >E NO LONG] QUITE SURE :AT ! WORD MEANS40 ,WE HOPE TO %[ ?AT ! V]Y OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,TODAY1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ONE CAN BEG9 TO SPELL \T 9 CONCRETE & SPECIFIC T]MS :AT SOCIALISM C\LD REALLY BE LIKE4 ,! TASK WE >E AB\T TO UND]TAKE DOES NOT ONLY LEAD US TO *ALL5GE MANY WIDELY HELD IDEAS AB\T SOCIALISM1 MANY ( :I* GO BACK TO ,L59 & SOME TO ,M>X4 ,IT ALSO LEADS US TO QUE/ION WIDELY HELD IDEAS AB\T CAPITALISM1 AB\T ! WAY IT WORKS & AB\T ! REAL NATURE ( ITS CRISES1 IDEAS MANY ( :I* HAVE REA*$ US 7) OR )\T DI/ORTION7 FROM ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,! TWO ANALYZES >E COMPLEM5T>Y &1 9 FACT1 ! ONE NECESSITATES ! O!R4 ,ONE CANNOT UND]/& ! DEEPE/ ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM & ITS CRISES )\T A TOTAL CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,= SOCIALISM IMPLIES HUMAN AUTONOMY1 ! CONSCI\S MANAGEM5T BY PEOPLE ( !IR [N LIVES4 ,CAPITALISM - BO? PRIVATE & BUREAUCRATIC - IS ! ULTIMATE NEGATION ( ?IS AUTONOMY1 & ITS CRISES /EM FROM ! FACT ?AT ! SY/EM NECESS>ILY CREATES ?IS DRIVE TO AUTONOMY1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY BE+ COMPELL$ TO SUPPRESS IT4 ,! REVISION WE PROPOSE DID NOT ( C\RSE />T TODAY4 ,V>I\S /R&S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T - & A NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUAL REVOLUTION>IES - HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO IT OV] A P]IOD4 ,9 ! V]Y FIR/ ISSUE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE_<#e_> WE CLAIM$ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES WAS ! DIVISION 9TO ORD]-GIV]S 7DIRIGEANTS7 & ORD]-TAK]S 7EXECUTANTS74 ,WE ATTEMPT$ TO %[ H[ ! WORK+ CLASS'S [N DEVELOPM5T W\LD LEAD IT TO A SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,WE /AT$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY BE ! PRODUCT ( ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE /RESS$ ?AT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IMPLI$ ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE /RATUM ( ORD]-GIV]S & ?AT IT !RE=E IMPLI$ P[] AT ! BASE & WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT1 9 A S5SE1 WE \RSELVES HAVE FAIL$ TO DEVELOP \R [N IDEAS TO ! FULL4 ,IT W\LD H>DLY BE WOR? M5TION+ ?IS FACT W]E IT NOT ?AT IT REFLECT$ - AT ITS [N LEVEL - ! 9FLU5CE ( FACTORS :I* HAVE DOM9AT$ ! EVOLUTION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY = A C5TURY1 NAMELY ! 5ORM\S DEAD-WEIALYZ+ LEGACY ( TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS & ! DIFFICULTY ( FREE+ ONESELF FROM 9H]IT$ ME?ODS ( ?\Y ?\IES HAVE BECOME US$ TO LOOK+ AT ! SOCIETY >\ND !M4 ,SOCIALISM AIMS AT GIV+ A MEAN+ TO ! LIFE & WORK ( PEOPLE2 AT 5ABL+ !IR FRE$OM1 !IR CREATIVITY & ! MO/ POSITIVE ASPECTS ( !IR P]SONALITY TO FL\RI%2 AT CREAT+ ORGANIC L9KS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ?OSE >\ND HIM1 & BETWE5 ! GR\P & SOCIETY2 AT OV]COM+ ! B>RI]S BETWE5 MANUAL & M5TAL WORK2 AT RECONCIL+ PEOPLE ) !MSELVES & ) NATURE4 ,IT !REBY REJO9S ! MO/ DEEPLY FELT ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS DAILY /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITALI/ ALI5ATION4 ,!SE >E NOT LONG+S RELAT+ TO SOME HAZY & DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,!Y >E FEEL+S & T5D5CIES EXI/+ & MANIFE/+ !MSELVES TODAY1 BO? 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,TO UND]/& ?IS IS TO UND]/& ?AT1 = ! WORK]1 ! F9AL PROBLEM ( HI/ORY IS AN EV]YDAY PROBLEM4 ,TO GRASP ?IS IS ALSO TO P]CEIVE ?AT SOCIALISM IS NOT 0NATIONALIZATION0 OR 0PLANN+0 OR EV5 AN 09CREASE 9 LIV+ /&>DS40 ,IT IS TO UND]/& ?AT ! REAL CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS NOT DUE TO 0! AN>*Y ( ! M>KET10 OR TO 0OV]PRODUCTION0 OR TO 0! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT40 ,TAK5 TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 & GRASP$ 9 ALL !IR IMPLICATIONS1 !SE IDEAS ALT] ONE'S CONCEPTS ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ACTION & ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y TRANS=M ONE'S VISION ( SOCIETY & ( ! WORLD4 ,BASIC UNITS #a O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,CRISIS ( ,CAPITALISM #b4 ,! ,CRISIS ( ,CAPITALISM ,! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE 7BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/7 CREATES A CON/ANTLY R5EW$ CRISIS 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,?IS CRISIS APPE>S MO/ 9T5SELY 9 ! REALM ( PRODUCTION1.<#a.> AL?\< 9 ITS ESS5CE1 ! PROBLEM IS ! SAME 9 O!R FIELDS1 I4E41 :E!R ONE IS DEAL+ ) ! FAMILY1 ) $UCATION1 ) CULTURE1 ) POLITICS OR ) 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY IMPOSES ON PEOPLE AN ORGANIZATION ( !IR LIVES ?AT IS EXT]NAL TO !M4 ,IT ORGANIZES ?+S 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE MO/ DIRECTLY CONC]N$ & (T5 AGA9/ !IR ASPIRATIONS & 9T]E/S4 ,?IS IS BUT ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT CAPITALISM DIVIDES SOCIETY 9TO A N>R[ /RATUM ( ORD]-GIV]S 7:OSE FUNCTION IS TO DECIDE & ORGANIZE EV]Y?+7 & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION :O >E R$UC$ TO C>RY+ \T 7EXECUT+7 ! DECISIONS ( ?OSE 9 P[]4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS V]Y FACT1 MO/ PEOPLE EXP]I5CE !IR [N LIVES AS SOME?+ ALI5 TO !M4 ,?IS PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION IS PR(\NDLY IRRATIONAL & FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS4 ,UND] IT1 REPEAT$ CRISES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R >E ABSOLUTELY 9EVITABLE4 ,IT IS NONS5SICAL TO SEEK TO ORGANIZE PEOPLE1 EI!R 9 PRODUCTION OR 9 POLITICS1 AS IF !Y W]E M]E OBJECTS1 IGNOR+ SY/EMATICALLY :AT !Y !MSELVES WI% OR H[ !Y !MSELVES ?9K ?+S %\LD BE DONE4 ,9 REAL LIFE1 CAPITALISM IS OBLIG$ TO BASE ITSELF ON PEOPLE'S CAPACITY = SELF ORGANIZATION1 ON ! 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,)\T !SE IT C\LD NOT SURVIVE = A DAY4 ,BUT ! :OLE 0(FICIAL0 ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N SOCIETY BO? IGNORES & SEEKS TO SUPPRESS !SE ABILITIES TO ! UTMO/4 ,! RESULT IS NOT ONLY AN 5ORM\S WA/E DUE TO UNTAPP$ CAPACITY4 ,! SY/EM DOES MORE3 IT NECESS>ILY 5G5D]S OPPOSITION1 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT BY ?OSE UPON :OM IT SEEKS TO IMPOSE ITSELF4 ,LONG BE=E ONE CAN SPEAK ( REVOLUTION OR ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 PEOPLE REFUSE 9 !IR EV]YDAY WORK+ LIFE TO BE TREAT$ AS OBJECTS4 ,! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS !REBY COMPELL$ NOT ONLY TO /RUCTURE ITSELF 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE MO/ DIRECTLY CONC]N$1 BUT TO TAKE %APE AGA9/ !M4 ,! NET RESULT IS NOT ONLY WA/E BUT P]PETUAL CONFLICT4 ,IF A ?\S& 9DIVIDUALS HAVE AMONG !M A GIV5 CAPACITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION1 CAPITALISM CONSI/S 9 MORE OR LESS >BITR>ILY *OOS+ FIFTY ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS1 ( VE/+ !M ) MANAG]IAL AU?ORITY & ( DECID+ ?AT ! O!RS %\LD JU/ BE COGS4 ,METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+1 ?IS IS ALREADY A #ie .0 LOSS ( SOCIAL 9ITIATIVE & DRIVE4 ,BUT !RE IS MORE TO IT4 ,AS ! #ie IGNOR$ 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT COGS1 & AS CAPITALISM IS OBLIG$ UP TO A PO9T TO BASE ITSELF ON !IR HUMAN CAPACITIES & 9 FACT TO DEVELOP !M1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS WILL REACT & /RUGGLE AGA9/ :AT ! SY/EM IMPOSES UPON !M4 ,! CREATIVE FACULTIES :I* !Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO EX]CISE ON BEHALF ( A SOCIAL ORD] :I* REJECTS !M 7& :I* !Y REJECT7 >E N[ UTILIZ$ AGA9/ ?AT SOCIAL ORD]4 ,A P]MAN5T /RUGGLE DEVELOPS AT ! V]Y K]NEL ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT SOON BECOMES ! S\RCE ( FUR!R WA/E4 ,! N>R[ /RATUM ( ORD]-GIV]S HAS H5CE=? TO DIVIDE ITS TIME BETWE5 ORGANIZ+ ! WORK ( ?OSE 0BEL[0 & SEEK+ TO C\NT]ACT1 NEUTRALIZE1 DEFLECT OR MANIPULATE !IR RESI/ANCE4 ,! FUNCTION ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS CEASES TO BE M]ELY ORGANIZATION & SOON ASSUMES ALL SORTS ( CO]CIVE ASPECTS4 ,?OSE 9 AU?ORITY 9 A L>GE MOD]N FACTORY 9 FACT SP5D LESS ( !IR TIME 9 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION ?AN 9 COP+1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ) ! RESI/ANCE ( ! EXPLOIT$ - :E!R IT BE A QUE/ION ( SUP]VISION1 ( QUALITY CONTROL1 ( DET]M9+ PIECE RATES1 ( 0HUMAN RELATIONS10 ( DISCUSSIONS ) %OP /EW>DS OR UNION REPRES5TATIVES4 ,ON TOP ( ALL ?IS !RE IS ( C\RSE ! P]MAN5T PREOCCUPATION ( ?OSE 9 P[] ) MAK+ SURE ?AT EV]Y?+ IS MEASURABLE1 QUANTIFIABLE1 V]IFIABLE1 CONTROLLABLE1 SO AS TO DEAL 9 ADVANCE ) ANY C\NT]ACTION ! WORK]S MI EV5 MORE CLE>LY :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! REAL CONT5T ( ! LIFE :I* ! SY/EM PROPOSES4 ,MORE ?AN ANY O!R SOCIAL ORD]1 CAPITALISM HAS MADE ( WORK ! C5T] ( HUMAN ACTIVITY & MORE ?AN ANY O!R SOCIAL ORD] CAPITALISM MAKES ( WORK SOME?+ ?AT IS ABSURD 7ABSURD NOT FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! PHILOSOPH] OR ( ! MORALI/1 BUT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ?OSE :O HAVE TO P]=M IT74 ,:AT IS *ALL5G$ TODAY IS NOT ONLY ! 0HUMAN ORGANIZATION0 ( WORK1 BUT ITS NATURE1 ITS ME?ODS1 ITS OBJECTIVES1 ! V]Y 9/RUM5TS & PURPOSE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! TWO ASPECTS >E ( C\RSE 9SEP>ABLE1 BUT IT IS ! SECOND ?AT NE$S /RESS+4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! NATURE ( WORK 9 A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE1 & H[EV] IT MAY BE ORGANIZ$1 ! ACTIVITY ( ! WORK] 9/EAD ( BE+ ! ORGANIC EXPRESSION ( HIS HUMAN FACULTIES BECOMES SOME?+ :I* DOM9ATES HIM AS AN ALI5 & HO/ILE =CE4 ,9 !ORY1 ! WORK] IS ONLY TI$ TO ?IS ACTIVITY BY A ?9 7BUT UNBREAKABLE7 ?READ3 ! NE$ TO E>N A LIV+4 ,BUT ?IS 5SURES ?AT EV5 ! DAY ?AT IS AB\T TO />T DAWNS BE=E HIM AS SOME?+ HO/ILE4 ,WORK UND] CAPITALISM !RE=E IMPLIES A P]MAN5T MUTILATION1 A P]PETUAL WA/E ( CREATIVE CAPACITY1 & A CON/ANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! WORK] & HIS [N ACTIVITY1 BETWE5 :AT S_/HE W\LD LIKE TO DO & :AT S_/HE HAS TO DO4 ,FROM ?IS ANGLE TOO1 CAPITALISM CAN ONLY SURVIVE TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT CANNOT FA%ION REALITY TO ITS MOLDS4 ,! SY/EM ONLY FUNCTIONS TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! 0(FICIAL0 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ( SOCIETY >E CON/ANTLY RESI/$1 ?W>T$1 CORRECT$ & COMPLET$ BY ! EFFECTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION ( PEOPLE4 ,WORK PROCESSES CAN ONLY BE EFFICI5T UND] CAPITALISM TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! REAL ATTITUDES ( WORK]S T[>DS !IR WORK DIFF] FROM :AT IS PRESCRIB$4 ,WORK+ PEOPLE SUCCE$ 9 APPROPRIAT+ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES RELAT+ TO !IR WORK - TO :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! SPIRIT ( ! SY/EM1 !Y %\LD HAVE NO ACCESS & CONC]N+ :I* ! SY/EM SEEKS TO KEEP !M 9 ! D>K4 ,!Y !N APPLY !SE PR9CIPLES TO ! SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES :]EAS 9 !ORY ?IS PRACTICAL APPLICATION CAN ONLY BE SPELL$ \T BY ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,EXPLOIT+ SOCIETIES P]SI/ BECAUSE ?OSE :OM !Y EXPLOIT HELP !M TO SURVIVE4 ,BUT CAPITALISM DIFF]S FROM ALL PREVI\S EXPLOIT+ SOCIETIES4 ,SLAVE-[N+ & FEUDAL SOCIETIES P]PETUAT$ !MSELVES BECAUSE ANCI5T SLAVES & M$IEVAL S]FS WORK$ ACCORD+ TO ! NORMS ( ?OSE SOCIETIES4 ,! WORK+ CLASS 5ABLES CAPITALISM TO CONT9UE BY ACT+ AGA9/ ! SY/EM4 ,BUT CAPITALISM CAN ONLY FUNCTION TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?OSE IT EXPLOITS ACTIVELY OPPOSE EV]Y?+ ! SY/EM SEEKS TO IMPOSE UPON !M4_<#f_> ,! F9AL \TCOME ( ?IS /RUGGLE IS SOCIALISM NAMELY ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL EXT]NALLY-IMPOS$ NORMS1 ME?ODS & PATT]NS ( ORGANIZATION & ! TOTAL LIB]ATION ( ! CREATIVE & SELF-ORGANIZ+ CAPACITIES ( ! MASSES4 O ,*APT] #c 3 ,BASIC ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY #c4 ,BASIC ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IMPLIES ! ORGANIZATION BY PEOPLE !MSELVES ( EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM !RE=E 5TAILS ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO A /RATUM ( ORD]-GIV]S & A MASS ( ORD]-TAK]S4 ,! CONT5T ( ! SOCIALI/ REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS FIR/ ( ALL WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS HAS REPEAT$LY /AK$ ITS CLAIM TO SU* MANAGEM5T & /RUGGL$ TO A*IEVE IT AT ! HI< PO9TS ( ITS HI/ORIC ACTIONS3 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h1 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#b1 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f1 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 BAS$ ON ! PLACE ( WORK1 >E ! =M WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WILL PROBABLY TAKE & ! 9/ITUTION MO/ LIKELY TO FO/] ITS GR[?4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T MEANS ! P[] ( ! LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ULTIMATELY1 AT ! LEVEL ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ! P[] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,WORK]S ,C\NCIL ,DELEGATES4_<#g_> ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS 7OR ,C\NCILS BAS$ ON ANY O!R PLACE ( WORK SU* AS A PLANT1 BUILD+ SITE1 M9E1 RAILWAY Y>D1 (FICE1 ETC47 WILL BE COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S & REVOCABLE BY !M1 AT ANY TIME1 & WILL UNITE ! FUNCTIONS ( DELIB]ATION1 DECISION & EXECUTION4 ,SU* ,C\NCILS >E HI/ORIC CREATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y HAVE COME TO ! =EFRONT EV]Y TIME ! QUE/ION ( P[] HAS BE5 POS$ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( #a#i#a#g1 ! ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS ( #a#i#a#i1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,C\NCILS ( #aief ALL S\ACT]I/IC WORK+ CLASS PATT]N ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4_<#h_> ,CONCRETELY TO DEF9E ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS AMONG O!R ?+S TO DRAW ALL ! POSSIBLE CONCLUSIONS FROM TWO BASIC IDEAS3 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! RULE ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,BUT SU* A DEF9ITION CAN ONLY COME TO LIFE & BE GIV5 FLE% & BLOOD IF COMB9$ ) AN ACC\NT ( H[ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A FREE1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MIE P]MAN5TLY PREP>$ TO DEF5D :AT IS BE/ 9 !M1 TO MAKE UP :AT !Y LACK1 & TO *ANGE :ATEV] !Y MAY CONTA9 ?AT HAS BECOME 9ADEQUATE OR \TDAT$4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW WE MU/ OBVI\SLY AVOID ANY FETI%ISM ( ! 0,C\NCIL0 TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! 0CON/ANT ELIGIBILITY & REVOCABILITY ( REPRES5TATIVES0 >E ( !MSELVES QUITE 9SUFFICI5T TO 0GU>ANTEE0 ?AT A ,C\NCIL WILL REMA9 ! EXPRESSION ( WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,! ,C\NCIL WILL REMA9 SU* AN EXPRESSION = AS LONG AS PEOPLE >E PREP>$ TO DO :ATEV] MAY BE NECESS>Y = IT TO REMA9 SO4 ,! A*IEVEM5T ( SOCIALISM IS NOT A QUE/ION ( BETT] LEGISLATION4 ,IT DEP5DS ON ! CON/ANT SELF-ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE & ON !IR CAPACITY TO F9D )9 !MSELVES ! NECESS>Y AW>5ESS ( 5DS & MEANS1 ! NECESS>Y SOLID>ITY & DET]M9ATION4 ,BUT TO BE SOCIALLY EFFECTIVE ?IS AUTONOM\S MASS ACTION CANNOT REMA9 AMORPH\S1 FRAGM5T$ & DISP]S$4 ,IT WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 PATT]NS ( ACTION & =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 9 WAYS ( DO+ ?+S & ULTIMATELY 9 9/ITUTIONS :I* EMBODY & REFLECT ITS PURPOSE4 ,JU/ AS WE MU/ AVOID ! FETI%ISM ( 0/ATUTES0 WE %\LD ALSO SEE ! %ORTCOM+S ( V>I\S TYPES ( 0AN>*I/0 OR 0SPONTANEI/0 FETI%ISM1 :I* 9 ! BELIEF ?AT 9 ! LA/ RESORT WORK+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WILL DET]M9E EV]Y?+1 TAKES LITTLE OR NO 9T]E/ 9 ! =MS SU* CONSCI\SNESS %\LD TAKE1 IF IT IS REALLY TO *ANGE REALITY4 ,! ,C\NCIL IS NOT A GIFT BE/[$ BY SOME LIB]T>IAN ,GOD4 ,IT IS NOT A MIRACUL\S 9/ITUTION4 ,IT CANNOT BE A POPUL> M\?PIECE IF ! PEOPLE DO NOT WI% TO EXPRESS !MSELVES ?R\< ITS M$IUM4 ,BUT ! ,C\NCIL IS AN ADEQUATE =M ( ORGANIZATION3 ITS :OLE /RUCTURE IS SU* ?AT IT 5ABLES WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS TO COME TO LILIAM5T>Y-TYPE 9/ITUTIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 :E!R CALL$ 0,H\SE ( ,COMMONS10 OR 0,SUPREME ,SOVIET ( ! ,U,S,S,R10 >E BY DEF9ITION TYPES ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CANNOT BE SOCIALI/4 ,!Y >E F\ND$ ON A RADICAL SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! PEOPLE1 0CONSULT$0 FROM TIME TO TIME1 & ?OSE :O >E DEEM$ TO 0REPRES5T0 !M1 BUT :O >E 9 FACT BEYOND MEAN+FUL POPUL> CONTROL4 ,A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL IS DESIGN$ SO AS TO REPRES5T WORK+ PEOPLE1 BUT MAY CEASE TO FULFILL ?IS FUNCTION4 ,P>LIAM5T IS DESIGN$ SO AS NOT TO REPRES5T ! PEOPLE & NEV] CEASES TO FULFILL ?IS FUNCTION4.<#b.> ,! QUE/ION ( ADEQUATE & MEAN+FUL 9/ITUTIONS IS C5TRAL TO SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT AS SOCIALISM CAN ONLY COME AB\T ?R\< A REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AS ! RESULT ( A SOCIAL CRISIS 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! CONSCI\SNESS & ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES REA* EXTREMELY HI< LEVELS4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ! MASSES BECOME CAPABLE ( BREAK+ ! P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ( ITS >M$ =CES1 ( BYPASS+ ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS ( E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY1 & ( TRANSC5D+ )9 !MSELVES ! HEAVY LEGACY ( C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS %\LD NOT BE ?\OXYSM1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y AS ! PREFIGURATION ( ! LEVEL ( BO? ACTIVITY & AW>5ESS DEM&$ ( M5 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,! 0EBB+0 ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY HAS NO?+ 9EVITABLE AB\T IT4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A ?REAT H[EV]1 GIV5 ! %E] 5ORMITY ( ! TASKS TO BE TACKL$4 ,EV]Y?+ :I* ADDS TO ! 9NUM]ABLE PROBLEMS FAC+ POPUL> MASS ACTION WILL 5HANCE ! T5D5CY TO SU* A REFLUX4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 CRUCIAL = ! REVOLUTION TO PROVIDE ITSELF1 FROM ITS V]Y FIR/ DAYS1 ) A NETWORK ( ADEQUATE /RUCTURES TO EXPRESS ITS WILL & = REVOLUTION>IES TO HAVE SOME IDEA AS TO H[ !SE /RUCTURES MIIAN REVOLUTION>IES REMA9 BLISSFULLY UNAW>E ( !SE PROBLEMS & HAVE NOT DISCUSS$ OR EV5 5VISAG$ !M !Y CAN RE/ ASSUR$ ?AT O!RS HAVE4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY %\LD CREATE = ITSELF1 AT EA* /AGE1 ?OSE /RUCTURES ?AT CAN MO/ READILY BECOME EFFECTIVE 0NORMAL0 ME*ANISMS = ! EXPRESSION ( POPUL> WILL1 BO? 9 0IMPORTANT AFFAIRS0 & 9 EV]YDAY LIFE 7:I* IS ( C\RSE ! FIR/ & =EMO/ ( ALL 0IMPORTANT AFFAIRS074 ,! DEF9ITION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WE >E ATTEMPT+ !RE=E REQUIRES ( US SOME DESCRIPTION ( H[ WE VISUALIZE ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 & ! WAY !Y WILL FUNCTION4 ,?IS 5DEAVOR IS NOT 0UTOPIAN10 = IT IS BUT ! ELABORATION & EXTRAPOLATION ( HI/ORICAL CREATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,! IDEAS WE PROPOSE TO DEVELOP >E ONLY ! !ORETICAL =MULATION ( ! EXP]I5CE ( A C5TURY ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,!Y EMBODY REAL EXP]I5CES 7BO? POSITIVE & NEGATIVE71 CONCLUSIONS 7BO? DIRECT & 9DIRECT7 ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 DRAWN1 ANSW]S GIV5 TO PROBLEMS ACTUALLY POS$ OR ANSW]S :I* W\LD HAVE HAD TO BE GIV5 IF SU* & SU* A REVOLUTION HAD DEVELOP$ A LITTLE FUR!R4 ,EV]Y S5T5CE 9 ?IS TEXT IS L9K$ TO QUE/IONS :I* IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY HAVE ALREADY BE5 MET 9 ! C\RSE ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,?IS %\LD PUT A /OP ONCE & = ALL TO ALLEGATIONS ( 0UTOPIANISM40.<#c.> A4 ,9/ITUTIONS ?AT ,PEOPLE CAN ,UND]/& & ,CONTROL ,SELF-MANAGEM5T WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ALT] RADICALLY4 ,?IS 9 TURN1 WILL ONLY TAKE PLACE IF SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BECOME A MEAN+FUL P>T ( !IR REAL DAILY LIFE4 ,JU/ AS WORK WILL ONLY HAVE A MEAN+ :5 PEOPLE UND]/& & DOM9ATE IT1 SO WILL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ONLY BECOME MEAN+FUL :5 PEOPLE BO? UND]/& & CONTROL !M4.<#d.> ,MOD]N SOCIETY IS A D>K & 9COMPREH5SIBLE JUNGLE1 A CONFUSION ( APP>ATUSES1 /RUCTURES & 9/ITUTIONS :OSE WORK+S ALMO/ NO ONE UND]/&S OR TAKES ANY 9T]E/ 94 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF IT BR+S AB\T A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS & MASSIVELY SIMPLIFIES SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,SOCIALISM IMPLIES ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( A SOCIETY WILL HAVE BECOME TRANSP>5T = ?OSE :O MAKE UP ?AT SOCIETY4 ,TO SAY ?AT ! WORK+S & 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MU/ BE EASY TO UND]/& IMPLIES ?AT PEOPLE MU/ HAVE A MAXIMUM ( 9=MATION4 ,?IS 0MAXIMUM ( 9=MATION0 IS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM AN 5ORM\S MASS ( DATA4 ,! PROBLEM ISN'T TO EQUIP EV]YBODY ) PORTABLE MICR(ILMS ( EV]Y?+ ?AT'S 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MAXIMUM ( 9=MATION DEP5DS FIR/ & =EMO/ 9 A R$UCTION ( DATA TO !IR ESS5TIALS1 SO ?AT !Y CAN READILY BE H&L$ BY ALL4 ,?IS WILL BE POSSIBLE BECAUSE SOCIALISM WILL RESULT 9 AN IMM$IATE & 5ORM\S SIMPLIFICATION ( PROBLEMS & ! DISAPPE>ANCE1 PURE & SIMPLE1 ( MO/ CURR5T RULES & REGULATIONS :I* WILL HAVE BECOME QUITE MEAN+LESS4 ,TO ?IS WILL BE ADD$ A SY/EMATIC EF=T TO GA!R & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION AB\T SOCIAL REALITY1 & TO PRES5T FACTS BO? ADEQUATELY & SIMPLY4 ,FUR!R ON1 :5 DISCUSS+ ! FUNCTION+ ( SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 WE WILL GIVE EXAMPLES ( ! 5ORM\S POSSIBILITIES ?AT ALREADY EXI/ 9 ?IS FIELD4 ,UND] SOCIALISM PEOPLE WILL DOM9ATE ! WORK+ & 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,SOCIALISM WILL !RE=E HAVE1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 TO 9/ITUTE DEMOCRACY4 ,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 ! WORD DEMOCRACY MEANS DOM9ATION BY ! MASSES4 ,WE >E NOT H]E CONC]N$ ) ! =MAL ASPECTS ( ?IS DOM9ATION4 ,REAL DOM9ATION MU/ NOT BE CONFUS$ ) VOT+4 ,A VOTE1 EV5 A 0FREE0 VOTE1 MAY ONLY BE - & (T5 ONLY IS - A P>ODY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,REAL DEMOCRACY IS NOT ! RIY ISSUES4 ,IT IS NOT ! RI ,!RE IS LITTLE PO9T 9 ASK+ PEOPLE TO PRON\NCE !MSELVES IF !Y >E NOT AW>E ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,?IS HAS LONG BE5 /RESS$ BY ! REACTION>Y OR FASCI/ CRITICS ( B\RGEOIS 0DEMOCRACY10 & EV5 BY ! MORE CYNICAL ,/AL9I/S.<#f.> OR ,FABIANS4_<#i_> ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT B\RGEOIS 0DEMOCRACY0 IS A F>CE1 IF ONLY BECAUSE LIT]ALLY NOBODY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY CAN EXPRESS AN OP9ION 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS1 LEA/ ( ALL ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE FROM :OM POLITICAL & ECONOMIC REALITIES & ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! QUE/IONS ASK$ >E SY/EMATICALLY HIDD54 ,BUT ! ANSW] IS NOT TO VE/ P[] 9 ! H&S ( AN 9COMPET5T & UNCONTROLLABLE BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ANSW] IS SO TO TRANS=M SOCIAL REALITY ?AT ESS5TIAL DATA & FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS >E UND]/OOD BY ALL1 5ABL+ ALL TO EXPRESS OP9IONS 09 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS40 B4 ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY & ,C5TRALIZATION ,TO DECIDE MEANS TO DECIDE = ONESELF4 ,TO DECIDE :O IS TO DECIDE IS ALREADY NOT QUITE DECID+ = ONESELF4 ,! ONLY TOTAL =M ( DEMOCRACY IS !RE=E DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,TO A*IEVE ! WIDE/ & MO/ MEAN+FUL DIRECT DEMOCRACY WILL REQUIRE ?AT ALL ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUCTURES ( SOCIETY BE BAS$ ON LOCAL GR\PS ?AT >E REAL1 ORGANIC SOCIAL UNITS4 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY C]TA9LY REQUIRES ! PHYSICAL PRES5CE ( CITIZ5S 9 A GIV5 PLACE1 :5 DECISIONS HAVE TO BE TAK54 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT 5\<4 ,IT ALSO REQUIRES ?AT !SE CITIZ5S =M AN ORGANIC COMMUNITY1 ?AT !Y LIVE IF POSSIBLE 9 ! SAME MILIEU1 ?AT !Y BE FAMILI> ?R\< !IR DAILY EXP]I5CE ) ! SUBJECTS TO BE DISCUSS$ & ) ! PROBLEMS TO BE TACKL$4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 SU* UNITS ?AT ! POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ( 9DIVIDUALS CAN BECOME TOTAL1 ?AT PEOPLE CAN KN[ & FEEL ?AT !IR 9VOLVEM5T IS MEAN+FUL & ?AT ! REAL LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY IS BE+ DET]M9$ BY ITS [N MEMB]S & NOT BY SOME EXT]NAL AG5CY1 ACT+ 0ON BEHALF (0 ! COMMUNITY4 ,!RE MU/ !RE=E BE ! MAXIMUM AUTONOMY & SELF-MANAGEM5T = ! LOCAL UNITS4 ,MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE HAS ALREADY CREAT$ !SE COLLECTIVITIES & CONT9UES TO CREATE !M4 ,!Y >E UNITS BAS$ ON M$IUM-SIZ$ OR L>G] 5T]PRISES & >E TO BE F\ND 9 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORT1 BUILD+1 COMM]CE1 ! BANKS1 PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION1 ETC41 :]E PEOPLE 9 HUNDR$S1 ?\S&S OR T5S-(-?\S&S SP5D ! MA9 P>T ( !IR LIFE H>NESS$ TO COMMON WORK1 COM+ UP AGA9/ SOCIETY 9 ITS MO/ CONCRETE =M4 ,A PLACE ( WORK IS NOT ONLY A UNIT ( PRODUCTION3 IT HAS BECOME ! PRIM>Y UNIT ( SOCIAL LIFE = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE4 ,9/EAD ( BAS+ ITSELF ON GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS1 :I* ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAS (T5 R5D]$ HITIFICIAL1 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIALISM WILL BE L>GELY BAS$ ON COLLECTIVITIES 9VOLV$ 9 SIMIL> WORK4 ,SU* COLLECTIVITIES WILL PROVE ! F]TILE SOIL ON :I* DIRECT DEMOCRACY CAN N\RI% AS !Y DID 7= SIMIL> REASONS7 9 ! ANCI5T CITY OR 9 ! DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES ( FREE F>M]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,DIRECT DEMOCRACY GIVES AN IDEA ( ! DEC5TRALIZATION :I* SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO A*IEVE4 ,BUT AN 9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ FREE SOCIETY WILL ALSO HAVE TO F9D A MEANS ( DEMOCRATICALLY 9TEGRAT+ !SE BASIC UNITS 9TO ! SOCIAL FABRIC AS A :OLE4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO SOLVE ! DIFFICULT PROBLEM ( ! NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION1 )\T :I* ! LIFE ( A MOD]N COMMUNITY W\LD COLLAPSE4 ,IT IS NOT C5TRALIZATION AS SU* :I* HAS MADE ( MOD]N SOCIETIES SU* \T/&+ EXAMPLES ( POLITICAL ALI5ATION OR :I* HAS L$ TO M9ORITIES POLITICALLY EXPROPRIAT+ ! MAJORITY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 BR\ATE FROM & 0ABOVE0 ! G5]AL POPULATION1 BODIES EXCLUSIVELY & SPECIFICALLY CONC]N$ ) ! FUNCTION ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,AS LONG AS C5TRALIZATION IS CONCEIV$ ( AS ! SPECIFIC FUNCTION ( A SEP>ATE1 9DEP5D5T APP>ATUS1 BUREAUCRACY IS 9DE$ 9SEP>ABLE FROM C5TRALIZATION4 ,BUT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY !RE WILL BE NO CONFLICT BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & ! AUTONOMY ( LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS1 = BO? FUNCTIONS WILL BE EX]CIS$ BY ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE WILL BE NO SEP>ATE APP>ATUS :OSE FUNCTION IT WILL BE TO REUNITE :AT IT HAS ITSELF SMA%$ UP1 :I* ABSURD TASK 7NE$ WE RECALL IT7 IS PRECISELY ! FUNCTION ( A MOD]N BUREAUCRACY4_<#a_> ,BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION IS A FEATURE ( ALL MOD]N EXPLOIT+ SOCIETIES4 ,! 9TIMATE L9KS BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRATIC RULE1 9 SU* CLASS SOCIETIES1 PROVOKES A HEAL?Y & UND]/&ABLE AV]SION TO C5TRALIZATION AMONG MANY CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BUT ?IS RESPONSE IS (T5 CONFUS$ & AT TIMES IT RE9=CES ! V]Y ?+S IT SEEKS TO CORRECT4 0,C5TRALIZATION1 !RE'S ! ROOT ( ALL EVIL0 PROCLAIM MANY HONE/ MILITANTS AS !Y BREAK ) ,/AL9ISM OR ,L59ISM 9 EI!R ,EA/ OR ,WE/4 ,BUT ?IS =MULATION1 AT BE/ AMBIGU\S1 BECOMES POSITIVELY H>MFUL :5 IT LEADS AS IT (T5 DOES - EI!R TO =MAL DEM&S = ! 0FRAGM5TATION ( P[]0 OR TO DEM&S = A LIMITLESS EXT5SION ( ! P[]S ( BASE GR\P+S1 NEGLECT+ :AT IS TO HAPP5 AT O!R LEVELS4 ,:5 ,POLI% MILITANTS1 = 9/ANCE1 IMAG9E !Y HAVE F\ND A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( BUREAUCRACY :5 !Y ADVOCATE A SOCIAL LIFE ORGANIZ$ & L$ BY 0SEV]AL C5T]S0 7! ,/ATE ,ADM9I/RATION1 A ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ,POLITICAL ,P>TIES7 !Y >E >GU+ BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,!Y FAIL TO SEE ?AT ?IS 0POLYC5TRISM0 IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! ABS5CE ( ANY REAL & ID5TIFIABLE C5T]1 CONTROLL$ FROM BEL[4 ,& AS MOD]N SOCIETY HAS TO TAKE C]TA9 C5TRAL DECISIONS ! 0CON/ITUTION0 !Y PROPOSE WILL ONLY EXI/ ON PAP]4 ,IT WILL ONLY S]VE TO HIDE ! REEM]G5CE ( A REAL1 BUT ?IS TIME MASK$ 7& !RE=E1 UNCONTROLLABLE7 0C5T]10 FROM AMID ! RANKS ( ! POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,! REASON IS OBVI\S3 IF ONE FRAGM5TS ANY 9/ITUTION ACCOMPLI%+ A SIGNIFICANT OR VITAL FUNCTION ONE ONLY CREATES AN 5HANC$ NE$ = SOME O!R 9/ITUTION TO REASSEMBLE ! FRAGM5TS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF ONE M]ELY ADVOCATES AN EXT5SION ( ! P[]S ( LOCAL ,C\NCILS1 ONE IS !REBY H&+ !M OV] TO DOM9ATION BY A C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY :I* ALONE W\LD 0KN[0 OR 0UND]/&0 H[ TO MAKE ! ECONOMY FUNCTION AS A :OLE 7& MOD]N ECONOMIES1 :E!R ONE LIKES IT OR NOT1 DO FUNCTION AS A :OLE74 ,= LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES TO DUCK !SE DIFFICULTIES & TO REFUSE TO FACE UP TO ! QUE/ION ( C5TRAL P[] IS TANTAM\NT TO LEAV+ ! SOLUTION ( !SE PROBLEMS TO SOME BUREAUCRACY OR O!R4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY WILL !RE=E HAVE TO PROVIDE A LIB]T>IAN SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION4 ,?IS ANSW] C\LD BE ! ASSUMPTION ( C>EFULLY DEF9$ & CIRCUMSCRIB$ AU?ORITY BY A ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! CREATION ( A ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,C\NCILS & ( A ,C\NCIL ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,WE WILL SEE FUR!R ON ?AT SU* AN ,ASSEMBLY & SU* AN ,ADM9I/RATION DO NOT CON/ITUTE A DELEGATION ( POPUL> P[] BUT >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 AN 9/RUM5T ( ?AT P[]4 ,AT ?IS /AGE WE ONLY WANT TO DISCUSS ! PR9CIPLES ?AT MIE IMPORTANT1 = !Y W\LD AFFECT ! FUNCTION+ ( NE>LY ALL 9/ITUTIONS 9 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 C4 ,! ,FL[ ( ,9=MATION & ,DECISIONS ,9 A SOCIETY :]E ! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 ROBB$ ( POLITICAL P[]1 & :]E ?IS P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( A C5TRALIZ+ AU?ORITY ! ESS5TIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! C5T] & ! P]IPH]Y CAN BE SUMM$ UP AS FOLL[S3 *ANNELS FROM ! P]IPH]Y TO ! C5T] ONLY TRANSMIT 9=MATION1 :]EAS *ANNELS FROM ! C5T] TO ! P]IPH]Y TRANSMIT DECISIONS 7PLUS1 P]HAPS1 ?AT M9IMUM ( 9=MATION DEEM$ NECESS>Y = ! UND]/&+ & EXECUTION ( ! DECISIONS TAK5 AT ! C5T]74 ,! :OLE SET-UP REFLECTS NOT ONLY A MONOPOLY ( DECISIONAL AU?ORITY1 BUT ALSO A MONOPOLY ( ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,! C5T] ALONE HAS ! 0SUM TOTAL0 ( 9=MATION NE$$ TO EVALUATE & DECIDE4 ,9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 IT CAN ONLY BE BY ACCID5T ?AT ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR BODY GA9S ACCESS TO 9=MATION O!R ?AN ?AT RELAT+ TO HIS IMM$IATE MILIEU4 ,! SY/EM SEEKS TO AVOID1 OR AT ANY RATE1 IT DOESN'T 5C\RAGE SU* 0ACCID5TS40 ,:5 WE SAY ?AT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ! C5TRAL BODIES WILL NOT CON/ITUTE A DELEGATION ( P[] BUT WILL BE ! EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE WE >E IMPLY+ A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ALL ?IS4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 FUNCTIONS ( C5TRAL BODIES WILL BE TO COLLECT1 TRANSMIT & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION COLLECT$ & CONVEY$ TO !M BY LOCAL GR\PS4 ,9 ALL ESS5TIAL FIELDS1 DECISIONS WILL BE TAK5 AT GRASSROOTS LEVEL & WILL BE NOTIFI$ TO ! 0C5T]10 :OSE RESPONSIBILITY IT WILL BE TO HELP OR FOLL[ !IR PROGRESS4 ,A TWO-WAY FL[ ( 9=MATION & RECOMM5DATIONS WILL BE 9/ITUT$ & ?IS WILL NOT ONLY APPLY TO RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,ADM9I/RATION & ! ,C\NCILS1 BUT WILL BE A MODEL = RELATIONS BETWE5 ALL 9/ITUTIONS & ?OSE :O COMPRISE !M4 ,WE MU/ /RESS ONCE AGA9 ?AT WE >E NOT TRY+ TO DRAW UP P]FECT BLUEPR9TS4 ,IT IS OBVI\S = 9/ANCE ?AT TO COLLECT & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION IS NOT A SOCIALLY NEUTRAL FUNCTION4 ,ALL 9=MATION CANNOT BE DISSEM9AT$ - IT W\LD BE ! SURE/ WAY ( SMO!R+ :AT IS RELEVANT & R5D]+ IT 9COMPREH5SIBLE & !RE=E UNCONTROLLABLE4 ,! ROLE ( ANY C5TRAL BODIES IS !RE=E POLITICAL1 EV5 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,BASIC UNITS #b O ,*APT] #d 3 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,WORK #d4 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,WORK ,SOCIALISM WILL ONLY BE BR\ ?AT WE CAN'T JU/ CONC]N \RSELVES ) POLITICAL AUTONOMY4 ,POLITICAL AUTONOMY IS BUT A D]IVATIVE ASPECT ( :AT IS ! C5TRAL CONT5T & PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM3 TO 9/ITUTE ! DOM9ATION ( MANK9D OV] ! WORK PROCESS4.<#g.> ,A PURELY POLITICAL AUTONOMY W\LD BE MEAN+LESS4 ,ONE CAN'T IMAG9E A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE W\LD BE SLAVES 9 PRODUCTION EV]Y DAY ( ! WEEK1 & !N 5JOY ,SUNDAYS ( POLITICAL FRE$OM4.<#h.> ,! IDEA ?AT SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION OR A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY C\LD BE RUN1 AT ANY P>TICUL> LEVEL1 BY MANAG]S 7!MSELVES SUP]VIS$ BY ,C\NCILS1 OR ,SOVIETS1 OR BY ANY O!R BODY 09C>NAT+ ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS07 IS QUITE NONS5SICAL4 ,REAL P[] 9 ANY SU* SOCIETY W\LD RAPIDLY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE :O MANAG$ PRODUCTION4 ,! ,C\NCILS OR ,SOVIETS W\LD RAPIDLY WI!R AMID ! G5]AL 9DIFF]5CE ( ! POPULATION4 ,PEOPLE W\LD /OP DEVOT+ TIME1 9T]E/1 OR ACTIVITY TO 9/ITUTIONS :I* NO LONG] REALLY 9FLU5C$ ! PATT]N ( !IR LIVES4 ,AUTONOMY IS !RE=E MEAN+LESS UNLESS IT IMPLIES WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & ?IS AT ! LEVELS ( ! %OP1 ( ! PLANT1 ( :OLE 9DU/RIES1 & ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,BUT1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS NOT JU/ A NEW ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUE4 ,IT CANNOT REMA9 EXT]NAL TO ! /RUCTURE ( WORK ITSELF4 ,IT DOESN'T MEAN KEEP+ WORK AS IT IS1 & JU/ REPLAC+ ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS :I* CURR5TLY MANAGES PRODUCTION BY A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL - H[EV] DEMOCRATIC OR REVOCABLE SU* A ,C\NCIL MIE DET]M9$1 FROM ! \TSIDE1 BY ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,?IS APP>ATUS CAN ONLY MANAGE ?R\< RESORT TO UNIV]SAL1 AB/RACT RULES1 DET]M9$ 0ONCE & = ALL40 ,!SE RULES COV] SU* MATT]S AS NORMS ( PRODUCTION1 TE*NICAL SPECIFICATIONS1 RATES ( PAY1 BONUS1 & H[ PRODUCTION >EAS WILL BE ORGANIZ$4 ,! P]IODIC REVISION ( !SE RULES REGUL>LY RESULTS 9 0CRISES0 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONCE ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ?IS SORT ( /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION WILL HAVE TO DISAPPE>1 BO? 9 =M & CONT5T4 ,9 ACCORD ) ! DEEPE/ ( WORK+-CLASS ASPIRATIONS1 ALREADY T5TATIVELY EXPRESS$ AT ! HEI ,!SE MEASURES1 TAK5 TOGE!R AS A FIR/ /EP1 WILL PUT AN 5D TO EXPLOITATION & TO ALL ! EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ CON/RA9TS & CO]CIONS 9 PRODUCTION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WORK WILL /ILL BE NECESS>Y 7& ?IS ITSELF WILL BE A MATT] = CON/ANT REVIEW BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE71 WORK DISCIPL9E WILL BE A MATT] ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK & ! GR\P ) :I* S_/HE WORKS1 ( RELATIONS BETWE5 GR\PS ( WORK]S & ! %OP AS A :OLE1 & ( RELATIONS BETWE5 V>I\S %OPS1 & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,FACTORY OR ,5T]PRISE4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS !RE=E NOT ! 0SUP]VISION0 ( A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S4 ,NOR IS IT ! REPLACEM5T ( ?IS APP>ATUS BY ANO!R1 =M$ ( 9DIVIDUALS ( WORK+-CLASS ORIG94 ,IT IS ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & ! RE/ITUTION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( SU* AN APP>ATUS TO ! COMMUNITY ( WORK]S4 ,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL ISN'T A NEW MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,IT IS BUT ONE ( ! PLACES 9 :I* COORD9ATION TAKES PLACE1 A 0LOCAL HEADQU>T]S0 FROM :I* CONTACTS BETWE5 ! FACTORY & ! \TSIDE WORLD >E REGULAT$4 ,IF ?IS IS A*IEV$1 IT WILL IMPLY ?AT ! NATURE & CONT5T ( WORK >E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO ALT]4 ,TODAY1 WORK CONSI/S ESS5TIALLY 9 OBEY+ 9/RUCTIONS 9ITIAT$ ELSE:]E4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T WILL MEAN ! REUNIT+ ( ! FUNCTIONS ( DECISION & EXECUTION4 ,BUT1 EV5 ?IS WILL BE 9SUFFICI5T - OR RA!R1 IT WILL IMM$IATELY LEAD ON TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,! RE/ITUTION ( MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS TO ! WORK]S WILL 9EVITABLY LEAD !M TO TACKLE :AT IS1 TODAY1 ! K]NEL ( ALI5ATION1 NAMELY ! TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( WORK1 :I* RESULTS 9 WORK DOM9AT+ ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( BE+ DOM9AT$ BY !M4 ,?IS PROBLEM WILL NOT BE SOLV$ OV]NITICUL> PROBLEM4 ,BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM !RE >5'T #cf TYPES ( 0TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY10 AS SOME HAVE S\ACT]I/IC ( SOCIALISM ISN'T 0! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES10 OR 0! 9CREAS+ SATISFACTION ( CONSUM] NE$S10 OR 0AN 9CREASE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM40 ,! HALLM>K ( SOCIALISM IS ! *ANGE IT WILL BR+ AB\T 9 ! NATURE & CONT5T ( WORK1 ?R\< ! CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE TRANS=MATION ( AN 9H]IT$ TE*NOLOGY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 TE*NOLOGY WILL BE SUBORD9AT$ TO HUMAN NE$S 7NOT ONLY TO ! PEOPLE'S NE$S AS CONSUM]S BUT ALSO TO !IR NE$S AS PRODUC]S74 ,! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WILL ALL[ ?IS PROCESS TO BEG94 ,ITS COMPLETION WILL M>K ! 5TRY ( HUMANITY 9TO ! COMMUNI/ ]A4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE - POLITICS1 CONSUMPTION1 ETC4 - >E CONSEQU5CES OR IMPLICATIONS1 :I* ONE MU/ C]TA9LY LOOK AT 9 !IR ORGANIC UNITY1 BUT :I* CAN ONLY ACQUIRE SU* A UNITY OR MEAN+ ?R\< !IR RELATION TO ! KEY PROBLEM3 ! TRANS=MATION ( WORK ITSELF4 ,HUMAN FRE$OM WILL REMA9 AN ILLUSION & A MY/IFICATION IF IT DOESN'T MEAN FRE$OM 9 PEOPLE'S FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY3 ! ACTIVITY :I* PRODUCES4 ,&1 ?IS FRE$OM WILL NOT BE A GIFT BE/[$ BY NATURE4 ,IT WILL NOT AUTOMATICALLY >ISE1 \T ( O!R DEVELOPM5TS4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO BE CONSCI\SLY CREAT$4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ?IS IS ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,IMPORTANT PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES FL[ FROM ALL ?IS4 ,*ANG+ ! NATURE ( WORK WILL BE TACKL$ FROM BO? 5DS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 CONDITIONS WILL BE CREAT$ :I* WILL ALL[ ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T ( PEOPLE'S HUMAN CAPACITIES & FACULTIES4 ,?IS WILL IMPLY ! SY/EMATIC DISMANTL+1 /ONE BY /ONE1 ( ! :OLE $IFICE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO GIVE A :OLE NEW ORI5TATION TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 & TO H[ !Y MAY APPLY TO PRODUCTION4 ,!SE >E BUT TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+3 MAN'S RELATION TO TE*NIQUE4 ,LET US />T BY LOOK+ AT ! SECOND1 MORE TANGIBLE1 PO9T3 TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T AS SU*4 ,AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY 7! CURR5T APPLICATION ( TE*NIQUE TO PRODUCTION7 IS ROTT5 AT ! CORE BECAUSE IT DOESN'T HELP PEOPLE DOM9ATE !IR WORK1 ITS AIM BE+ ! V]Y OPPOSITE4 ,SOCIALI/S (T5 SAY ?AT :AT IS BASICALLY WRONG ) CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS ?AT IT SEEKS TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION = PURPOSES ( PR(IT1 OR ?AT IT DEVELOPS PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( HUMAN NE$S 7PEOPLE BE+ CONCEIV$ (1 9 !SE >GUM5TS1 ONLY AS POT5TIAL CONSUM]S ( PRODUCTS74 ,! SAME SOCIALI/S !N TELL US ?AT ! PURPOSE ( SOCIALISM IS TO ADAPT PRODUCTION TO ! REAL CONSUM] NE$S ( SOCIETY1 BO? 9 RELATION TO VOLUME & TO ! NATURE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS IS TRUE1 & ANY SOCIETY LIES CONDEMN$ 9 :I* A S+LE *ILD OR ADULT GOES HUNGRY4 ,BUT ! MORE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM LIES ELSE:]E4 ,CAPITALISM DOES NOT UTILIZE A SOCIALLY NEUTRAL TE*NOLOGY = CAPITALI/ 5DS4 ,CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ A CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY1 = ITS [N 5DS1 :I* >E BY NO MEANS NEUTRAL4 ,! REAL ESS5CE ( CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS NOT TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE3 IT IS TO SUBORD9ATE & DOM9ATE ! PRODUC]S4 ,CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS PRIM>ILY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS DRIVE TO ELIM9ATE ! HUMAN ELEM5T 9 PRODUCTIVE LABOR &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 TO ELIM9ATE MAN ALTOGE!R FROM ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,?AT H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 CAPITALISM FAILS TO FULFILL ITS DEEPE/ T5D5CY - & ?AT IT W\LD FALL TO PIECES IF IT A*IEV$ ITS PURPOSE - DOES NOT AFFECT ! >GUM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT ONLY HIY COOP]ATION ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT HAS CON/ANTLY TO FACE !IR HO/ILITY 7OR1 AT BE/1 9DIFF]5CE74 ,?IS IS :Y IT IS ESS5TIAL = ! MA*9E TO IMPOSE ITS RHY?M ON ! WORK PROCESS4 ,:]E ?IS ISN'T POSSIBLE CAPITALISM SEEKS AT LEA/ TO MEASURE ! WORK P]=M$4 ,9 EV]Y PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 WORK MU/ !RE=E BE DEF9ABLE1 QUANTIFIABLE1 CONTROLLABLE FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,AS LONG AS CAPITALISM CAN'T DISP5SE ) WORK]S ALTOGE!R1 IT HAS TO MAKE !M AS 9T]*ANGEABLE AS POSSIBLE & TO R$UCE !IR WORK TO ITS SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION1 ?AT ( UNSKILL$ LABOR4 ,!RE IS NO CONSCI\S CONSPIRACY OR PLOT BEH9D ALL ?IS4 ,!RE IS ONLY A PROCESS ( 0NATURAL SELECTION10 AFFECT+ TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS AS !Y >E APPLI$ TO 9DU/RY4 ,SOME >E PREF]R$ TO O!RS & >E1 ON ! :OLE1 MORE WIDELY UTILIZ$4 ,!SE >E ! ONES :I* SLOT 9 ) CAPITALISM'S BASIC NE$ TO DEAL ) LABOR-P[] AS A MEASURABLE1 CONTROLLABLE & 9T]*ANGEABLE COMMODITY4 ,!RE IS NO CAPITALI/ *EMI/RY OR CAPITALI/ PHYSICS AS SU* - BUT1 !RE IS C]TA9LY A CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY1 IF BY ?IS1 ONE MEANS ?AT ( ! 0SPECTRUM0 ( TE*NIQUES AVAILABLE AT A GIV5 PO9T 9 TIME 7:I* IS DET]M9$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE7 A GIV5 GR\P 7OR 0B&07 WILL BE SELECT$4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE P]MITS A *OICE ( SEV]AL POSSIBLE TE*NIQUES1 A SOCIETY WILL REGUL>LY *OOSE ?OSE ME?ODS :I* HAVE A MEAN+ = IT1 :I* >E 0RATIONAL0 9 ! LI ,! CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( TE*NOLOGY WILL1 !RE=E1 BE A C5TRAL TASK ( A SOCIETY ( FREE WORK]S4 ,M>X1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 WAS ! FIR/ TO GO BEYOND ! SURFACE ( ! ECONOMIC PH5OM5A ( CAPITALISM 7SU* AS ! M>KET1 COMPETITION1 DI/RIBUTION1 ETC47 & TO TACKLE ! ANALYSIS ( ! KEY >EA ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS3 ! CONCRETE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY4 ,BUT 0,VOLUME ,I0 ( ,CAPITAL IS /ILL AWAIT+ COMPLETION4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T IS ?AT ?IS P>TICUL> CONC]N ( ,M>X'S1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ( ALL1 WAS SOON AB&ON$1 EV5 BY ! BE/ ( ,M>XI/S1 9 FAVOR ( ! ANALYSIS ( ! 0IMPORTANT0 PH5OM5A4 ,?R\< ?IS V]Y FACT1 !SE ANALYZES W]E EI!R TOTALLY DI/ORT$1 OR F\ND !MSELVES DEAL+ ) V]Y P>TIAL ASPECTS ( REALITY1 !REBY LEAD+ TO JUDGM5TS ?AT PROV$ CATA/ROPHICALLY WRONG4 ,?US1 IT IS /RIK+ TO SEE ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG DEVOTE TWO IMPORTANT VOLUMES TO ! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL1 9 :I* %E TOTALLY IGNORES :AT ?IS PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION REALLY MEANS AS TO ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H] CONC]N 9 !SE VOLUMES WAS SOLELY AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( A GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION & %E WAS F9ALLY L$ TO BELIEVE %E HAD DISCOV]$ A PROCESS ( AUTOMATIC COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM 7AN IDEA1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 CONCRETELY FALSE & A PRIORI ABSURD74 ,IT IS JU/ AS /RIK+ TO SEE ,L591 9 HIS ,IMP]IALISM1 />T FROM ! CORRECT & FUNDAM5TAL OBS]VATION ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL HAS REA*$ ! /AGE ( ! DOM9ATION ( ! MONOPOLIES - & YET1 NEGLECT ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 :I* RESULTS PRECISELY FROM SU* A CONC5TRATION1 & IGNORE ! CRUCIAL PH5OM5ON ( ! CON/ITUTION ( AN 5ORM\S APP>ATUS MANAG+ PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS1 H5CE=?1 TO 9C>NATE EXPLOITATION4 ,HE PREF]R$ TO SEE ! MA9 CONSEQU5CES ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/S 9TO 0C\PON-CLIPP+0 R5TI]S4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T IS /ILL PAY+ ! PRICE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S4 ,9 SO F> AS IDEAS PLAY A ROLE 9 HI/ORY1 ,KHRU%*EV IS 9 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA AS A BYPRODUCT ( ! CONCEPTION ?AT EXPLOITATION CAN ONLY TAKE ! =M ( C\PON-CLIPP+4 ,BUT1 WE MU/ GO FUR!R BACK /ILL4 ,WE MU/ GO BACK TO ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,M>X ?REW A GREAT DEAL ( LIX'S ANALYSIS IS AT TIMES 9COMPLETE1 9 ?AT HE SEES BUT ALI5ATION 9 ALL ?IS4 ,9 ,CAPITAL - AS OPPOS$ TO ,M>X'S E>LY WRIT+S - IT IS NOT BR\ )\T ! :OLE SY/EM COLLAPS+4 ,M>X %[S 9 CAPITALISM 0DESPOTISM 9 ! WORK%OP & AN>*Y 9 SOCIETY0 - 9/EAD ( SEE+ IT AS BO? DESPOTISM & AN>*Y 9 BO? WORK%OP & SOCIETY4 ,?IS LEADS HIM TO LOOK = ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM NOT 9 PRODUCTION ITSELF 7EXCEPT 9S(> AS CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION DEVELOPS 0OPPRESSION1 MIS]Y1 DEG5]ATION1 BUT ALSO REVOLT10 & ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? & DISCIPL9E ( ! PROLET>IAT7 - BUT 9 SU* FACTORS AS OV]PRODUCTION & ! FALL 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT4 ,M>X FAILS TO SEE ?AT AS LONG AS ?IS TYPE ( WORK P]SI/S1 ?IS CRISIS WILL P]SI/ ) ALL IT 5TAILS1 & ?IS :ATEV] ! SY/EM NOT ONLY ( PROP]TY1 BUT :ATEV] ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 & F9ALLY :ATEV] EV5 ! SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 C]TA9 PASSAGES ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X IS ?US L$ TO SEE 9 MOD]N PRODUCTION ONLY ! FACT ?AT ! PRODUC] IS MUTILAT$ & R$UC$ TO A 0FRAGM5T ( A MAN0 - :I* IS TRUE1 AS MU* AS ! CONTR>Y.<#a.> - &1 :AT IS MORE S]I\S1 TO L9K ?IS ASPECT TO MOD]N PRODUCTION & F9ALLY TO PRODUCTION AS SU*1 9/EAD ( L9K+ IT TO CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY4 ,M>X IMPLIES ?AT ! BASIS ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS MOD]N PRODUCTION AS SU*1 A /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE AB\T :I* NO?+ CAN BE DONE1 ! FAM\S 0REALM ( NECESSITY40 ,?US1 ! TAK+ OV] ( SOCIETY BY ! PRODUC]S - SOCIALISM - AT TIMES COMES TO MEAN1 = ,M>X1 ONLY AN EXT]NAL *ANGE 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 A *ANGE ?AT W\LD LEAVE 9TACT ! /RUCTURE ( WORK & SIMPLY RE=M ITS MORE 09HUMAN0 ASPECTS4 ,?IS IDEA IS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! FAM\S PASSAGE ( 0,VOLUME ,I,I,I0 ( ,CAPITAL1 :]E SPEAK+ ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ,M>X SAYS3 0,9 FACT1 ! REALM ( FRE$OM ACTUALLY BEG9S ONLY :]E LABOR :I* IS DET]M9$ BY NECESSITY & MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS CEASES2 ?US1 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 IT LIES BEYOND ! SPH]E ( ACTUAL MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4444 ,FRE$OM 9 ?IS FIELD CAN ONLY CONSI/ 9 SOCIALIZ$ MAN1 ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 RATIONALLY REGULAT+ !IR 9T]*ANGE ) ,NATURE1 BR++ IT UND] !IR COMMON CONTROL1 9/EAD ( BE+ RUL$ BY IT 444 &1 A*IEV+ ?IS ) ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY & UND] CONDITIONS MO/ FAVORABLE TO1 & WOR?Y ( !IR HUMAN NATURE4 ,BUT1 IT NONE!LESS /ILL REMA9S A REALM ( NECESSITY4 ,BEYOND IT BEG9S 444 ! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM1 :I* H[EV] CAN BLOSSOM =? ONLY ) ?IS REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS BASIC PR]EQUISITE40_<#a#b_> ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM ACTUALLY BEG9S ONLY :]E LABOR :I* IS DET]M9$ BY NECESSITY & MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS CEASES0 IT IS /RANGE TO READ FROM ! P5 ( ! MAN :O WROTE ?AT 09DU/RY WAS ! OP5 BOOK ( HUMAN FACULTIES0 ?AT FRE$OM C\LD 0?US0 ONLY BE F\ND \TSIDE ( WORK4 ,! PROP] CONCLUSION - :I* ,M>X HIMSELF DRAWS 9 C]TA9 O!R PLACES - IS ?AT ! REALM ( FRE$OM />TS :5 WORK BECOMES FREE ACTIVITY1 BO? 9 :AT MOTIVATES IT & 9 ITS CONT5T4 ,9 ! DOM9ANT CONCEPT1 H[EV]1 FRE$OM IS :AT ISN'T WORK1 IT IS :AT SURR\NDS WORK1 IT IS EI!R 0FREE TIME0 7R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY7 OR 0RATIONAL REGULATION0 & 0COMMON CONTROL0 ( EX*ANGES ) ,NATURE1 :I* M9IMIZE HUMAN EF=T & PRES]VE HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY C]TA9LY BECOMES A 0BASIC PR]EQUISITE10 AS MANK9D W\LD F9ALLY ONLY BE FREE 9 ITS LEISURE4 ,! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY IS1 9 FACT1 IMPORTANT1 NOT = ?IS REASON H[EV]1 BUT TO ALL[ PEOPLE TO A*IEVE A BALANCE BETWE5 !IR V>I\S TYPES ( ACTIVITY4 ,&1 AT ! LIMIT1 ! 0IDEAL0 7COMMUNISM7 ISN'T ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY TO Z]O1 BUT ! FREE DET]M9ATION BY ALL ( ! NATURE & EXT5T ( !IR WORK4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO R$UCE ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY1 & WILL HAVE TO DO SO1 BUT ?IS WILL NOT BE ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREOCCUPATION4 ,ITS FIR/ TASK WILL BE TO TACKLE 0! REALM ( NECESSITY10 AS SU*1 TO TRANS=M ! V]Y NATURE ( WORK4 ,! PROBLEM IS NOT TO LEAVE MORE & MORE 0FREE0 TIME TO 9DIVIDUALS - :I* MIV+ ( WOOD4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO MAKE ( ALL TIME A TIME ( LIB]TY & TO ALL[ CONCRETE FRE$OM TO F9D EXPRESSION 9 CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO PUT POETRY 9TO WORK4.<#a#a.> ,PRODUCTION ISN'T SOME?+ NEGATIVE1 ?AT HAS TO BE LIMIT$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE = MANK9D TO FULFILL ITSELF 9 ITS LEISURE4 ,! 9/ITUTION ( AUTONOMY IS ALSO - &1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE - ! 9/ITUTION ( AUTONOMY 9 WORK4 ,UND]LY+ ! IDEA ?AT FRE$OM IS TO BE F\ND 0\TSIDE ! REALM ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION PROP]0 !RE LIES A D\BLE ]ROR4 ,FIR/LY1 ?AT ! V]Y NATURE ( TE*NIQUE & ( MOD]N PRODUCTION R5D]S 9EVITABLE ! DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS OV] ! PRODUC]1 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS WORK4 ,SECONDLY1 ?AT TE*NOLOGY & 9 P>TICUL> MOD]N TE*NOLOGY FOLL[S AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T1 BE=E :I* ONE CAN ONLY B[4 ,?IS MOD]N TE*NOLOGY W\LD1 MOREOV]1 POSSESS ! D\BLE ATTRIBUTE (1 ON ! ONE H&1 CON/ANTLY R$UC+ ! HUMAN ROLE 9 PRODUCTION &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ( CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,FROM !SE TWO 9EXPLICABLY COMB9$ ATTRIBUTES W\LD RESULT A MIRACUL\S DIALECTIC ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS3 MORE & MORE A SLAVE 9 ! C\RSE ( WORK1 MAN W\LD BE 9 A POSITION 5ORM\SLY TO R$UCE ! L5G? ( WORK1 IF ONLY S_/HE C\LD ORGANIZE SOCIETY RATIONALLY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N H[EV] ?AT !RE IS NO AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,( ! SUM TOTAL ( TE*NOLOGIES :I* SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T MAKES POSSIBLE AT ANY GIV5 PO9T 9 TIME1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BR+S TO FULFILLM5T ?OSE :I* CORRESPOND MO/ CLOSELY TO ITS CLASS /RUCTURE1 :I* P]MIT CAPITAL BE/ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ LABOR4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! APPLICATION ( ?IS OR ?AT 9V5TION TO PRODUCTION DEP5DS ON ITS ECONOMIC 0PR(ITABILITY40 ,BUT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A NEUTRAL 0PR(ITABILITY03 ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! FACTORY IS ! MA9 FACTOR DET]M9+ 0PR(ITABILITY40 ,A GIV5 9V5TION WILL BE PREF]R$ TO ANO!R BY A FACTORY MANAGEM5T IF1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 IT 5HANCES ! 09DEP5D5T0 PROGRESS ( PRODUCTION1 FREE+ IT FROM 9T]F]5CE BY ! PRODUC]S4 ,! 9CREAS+ 5SLAVEM5T ( PEOPLE 9 PRODUCTION FL[S ESS5TIALLY FROM ?IS PROCESS1 & NOT FROM SOME MY/]I\S CURSE1 9H]5T 9 A GIV5 PHASE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE IS1 MOREOV]1 NO MAGIC DIALECTIC ( SLAV]Y & PRODUCTIVITY3 PRODUCTIVITY 9CREASES 9 RELATION TO ! 5ORM\S SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* IS AT ! BASIS ( MOD]N PRODUCTION - & IT 9CREASES DESPITE ! SLAV]Y1 & NOT BECAUSE ( IT4 ,SLAV]Y IMPLIES AN 5ORM\S WA/E1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE ONLY CONTRIBUTE AN 9F9ITESIMAL FRACTION ( !IR CAPACITIES TO PRODUCTION4 7,WE >E PASS+ NO A PRIORI JUDGM5T ON :AT !SE CAPACITIES MIY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W\LD HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT !IR [N P>TICUL> WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ONLY TAPP$ AN 9F9ITESIMAL FRACTION ( IT74 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL !RE=E NOT BE AFFLICT$ ) ANY K9D ( TE*NOLOGICAL CURSE4 ,HAV+ ABOLI%$ BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ RELATION%IPS IT WILL TACKLE AT ! SAME TIME ! TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* IS BO? ! BASIS ( !SE RELATION%IPS & !IR EV]-R5EW$ PRODUCT4 #a4 ,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL ,POSSIBLE ,COMPOSITION & ,PROC$URES ,DELEGATES FROM V>I\S %OPS1 DEP>TM5TS1 & (FICES ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE 7SAY #a DELEGATE P] #a OR #b WORK]S74 ,ALL DELEGATES ELECT$ & IMM$IATELY REVOCABLE BY BODY !Y REPRES5T4 ,M,O,/ ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E,S ,R,E,M,A,9 ,A,T ,!,I,R ,J,O,B,S2 A ROTAT+ M9ORITY W\LD 5SURE CONT9UITY4 ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL MEETS1 SAY1 #a OR #b HALF-DAYS EA* WEEK4 ,SUGGE/$ ,FUNCTIONS ,COORD9ATION BETWE5 %OPS1 DEP>TM5TS1 & (FICES ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE4 ,MA9T5ANCE ( RELATIONS ) O!R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 :E!R 9 SAME 9DU/RY 7V]TICAL COOP]ATION7 OR SAME LOCALITY 7HORIZONTAL COOP]ATION74 ,MA9T5ANCE ( RELATIONS ) \TSIDE WORLD1 9 G5]AL4 ,DET]M9ATION ( H[ TO A*IEVE GIV5 PRODUCTION T>GET1 GIV5 ! G5]AL MEANS ALLOCAT$ BY ! PLAN4 ,ORGANIZATION ( WORK 9 EA* %OP OR DEP>TM5T4 ,EV5TUALLY1 *ANGES 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 #b4 ,! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ,ALL ?OSE :O WORK 9 A GIV5 5T]PRISE 7MANUAL WORK]S1 (FICE WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS1 ETC474 ,HILY 7SAY1 #b DAYS A MON?7 OR MORE (T5 IF MEET+ WANT$ BY SPECIFI$ NUMB] ( WORK]S1 DELEGATES1 OR %OPS4 ,DECIDES ON QUE/IONS TO BE SUBMITT$ TO ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL = FUR!R ELABORATION1 DISCUSSION1 ETC4 ,AM5DS1 REJECTS1 REF]S BACK1 OR 5DORSES ALL BUT R\T9E DECISIONS ( ! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL4 ,ELECTS DELEGATES 7,:,O ,R,E,M,A,9 ,A,T ,W,O,R,K7 TO ! C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4 #c4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY IS COMPOS$ ( REVOCABLE DELEGATES1 ELECT$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( GIV5 5T]PRISES1 BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( ,RURAL ,COMMUNES1 & BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( PR(ESSIONAL GR\P+S4 ,M,O,/ ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E,S ,W,\,L,D ,R,E,M,A,9 ,A,T ,W,O,R,K4 7,ROTAT+ M9ORITY MILY 7SAY1 ONCE A MON?7 TO ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES :I* ELECT$ !M4 ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ELECTS ITS [N ,C\NCIL4 7,ALT]NATIVELY1 GR\PS ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY MIT ( A FACTORY4 ,B\RGEOIS 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S NOT ONLY RECOGNIZE ?IS FACT1 BUT PO9T \T ?AT 0PRIM>Y GR\PS0 ( WORK]S (T5 GET ON ) !IR JOB BETT] IF MANAGEM5T LEAVES !M ALONE1 & DOESN'T CON/ANTLY TRY TO 9S]T ITSELF 9TO ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,H[ CAN ! WORK ( !SE V>I\S 0PRIM>Y GR\PS0 - OR ( V>I\S %OPS & SECTIONS - BE COORD9AT$8 ,B\RGEOIS !ORETICIANS /RESS ?AT ! PRES5T MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS - :OSE =MAL JOB IT IS TO 5SURE SU* A COORD9ATION - IS NOT REALLY UP TO ! TASK3 IT HAS NO REAL GRIP ON ! WORK]S1 & IS1 ITSELF1 TORN BY 9T]NAL /RESSES4 ,BUT HAV+ 0DEMOLI%$0 ! PRES5T SET-UP BY !IR CRITICISMS1 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE NO?+ TO PUT 9 ITS PLACE4 ,&1 AS BEYOND ! 0PRIM>Y0 ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 !RE HAS TO BE A 0SECOND>Y0 ORGANIZATION1 !Y F9ALLY FALL BACK ON ! EXI/+ BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS1 EXHORT+ IT 0TO UND]/&10 0TO IMPROVE ITSELF10 0TO TRU/ PEOPLE MORE10 ETC41 ETC4.<#a#b.> ,! SAME CAN BE SAID ( 0RE=M$0 OR 0DE-,/AL9IZ$0 LEAD]S 9 ! ,EA/]N ,BLOC4 ,:AT NO ONE SEEMS PREP>$ TO RECOGNIZE 7OR EV5 TO ADMIT7 IS ! CAPACITY ( WORK+ PEOPLE TO MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS \TSIDE ( A V]Y N>R[ RADIUS4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC M9D CANNOT SEE 9 ! MASS ( PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 A FACTORY OR (FICE AN ACTIVE SUBJECT1 CAPABLE ( MANAG+ & ORGANIZ+4 ,9 ! EYES ( ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY1 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/1 AS SOON AS ONE GETS BEYOND A GR\P ( T51 FIFTE5 OR TW5TY 9DIVIDUALS1 ! CR[D BEG9S - ! MOB1 ! ?\S&-HEAD$ ,HYDRA ?AT CAN'T ACT COLLECTIVELY1 OR ?AT C\LD ONLY ACT COLLECTIVELY 9 ! DISPLAY ( COLLECTIVE DELIRIUM OR HY/]IA4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ONLY A SPECIALLY EVOLV$ MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 5D[$1 ( C\RSE1 ) CO]CIVE FUNCTIONS1 CAN DOM9ATE & CONTROL ?IS MASS4 ,BUT SU* >E ! MUDDLES & %ORTCOM+S ( ! PRES5T MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ?AT EV5-TODAY WORK]S 7OR 0PRIM>Y GR\PS07 >E OBLIG$ TO TAKE ON QUITE A NUMB] ( COORD9AT+ TASKS4 ,MOREOV]1 HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS QUITE CAPABLE ( MANAG+ :OLE 5T]PRISES4 ,9 ,SPA91 9 #aicf & #a#i#c#g1 WORK]S RAN ! FACTORIES4 ,9 ,BUDAPE/1 9 #a#i#e#f1 BIG BAK]IES EMPLOY+ HUNDR$S ( WORK]S C>RI$ ON DUR+ & IMM$IATELY AFT] ! 9SURRECTION4 ,!Y WORK$ BETT] ?AN EV] BE=E1 UND] WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,MANY SU* EXAMPLES C\LD BE QUOT$4 ,! MO/ USEFUL WAY ( DISCUSS+ ?IS PROBLEM IS NOT TO WEI< UP1 9 ! AB/RACT1 ! 0MANAG]IAL CAPACITIES0 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS TO DIS5TANGLE ! SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS ( ! PRES5T MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & TO SEE :I* ( !M1 UND] SOCIALISM1 C\LD BE DISC>D$1 & :I* W\LD NE$ TO BE ALT]$1 & 9 :AT DIRECTION4 ,PRES5T MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS >E ( F\R MA9 TYPES & WE WILL DISCUSS !M 9 TURN3 #a4 ,CO]CIVE FUNCTIONS ,!SE FUNCTIONS1 & ! JOBS :I* GO ) !M 7SUP]VISORS1 =EM51 P>T ( ! 0P]SONNEL0 DEP>TM5T71 W\LD BE DONE AWAY )1 PURELY & SIMPLY4 ,EA* GR\P ( WORK]S W\LD BE QUITE CAPABLE ( DISCIPL9+ ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD ALSO BE CAPABLE ( GRANT+ MOM5T>Y AU?ORITY FROM TIME-TO-TIME TO PEOPLE1 DRAWN FROM ITS [N RANKS1 %\LD IT FEEL ?IS TO BE NE$$ = ! C>RY+ \T ( A P>TICUL> JOB4 #b4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS ,!SE RELATE TO JOBS1 MO/ ( :I* >E N[ C>RI$ \T 9 ! (FICES4 ,AMONG !M >E ACC\NTANCY & ! 0COMM]CIAL0 & 0G5]AL0 S]VICES ( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N PRODUCTION HAS FRAGM5T$ & SOCIALIZ$ ?IS WORK1 JU/ AS IT HAS DONE TO PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,N9E-T5?S ( PEOPLE WORK+ 9 (FICES ATTA*$ TO FACTORIES C>RY \T TASKS ( EXECUTION4 ,?R\<\T !IR LIFE1 !Y WILL DO LITTLE ELSE4 ,IMPORTANT *ANGES WILL HAVE TO BE BR\EAS & A SOCIALI/ REORGANIZATION W\LD PROBABLY RESULT 9 A BIG ECONOMY ( LABOR 9 !SE FIELDS4 ,SOME ( !SE DEP>TM5TS W\LD NOT ONLY DIM9I% 9 SIZE1 BUT W\LD WITNESS A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S 0COMM]CIAL SECTIONS0 HAVE EV]Y:]E GR[N 5ORM\SLY4 ,9 A PLANN$ SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 !Y W\LD BE MA9LY CONC]N$ )1 ON ! ONE H&1 OBTA9+ SUPPLIES1 & ON ! O!R1 ) DELIV]IES4 ,!Y W\LD BE 9 CONTACT ) SIMIL> DEP>TM5TS 9 SUPPLY-FACTORIES & ) /ORES1 DI/RIBUT+ TO CONSUM]S4 ,ONCE ! NECESS>Y TRANS=MATIONS HAD BE5 BR\TICUL> RI*Y 9 (FICES1 ETC471 ?AT P]SONS FROM AMONG ! (FICE /AFF MAY F9D !IR WAY 9TO ! RANKS ( MANAGEM5T4 #c4 0,TE*NICAL0 FUNCTIONS ,!SE >E1 AT PRES5T1 C>RI$ \T BY PEOPLE RANG+ FROM CONSULTANT 5G9E]S TO DRAFTSM54 ,H]E1 TOO1 MOD]N 9DU/RY HAS CREAT$ 0COLLECTIVES0 9 :I* WORK IS DIVID$ UP & SOCIALIZ$1 & 9 :I* #i .0 ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ DO JU/ AS !Y'RE TOLD4 ,BUT1 :ILE PO9T+ ?IS \T 9 RELATION TO :AT GOES ON )9 !SE P>TICUL> DEP>TM5TS1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE DEP>TM5TS C>RY \T MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS 9 RELATION TO ! PRODUCTION >EAS4 ,ONCE PRODUCTION T>GETS HAVE BE5 DEF9$1 IT IS ?IS COLLECTIVE TE*NICAL APP>ATUS :I* SELECTS WAYS & MEANS1 LOOKS 9TO ! NECESS>Y *ANGES 9 ! TOOL+1 DET]M9ES ! SEQU5CE & ! DETAILS ( V>I\S OP]ATIONS1 ETC4 ,9 !ORY1 ! PRODUCTION >EAS M]ELY C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ISSU$ FROM ! TE*NICAL DEP>TM5TS4 ,UND] ! CONDITIONS ( MOD]N MASS PRODUCTION A COMPLETE SEP>ATION C]TA9LY EXI/S BETWE5 ?OSE :O DRAW UP ! PLANS & ?OSE :O HAVE TO C>RY !M \T4 ,UP TO A PO9T1 ALL ?IS IS BAS$ ON SOME?+ REAL4 ,TODAY1 BO? SPECIALIZATION & TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC COMPET5CE >E ! PRIVILEGE ( A M9ORITY4 ,BUT IT DOESN'T FOLL[ 9 ! LEA/ ?AT ! BE/ WAY ( US+ ?IS EXP]TIZE W\LD BE TO LEAVE TO 0EXP]TS0 ! RITICUL> SECTOR1 OR ( ! P>TICUL> PROCESS :I* S_/HE KN[S1 ! TE*NICIAN IS NO BETT] EQUIPP$ TO TAKE A RESPONSIBLE DECISION ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 ,EV5 )9 HIS_/H] [N FIELD1 HIS_/H] VIEWPO9T IS (T5 LIMIT$4 ,HE_/%E WILL (T5 KN[ LITTLE ( ! O!R SECTORS & MAY T5D TO M9IMIZE !IR IMPORTANCE AL?\< !SE SECTORS HAVE A DEF9ITE BE>+ ON HIS [N4 ,MOREOV] - & ?IS IS MORE IMPORTANT - ! TE*NICIAN IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! REAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS SEP>ATION IS A S\RCE ( WA/E & CONFLICT 9 CAPITALI/ FACTORIES4 ,IT WILL ONLY BE ABOLI%$ :5 0TE*NICAL0 & 0PRODUCTIVE0 /AFF BEG9 TO COOP]ATE 9 A ?OR\< WAY4 ,?IS COOP]ATION WILL BE BAS$ ON JO9T DECISIONS TAK5 BY ! TE*NICIANS & BY ?OSE :O WILL BE WORK+ ON A GIV5 TASK4 ,TOGE!R1 !Y WILL DECIDE ON ! ME?ODS TO BE US$4 ,WILL SU* COOP]ATION WORK SMOO?LY8 ,!RE IS NO 9TR9SIC REASON :Y UNSURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES %\LD >ISE4 ,! WORK]S WILL HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 *ALL5G+ ! ANSW]S :I* ! TE*NICIAN1 9 HIS CAPACITY AS TE*NICIAN1 MAY GIVE TO PURELY TE*NICAL PROBLEMS4 ,&1 IF !RE >E DISAGREEM5TS1 !SE WILL RAPIDLY BE RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,! FIELD ( PRODUCTION ALL[S ( ALMO/ IMM$IATE V]IFICATION ( :AT ?IS OR ?AT P]SON PROPOSES4 ,?AT1 = ?IS OR ?AT JOB OR TOOL1 ?IS OR ?AT TYPE ( METAL W\LD BE PREF]ABLE 7GIV5 A C]TA9 /ATE ( KN[L$GE & C]TA9 CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION7 WILL SELDOM BE A MATT] = CONTROV]SY4 ,BUT1 ! ANSW]S PROVID$ BY TE*NIQUE ONLY E/ABLI% A G5]AL FRAMEWORK4 ,!Y ONLY SUGGE/ SOME ( ! ELEM5TS :I* WILL1 9 PRACTICE1 9FLU5CE PRODUCTION4 ,)9 ?IS GIV5 FRAMEWORK1 !RE WILL PROBABLY BE A NUMB] ( WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ A P>TICUL> JOB4 ,! *OICE WILL HAVE TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ON ! ONE H& C]TA9 G5]AL CONSID]ATIONS ( 0ECONOMY0 7ECONOMY ( LABOR1 ( 5]GY1 ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ( PLANT7 & ON ! O!R H& - & ?IS IS MU* MORE IMPORTANT - CONSID]ATIONS RELAT+ TO ! FATE ( MAN 9 PRODUCTION4 ,& ON !SE QUE/IONS1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! ONLY PEOPLE :O CAN DECIDE >E ?OSE DIRECTLY 9VOLV$4 ,9 ?IS >EA1 ! SPECIFIC COMPET5CE ( ! TE*NICIAN1 AS A TE*NICIAN1 IS NIL4.<#a#c.> ,! ULTIMATE ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION CAN1 !RE=E1 ONLY BE VE/$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,! PRODUC]S WILL OBVI\SLY TAKE 9TO ACC\NT V>I\S TE*NICAL PO9TS SUGGE/$ BY COMPET5T TE*NICIANS4 ,9 FACT1 !RE WILL PROBABLY BE A CON/ANT TO-&-FRO1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES WILL 5VISAGE NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ ! MANUFACTURE ( PRODUCTS4 ,!SE SUGGE/IONS WILL POSE NEW TE*NICAL PROBLEMS1 AB\T :I* ! TE*NICIANS WILL1 9 TURN1 HAVE TO PUT =W>D !IR COMM5TS & EVALUATIONS BE=E A JO9T DECISION C\LD BE TAK5 09 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS40 ,BUT ! DECISION - 9 ?IS CASE AS 9 O!RS - WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( ! PRODUC]S 79CLUD+ ! TE*NICIANS7 ( A GIV5 %OP 7IF IT ONLY AFFECTS A %OP7 - OR ( ! FACTORY AS A :OLE 7IF IT AFFECTS ! :OLE FACTORY74 ,! ROOTS ( POSSIBLE CONFLICT BETWE5 WORK]S & TE*NICIANS W\LD !RE=E NOT BE TE*NICAL4 ,IF SU* A CONFLICT EM]G$ IT W\LD BE A SOCIAL CONFLICT1 >IS+ FROM A POSSIBLE T5D5CY ( ! TE*NICIANS TO ASSUME A DOM9AT+ ROLE1 !REBY CON/ITUT+ ANEW A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! /R5G? & POSSIBLE EVOLUTION ( SU* A T5D5CY8 ,WE CAN'T H]E DISCUSS ?IS PROBLEM 9 ANY DEP?4 ,WE CAN ONLY RE-EMPHASIZE ?AT TE*NICIANS DON'T CON/ITUTE A MAJORITY - OR EV5 AN ESS5TIAL P>T - ( ! UPP] /RATA ( MOD]N ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL MANAGEM5T4 ,9CID5TALLY1 TO BECOME AW>E ( ?IS OBVI\S FACT HELPS ONE SEE ?R\< ! MY/IFY+ *>ACT] ( >GUM5TS :I* SEEK TO PROVE ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE CANNOT MANAGE PRODUCTION BECAUSE !Y LACK ! 0NECESS>Y TE*NICAL CAPACITY40 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( TE*NICIANS ONLY OCCUPY SUBORD9ATE POSITIONS4 ,!Y ONLY C>RY \T A DIVID$ WORK1 ON 9/RUCTIONS FROM ABOVE4 ,?OSE TE*NICIANS :O HAVE 0REA*$ ! TOP0 >E NOT !RE AS TE*NICIANS1 BUT AS MANAG]S OR ORGANIZ]S4 ,MOD]N CAPITALISM IS BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,IT ISN'T - & NEV] WILL BE - A TE*NOCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,! CONCEPT ( A TE*NOCRACY IS AN EMPTY G5]ALIZATION ( SUP]FICIAL SOCIOLOGI/S1 OR A DAYDREAM ( TE*NICIANS CONFRONT$ ) !IR [N IMPOT5CE & ) ! ABSURDITY ( ! PRES5T SY/EM4 ,TE*NICIANS DON'T CON/ITUTE A CLASS4 ,FROM ! =MAL PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y >E JU/ A CATEGORY ( WAGE-E>N]S4 ,! EVOLUTION ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 BY 9CREAS+ !IR NUMB]S & BY TRANS=M+ !M 9TO PEOPLE :O C>RY \T FRAGM5T$ & 9T]*ANGEABLE WORK1 T5DS TO DRIVE !M CLOS] TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,C\NT]ACT+ !SE T5D5CIES1 IT IS TRUE1 >E !IR POSITION 9 ! WAGES & /ATUS HI]>*IES - & ALSO ! SCANTY *ANCES /ILL OP5 TO !M ( 0MOV+ UP40_<#a#c_> ,BUT !SE *ANNELS >E GRADUALLY BE+ CLOS$ AS ! NUMB]S ( TE*NICIANS 9CREASE & AS BUREAUCRATIZATION SPREADS )9 !IR [N RANKS4 ,9 P>ALLEL ) ALL ?IS1 A REVOLT DEVELOPS AMONG !M1 AS !Y CONFRONT ! IRRATIONALITIES ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM & EXP]I5CE 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTIES 9 GIV+ FREE RE9 TO !IR CAPACITIES = CREATIVE OR MEAN+FUL WORK4 ,SOME TE*NICIANS ALREADY AT ! TOP1 OR ON !IR WAY !RE1 WILL SIDE SQU>ELY ) EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,!Y WILL1 H[EV]1 BE OPPOS$ BY A GR[+ M9ORITY ( DISAFFECT$ COLLEAGUES1 READY TO WORK ) O!RS 9 OV]?R[+ ! SY/EM4 ,9 ! MIDDLE1 ( C\RSE1 !RE WILL BE ! GREAT MAJORITY ( TE*NICIANS1 TODAY APA!TICALLY ACCEPT+ !IR /ATUS ( SLIR[ /RATUM ( MANAGEM5T HAS TWO MA9 TASKS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT HAS TO MAKE DECISIONS CONC]N+ 9VE/M5T1 /OCKS1 \TPUT1 ETC41 9 RELATION TO M>KET FLUCTUATIONS & TO LONG-T]M PROSPECTS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS TO 0COORD9ATE0 ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ( ! FIRM1 SEEK+ TO IRON \T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 V>I\S SEGM5TS ( ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS4 ,SOME ( !SE FUNCTIONS W\LD DISAPPE> ALTOGE!R 9 A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ALL ?OSE RELAT$ TO FLUCTUATION ( ! M>KET4 ,O!RS W\LD BE CONSID]ABLY R$UC$3 COORD9AT+ ! DIFF]5T %OPS ( A FACTORY W\LD BE MU* EASI] IF ! PRODUC]S ORGANIZ$ !IR [N WORK1 & IF DIFF]5T GR\PS1 %OPS1 OR DEP>TM5TS C\LD DIRECTLY CONTACT EA* O!R4 ,/ILL O!R FUNCTIONS MIRI$ \T BY TWO BODIES3 ,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL1 COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM ! V>I\S %OPS & (FICES1 ALL ( !M ELECT$ & 9/ANTLY REVOCABLE4 ,9 AN 5T]PRISE ( SAY #e1 TO #a1 WORK]S SU* A ,C\NCIL MIY 7PROBABLY ON ONE OR TWO HALF-DAYS A WEEK ,!Y W\LD REPORT BACK CONT9U\SLY TO !IR WORKMATES 9 %OP OR (FICE - & W\LD ANYWAY PROBABLY HAVE DISCUSS$ ALL IMPORTANT MATT]S ) !M PREVI\SLY4 ,ROTAT+ GR\PS ( DELEGATES W\LD 5SURE CONT9UITY4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 TASKS ( A ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL W\LD BE TO 5SURE LIAISON & TO ACT AS A CONT9U\S REGULAT+ LOCUS BETWE5 ! FACTORY & ! 0\TSIDE WORLD40 ,! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ALL ?OSE :O WORK 9 ! PLANT1 :E!R MANUAL WORK]S1 (FICE WORK]S OR TE*NICIANS4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! HILY - SAY1 ON ONE OR TWO DAYS EA* MON?4 ,!RE W\LD1 9 ADDITION1 EXI/ PROC$URES = CALL+ SU* ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES1 IF ?IS WAS WANT$ BY A GIV5 NUMB] ( WORK]S1 OR ( %OPS1 OR ( DELEGATES4 ,= SUMM>IES ( ! COMPOSITION & FUNCTIONS ( !SE BODIES1 & ( !IR RELATIONS ) O!R BASIC UNITS1 SEE ,BASIC ,UNITS #a1 ,BASIC ,UNITS #b1 ,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL & ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY1 & ,C\NCIL3 ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4 O ,*APT] #f 3 ,! ,CONT5T ( ,WORK]S' ,MANAGEM5T AT ,FACTORY ,LEVEL #f4 ,! ,CONT5T ( ,WORK]S' ,MANAGEM5T AT ,FACTORY ,LEVEL ,IT WILL HELP US TO DISCUSS ?IS PROBLEM IF WE1 RA!R S*EMATICALLY1 DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ! /ATIC & ! DYNAMIC ASPECTS ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T1 BETWE5 :AT WILL BE IMM$IATELY POSSIBLE1 AT ! V]Y ONSET ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION1 & :AT WILL BECOME POSSIBLE AFT] A RELATIVELY %ORT 9T]VAL1 AS SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION DEVELOPS & AS HUMAN DOM9ATION OV] ALL /AGES ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS RAPIDLY 9CREASES4 ,= ! SAKE ( CL>ITY1 WE WILL FIR/ DESCRIBE WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AT FACTORY LEVEL 9 A /ATIC WAY4 ,WE WILL !N CONSID] H[ IT WILL DEVELOP1 & H[ ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ITSELF1 WILL CON/ANTLY EXP& ! >EAS ( LOCAL FRE$OM4 A4 ,IMM$IATE ,CONT5T ,LOOK$ AT 9 A /ATIC WAY1 ! OV]ALL PLAN MIGET TO BE A*IEV$ )9 A GIV5 TIME 7WE WILL EXAM9E FUR!R ON H[ SU* T>GETS MIGET7 W\LD ALSO BE BROADLY \TL9$ BY ! PLAN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! PLAN MIGET C\LD BE/ BE A*IEV$1 GIV5 ! G5]AL MEANS AVAILABLE4 ,! TASK CORRESPONDS TO ! 0POSITIVE0 FUNCTIONS ( ! PRES5T N>R[LY-BAS$ MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 :I* WILL HAVE BE5 SUP]S$$4 ,! WORK]S WILL DET]M9E ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR WORK 9 EA* %OP OR DEP>TM5T4 ,!Y WILL 5SURE COORD9ATION BETWE5 %OPS4 ,?IS WILL TAKE PLACE ?R\< DIRECT CONTACTS :5EV] IT IS A QUE/ION ( R\T9E PROBLEMS OR ( %OPS 5GAG$ 9 CLOSELY RELAT$ ASPECTS ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,IF MORE IMPORTANT MATT]S >OSE1 !Y W\LD BE DISCUSS$ & SOLV$ BY MEET+S ( DELEGATES 7OR BY JO9T GA!R+S ( WORK]S7 ( TWO OR MORE %OPS OR SECTIONS4 ,! OV]ALL COORD9ATION ( ! WORK W\LD BE UND]TAK5 BY ! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL & BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,FACTORY4 ,RELATIONS ) ! RE/ ( ! ECONOMY1 AS ALREADY /AT$1 W\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL4 ,AS ! :OLE ?+ BECOMES REAL 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S ( A GIV5 PLANT1 A C]TA9 0GIVE & TAKE0 WILL UND\BT$LY OCCUR BETWE5 0T>GETS SET0 & 0MEANS TO BE US$40 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE 0MEANS0 >E USUALLY ! PRODUCT ( SOME O!R FACTORY4 0,T>GETS SET0 & 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION AVAILABLE = A*IEV+ !M0 DO NOT1 H[EV]1 BETWE5 !M RIGIDLY OR EXHAU/IVELY DEF9E ALL ! POSSIBLE ME?ODS ?AT C\LD BE US$4 ,SPELL+ !SE ME?ODS \T 9 DETAIL1 & DECID+ EXACTLY H[ AN OBJECTIVE WILL BE A*IEV$1 GIV5 C]TA9 MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 WILL BE ! >EA 9 :I* WORK]S' MANAGEM5T WILL FIR/ OP]ATE4 ,IT IS AN IMPORTANT FIELD1 BUT A LIMIT$ ONE1 & IT IS ESS5TIAL TO BE FULLY AW>E ( ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,!SE LIMITATIONS /EM FROM 7& DEF9E7 ! FRAMEWORK 9 :I* ! NEW TYPE ( PRODUCTION WILL HAVE TO />T4 ,IT WILL BE ! TASK ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION CON/ANTLY TO EXP& ?IS FRAMEWORK & CON/ANTLY TO PU% BACK !SE LIMITATIONS ON AUTONOMY4 ,AUTONOMY1 5VISAG$ 9 ?IS /ATIC WAY1 IS LIMIT$1 FIR/ ( ALL1 9 RELATION TO ! FIX+ ( T>GETS4 ,TRUE1 ! WORK]S ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DET]M9+ ! T>GET ( !IR FACTORY 9S(> AS !Y P>TICIPATE 9 ! ELABORATION ( ! OV]ALL PLAN4 ,BUT1 !Y >E NOT 9 TOTAL OR SOLE CONTROL ( ! OBJECTIVES4 ,9 A MOD]N ECONOMY1 :]E ! PRODUCTION ( MO/ 5T]PRISES BO? CONDITIONS & IS CONDITION$ BY ?AT ( O!RS1 ! DET]M9ATION ( COH]5T T>GETS CANNOT AS A RULE BE VE/$ 9 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES1 ACT+ 9 ISOLATION4 ,IT MU/ BE UND]TAK5 BY 7& =7 A NUMB] ( 5T]PRISES1 G5]AL VIEWPO9TS PREVAIL+ OV] P>TICUL> ONES4 ,WE WILL RETURN TO ?IS PO9T LAT]4 ,9ITIAL AUTONOMY WILL ALSO BE LIMIT$ 9 RELATION TO AVAILABLE MAT]IAL MEANS4 ,! WORK]S ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE CANNOT AUTONOM\SLY DET]M9E ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION !Y W\LD PREF] TO USE1 = !SE >E BUT ! PRODUCTS ( O!R 5T]PRISES OR FACTORIES4 ,TOTAL AUTONOMY = EV]Y FACTORY1 9 RELATION TO MEANS1 W\LD IMPLY ?AT EA* FACTORY C\LD DET]M9E ! \TPUT ( ALL ! O!RS4 ,!SE V>I\S AUTONOMIES W\LD IMM$IATELY NEUTRALIZE ONE ANO!R4 ,?IS LIMITATION IS1 H[EV]1 A LESS RIGID ONE ?AN ! FIR/ 7! LIMITATION 9 RELATION TO T>GETS74 ,ALT]ATIONS ( ITS [N EQUIPM5T1 PROPOS$ BY ! US]-FACTORY1 MI FACTORIES1 = 9/ANCE7 :]E A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! TOOL+ UTILIZ$ 9 ONE %OP MAY BE MADE 9 ANO!R %OP ( ! SAME FACTORY4 ,CLOSE COOP]ATION BETWE5 PLANTS MAK+ MA*9E TOOLS & PLANTS US+ !M1 C\LD QUICKLY LEAD TO CONSID]ABLE *ANGES 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ACTUALLY US$4 B4 ,SUBSEQU5T ,POSSIBILITIES ,LET US N[ LOOK AT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AT FACTORY LEVEL AS IT MIY OBJECTIVE8 ,EV]Y?+ WE HAVE SUGGE/$ SO F>1 WILL N[ HAVE TO BE LOOK$ AT AGA94 ,! LIMITS ( AUTONOMY WILL BE F\ND TO HAVE WID5$ V]Y CONSID]ABLY4 ,! *ANGE WILL BE MO/ OBVI\S 9 RELATION TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL IMM$IATELY GET TO GRIPS ) ! PROBLEM ( A CONSCI\S ATTACK ON ! TE*NOLOGY 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E PLANN$ & MADE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! US] & ( HIS_/H] PREF]5CES 7MANUFACTUR]S1 ( C\RSE1 PRET5D TO TAKE ! US]'S VIEWPO9T 9TO ACC\NT1 BUT ?IS HAS LITTLE TO DO ) ! REAL US]3 ! WORK] ON ! %OP FLOOR74 ,BUT1 EQUIPM5T IS MADE TO BE PRODUCTIVELY US$4 ,! VIEWPO9T ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE CONSUM]S0 7I4E41 ( ?OSE :O WILL USE ! EQUIPM5T TO PRODUCE ! GOODS7 IS ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,AS ! VIEWS ( ?OSE :O MAKE ! EQUIPM5T >E ALSO IMPORTANT1 ! PROBLEM ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WILL ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! LIV+ COOP]ATION ( !SE TWO CATEGORIES ( WORK]S4 ,9 AN 9TEGRAT$ FACTORY1 ?IS W\LD MEAN P]MAN5T LIAISON BETWE5 ! CORRESPOND+ %OPS4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( ! ECONOMY1 AS A :OLE1 IT W\LD TAKE PLACE ?R\< NORMAL P]MAN5T CONTACTS BETWE5 FACTORIES & BETWE5 SECTORS ( PRODUCTION4.<#a#d.> ,?IS COOP]ATION WILL TAKE TWO =MS4 ,*OOS+ & POPUL>IZ+ ! BE/ ME?ODS1 & RATIONALIZ+ & EXT5D+ !IR USE1 WILL BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! HORIZONTAL COOP]ATION ( ,C\NCILS1 ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO BRAN* OR SECTOR ( 9DU/RY 7= 9/ANCE1 TEXTILES1 ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 BUILD+1 5G9E]+1 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY1 ETC474 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9TEGRATION ( ! VIEWPO9TS ( ?OSE :O MAKE1 & ( ?OSE :O UTILIZE1 EQUIPM5T 7OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 ( ?OSE :O MAKE & ?OSE :O UTILIZE 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS7 WILL REQUIRE ! V]TICAL COOP]ATION ( ,C\NCILS REPRES5T+ ! DIFF]5T /AGES ( A PRODUCTIVE PROCESS 7/EEL 9DU/RY1 MA*9E TOOL 9DU/RY & 5G9E]+ 9DU/RY1 = 9/ANCE74 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! COOP]ATION WILL NE$ TO F9D EMBODIM5T 9 /ABLE =MS1 SU* AS ,COMMITTEES ( ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL REPRES5TATIVES 7OR WID] CONF]5CES ( PRODUC]S7 ORGANIZ$ BO? HORIZONTALLY & V]TICALLY4 ,!RE W\LD BE ROOM = EXTREME FLEXIBILITY & MANY NEW =MS WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY EVOLVE4 ,CONSID]+ ! PROBLEM FROM ?IS DYNAMIC ANGLE - :I*1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 IS ! REALLY FUNDAM5TAL ONE - ONE CAN SEE1 AT ONCE1 ?AT ! >EAS ( AUTONOMY HAVE CONSID]ABLY EXP&$4 ,ALREADY AT ! LEVEL ( 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES 7BUT MORE SIGNIFICANTLY AT ! LEVEL ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 FACTORIES71 ! PRODUC]S >E BEG9N+ TO 9FLU5CE ! /RUCTURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E1 !REBY1 REA*+ A POSITION :]E !Y >E BEG9N+ TO DOM9ATE ! WORK PROCESS3 !Y >E NOT ONLY DET]M9+ ITS ME?ODS1 BUT >E N[ ALSO MODIFY+ ITS TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE4 ,?IS FACT N[ BEG9S TO ALT] :AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID AB\T T>GETS4 ,?REE-QU>T]S ( MOD]N PRODUCTION CONSI/S ( 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS1 ( 0MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE4 ,:5 PRODUC]S DECIDE AB\T ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y >E P>TICIPAT+1 9 A V]Y DIRECT & IMM$IATE WAY1 9 DECISIONS AB\T ! T>GETS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! REMA9+ LIMITATION1 & IT IS AN IMPORTANT ONE1 FL[S FROM ! FACT ?AT !SE MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7:ATEV] !IR EXACT NATURE7 >E DE/9$1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 TO PRODUCE CONSUM] GOODS4 ,& ! OV]ALL VOLUME ( !SE CAN ONLY BE DET]M9$1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 BY ! PLAN4 ,BUT1 EV5 H]E1 LOOK+ AT ?+S DYNAMICALLY1 RADICALLY ALT]S ONE'S VISION4 ,MOD]N CONSUMPTION IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! CON/ANT APPE>ANCE ( NEW PRODUCTS4 ,FACTORIES PRODUC+ CONSUM] GOODS WILL CONCEIVE (1 RECEIVE SUGGE/IONS AB\T1 /UDY1 & F9ALLY PRODUCE SU* PRODUCTS4 ,?IS RAISES ! WID] PROBLEM ( CONTACT BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 ,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY RE/S ON A COMPLETE SEP>ATION ( !SE TWO ASPECTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 & ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! CONSUM]4 ,?IS ISN'T JU/ MONET>Y EXPLOITATION 7?R\< OV]*>G+74 ,CAPITALISM CLAIMS ?AT IT CAN SATISFY PEOPLE'S NE$S BETT] ?AN ANY O!R SY/EM 9 HI/ORY4 ,BUT1 9 FACT1 CAPITALISM 9FLU5CES BO? !SE NE$S !MSELVES1 & ! ME?OD ( SATISFY+ !M4 ,CONSUM] PREF]5CE CAN BE MANIPULAT$ BY MOD]N SALES TE*NIQUES4 ,! DIVISION BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S APPE>S MO/ GL>+LY 9 RELATION TO ! QUALITY ( GOODS4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS 9SOLUBLE 9 ANY EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,?OSE :O ONLY LOOK AT ! SURFACE ( ?+S ONLY SEE A COMMODITY AS A COMMODITY4 ,!Y DON'T SEE 9 IT A CRY/ALLIZ$ MOM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y SEE FAULTS OR DEFECTS AS JU/ FAULTS OR DEFECTS1 9/EAD ( SEE+ 9 !M ! RESULTANT ( A CON/ANT /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! WORK] & HIMSELF 70,C\LD ,I DO IT BETT]8 ,:Y %\LD ,I8 ,I'M JU/ PAID TO GET ON ) ! JOB074 ,FAULTS OR DEFECTS EMBODY /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! WORK] & EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y ALSO EMBODY SQUABBLES BETWE5 DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! BUREAUCRACY MANAG+ ! PLANT4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( EXPLOITATION WILL ( ITSELF BR+ AB\T A *ANGE 9 ALL ?IS4 ,AT WORK1 PEOPLE WILL BEG9 TO ASS]T !IR CLAIMS AS FUTURE CONSUM]S ( :AT !Y >E PRODUC+4 ,9 ITS E>LY PHASES SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL1 H[EV]1 PROBABLY HAVE TO 9/ITUTE =MS ( CONTACT 7O!R ?AN 0! M>KET07 BETWE5 PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 ,WE HAVE ASSUM$1 AS A />T+ PO9T = ALL ?IS1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM4 ,BUT1 WE HAVE ALSO SAID ?AT SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 HAVE TO TACKLE ?IS DIVISION4 ,?IS IS AN 5ORM\S SUBJECT ?AT WE CAN'T EV5 BEG9 TO DEAL ) 9 ?IS TEXT4 ,! BASIS ( ?IS TASK CAN1 H[EV]1 BE SE5 EV5 TODAY4 ,MOD]N PRODUCTION HAS DE/ROY$ MANY TRADITIONAL PR(ESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ MANY AUTOMATIC OR SEMI-AUTOMATIC MA*9ES4 ,IT HAS1 !REBY ITSELF1 SUBV]T$ ! TRADITIONAL FRAMEWORK ( ! 9DU/RIAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,IT IS T5D+ TO PRODUCE A UNIV]SAL WORK]1 CAPABLE AFT] A RELATIVELY %ORT APPR5TICE%IP1 ( US+ MO/ ( ! EXI/+ MA*9ES4 ,ONCE ONE GETS BEYOND ITS CLASS ASPECTS1 ! 0PO/+0 ( WORK]S TO P>TICUL> JOBS 9 A BIG MOD]N FACTORY CORRESPONDS LESS & LESS TO A G5U9E DIVISION ( LABOR & MORE & MORE TO A SIMPLE DIVISION ( TASKS4 ,WORK]S >E NOT ALLOCAT$ TO GIV5 >EAS ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS BECAUSE !IR 0PR(ESSIONAL SKILLS0 9V>IABLY CORRESPOND TO 0SKILLS REQUIR$0 BY MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y >E (T5 PLAC$ H]E RA!R ?AN !RE BECAUSE PUTT+ A P>TICUL> WORK] 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE AT A P>TICUL> TIME HAPP5S TO SUIT ! P]SONNEL (FIC] - OR ! =EMAN - OR1 MORE PROSAICALLY1 JU/ BECAUSE A P>TICUL> VACANCY HAPP5$ TO BE GO+4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 FACTORIES W\LD HAVE NO REASON TO ACCEPT ! RIGID DIVISION ( LABOR N[ PREVAIL+4 ,!RE WILL BE EV]Y REASON TO 5C\RAGE A ROTATION ( WORK]S BETWE5 %OPS & DEP>TM5TS - &1 BETWE5 PRODUCTION & (FICE >EAS4 ,SU* A ROTATION WILL GREATLY HELP WORK]S TO MANAGE PRODUCTION 09 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS40 .<,MORE & MORE WORK]S WILL HAVE BECOME FAMILI> AT FIR/ H& ) :AT GOES ON :]E !Y WORK4.> ,! SAME APPLIES TO ROTATION ( WORK BETWE5 V>I\S 5T]PRISES1 & 9 P>TICUL>1 BETWE5 0PRODUC+0 & 0UTILIZ+0 UNITS4 ,! RESIDUES ( CAPITALISM'S DIVISION ( LABOR WILL HAVE GRADUALLY TO BE ELIM9AT$4 ,?IS OV]LAPS ) ! G5]AL PROBLEM ( $UCATION1 $UCATION NOT ONLY ( ! NEW G5]ATIONS1 BUT ( ?OSE ADULTS BR\TICUL>1 AT ! OV]ALL OR C5TRAL LEVEL4 ,IT IS ILLUSORY TO BELIEVE ?AT BUREAUCRACIES 7EV5 0CONTROLL$0 BUREAUCRACIES7 LEFT TO !MSELVES C\LD GUIDE ! ECONOMY T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,SU* BUREAUCRACIES C\LD ONLY LEAD SOCIETY T[>DS NEW =MS ( EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ALSO WRONG TO ?9K ?AT 0AUTOMATIC0 OBJECTIVE ME*ANISMS C\LD BE E/ABLI%$1 :I*1 LIKE ! AUTOMATIC PILOTS ( A MOD]N JET AIRCRAFT1 C\LD AT EA* MOM5T DIRECT ! ECONOMY 9 ! DESIR$ DIRECTION4 ,! SAME IMPOSSIBILITIES >ISE :E!R ONE CONSID]S AN 05LIE HUMAN ONES4 ,ANY PLAN PRE-SUPPOSES A FUNDAM5TAL DECISION ON ! RATE ( GR[? ( ! ECONOMY1 & ?IS1 9 TURN1 DEP5DS ESS5TIALLY ON HUMAN DECISIONS CONC]N+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BETWE5 9VE/M5T & CONSUMPTION4.<#a#e.> ,NO 0OBJECTIVE0 RATIONALITY CAN DET]M9E SU* A DI/RIBUTION4 ,A DECISION TO 9VE/ #a .0 ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT IS NEI!R MORE NOR LESS RATIONAL ?AN A DECISION TO 9VE/ #i .0 ( IT4 ,! ONLY RATIONALITY 9 ! MATT] IS ! *OICE PEOPLE MAKE AB\T !IR [N FATE1 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,! FIX+ ( PLAN T>GETS BY ?OSE :O WILL HAVE TO FULFILL !M IS1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! ONLY GU>ANTEE ( !IR WILL+ & SPONTANE\S P>TICIPATION4 ,BUT ?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT ! PLAN & ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY >E 0JU/ POLITICAL MATT]S40 ,SOCIALI/ PLANN+ WILL BASE ITSELF ON C]TA9 RATIONAL TE*NICAL FACTORS4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT1 ! ONLY TYPE ( PLANN+ :I* C\LD 9TEGRATE SU* FACTORS 9TO A CONSCI\S MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY4 ,!SE FACTORS CONSI/ ( A NUMB] ( EXTREMELY USEFUL & EFFECTIVE 0LABOR-SAV+0 & 0?\TICUL> FACTORY7 WILL ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF ! FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONS HAVE BE5 5ORM\SLY SIMPLIFI$1 SO ?AT ! PRODUC]S & !IR COLLECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS >E 9 A POSITION TO JUDGE ! KEY ISSUES 9 AN 9=M$ WAY4 ,:AT IS NE$$ 9 O!R WORDS1 IS = ! VA/ CURR5T *AOS ( ECONOMIC FACTS & RELATIONS TO BE BOIL$ D[N TO C]TA9 PROPOSITIONS1 :I* ADEQUATELY SUM UP ! REAL PROBLEMS & *OICES4 ,!SE PROPOSITIONS %\LD BE FEW 9 NUMB]4 ,!Y %\LD BE EASY TO GRASP4 ,!Y %\LD SUMM>IZE REALITY )\T DI/ORTION OR MY/IFICATION4 ,IF !Y CAN DO ?IS1 !Y WILL =M AN ADEQUATE BASIS = MEAN+FUL JUDGM5TS4 ,A COND5SATION ( SU* A TYPE IS POSSIBLE1 FIR/LY1 BECAUSE !RE >E RATIONAL +R$I5TS TO ! ECONOMY1 & SECONDLY1 BECAUSE !RE EXI/ ALREADY TODAY C]TA9 TE*NIQUES ALL[+ ONE TO GRASP ! COMPLEXITIES ( ECONOMIC REALITY1 & F9ALLY BECAUSE IT IS N[ POSSIBLE TO ME*ANIZE & TO AUTOMATE ALL ?AT DOES NOT P]TA9 TO HUMAN DECISIONS 9 ! /RICT S5SE4 ,A DISCUSSION ( ! RELEVANT DEVICES1 TE*NIQUES1 & POSSIBILITIES IS !RE=E ESS5TIAL AS FROM N[4 ,!Y 5ABLE US TO C>RY \T A VA/ CLE>+ ( ! GR\ND1 )\T :I* WORK]S' MANAGEM5T W\LD COLLAPSE UND] ! WEIE ! MAT]IAL MEANS ONE DISPOSES ( AT ! ONSET 7EQUIPM5T1 /OCKS1 LABOR1 ETC471 & ! T>GET ONE IS AIM+ AT 7PRODUCTION ( SO MANY SPECIFI$ OBJECTS1 TO BE BR\GETS40 ,! 0CONCLUSION0 IS ! PA? TO BE FOLL[$ TO PASS FROM 9ITIAL CONDITIONS TO ULTIMATE T>GET4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS MEANS A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS TO BE MADE )9 A GIV5 P]IOD4 ,WE WILL CALL !SE CONCLUSIONS ! 09T]M$IATE T>GETS40 ,:5 PASS+ FROM SIMPLE 9ITIAL CONDITIONS TO A SIMPLE ULTIMATE T>GET1 ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS CAN BE DET]M9$ QUICKLY4 ,AS ! 9ITIAL CONDITIONS OR ! ULTIMATE T>GET 7OR BO?7 BECOME MORE COMPLEX1 OR >E MORE SPREAD \T 9 TIME1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9T]M$IATE T>GETS BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE 7:]E !RE >E ?\S&S ( DIFF]5T PRODUCTS1 SEV]AL ( :I* CAN BE MADE BY DIFF]5T PROCESSES1 & :]E ! MANUFACTURE ( ANY GIV5 CATEGORY ( PRODUCTS (T5 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY 9VOLVES MANY O!RS71 ONE MIGETS1 GIV5 ! 9ITIAL CONDITIONS & ULTIMATE T>GET71 W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! APOLOGI/S ( 0PRIVATE 5T]PRISE0 HAVE BE5 PROCLAIM+ ?IS DOCTR9E = AGES4 ,BUT1 IT ISN'T TRUE4.<#a#f.> ,! PROBLEM CAN BE SOLV$1 & AVAILABLE MA!MATICAL TE*NIQUES 9 FACT ALL[ IT TO BE SOLV$ REM>KABLY SIMPLY4 ,ONCE ! 09ITIAL CONDITIONS0 >E KN[N & ! 0ULTIMATE T>GETS0 HAVE BE5 CONSCI\SLY & DEMOCRATICALLY DET]M9$1 ! :OLE CONT5T ( PLANN+ 7! DET]M9ATION ( ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS7 CAN BE R$UC$ TO A PURELY TE*NICAL TASK ( EXECUTION1 CAPABLE ( BE+ ME*ANIZ$ & AUTOMAT$ TO A V]Y HI< DEGREE4 ,! BASIS ( ! NEW ME?ODS IS ! CONCEPT ( ! TOTAL 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ALL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY 7! FACT ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT ONE SECTOR UTILIZES 9 PRODUCTION IS ITSELF ! PRODUCT ( ONE OR MORE O!R SECTORS2 & ! CONV]SE FACT1 ?AT EV]Y PRODUCT ( A GIV5 SECTOR WILL ULTIMATELY BE UTILIZ$ OR CONSUM$ BY ONE OR MORE O!R SECTORS74 ,! IDEA1 :I* GOES BACK TO ,QUESNAY & :I* =M$ ! BASIS ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION1 HAS BE5 VA/LY DEVELOP$ 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S BY A GR\P ( ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/S >\ND ,WASSILY ,W4 ,LEONTIEF1 :O HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ IT A /ATI/ICAL =MULATION4.<#a#g.> ,! 9T]DEP5D5CE IS SU* ?AT1 AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T 7= A GIV5 LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE & A GIV5 /RUCTURE ( AVAILABLE EQUIPM5T71 ! PRODUCTION ( EA* SECTOR IS RELAT$1 9 A RELATIVELY /ABLE MANN]1 TO ! PRODUCTS ( O!R SECTORS :I* ! FIR/ SECTOR UTILIZES 70CONSUMES PRODUCTIVELY074 ,IT IS EASY TO GRASP ?AT A GIV5 QUANTITY ( COAL IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE A TON ( /EEL ( A GIV5 TYPE4 ,MOREOV]1 ONE WILL NE$ SO MU* SCRAP METAL OR SO MU* IRON ORE1 SO MANY H\RS ( LABOR1 SU*-&-SU* AN EXP5DITURE ON UPKEEP & REPAIRS4 ,! RATIO 0COAL US$ 3 /EEL PRODUC$10 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 IS KN[N AS ! 0CURR5T TE*NICAL COEFFICI5T0 DET]M9+ ! PRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION ( COAL P] UNIT ( /EEL TURN$ \T4 ,IF ONE WANTS TO 9CREASE /EEL PRODUCTION BEYOND A C]TA9 PO9T1 IT WON'T HELP JU/ TO GO ON DELIV]+ MORE COAL OR MORE SCRAP METAL TO ! EXI/+ /EEL MILLS4 ,NEW MILLS WILL HAVE TO BE BUILT4 ,OR1 ONE WILL HAVE TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( EXI/+ MILLS4 ,TO 9CREASE /EEL \TPUT BY A GIV5 AM\NT1 ONE WILL HAVE TO PRODUCE A GIV5 AM\NT ( SPECIFI$ EQUIPM5T4 ,! RATIO 0GIV5 AM\NT ( SPECIFI$ EQUIPM5T 3 /EEL-PRODUC+ CAPACITY P] GIV5 P]IOD10 AGA9 EXPRESS$ 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 IS KN[N AS ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5T ( CAPITAL40 ,IT DET]M9ES ! QUANTITY ( CAPITAL UTILIZ$ P] UNIT ( /EEL PRODUC$ 9 A GIV5 P]IOD4 ,ONE C\LD /OP AT ?IS PO9T1 IF ONE W]E ONLY DEAL+ ) A S+LE 5T]PRISE4 ,EV]Y FIRM BASES ITSELF ON CALCULATIONS ( ?IS K9D 79 FACT1 ON MU* MORE DETAIL$ ONES7 :51 HAV+ DECID$ TO PRODUCE SO MU*1 OR TO 9CREASE ITS PRODUCTION BY SO MU*1 IT BUYS RAW MAT]IALS1 ORD]S MA*9]Y OR RECRUITS LABOR4 ,BUT :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE ?+S *ANGE4 ,! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! V>I\S SECTORS HAS DEF9ITE CONSEQU5CES4 ,! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTION ( A GIV5 SECTOR HAS REP]CUSSIONS 7( V>Y+ 9T5SITY7 ON ALL O!R SECTORS & F9ALLY ON ! 9ITIAL SECTOR ITSELF4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( /EEL IMM$IATELY REQUIRES AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COAL4 ,BUT ?IS REQUIRES BO? AN 9CREASE 9 C]TA9 TYPES ( M9+ EQUIPM5T & ! RECRUITM5T ( MORE LABOR 9TO M9+4 ,! 9CREAS$ DEM& = M9+ EQUIPM5T1 9 TURN1 REQUIRES MORE /EEL1 & MORE LABOR 9 ! /EEL MILLS4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 LEADS TO A DEM& = /ILL MORE COAL1 ETC41 ETC4 ,! USE ( ,WASSILY ,W4 ,LEONTIEF'S MATRICES1 COMB9$ ) O!R MOD]N ME?ODS SU* AS ,KOOPMANS' 0ACTIVITY ANALYSIS0.<#a#h.> 7( :I* 0OP]ATIONAL RESE>*0 IS A SPECIFIC 9/ANCE7 W\LD1 9 ! CASE ( A SOCIALI/ PLANN$ ECONOMY1 ALL[ !ORETICALLY EXACT ANSW]S TO BE GIV5 TO QUE/IONS ( ?IS TYPE4 ,A MATRIX IS A TABLE ON :I* >E SY/EMATICALLY DISPOS$ ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS 7BO? 0CURR5T TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS0 & 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS ( CAPITAL07 EXPRESS+ ! DEP5D5CE ( EA* SECTOR ON EA* ( ! O!RS4 ,EV]Y ULTIMATE T>GET ?AT MIGET IS *OS51 ! SOLUTION ( A SY/EM ( SIMULTANE\S EQUATIONS 5ABLES ONE TO DEF9E IMM$IATELY ALL ! 9T]M$IATE T>GETS1 & !RE=E1 ! TASKS TO BE FULFILL$ BY EA* SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! WORK+-\T ( !SE RELATION%IPS WILL BE ! TASK ( A HII\S PLANS 7T>GETS7 & ( !IR V>I\S COMPON5TS 7IMPLICATIONS74 ,?IS 5T]PRISE IS ! PLAN FACTORY4 ,ITS C5TRAL WORK%OP W\LD1 TO />T )1 PROBABLY CONSI/ ( A COMPUT] :OSE 0MEMORY0 W\LD /ORE ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS & ! 9ITIAL PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( EA* SECTOR4 ,IF 0F$0 A NUMB] ( HYPO!TICAL T>GETS1 ! COMPUT] C\LD SPELL \T ! PRODUCTIVE IMPLICATION ( EA* T>GET = EA* SECTOR 79CLUD+ ! AM\NT ( WORK TO BE PROVID$1 9 EA* 9/ANCE1 BY ! 0MAN-P[]0 SECTOR74.<#a#i.> ,>\ND ?IS C5TRAL WORK%OP1 !RE W\LD BE O!RS :OSE TASKS W\LD BE TO /UDY ! DI/RIBUTION & V>IATIONS ( REGIONAL PRODUCTION & 9VE/M5T & POSSIBLE TE*NICAL OPTIMA 7GIV5 ! G5]AL 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! V>I\S SECTORS74 ,!Y W\LD ALSO DET]M9E ! UNIT-VALUES 7EQUIVAL5CES7 ( DIFF]5T CATEGORIES ( PRODUCT4 ,TWO DEP>TM5TS ( ! PLAN FACTORY W>RANT SPECIAL M5TION3 ?AT DEAL+ ) /OCK-TAK+ & ?AT DEAL+ ) ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS4 ,! QUALITY ( PLANN+1 CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY1 DEP5DS ON H[ WELL PEOPLE >E 9=M$ ( ! REAL /ATE ( ! ECONOMY :I* =MS ITS BASIS4 ,! ACCURACY ( ! SOLUTION1 9 O!R WORDS1 DEP5DS ON ADEQUATE 9=MATION AB\T BO? 09ITIAL CONDITIONS0 & ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS40 ,9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL C5SUSES >E C>RI$ \T AT REGUL> 9T]VALS EV5 TODAY1 BY A NUMB] ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES3 !Y (F] A V]Y CRUDE BASIS1 BECAUSE !Y >E EXTREMELY 9ACCURATE & FRAGM5T$4 ,! DRAW+ UP ( AN UP-TO-DATE & COMPLETE 9V5TORY WILL BE ONE ( ! FIR/ TASKS ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY4 ,! COLLECTIVE PREP>ATION ( SU* AN 9V5TORY IS A S]I\S TASK4 ,IT CAN'T BE A*IEV$ 0FROM ABOVE10 FROM ONE DAY TO ! NEXT4 ,NOR1 ONCE DRAWN UP1 W\LD SU* AN 9V5TORY BE CONSID]$ F9AL4 ,P]FECT+ IT & KEEP+ IT UP-TO-DATE W\LD BE A P]MAN5T TASK ( ! PLAN FACTORY1 WORK+ 9 CLOSE COOP]ATION ) ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! LOCAL ,C\NCILS RESPONSIBLE = 9DU/RIAL /OCKTAK+ 9 !IR [N >EAS4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS COOP]ATION W\LD CON/ANTLY MODIFY & 05RI*0 ! 0MEMORY0 ( ! C5TRAL COMPUT]4 ,E/ABLI%+ ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS0 WILL POSE SIMIL> PROBLEMS4 ,TO />T )1 IT C\LD BE DONE V]Y R\ MORE PRECISE ?R\< TE*NICAL 9=MATION PROVID$ BY ! ,C\NCILS ( P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES4 ,! DATA 0/ORES0 9 ! COMPUT] WILL HAVE TO BE P]IODICALLY REVIS$ AS MORE ACCURATE KN[L$GE AB\T ! TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS - & 9 P>TICUL>1 AB\T ! REAL *ANGES 9 !SE COEFFICI5TS BR\TIAL WAY4 ,! SETT+-UP ( SU* A PLAN FACTORY %\LD BE IMM$IATELY POSSIBLE1 9 ANY C\NTRY :I* IS EV5 MOD]ATELY 9DU/RIALIZ$4 ,! EQUIPM5T NECESS>Y EXI/S ALREADY4 ,SO DO ! PEOPLE CAPABLE ( WORK+ IT4 ,BANKS & 9SURANCE COMPANIES 7:I* WILL BE UNNECESS>Y UND] SOCIALISM7 ALREADY USE SOME ( !SE ME?ODS 9 WORK ( ?IS G5]AL TYPE4 ,L9K+ UP ) MA!MATICIANS1 /ATI/ICIANS1 ECONOMETRICIANS1 ?OSE :O WORK 9 SU* (FICES C\LD PROVIDE ! 9ITIAL P]SONNEL ( ! PLAN FACTORY4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! REQUIREM5TS ( A RATIONAL ECONOMY WILL PROVIDE A TREM5D\S IMPETUS TO ! DEVELOPM5T1 BO? 0SPONTANE\S0 & 0CONSCI\S0 ( RATIONAL TE*NIQUES ( PLANN+4 ,LET US NOT BE MISUND]/OOD2 ! ROLE ( ! 0PLAN FACTORY0 WON'T BE TO DECIDE ON ! PLAN4 ,IT WON'T IMPOSE ANY?+ ON O!RS4 ,! T>GETS ( ! PLAN WILL BE DET]M9$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 9 A MANN] %ORTLY TO BE DESCRIB$4 ,BE=E ANY PROPOSALS >E VOT$ UPON1 H[EV]1 ! PLAN FACTORY WILL WORK \T & PRES5T TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE ! IMPLICATIONS & CONSEQU5CES 7= V>I\S GR\PS ( ! POPULATION7 ( ! PLAN 7OR PLANS7 SUGGE/$4 ,?IS WILL RESULT 9 A VA/ 9CREASE 9 ! >EA ( REAL DEMOCRACY 7I4E41 ( DECID+ 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS74 ,AFT] A PLAN HAS BE5 ADOPT$1 ! TASK ( ! PLAN FACTORY WILL BE TO CON/ANTLY BR+ UP-TO-DATE ! FACTS ON :I* ! PLAN WAS BAS$1 TO DRAW ! NECESS>Y CONCLUSIONS FROM POSSIBILITIES ( *ANGE & TO 9=M BO? ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,C\NCILS & ! RELEVANT SECTORS ( ANY ALT]ATIONS 9 9T]M$IATE T>GETS 7& !RE=E1 ( PRODUCTION TASKS7 ?AT MIGET1 A COMPLETE LI/ ( CONSUM] GOODS OR SUGGE/ 9 :AT PROPORTIONS !Y %\LD BE PRODUC$4 ,SU* A PROPOSAL W\LD NOT BE DEMOCRATIC1 = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/LY1 IT C\LD NEV] BE BAS$ ON 0FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS10 NAMELY ON A FULL KN[L$GE ( EV]YBODY'S PREF]5CES4 ,SECONDLY1 IT W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO A PO9TLESS TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY OV] ! M9ORITY4 ,IF #d .0 ( ! POPULATION WI% TO CONSUME A C]TA9 >TICLE1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( IT UND] PRETEXT ?AT ! O!R #f .0 PREF] SOME?+ ELSE4 ,NO PREF]5CE OR TA/E IS MORE LOGICAL ?AN ANY O!R4 ,MOREOV]1 CONSUM] WI%ES >E SELDOM 9COMPATIBLE ) ONE ANO!R4 ,MAJORITY VOTES 9 ?IS MATT] W\LD AM\NT TO RATION+1 AN ABSURD WAY ( SETTL+ ?IS K9D ( PROBLEM ANY:]E BUT 9 A BESIEG$ =TRESS4 ,PLANN+ DECISIONS WON'T !RE=E RELATE TO P>TICUL> ITEMS1 BUT TO ! G5]AL /&>D ( LIV+ 7! OV]ALL VOLUME ( CONSUMPTION74 ,!Y WILL NOT DELVE 9TO ! DETAIL$ COMPOSITION ( ?IS CONSUMPTION4 ,9 RELATION TO HUMAN CONSUMPTION1 DECID+ ON LIV+ /&>DS DOESN'T REQUIRE ! SAME K9D ( CONSID]ATIONS ?AT GO 9TO DET]M9+ H[ MANY TONS ( COAL >E NE$$ TO PRODUCE SO MANY TONS ( /EEL4 ,!RE >E NO 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS ( ! CONSUM]40 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 !RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 SOME /ATI/ICAL CORRELATION BETWE5 9COME & ! /RUCTURE ( DEM& 7)\T SU* A CORRELATION PRIVATE CAPITALISM C\LDN'T FUNCTION74 ,BUT1 ?IS IS ONLY A V]Y RELATIVE AFFAIR4 ,IT W\LD BE TURN$ UPSIDE D[N UND] SOCIALISM4 ,A MASSIVE R$I/RIBUTION ( 9COMES WILL HAVE TAK5 PLACE2 PR(\ND *ANGES WILL HAVE OCCURR$ 9 EV]Y REALM ( SOCIAL LIFE2 ! P]MAN5T RAPE ( ! CONSUM]S ?R\< ADV]TIS+ & CAPITALI/ SALES' TE*NIQUES WILL HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$2 NEW TA/ES WILL HAVE EM]G$ AS ! RESULT ( 9CREAS$ LEISURE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! /ATI/ICAL REGUL>ITY ( CONSUM] DEM& CAN'T SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( V>IATIONS ?AT MIDS WILL GO UP BY #e .0 NEXT YE>1 & EXP]I5CE TELLS US ?AT ?IS WILL RESULT 9 A #b .0 9CREASE 9 ! DEM& = C>S1 !RE=E LET'S MAKE #b .0 MORE C>S10 & /OPP+ AT ?AT4 ,ONE MAY HAVE TO />T 9 ?IS WAY1 :]E O!R CRIT]IA >E MISS+1 BUT !RE WILL HAVE TO BE P[]FUL CORRECT+ ME*ANISMS CAPABLE ( RESPOND+ TO DISP>ITIES BETWE5 ANTICIPAT$ & REAL DEM&4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO REGULATE ! PATT]N ( ITS CONSUMPTION ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( CONSUM] SOV]EIGNTY4 ,?IS IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( SOME ME*ANISM :]EBY CONSUM] DEM& CAN G5U9ELY MAKE ITSELF FELT4 ,! 0G5]AL DECISION0 EMBODI$ 9 ! PLAN WILL DEF9E3 :AT PROPORTION ( ITS OV]ALL PRODUCT SOCIETY WI%ES TO DEVOTE TO ! SATISFACTION ( 9DIVIDUAL CONSUM] NE$S1 :AT PROPORTION IT W\LD LIKE TO ALLOCATE TO COLLECTIVE NE$S 70PUBLIC CONSUMPTION071 & :AT PROPORTION IT WANTS TO DEVOTE TO 0DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES0 7I4E41 TO 9VE/74 ,BUT ! /RUCTURE ( CONSUMPTION WILL HAVE TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSUM]S !MSELVES4 ,H[ C\LD A MUTUAL ADAPTATION ( SUPPLY & DEM& COME AB\T8 ,H[ MII\S COMMODITIES1 9 EXCESS ( :AT IT IS EXPECT$ MII\S COMMODITIES4 ,! REASON = !SE TEMPOR>Y PRICE FLUCTUATIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE FULLY EXPLA9$ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE W\LD SIMULTANE\SLY TAKE PLACE AN IMM$IATE READJU/M5T 9 ! \TPUT ( CONSUM] GOODS1 TO ! LEVEL :]E 7! /OCKS HAV+ BE5 RECON/ITUT$7 ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS EQUALS ! DEM&4 ,AT ?AT MOM5T1 ! SALE PRICE W\LD AGA9 BECOME EQUAL TO ! 0NORMAL PRICE0 7LABOR VALUE7 ( ! PRODUCT4 ,GIV5 ! PR9CIPLE ( 0CONSUM] SOV]EIGNTY0 ANY DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ACTUAL DEM& & PRODUCTION S*$UL$ WILL HAVE TO BE CORRECT$ BY A MODIFICATION 9 ! /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION & NOT BY RESORT+ TO P]MAN5T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SELL+ PRICES & VALUE4 ,IF SU* DIFF]5CES W]E TO APPE>1 !Y W\LD AUTOMATICALLY IMPLY ?AT ! ORIG9AL PLANN+ DECISION WAS WRONG1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> FIELD4 D4 0,MONEY10 0,WAGES10 ,VALUE ,MANY ABSURDITIES HAVE BE5 SAID AB\T MONEY & ITS IMM$IATE ABOLITION 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 & !RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( LOOSE ?9K+ AB\T ! SUBJECT4_<#a#d_> ,IT %\LD BE CLE> ?AT ! ROLE ( MONEY IS RADICALLY ALT]$ FROM ! MOM5T :]E IT CAN NO LONG] BE A MEANS ( ACCUMULATION 7! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BE+ [N$ 9 COMMON7 OR AS A MEANS ( EX]T+ SOCIAL PRESSURE 7WAGES BE+ EQUAL74 ,:AT RESIDUAL FUNCTION W\LD MONEY !N HAVE8 ,PEOPLE WILL PROBABLY RECEIVE A TOK5 9 RETURN = :AT !Y PUT 9TO SOCIETY4_<#a#e_> ,!SE 0TOK5S0 MIE SEEK+ H]E TO GET TO GRIPS ) REALITIES & >E NOT FI JU/ AS A LITTLE E>LI] WE US$ ! WORDS 0NORMAL PRICES0 TO DESCRIBE ! MONET>Y EXPRESSION ( LABOR VALUE4.<#b.> ,UND] SOCIALISM LABOR VALUE W\LD BE ! ONLY RATIONAL BASIS = ANY K9D ( SOCIAL ACC\NTANCY & ! ONLY Y>D/ICK HAV+ ANY REAL MEAN+ = PEOPLE4 ,! FIR/ AIM ( SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION WILL BE TO R$UCE BO? ! DIRECT & 9DIRECT EXP5DITURE ( HUMAN LABOR P[]4 ,FIX+ ! PRICES ( CONSUM] GOODS ON ! BASIS ( !IR LABOR VALUE1 W\LD MEAN ?AT = EV]YONE ! CO/ ( OBJECTS W\LD CLE>LY APPE> AS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! LABOR 79 H\RS7 S_/HE HIMSELF W\LD HAVE HAD TO EXP5D TO PRODUCE !M 7ASSUM+ S_/HE HAD ACCESS TO ! AV]AGE PREVAIL+ EQUIPM5T & ?AT S_/HE HAD AN AV]AGE SOCIAL CAPACITY74 ,IT W\LD BO? SIMPLIFY & CL>IFY ?+S IF ! MONET>Y UNIT WAS CONSID]$ ! 0NET PRODUCT ( AN H\R ( LABOR0 & IF ?IS W]E MADE ! UNIT ( VALUE4 ,IT W\LD ALSO ASSI/ TOTAL DEMY/IFICATION IF ! H\RLY WAGE1 EQUAL = ALL1 W]E A GIV5 FRACTION ( ?IS UNIT1 EXPRESS+ ! RATIO 0PRIVATE CONSUMPTION 3 TOTAL NET PRODUCTION40 ,IF !SE /EPS W]E TAK5 & ?OR\E (T5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ HI]>*Y & WAGE DIFF]5TIALS4 ,BAS+ ITSELF ON ?IS FACT1 SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL 9TRODUCE ABSOLUTE WAGE EQUALITY4 ,!RE IS NO JU/IFICATION = WAGE DIFF]5TIALS1 :E!R !SE REFLECT DIFF]+ PR(ESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OR DIFF]5CES 9 PRODUCTIVITY4 ,IF AN 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF_/H]SELF ADVANC$ ! CO/S ( HIS_/H] PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+1 & IF SOCIETY CONSID]$ HIM_/H] 0AN 5T]PRISE10 ! RECUP]ATION ( ?OSE CO/S1 SPREAD \T OV] A WORK+ LIFETIME W\LD AT MO/ 0JU/IFY10 AT ! EXTREMES ( ! WAGES SPECTRUM A DIFF]5TIAL ( #b3#a 7BETWE5 A SWEEP] & A NEUROSURGEON74 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 TRA9+ CO/S W\LD BE ADVANC$ BY SOCIETY 7!Y (T5 >E1 EV5 TODAY71 & ! QUE/ION ( !IR 0RECOV]Y0 W\LD NOT >ISE4 ,AS = PRODUCTIVITY1 IT DEP5DS 7ALREADY TODAY7 MU* LESS ON BONUS & MU* MORE ON ! CO]CIONS EX]CIS$ ON ! ONE H& BY ! MA*9ES & BY ! =EMAN 7T5D+ TO PU% IT UP71 & ON ! O!R H& BY ! DISCIPL9$ RESI/ANCE TO PRODUCTION1 IMPOS$ BY PRIM>Y WORK+ GR\PS 9 ! WORK%OP 7T5D+ TO KEEP IT D[N74 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD NOT 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY BY ECONOMIC CON/RA9TS )\T RESORT+ AGA9 TO ALL ! CAPITALI/ P>APH]NALIA ( NORMS1 SUP]VISION1 ETC4 ,COOP]ATION W\LD FL[ 7AS IT ALREADY DOES1 9 P>T1 TODAY7 FROM ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( PRIM>Y GR\PS 9 ! WORK%OPS1 FROM ! NATURAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 DIFF]5T %OPS1 & FROM GA!R+S ( PRODUC]S 9 DIFF]5T FACTORIES OR DIFF]5T SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! PRIM>Y GR\P 9 A WORK%OP1 CAN1 9 G5]AL1 SECURE ?AT ANY P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL DOES HIS_/H] %>E4 ,IF1 = ANY P>TICUL> REASON1 !Y C\LDN'T WORK ) A P>TICUL> P]SON1 !Y C\LD ASK HIM_/H] TO LEAVE ! P>TICUL> %OP4 ,IT W\LD !N BE UP TO ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 QUE/ION TO SEEK 5TRY 9TO ONE ( MANY O!R PRIM>Y GR\PS ( WORK]S & TO GET HIMSELF_/H]SELF ACCEPT$ BY !M4 ,WAGE EQUALITY WILL GIVE A REAL MEAN+ TO CONSUMPTION1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL AT LA/ BE+ ASSUR$ ( AN EQUAL VOTE4 ,IT WILL ABOLI% A L>GE NUMB] ( CONFLICTS BO? 9 EV]YDAY LIFE & 9 PRODUCTION1 & WILL 5ABLE AN EXTRAORD9>Y COHESION ( WORK+ PEOPLE TO DEVELOP4 ,IT WILL DE/ROY AT ! V]Y ROOTS ! :OLE M]CANTILE MON/ROSITY ( CAPITALISM 7BO? PRIVATE & BUREAUCRATIC71 ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?AT :OLE UNIV]SE :]E ONE DOESN'T E>N :AT ONE IS WOR?1 BUT :]E ONE IS WOR? :AT ONE E>NS4 ,A FEW YE>S ( WAGE EQUALITY & LITTLE WILL BE LEFT ( ! :OLE DI/ORT$ M5TALITY ( PRES5T DAY 9DIVIDUALS4 F4 ,! ,FUNDAM5TAL ,DECISION ,! FUNDAM5TAL DECISION1 9 A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY1 IS ! ONE :]EBY SOCIETY AS A :OLE DET]M9ES :AT IT WANTS 7I4E41 ! ULTIMATE T>GETS ( ITS PLAN74 ,?IS DECISION IS AB\T TWO BASIC PROPOSITIONS4 ,GIV5 C]TA9 09ITIAL CONDITIONS10 H[ MU* TIME DOES SOCIETY WANT TO DEVOTE TO PRODUCTION8 ,& H[ MU* ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT DOES IT WANT TO SEE RESPECTIVELY ALLOCAT$ TO PRIVATE CONSUMPTION1 TO PUBLIC CONSUMPTION1 & TO 9VE/M5T8 ,9 BO? PRIVATE & BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! AM\NT ( TIME ONE HAS TO WORK IS DET]M9$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS BY MEANS ( ECONOMIC OR DIRECT PHYSICAL CON/RA9TS4 ,NO ONE IS CONSULT$ AB\T ! MATT]4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 WILL NOT ESCAPE ! IMPACT ( C]TA9 ECONOMIC FACTS 79 ! S5SE ?AT ANY DECISION TO MODIFY LABOR TIME WILL - O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL - HAVE A BE>+ ON PRODUCTION74 ,BUT1 IT WILL DIFF] FROM ALL PREVI\S SOCIETIES1 9 ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO DECIDE AB\T WORK 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS1 ) ! BASIC ELEM5TS ( ! PROBLEM CLE>LY PRES5T$ TO !M4 ,SOCIALISM WILL ALSO BE ! FIR/ SOCIAL SY/EM 5ABL+ PEOPLE TO DECIDE 9 A RATIONAL WAY AB\T H[ SOCIETY'S PRODUCT %\LD BE DIVID$ BETWE5 CONSUMPTION & 9VE/M5T4 ,UND] PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 ?IS DI/RIBUTION TAKES PLACE 9 AN ABSOLUTELY >BITR>Y MANN] & ONE W\LD SEEK 9 VA9 ANY 0RATIONALITY0 UND]LY+ :AT DET]M9ES 9VE/M5T4.<#b#a.> ,9 BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! VOLUME ( 9VE/M5T IS ALSO DECID$ UPON QUITE >BITR>ILY4 ,! C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY1 9 !SE SOCIETIES1 HAVE NEV] BE5 ABLE TO JU/IFY !IR *OICES EXCEPT ?R\< REC\RSE TO 9CANTATIONS AB\T ! 0PRIORITY ( HEAVY 9DU/RY40.<#b#b.> ,BUT1 EV5 IF !RE W]E A RATIONAL1 0OBJECTIVE0 BASIS = A C5TRAL DECISION1 SU* A DECISION W\LD AUTOMATICALLY BE IRRATIONAL1 IF IT WAS REA*$ 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?OSE PRIM>ILY CONC]N$1 NAMELY ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,ANY DECISION TAK5 9 ?IS WAY W\LD REPRODUCE ! BASIC CONTRADICTION ( ALL EXPLOIT+ REGIMES4 ,IT W\LD TREAT PEOPLE1 9 ! PLAN1 AS COMPON5TS ( PR$ICTABLE BEHAVIOR1 AS !ORETICAL 0OBJECTS40 ,IT W\LD SOON LEAD TO TREAT+ !M AS OBJECTS 9 REAL LIFE1 TOO4 ,SU* A POLICY W\LD CONTA9 ! SE$S ( ITS [N FAILURE3 9/EAD ( 5C\RAG+ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! PRODUC]S 9 C>RY+ \T ! PLAN1 IT W\LD IRREVOCABLY ALI5ATE !M FROM A PLAN ?AT WAS NOT ( !IR *OOS+4 ,!RE IS NO OBJECTIVE 0RATIONALITY0 ALL[+ ONE TO DECIDE1 BY MEANS ( MA!MATICAL =MULAS1 AB\T ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY1 AB\T WORK1 AB\T CONSUMPTION1 & AB\T ACCUMULATION4 ,! ONLY RATIONALITY 9 !SE REALMS IS ! LIV+ REASON ( MANK9D1 ! DECISIONS ( ORD9>Y M5 & WOM5 CONC]N+ !IR [N FATE4 ,BUT1 !SE DECISIONS WON'T FL[ FROM A TOSS ( ! DICE4 ,!Y WILL BE BAS$ ON A COMPLETE CL>IFICATION ( ! PROBLEM & ON FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,?IS WILL BE POSSIBLE BECAUSE !RE EXI/S1 = ANY GIV5 LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE1 A DEF9ITE RELATION BETWE5 A GIV5 9VE/M5T & ! RESULT+ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS RELATION IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! APPLICATION TO ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE ( ! 0TE*NICAL COEFFICI5TS ( CAPITAL0 ( :I* WE SPOKE E>LI]4 ,SU*-&-SU* AN 9VE/M5T 9 /EELWORKS WILL RESULT 9 SU*-&-SU* AN 9CREASE 9 :AT ! /EELWORKS TURN \T - & SU*-&-SU* A GLOBAL 9VE/M5T 9 PRODUCTION WILL RESULT 9 SU*-&-SU* A NET 9CREASE 9 ! GLOBAL SOCIAL PRODUCT4.<#b#c.> ,!RE=E1 SU*-&-SU* A RATE ( ACCUMULATION WILL ALL[ SU*-&-SU* A RATE ( 9CREASE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 7& !RE=E1 ( ! /&>D ( LIV+ OR AM\NT ( LEISURE74 ,F9ALLY1 SU*-&-SU* A FRACTION ( ! PRODUCT DEVOT$ TO ACCUMULATION WILL ALSO RESULT 9 SU*-&-SU* A RATE ( 9CREASE ( LIV+ /&>DS4 ,! OV]ALL PROBLEM CAN !RE=E BE POS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS4 ,SU*-&-SU* AN IMM$IATE 9CREASE 9 CONSUMPTION IS POSSIBLE - BUT IT W\LD IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CUT-D[N ON FUR!R 9CREASES 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE MIDS1 :I* W\LD ALL[ ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 7& H5CE1 LIV+ /&>DS7 TO 9CREASE AT ! RATE ( X .0 P] ANNUM 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,&1 SO ON4 0,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE10 TO :I* ! APOLOGI/S ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM & ( ! BUREAUCRACY >E CON/ANTLY REF]R+1 W\LD /ILL BE ) US4 ,BUT1 IT W\LD BE CLE>LY SE54 ,&1 SOCIETY ITSELF W\LD SETTLE ! MATT]1 FULLY AW>E ( ! SETT+ & ( ! IMPLICATIONS ( :AT IT WAS DO+4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 & TO SUM UP1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ANY OV]ALL PLAN SUBMITT$ TO ! PEOPLE = DISCUSSION W\LD HAVE TO SPECIFY3 ! PRODUCTIVE IMPLICATIONS = EA* SECTOR ( 9DU/RY1 & AS F> AS POSSIBLE = EA* 5T]PRISE2 ! AM\NT ( WORK = EV]YONE ?AT !SE IMPLI$2 ! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION DUR+ ! 9ITIAL P]IOD2 ! AM\NTS TO BE DEVOT$ TO PUBLIC CONSUMPTION & TO 9VE/M5T2 ! RATE ( 9CREASE ( FUTURE CONSUMPTION4 ,TO SIMPLIFY ?+S1 WE HAVE AT TIMES PRES5T$ ! DECISIONS AB\T ULTIMATE & 9T]M$IATE T>GETS 7I4E41 ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! PLAN CONC]N+ SPECIFIC >EAS ( PRODUCTION7 AS TWO SEP>ATE & CONSECUTIVE ACTS4 ,9 PRACTICE1 !RE W\LD BE A CONT9U\S GIVE-&-TAKE BETWE5 !SE TWO PHASES1 & A MULTIPLICITY ( PROPOSALS4 ,! PRODUC]S WILL BE 9 NO POSITION TO DECIDE ON ULTIMATE T>GETS1 UNLESS !Y KN[ :AT ! IMPLICATIONS ( P>TICUL> T>GETS >E = !MSELVES1 NOT ONLY AS CONSUM]S BUT AS PRODUC]S1 WORK+ 9 A SPECIFIC FACTORY4 ,MOREOV] !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A DECISION 0TAK5 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS10 IF ?AT DECISION IS NOT F\ND$ ON A NUMB] ( *OICES1 EA* ) ITS P>TICUL> IMPLICATIONS4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL DECISIONAL PROCESS MIT+ FROM BEL[1 !RE W\LD1 AT FIR/1 BE DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES4 ,9ITIAL PROPOSALS W\LD EMANATE FROM ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS ( V>I\S 5T]PRISES & W\LD DEAL ) !IR [N PRODUCTIVE POSSIBILITIES 9 ! P]IOD TO COME4 ,! PLAN FACTORY W\LD !N REGR\P !SE V>I\S PROPOSALS1 PO9T+ \T :I* ONES W]E MUTUALLY 9COMPATIBLE OR 5TAIL$ UN9T5D$ EFFECTS ON O!R SECTORS4 ,IT W\LD ELABORATE A S]IES ( A*IEVABLE T>GETS1 GR\P+ !M AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 T]MS ( !IR CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS4 .<,PROPOSAL ,A IMPLIES ?AT FACTORY ,X WILL NEXT YE> 9CREASE ITS PRODUCTION BY ,Y .0 ) ! HELP ( ADDITIONAL EQUIPM5T ,Z4 ,PROPOSAL ,B1 ON ! O!R H&1 IMPLIES4441 ETC4.> ,!RE W\LD !N BE A FULL DISCUSSION ( ! V>I\S OV]ALL PROPOSALS1 ?R\<\T ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES & BY ALL ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 POSSIBLY ) C\NT]-PROPOSALS & A REPETITION ( ! PROC$URE DESCRIB$4 ,A F9AL DISCUSSION W\LD !N LEAD TO A SIMPLE MAJORITY VOTE 9 ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES4 O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY #h4 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ! ,ECONOMY ,WE HAVE SPELL$ \T ! IMPLICATIONS ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AT ! LEVEL ( A P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE4 ,!SE CONSI/ ( ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & ( ! ASSUMPTION ( MANAG]IAL AU?ORITY BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 ORGANIZ$ 9 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & 9 ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( ONE OR MORE %OPS OR (FICES1 OR ( A :OLE 5T]PRISE4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE ALSO IMPLIES ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY IS NOT VE/$ 9 ! H&S ( A SPECIFIC MANAG]IAL /RATUM1 BUT ?AT IT BELONGS TO ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITIES ( PRODUC]S4 ,:AT WE HAVE \TL9$ 9 ! PREVI\S SECTIONS %[S ?AT DEMOCRATIC MANAGEM5T IS P]FECTLY FEASIBLE4 ,ITS BASIC ASSUMPTION IS ! CL>IFICATION ( DATA & ! MASS UTILIZATION ( :AT MOD]N TE*NIQUES HAVE N[ MADE POSSIBLE4 ,IT IMPLIES ! CONSCI\S USE ( A S]IES ( DEVICES & ME*ANISMS 7SU* AS ! G5U9E CONSUM] 0M>KET10 WAGE EQUALITY1 ! NEW RELATIONS BETWE5 PRICE & VALUE - & ( C\RSE1 ! PLAN FACTORY7 COMB9$ ) REAL KN[L$GE CONC]N+ ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,TOGE!R1 !SE WILL HELP CLE> ! GR\ND4 ,! MAJOR P>T ( PLANN+ IS JU/ MADE UP ( TASKS ( EXECUTION & C\LD SAFELY BE LEFT TO HIIETY ( FEASIBLE PLANS & !IR FULL RESPECTIVE IMPLICATIONS = EV]YONE4 ,?IS G5]AL CLE>+ ( ! GR\ND HAV+ BE5 A*IEV$1 & COH]5T POSSIBILITIES HAV+ BE5 PRES5T$ TO ! PEOPLE1 ! F9AL *OICE WILL LIE 9 !IR H&S4 ,EV]YONE WILL P>TICIPATE 9 DECID+ ! ULTIMATE T>GETS 09 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS10 I4E41 KN[+ ! IMPLICATIONS ( HIS_/H] *OICE = HIMSELF_/H]SELF 7BO? AS PRODUC] & AS CONSUM]74 ,ONCE ADOPT$1 A GIV5 PLAN W\LD PROVIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES = A GIV5 P]IOD4 ,IT W\LD E/ABLI% A />T+ PO9T = ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,BUT1 9 A FREE SOCIETY1 ! PLAN WILL NOT DOM9ATE ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,IT IS ONLY A />T+ PO9T1 CON/ANTLY TO BE TAK5 UP AGA9 & MODIFI$ AS NECESS>Y4 ,NEI!R ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( SOCIETY - NOR ITS TOTAL LIFE - CAN BE BAS$ ON A DEAD TE*NOLOGICAL RATIONALITY1 E/ABLI%$ ONCE & = ALL4 ,SOCIETY CANNOT ALI5ATE ITSELF FROM ITS [N DECISIONS4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT REAL LIFE WILL ALMO/ ( NECESSITY DIV]GE1 9 MANY ASPECTS1 FROM ! 0MO/ P]FECT0 PLAN 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ALSO ?AT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T WILL CON/ANTLY T5D TO ALT]1 BO? DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY1 ! BASIC DATA & T>GETS ( ! PLAN4 ,NEW PRODUCTS1 NEW ME?ODS1 NEW IDEAS1 NEW PROBLEMS1 NEW DIFFICULTIES & NEW SOLUTIONS WILL CON/ANTLY BE EM]G+4 ,WORK+ TIMES WILL BE R$UC$4 ,PRICES WILL FALL1 5TAIL+ REACTIONS ( ! CONSUM]S & DISPLACEM5TS ( DEM&4 ,SOME ( !SE MODIFICATIONS WILL ONLY AFFECT A S+LE FACTORY1 O!RS SEV]AL FACTORIES & YET O!RS1 NO D\BT1 ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4.<#b#d.> ,! 0PLAN FACTORY0 W\LD1 !RE=E1 NOT ONLY BE CALL$ UPON TO WORK ONCE EV]Y FIVE YE>S2 IT W\LD DAILY HAVE TO TACKLE SOME PROBLEM OR ANO!R4 ,ALL ?IS DEALS MA9LY ) ! =M ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY1 & ) ! ME*ANISMS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MIR[] S5SE1 !Y W\LD 5ABLE SOCIETY TO ORI5T ! ECONOMY 9 ANY P>TICUL> DIRECTION4 ,IT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT ! DIRECTION *OS5 W\LD BE RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT PROPOS$ BY ! BE/ 9T5TION$ IDEOLOGI/S OR PHILAN?ROPI/S ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,ALL SU* IDEOLOGI/S 7:E!R 0,M>XI/0 OR B\RGEOIS7 ACCEPT AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT ! IDEAL ECONOMY IS ONE :I* ALL[S ! MO/ RAPID POSSIBLE EXPANSION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES &1 AS A COROLL>Y1 ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY4 ,?IS IDEA1 CONSID]$ 9 ABSOLUTE T]MS1 IS ABSOLUTELY ABSURD4 ,IT EPITOMIZES ! :OLE M5TALITY1 PSY*OLOGY1 LOGIC & METAPHYSIC ( CAPITALISM1 ITS REALITY AS WELL AS ITS S*IZOPHR5IA4 0,WORK IS HELL4 ,IT MU/ BE R$UC$40 ,! RUL]S ( MOD]N SOCIETY 7,EA/ & ,WE/7 BELIEVE ?AT PEOPLE WILL ONLY BE HAPPY IF !Y >E PROVID$ ) C>S & BUTT]4 ,! POPULATION MU/ !RE=E BE MADE TO FEEL ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE HAPPY IF ! ROADS >E *OK$ ) C>S OR IF IT CAN 0CAT* UP ) ,AM]ICAN BUTT] PRODUCTION )9 ! NEXT ?REE YE>S40 ,&1 :5 PEOPLE ACQUIRE ! SAID C>S & ! SAID BUTT]1 ALL ?AT WILL BE LEFT = !M TO DO WILL BE TO COMMIT SUICIDE1 :I* IS JU/ :AT !Y DO 9 ?AT 0IDEAL0 C\NTRY CALL$ ,SW$54 ,?IS 0ACQUISITIVE0 M5TALITY :I* CAPITALISM 5G5D]S1 :I* HELPS CAPITALISM LIVE1 )\T :I* CAPITALISM C\LD NOT EXI/1 & :I* CAPITALISM EXAC]BATES TO FR5ETIC PROPORTIONS1 MIT ( SOCIAL 9VE/M5T WILL1 !RE=E1 BE GE>$ TO TRANS=M+ MA*9]Y1 TO A UNIV]SAL & G5U9E $UCATION1 TO ABOLI%+ DIVISIONS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 & BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR4 ,! GR[? ( FRE$OM )9 WORK1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CREATIVE FACULTIES ( ! PRODUC]S1 ! CREATION ( 9TEGRAT$ & COMPLETE HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 WILL BE ! PA?S ALONG :I* SOCIALI/ HUMANITY WILL SEEK TO F9D ! MEAN+ ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,!SE WILL1 9 ADDITION1 5ABLE SOCIALISM TO SECURE ! MAT]IAL BASIS :I* IT NE$S4 O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY #i4 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY ,WE HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ ! TYPE ( *ANGE ?AT W\LD BE BR\I\S PLACES ( WORK4 ,A SIMIL> REGIONAL COOP]ATION W\LD BE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ,C\NCILS REPRES5T+ ALL ! UNITS ( A REGION4 ,COOP]ATION WILL F9ALLY BE NECESS>Y ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 = ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY1 :E!R ECONOMIC OR NOT4 ,A C5TRAL BODY1 :I* W\LD BE ! EXPRESSION & ! EMANATION ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 W\LD 5SURE ! G5]AL TASKS ( ECONOMIC COORD9ATION1 9ASMU* AS !Y W]E NOT DEALT ) BY ! PLAN ITSELF - OR MORE PRECISELY1 9ASMU* AS ! PLAN WILL HAVE TO BE FREQU5TLY OR CON/ANTLY AM5D$ 7! V]Y DECISION TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT %\LD BE AM5D$ W\LD HAVE TO BE 9ITIAT$ SOME:]E74 ,SU* A BODY W\LD ALSO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES 9 O!R >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* HAVE LITTLE OR NO?+ TO DO ) G5]AL ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,?IS C5TRAL BODY W\LD BE ! DIRECT EMANATION ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ( ! LOCAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES4 ,IT W\LD CONSI/ ( A ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,C\NCIL ,DELEGATES1 :I* ,ASSEMBLY W\LD ITSELF ELECT1 FROM )9 ITS [N RANKS1 A ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL4 ,?IS NETWORK ( ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES & ,C\NCILS IS ALL ?AT IS LEFT ( 0! ,/ATE0 OR 0P[]0 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! :OLE 0/ATE0 & ! ONLY EMBODIM5T ( 0P[]40 ,!RE >E NO O!R 9/ITUTIONS FROM :I* PROPOSALS OR DECISIONS MIISE 9 A FREE SOCIETY - & NOT ONLY ) 9DU/RIAL PROBLEMS2 ?AT 9/ITUTIONS ( ! TYPE DESCRIB$ C\LD COORD9ATE ALL ?OSE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES :I* ! POPULATION FELT NE$$ COORD9ATION 79 P>TICUL>1 NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES7 - 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT !Y C\LD FULFILL ALL ! FUNCTIONS NE$$ ( A SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION 7:I* >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! FUNCTIONS ( A MOD]N ,/ATE74 ,WE WILL F9ALLY HAVE TO DISCUSS :AT W\LD BE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( 0P>TIES0 & ( 0POLITICS0 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 A4 ,! ,C\NCILS3 ,AN ,ADEQUATE ,ORGANIZATION = ! ,:OLE ,POPULATION ,! SETT+-UP ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS WILL CREATE NO P>TICUL> PROBLEMS 9 RELATION TO 9DU/RY 7TAK+ ! T]M 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE TO 9CLUDE MANUFACTURE1 TRANSPORT1 BUILD+1 M9+1 5]GY PRODUCTION1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 ETC474 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY WILL1 9 FACT1 BE BAS$ ON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* ,C\NCILS & W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T IT4 ,9 ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 H[EV]1 :5 ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME ! NORM1 A PROBLEM WILL >ISE FROM ! NE$ TO REGR\P PEOPLE WORK+ 9 SMALL] 5T]PRISES4 ,?IS REGR\P+ WILL BE NECESS>Y IF ONLY TO 5SURE !M !IR FULL DEMOCRATIC & REPRES5TATIONAL RITICUL> PROBLEM ISN'T V]Y IMPORTANT1 = EV5 IF !RE >E MANY SU* SMALL 5T]PRISES1 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE WORK+ 9 !M ONLY REPRES5TS A SMALL PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL WORK+ POPULATION4 ,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION 9TO ,C\NCILS C\LD PROCE$ AS NATURALLY 9 AGRICULTURE AS 9 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS TRADITIONAL ON ! LEFT TO SEE ! PEASANTRY AS A S\RCE ( CON/ANT PROBLEMS = WORK+ CLASS P[]1 BECAUSE ( ITS DISP]SION1 ITS ATTA*M5T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY & ITS POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL BACKW>DNESS4 ,!SE FACTORS C]TA9LY EXI/1 BUT IT IS D\BTFUL IF ! PEASANTRY W\LD ACTIVELY OPPOSE A WORK+ CLASS P[] EXHIBIT+ T[>DS IT AN 9TELLIG5T & SOCIALI/ ATTITUDE4 ,! 0PEASANT NIE10 CURR5TLY OBSESS+ SO MANY REVOLUTION>IES1 RESULTS FROM ! TELESCOP+ ( TWO QUITE DIFF]5T PROBLEMS2 ON ! ONE H&1 ! RELATIONS ( ! PEASANTRY ) A SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION1 9 ! CONTEXT ( A MOD]N SOCIETY2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEASANTRY & ,/ATE 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( #aiba 7OR ( #a#i#c#b71 OR 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES BETWE5 #aide & ! PRES5T TIME4 ,! SITUATION :I* L$ ,RUSSIA TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( #aiba IS ( NO EXEMPL>Y VALUE TO ANY1 EV5 MOD]ATELY1 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,!RE IS NO *ANCE ( ITS REPEAT+ ITSELF 9 A MOD]N SETT+4 ,9 #a#i#b#a1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( AN AGRICULTURE :I* DID NOT DEP5D ON ! RE/ ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY = ITS ESS5TIAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & :I* SEV5 YE>S ( W> & CIVIL W> HAD COMPELL$ TO FALL BACK ON ITSELF 5TIRELY4 ,! ,P>TY WAS ASK+ ( ?IS AGRICULTURE TO SUPPLY ITS PRODUCE TO ! T[NS1 )\T (F]+ IT ANY?+ 9 EX*ANGE4 ,9 #a#i#c#b1 9 ,RUSSIA 7& AFT] #aide 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES71 :AT HAPP5$ WAS AN ABSOLUTELY HEAL?Y RESI/ANCE ( ! PEASANTRY TO ! MON/R\S EXPLOITATION IMPOS$ ON IT BY A BUREAUCRATIC /ATE1 ?R\< =CIBLE COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,9 A C\NTRY SU* AS ,FRANCE - CLASSICALLY CONSID]$ 0BACKW>D0 9 RELATION TO ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ITS PEASANTRY - WORK]S' P[] W\LD NOT HAVE TO FE> A 0:EAT /RIKE40 ,IT W\LD NOT HAVE TO ORGANIZE PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,PRECISELY1 BECAUSE ! PEASANT IS CONC]N$ ) HIS_/H] [N 9T]E/S1 S_/HE W\LD HAVE NO CAUSE TO QU>REL ) AN ADM9I/RATION :I* SUPPLIES HIM_/H] ) PETROL1 ELECTRICITY1 F]TILIZ]S1 ?RE%+ MA*9ES & SP>E P>TS4 ,PEASANTS W\LD ONLY ACTIVELY OPPOSE SU* AN ADM9I/RATION IF PU%$ TO ! LIMIT1 EI!R BY EXPLOITATION OR BY AN ABSURD POLICY ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY W\LD MEAN AN IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC /ATUS ( MO/ PEASANTS1 IF ONLY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ?AT SPECIFIC EXPLOITATION !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO ?R\< MIDDLEM54 ,AS = =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION1 IT W\LD BE ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ! REALM ( AGRICULTURE4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE C\LD ONLY COME AB\T AS ! RESULT ( AN ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T )9 ! PEASANTRY ITSELF4 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES1 C\LD IT BE IMPOS$ ?R\< DIRECT OR 9DIRECT 7ECONOMIC7 CO]CION4 ,A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD />T BY RECOGNIZ+ ! RIGE ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,!Y1 ALONE1 W\LD DECIDE :5 OR IF !Y WANT$ TO =M PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 & UND] :AT CONDITIONS4 ,9 RELATION TO ! OV]ALL PLAN1 IT W\LD BE ! ,RURAL ,COMMUNES & !IR ,C\NCILS ?AT W\LD >GUE ) ! ,C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 & NOT 9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS4 ,COMMUNES W\LD UND]TAKE TO DELIV] SU*-&-SU* A FRACTION ( !IR PRODUCE 7OR A GIV5 AM\NT ( A SPECIFIC PRODUCT7 9 EX*ANGE = GIV5 CR$ITS.<#b#e.> OR GIV5 AM\NTS ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,RURAL ,COMMUNES !MSELVES W\LD DECIDE H[ !SE W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG !IR [N MEMB]S4 ,:AT AB\T GR\PS ( WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 S]VICES ( V>I\S K9DS 7FROM PO/M5 TO WORK]S 9 5T]TA9M5T78 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! PATT]N ( !IR SELF-ORGANIZATION %\LD NOT RESEMBLE ?AT P]TA9+ 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,&1 :AT AB\T ! ?\S&-&-ONE PETTY TRADES EXI/+ 9 T[NS 7%OP-KEEP]S1 COBBL]S1 HAIRDRESS]S1 DOCTORS1 TAILORS1 ETC478 ,H]E1 ! PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION C\LD RESEMBLE :AT WE HAVE \TL9$ = AN 0ATOMIZ$0 OCCUPATION SU* AS AGRICULTURE4 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] W\LD NEV] SEEK =CIBLY TO COLLECTIVIZE !SE OCCUPATIONS4 ,IT W\LD ONLY ASK ( !SE CATEGORIES TO GR\P !MSELVES 9TO ASSOCIATIONS OR COOP]ATIVES1 :I* W\LD AT ONE-&-!-SAMETIME CON/ITUTE !IR REPRES5TATIVE POLITICAL ORGANS & !IR RESPONSIBLE UNITS 9 RELATION TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO QUE/ION1 = 9/ANCE1 ( SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY 9DIVIDUALLY SUPPLY+ EA* P>TICUL> %OP OR >TISAN4 ,IT W\LD SUPPLY ! COOP]ATIVES ( :I* !SE %OPKEEP]S OR >TISANS W\LD BE MEMB]S1 & W\LD 5TRU/ TO !SE COOP]ATIVES !MSELVES TO DI/RIBUTE )9 !IR [N RANKS4 ,AT ! POLITICAL LEVEL1 PEOPLE 9 !SE OCCUPATIONS W\LD SEEK REPRES5TATION ?R\< ,C\NCILS1 = IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ELSE !Y C\LD BE G5U9ELY REPRES5T$4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO FRAUDUL5T ELECTIONS ( EI!R ! WE/]N OR ,RUSSIAN TYPES4 ,!SE SOLUTIONS ADMITT$LY PRES5T S]I\S %ORTCOM+S :5 COMP>$ ) 9DU/RIALLY BAS$ ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS - OR EV5 :5 COMP>$ ) ! ,RURAL ,COMMUNES4 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR ,RURAL ,COMMUNES >5'T PRIM>ILY BAS$ ON AN OCCUPATION 7:5 !Y >E /ILL SO BAS$1 ?IS W\LD REFLECT !IR WEAKNESS RA!R ?AN !IR /R5G?74 ,!Y >E BAS$ ON A WORK+ UNITY & ON A %>$ LIFE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES >E ORGANIC SOCIAL UNITS4 ,A ,COOP]ATIVE ( >TISANS OR ( PETTY TRAD]S1 GEOGRAPHICALLY SCATT]$ & LIV+ & WORK+ SEP>ATELY FROM ONE ANO!R1 WILL ONLY BE BAS$ ON A RA!R N>R[ COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,?IS FRAGM5TATION IS A LEGACY ( CAPITALISM1 :I* SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD SOON] OR LAT] SEEK TO TRANSC5D4 ,!RE >E POSSIBLY TOO MANY PEOPLE 9 !SE OCCUPATIONS TODAY4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 P>T ( !M W\LD PROBABLY BE ABSORB$ 9TO O!R OCCUPATIONS4 ,SOCIETY W\LD GRANT FUNDS TO ! REMA9D] TO 5ABLE !M1 IF !Y SO WI%$1 TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO L>G]1 SELF-MANAG$ UNITS4 ,:5 DISCUSS+ PEOPLE 9 !SE V>I\S OCCUPATIONS1 WE MU/ REPEAT :AT WE SAID AB\T ! PEASANTRY - NAMELY ?AT WE HAVE NO EXP]I5CE ( :AT !IR ATTITUDES MIT )1 & UP TO A PO9T1 !Y WILL D\BTLESS REMA9 0ATTA*$ TO PROP]TY40 ,BUT UP TO :AT PO9T8 ,ALL ?AT WE KN[ IS H[ !Y REACT$ :5 ,/AL9ISM S\DS SOCIALIZATION1 W\LD C]TA9LY 5JOY A DIFF]5T PRE/IGE 9 !IR EYES 7& W\LD HAVE A DIFF]5T K9D ( 9FLU5CE ON !IR DEVELOPM5T7 ?AN DID AN EXPLOIT+ & TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY1 :I* BY EV]Y ONE ( ITS ACTS RE9=C$ !IR 0ATTA*M5T TO PROP]TY0 & DROVE !M C5TURIES BACKW>D4 B4 ,! ,C\NCILS & ,SOCIAL ,LIFE ,! BASIC UNITS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 5VISAG$ SO F> W\LD NOT ONLY MANAGE PRODUCTION4 ,!Y W\LD1 AT ! SAME TIME & PRIM>ILY1 BE ORGANS = POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,!Y W\LD BE BO? ORGANS ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION & ! ONLY BASES ( ! C5TRAL P[]1 :I* W\LD ONLY EXI/ AS A ,F$]ATION OR REGR\P+ ( ALL ! ,C\NCILS4 ,TO SAY ?AT A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL WILL BE AN ORGAN ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T 7& NOT JU/ AN ORGAN ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION71 IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT A FACTORY OR (FICE ISN'T JU/ A PRODUCTIVE UNIT1 BUT IS ALSO A SOCIAL CELL & LOCUS ( 9DIVIDUAL 0SOCIALIZATION40 ,AL?\< ?IS V>IES FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY1 & FROM WORKPLACE TO WORKPLACE1 A MASS ( ACTIVITIES1 O!R ?AN JU/ E>N+ A LIV+1 TAKE PLACE !RE 7CANTE5S1 COOP]ATIVES1 SPORTS CLUBS1 LIBR>IES1 RE/ H\SES1 COLLECTIVE \T+S1 DANCES71 ACTIVITIES :I* ALL[ HUMAN TIES BO? PRIVATE & 0PUBLIC0 TO BECOME E/ABLI%$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! AV]AGE P]SON IS TODAY ACTIVE 9 0PUBLIC0 AFFAIRS1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE ?R\< SOME ACTIVITY RELAT$ TO WORK ?AN 9 HIS CAPACITY AS AN AB/RACT 0CITIZ510 VOT+ ONCE EV]Y #e YE>S4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ( ! V]Y NATURE ( WORK1 W\LD 5ORM\SLY RE9=CE ! POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE1 = EA* WORK]1 ( ! WORK+ COLLECTIVE TO :I* S_/HE BELONG$4 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES W\LD PROBABLY TAKE OV] ALL 0MUNICIPAL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y C\LD ALSO TAKE OV] MANY O!RS1 :I* ! MON/R\S C5TRALIZATION ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE HAS REMOV$ FROM ! H&S ( LOCAL GR\PS1 ) ! SOLE AIM ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! DOM9ION ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ( ITS BUREAUCRACY OV] ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,LOCAL ,C\NCILS1 = 9/ANCE1 MIE AT V>IABLE DI/ANCES FROM :]E !Y WORK4 ,:]E ! SCATT] IS SMALL1 AS 9 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL T[NS OR 9DU/RIAL SUBURBS 7OR 9 MANY ,RURAL ,COMMUNES71 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION MIEA & ! 5T]PRISES 9 ! >EA4 ,9ITIALLY1 SU* GEOGRAPHICALLY-BAS$ LOCAL ,C\NCILS MAY BE NECESS>Y 9 MANY PLACES4 ,ONE MIGE ( LOCAL AFFAIRS4 ,!Y W\LD COLLABORATE AT LOCAL & AT NATIONAL LEVEL ) ! ,C\NCILS ( PRODUC]S 7,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS7 :I* ALONE H[EV] W\LD EMBODY ! NEW P[] 9 PRODUCTION4.<#b#f.> ,! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( ! TWO K9DS ( ,C\NCILS C\LD SOON BE OV]COME1 IF *ANGES TOOK PLACE 9 :]E PEOPLE *OSE TO LIVE4_<#a#g_> ,?IS IS BUT A SMALL ASPECT ( AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM ?AT WILL HANG OV] ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY = DECADES TO COME4 ,UND]LY+ !SE QUE/IONS >E ALL ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & HUMAN PROBLEMS ( T[N PLANN+ 9 ! DEEPE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,AT ! LIMIT1 !RE EV5 LIES ! PROBLEM ( T[N & C\NTRY4 ,IT IS NOT = US H]E TO V5TURE 9TO !SE FIELDS4 ,ALL WE CAN SAY IS ?AT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO TACKLE !SE PROBLEMS AS TOTAL PROBLEMS1 FROM ! V]Y />T1 = !Y IMP+E ON EV]Y ASPECT ( PEOPLES' LIVES & ON SOCIETY'S [N ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL PURPOSE4 ,:AT WE HAVE SAID AB\T LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION ALSO APPLIES TO REGIONAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR ( ,RURAL ,COMMUNES WILL BE 9 *>GE ( COORD9AT+ !SE BODIES AT A REGIONAL LEVEL & ( ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITIES BE/ TACKL$ AT SU* A LEVEL4 C4 ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION ( 0,/ATE0 ,FUNCTIONS ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE 7& NOT M]ELY 0T]RITORIAL0 FUNCTIONS71 WILL BE TAK5 OV] BY LOCAL OR REGIONAL ORGANS ( POPUL> SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT1 :AT AB\T ! TRULY 0C5TRAL0 FUNCTIONS1 ?OSE :I* AFFECT ! TOTALITY ( ! POPULATION1 9 AN 9DIVISIBLE MANN]8 ,9 CLASS SOCIETIES1 & 9 P>TICUL> UND] CLASSICAL #a#i?-C5TURY 0LIB]AL0 CAPITALISM1 ! ULTIMATE FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE WAS TO GU>ANTEE ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( A LEGAL MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ! /ATE CONSI/$ ( 0SPECIALIZ$ BODIES ( >M$ M51 & PRISONS40 ,9 ! C\RSE ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 ?IS /ATE APP>ATUS W\LD BE SMA%$1 ! 0SPECIALIZ$ DETA*M5TS ( >M$ M50 DISSOLV$ & REPLAC$ BY ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE1 ! P]MAN5T BUREAUCRACY ABOLI%$1 & REPLAC$ BY ELECT$ & REVOCABLE (FICIALS4 ,UND] MOD]N CAPITALISM1 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC CONC5TRATION & ! 9CREAS+ CONC5TRATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE 7) ! CORRESPOND+ NE$ = ! RUL+ CLASS TO SUBMIT EV]Y?+ TO ITS CONTROL71 HAVE L$ TO AN 5ORM\S GR[? ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 ( ITS FUNCTIONS1 & ( ITS BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] JU/ A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS :I* HAS ELEVAT$ ITSELF 0ABOVE0 SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! HUB ( A :OLE S]IES ( ME*ANISMS :]EBY MOD]N SOCIETY FUNCTIONS FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,AT ! LIMIT1 ! MOD]N ,/ATE SUBT5DS ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 AS 9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ /ATE CAPITALI/ REGIMES ( ,RUSSIA & ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES4 ,EV5 9 ! ,WE/1 ! MOD]N /ATE DOES NOT ONLY EX]CISE 0P[]0 9 ! N>R[ S5SE1 BUT TAKES ON AN EV]-9CREAS+ ROLE 9 MANAGEM5T & CONTROL NOT ONLY ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT ( A :OLE MASS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITIES4 ,9 P>ALLEL ) ALL ?IS1 ! ,/ATE TAKES ON A :OLE LOT ( FUNCTIONS :I* 9 !MSELVES C\LD P]FECTLY WELL BE C>RI$ \T BY O!R BODIES1 BUT :I* HAVE EI!R BECOME USEFUL 9/RUM5TS ( CONTROL1 OR :I* IMPLY ! MOBILIZATION ( CONSID]ABLE RES\RCES :I* ! ,/ATE ALONE POSSESSES4 ,9 MANY PEOPLE'S M9DS1 ! MY? ( ! 0,/ATE1 AS ! 9C>NATION ( ! ,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA0 7:I* ,5GELS MOCK$ A C5TURY AGO71 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ANO!R MY?1 ! MY? ( ! ,/ATE AS ! 9EVITABLE 9C>NATION ( C5TRALIZATION & ( ! 0TE*NICAL RATIONALIZATION0 REQUIR$ BY MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS HAS HAD TWO MA9 EFFECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT HAS L$ TO PEOPLE CONSID]+ \TMOD$1 UTOPIAN OR 9APPLICABLE SOME ( ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y 9SIX OR ,L59 79 RELATION TO ! EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 #a#h#g#a1 OR #a#i#e74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS L$ TO PEOPLE SWALL[+ ! REALITY ( ! MOD]N ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 :I* SIMULTANE\SLY EPITOMIZES.<#b#g.> ! MO/ TOTAL NEGATION ( PREVI\S REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTIONS ( :AT SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MIIES 7! TOTAL SEP>ATION ( RUL]S & RUL$1 P]MAN5T (FICIALDOM1 GREAT PRIVILEGES = ! FEW1 ETC474 ,BUT1 ?IS V]Y EVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N /ATE CONTA9S ! SE$ ( A SOLUTION4 ,! MOD]N /ATE HAS BECOME A GIGANTIC 5T]PRISE - BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT 5T]PRISE 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN ONLY EX]CISE ITS MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS CREAT$ A :OLE NETWORK ( ORGANS ( EXECUTION1 9 :I* WORK HAS BECOME COLLECTIVE1 FRAGM5T$ & SPECIALIZ$4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ H]E IS ! SAME AS :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION 9 P>TICUL> 5T]PRISES4 ,BUT1 IT HAS HAPP5$ ON A MU* VA/] SCALE4 ,9 !IR OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 TODAY'S GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS ONLY C>RY \T SPECIFIC & LIMIT$ TASKS4 ,!Y >E 05T]PRISES10 SPECIALIZ+ 9 C]TA9 TYPES ( WORK4 ,SOME 7SU* AS ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?7 >E SOCIALLY NECESS>Y4 ,O!RS 7SU* AS ,CU/OMS7 >E QUITE USELESS1 OR >E ONLY NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY 7SU* AS ! ,POLICE74 ,MOD]N GOV]NM5TS (T5 HAVE LITTLE MORE REAL L9KS ) ! WORK ( 0!IR0 DEP>TM5TS ?AN !Y HAVE1 SAY1 ) ! PRODUCTION ( MOTOR C>S4 ,! NOTION ( 0ADM9I/RATIVE RIE1 9 FACT1 A S]IES ( 0PUBLIC S]VICES10 IS A JURIDICAL LEGACY1 )\T REAL CONT5T4 ,ITS ONLY PURPOSE IS TO RE9=CE ! >BITR>9ESS & IRRESPONSIBILITY ( ?OSE AT ! TOP ( V>I\S BUREAUCRATIC PYRAMIDS4 ,GIV5 !SE FACTS1 ! SOLUTION W\LD NOT LIE 9 ! 0ELIGIBILITY & REVOCABILITY0 ( ALL PUBLIC S]VANTS4 ,?IS W\LD BE NEI!R NECESS>Y 7!SE (FICIALS EX]CISE NO REAL P[]7 NOR POSSIBLE 7!Y >E SPECIALIZ$ WORK]S1 :OM ONE C\LD NO MORE 0ELECT0 ?AN ONE W\LD ELECT ELECTRICIANS OR DOCTORS74 ,! SOLUTION W\LD LIE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 PURE & SIMPLE1 ( MO/ ( TODAY'S GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ?IS W\LD ONLY BE GIV+ =MAL RECOGNITION TO AN ALREADY EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,CONCRETELY1 SU* 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION W\LD MEAN3 ! EXPLICIT TRANS=MATION ( !SE GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS 9TO 05T]PRISES0 HAV+ ! SAME /ATUS AS ANY O!R 5T]PRISE4 ,9 MANY ( !SE NEW 5T]PRISES1 ! ME*ANIZATION & AUTOMATION ( WORK C\LD BE SY/EMATICALLY DEVELOP$ TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE2 ! FUNCTION ( !SE 5T]PRISES W\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! C>RY+ \T ( ! TASKS ALLOTT$ TO !M BY ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY2 ! MANAGEM5T ( !SE 5T]PRISES W\LD BE ?R\< ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 REPRES5T+ ?OSE :O WORK !RE4 ,!SE (FICE WORK]S1 LIKE ALL O!RS1 W\LD DET]M9E ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N WORK4.<#b#h.> ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! 0PLAN FACTORY0 W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,A SIMIL> PATT]N MIE ALREADY 09DU/RIAL0 7PUBLIC WORKS1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT1 COMMUNICATIONS7 W\LD BE SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,SO1 PROBABLY1 W\LD $UCATION1 AL?\< H]E !RE W\LD BE LATITUDE = A V]Y WIDE V>IETY ( TE*NIQUES & EXP]IM5TS4 D4 ,! 0,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY0 & ,ITS 0,C\NCIL0 ,:AT REMA9S ( ! FUNCTIONS ( A MOD]N /ATE WILL BE DISCUSS$ UND] ?REE HEAD+S3 ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( AU?ORITY & CO]CION1 0! SPECIALIZ$ B&S ( >M$ M5 & PRISONS0 79 O!R WORDS ! >MY & ! LAW72 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 0POLITICS10 9 ! N>R[ S5SE 79 O!R WORDS ! PROBLEMS ?AT MIMY1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT 0! SPECIALIZ$ B&S ( >M$ M50 W\LD BE DISSOLV$4 ,! PEOPLE W\LD BE >M$4 ,IF W> OR CIVIL W> DEVELOP$1 WORK]S 9 FACTORIES1 (FICES & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES W\LD CON/ITUTE ! UNITS ( A NONP]MAN5T1 T]RITORIALLY-BAS$ MILITIA1 EA* ,C\NCIL BE+ 9 *>GE ( ITS [N >EA4 ,REGIONAL REGR\P+S W\LD 5ABLE LOCAL UNITS TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$1 & IF NECESS>Y1 W\LD ALL[ ! RATIONAL USE ( HEAVI] >MAM5T4.<#b#i.> ,IF IT PROV$ NECESS>Y1 EA* ,C\NCIL W\LD PROBABLY CONTRIBUTE A CONT+5T TO ! =MATION ( C]TA9 C5TRAL UNITS1 :I* W\LD BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4_<#a#h_> ,AS = ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 IT W\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( RANK-&-FILE BODIES4 ,EA* ,C\NCIL MIEA4 ,9DIVIDUAL RIANTE$ BY PROC$URAL RULES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 & MITICUL> 9DIVIDUAL CON/ITUTES A P]MAN5T ?REAT TO O!RS 7& 9 ?AT CASE1 :AT IS NE$$ IS NOT A P5IT5TI>Y BUT ! M$ICAL - & MU* MORE (T5 SOCIAL - HELP ( FELL[ HUMAN BE+S_<#a#i_> ,POLITICAL PROBLEMS - 9 ! N>R[1 AS WELL AS 9 ! BROAD] S5SE - >E PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! :OLE POPULATION1 & :I* ! POPULATION AS A :OLE IS1 !RE=E ALONE1 9 A POSITION TO SOLVE4 ,BUT1 PEOPLE CAN ONLY SOLVE !M IF !Y >E ORGANIZ$ TO ?IS 5D4 ,AT ! MOM5T1 EV]Y?+ IS DEVIS$ SO AS TO PREV5T PEOPLE FROM DEAL+ ) SU* PROBLEMS4 ,PEOPLE >E CONN$ 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT POLITICAL PROBLEMS CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! POLITICIANS1 ?OSE SPECIALI/S ( ! UNIV]SAL1 :OSE MO/ UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE IS PRECISELY !IR IGNORANCE ( ANY P>TICUL> REALITY4 ,! NECESS>Y ORGANIZATIONS WILL COMPRISE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( EA* P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE4 ,!SE WILL PROVIDE LIV+ MILIEUX = ! CONFRONTATION ( VIEWS & = ! ELABORATION ( 9=M$ POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,!Y WILL BE ! ULTIMATE SOV]EIGN AU?ORITIES = ALL POLITICAL DECISIONS4 ,BUT1 !RE WILL ALSO BE A C5TRAL 9/ITUTION1 DIRECTLY EMANAT+ FROM !SE GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS1 NAMELY ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4 ,! EXI/5CE ( SU* A BODY IS NECESS>Y1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE SOME PROBLEMS REQUIRE AN IMM$IATE DECISION 7EV5 IF SU* A DECISION IS SUBSEQU5TLY REV]S$ BY ! POPULATION7 - BUT MORE P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE PRELIM9>Y *ECK+1 CL>IFICATION1 & ELABORATION ( ! FACTS IS NE>LY ALWAYS NECESS>Y - BE=E ANY MEAN+FUL DECISION CAN BE TAK54 ,TO ASK ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE TO PRON\NCE !MSELVES )\T ANY SU* PREP>ATION1 W\LD (T5 BE A MY/IFICATION & A NEGATION ( DEMOCRACY 7BECAUSE IT W\LD IMPLY PEOPLE HAV+ TO DECIDE )\T FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS74 ,!RE MU/ BE A FRAMEWORK = DISCUSS+ PROBLEMS & = SUBMITT+ !M TO POPUL> DECISION1 OR EV5 = SUGGE/+ ?AT !Y %\LD BE DISCUSS$4 ,!SE >E NOT JU/ 0TE*NICAL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y >E DEEPLY POLITICAL1 & ! BODY ?AT W\LD 9ITIATE !M W\LD BE1 :E!R ONE LIK$ IT OR NOT1 AN 9DISP5SABLE C5TRAL 9/ITUTION - AL?\< 5TIRELY DIFF]5T 9 ITS /RUCTURE & ROLE FROM ANY CONTEMPOR>Y C5TRAL BODY4 ,! REAL PROBLEM - :I* 9 \R OP9ION %\LD BE DISCUSS$ RATIONALLY & )\T EXCITEM5T - ISN'T :E!R SU* A BODY %\LD EXI/ OR NOT4 ,IT IS H[ TO 5SURE ?AT IT IS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT IT NO LONG] 9C>NATES ! ALI5ATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 SOCIETY & ! VE/+ ( AU?ORITY 9 ! H&S ( SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS1 SEP>ATE FROM ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO 5SURE ?AT ANY C5TRAL BODY IS ! G5U9E EXPRESSION & EMBODIM5T ( POPUL> WILL4 ,WE ?9K ?IS IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE UND] MOD]N CONDITIONS4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( M5 & WOM5 ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! LOCAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( V>I\S FACTORIES & (FICES4 ,!SE PEOPLE W\LD BE REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES BY ! BODIES ?AT ELECT$ !M4 ,!Y W\LD REMA9 AT WORK1 JU/ AS W\LD ! DELEGATES TO ! LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,DELEGATES TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY W\LD MEET 9 PL5>Y SESSION AS (T5 AS NECESS>Y4 ,9 MEET+ TWICE A WEEK1 OR DUR+ ONE WEEK ( EA* MON?1 !Y W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY GET ?R\< MORE WORK ?AN ANY PRES5T P>LIAM5T 7:I* H>DLY GETS ?R\< ANY74 ,AT FREQU5T 9T]VALS 7P]HAPS ONCE A MON?71 !Y W\LD HAVE TO GIVE AN ACC\NT ( !IR M&ATE TO ?OSE :O HAD ELECT$ !M4.<#c.> ,?OSE ELECT$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY W\LD ELECT FROM )9 !IR [N RANKS - OR W\LD APPO9T TO ACT 9 ROTATION - A ,C\NCIL1 P]HAPS COMPOS$ ( A FEW DOZ5 MEMB]S4 ,! TASKS ( ?IS BODY W\LD BE RE/RICT$ TO PREP>+ ! WORK ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES1 TO DEPUTIZ+ = IT :5 IT WAS NOT 9 SESSION1 & TO CONV5+ ! ,ASSEMBLY URG5TLY1 IF NECESS>Y4 ,IF ?IS 0,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL0 EXCE$$ ITS JURISDICTION & TOOK A DECISION :I* C\LD OR %\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 BY ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 OR IF IT TOOK ANY UNACCEPTABLE DECISIONS1 !SE C\LD IMM$IATELY BE RESC9D$ BY ! NEXT MEET+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* C\LD ALSO TAKE ANY MEASURES NECESS>Y1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! 0DISSOLUTION0 ( ITS [N ,C\NCIL4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY TOOK ANY DECISION :I* EXCE$$ ITS JURISDICTION1 OR :I* PROP]LY BELONG$ TO ! LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR TO ! LOCAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES1 IT W\LD BE UP TO !SE BODIES TO TAKE ANY /EPS NECESS>Y1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! REVOCATION ( !IR DELEGATES TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,NEI!R ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL NOR ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY C\LD P]SEV]E 9 UNACCEPTABLE PRACTICES 7!Y W\LD HAVE NO P[] ( !IR [N1 !Y W\LD BE REVOCABLE1 & 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! POPULATION W\LD BE >M$74 ,BUT1 IF ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ALL[$ ITS ,C\NCIL TO EXCE$ ITS RI+ & DISAPPE>+ 9 SOME MY/]I\S WAY4 ,POLITICAL ALI5ATION 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ISN'T JU/ ! PRODUCT ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS :I*1 BY !IR V]Y /RUCTURE1 MAKE IT TE*NICALLY IMPOSSIBLE = ! POPUL> WILL TO EXPRESS OR FULFILL ITSELF4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ALI5ATION /EMS FROM ! FACT ?AT ?IS WILL IS DE/ROY$ AT ITS ROOTS1 ?AT ITS V]Y GR[? IS ?W>T$1 & ?AT F9ALLY ALL 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS IS TOTALLY SUPPRESS$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE S9I/] ?AN ! UTT]ANCES ( SUNDRY LIB]ALS1 BEMOAN+ ! 0POLITICAL APA?Y ( ! PEOPLE10 AN APA?Y :I* ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM TO :I* !Y SUBSCRIBE W\LD RECREATE DAILY1 IF IT DIDN'T EXI/ ALREADY4 ,?IS SUPPRESSION ( POLITICAL WILL 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES /EMS AS MU* FROM ! CONT5T ( MOD]N 0POLITICS0 AS FROM ! MEANS AVAILABLE = POLITICAL EXPRESSION4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! UNBRIDGEABLE GULF ?AT TODAY SEP>ATES 0POLITICS0 FROM REAL LIFE4 ,! CONT5T ( MOD]N POLITICS IS ! 0BETT]0 ORGANIZATION ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY3 ! BETT] TO EXPLOIT SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,ITS ME?ODS >E NECESS>ILY MY/IFY+3 !Y RESORT EI!R TO DIRECT LIES OR TO MEAN+LESS AB/RACTIONS4 ,! WORLD 9 :I* ALL ?IS TAKES PLACE IS A WORLD ( 0SPECIALI/S10 ( UND]H& DEALS & ( SPURI\S 0TE*NICISM40 ,ALL ?IS WILL BE RADICALLY *ANG$ 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EXPLOITATION HAV+ BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ! CONT5T ( POLITICS WILL BE ! BETT] ORGANIZATION ( \R COMMON LIFE4 ,AN IMM$IATE RESULT WILL BE A DIFF]5T ATTITUDE ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE T[>DS PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,POLITICAL PROBLEMS WILL BE EV]YONE'S PROBLEMS1 :E!R !Y RELATE TO :]E ONE WORKS OR DEAL ) MU* WID] ISSUES4 ,PEOPLE WILL BEG9 TO FEEL ?AT !IR CONC]NS HAVE A REAL IMPACT1 & P]CEPTIBLE RESULTS %\LD SOON BE OBVI\S TO ALL4 ,! ME?OD ( ! NEW POLITICS WILL BE TO MAKE REAL PROBLEMS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL4 ,! GULF SEP>AT+ 0POLITICAL AFFAIRS0 FROM EV]YDAY LIFE WILL N>R[ & EV5TUALLY DISAPPE>4 ,ALL ?IS W>RANTS SOME COMM5T4 ,MOD]N SOCIOLOGI/S (T5 CLAIM ?AT ! CONT5T & ME?ODS ( MOD]N POLITICS >E 9EVITABLE4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( POLITICS FROM LIFE IS DUE TO AN IRREV]SIBLE TE*NOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 :I* MAKES IMPOSSIBLE ANY REAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS ALLEG$ ?AT ! CONT5T ( POLITICS - NAMELY ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY - HAS BECOME HIY MASS ( DATA & PROBLEMS1 EA* ( :I* CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS A RESULT ( ADVANC$ SPECIALIZATION4 ,ALL ?IS ALLEG$LY BE+ SO1 IT IS PROCLAIM$ AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT !SE PROBLEMS C\LD NEV] BE PUT TO ! PUBLIC 9 ANY 9TELLIGIBLE WAY - OR ONLY BY SIMPLIFY+ !M TO A DEGREE ?AT W\LD DI/ORT !M ALTOGE!R4 ,:Y BE SURPRIS$ !N1 ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE TAKE NO MORE 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS ?AN !Y DO 9 DIFF]5TIAL CALCULUS8 ,IF !SE 0>GUM5TS0 - PRES5T$ AS ! V]Y LATE/ 9 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY1 BUT 9 FACT1 AS OLD AS ! WORLD.<#c#a.> - PROVE ANY?+1 IT IS NOT ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A UTOPIAN ILLUSION BUT ?AT ! V]Y MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY1 BY :ATEV] MEANS1 HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! POLITICIAN1 ACCORD+ TO !SE PREMISES1 W\LD HAVE TO BE ! 0,9C>NATION ( ,ABSOLUTE & ,TOTAL ,KN[L$GE40 ,NO TE*NICAL SPECIALIZATION1 H[EV] ADVANC$1 5TITLES ITS POSSESSOR TO 9FLU5CE >EAS O!R ?AN HIS_/H] [N4 ,AN ASSEMBLY ( TE*NICIANS1 EA* ! HITICUL> FIELD - W\LD HAVE NO COMPET5CE 7AS AN ASSEMBLY ( TE*NICIANS7 TO SOLVE ANY?+4 ,ONLY ONE 9DIVIDUAL C\LD COMM5T ON ANY SPECIFIC PO9T1 & NO ONE W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO COMM5T ON ANY G5]AL PROBLEM4 ,9 FACT1 MOD]N SOCIETY IS NOT MANAG$ BY TE*NICIANS AS SU* 7& NEV] C\LD BE74 ,?OSE :O MANAGE IT DON'T 9C>NATE 0,ABSOLUTE ,KN[L$GE0 - BUT RA!R G5]ALIZ$ 9COMPET5CE4 ,9 FACT1 MOD]N SOCIETY IS H>DLY MANAG$ AT ALL - IT JU/ DRIFTS4 ,JU/ LIKE ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS AT ! HEAD ( SOME BIG FACTORY1 A MOD]N POLITICAL 0LEAD]%IP0 ONLY R5D]S V]DICTS - &1 USUALLY QUITE >BITR>Y ONES4 ,IT DECIDES BETWE5 ! OP9IONS ( ! V>I\S TE*NICAL DEP>TM5TS DESIGN$ TO 0ASSI/0 IT1 & OV] :I* IT HAS V]Y LITTLE CONTROL4 ,9 ?IS1 \R RUL]S >E !MSELVES CAU ,WE DISCUSS ALL ?IS BECAUSE IT 5ABLES US ONCE AGA9 TO /RESS AN IMPORTANT TRU?4 ,9 ! CASE ( POLITICS AS 9 ! CASE ( PRODUCTION1 PEOPLE T5D TO BLAME MOD]N TE*NOLOGY OR MOD]N 0TE*NICISM10 9 G5]AL1 9/EAD ( SEE+ ?AT ! PROBLEMS /EM FROM A SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 POLITICS1 AS 9 PRODUCTION1 CAPITALISM DOESN'T ONLY MEAN ! USE ( TE*NICALLY 0NEUTRAL0 MEANS = CAPITALI/ 5DS4 ,IT ALSO MEANS ! CREATION & DEVELOPM5T ( SPECIFIC TE*NIQUES1 AIM$ AT 5SUR+ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PRODUC]S - OR ! OPPRESSION1 MY/IFICATION & POLITICAL MANIPULATION ( CITIZ5S1 9 G5]AL4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION1 SOCIALISM WILL MEAN ! CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,TE*NIQUE WILL BE MADE TO HELP ! PEOPLE4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( POLITICS1 SOCIALISM WILL IMPLY A SIMIL> TRANS=MATION3 TE*NIQUE WILL BE MADE TO HELP DEMOCRACY4 ,POLITICAL TE*NIQUE IS BAS$ ESS5TIALLY ON ! TE*NIQUES ( 9=MATION & ( COMMUNICATION4 ,WE >E H]E US+ ! T]M 0TE*NIQUE0 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE 7! MAT]IAL MEANS ( 9=MATION & ( COMMUNICATION ONLY COMPRISE A P>T ( ! CORRESPOND+ TE*NIQUES74 ,TO PLACE ! TE*NIQUE ( 9=MATION AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY DOESN'T ONLY MEAN TO PUT MAT]IAL MEANS ( EXPRESSION 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE 7ESS5TIAL AS ?IS MAY BE74 ,NOR DOES IT MEAN ! DISSEM9ATION ( ALL 9=MATION1 OR ( ANY 9=MATION1 9 :ATEV] =M4 ,IT MEANS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 TO PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( MANK9D ! NECESS>Y ELEM5TS 5ABL+ PEOPLE TO DECIDE 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,9 RELATION TO ! PLAN FACTORY1 WE HAVE GIV5 A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE ( H[ 9=MATION C\LD BE US$ SO AS VA/LY TO 9CREASE PEOPLE'S >EAS ( FRE$OM4 ,G5U9E 9=MATION W\LD NOT CONSI/ 9 BURY+ EV]YONE UND] :OLE LIBR>IES ( TEXTBOOKS ON ECONOMICS1 TE*NOLOGY & /ATI/ICS3 ! 9=MATION ?AT W\LD RESULT FROM ?IS W\LD BE /RICTLY NIL4 ,! 9=MATION PROVID$ BY ! PLAN FACTORY W\LD BE COMPACT1 SIGNIFICANT1 SUFFICI5T & TRU?FUL4 ,EV]YONE WILL KN[ :AT S_/HE WILL HAVE TO CONTRIBUTE & ! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION S_/HE WILL 5JOY IF ?IS OR ?AT V>IANT ( ! PLAN IS ADOPT$4 ,?IS IS H[ TE*NIQUE 79 ?IS 9/ANCE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 /ATI/ICS1 & COMPUT]S7 C\LD BE PUT AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY 9 A DECISIVE FIELD4 ,! SAME APPLIES TO ! TE*NIQUE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! V]Y SIZE ( MOD]N SOCIETIES PRECLUDES ! EX]CISE ( ANY G5U9E DEMOCRACY4 ,DI/ANCES & NUMB]S ALLEG$LY R5D] DIRECT DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ONLY FEASIBLE DEMOCRACY IT IS CLAIM$ IS REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 :I* 09EVITABLY0 CONTA9S A K]NEL ( POLITICAL ALI5ATION1 NAMELY1 ! SEP>ATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVES FROM ?OSE !Y REPRES5T4 ,9 FACT1 !RE >E SEV]AL WAYS ( 5VISAG+ & ( A*IEV+ REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,P>LIAM5T IS ONE4 ,C\NCILS >E ANO!R1 & IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ POLITICAL ALI5ATION C\LD >ISE 9 A PROP]LY FUNCTION+ ,C\NCIL SY/EM4 ,IF MOD]N TE*NIQUES ( COMMUNICATION W]E PUT AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY1 ! >EAS :]E REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY W\LD REMA9 NECESS>Y W\LD N>R[ D[N CONSID]ABLY4 ,MAT]IAL DI/ANCES >E SMALL] 9 ! MOD]N WORLD ?AN !Y W]E 9 ,ATTICA1 9 ! #e? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! VOICE RANGE ( ! ORATOR - & H5CE1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE S_/HE C\LD REA* - WAS LIMIT$ BY ! FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ( HIS_/H] VOCAL CORDS4 ,TODAY1 IT IS UNLIMIT$4 ,9 ! REALM ( COMMUNICAT+ IDEAS1 DI/ANCES HAV5'T ONLY N>R[$ - !Y HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,IF SOCIETY FELT IT TO BE NECESS>Y1 ONE C\LD1 AS FROM TODAY1 E/ABLI% A ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ! :OLE POPULATION ( ANY MOD]N C\NTRY4 ,RADIO-TELEVISION C\LD EASILY L9K UP A VA/ NUMB] ( ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES1 9 V>I\S FACTORIES1 (FICES1 OR RURAL ,COMMUNES4 ,SIMIL>1 BUT MORE LIMIT$1 L9K-UPS C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ 9 A VA/ NUMB] ( CASES4.<#c#c.> ,! SESSIONS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY OR ( ITS ,C\NCIL C\LD EASILY BE TELEVIS$4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) ! REVOCABILITY ( ALL DELEGATES1 W\LD READILY 5SURE ?AT ANY C5TRAL 9/ITUTION REMA9$ UND] ! P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT W\LD PR(\NDLY ALT] ! V]Y NOTION ( 0REPRES5TATION40.<#c#d.> ,PEOPLE BEMOAN ! FACT ?AT ! SIZE ( ! MOD]N 0CITY10 COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( YE/]DAY 7T5S ( MILLIONS RA!R ?AN T5S ( ?\S&S71 R5D]S DIRECT DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y >E D\BLY BL9D4 ,!Y DON'T SEE1 FIR/LY1 ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS RECREAT$ ! V]Y MILIEU1 ! WORK PLACE1 :]E SU* DEMOCRACY C\LD BE RE9/ITUT$4 ,NOR DO !Y SEE ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS CREAT$ & WILL CONT9UE TO CREATE ! TE*NICAL MEANS = A G5U9E DEMOCRACY ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 ,!Y 5VISAGE ! ONLY SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! SUP]SONIC AGE 9 ! COA*-&-F\R T]MS ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL MA*9]Y4 ,&1 !Y !N CONCLUDE ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS BECOME 0IMPOSSIBLE40 ,!Y CLAIM TO HAVE MADE A 0NEW0 ANALYSIS - &1 !Y HAVE IGNOR$ :AT IS REALLY NEW 9 \R EPO*3 ! MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES ( AT LA/ TRANS=M+ ! WORLD ?R\< TE*NIQUE1 & ?R\< ! MASS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE :O >E ITS LIV+ VEHICLE4 E4 ,! 0,/ATE10 0,P>TIES10 & 0,POLITICS0 ,:AT W\LD 0! /ATE10 0POLITICS10 & 0P>TIES0 CONSI/ ( 9 SU* A SOCIETY8 ,!RE W\LD BE RESIDUES ( A 0/ATE0 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !RE W\LD NOT IMM$IATELY BE A PURE & SIMPLE 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S10 ?AT MAJORITY DECISIONS W\LD /ILL PREVAIL1 & ?AT !RE1 !RE=E1 /ILL REMA9$ SOME LIMITATIONS TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,!RE W\LD NO LONG] BE A 0/ATE0 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! BODIES EX]CIS+ P[] W\LD BE NONE O!R ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE UNITS OR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! :OLE POPULATION1 ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS ORGANIZ+ SOCIAL LIFE W\LD BE BUT ONE ASPECT ( ?AT LIFE ITSELF1 & ?AT :AT REMA9$ ( C5TRAL BODIES W\LD BE UND] ! DIRECT & P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! BASE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! />T+ PO9T4 ,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T C\LD NOT BUT BR+ AB\T A RAPID R$UCTION ( ! C5TRAL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION3 ! REASONS = EX]CIS+ CON/RA9TS W\LD GRADUALLY DISAPPE>1 & ! FIELDS ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM W\LD 5L>GE4 .<,NE$LESS TO SAY1 WE >E NOT TALK+ H]E AB\T =MAL 0DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS10 :I* A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD IMM$IATELY & VA/LY EXP&1 BUT AB\T ! 0ESS5TIAL0 FRE$OMS3 NOT ONLY ! RI ,FRE$ FROM ALL ! P>APH]NALIA & MY/IFICATIONS :I* CURR5TLY SURR\ND IT1 POLITICS 9 SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE NO?+ BUT ! COLLECTIVE DISCUSS+ & SOLV+ ( PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY - :E!R !SE BE ECONOMIC1 $UCATION1 SEXUAL - OR :E!R !Y DEALT ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 OR ) 9T]NAL RELATIONS BETWE5 SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,ALL !SE MATT]S :I* CONC]N ! :OLE ( ! POPULATION W\LD BELONG TO !M4 ,IT IS PROBABLE1 EV5 C]TA91 ?AT !RE W\LD BE DIFF]5T VIEWS AB\T SU* PROBLEMS4 ,EA* APPROA* W\LD SEEK TO BE AS COH]5T & SY/EMATIC AS POSSIBLE4 ,PEOPLE1 DISP]S$ GEOGRAPHICALLY OR PR(ESSIONALLY1 MIE P>TICUL> VIEWPO9TS4 ,!SE PEOPLE W\LD COME TOGE!R TO DEF5D !IR VIEWS1 9 O!R WORDS W\LD =M POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO PO9T 9 PRET5D+ ?AT A CONTRADICTION W\LDN'T EXI/ BETWE5 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* GR\PS & ! ROLE ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,BO? C\LD NOT DEVELOP SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,IF ! ,C\NCILS FULFILL !IR FUNCTION1 !Y WILL PROVIDE ! MA9 LIV+ MILIEU NOT ONLY = POLITICAL CONFRONTATIONS1 BUT ALSO = ! =MATION ( POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,POLITICAL GR\PS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E MORE EXCLUSIVE MILIEUX = ! S*OOL+ ( !IR MEMB]S1 AS WELL AS BE+ MORE EXCLUSIVE POLES = !IR LOYALTY4 ,! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( BO? ,C\NCILS & POLITICAL GR\PS W\LD IMPLY ?AT A P>T ( REAL POLITICAL LIFE W\LD BE TAK+ PLACE ELSE:]E ?AN 9 ! ,C\NCILS4 ,PEOPLE W\LD !N T5D TO ACT 9 ! ,C\NCILS ACCORD+ TO DECISIONS ALREADY TAK5 \TSIDE ( !M4 ,%\LD ?IS T5D5CY PR$OM9ATE1 IT W\LD BR+ AB\T ! RAPID ATROPHY & F9ALLY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,CONV]SELY1 REAL SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! PROGRESSIVE ATROPHY ( E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ BY A /ROKE ( ! P5 OR BY ANY 0/ATUTORY0 DECREE4 ,! P]SI/5CE ( POLITICAL GR\PS W\LD REFLECT ! CONT9UATION ( *>ACT]I/ICS 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! P]SI/5CE ( DIV]G+ 9T]E/S 7& !IR CORRESPOND+ IDEOLOGIES71 EV5 AFT] !IR MAT]IAL BASIS HAD %RUNK4 ,PEOPLE WILL NOT =M P>TIES = OR AGA9/ ! ,QUANTUM ,!ORY1 NOR 9 RELATION TO SIMPLE DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION AB\T ?IS OR ?AT4 ,! FL[]+ OR F9AL ATROPHY ( POLITICAL GR\PS WILL DEP5D ON ! ABILITY ( WORK]S' P[] TO UNITE SOCIETY4.<#c#e.> ,IF ORGANIZATIONS EXPRESS+ ! SURVIVAL ( DIFF]5T 9T]E/S & IDEOLOGIES P]SI/1 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION1 VOIC+ ITS [N P>TICUL> \TLOOK1 WILL ALSO HAVE TO EXI/4 ,IT WILL BE OP5 TO ALL :O FAVOR ! TOTAL P[] ( ! ,C\NCILS1 & WILL DIFF] FROM ALL O!RS1 BO? 9 ITS PROGRAM & 9 ITS PRACTICE1 PRECISELY ON ?IS PO9T3 ITS FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>DS ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! ,C\NCILS & TO !IR BECOM+ ! ONLY C5T]S ( POLITICAL LIFE4 ,?IS IMPLIES ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ P[] BE+ HELD BY ANY P>TICUL> P>TY1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC P[] /RUCTURE ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( A ,P>TY 0HOLD+ P[]40 ,! V]Y WORDS W\LD BE MEAN+LESS )9 ! FRAMEWORK WE HAVE DESCRIB$4 ,9S(> AS MAJOR TR5DS ( OP9ION MIISE OR DIV]GE ON IMPORTANT ISSUES1 ! HOLD]S ( MAJORITY VIEWPO9TS MIILY FOLL[1 H[EV]1 = DELEGATES W\LD BE ELECT$ MA9LY ON ! BASIS ( A TOTAL TRU/1 & NOT ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO !IR OP9ION ON ?IS OR ?AT QUE/ION4.> ,! P>TIES W\LD NOT BE ORGANIZATIONS SEEK+ P[]2 & ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES W\LD NOT BE A 0,WORK]S' ,P>LIAM5T02 PEOPLE W\LD NOT BE ELECT$ TO IT AS MEMB]S ( A P>TY4 ,! SAME GOES = ANY ,C\NCIL *OS5 BY ?IS ,C5TRAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! ROLE ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION W\LD 9ITIALLY BE IMPORTANT4 ,IT W\LD HAVE SY/EMATICALLY & COH]5TLY TO DEF5D !SE CONCEPTIONS4 ,IT W\LD HAVE TO CONDUCT AN IMPORTANT /RUGGLE TO UNMASK & D5\NCE BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES1 NOT 9 G5]AL1 BUT :]E !Y CONCRETELY %[ !MSELVES2 & ABOVE ALL1 IT MILI]4 ,A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION IS1 9 FACT1 ! ONLY PLACE :]E1 9 EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY1 A GET-TOGE!R ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS CAN ALREADY BE A*IEV$4 ,?IS FUSION W\LD 5ABLE ! RAPID USE ( TE*NOLOGY BY ! ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,BUT1 IF SOME YE>S AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! LIB]T>IAN GR\P CONT9U$ TO GR[1 IT W\LD BE ! SURE/ SIGN ?AT IT WAS DEAD - AS A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 F4 ,FRE$OM & ,WORK]S' ,P[] ,! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL FRE$OM >ISES 9 TWO =MS3 FRE$OM = POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! RII\S SOCIAL /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 ,NATIONALLY1 ! ,C\NCILS ALONE W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO JUDGE TO :AT EXT5T ! ACTIVITIES ( ANY GIV5 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION C\LD BE TOL]AT$4 ,! BASIC CRIT]ION :I* W\LD GUIDE !IR JUDGM5T W\LD BE :E!R ! ORGANIZATION 9 QUE/ION WAS SEEK+ TO REE/ABLI% AN EXPLOIT+ REGIME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WAS IT TRY+ TO ABOLI% ! P[] ( ! ,C\NCILS8 ,IF !Y JUDG$ ?IS TO BE ! CASE1 ! ,C\NCILS W\LD HAVE ! RID/ICK WON'T PROVIDE AN AUTOMATIC ANSW] 9 EV]Y SPECIFIC 9/ANCE1 = ! V]Y GOOD REASON ?AT NO SU* UNIV]SAL ANSW] CAN EV] EXI/4 ,! ,C\NCILS WILL EA* TIME HAVE TO C>RY ! POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ANSW]S1 /E]+ A C\RSE BETWE5 TWO EQUAL & V]Y S]I\S DANG]S3 EI!R TO ALL[ FRE$OM ( ACTION TO 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM :O SEEK TO DE/ROY IT - OR1 TO KILL SELF-MANAGEM5T !MSELVES ?R\< ! RE/RICTION ( POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,!RE IS NO ABSOLUTE OR AB/RACT ANSW] TO ?IS DILEMMA4 ,NOR IS IT ANY USE TRY+ TO M9IMIZE ! EXT5T ( ! PROBLEM BY SAY+ ?AT ANY IMPORTANT POLITICAL T5D5CY W\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9SIDE ! ,C\NCILS3 IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE & EV5 QUITE PROBABLE ?AT !RE MI ,! 0LEGALITY ( ,SOVIET ,P>TIES10 A =MULA ?R\< :I* ,TROTSKY BELIEV$1 9 #a#i#c#f1 ?AT HE C\LD ANSW] ?IS PROBLEM1 9 FACT1 ANSW]S NO?+4 ,IF ! ONLY DANG]S CONFRONT+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W]E ?OSE DUE TO 0RE/ORATIONI/0 T5D5CIES1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE TO FE> = SU* P>TIES W\LDN'T F9D MU* SUPPORT 9 ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES4 ,!Y W\LD AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDE !MSELVES FROM MEAN+FUL POLITICAL LIFE4 ,BUT1 ! MA9 DANG] ?REAT5+ ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! LIQUIDATION ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 DOESN'T >ISE FROM RE/ORATIONI/ T5D5CIES4 ,IT /EMS FROM BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 ,SU* T5D5CIES MAY F9D SUPPORT 9 SOME SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! MORE SO AS !IR PROGRAMS DO NOT & W\LD NOT AIM AT RE/OR+ TRADITIONAL & KN[N =MS ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT W\LD BE PRES5T$ AS 0V>IANTS0 ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 :5 IT IS MO/ DANG]\S1 BUREAUCRATISM IS NEI!R A SOCIAL SY/EM NOR A DEF9ITE PROGRAM3 IT IS ONLY AN ATTITUDE 9 PRACTICE4 ,! ,C\NCILS WILL BE ABLE TO FIY T5D5CY 9SIDE ! ,C\NCILS WILL ALWAYS D5\NCE 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 - AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA - OR ! C5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T ( ! :OLE ECONOMY BY A SEP>ATE APP>ATUS - AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL& OR ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,IT WILL D5\NCE !M AS V>IANTS1 NOT ( SOCIALISM1 BUT ( EXPLOITATION1 & IT WILL /RUGGLE = ALL LIDLY NECESS>Y TO ADD1 ?AT AL?\< IT MIY TO LIMIT ! POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ?IS OR ?AT ORGANIZATION1 NO LIMITATION IS CONCEIVABLE 9 ! DOMA9S ( IDEOLOGY OR ( CULTURE4 ,ANO!R PROBLEM MIISE3 %\LD ALL SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 HAVE ! SAME RIE !Y EQUALLY ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! POLITICAL MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY8 ,:AT DOES WORK+ CLASS P[] MEAN 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES8 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] MEANS ! 9CONTROV]TIBLE FACT ?AT ! 9ITIATIVE = & ! DIRECTION ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY BELONG TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!RE=E1 IT MEANS ?AT ! ORIG9 & ! C5T] ( SOCIALI/ P[] WILL QUITE LIT]ALLY BE ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,BUT1 WORK+ PEOPLE DO NOT AIM AT 9/ITUT+ A DICTATOR%IP OV] SOCIETY & OV] ! O!R /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 ,!IR AIM IS TO 9/ALL SOCIALISM1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* DIFF]5CES BETWE5 /RATA OR CLASSES MU/ DIM9I% RAPIDLY & SOON DISAPPE>4 ,! WORK+ CLASS WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO TAKE SOCIETY 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ASSOCIATES O!R SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION ) ITS AIMS4 ,OR1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT GRANTS !M ! FULLE/ AUTONOMY COMPATIBLE ) ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( SOCIETY4 ,OR1 ?AT IT RAISES !M TO ! RANK ( ACTIVE SUBJECTS ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 & DOES NOT SEE !M AS OBJECTS ( ITS [N CONTROL - :I* W\LD BE 9 CONFLICT ) ITS :OLE \TLOOK4 ,ALL ?IS IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION 9TO ,C\NCILS1 9 ! EXT5SIVE AUTONOMY ( ! ,C\NCILS 9 !IR [N FIELD1 & 9 ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL !SE ,C\NCILS 9 ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,:AT HAPP5S IF ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT VA/LY \TNUMB] ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION8 ,OR1 IF ! REVOLUTION IS FROM ! />T 9 A DIFFICULT POSITION1 O!R /RATA BE+ ACTIVELY HO/ILE TO ! P[] ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS8 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] MITICIPATION ( ! V>I\S /RATA ( SOCIETY 9 ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PROLET>IAT MIE LIMIT$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS C\LD ONLY KEEP P[] IF IT GA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O WORK = A LIV+1 EV5 IF !Y >E NOT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 WAGE & SAL>Y E>N]S CON/ITUTE ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 & EA* DAY 9CREASES !IR NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,IF ! L>GE MAJORITY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & O!R WAGE E>N]S SUPPORT$ REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 ! REGIME C\LD NOT BE 5DANG]$ BY ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION ( ! PEASANTS4 ,IF ! A=EM5TION$ SECTIONS DID NOT SUPPORT REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ! REVOLUTION C\LD TRIUMPH1 & EV5 MORE H[ IT C\LD LA/ = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 O ,*APT] #a 3 ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,TRANSITION #a4 ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,TRANSITION ,! SOCIETY WE >E TALK+ AB\T IS NOT COMMUNISM1 :I* SUPPOSES TOTAL FRE$OM1 ! COMPLETE CONTROL BY PEOPLE OV] ALL !IR [N ACTIVITIES1 ! ABS5CE ( ANY CON/RA9T1 TOTAL ABUNDANCE - & HUMAN BE+S ( A TOTALLY DIFF]5T K9D4 ,! SOCIETY WE >E TALK+ AB\T IS SOCIALISM1 & SOCIALISM IS ! ONLY TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY BETWE5 A REGIME ( EXPLOITATION & COMMUNISM4 ,:AT IS NOT SOCIALISM 7AS H]E DEF9$7 ISN'T A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY1 BUT AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY4 ,WE MIATE /RATUM ( ORD]-GIV]S CEASES TO EXI/1 = 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES IT IS ! DIVISION 9TO ORD]-GIV]S & ORD]-TAK]S :I* IS AT ! ROOT ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! ABOLITION ( A SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS MEANS WORK]S' MANAGEM5T 9 ALL SECTORS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< NEW 9/ITUTIONS EMBODY+ ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ! PRODUC]S 7! ,C\NCILS74 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T CAN ONLY BE CONSOLIDAT$ & 5L>G$ 9S(> AS IT ATTACKS ! DEEPE/ ROOTS ( ALI5ATION 9 ALL FIELDS & PRIM>ILY 9 ! REALM ( WORK4 ,9 !IR ESS5CE1 !SE VIEWS CLOSELY CO9CIDE ) ,M>X'S IDEAS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,M>X ONLY CONSID]$ ONE K9D ( TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM1 :I* HE CALL$ 9DIFF]5TLY 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 OR 0L[] /AGE ( COMMUNISM40 ,= HIM1 ?IS SOCIETY IMPLI$ AN 5D TO EXPLOITATION & TO A SEP>ATE /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,!SE ELEM5T>Y TRU?S HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY HIDD5 OR DI/ORT$4 ,LET US LEAVE ASIDE ! ,/AL9I/S1 :OSE HI/ORIC JOB IT HAS BE5 TO PRES5T CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( FACTORY MANAG]S1 PIECE-RATES & ,/AKHANOVISM AS ! F9I%$ PRODUCTS ( SOCIALISM4 ,! SAME MY/IFICATION1 9 A MORE SUBTLE BUT JU/ AS DANG]\S =M1 HAS BE5 PROPAGAT$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S & BY ,TROTSKY HIMSELF4 ,!Y HAVE MANAG$ TO 9V5T AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES1 SLOTT+ MORE OR LESS HAPPILY 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,BETWE5 COMMUNISM & CAPITALISM1 !RE WAS SOCIALISM4 ,BUT BETWE5 SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM !RE WAS ! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE4 ,& BETWE5 ! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE & CAPITALISM !RE WAS ! 0DEG5]AT$ ,WORK]S' ,/ATE0 7DEG5]ATION BE+ A PROCESS1 !RE W]E GRADATIONS3 DEG5]AT$1 V]Y DEG5]AT$1 MON/R\SLY DEG5]AT$1 ETC474 ,AFT] ! ,W>1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 WE WITNESS$ ! BIR? ( A :OLE S]IES ( 0DEG5]AT$ ,WORK]S' ,/ATES0 7! SATELLITE C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE71 :I* W]E DEG5]AT$ )\T EV] HAV+ BE5 ,WORK]S' ,/ATES4 ,ALL !SE GYMNA/ICS W]E P]=M$ SO AS TO AVOID HAV+ TO ADMIT ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY )\T A %R$ ( SOCIALISM AB\T IT1 & SO AS TO AVOID DRAW+ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MADE IT IMP]ATIVE TO REEXAM9E ALL ! PROBLEMS RELAT+ TO ! PROGRAM & CONT5T ( SOCIALISM1 TO ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO ! ROLE ( ! ,P>TY1 ETC4 ,! IDEA ( A 0TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY0 O!R ?AN A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS A MY/IFICATION4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY1 F> FROM IT1 ?AT PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION DO NOT EXI/4 ,9 A S5SE1 ! :OLE ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS DET]M9$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( !SE PROBLEMS1 & BY ! ATTEMPT ( PEOPLE AT SOLV+ !M4 ,BUT1 PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION WILL ALSO EXI/ 9 A N>R[] S5SE4 ,!Y WILL FL[ FROM ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS :I* WILL CONFRONT ! REVOLUTION AT ! />T4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! ,REVOLUTION MIT 9 ONE C\NTRY1 OR 9 ONE GR\P ( C\NTRIES4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT W\LD HAVE TO SU/A9 PRESSURES ( A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D & DURATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV] SWIFT ! 9T]NATIONAL SPREAD ( ! REVOLUTION1 A C\NTRY'S 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T WILL PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ALL[+ ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM TO BE APPLI$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AGRICULTURE MIISE IF ! REVOLUTION REMA9$ ISOLAT$ 9 ONE C\NTRY = A LONG TIME - & WE CAN H>DLY DO IT H]E4 ,BUT1 WE HOPE TO HAVE %[N ?AT IT IS WRONG TO ?9K ?AT ! PROBLEMS >IS+ FROM SU* AN ISOLATION >E 9SOLUBLE1 ?AT AN ISOLAT$ WORK]S' P[] MU/ DIE H]OICALLY OR DEG5]ATE1 OR ?AT IT CAN AT ! MO/ 0HOLD ON0 :ILE WAIT+4 ,! ONLY WAY TO 0HOLD ON0 IS TO />T BUILD+ SOCIALISM1 O!RWISE DEG5]ATION HAS ALREADY SET 91 & ! REASON = 0HOLD+ ON0 IS NO?+4 ,= WORK]S' P[]1 ! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM FROM ! V]Y FIR/ DAY IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE4 ,IF IT DOESN'T TAKE PLACE1 ! P[] HELD HAS ALREADY CEAS$ TO BE WORK]S' P[]4.<#c#f.> ,! PROGRAM WE HAVE \TL9$ IS A PROGRAM = ! PRES5T1 CAPABLE ( BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ANY REASONABLY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,IT DESCRIBES ! /EPS - OR ! SPIRIT GUID+ ! /EPS - :I* ! ,C\NCILS WILL HAVE TO TAKE FROM ! V]Y FIR/ WEEKS ( !IR P[]1 & ?IS1 :E!R ?IS P[] HAS SPREAD TO SEV]AL C\NTRIES OR IS CONF9$ TO ONE4 ,P]HAPS1 IF WE W]E TALK+ AB\T ,ALBANIA1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE WE C\LD DO4 ,BUT1 IF TOMORR[ 9 ,FRANCE1 OR 9 ,BRITA91 OR EV5 9 ,POL& 7AS YE/]DAY 9 ,HUNG>Y71 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS EM]G$ )\T HAV+ TO FACE A =EIGN MILIT>Y 9VASION1 !Y C\LD ONLY3 F$]ATE 9TO A ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY & DECL>E !MSELVES ! ONLY P[] 9 ! L&2 PROCE$ TO >M ! WORK+ CLASS & ORD] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! POLICE & ( ! /&+ >MY2 PROCLAIM ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ! DISMISSAL ( ALL MANAG]S1 & ! TAK+ OV] ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL FACTORIES BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ORGANIZ$ 9TO ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS2 PROCLAIM ! ABOLITION ( WORK NORMS & 9/ITUTE FULL EQUALITY ( WAGES & SAL>IES2 5C\RAGE O!R CATEGORIES ( WORK]S TO =M ,C\NCILS & TO TAKE 9TO !IR [N H&S ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR RESPECTIVE 5T]PRISES2 ASK1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! WORK]S 9 GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS TO =M ,C\NCILS TO PROCLAIM ! TRANS=MATION ( !SE /ATE BODIES 9TO 5T]PRISES MANAG$ BY ?OSE :O WORK 9 !M2 5C\RAGE ! PEASANTS & O!R SELF-EMPLOY$ SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION TO GR\P !MSELVES 9TO ,C\NCILS & TO S5D !IR REPRES5TATIVES TO A ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY2 PROCE$ TO ORGANIZE A 0PLAN FACTORY0 & PROMPTLY SUBMIT A PROVISIONAL ECONOMIC PLAN = DISCUSSION BY ! LOCAL ,C\NCILS2 CALL ON ! WORK]S ( O!R C\NTRIES & EXPLA9 TO !M ! CONT5T & MEAN+ ( !SE MEASURES4 ,ALL ?IS W\LD BE IMM$IATELY NECESS>Y4 ,&1 IT W\LD CONTA9 ALL ?AT IS ESS5TIAL TO ! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM4 O ,NOTES ,NOTATIONS BY ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 7#a#i#e#g7 ,ANNOTATIONS BY ,SOLID>ITY 7#a#i#g#b7 .<#a.> 0,PRODUCTION0 H]E MEAN+ ! %OP-FLOOR1 NOT 0! ECONOMY0 OR 0! M>KET40 .<#b.> ,! BELIEF ?AT SOCIALISM CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ,P>LIAM5T IS1 !RE=E1 NAIVE 9 ! EXTREME4 ,MOREOV]1 IT P]PETUATES ILLUSIONS 9 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS K9D ( POPUL> 0REPRES5TATION40 .<#c.> ,9 ! FIR/ *APT] ( HIS BOOK1 ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS 7,MELB\RNE3 #a#i#e71 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK DEVELOPS A SIMIL> ANALYSIS ( ! PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ON ! FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES \R PO9TS ( VIEW >E V]Y CLOSE4 .<#d.> ,BAKUN9 ONCE DESCRIB$ ! PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM AS BE+ 0TO 9TEGRATE 9DIVIDUALS 9TO /RUCTURES :I* !Y C\LD UND]/& & CONTROL40 .<#e.> ,! WORDS >E TO BE F\ND 9 0,P>T ,I,I,I0 ( ,5GELS0 ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 .<#f.> ,A FEW YE>S AGO A C]TA9 0PHILOSOPH]0 C\LD S]I\SLY ASK H[ ONE C\LD EV5 DISCUSS ,/AL9'S DECISIONS1 AS ONE DIDN'T KN[ ! REAL FACTS UPON :I* HE ALONE C\LD BASE !M4 7,J4 ,P4 ,S>TRE1 0,LES ,COMMUNI/ES ET LA ,PAIX10 9 ,LES ,TEMPS ,MOD]NES1 ,JULY & ,OCTOB]-,NOVEMB] ( #a#i#e#b74 .<#g.> ,WE DELIB]ATELY SAY 0TO 9/ITUTE0 & NOT 0TO RE/ORE10 = NEV] 9 HI/ORY HAS ?IS DOM9ATION REALLY EXI/$4 ,ALL COMP>ISONS ) HI/ORICAL ANTEC$5TS - = 9/ANCE1 ) ! SITUATIONS ( ! >TISAN OR ( ! FREE PEASANT1 H[EV] FRUITFUL !Y MAY BE 9 SOME RESPECTS1 HAVE ONLY A LIMIT$ SCOPE & RISK LEAD+ ONE 9TO UTOPIAN ?9K+4 .<#h.> ,YET ?IS IS ALMO/ EXACTLY :AT ,L59'S DEF9ITION ( SOCIALISM AS 0ELECTRIFICATION PLUS 7! POLITICAL P[] ( !7 ,SOVIETS0 BOIL$ D[N TO4 .<#i.> ,ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S HAVE ANALYZ$ ! FACT ?AT ( SEV]AL TE*NICALLY FEASIBLE POSSIBILITIES1 C]TA9 ONES >E *OS51 & ?AT !SE *OICES LEAD TO A P>TICUL> PATT]N ( TE*NOLOGY APPLI$ 9 REAL LIFE1 :I* SEEMS TO CONCRETIZE ! TE*NIQUE ( A GIV5 P]IOD4 .<,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,JOAN ,ROB9SON'S ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL 7,LONDON2 #a#i#e#f2 PAGES #a#a-#a#g#h.>4 ,BUT 9 !SE ANALYZES1 ! *OICE IS ALWAYS PRES5T$ AS FL[+ FROM CONSID]ATIONS ( 0PR(ITABILITY0 &1 9 P>TICUL>1 FROM ! 0RELATIVE CO/S ( CAPITAL & LABOR40 ,?IS AB/RACT VIEWPO9T HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON ! REALITY ( 9DU/RIAL EVOLUTION4 ,M>X1 ON ! O!R H&1 UND]L9ES ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( MA*9E-DOM9AT$ 9DU/RY1 ITS 5SLAV+ FUNCTION4 .<#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ABILITIES1 KN[-H[1 & AW>5ESS >E DEVELOP$ 9 PRODUCTION4 .<#a#a.> ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 POETRY MEANS CREATION4 .<#a#b.> ,9 ,J4 ,A4 ,C4 ,BR[N'S ,! ,SOCIAL ,PSY*OLOGY ( ,9DU/RY 7,P5GU9 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#e#d71 !RE IS A /RIK+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! DEVA/AT+ ANALYSIS ! AU?OR MAKES ( PRES5T CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ! ONLY 0CONCLUSIONS0 HE CAN DRAW :I* >E PI\S EXHORTATIONS TO MANAGEM5T TO 0DO BETT]10 TO 0DEMOCRATIZE ITSELF10 ETC4 .<#a#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT WE >E *ALL5G+ IS ! :OLE CONCEPT ( A TE*NIQUE CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ PEOPLE FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,SU* AN IDEA IS AS ABSURD AS ! IDEA ( A PSY*OANALYSIS 9 :I* ! PATI5T W\LD NOT APPE>1 & :I* W\LD BE JU/ A 0TE*NIQUE0 9 ! H&S ( ! ANALY/4 .<#a#d.> ,?IS PROBLEM IS DI/9CT FROM ?AT ( OV]ALL PLANN+4 ,G5]AL PLANN+ IS CONC]N$ ) DET]M9+ A QUANTITATIVE FRAMEWORK3 SO MU* /EEL & SO MANY H\RS ( LABOR AT ONE 5D1 SO MANY CONSUM] GOODS AT ! O!R4 ,IT DOES NOT HAVE TO 9T]V5E 9 ! =M OR TYPE ( ! 9T]M$IATE PRODUCTS4 .<#a#e.> ,ONE MI*2 7B7 ON ! EVOLUTION ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,BUT1 ?IS H+ES ON ! AM\NT ( CAPITAL 9VE/$ P] WORK] & ON ! LEVEL ( TE*NIQUE 7:I* TWO FACTORS AGA9 BR+ US BACK TO 9VE/M5T74 ,MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR DEP5DS ON ! PRODUC]S' ATTITUDE TO ! ECONOMY4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 W\LD C5T] ON PEOPLE'S ATTITUDE TO ! PLAN1 ON H[ ITS T>GETS W]E E/ABLI%$1 ON !IR [N 9VOLVEM5T & S5SE ( ID5TIFICATION ) ! DECISIONS REA*$1 &1 9 G5]AL1 ON FACTORS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS TEXT4 .<#a#f.> ,BUREAUCRATIC 0PLANN+0 AS C>RI$ \T 9 ,RUSSIA & ! ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES PROVES NO?+1 ONE WAY OR ! O!R4 ,IT IS JU/ AS IRRATIONAL & JU/ AS WA/EFUL4 ,! WA/E IS BO? 0EXT]NAL0 7! WRONG DECISIONS BE+ TAK57 & 09T]NAL0 7BR\I5NE CONTRE LA BUREAUCRATIE0 9 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7,NUMB] #b74 .<#a#g.> ,! FIELD IS 9 CON/ANT EXPANSION4 ,H[EV]1 ! />T+ PO9TS REMA9 ! FOLL[+3 -- ,WASSILY ,W4 ,LEONTIEF2 ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ,AM]ICAN ,ECONOMY1 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#c#i3 ,AN ,EMPIRICAL ,APPLICATION ( ,EQUILIBRIUM ,ANALYSIS2 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 7#a#i#d#a1 #a#i#e#a1 #a#i#e#c1 #a#i#e#g1 #a#i#f#f74 -- ,WASSILY ,W4 ,LEONTIEF1 ET AL42 ,/UDIES 9 ! ,/RUCTURE ( ,AM]ICAN ,ECONOMY3 ,!ORETICAL & ,EMPIRICAL ,EXPLORATIONS 9 ,9PUT-,\TPUT ,ANALYSIS2 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 7,NEW ,YORK3 #a#i#e#c74 .<#a#h.> ,T4 ,C4 ,KOOPMANS2 ,ACTIVITY ,ANALYSIS ( ,PRODUCTION & ,ALLOCATION PROCE$+S ( A ,CONF]5CE2 ,JOHN ,WILEY @& ,SONS1 ,9C4 7,NEW ,YORK3 #a#i#e#a74 .<#a#i.> ,! DIVISION ( ! ECONOMY 9TO SOME #a SECTORS1 :I* R\X7 9TO TWO SECTORS 7CONSUM] GOODS & MEANS ( PRODUCTION7 & ! ?\S& SECTORS ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO 5SURE A P]FECTLY EXACT REPRES5TATION4 ,PRES5T COMPUT] CAPABILITIES W\LD PROBABLY BE SUFFICI5T 9 PRACTICE1 & C\LD BE MADE MORE PRECISE1 EV5 N[1 BY TACKL+ ! PROBLEM 9 /AGES4 .<#b.> ,LABOR VALUE 9CLUDES1 ( C\RSE1 ! ACTUAL CO/ ( ! EQUIPM5T UTILIZ$ 9 ! P]IOD CONSID]$4 .<,= ! WORK+ \T ( LABOR VALUES BY ! MATRIX ME?OD SEE ! >TICLE 0,SUR LA DYNAMIQUE DU CAPITALISME0 9 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 ,NUMB] #a#b4.> ,! ADOPTION ( LABOR VALUE AS A Y>D/ICK IS EQUIVAL5T TO :AT ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S CALL 0NORMAL LONG-T]M CO/S40 ,! VIEWPO9T EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS TEXT CORRESPONDS TO ,M>X'S1 :I* IS 9 G5]AL ATTACK$ BY ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S1 EV5 0SOCIALI/0 ONES4 ,= !M1 0M>G9AL CO/S0 %\LD DET]M9E PRICES4 .<,SEE = 9/ANCE3 ,JOAN ,ROB9SON2 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,M>XIAN ,ECONOMICS2 ,MACMILLAN @& ,CO ,LTD 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#i72 PAGES #bc -#b#h4.> ,WE CAN'T H]E GO 9TO ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,ALL ?AT WE CAN SAY IS ?AT ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( M>G9AL CO/S W\LD MEAN ?AT ! PRICE ( AN AIR TICKET BETWE5 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK W\LD AT TIMES BE Z]O 7:5 ! PLANE WAS ALREADY FULL7 & AT TIMES BE EQUIVAL5T TO ?AT ( ! :OLE AIRCRAFT 7:5 ! PLANE WAS EMPTY74 .<#b#a.> ,9 HIS MAJOR WORK ON ?IS !ME - & AFT] A MOD]ATE USE ( DIFF]5TIAL EQUATIONS - ,KEYNES COMES UP ) ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! MA9 DET]M9ANTS ( 9VE/M5T >E ! 0ANIMAL SPIRITS0 ( ! 5TREPR5EURS 7,! ,G5]AL ,!ORY1 PAGES #a#f#a-#a#f#b74 ,! IDEA ?AT ! VOLUME ( 9VE/M5T IS PRIM>ILY DET]M9$ BY ! RATE ( 9T]E/ 7& ?AT ! LATT] RESULTS FROM ! 9T]PLAY ( ! 0REAL =CES ( PRODUCTIVITY & ?RIFT07 WAS LONG AGO DEMOLI%$ BY ACADEMIC ECONOMI/S !MSELVES 7SEE ,JOAN ,ROB9SON'S ,! ,RATE ( ,9T]E/ & ,O!R ,ESSAYS1 #a#i#e#a74 .<#b#b.> ,ONE W\LD LOOK 9 VA9 ?R\< ! VOLUM9\S WRIT+S ( ,MR4 ,BETTELHEIM = ANY ATTEMPT AT JU/IFICATION ( ! RATE ( ACCUMULATION 0*OS50 BY ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY4 ,! 0SOCIALISM0 ( SU* 0!ORETICIANS0 DOESN'T ONLY IMPLY ?AT ,/AL9 7OR ,KHRU%*EV7 ALONE CAN KN[4 ,IT ALSO IMPLIES ?AT SU* KN[L$GE1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 CANNOT BE COMMUNICAT$ TO ! RE/ ( HUMANITY4 ,9 ANO!R C\NTRY1 & 9 O!R TIMES1 ?IS WAS KN[N AS ! ,FUHR]-PR9ZIP4 .<#b#c.> ,?IS NET 9CREASE IS OBVI\SLY NOT JU/ ! SUM ( ! 9CREASES 9 EA* SECTOR4 ,SEV]AL ELEM5TS ADD UP OR HAVE TO BE SUBTRACT$ BE=E ONE CAN PASS FROM ! ONE TO ! O!R4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 = 9/ANCE1 !RE W\LD BE ! 09T]M$IATE UTILIZATIONS0 ( ! PRODUCTS ( EA* SECTOR - ON ! O!R H&1 ! 0EXT]NAL ECONOMIES0 79VE/M5T 9 A GIV5 SECTOR1 BY ABOLI%+ A BOTTL5ECK1 C\LD ALL[ ! BETT] USE ( ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES ( O!R SECTORS1 :I* AL?\< ALREADY E/ABLI%$ W]E BE+ WA/$ HI!RTO74 ,WORK+ \T !SE NET 9CREASES PRES5TS NO P>TICUL> DIFFICULTIES4 ,!Y >E CALCULAT$ AUTOMATICALLY1 AT ! SAME TIME AS ONE WORKS \T ! 09T]M$IATE OBJECTIVES0 7MA!MATICALLY1 ! SOLUTION ( ONE PROBLEM IMM$IATELY PROVIDES ! SOLUTION ( ! O!R74 ,WE HAVE DISCUSS$ ! PROBLEM ( ! GLOBAL DET]M9ATION ( ! VOLUME ( 9VE/M5TS4 ,WE CAN ONLY T\* ON ! PROBLEM ( ! *OICE ( P>TICUL> 9VE/M5TS4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( 9VE/M5TS BY SECTORS IS AUTOMATIC ONCE ! F9AL 9VE/M5T IS DET]M9$ 7SU*-&-SU* A LEVEL ( F9AL CONSUMPTION DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY IMPLIES SU*-&-SU* A PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY 9 EA* SECTOR74 ,! *OICE ( A GIV5 TYPE ( 9VE/M5T FROM AMONG SEV]AL PRODUC+ ! SAME RESULT C\LD ONLY DEP5D ON SU* CONSID]ATIONS AS ! EFFECT ?AT A GIV5 TYPE ( EQUIPM5T W\LD HAVE ON ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE TO USE IT - & H]E1 FROM ALL WE HAVE SAID1 !IR [N VIEWPO9T W\LD BE DECISIVE4 .<#b#d.> ,FROM ?IS ANGLE 7&1 IF !Y W]5'T FALSE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE71 ,RUSSIAN FIGURES :I* %[ ?AT YE>-AFT]-YE> ! T>GETS ( ! PLAN HAVE BE5 FULFILL$ TO #a .0 W\LD PROVIDE ! SEV]E/ POSSIBLE 9DICTM5T ( ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,!Y W\LD IMPLY1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT DUR+ A GIV5 #e-YE> P]IOD NO?+ HAPP5$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 ?AT NOT A S+LE NEW IDEA >OSE 9 ANYONE'S M9D 7OR ELSE1 ?AT ,/AL91 9 HIS WISDOM1 HAD =ESE5 ALL SU* IDEAS & 9CORPORAT$ !M 9 ADVANCE 9 ! PLAN1 ALL[+ - 9 HIS K9DNESS - 9V5TORS TO SAVOR ! PLEASURES ( ILLUSORY DISCOV]Y74 .<#b#e.> ,COMPLEX1 BUT BY NO MEANS 9SOLUBLE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS WILL PROBABLY >ISE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,!Y BOIL D[N TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ AGRICULTURAL PRICES WILL BE DET]M9$ 9 A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! APPLICATION ( UNI=M PRICES W\LD MA9TA9 IMPORTANT 9EQUALITIES ( REV5UE 70DIFF]5TIAL 9COMES07 BETWE5 DIFF]5T ,RURAL ,COMMUNES OR EV5 BETWE5 DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS 9 A GIV5 ,COMMUNE 7BECAUSE ( DIFF]5CES 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( HOLD+S1 DIFF]5TIAL SOIL F]TILITY1 ETC474 ,! F9AL SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM W\LD REQUIRE1 ( C\RSE1 ! COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 COMPROMISES WILL BE NECESS>Y4 ,!RE MIR[$ 7COMPLETELY TO SUPPRESS 9EQUALITIES BY ?IS MEANS W\LD H[EV] AM\NT TO =CIBLE SOCIALIZATION74 ,ONE %\LD NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT DIFF]5TIAL YIELDS TODAY /EM 9 P>T FROM ! QUITE >TIFICIAL WORK+ ( POOR YIELD SOILS ?R\< SUBSIDIES PAID BY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE = POLITICAL PURPOSES4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD RAPIDLY LESS5 !SE GAPS BY QUE/ION+ C]TA9 SUBSIDIES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME MASSIVELY HELP+ TO EQUIP POOR1 BUT POT5TIALLY VIABLE ,COMMUNES4 .<#b#f.> ,AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN WORD 0SOVIET0 MEANS 0C\NCIL10 ONE %\LD NOT CONFUSE ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS WE HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+ 9 ?IS TEXT ) EV5 ! E>LIE/ ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOVIETS4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS >E BAS$ ON ! PLACE ( WORK4 ,!Y CAN PLAY BO? A POLITICAL ROLE1 & A ROLE 9 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ITS ESS5CE1 A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL IS A UNIV]SAL ORGANISM4 ,! #aie ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES1 AL?\< ! PRODUCT ( A G5]AL /RIKE & AL?\< EXCLUSIVELY PROLET>IAN 9 COMPOSITION1 REMA9$ A PURELY POLITICAL 9/ITUTION4 ,! ,SOVIETS ( #aiag W]E1 AS A RULE1 GEOGRAPHICALLY-BAS$4 ,!Y1 TOO1 W]E PURELY POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 9 :I* ALL SOCIAL LAY]S OPPOS$ TO ! OLD REGIME W\LD GET TOGE!R 7SEE ,TROTSKY'S #aie & HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION74 ,!IR ROLE CORRESPOND$ TO ! 0BACKW>DNESS0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY & ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY AT ! TIME4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !Y BELONG TO ! PA/4 ,! 0NORMAL0 =M ( WORK+ CLASS REPRES5TATION 9 ! ,REVOLUTION TO COME WILL UND\BT$LY BE ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 .<#b#g.> ,NOT 9 :AT IT HIDES 7! POLICE T]ROR & ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS71 BUT 9 :AT IT (FICIALLY PROCLAIMS1 9 ITS ,CON/ITUTION4 .<#b#h.> ,! =MATION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS ( ,/ATE ,EMPLOYES WAS ONE ( ! DEM&S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 .<#b#i.> ,NEI!R ! MEANS NOR ! OV]ALL CONCEPTION ( W> C\LD BE COPI$ FROM ?OSE ( AN IMP]IALI/ C\NTRY4 ,:AT WE HAVE SAID AB\T CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS VALID = MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE3 !RE IS NO NEUTRAL MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE1 !RE IS NO 0,H-BOMB = SOCIALISM40 ,P4 ,GUILLAUME HAS CLE>LY %[N 79 HIS >TICLE1 0,LA ,GU]RE ET NOT] EPOQUE10 ,NUMB]S #c1 #e1 & #f ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE7 ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ NECESS>ILY DRAW UP ITS [N /RATEGY & ME?ODS 7MA9LY PROPAG&A7 SUITABLE TO ITS SOCIAL & HUMAN OBJECTIVES4 ,! NE$ = 0/RATEGIC WEAPONS0 DOES NOT >ISE = A REVOLUTION>Y P[]4 .<#c.> ,9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,FRANCE1 SU* A ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES MIGE2 ON ! O!R H&1 IT MU/ 5SURE ! MO/ DIRECT & MO/ WIDELY-BAS$ REPRES5TATION ( ! ORGANISMS FROM :I* IT EMANATES4 .<#c#a.> ,PLATO DISCUSSES !M AT L5G?1 & HIS ,PROTAGORAS IS1 9 P>T1 DEVOT$ TO !M4 .<#c#b.> ,SEE ,C4 ,WRI 7PAGES #c#d#g-#c#d#h7 & ,! ,P[] ,ELITE 7,NEW ,YORK2 #a#i#e#f2 PAGES #acd SQ1 #ade SQ1 ETC47 = AN ILLU/RATION ( ! TOTAL LACK ( ANY RELATION%IP BETWE5 0TE*NICAL0 CAPACITIES ( ANY K9D & CURR5T 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T OR POLITICAL LEAD]%IPS4 .<#c#c.> ,IT MIGUM5T4 ,!RE W\LD R>ELY BE AN ,ASSEMBLY ( OV] #b PEOPLE :]E EV]YONE WANT$ TO SPEAK1 = ! V]Y GOOD REASON ?AT :5 !RE IS SOME?+ TO BE DECID$ !RE >5'T AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( OPTIONS OR AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( >GUM5TS4 ,9 RANK-&-FILE WORK]S' GA!R+S1 CONV5$1 = 9/ANCE1 TO DECIDE ON A /RIKE1 !RE >E H>DLY EV] 0TOO MANY0 9T]V5TIONS4 ,! TWO OR ?REE FUNDAM5TAL OP9IONS HAV+ BE5 VOIC$1 & V>I\S >GUM5TS HAV+ BE5 EX*ANG$1 A DECISION IS SOON REA*$4 ,! L5G? ( SPEE*ES1 MOREOV]1 (T5 V>IES 9V]SELY ) ! WEITY ,CONGRESSES & SAY NO?+4 ,! SPEE* ( ! ,EPHORE :I* P]SUAD$ ! ,SP>TANS TO LAUN* ! ,PELOPONESIAN ,W> OCCUPIES #ba L9ES 9 ,?UCYDIDES 7,I1 #h#f74 ,= AN ACC\NT ( ! LACONICISM ( REVOLUTION>Y ASSEMBLIES SEE ,TROTSKY'S ACC\NT ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET ( #aie - OR ACC\NTS ( ! MEET+S ( FACTORY REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,BUDAPE/ 9 #aief 7,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1 ,NUMB] #b#a1 PAGES #i#a-#i#b74 .<#c#d.> ,TELEVIS+ PRES5T P>LIAM5T>Y PROC$URES1 ON ! O!R H&1 C\LD BE A SURE WAY ( DRIV+ EV5 FUR!R NAILS 9TO ! C(F9 ( ?IS 9/ITUTION4 .<#c#e.> ,! BASIS ( P>TIES IS NOT A DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION1 AS SU*1 BUT DIFF]5CES ON FUNDAM5TALS & ! MORE OR LESS SY/EMATIC UNITY ( EA* 0NEXUS ( VIEWS40 ,9 O!R WORDS P>TIES EXPRESS A G5]AL ORI5TATION CORRESPOND+ TO A MORE OR LESS CLE> IDEOLOGY1 9 ITS TURN FL[+ FROM ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL POSITIONS LEAD+ TO CONFLICT+ ASPIRATIONS4 ,AS LONG AS SU* POSITIONS EXI/ & LEAD TO A POLITICAL 0PROJECTION0 ( EXPECTATIONS1 ONE CANNOT ELIM9ATE POLITICAL GR\PS - BUT AS !SE P>TICUL> DIFF]5CES DISAPPE>1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT GR\PS WILL BE =M$ AB\T 0DIFF]5CES0 9 G5]AL4 .<#c#f.> ,ALL ! DISCUSSION AB\T 0SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY0 BETWE5 ! ,/AL9I/S & ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 7#a#i#b#d-#b#g7 %[S TO A FRIE DO+1 YET UND]/& NO?+ AB\T IT4 ,/AL9 9SI/$ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BUILD SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ALONE1 MEAN+ BY SOCIALISM1 9DU/RIALIZATION1 PLUS ! P[] ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,TROTSKY V[$ ?AT ?IS WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 MEAN+ BY SOCIALISM1 A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,BO? W]E RIIAT TO ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 NOR ! RELATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 :]E ! DISCUSSION WAS TAK+ PLACE1 TO ! BROAD MASSES1 :O W]E 9 ! LONG RUN1 ! MA9 9T]E/$ P>TY 9 ! :OLE BUS9ESS4 _<#a_> ,! ,CORNUCOPIA OR HORN ( PL5TY WAS A HORN OV]FL[+ ) FRUIT & FL[]S :I*1 = ! ,ROMANS1 SYMBOLIZ$ ABUNDANCE4 _<#b_> ,\R TEXT IS A CLOSE 7BUT NOT ALWAYS LIT]AL7 TRANSLATION ( ! ,FR5* ORIG9AL4 ,! MILIEU 9 :I* \R PAMPHLET WILL BE DI/RIBUT$ & DISCUSS$ DIFF]S FROM ?AT ( ! #aieg >TICLE4 ,?R\<\T1 \R MA9 CONC]N HAS BE5 ) GETT+ ESS5TIAL CONCEPTS OV] TO AS WIDE 7& UNSPECIALIZ$7 AN AUDI5CE AS POSSIBLE4 ,TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ?IS HAS 9FLU5C$ \R *OICE ( WORD+ & S5T5CE /RUCTURE4 ,P>AGRAPHS HAVE BE5 %ORT5$4 ,A NUMB] ( SECTIONAL & *APT] HEAD+S HAVE BE5 ADD$4 ,SOME ADDITIONAL FOOTNOTES HAVE BE5 9S]T$ 7CLE>LY 9DICAT$ AS 0,SOLID>ITY0 FOOTNOTES74 ,ONE OR TWO ( ! ORIG9AL FOOTNOTES HAVE BE5 OMITT$1 & ONE OR TWO O!RS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! TEXT PROP]1 :I* HAS BE5 SLIE \R [N4 _<#c_> ,SEE ,HUNG>Y '#e#f BY ,&Y ,&]SON1 A 0,SOLID>ITY0 BOOK1 N[ AGA9 9 PR9T4 7#b#eP PLUS PO/AGE47 _<#d_> ,?IS IS AN >EA :]E 0,SOLID>ITY0 HAS BE5 SL[ 9 SAY+ :AT NE$$ TO BE SAID4 _<#e_> ,PUBLI%$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#d#i4 _<#f_> ,! P>ALYZ+ EFFECT ON ! FUNCTION+ ( ANY SEGM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ( 0WORK+ TO RULE0 7I4E41 ( ACCEPT+ ! RULES MADE BY ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY7 9DIRECTLY ILLU/RAT$ ?IS PO9T4 _<#g_> ,SEE ,! 0,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY0 & ,ITS 0,C\NCIL0 = A DISCUSSION ON ! FUNCTIONS ( SU* AN 0ASSEMBLY10 9 A COMPLETELY SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY4 _<#h_> ,SEE \R TEXTS ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL3 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 ,FROM ,SP>TAKISM TO ,NATIONAL ,BOL%EVISM1 & ,HUNG>Y '#e#f = A FULL] DOCUM5TATION ( !SE EXP]I5CES4 _<#i_> ,B]N>D ,%AW ONCE CYNICALLY DESCRIB$ DEMOCRACY AS 0SUB/ITUT+ ELECTION BY ! 9COMPET5T MANY = APPO9TM5T BY ! CORRUPT FEW40 _<#a_> ,?OSE :O >GUE AB\T ! 09TR9SIC M]ITS0 ( DEC5TRALIZATION SELDOM PURSUE !IR ?\RANG+ ITS [N JET AIRCRAFT S*$ULES1 IMPORT+ ITS [N TEA OR SUG>1 GR[+ ITS [N BANANAS1 OR BUILD+ ITS [N NEUROSURGICAL C5T]S8 ,OR WILL ! 0FREE0 SOCIETY DISP5SE ) !SE ALTOGE!R8 _<#a#a_> ,WE >E FULLY AW>E ?AT ?IS /ATEM5T WILL BE TAK5 \T ( CONTEXT & ?AT WE WILL BE ACCUS$ ( /&+ = ! 0P]PETUATION ( ! WAGE-SLAV]Y1 ETC41 ETC40 ,= A DISCUSSION ( ! ROLE ( MONEY & WAGES 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( SOCIALISM1 SEE 0,MONEY10 0,WAGES10 ,VALUE4 ,= A DISCUSSION ( H[ MONEY CAN READILY BE ABOLI%$ FROM ONE DAY TO ! NEXT1 SEE ANY UTOPIAN WRIT+S1 I4E41 ANY WRIT+S 9 :I* ! AU?OR SUB/ITUTES HIS_/H] [N WI%ES = T5D5CIES EXI/+ H]E & N[1 )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( GR\PS :I* HAVE ATTEMPT$ ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( MONEY HAS SO F> BE5 ONE ( 9V>IABLE RECUP]ATION BY E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY4 ,?OSE :O HAD TAK5 !IR WI%ES = REALITY HAVE HAD REALITY IMPOS$ UPON !IR WI%ES4 _<#a#b_> ,K>L ,M>X2 0,VOLUME ,I,I,I0 ( ,CAPITAL2 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE 7,MOSC[3 #a#i#e#i72 PAGES #g#i#i-#h4 _<#a#c_> ,SEE ! >TICLE1 ,! ,NEW ,PROLET>IAT BY ,JOHN ,K+ 9 ,SOLID>ITY 7,LONDON71 ,VOLUME ,V,I1 ,NUMB] #a4 _<#a#d_> ,ALL ! PREC$+ TALK ( 0WAGES10 0PRICES0 & 0! M>KET0 WILL1 = 9/ANCE1 UND\BT$LY HAVE />TL$ A C]TA9 GR\P ( READ]S4 ,WE W\LD ASK !M MOM5T>ILY TO CURB !IR EMOTIONAL RESPONSES & TO TRY TO ?9K RATIONALLY ) US ON ! MATT]4 _<#a#e_> ,?IS WILL PROBABLY PROVE NECESS>Y = AS LONG AS SOME K9D ( WORK PROVES NECESS>Y 7I4E41 = AS LONG AS !RE IS NOT SU* VA/ ABUNDANCE AS TO ALL[ ! IMM$IATE & FULL SATISFACTION ( EV]Y CONCEIVABLE HUMAN DEM&74 ,?OSE :O ?9K 9 T]MS ( A SOCIETY ( IMM$IATE ABUNDANCE1 :]E WORK IS UNNECESS>Y & :]E EV]Y CITIZ5 WILL =?) BE ABLE TO CONSUME :ATEV] HE WANTS 9 T]MS ( GOODS & S]VICES1 SELDOM PAUSE TO CONSID] :O WILL PRODUCE !SE GOODS OR PROVIDE !SE S]VICES1 OR :O WILL PRODUCE ! MA*9ES TO PRODUCE !M4 _<#a#f_> ,ONE C\LD ALSO 9V5T NEW WORDS1 IF IT W\LD MAKE PEOPLE HAPPY1 BUT ?IS W\LD NOT *ANGE ! UND]LY+ REALITY4 _<#a#g_> ,TODAY1 ?OSE :O CAN AF=D IT >E PREP>$ TO TRAVEL CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES TO WORK1 (T5 AT CONSID]ABLE PHYSICAL OR F9ANCIAL CO/ TO !MSELVES1 BECAUSE ( ! DRABNESS1 DIRT1 SMELL1 OR NOISE ( :]E !Y WORK4 ,MANY O!RS LIVE AT A DI/ANCE JU/ BECAUSE !RE IS NO SUITABLE ACCOMMODATION 9 ! VIC9ITY4 ,H[ WILL ! NEW SOCIETY COPE ) ! HORROR ( MO/ MOD]N WORKPLACES8 ,WILL IT SEEK TO ASSOCIATE WORKPLACES & HOMES - OR1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO SEP>ATE !M8 _<#a#h_> ,TANKS W]E US$ TO SUPPRESS REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S 9 ,B]L9 9 #a#i#e#c1 ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f1 & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #a#i#f#h4 ,AIRCRAFT W]E US$ TO BOMB CIVILIANS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,IT W\LD BE %E] SELF-DECEPTION TO BL9D ONESELF TO ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT SIMIL> ATTEMPTS W\LD BE MADE TO PUT D[N REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE OR ! ,U,S,A4 ,! MA9 DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION W\LD ( C\RSE BE POLITICAL1 AN APPEAL OV] ! HEADS ( !IR GOV]NM5T TO ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ! 05EMY0 SIDE4 ,BUT1 :AT IF ! REVOLUTION>IES W]E PHYSICALLY ATTACK$8 ,%\LD !Y BE PREP>$ TO USE TANKS 9 SELF-DEF5SE8 ,IF BOMB$1 W\LD !Y BE 5TITL$ TO USE FIIANS1 WE SEE NO WAY \T4 ,WE W\LD BE 9T]E/$ TO HE> ( ALT]NATIVE MEANS FROM ?OSE :O ?R[ UP !IR H&S 9 HORROR AT \R SUGGE/IONS4 _<#a#i_> ,! TASK ( SU* BODIES W\LD BE MU* EASI] ?AN IT IS AT PRES5T4 ,TODAY1 ?IS TASK USUALLY CONSI/S 9 0RE-ADAPT+ ! DEVIANT0 TO ! REQUIREM5TS & VALUES ( A DE/RUCTIVE & IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,9 ! FUTURE1 IT W\LD BE TO HELP ?OSE /ILL DOM9AT$ BY ! OLD IDEOLOGY ( SELF-SEEK+ TO SEE ?AT !IR PROBLEMS CAN BE/ BE TACKL$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) O!RS4 _<#b_> ,?IS OCCURR$ :5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E 9 A MAJORITY 9 ! ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( A ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( A ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/