,*APT] #i 
,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ,! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY 

,WE HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ ! TYPE ( *ANGE ?AT W\LD BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! 0V]TICAL0 & 0HORIZONTAL0 COOP]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 A COOP]ATION SECUR$ ?R\< 9DU/RIAL C\NCILS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM V>I\S PLACES ( WORK4 ,A SIMIL> REGIONAL COOP]ATION W\LD BE E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ,C\NCILS REPRES5T+ ALL ! UNITS ( A REGION4 ,COOP]ATION WILL F9ALLY BE NECESS>Y ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 = ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY1 :E!R ECONOMIC OR NOT4 

,A C5TRAL BODY1 :I* W\LD BE ! EXPRESSION & ! EMANATION ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 W\LD 5SURE ! G5]AL TASKS ( ECONOMIC COORD9ATION1 9ASMU* AS !Y W]E NOT DEALT ) BY ! PLAN ITSELF - OR MORE PRECISELY1 9ASMU* AS ! PLAN WILL HAVE TO BE FREQU5TLY OR CON/ANTLY AM5D$ 7! V]Y DECISION TO SUGGE/ ?AT IT %\LD BE AM5D$ W\LD HAVE TO BE 9ITIAT$ SOME:]E74 ,SU* A BODY W\LD ALSO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES 9 O!R >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* HAVE LITTLE OR NO?+ TO DO ) G5]AL ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,?IS C5TRAL BODY W\LD BE ! DIRECT EMANATION ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ( ! LOCAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES4 ,IT W\LD CONSI/ ( A ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,C\NCIL ,DELEGATES1 :I* ,ASSEMBLY W\LD ITSELF ELECT1 FROM )9 ITS [N RANKS1 A ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL4 

,?IS NETWORK ( ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES & ,C\NCILS IS ALL ?AT IS LEFT ( 0! ,/ATE0 OR 0P[]0 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! :OLE 0/ATE0 & ! ONLY EMBODIM5T ( 0P[]40 ,!RE >E NO O!R 9/ITUTIONS FROM :I* PROPOSALS OR DECISIONS MI<T EMANATE TO 9FLU5CE PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,TO CONV9CE PEOPLE ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO O!R 0/ATE0 LURK+ 9 ! BACKGR\ND WE MU/ %[3 

?AT SU* A PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION C\LD DEAL ) ALL ! PROBLEMS ?AT MI<T >ISE 9 A FREE SOCIETY - & NOT ONLY ) 9DU/RIAL PROBLEMS2 

?AT 9/ITUTIONS ( ! TYPE DESCRIB$ C\LD COORD9ATE ALL ?OSE SOCIAL ACTIVITIES :I* ! POPULATION FELT NE$$ COORD9ATION 79 P>TICUL>1 NON-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES7 - 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT !Y C\LD FULFILL ALL ! FUNCTIONS NE$$ ( A SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION 7:I* >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! FUNCTIONS ( A MOD]N ,/ATE74 ,WE WILL F9ALLY HAVE TO DISCUSS :AT W\LD BE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( 0P>TIES0 & ( 0POLITICS0 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 

A4 ,! ,C\NCILS3 ,AN ,ADEQUATE ,ORGANIZATION = ! ,:OLE ,POPULATION 

,! SETT+-UP ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS WILL CREATE NO P>TICUL> PROBLEMS 9 RELATION TO 9DU/RY 7TAK+ ! T]M 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE TO 9CLUDE MANUFACTURE1 TRANSPORT1 BUILD+1 M9+1 5]GY PRODUCTION1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 ETC474 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY WILL1 9 FACT1 BE BAS$ ON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* ,C\NCILS & W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T IT4 

,9 ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 H[EV]1 :5 ! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME ! NORM1 A PROBLEM WILL >ISE FROM ! NE$ TO REGR\P PEOPLE WORK+ 9 SMALL] 5T]PRISES4 ,?IS REGR\P+ WILL BE NECESS>Y IF ONLY TO 5SURE !M !IR FULL DEMOCRATIC & REPRES5TATIONAL RI<TS4 ,9ITIALLY1 IT W\LD PROBABLY BE BAS$ ON SOME COMPROMISE BETWE5 CONSID]ATIONS ( GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY & CONSID]ATIONS ( 9DU/RIAL 9TEGRATION4 ,?IS P>TICUL> PROBLEM ISN'T V]Y IMPORTANT1 = EV5 IF !RE >E MANY SU* SMALL 5T]PRISES1 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE WORK+ 9 !M ONLY REPRES5TS A SMALL PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL WORK+ POPULATION4 

,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION 9TO ,C\NCILS C\LD PROCE$ AS NATURALLY 9 AGRICULTURE AS 9 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS TRADITIONAL ON ! LEFT TO SEE ! PEASANTRY AS A S\RCE ( CON/ANT PROBLEMS = WORK+ CLASS P[]1 BECAUSE ( ITS DISP]SION1 ITS ATTA*M5T TO PRIVATE PROP]TY & ITS POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL BACKW>DNESS4 ,!SE FACTORS C]TA9LY EXI/1 BUT IT IS D\BTFUL IF ! PEASANTRY W\LD ACTIVELY OPPOSE A WORK+ CLASS P[] EXHIBIT+ T[>DS IT AN 9TELLIG5T & SOCIALI/ ATTITUDE4 ,! 0PEASANT NI<TM>E10 CURR5TLY OBSESS+ SO MANY REVOLUTION>IES1 RESULTS FROM ! TELESCOP+ ( TWO QUITE DIFF]5T PROBLEMS2 ON ! ONE H&1 ! RELATIONS ( ! PEASANTRY ) A SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION1 9 ! CONTEXT ( A MOD]N SOCIETY2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEASANTRY & ,/ATE 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( #aiba 7OR ( #a#i#c#b71 OR 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES BETWE5 #aide & ! PRES5T TIME4 

,! SITUATION :I* L$ ,RUSSIA TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( #aiba IS ( NO EXEMPL>Y VALUE TO ANY1 EV5 MOD]ATELY1 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,!RE IS NO *ANCE ( ITS REPEAT+ ITSELF 9 A MOD]N SETT+4 ,9 #a#i#b#a1 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( AN AGRICULTURE :I* DID NOT DEP5D ON ! RE/ ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY = ITS ESS5TIAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & :I* SEV5 YE>S ( W> & CIVIL W> HAD COMPELL$ TO FALL BACK ON ITSELF 5TIRELY4 ,! ,P>TY WAS ASK+ ( ?IS AGRICULTURE TO SUPPLY ITS PRODUCE TO ! T[NS1 )\T (F]+ IT ANY?+ 9 EX*ANGE4 ,9 #a#i#c#b1 9 ,RUSSIA 7& AFT] #aide 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES71 :AT HAPP5$ WAS AN ABSOLUTELY HEAL?Y RESI/ANCE ( ! PEASANTRY TO ! MON/R\S EXPLOITATION IMPOS$ ON IT BY A BUREAUCRATIC /ATE1 ?R\< =CIBLE COLLECTIVIZATION4 

,9 A C\NTRY SU* AS ,FRANCE - CLASSICALLY CONSID]$ 0BACKW>D0 9 RELATION TO ! NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ITS PEASANTRY - WORK]S' P[] W\LD NOT HAVE TO FE> A 0:EAT /RIKE40 ,IT W\LD NOT HAVE TO ORGANIZE PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,PRECISELY1 BECAUSE ! PEASANT IS CONC]N$ ) HIS_/H] [N 9T]E/S1 S_/HE W\LD HAVE NO CAUSE TO QU>REL ) AN ADM9I/RATION :I* SUPPLIES HIM_/H] ) PETROL1 ELECTRICITY1 F]TILIZ]S1 ?RE%+ MA*9ES & SP>E P>TS4 ,PEASANTS W\LD ONLY ACTIVELY OPPOSE SU* AN ADM9I/RATION IF PU%$ TO ! LIMIT1 EI!R BY EXPLOITATION OR BY AN ABSURD POLICY ( =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY W\LD MEAN AN IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC /ATUS ( MO/ PEASANTS1 IF ONLY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ?AT SPECIFIC EXPLOITATION !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO ?R\< MIDDLEM54 ,AS = =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION1 IT W\LD BE ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ! REALM ( AGRICULTURE4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE C\LD ONLY COME AB\T AS ! RESULT ( AN ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T )9 ! PEASANTRY ITSELF4 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES1 C\LD IT BE IMPOS$ ?R\< DIRECT OR 9DIRECT 7ECONOMIC7 CO]CION4 

,A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD />T BY RECOGNIZ+ ! RI<TS ( ! PEASANTS TO ! WIDE/ AUTONOMY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR [N AFFAIRS4 ,IT W\LD 9VITE !M TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO ,RURAL ,COMMUNES1 BAS$ ON GEOGRAPHICAL OR CULTURAL UNITS1 & COMPRIS+ APPROXIMATELY EQUAL POPULATIONS4 ,EA* SU* ,COMMUNE W\LD HAVE1 BO? 9 RELATION TO ! RE/ ( SOCIETY & 9 RELATION TO ITS [N ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 ! /ATUS ( AN 5T]PRISE4 ,ITS SOV]EIGN ORGANISM W\LD1 !RE=E1 BE ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( PEASANTS & ITS REPRES5TATIONAL UNIT ! ,PEASANT ,C\NCIL4 ,RURAL ,COMMUNES & !IR ,C\NCILS W\LD BE 9 *>GE ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,!Y1 ALONE1 W\LD DECIDE :5 OR IF !Y WANT$ TO =M PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 & UND] :AT CONDITIONS4 ,9 RELATION TO ! OV]ALL PLAN1 IT W\LD BE ! ,RURAL ,COMMUNES & !IR ,C\NCILS ?AT W\LD >GUE ) ! ,C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 & NOT 9DIVIDUAL PEASANTS4 ,COMMUNES W\LD UND]TAKE TO DELIV] SU*-&-SU* A FRACTION ( !IR PRODUCE 7OR A GIV5 AM\NT ( A SPECIFIC PRODUCT7 9 EX*ANGE = GIV5 CR$ITS.<#b#e.> OR GIV5 AM\NTS ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,RURAL ,COMMUNES !MSELVES W\LD DECIDE H[ !SE W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG !IR [N MEMB]S4 

,:AT AB\T GR\PS ( WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 S]VICES ( V>I\S K9DS 7FROM PO/M5 TO WORK]S 9 5T]TA9M5T78 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y ! PATT]N ( !IR SELF-ORGANIZATION %\LD NOT RESEMBLE ?AT P]TA9+ 9 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,&1 :AT AB\T ! ?\S&-&-ONE PETTY TRADES EXI/+ 9 T[NS 7%OP-KEEP]S1 COBBL]S1 HAIRDRESS]S1 DOCTORS1 TAILORS1 ETC478 ,H]E1 ! PATT]N ( ORGANIZATION C\LD RESEMBLE :AT WE HAVE \TL9$ = AN 0ATOMIZ$0 OCCUPATION SU* AS AGRICULTURE4 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] W\LD NEV] SEEK =CIBLY TO COLLECTIVIZE !SE OCCUPATIONS4 ,IT W\LD ONLY ASK ( !SE CATEGORIES TO GR\P !MSELVES 9TO ASSOCIATIONS OR COOP]ATIVES1 :I* W\LD AT ONE-&-!-SAMETIME CON/ITUTE !IR REPRES5TATIVE POLITICAL ORGANS & !IR RESPONSIBLE UNITS 9 RELATION TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO QUE/ION1 = 9/ANCE1 ( SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RY 9DIVIDUALLY SUPPLY+ EA* P>TICUL> %OP OR >TISAN4 ,IT W\LD SUPPLY ! COOP]ATIVES ( :I* !SE %OPKEEP]S OR >TISANS W\LD BE MEMB]S1 & W\LD 5TRU/ TO !SE COOP]ATIVES !MSELVES TO DI/RIBUTE )9 !IR [N RANKS4 ,AT ! POLITICAL LEVEL1 PEOPLE 9 !SE OCCUPATIONS W\LD SEEK REPRES5TATION ?R\< ,C\NCILS1 = IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ELSE !Y C\LD BE G5U9ELY REPRES5T$4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO FRAUDUL5T ELECTIONS ( EI!R ! WE/]N OR ,RUSSIAN TYPES4 

,!SE SOLUTIONS ADMITT$LY PRES5T S]I\S %ORTCOM+S :5 COMP>$ ) 9DU/RIALLY BAS$ ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS - OR EV5 :5 COMP>$ ) ! ,RURAL ,COMMUNES4 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR ,RURAL ,COMMUNES >5'T PRIM>ILY BAS$ ON AN OCCUPATION 7:5 !Y >E /ILL SO BAS$1 ?IS W\LD REFLECT !IR WEAKNESS RA!R ?AN !IR /R5G?74 ,!Y >E BAS$ ON A WORK+ UNITY & ON A %>$ LIFE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES >E ORGANIC SOCIAL UNITS4 ,A ,COOP]ATIVE ( >TISANS OR ( PETTY TRAD]S1 GEOGRAPHICALLY SCATT]$ & LIV+ & WORK+ SEP>ATELY FROM ONE ANO!R1 WILL ONLY BE BAS$ ON A RA!R N>R[ COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S4 ,?IS FRAGM5TATION IS A LEGACY ( CAPITALISM1 :I* SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD SOON] OR LAT] SEEK TO TRANSC5D4 ,!RE >E POSSIBLY TOO MANY PEOPLE 9 !SE OCCUPATIONS TODAY4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 P>T ( !M W\LD PROBABLY BE ABSORB$ 9TO O!R OCCUPATIONS4 ,SOCIETY W\LD GRANT FUNDS TO ! REMA9D] TO 5ABLE !M1 IF !Y SO WI%$1 TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO L>G]1 SELF-MANAG$ UNITS4 

,:5 DISCUSS+ PEOPLE 9 !SE V>I\S OCCUPATIONS1 WE MU/ REPEAT :AT WE SAID AB\T ! PEASANTRY - NAMELY ?AT WE HAVE NO EXP]I5CE ( :AT !IR ATTITUDES MI<T BE TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,TO />T )1 & UP TO A PO9T1 !Y WILL D\BTLESS REMA9 0ATTA*$ TO PROP]TY40 ,BUT UP TO :AT PO9T8 ,ALL ?AT WE KN[ IS H[ !Y REACT$ :5 ,/AL9ISM S\<T =CIBLY TO DRIVE !M 9TO A CONC5TRATION CAMP4 ,A SOCIETY :I* W\LD GRANT !M AUTONOMY 9 !IR [N AFFAIRS1 :I* W\LD PEACEFULLY & RATIONALLY SEEK TO 9TEGRATE !M 9TO ! OV]ALL PATT]N ( SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* W\LD GIVE !M A LIV+ EXAMPLE ( DEMOCRATIC SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & :I* W\LD GIVE !M POSITIVE HELP IF !Y WANT$ TO PROCE$ T[>DS SOCIALIZATION1 W\LD C]TA9LY 5JOY A DIFF]5T PRE/IGE 9 !IR EYES 7& W\LD HAVE A DIFF]5T K9D ( 9FLU5CE ON !IR DEVELOPM5T7 ?AN DID AN EXPLOIT+ & TOTALIT>IAN BUREAUCRACY1 :I* BY EV]Y ONE ( ITS ACTS RE9=C$ !IR 0ATTA*M5T TO PROP]TY0 & DROVE !M C5TURIES BACKW>D4 

B4 ,! ,C\NCILS & ,SOCIAL ,LIFE 

,! BASIC UNITS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 5VISAG$ SO F> W\LD NOT ONLY MANAGE PRODUCTION4 ,!Y W\LD1 AT ! SAME TIME & PRIM>ILY1 BE ORGANS = POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,!Y W\LD BE BO? ORGANS ( LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION & ! ONLY BASES ( ! C5TRAL P[]1 :I* W\LD ONLY EXI/ AS A ,F$]ATION OR REGR\P+ ( ALL ! ,C\NCILS4 

,TO SAY ?AT A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL WILL BE AN ORGAN ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T 7& NOT JU/ AN ORGAN ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION71 IS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT A FACTORY OR (FICE ISN'T JU/ A PRODUCTIVE UNIT1 BUT IS ALSO A SOCIAL CELL & LOCUS ( 9DIVIDUAL 0SOCIALIZATION40 ,AL?\< ?IS V>IES FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY1 & FROM WORKPLACE TO WORKPLACE1 A MASS ( ACTIVITIES1 O!R ?AN JU/ E>N+ A LIV+1 TAKE PLACE !RE 7CANTE5S1 COOP]ATIVES1 SPORTS CLUBS1 LIBR>IES1 RE/ H\SES1 COLLECTIVE \T+S1 DANCES71 ACTIVITIES :I* ALL[ HUMAN TIES BO? PRIVATE & 0PUBLIC0 TO BECOME E/ABLI%$4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! AV]AGE P]SON IS TODAY ACTIVE 9 0PUBLIC0 AFFAIRS1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO BE ?R\< SOME ACTIVITY RELAT$ TO WORK ?AN 9 HIS CAPACITY AS AN AB/RACT 0CITIZ510 VOT+ ONCE EV]Y #e YE>S4 ,UND] SOCIALISM1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ( ! V]Y NATURE ( WORK1 W\LD 5ORM\SLY RE9=CE ! POSITIVE SIGNIFICANCE1 = EA* WORK]1 ( ! WORK+ COLLECTIVE TO :I* S_/HE BELONG$4 

,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES W\LD PROBABLY TAKE OV] ALL 0MUNICIPAL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y C\LD ALSO TAKE OV] MANY O!RS1 :I* ! MON/R\S C5TRALIZATION ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE HAS REMOV$ FROM ! H&S ( LOCAL GR\PS1 ) ! SOLE AIM ( CONSOLIDAT+ ! DOM9ION ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ( ITS BUREAUCRACY OV] ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,LOCAL ,C\NCILS1 = 9/ANCE1 MI<T TAKE OV] ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE & ! LOCAL CONTROL ( $UCATION4 

,! TWO =MS ( REGR\PM5T - PRODUCTIVE & GEOGRAPHICAL - TODAY SELDOM CO9CIDE4 ,PEOPLES' HOMES >E AT V>IABLE DI/ANCES FROM :]E !Y WORK4 ,:]E ! SCATT] IS SMALL1 AS 9 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL T[NS OR 9DU/RIAL SUBURBS 7OR 9 MANY ,RURAL ,COMMUNES71 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION MI<T BE UND]TAK5 BY ! SAME ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES & BY ! SAME ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,:]E HOME & WORK PLACE DON'T OV]LAP1 GEOGRAPHICALLY-BAS$ LOCAL ,C\NCILS 7,SOVIETS7 W\LD HAVE TO BE 9/ITUT$1 DIRECTLY REPRES5T+ BO? ! 9HABITANTS ( A GIV5 >EA & ! 5T]PRISES 9 ! >EA4 ,9ITIALLY1 SU* GEOGRAPHICALLY-BAS$ LOCAL ,C\NCILS MAY BE NECESS>Y 9 MANY PLACES4 ,ONE MI<T 5VISAGE !M AS 0COLLAT]AL0 9/ITUTIONS1 ALSO 9 *>GE ( LOCAL AFFAIRS4 ,!Y W\LD COLLABORATE AT LOCAL & AT NATIONAL LEVEL ) ! ,C\NCILS ( PRODUC]S 7,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS7 :I* ALONE H[EV] W\LD EMBODY ! NEW P[] 9 PRODUCTION4.<#b#f.> 

,! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( ! TWO K9DS ( ,C\NCILS C\LD SOON BE OV]COME1 IF *ANGES TOOK PLACE 9 :]E PEOPLE *OSE TO LIVE4_<#a#g_> ,?IS IS BUT A SMALL ASPECT ( AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM ?AT WILL HANG OV] ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY = DECADES TO COME4 ,UND]LY+ !SE QUE/IONS >E ALL ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & HUMAN PROBLEMS ( T[N PLANN+ 9 ! DEEPE/ S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,AT ! LIMIT1 !RE EV5 LIES ! PROBLEM ( T[N & C\NTRY4 ,IT IS NOT = US H]E TO V5TURE 9TO !SE FIELDS4 ,ALL WE CAN SAY IS ?AT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO TACKLE !SE PROBLEMS AS TOTAL PROBLEMS1 FROM ! V]Y />T1 = !Y IMP+E ON EV]Y ASPECT ( PEOPLES' LIVES & ON SOCIETY'S [N ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL PURPOSE4 

,:AT WE HAVE SAID AB\T LOCAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION ALSO APPLIES TO REGIONAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR ( ,RURAL ,COMMUNES WILL BE 9 *>GE ( COORD9AT+ !SE BODIES AT A REGIONAL LEVEL & ( ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITIES BE/ TACKL$ AT SU* A LEVEL4 

C4 ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION ( 0,/ATE0 ,FUNCTIONS 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N ,/ATE 7& NOT M]ELY 0T]RITORIAL0 FUNCTIONS71 WILL BE TAK5 OV] BY LOCAL OR REGIONAL ORGANS ( POPUL> SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT1 :AT AB\T ! TRULY 0C5TRAL0 FUNCTIONS1 ?OSE :I* AFFECT ! TOTALITY ( ! POPULATION1 9 AN 9DIVISIBLE MANN]8 

,9 CLASS SOCIETIES1 & 9 P>TICUL> UND] CLASSICAL #a#i?-C5TURY 0LIB]AL0 CAPITALISM1 ! ULTIMATE FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE WAS TO GU>ANTEE ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( A LEGAL MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ! /ATE CONSI/$ ( 0SPECIALIZ$ BODIES ( >M$ M51 & PRISONS40 ,9 ! C\RSE ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 ?IS /ATE APP>ATUS W\LD BE SMA%$1 ! 0SPECIALIZ$ DETA*M5TS ( >M$ M50 DISSOLV$ & REPLAC$ BY ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE1 ! P]MAN5T BUREAUCRACY ABOLI%$1 & REPLAC$ BY ELECT$ & REVOCABLE (FICIALS4 

,UND] MOD]N CAPITALISM1 9CREAS+ ECONOMIC CONC5TRATION & ! 9CREAS+ CONC5TRATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE 7) ! CORRESPOND+ NE$ = ! RUL+ CLASS TO SUBMIT EV]Y?+ TO ITS CONTROL71 HAVE L$ TO AN 5ORM\S GR[? ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 ( ITS FUNCTIONS1 & ( ITS BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] JU/ A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS :I* HAS ELEVAT$ ITSELF 0ABOVE0 SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! HUB ( A :OLE S]IES ( ME*ANISMS :]EBY MOD]N SOCIETY FUNCTIONS FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,AT ! LIMIT1 ! MOD]N ,/ATE SUBT5DS ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 AS 9 ! FULLY DEVELOP$ /ATE CAPITALI/ REGIMES ( ,RUSSIA & ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES4 ,EV5 9 ! ,WE/1 ! MOD]N /ATE DOES NOT ONLY EX]CISE 0P[]0 9 ! N>R[ S5SE1 BUT TAKES ON AN EV]-9CREAS+ ROLE 9 MANAGEM5T & CONTROL NOT ONLY ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT ( A :OLE MASS ( SOCIAL ACTIVITIES4 ,9 P>ALLEL ) ALL ?IS1 ! ,/ATE TAKES ON A :OLE LOT ( FUNCTIONS :I* 9 !MSELVES C\LD P]FECTLY WELL BE C>RI$ \T BY O!R BODIES1 BUT :I* HAVE EI!R BECOME USEFUL 9/RUM5TS ( CONTROL1 OR :I* IMPLY ! MOBILIZATION ( CONSID]ABLE RES\RCES :I* ! ,/ATE ALONE POSSESSES4 

,9 MANY PEOPLE'S M9DS1 ! MY? ( ! 0,/ATE1 AS ! 9C>NATION ( ! ,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA0 7:I* ,5GELS MOCK$ A C5TURY AGO71 HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ANO!R MY?1 ! MY? ( ! ,/ATE AS ! 9EVITABLE 9C>NATION ( C5TRALIZATION & ( ! 0TE*NICAL RATIONALIZATION0 REQUIR$ BY MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS HAS HAD TWO MA9 EFFECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT HAS L$ TO PEOPLE CONSID]+ \TMOD$1 UTOPIAN OR 9APPLICABLE SOME ( ! MORE REVOLUTION>Y 9SI<TS ( ,M>X OR ,L59 79 RELATION TO ! EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 #a#h#g#a1 OR #a#i#e74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS L$ TO PEOPLE SWALL[+ ! REALITY ( ! MOD]N ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 :I* SIMULTANE\SLY EPITOMIZES.<#b#g.> ! MO/ TOTAL NEGATION ( PREVI\S REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTIONS ( :AT SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MI<T BE LIKE1 & EXHIBITS A MON/R\S 9CREASE ( ?OSE V]Y FEATURES CRITICIZ$1 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BY PREVI\S REVOLUTION>IES 7! TOTAL SEP>ATION ( RUL]S & RUL$1 P]MAN5T (FICIALDOM1 GREAT PRIVILEGES = ! FEW1 ETC474 

,BUT1 ?IS V]Y EVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N /ATE CONTA9S ! SE$ ( A SOLUTION4 ,! MOD]N /ATE HAS BECOME A GIGANTIC 5T]PRISE - BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT 5T]PRISE 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,IT CAN ONLY EX]CISE ITS MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS CREAT$ A :OLE NETWORK ( ORGANS ( EXECUTION1 9 :I* WORK HAS BECOME COLLECTIVE1 FRAGM5T$ & SPECIALIZ$4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ H]E IS ! SAME AS :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION 9 P>TICUL> 5T]PRISES4 ,BUT1 IT HAS HAPP5$ ON A MU* VA/] SCALE4 ,9 !IR OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 TODAY'S GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS ONLY C>RY \T SPECIFIC & LIMIT$ TASKS4 ,!Y >E 05T]PRISES10 SPECIALIZ+ 9 C]TA9 TYPES ( WORK4 ,SOME 7SU* AS ,PUBLIC ,HEAL?7 >E SOCIALLY NECESS>Y4 ,O!RS 7SU* AS ,CU/OMS7 >E QUITE USELESS1 OR >E ONLY NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! CLASS /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY 7SU* AS ! ,POLICE74 ,MOD]N GOV]NM5TS (T5 HAVE LITTLE MORE REAL L9KS ) ! WORK ( 0!IR0 DEP>TM5TS ?AN !Y HAVE1 SAY1 ) ! PRODUCTION ( MOTOR C>S4 ,! NOTION ( 0ADM9I/RATIVE RI<TS10 :I* REMA9S APP5D$ TO :AT >E1 9 FACT1 A S]IES ( 0PUBLIC S]VICES10 IS A JURIDICAL LEGACY1 )\T REAL CONT5T4 ,ITS ONLY PURPOSE IS TO RE9=CE ! >BITR>9ESS & IRRESPONSIBILITY ( ?OSE AT ! TOP ( V>I\S BUREAUCRATIC PYRAMIDS4 

,GIV5 !SE FACTS1 ! SOLUTION W\LD NOT LIE 9 ! 0ELIGIBILITY & REVOCABILITY0 ( ALL PUBLIC S]VANTS4 ,?IS W\LD BE NEI!R NECESS>Y 7!SE (FICIALS EX]CISE NO REAL P[]7 NOR POSSIBLE 7!Y >E SPECIALIZ$ WORK]S1 :OM ONE C\LD NO MORE 0ELECT0 ?AN ONE W\LD ELECT ELECTRICIANS OR DOCTORS74 ,! SOLUTION W\LD LIE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 PURE & SIMPLE1 ( MO/ ( TODAY'S GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ?IS W\LD ONLY BE GIV+ =MAL RECOGNITION TO AN ALREADY EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,CONCRETELY1 SU* 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION W\LD MEAN3 

! EXPLICIT TRANS=MATION ( !SE GOV]NM5T DEP>TM5TS 9TO 05T]PRISES0 HAV+ ! SAME /ATUS AS ANY O!R 5T]PRISE4 ,9 MANY ( !SE NEW 5T]PRISES1 ! ME*ANIZATION & AUTOMATION ( WORK C\LD BE SY/EMATICALLY DEVELOP$ TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE2 

! FUNCTION ( !SE 5T]PRISES W\LD BE CONF9$ TO ! C>RY+ \T ( ! TASKS ALLOTT$ TO !M BY ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY2 

! MANAGEM5T ( !SE 5T]PRISES W\LD BE ?R\< ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 REPRES5T+ ?OSE :O WORK !RE4 ,!SE (FICE WORK]S1 LIKE ALL O!RS1 W\LD DET]M9E ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N WORK4.<#b#h.> 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! 0PLAN FACTORY0 W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,A SIMIL> PATT]N MI<T APPLY TO :ATEV] P]SI/S OR C\LD BE US$ ( ANY CURR5T /RUCTURE RELAT+ TO ! ECONOMY 7=EIGN TRADE1 AGRICULTURE1 F9ANCE1 9DU/RY74 ,CURR5T ,/ATE FUNCTIONS1 :I* >E ALREADY 09DU/RIAL0 7PUBLIC WORKS1 PUBLIC TRANSPORT1 COMMUNICATIONS7 W\LD BE SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,SO1 PROBABLY1 W\LD $UCATION1 AL?\< H]E !RE W\LD BE LATITUDE = A V]Y WIDE V>IETY ( TE*NIQUES & EXP]IM5TS4 

D4 ,! 0,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY0 & ,ITS 0,C\NCIL0 

,:AT REMA9S ( ! FUNCTIONS ( A MOD]N /ATE WILL BE DISCUSS$ UND] ?REE HEAD+S3 

! MAT]IAL BASIS ( AU?ORITY & CO]CION1 0! SPECIALIZ$ B&S ( >M$ M5 & PRISONS0 79 O!R WORDS ! >MY & ! LAW72 

9T]NAL & EXT]NAL 0POLITICS10 9 ! N>R[ S5SE 79 O!R WORDS ! PROBLEMS ?AT MI<T BE POS$ TO A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY IF CONFRONT$ ) 9T]NAL OPPOSITION OR ) ! P]SI/5CE ( HO/ILE EXPLOIT+ REGIMES 9 NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES72 

REAL POLITICS3 ! OV]ALL VISION1 COORD9ATION & G5]AL PURPOSE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,CONC]N+ ! ,>MY1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT 0! SPECIALIZ$ B&S ( >M$ M50 W\LD BE DISSOLV$4 ,! PEOPLE W\LD BE >M$4 ,IF W> OR CIVIL W> DEVELOP$1 WORK]S 9 FACTORIES1 (FICES & ,RURAL ,COMMUNES W\LD CON/ITUTE ! UNITS ( A NONP]MAN5T1 T]RITORIALLY-BAS$ MILITIA1 EA* ,C\NCIL BE+ 9 *>GE ( ITS [N >EA4 ,REGIONAL REGR\P+S W\LD 5ABLE LOCAL UNITS TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$1 & IF NECESS>Y1 W\LD ALL[ ! RATIONAL USE ( HEAVI] >MAM5T4.<#b#i.> ,IF IT PROV$ NECESS>Y1 EA* ,C\NCIL W\LD PROBABLY CONTRIBUTE A CONT+5T TO ! =MATION ( C]TA9 C5TRAL UNITS1 :I* W\LD BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4_<#a#h_> 

,AS = ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 IT W\LD BE 9 ! H&S ( RANK-&-FILE BODIES4 ,EA* ,C\NCIL MI<T ACT AS A 0L[] C\RT0 9 RELATION TO 0(F5SES0 COMMITT$ 9 ITS >EA4 ,9DIVIDUAL RI<TS W\LD BE GU>ANTE$ BY PROC$URAL RULES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 & MI<T 9CLUDE ! RI<T ( APPEAL TO ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCILS OR TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ITSELF4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( A 0P5AL CODE0 OR ( PRISONS1 ! V]Y NOTION ( PUNI%M5T BE+ ABSURD FROM A SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 0,JUDGM5TS0 C\LD ONLY AIM AT ! RE$UCATION ( ! SOCIAL 0DEL9QU5T0 & AT HIS_/H] RE9TEGRATION 9TO ! NEW LIFE4 ,DEPRIVATION ( FRE$OM ONLY HAS A MEAN+ IF ONE CONSID]S ?AT A P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL CON/ITUTES A P]MAN5T ?REAT TO O!RS 7& 9 ?AT CASE1 :AT IS NE$$ IS NOT A P5IT5TI>Y BUT ! M$ICAL - & MU* MORE (T5 SOCIAL - HELP ( FELL[ HUMAN BE+S_<#a#i_> 

,POLITICAL PROBLEMS - 9 ! N>R[1 AS WELL AS 9 ! BROAD] S5SE - >E PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! :OLE POPULATION1 & :I* ! POPULATION AS A :OLE IS1 !RE=E ALONE1 9 A POSITION TO SOLVE4 ,BUT1 PEOPLE CAN ONLY SOLVE !M IF !Y >E ORGANIZ$ TO ?IS 5D4 ,AT ! MOM5T1 EV]Y?+ IS DEVIS$ SO AS TO PREV5T PEOPLE FROM DEAL+ ) SU* PROBLEMS4 ,PEOPLE >E CONN$ 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT POLITICAL PROBLEMS CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! POLITICIANS1 ?OSE SPECIALI/S ( ! UNIV]SAL1 :OSE MO/ UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE IS PRECISELY !IR IGNORANCE ( ANY P>TICUL> REALITY4 

,! NECESS>Y ORGANIZATIONS WILL COMPRISE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( EA* P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE4 ,!SE WILL PROVIDE LIV+ MILIEUX = ! CONFRONTATION ( VIEWS & = ! ELABORATION ( 9=M$ POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,!Y WILL BE ! ULTIMATE SOV]EIGN AU?ORITIES = ALL POLITICAL DECISIONS4 ,BUT1 !RE WILL ALSO BE A C5TRAL 9/ITUTION1 DIRECTLY EMANAT+ FROM !SE GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS1 NAMELY ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4 ,! EXI/5CE ( SU* A BODY IS NECESS>Y1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE SOME PROBLEMS REQUIRE AN IMM$IATE DECISION 7EV5 IF SU* A DECISION IS SUBSEQU5TLY REV]S$ BY ! POPULATION7 - BUT MORE P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE PRELIM9>Y *ECK+1 CL>IFICATION1 & ELABORATION ( ! FACTS IS NE>LY ALWAYS NECESS>Y - BE=E ANY MEAN+FUL DECISION CAN BE TAK54 ,TO ASK ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE TO PRON\NCE !MSELVES )\T ANY SU* PREP>ATION1 W\LD (T5 BE A MY/IFICATION & A NEGATION ( DEMOCRACY 7BECAUSE IT W\LD IMPLY PEOPLE HAV+ TO DECIDE )\T FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS74 ,!RE MU/ BE A FRAMEWORK = DISCUSS+ PROBLEMS & = SUBMITT+ !M TO POPUL> DECISION1 OR EV5 = SUGGE/+ ?AT !Y %\LD BE DISCUSS$4 ,!SE >E NOT JU/ 0TE*NICAL0 FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y >E DEEPLY POLITICAL1 & ! BODY ?AT W\LD 9ITIATE !M W\LD BE1 :E!R ONE LIK$ IT OR NOT1 AN 9DISP5SABLE C5TRAL 9/ITUTION - AL?\< 5TIRELY DIFF]5T 9 ITS /RUCTURE & ROLE FROM ANY CONTEMPOR>Y C5TRAL BODY4 

,! REAL PROBLEM - :I* 9 \R OP9ION %\LD BE DISCUSS$ RATIONALLY & )\T EXCITEM5T - ISN'T :E!R SU* A BODY %\LD EXI/ OR NOT4 ,IT IS H[ TO 5SURE ?AT IT IS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT IT NO LONG] 9C>NATES ! ALI5ATION ( POLITICAL P[] 9 SOCIETY & ! VE/+ ( AU?ORITY 9 ! H&S ( SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS1 SEP>ATE FROM ! POPULATION AS A :OLE4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO 5SURE ?AT ANY C5TRAL BODY IS ! G5U9E EXPRESSION & EMBODIM5T ( POPUL> WILL4 ,WE ?9K ?IS IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE UND] MOD]N CONDITIONS4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( M5 & WOM5 ELECT$ DIRECTLY BY ! LOCAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( V>I\S FACTORIES & (FICES4 ,!SE PEOPLE W\LD BE REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES BY ! BODIES ?AT ELECT$ !M4 ,!Y W\LD REMA9 AT WORK1 JU/ AS W\LD ! DELEGATES TO ! LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,DELEGATES TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY W\LD MEET 9 PL5>Y SESSION AS (T5 AS NECESS>Y4 ,9 MEET+ TWICE A WEEK1 OR DUR+ ONE WEEK ( EA* MON?1 !Y W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY GET ?R\< MORE WORK ?AN ANY PRES5T P>LIAM5T 7:I* H>DLY GETS ?R\< ANY74 ,AT FREQU5T 9T]VALS 7P]HAPS ONCE A MON?71 !Y W\LD HAVE TO GIVE AN ACC\NT ( !IR M&ATE TO ?OSE :O HAD ELECT$ !M4.<#c.> 

,?OSE ELECT$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY W\LD ELECT FROM )9 !IR [N RANKS - OR W\LD APPO9T TO ACT 9 ROTATION - A ,C\NCIL1 P]HAPS COMPOS$ ( A FEW DOZ5 MEMB]S4 ,! TASKS ( ?IS BODY W\LD BE RE/RICT$ TO PREP>+ ! WORK ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES1 TO DEPUTIZ+ = IT :5 IT WAS NOT 9 SESSION1 & TO CONV5+ ! ,ASSEMBLY URG5TLY1 IF NECESS>Y4 

,IF ?IS 0,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL0 EXCE$$ ITS JURISDICTION & TOOK A DECISION :I* C\LD OR %\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 BY ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 OR IF IT TOOK ANY UNACCEPTABLE DECISIONS1 !SE C\LD IMM$IATELY BE RESC9D$ BY ! NEXT MEET+ ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* C\LD ALSO TAKE ANY MEASURES NECESS>Y1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! 0DISSOLUTION0 ( ITS [N ,C\NCIL4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY TOOK ANY DECISION :I* EXCE$$ ITS JURISDICTION1 OR :I* PROP]LY BELONG$ TO ! LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS OR TO ! LOCAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES1 IT W\LD BE UP TO !SE BODIES TO TAKE ANY /EPS NECESS>Y1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! REVOCATION ( !IR DELEGATES TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,NEI!R ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL NOR ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY C\LD P]SEV]E 9 UNACCEPTABLE PRACTICES 7!Y W\LD HAVE NO P[] ( !IR [N1 !Y W\LD BE REVOCABLE1 & 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! POPULATION W\LD BE >M$74 ,BUT1 IF ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ALL[$ ITS ,C\NCIL TO EXCE$ ITS RI<TS - OR1 IF MEMB]S ( LOCAL ,ASSEMBLIES ALL[$ !IR DELEGATES TO ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY TO EXCE$ !IR AU?ORITY - NO?+ C\LD BE DONE4 ,! POPULATION CAN ONLY EX]CISE POLITICAL P[] IF IT WANTS TO4 ,! ORGANIZATION PROPOS$ W\LD 5SURE ?AT ! POPULATION C\LD EX]CISE SU* P[]1 IF IT WANT$ TO4 

,BUT1 ?IS V]Y WILL TO TAKE AFFAIRS 9TO ONE'S [N H&S ISN'T SOME BL9D =CE1 APPE>+ & DISAPPE>+ 9 SOME MY/]I\S WAY4 ,POLITICAL ALI5ATION 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ISN'T JU/ ! PRODUCT ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS :I*1 BY !IR V]Y /RUCTURE1 MAKE IT TE*NICALLY IMPOSSIBLE = ! POPUL> WILL TO EXPRESS OR FULFILL ITSELF4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ALI5ATION /EMS FROM ! FACT ?AT ?IS WILL IS DE/ROY$ AT ITS ROOTS1 ?AT ITS V]Y GR[? IS ?W>T$1 & ?AT F9ALLY ALL 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS IS TOTALLY SUPPRESS$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE S9I/] ?AN ! UTT]ANCES ( SUNDRY LIB]ALS1 BEMOAN+ ! 0POLITICAL APA?Y ( ! PEOPLE10 AN APA?Y :I* ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM TO :I* !Y SUBSCRIBE W\LD RECREATE DAILY1 IF IT DIDN'T EXI/ ALREADY4 ,?IS SUPPRESSION ( POLITICAL WILL 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES /EMS AS MU* FROM ! CONT5T ( MOD]N 0POLITICS0 AS FROM ! MEANS AVAILABLE = POLITICAL EXPRESSION4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! UNBRIDGEABLE GULF ?AT TODAY SEP>ATES 0POLITICS0 FROM REAL LIFE4 ,! CONT5T ( MOD]N POLITICS IS ! 0BETT]0 ORGANIZATION ( EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY3 ! BETT] TO EXPLOIT SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,ITS ME?ODS >E NECESS>ILY MY/IFY+3 !Y RESORT EI!R TO DIRECT LIES OR TO MEAN+LESS AB/RACTIONS4 ,! WORLD 9 :I* ALL ?IS TAKES PLACE IS A WORLD ( 0SPECIALI/S10 ( UND]H& DEALS & ( SPURI\S 0TE*NICISM40 

,ALL ?IS WILL BE RADICALLY *ANG$ 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EXPLOITATION HAV+ BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ! CONT5T ( POLITICS WILL BE ! BETT] ORGANIZATION ( \R COMMON LIFE4 ,AN IMM$IATE RESULT WILL BE A DIFF]5T ATTITUDE ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE T[>DS PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,POLITICAL PROBLEMS WILL BE EV]YONE'S PROBLEMS1 :E!R !Y RELATE TO :]E ONE WORKS OR DEAL ) MU* WID] ISSUES4 ,PEOPLE WILL BEG9 TO FEEL ?AT !IR CONC]NS HAVE A REAL IMPACT1 & P]CEPTIBLE RESULTS %\LD SOON BE OBVI\S TO ALL4 ,! ME?OD ( ! NEW POLITICS WILL BE TO MAKE REAL PROBLEMS ACCESSIBLE TO ALL4 ,! GULF SEP>AT+ 0POLITICAL AFFAIRS0 FROM EV]YDAY LIFE WILL N>R[ & EV5TUALLY DISAPPE>4 

,ALL ?IS W>RANTS SOME COMM5T4 ,MOD]N SOCIOLOGI/S (T5 CLAIM ?AT ! CONT5T & ME?ODS ( MOD]N POLITICS >E 9EVITABLE4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( POLITICS FROM LIFE IS DUE TO AN IRREV]SIBLE TE*NOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 :I* MAKES IMPOSSIBLE ANY REAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS ALLEG$ ?AT ! CONT5T ( POLITICS - NAMELY ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY - HAS BECOME HI<LY COMPLEX1 EMBRAC+ AN EXTRAORD9>Y MASS ( DATA & PROBLEMS1 EA* ( :I* CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS A RESULT ( ADVANC$ SPECIALIZATION4 ,ALL ?IS ALLEG$LY BE+ SO1 IT IS PROCLAIM$ AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT !SE PROBLEMS C\LD NEV] BE PUT TO ! PUBLIC 9 ANY 9TELLIGIBLE WAY - OR ONLY BY SIMPLIFY+ !M TO A DEGREE ?AT W\LD DI/ORT !M ALTOGE!R4 ,:Y BE SURPRIS$ !N1 ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE TAKE NO MORE 9T]E/ 9 POLITICS ?AN !Y DO 9 DIFF]5TIAL CALCULUS8 

,IF !SE 0>GUM5TS0 - PRES5T$ AS ! V]Y LATE/ 9 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY1 BUT 9 FACT1 AS OLD AS ! WORLD.<#c#a.> - PROVE ANY?+1 IT IS NOT ?AT DEMOCRACY IS A UTOPIAN ILLUSION BUT ?AT ! V]Y MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY1 BY :ATEV] MEANS1 HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! POLITICIAN1 ACCORD+ TO !SE PREMISES1 W\LD HAVE TO BE ! 0,9C>NATION ( ,ABSOLUTE & ,TOTAL ,KN[L$GE40 ,NO TE*NICAL SPECIALIZATION1 H[EV] ADVANC$1 5TITLES ITS POSSESSOR TO 9FLU5CE >EAS O!R ?AN HIS_/H] [N4 ,AN ASSEMBLY ( TE*NICIANS1 EA* ! HI<E/ AU?ORITY 9 HIS_/H] P>TICUL> FIELD - W\LD HAVE NO COMPET5CE 7AS AN ASSEMBLY ( TE*NICIANS7 TO SOLVE ANY?+4 

,ONLY ONE 9DIVIDUAL C\LD COMM5T ON ANY SPECIFIC PO9T1 & NO ONE W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO COMM5T ON ANY G5]AL PROBLEM4 

,9 FACT1 MOD]N SOCIETY IS NOT MANAG$ BY TE*NICIANS AS SU* 7& NEV] C\LD BE74 ,?OSE :O MANAGE IT DON'T 9C>NATE 0,ABSOLUTE ,KN[L$GE0 - BUT RA!R G5]ALIZ$ 9COMPET5CE4 ,9 FACT1 MOD]N SOCIETY IS H>DLY MANAG$ AT ALL - IT JU/ DRIFTS4 ,JU/ LIKE ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS AT ! HEAD ( SOME BIG FACTORY1 A MOD]N POLITICAL 0LEAD]%IP0 ONLY R5D]S V]DICTS - &1 USUALLY QUITE >BITR>Y ONES4 ,IT DECIDES BETWE5 ! OP9IONS ( ! V>I\S TE*NICAL DEP>TM5TS DESIGN$ TO 0ASSI/0 IT1 & OV] :I* IT HAS V]Y LITTLE CONTROL4 ,9 ?IS1 \R RUL]S >E !MSELVES CAU<T UP 9 !IR [N SOCIAL SY/EM1 & EXP]I5CE ! SAME POLITICAL ALI5ATION :I* !Y IMPOSE ON ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 ,! *AOS ( !IR [N SOCIAL ORGANIZATION R5D]S IMPOSSIBLE A RATIONAL EX]CISE ( !IR [N P[] EV5 9 !IR [N T]MS4.<#c#b.> 

,WE DISCUSS ALL ?IS BECAUSE IT 5ABLES US ONCE AGA9 TO /RESS AN IMPORTANT TRU?4 ,9 ! CASE ( POLITICS AS 9 ! CASE ( PRODUCTION1 PEOPLE T5D TO BLAME MOD]N TE*NOLOGY OR MOD]N 0TE*NICISM10 9 G5]AL1 9/EAD ( SEE+ ?AT ! PROBLEMS /EM FROM A SPECIFICALLY CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 POLITICS1 AS 9 PRODUCTION1 CAPITALISM DOESN'T ONLY MEAN ! USE ( TE*NICALLY 0NEUTRAL0 MEANS = CAPITALI/ 5DS4 ,IT ALSO MEANS ! CREATION & DEVELOPM5T ( SPECIFIC TE*NIQUES1 AIM$ AT 5SUR+ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PRODUC]S - OR ! OPPRESSION1 MY/IFICATION & POLITICAL MANIPULATION ( CITIZ5S1 9 G5]AL4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION1 SOCIALISM WILL MEAN ! CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,TE*NIQUE WILL BE MADE TO HELP ! PEOPLE4 ,AT ! LEVEL ( POLITICS1 SOCIALISM WILL IMPLY A SIMIL> TRANS=MATION3 TE*NIQUE WILL BE MADE TO HELP DEMOCRACY4 

,POLITICAL TE*NIQUE IS BAS$ ESS5TIALLY ON ! TE*NIQUES ( 9=MATION & ( COMMUNICATION4 ,WE >E H]E US+ ! T]M 0TE*NIQUE0 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE 7! MAT]IAL MEANS ( 9=MATION & ( COMMUNICATION ONLY COMPRISE A P>T ( ! CORRESPOND+ TE*NIQUES74 ,TO PLACE ! TE*NIQUE ( 9=MATION AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY DOESN'T ONLY MEAN TO PUT MAT]IAL MEANS ( EXPRESSION 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE 7ESS5TIAL AS ?IS MAY BE74 ,NOR DOES IT MEAN ! DISSEM9ATION ( ALL 9=MATION1 OR ( ANY 9=MATION1 9 :ATEV] =M4 ,IT MEANS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 TO PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( MANK9D ! NECESS>Y ELEM5TS 5ABL+ PEOPLE TO DECIDE 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4 ,9 RELATION TO ! PLAN FACTORY1 WE HAVE GIV5 A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE ( H[ 9=MATION C\LD BE US$ SO AS VA/LY TO 9CREASE PEOPLE'S >EAS ( FRE$OM4 ,G5U9E 9=MATION W\LD NOT CONSI/ 9 BURY+ EV]YONE UND] :OLE LIBR>IES ( TEXTBOOKS ON ECONOMICS1 TE*NOLOGY & /ATI/ICS3 ! 9=MATION ?AT W\LD RESULT FROM ?IS W\LD BE /RICTLY NIL4 ,! 9=MATION PROVID$ BY ! PLAN FACTORY W\LD BE COMPACT1 SIGNIFICANT1 SUFFICI5T & TRU?FUL4 ,EV]YONE WILL KN[ :AT S_/HE WILL HAVE TO CONTRIBUTE & ! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION S_/HE WILL 5JOY IF ?IS OR ?AT V>IANT ( ! PLAN IS ADOPT$4 ,?IS IS H[ TE*NIQUE 79 ?IS 9/ANCE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 /ATI/ICS1 & COMPUT]S7 C\LD BE PUT AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY 9 A DECISIVE FIELD4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO ! TE*NIQUE ( COMMUNICATION4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! V]Y SIZE ( MOD]N SOCIETIES PRECLUDES ! EX]CISE ( ANY G5U9E DEMOCRACY4 ,DI/ANCES & NUMB]S ALLEG$LY R5D] DIRECT DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! ONLY FEASIBLE DEMOCRACY IT IS CLAIM$ IS REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 :I* 09EVITABLY0 CONTA9S A K]NEL ( POLITICAL ALI5ATION1 NAMELY1 ! SEP>ATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVES FROM ?OSE !Y REPRES5T4 

,9 FACT1 !RE >E SEV]AL WAYS ( 5VISAG+ & ( A*IEV+ REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,P>LIAM5T IS ONE4 ,C\NCILS >E ANO!R1 & IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ POLITICAL ALI5ATION C\LD >ISE 9 A PROP]LY FUNCTION+ ,C\NCIL SY/EM4 ,IF MOD]N TE*NIQUES ( COMMUNICATION W]E PUT AT ! S]VICE ( DEMOCRACY1 ! >EAS :]E REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY W\LD REMA9 NECESS>Y W\LD N>R[ D[N CONSID]ABLY4 ,MAT]IAL DI/ANCES >E SMALL] 9 ! MOD]N WORLD ?AN !Y W]E 9 ,ATTICA1 9 ! #e? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! VOICE RANGE ( ! ORATOR - & H5CE1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE S_/HE C\LD REA* - WAS LIMIT$ BY ! FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY ( HIS_/H] VOCAL CORDS4 ,TODAY1 IT IS UNLIMIT$4 ,9 ! REALM ( COMMUNICAT+ IDEAS1 DI/ANCES HAV5'T ONLY N>R[$ - !Y HAVE DISAPPE>$4 

,IF SOCIETY FELT IT TO BE NECESS>Y1 ONE C\LD1 AS FROM TODAY1 E/ABLI% A ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ! :OLE POPULATION ( ANY MOD]N C\NTRY4 ,RADIO-TELEVISION C\LD EASILY L9K UP A VA/ NUMB] ( ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES1 9 V>I\S FACTORIES1 (FICES1 OR RURAL ,COMMUNES4 ,SIMIL>1 BUT MORE LIMIT$1 L9K-UPS C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ 9 A VA/ NUMB] ( CASES4.<#c#c.> ,! SESSIONS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY OR ( ITS ,C\NCIL C\LD EASILY BE TELEVIS$4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) ! REVOCABILITY ( ALL DELEGATES1 W\LD READILY 5SURE ?AT ANY C5TRAL 9/ITUTION REMA9$ UND] ! P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT W\LD PR(\NDLY ALT] ! V]Y NOTION ( 0REPRES5TATION40.<#c#d.> 

,PEOPLE BEMOAN ! FACT ?AT ! SIZE ( ! MOD]N 0CITY10 COMP>$ ) ?OSE ( YE/]DAY 7T5S ( MILLIONS RA!R ?AN T5S ( ?\S&S71 R5D]S DIRECT DEMOCRACY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!Y >E D\BLY BL9D4 ,!Y DON'T SEE1 FIR/LY1 ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS RECREAT$ ! V]Y MILIEU1 ! WORK PLACE1 :]E SU* DEMOCRACY C\LD BE RE9/ITUT$4 ,NOR DO !Y SEE ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY HAS CREAT$ & WILL CONT9UE TO CREATE ! TE*NICAL MEANS = A G5U9E DEMOCRACY ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 ,!Y 5VISAGE ! ONLY SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! SUP]SONIC AGE 9 ! COA*-&-F\R T]MS ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL MA*9]Y4 ,&1 !Y !N CONCLUDE ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS BECOME 0IMPOSSIBLE40 ,!Y CLAIM TO HAVE MADE A 0NEW0 ANALYSIS - &1 !Y HAVE IGNOR$ :AT IS REALLY NEW 9 \R EPO*3 ! MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES ( AT LA/ TRANS=M+ ! WORLD ?R\< TE*NIQUE1 & ?R\< ! MASS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE :O >E ITS LIV+ VEHICLE4 

E4 ,! 0,/ATE10 0,P>TIES10 & 0,POLITICS0 

,:AT W\LD 0! /ATE10 0POLITICS10 & 0P>TIES0 CONSI/ ( 9 SU* A SOCIETY8 ,!RE W\LD BE RESIDUES ( A 0/ATE0 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !RE W\LD NOT IMM$IATELY BE A PURE & SIMPLE 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S10 ?AT MAJORITY DECISIONS W\LD /ILL PREVAIL1 & ?AT !RE1 !RE=E1 /ILL REMA9$ SOME LIMITATIONS TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,!RE W\LD NO LONG] BE A 0/ATE0 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! BODIES EX]CIS+ P[] W\LD BE NONE O!R ?AN ! PRODUCTIVE UNITS OR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! :OLE POPULATION1 ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS ORGANIZ+ SOCIAL LIFE W\LD BE BUT ONE ASPECT ( ?AT LIFE ITSELF1 & ?AT :AT REMA9$ ( C5TRAL BODIES W\LD BE UND] ! DIRECT & P]MAN5T CONTROL ( ! BASE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! />T+ PO9T4 ,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T C\LD NOT BUT BR+ AB\T A RAPID R$UCTION ( ! C5TRAL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION3 ! REASONS = EX]CIS+ CON/RA9TS W\LD GRADUALLY DISAPPE>1 & ! FIELDS ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM W\LD 5L>GE4 .<,NE$LESS TO SAY1 WE >E NOT TALK+ H]E AB\T =MAL 0DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS10 :I* A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD IMM$IATELY & VA/LY EXP&1 BUT AB\T ! 0ESS5TIAL0 FRE$OMS3 NOT ONLY ! RI<T TO LIVE1 BUT ! RI<T TO DO :AT ONE WANTS ) ONE'S LIFE4.> 

,FRE$ FROM ALL ! P>APH]NALIA & MY/IFICATIONS :I* CURR5TLY SURR\ND IT1 POLITICS 9 SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE NO?+ BUT ! COLLECTIVE DISCUSS+ & SOLV+ ( PROBLEMS CONC]N+ ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY - :E!R !SE BE ECONOMIC1 $UCATION1 SEXUAL - OR :E!R !Y DEALT ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 OR ) 9T]NAL RELATIONS BETWE5 SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,ALL !SE MATT]S :I* CONC]N ! :OLE ( ! POPULATION W\LD BELONG TO !M4 

,IT IS PROBABLE1 EV5 C]TA91 ?AT !RE W\LD BE DIFF]5T VIEWS AB\T SU* PROBLEMS4 ,EA* APPROA* W\LD SEEK TO BE AS COH]5T & SY/EMATIC AS POSSIBLE4 ,PEOPLE1 DISP]S$ GEOGRAPHICALLY OR PR(ESSIONALLY1 MI<T %>E P>TICUL> VIEWPO9TS4 ,!SE PEOPLE W\LD COME TOGE!R TO DEF5D !IR VIEWS1 9 O!R WORDS W\LD =M POLITICAL GR\PS4 

,!RE W\LD BE NO PO9T 9 PRET5D+ ?AT A CONTRADICTION W\LDN'T EXI/ BETWE5 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* GR\PS & ! ROLE ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,BO? C\LD NOT DEVELOP SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,IF ! ,C\NCILS FULFILL !IR FUNCTION1 !Y WILL PROVIDE ! MA9 LIV+ MILIEU NOT ONLY = POLITICAL CONFRONTATIONS1 BUT ALSO = ! =MATION ( POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,POLITICAL GR\PS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E MORE EXCLUSIVE MILIEUX = ! S*OOL+ ( !IR MEMB]S1 AS WELL AS BE+ MORE EXCLUSIVE POLES = !IR LOYALTY4 ,! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( BO? ,C\NCILS & POLITICAL GR\PS W\LD IMPLY ?AT A P>T ( REAL POLITICAL LIFE W\LD BE TAK+ PLACE ELSE:]E ?AN 9 ! ,C\NCILS4 ,PEOPLE W\LD !N T5D TO ACT 9 ! ,C\NCILS ACCORD+ TO DECISIONS ALREADY TAK5 \TSIDE ( !M4 ,%\LD ?IS T5D5CY PR$OM9ATE1 IT W\LD BR+ AB\T ! RAPID ATROPHY & F9ALLY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,CONV]SELY1 REAL SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! PROGRESSIVE ATROPHY ( E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL GR\PS4 

,?IS CONTRADICTION C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ BY A /ROKE ( ! P5 OR BY ANY 0/ATUTORY0 DECREE4 ,! P]SI/5CE ( POLITICAL GR\PS W\LD REFLECT ! CONT9UATION ( *>ACT]I/ICS 9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! P]SI/5CE ( DIV]G+ 9T]E/S 7& !IR CORRESPOND+ IDEOLOGIES71 EV5 AFT] !IR MAT]IAL BASIS HAD %RUNK4 ,PEOPLE WILL NOT =M P>TIES = OR AGA9/ ! ,QUANTUM ,!ORY1 NOR 9 RELATION TO SIMPLE DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION AB\T ?IS OR ?AT4 ,! FL[]+ OR F9AL ATROPHY ( POLITICAL GR\PS WILL DEP5D ON ! ABILITY ( WORK]S' P[] TO UNITE SOCIETY4.<#c#e.> 

,IF ORGANIZATIONS EXPRESS+ ! SURVIVAL ( DIFF]5T 9T]E/S & IDEOLOGIES P]SI/1 A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION1 VOIC+ ITS [N P>TICUL> \TLOOK1 WILL ALSO HAVE TO EXI/4 ,IT WILL BE OP5 TO ALL :O FAVOR ! TOTAL P[] ( ! ,C\NCILS1 & WILL DIFF] FROM ALL O!RS1 BO? 9 ITS PROGRAM & 9 ITS PRACTICE1 PRECISELY ON ?IS PO9T3 ITS FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>DS ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! ,C\NCILS & TO !IR BECOM+ ! ONLY C5T]S ( POLITICAL LIFE4 ,?IS IMPLIES ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ P[] BE+ HELD BY ANY P>TICUL> P>TY1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE4 

,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC P[] /RUCTURE ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY EXCLUDES ! POSSIBILITY ( A ,P>TY 0HOLD+ P[]40 ,! V]Y WORDS W\LD BE MEAN+LESS )9 ! FRAMEWORK WE HAVE DESCRIB$4 ,9S(> AS MAJOR TR5DS ( OP9ION MI<T >ISE OR DIV]GE ON IMPORTANT ISSUES1 ! HOLD]S ( MAJORITY VIEWPO9TS MI<T BE ELECT$ DELEGATES TO ! ,C\NCILS MORE (T5 ?AN O!RS1 ETC4 .<,?IS DOESN'T NECESS>ILY FOLL[1 H[EV]1 = DELEGATES W\LD BE ELECT$ MA9LY ON ! BASIS ( A TOTAL TRU/1 & NOT ALWAYS ACCORD+ TO !IR OP9ION ON ?IS OR ?AT QUE/ION4.> ,! P>TIES W\LD NOT BE ORGANIZATIONS SEEK+ P[]2 & ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES W\LD NOT BE A 0,WORK]S' ,P>LIAM5T02 PEOPLE W\LD NOT BE ELECT$ TO IT AS MEMB]S ( A P>TY4 ,! SAME GOES = ANY ,C\NCIL *OS5 BY ?IS ,C5TRAL ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 

,! ROLE ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION W\LD 9ITIALLY BE IMPORTANT4 ,IT W\LD HAVE SY/EMATICALLY & COH]5TLY TO DEF5D !SE CONCEPTIONS4 ,IT W\LD HAVE TO CONDUCT AN IMPORTANT /RUGGLE TO UNMASK & D5\NCE BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES1 NOT 9 G5]AL1 BUT :]E !Y CONCRETELY %[ !MSELVES2 & ABOVE ALL1 IT MI<T 9ITIALLY BE ! ONLY GR\P CAPABLE ( %[+ ! WAYS & MEANS :]EBY WORK+ CLASS DEMOCRACY MI<T FL[]4 ,! WORK ( ! GR\P C\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 CONSID]ABLY HA/5 ! SETT+-UP ( ! DEMOCRATIC PLANN+ ME*ANISMS WE HAVE ANALYZ$ E>LI]4 

,A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION IS1 9 FACT1 ! ONLY PLACE :]E1 9 EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY1 A GET-TOGE!R ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS CAN ALREADY BE A*IEV$4 ,?IS FUSION W\LD 5ABLE ! RAPID USE ( TE*NOLOGY BY ! ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS P[]4 ,BUT1 IF SOME YE>S AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! LIB]T>IAN GR\P CONT9U$ TO GR[1 IT W\LD BE ! SURE/ SIGN ?AT IT WAS DEAD - AS A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 

F4 ,FRE$OM & ,WORK]S' ,P[] 

,! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL FRE$OM >ISES 9 TWO =MS3 FRE$OM = POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! RI<TS ( V>I\S SOCIAL /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 

,NATIONALLY1 ! ,C\NCILS ALONE W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO JUDGE TO :AT EXT5T ! ACTIVITIES ( ANY GIV5 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION C\LD BE TOL]AT$4 ,! BASIC CRIT]ION :I* W\LD GUIDE !IR JUDGM5T W\LD BE :E!R ! ORGANIZATION 9 QUE/ION WAS SEEK+ TO REE/ABLI% AN EXPLOIT+ REGIME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WAS IT TRY+ TO ABOLI% ! P[] ( ! ,C\NCILS8 ,IF !Y JUDG$ ?IS TO BE ! CASE1 ! ,C\NCILS W\LD HAVE ! RI<T & ! DUTY TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 AT ! ULTIMATE LIMIT BY CURTAIL+ SU* ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT ?IS Y>D/ICK WON'T PROVIDE AN AUTOMATIC ANSW] 9 EV]Y SPECIFIC 9/ANCE1 = ! V]Y GOOD REASON ?AT NO SU* UNIV]SAL ANSW] CAN EV] EXI/4 ,! ,C\NCILS WILL EA* TIME HAVE TO C>RY ! POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ANSW]S1 /E]+ A C\RSE BETWE5 TWO EQUAL & V]Y S]I\S DANG]S3 EI!R TO ALL[ FRE$OM ( ACTION TO 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM :O SEEK TO DE/ROY IT - OR1 TO KILL SELF-MANAGEM5T !MSELVES ?R\< ! RE/RICTION ( POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,!RE IS NO ABSOLUTE OR AB/RACT ANSW] TO ?IS DILEMMA4 ,NOR IS IT ANY USE TRY+ TO M9IMIZE ! EXT5T ( ! PROBLEM BY SAY+ ?AT ANY IMPORTANT POLITICAL T5D5CY W\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9SIDE ! ,C\NCILS3 IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE & EV5 QUITE PROBABLE ?AT !RE MI<T EXI/ )9 ! ,C\NCILS T5D5CIES OPPOS$ TO !IR TOTAL P[]4_<#b_> 

,! 0LEGALITY ( ,SOVIET ,P>TIES10 A =MULA ?R\< :I* ,TROTSKY BELIEV$1 9 #a#i#c#f1 ?AT HE C\LD ANSW] ?IS PROBLEM1 9 FACT1 ANSW]S NO?+4 ,IF ! ONLY DANG]S CONFRONT+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W]E ?OSE DUE TO 0RE/ORATIONI/0 T5D5CIES1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE TO FE> = SU* P>TIES W\LDN'T F9D MU* SUPPORT 9 ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES4 ,!Y W\LD AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDE !MSELVES FROM MEAN+FUL POLITICAL LIFE4 ,BUT1 ! MA9 DANG] ?REAT5+ ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 AFT] ! LIQUIDATION ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 DOESN'T >ISE FROM RE/ORATIONI/ T5D5CIES4 ,IT /EMS FROM BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES4 ,SU* T5D5CIES MAY F9D SUPPORT 9 SOME SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! MORE SO AS !IR PROGRAMS DO NOT & W\LD NOT AIM AT RE/OR+ TRADITIONAL & KN[N =MS ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT W\LD BE PRES5T$ AS 0V>IANTS0 ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 :5 IT IS MO/ DANG]\S1 BUREAUCRATISM IS NEI!R A SOCIAL SY/EM NOR A DEF9ITE PROGRAM3 IT IS ONLY AN ATTITUDE 9 PRACTICE4 ,! ,C\NCILS WILL BE ABLE TO FI<T BUREAUCRACY ONLY AS A RESULT ( !IR [N CONCRETE EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY 9SIDE ! ,C\NCILS WILL ALWAYS D5\NCE 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T0 - AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA - OR ! C5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T ( ! :OLE ECONOMY BY A SEP>ATE APP>ATUS - AS PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL& OR ,YUGOSLAVIA4 ,IT WILL D5\NCE !M AS V>IANTS1 NOT ( SOCIALISM1 BUT ( EXPLOITATION1 & IT WILL /RUGGLE = ALL LI<T TO BE %$ ON ! ORGANIZATIONS PROPAGAT+ SU* AIMS4 

,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO ADD1 ?AT AL?\< IT MI<T CONCEIVABLY BECOME NECESS>Y TO LIMIT ! POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ?IS OR ?AT ORGANIZATION1 NO LIMITATION IS CONCEIVABLE 9 ! DOMA9S ( IDEOLOGY OR ( CULTURE4 

,ANO!R PROBLEM MI<T >ISE3 %\LD ALL SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 HAVE ! SAME RI<TS8 ,>E !Y EQUALLY ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! POLITICAL MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY8 ,:AT DOES WORK+ CLASS P[] MEAN 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES8 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] MEANS ! 9CONTROV]TIBLE FACT ?AT ! 9ITIATIVE = & ! DIRECTION ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION & ! SUBSEQU5T TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY BELONG TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!RE=E1 IT MEANS ?AT ! ORIG9 & ! C5T] ( SOCIALI/ P[] WILL QUITE LIT]ALLY BE ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS4 ,BUT1 WORK+ PEOPLE DO NOT AIM AT 9/ITUT+ A DICTATOR%IP OV] SOCIETY & OV] ! O!R /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 ,!IR AIM IS TO 9/ALL SOCIALISM1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* DIFF]5CES BETWE5 /RATA OR CLASSES MU/ DIM9I% RAPIDLY & SOON DISAPPE>4 ,! WORK+ CLASS WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO TAKE SOCIETY 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ASSOCIATES O!R SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION ) ITS AIMS4 ,OR1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT GRANTS !M ! FULLE/ AUTONOMY COMPATIBLE ) ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( SOCIETY4 ,OR1 ?AT IT RAISES !M TO ! RANK ( ACTIVE SUBJECTS ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 & DOES NOT SEE !M AS OBJECTS ( ITS [N CONTROL - :I* W\LD BE 9 CONFLICT ) ITS :OLE \TLOOK4 ,ALL ?IS IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( ! POPULATION 9TO ,C\NCILS1 9 ! EXT5SIVE AUTONOMY ( ! ,C\NCILS 9 !IR [N FIELD1 & 9 ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL !SE ,C\NCILS 9 ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION4 

,:AT HAPP5S IF ! WORK+ CLASS DOES NOT VA/LY \TNUMB] ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION8 ,OR1 IF ! REVOLUTION IS FROM ! />T 9 A DIFFICULT POSITION1 O!R /RATA BE+ ACTIVELY HO/ILE TO ! P[] ( ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS8 ,WORK+ CLASS P[] MI<T !N F9D CONCRETE EXPRESSION 9 AN UNEQUAL P>TICIPATION ( ! V>I\S /RATA ( SOCIETY 9 ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PROLET>IAT MI<T HAVE TO ALL[ A SMALL] VOICE TO ! ,PEASANTS ,C\NCILS ?AN TO O!R ,C\NCILS1 EV5 IF IT ALL[S ?IS VOICE TO GR[ AS CLASS T5SIONS DIM9I%4 ,BUT1 ! REAL IMPLICATIONS ( !SE QUE/IONS >E LIMIT$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS C\LD ONLY KEEP P[] IF IT GA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O WORK = A LIV+1 EV5 IF !Y >E NOT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 WAGE & SAL>Y E>N]S CON/ITUTE ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 & EA* DAY 9CREASES !IR NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,IF ! L>GE MAJORITY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S & O!R WAGE E>N]S SUPPORT$ REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 ! REGIME C\LD NOT BE 5DANG]$ BY ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION ( ! PEASANTS4 ,IF ! A=EM5TION$ SECTIONS DID NOT SUPPORT REVOLUTION>Y P[]1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ! REVOLUTION C\LD TRIUMPH1 & EV5 MORE H[ IT C\LD LA/ = ANY L5G? ( TIME4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

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