,*APT] #d 
,SOCIALISM & ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,WORK 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

#d4 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,WORK 

,SOCIALISM WILL ONLY BE BR\<T AB\T BY ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ?IS AUTONOMY4 ,SOCIALISM BO? PRESUPPOSES ?IS AUTONOMY1 & HELPS TO DEVELOP IT4 

,BUT IF ?IS AUTONOMY IS PEOPLE'S CONSCI\S DOM9ATION OV] ALL !IR ACTIVITIES1 IT IS CLE> ?AT WE CAN'T JU/ CONC]N \RSELVES ) POLITICAL AUTONOMY4 ,POLITICAL AUTONOMY IS BUT A D]IVATIVE ASPECT ( :AT IS ! C5TRAL CONT5T & PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM3 TO 9/ITUTE ! DOM9ATION ( MANK9D OV] ! WORK PROCESS4.<#g.> ,A PURELY POLITICAL AUTONOMY W\LD BE MEAN+LESS4 ,ONE CAN'T IMAG9E A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE W\LD BE SLAVES 9 PRODUCTION EV]Y DAY ( ! WEEK1 & !N 5JOY ,SUNDAYS ( POLITICAL FRE$OM4.<#h.> ,! IDEA ?AT SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION OR A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY C\LD BE RUN1 AT ANY P>TICUL> LEVEL1 BY MANAG]S 7!MSELVES SUP]VIS$ BY ,C\NCILS1 OR ,SOVIETS1 OR BY ANY O!R BODY 09C>NAT+ ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS07 IS QUITE NONS5SICAL4 ,REAL P[] 9 ANY SU* SOCIETY W\LD RAPIDLY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE :O MANAG$ PRODUCTION4 ,! ,C\NCILS OR ,SOVIETS W\LD RAPIDLY WI!R AMID ! G5]AL 9DIFF]5CE ( ! POPULATION4 ,PEOPLE W\LD /OP DEVOT+ TIME1 9T]E/1 OR ACTIVITY TO 9/ITUTIONS :I* NO LONG] REALLY 9FLU5C$ ! PATT]N ( !IR LIVES4 

,AUTONOMY IS !RE=E MEAN+LESS UNLESS IT IMPLIES WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & ?IS AT ! LEVELS ( ! %OP1 ( ! PLANT1 ( :OLE 9DU/RIES1 & ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,BUT1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS NOT JU/ A NEW ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUE4 ,IT CANNOT REMA9 EXT]NAL TO ! /RUCTURE ( WORK ITSELF4 ,IT DOESN'T MEAN KEEP+ WORK AS IT IS1 & JU/ REPLAC+ ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS :I* CURR5TLY MANAGES PRODUCTION BY A ,WORK]S' ,C\NCIL - H[EV] DEMOCRATIC OR REVOCABLE SU* A ,C\NCIL MI<T BE4 ,IT MEANS ?AT = ! MASS ( PEOPLE1 NEW RELATIONS WILL HAVE TO DEVELOP ) !IR WORK1 & AB\T !IR WORK4 ,! V]Y CONT5T ( WORK WILL IMM$IATELY HAVE TO ALT]4 

,TODAY1 ! PURPOSE1 MEANS1 ME?ODS1 & RHY?MS ( WORK >E DET]M9$1 FROM ! \TSIDE1 BY ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,?IS APP>ATUS CAN ONLY MANAGE ?R\< RESORT TO UNIV]SAL1 AB/RACT RULES1 DET]M9$ 0ONCE & = ALL40 ,!SE RULES COV] SU* MATT]S AS NORMS ( PRODUCTION1 TE*NICAL SPECIFICATIONS1 RATES ( PAY1 BONUS1 & H[ PRODUCTION >EAS WILL BE ORGANIZ$4 ,! P]IODIC REVISION ( !SE RULES REGUL>LY RESULTS 9 0CRISES0 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONCE ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 ?IS SORT ( /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION WILL HAVE TO DISAPPE>1 BO? 9 =M & CONT5T4 

,9 ACCORD ) ! DEEPE/ ( WORK+-CLASS ASPIRATIONS1 ALREADY T5TATIVELY EXPRESS$ AT ! HEI<TS ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE1 PRODUCTION NORMS WILL BE ABOLI%$ ALTOGE!R1 & COMPLETE EQUALITY 9 WAGES WILL BE 9/ITUT$4_<#a#a_> ,!SE MEASURES1 TAK5 TOGE!R AS A FIR/ /EP1 WILL PUT AN 5D TO EXPLOITATION & TO ALL ! EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ CON/RA9TS & CO]CIONS 9 PRODUCTION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WORK WILL /ILL BE NECESS>Y 7& ?IS ITSELF WILL BE A MATT] = CON/ANT REVIEW BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE71 WORK DISCIPL9E WILL BE A MATT] ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK & ! GR\P ) :I* S_/HE WORKS1 ( RELATIONS BETWE5 GR\PS ( WORK]S & ! %OP AS A :OLE1 & ( RELATIONS BETWE5 V>I\S %OPS1 & ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,FACTORY OR ,5T]PRISE4 

,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IS !RE=E NOT ! 0SUP]VISION0 ( A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S4 ,NOR IS IT ! REPLACEM5T ( ?IS APP>ATUS BY ANO!R1 =M$ ( 9DIVIDUALS ( WORK+-CLASS ORIG94 ,IT IS ! ABOLITION ( ANY SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS & ! RE/ITUTION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( SU* AN APP>ATUS TO ! COMMUNITY ( WORK]S4 ,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL ISN'T A NEW MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,IT IS BUT ONE ( ! PLACES 9 :I* COORD9ATION TAKES PLACE1 A 0LOCAL HEADQU>T]S0 FROM :I* CONTACTS BETWE5 ! FACTORY & ! \TSIDE WORLD >E REGULAT$4 

,IF ?IS IS A*IEV$1 IT WILL IMPLY ?AT ! NATURE & CONT5T ( WORK >E ALREADY BEG9N+ TO ALT]4 ,TODAY1 WORK CONSI/S ESS5TIALLY 9 OBEY+ 9/RUCTIONS 9ITIAT$ ELSE:]E4 ,WORK]S' MANAGEM5T WILL MEAN ! REUNIT+ ( ! FUNCTIONS ( DECISION & EXECUTION4 ,BUT1 EV5 ?IS WILL BE 9SUFFICI5T - OR RA!R1 IT WILL IMM$IATELY LEAD ON TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,! RE/ITUTION ( MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS TO ! WORK]S WILL 9EVITABLY LEAD !M TO TACKLE :AT IS1 TODAY1 ! K]NEL ( ALI5ATION1 NAMELY ! TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( WORK1 :I* RESULTS 9 WORK DOM9AT+ ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( BE+ DOM9AT$ BY !M4 ,?IS PROBLEM WILL NOT BE SOLV$ OV]NI<T1 BUT ITS SOLUTION WILL BE ! TASK ( ?AT HI/ORICAL P]IOD :I* WE CALL SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALISM IS1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 ! SOLUTION ( ?IS P>TICUL> PROBLEM4 

,BETWE5 CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM !RE >5'T #cf TYPES ( 0TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY10 AS SOME HAVE S\<T TO MAKE US BELIEVE4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE3 SOCIALISM4 ,&1 ! MA9 *>ACT]I/IC ( SOCIALISM ISN'T 0! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES10 OR 0! 9CREAS+ SATISFACTION ( CONSUM] NE$S10 OR 0AN 9CREASE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM40 ,! HALLM>K ( SOCIALISM IS ! *ANGE IT WILL BR+ AB\T 9 ! NATURE & CONT5T ( WORK1 ?R\< ! CONSCI\S & DELIB]ATE TRANS=MATION ( AN 9H]IT$ TE*NOLOGY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 TE*NOLOGY WILL BE SUBORD9AT$ TO HUMAN NE$S 7NOT ONLY TO ! PEOPLE'S NE$S AS CONSUM]S BUT ALSO TO !IR NE$S AS PRODUC]S74 

,! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WILL ALL[ ?IS PROCESS TO BEG94 ,ITS COMPLETION WILL M>K ! 5TRY ( HUMANITY 9TO ! COMMUNI/ ]A4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE - POLITICS1 CONSUMPTION1 ETC4 - >E CONSEQU5CES OR IMPLICATIONS1 :I* ONE MU/ C]TA9LY LOOK AT 9 !IR ORGANIC UNITY1 BUT :I* CAN ONLY ACQUIRE SU* A UNITY OR MEAN+ ?R\< !IR RELATION TO ! KEY PROBLEM3 ! TRANS=MATION ( WORK ITSELF4 ,HUMAN FRE$OM WILL REMA9 AN ILLUSION & A MY/IFICATION IF IT DOESN'T MEAN FRE$OM 9 PEOPLE'S FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY3 ! ACTIVITY :I* PRODUCES4 ,&1 ?IS FRE$OM WILL NOT BE A GIFT BE/[$ BY NATURE4 ,IT WILL NOT AUTOMATICALLY >ISE1 \T ( O!R DEVELOPM5TS4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO BE CONSCI\SLY CREAT$4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ?IS IS ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM4 

,IMPORTANT PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES FL[ FROM ALL ?IS4 ,*ANG+ ! NATURE ( WORK WILL BE TACKL$ FROM BO? 5DS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 CONDITIONS WILL BE CREAT$ :I* WILL ALL[ ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T ( PEOPLE'S HUMAN CAPACITIES & FACULTIES4 ,?IS WILL IMPLY ! SY/EMATIC DISMANTL+1 /ONE BY /ONE1 ( ! :OLE $IFICE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO GIVE A :OLE NEW ORI5TATION TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 & TO H[ !Y MAY APPLY TO PRODUCTION4 ,!SE >E BUT TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+3 MAN'S RELATION TO TE*NIQUE4 

,LET US />T BY LOOK+ AT ! SECOND1 MORE TANGIBLE1 PO9T3 TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T AS SU*4 ,AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION1 ONE C\LD SAY ?AT CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY 7! CURR5T APPLICATION ( TE*NIQUE TO PRODUCTION7 IS ROTT5 AT ! CORE BECAUSE IT DOESN'T HELP PEOPLE DOM9ATE !IR WORK1 ITS AIM BE+ ! V]Y OPPOSITE4 ,SOCIALI/S (T5 SAY ?AT :AT IS BASICALLY WRONG ) CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS ?AT IT SEEKS TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION = PURPOSES ( PR(IT1 OR ?AT IT DEVELOPS PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( HUMAN NE$S 7PEOPLE BE+ CONCEIV$ (1 9 !SE >GUM5TS1 ONLY AS POT5TIAL CONSUM]S ( PRODUCTS74 ,! SAME SOCIALI/S !N TELL US ?AT ! PURPOSE ( SOCIALISM IS TO ADAPT PRODUCTION TO ! REAL CONSUM] NE$S ( SOCIETY1 BO? 9 RELATION TO VOLUME & TO ! NATURE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$4 

,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS IS TRUE1 & ANY SOCIETY LIES CONDEMN$ 9 :I* A S+LE *ILD OR ADULT GOES HUNGRY4 ,BUT ! MORE FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM LIES ELSE:]E4 

,CAPITALISM DOES NOT UTILIZE A SOCIALLY NEUTRAL TE*NOLOGY = CAPITALI/ 5DS4 ,CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ A CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY1 = ITS [N 5DS1 :I* >E BY NO MEANS NEUTRAL4 ,! REAL ESS5CE ( CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS NOT TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION = PRODUCTION'S SAKE3 IT IS TO SUBORD9ATE & DOM9ATE ! PRODUC]S4 ,CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY IS PRIM>ILY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS DRIVE TO ELIM9ATE ! HUMAN ELEM5T 9 PRODUCTIVE LABOR &1 9 ! LONG RUN1 TO ELIM9ATE MAN ALTOGE!R FROM ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,?AT H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 CAPITALISM FAILS TO FULFILL ITS DEEPE/ T5D5CY - & ?AT IT W\LD FALL TO PIECES IF IT A*IEV$ ITS PURPOSE - DOES NOT AFFECT ! >GUM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT ONLY HI<LI<TS ANO!R ASPECT ( ! CRISIS ( ! SY/EM4 

,CAPITALISM CANNOT C\NT ON ! VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT HAS CON/ANTLY TO FACE !IR HO/ILITY 7OR1 AT BE/1 9DIFF]5CE74 ,?IS IS :Y IT IS ESS5TIAL = ! MA*9E TO IMPOSE ITS RHY?M ON ! WORK PROCESS4 ,:]E ?IS ISN'T POSSIBLE CAPITALISM SEEKS AT LEA/ TO MEASURE ! WORK P]=M$4 ,9 EV]Y PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 WORK MU/ !RE=E BE DEF9ABLE1 QUANTIFIABLE1 CONTROLLABLE FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,AS LONG AS CAPITALISM CAN'T DISP5SE ) WORK]S ALTOGE!R1 IT HAS TO MAKE !M AS 9T]*ANGEABLE AS POSSIBLE & TO R$UCE !IR WORK TO ITS SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION1 ?AT ( UNSKILL$ LABOR4 ,!RE IS NO CONSCI\S CONSPIRACY OR PLOT BEH9D ALL ?IS4 

,!RE IS ONLY A PROCESS ( 0NATURAL SELECTION10 AFFECT+ TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS AS !Y >E APPLI$ TO 9DU/RY4 ,SOME >E PREF]R$ TO O!RS & >E1 ON ! :OLE1 MORE WIDELY UTILIZ$4 ,!SE >E ! ONES :I* SLOT 9 ) CAPITALISM'S BASIC NE$ TO DEAL ) LABOR-P[] AS A MEASURABLE1 CONTROLLABLE & 9T]*ANGEABLE COMMODITY4 

,!RE IS NO CAPITALI/ *EMI/RY OR CAPITALI/ PHYSICS AS SU* - BUT1 !RE IS C]TA9LY A CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY1 IF BY ?IS1 ONE MEANS ?AT ( ! 0SPECTRUM0 ( TE*NIQUES AVAILABLE AT A GIV5 PO9T 9 TIME 7:I* IS DET]M9$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE7 A GIV5 GR\P 7OR 0B&07 WILL BE SELECT$4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE P]MITS A *OICE ( SEV]AL POSSIBLE TE*NIQUES1 A SOCIETY WILL REGUL>LY *OOSE ?OSE ME?ODS :I* HAVE A MEAN+ = IT1 :I* >E 0RATIONAL0 9 ! LI<T ( ITS [N CLASS RATIONALITY4 ,BUT ! 0RATIONALITY0 ( AN EXPLOIT+ SOCIETY IS NOT ! RATIONALITY ( SOCIALISM4.<#i.> ,! CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( TE*NOLOGY WILL1 !RE=E1 BE A C5TRAL TASK ( A SOCIETY ( FREE WORK]S4 

,M>X1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 WAS ! FIR/ TO GO BEYOND ! SURFACE ( ! ECONOMIC PH5OM5A ( CAPITALISM 7SU* AS ! M>KET1 COMPETITION1 DI/RIBUTION1 ETC47 & TO TACKLE ! ANALYSIS ( ! KEY >EA ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS3 ! CONCRETE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY4 ,BUT 0,VOLUME ,I0 ( ,CAPITAL IS /ILL AWAIT+ COMPLETION4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T IS ?AT ?IS P>TICUL> CONC]N ( ,M>X'S1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ( ALL1 WAS SOON AB&ON$1 EV5 BY ! BE/ ( ,M>XI/S1 9 FAVOR ( ! ANALYSIS ( ! 0IMPORTANT0 PH5OM5A4 ,?R\< ?IS V]Y FACT1 !SE ANALYZES W]E EI!R TOTALLY DI/ORT$1 OR F\ND !MSELVES DEAL+ ) V]Y P>TIAL ASPECTS ( REALITY1 !REBY LEAD+ TO JUDGM5TS ?AT PROV$ CATA/ROPHICALLY WRONG4 

,?US1 IT IS /RIK+ TO SEE ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG DEVOTE TWO IMPORTANT VOLUMES TO ! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL1 9 :I* %E TOTALLY IGNORES :AT ?IS PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION REALLY MEANS AS TO ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,H] CONC]N 9 !SE VOLUMES WAS SOLELY AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( A GLOBAL EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION & %E WAS F9ALLY L$ TO BELIEVE %E HAD DISCOV]$ A PROCESS ( AUTOMATIC COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM 7AN IDEA1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 CONCRETELY FALSE & A PRIORI ABSURD74 ,IT IS JU/ AS /RIK+ TO SEE ,L591 9 HIS ,IMP]IALISM1 />T FROM ! CORRECT & FUNDAM5TAL OBS]VATION ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL HAS REA*$ ! /AGE ( ! DOM9ATION ( ! MONOPOLIES - & YET1 NEGLECT ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 :I* RESULTS PRECISELY FROM SU* A CONC5TRATION1 & IGNORE ! CRUCIAL PH5OM5ON ( ! CON/ITUTION ( AN 5ORM\S APP>ATUS MANAG+ PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS1 H5CE=?1 TO 9C>NATE EXPLOITATION4 ,HE PREF]R$ TO SEE ! MA9 CONSEQU5CES ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALI/S 9TO 0C\PON-CLIPP+0 R5TI]S4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T IS /ILL PAY+ ! PRICE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S4 ,9 SO F> AS IDEAS PLAY A ROLE 9 HI/ORY1 ,KHRU%*EV IS 9 P[] 9 ,RUSSIA AS A BYPRODUCT ( ! CONCEPTION ?AT EXPLOITATION CAN ONLY TAKE ! =M ( C\PON-CLIPP+4 

,BUT1 WE MU/ GO FUR!R BACK /ILL4 ,WE MU/ GO BACK TO ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,M>X ?REW A GREAT DEAL ( LI<T ON ! ALI5ATION ( ! PRODUC] 9 ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & ON ! 5SLAVEM5T ( MAN BY ! ME*ANICAL UNIV]SE HE HAD CREAT$4 ,BUT ,M>X'S ANALYSIS IS AT TIMES 9COMPLETE1 9 ?AT HE SEES BUT ALI5ATION 9 ALL ?IS4 

,9 ,CAPITAL - AS OPPOS$ TO ,M>X'S E>LY WRIT+S - IT IS NOT BR\<T \T ?AT ! WORK] IS 7& CAN ONLY BE7 ! POSITIVE VEHICLE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :I* IS OBLIG$ TO BASE ITSELF ON HIM AS SU*1 & TO DEVELOP HIM AS SU*1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY SEEK+ TO R$UCE HIM TO AN AUTOMATON &1 AT ! LIMIT1 TO DRIVE HIM \T ( PRODUCTION ALTOGE!R4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ! ANALYSIS FAILS TO P]CEIVE ?AT ! PRIME CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS ! CRISIS 9 PRODUCTION1 DUE TO ! SIMULTANE\S EXI/5CE ( TWO CONTRADICTORY T5D5CIES1 NEI!R ( :I* C\LD DISAPPE> )\T ! :OLE SY/EM COLLAPS+4 ,M>X %[S 9 CAPITALISM 0DESPOTISM 9 ! WORK%OP & AN>*Y 9 SOCIETY0 - 9/EAD ( SEE+ IT AS BO? DESPOTISM & AN>*Y 9 BO? WORK%OP & SOCIETY4 ,?IS LEADS HIM TO LOOK = ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM NOT 9 PRODUCTION ITSELF 7EXCEPT 9S(> AS CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION DEVELOPS 0OPPRESSION1 MIS]Y1 DEG5]ATION1 BUT ALSO REVOLT10 & ! NUM]ICAL /R5G? & DISCIPL9E ( ! PROLET>IAT7 - BUT 9 SU* FACTORS AS OV]PRODUCTION & ! FALL 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT4 ,M>X FAILS TO SEE ?AT AS LONG AS ?IS TYPE ( WORK P]SI/S1 ?IS CRISIS WILL P]SI/ ) ALL IT 5TAILS1 & ?IS :ATEV] ! SY/EM NOT ONLY ( PROP]TY1 BUT :ATEV] ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 & F9ALLY :ATEV] EV5 ! SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 C]TA9 PASSAGES ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X IS ?US L$ TO SEE 9 MOD]N PRODUCTION ONLY ! FACT ?AT ! PRODUC] IS MUTILAT$ & R$UC$ TO A 0FRAGM5T ( A MAN0 - :I* IS TRUE1 AS MU* AS ! CONTR>Y.<#a.> - &1 :AT IS MORE S]I\S1 TO L9K ?IS ASPECT TO MOD]N PRODUCTION & F9ALLY TO PRODUCTION AS SU*1 9/EAD ( L9K+ IT TO CAPITALI/ TE*NOLOGY4 ,M>X IMPLIES ?AT ! BASIS ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS MOD]N PRODUCTION AS SU*1 A /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NIQUE AB\T :I* NO?+ CAN BE DONE1 ! FAM\S 0REALM ( NECESSITY40 ,?US1 ! TAK+ OV] ( SOCIETY BY ! PRODUC]S - SOCIALISM - AT TIMES COMES TO MEAN1 = ,M>X1 ONLY AN EXT]NAL *ANGE 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T1 A *ANGE ?AT W\LD LEAVE 9TACT ! /RUCTURE ( WORK & SIMPLY RE=M ITS MORE 09HUMAN0 ASPECTS4 ,?IS IDEA IS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! FAM\S PASSAGE ( 0,VOLUME ,I,I,I0 ( ,CAPITAL1 :]E SPEAK+ ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ,M>X SAYS3 

0,9 FACT1 ! REALM ( FRE$OM ACTUALLY BEG9S ONLY :]E LABOR :I* IS DET]M9$ BY NECESSITY & MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS CEASES2 ?US1 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 IT LIES BEYOND ! SPH]E ( ACTUAL MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4444 ,FRE$OM 9 ?IS FIELD CAN ONLY CONSI/ 9 SOCIALIZ$ MAN1 ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 RATIONALLY REGULAT+ !IR 9T]*ANGE ) ,NATURE1 BR++ IT UND] !IR COMMON CONTROL1 9/EAD ( BE+ RUL$ BY IT 444 &1 A*IEV+ ?IS ) ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY & UND] CONDITIONS MO/ FAVORABLE TO1 & WOR?Y ( !IR HUMAN NATURE4 ,BUT1 IT NONE!LESS /ILL REMA9S A REALM ( NECESSITY4 ,BEYOND IT BEG9S 444 ! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM1 :I* H[EV] CAN BLOSSOM =? ONLY ) ?IS REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS BASIC PR]EQUISITE40_<#a#b_> 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! 0REALM ( FRE$OM ACTUALLY BEG9S ONLY :]E LABOR :I* IS DET]M9$ BY NECESSITY & MUNDANE CONSID]ATIONS CEASES0 IT IS /RANGE TO READ FROM ! P5 ( ! MAN :O WROTE ?AT 09DU/RY WAS ! OP5 BOOK ( HUMAN FACULTIES0 ?AT FRE$OM C\LD 0?US0 ONLY BE F\ND \TSIDE ( WORK4 ,! PROP] CONCLUSION - :I* ,M>X HIMSELF DRAWS 9 C]TA9 O!R PLACES - IS ?AT ! REALM ( FRE$OM />TS :5 WORK BECOMES FREE ACTIVITY1 BO? 9 :AT MOTIVATES IT & 9 ITS CONT5T4 ,9 ! DOM9ANT CONCEPT1 H[EV]1 FRE$OM IS :AT ISN'T WORK1 IT IS :AT SURR\NDS WORK1 IT IS EI!R 0FREE TIME0 7R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY7 OR 0RATIONAL REGULATION0 & 0COMMON CONTROL0 ( EX*ANGES ) ,NATURE1 :I* M9IMIZE HUMAN EF=T & PRES]VE HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY C]TA9LY BECOMES A 0BASIC PR]EQUISITE10 AS MANK9D W\LD F9ALLY ONLY BE FREE 9 ITS LEISURE4 

,! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY IS1 9 FACT1 IMPORTANT1 NOT = ?IS REASON H[EV]1 BUT TO ALL[ PEOPLE TO A*IEVE A BALANCE BETWE5 !IR V>I\S TYPES ( ACTIVITY4 ,&1 AT ! LIMIT1 ! 0IDEAL0 7COMMUNISM7 ISN'T ! R$UCTION ( ! WORK+ DAY TO Z]O1 BUT ! FREE DET]M9ATION BY ALL ( ! NATURE & EXT5T ( !IR WORK4 ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE ABLE TO R$UCE ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY1 & WILL HAVE TO DO SO1 BUT ?IS WILL NOT BE ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREOCCUPATION4 ,ITS FIR/ TASK WILL BE TO TACKLE 0! REALM ( NECESSITY10 AS SU*1 TO TRANS=M ! V]Y NATURE ( WORK4 ,! PROBLEM IS NOT TO LEAVE MORE & MORE 0FREE0 TIME TO 9DIVIDUALS - :I* MI<T WELL ONLY BE EMPTY TIME - SO ?AT !Y MAY FILL IT AT WILL ) 0POETRY0 OR ! C>V+ ( WOOD4 ,! PROBLEM IS TO MAKE ( ALL TIME A TIME ( LIB]TY & TO ALL[ CONCRETE FRE$OM TO F9D EXPRESSION 9 CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 

,! PROBLEM IS TO PUT POETRY 9TO WORK4.<#a#a.> ,PRODUCTION ISN'T SOME?+ NEGATIVE1 ?AT HAS TO BE LIMIT$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE = MANK9D TO FULFILL ITSELF 9 ITS LEISURE4 ,! 9/ITUTION ( AUTONOMY IS ALSO - &1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE - ! 9/ITUTION ( AUTONOMY 9 WORK4 

,UND]LY+ ! IDEA ?AT FRE$OM IS TO BE F\ND 0\TSIDE ! REALM ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION PROP]0 !RE LIES A D\BLE ]ROR4 ,FIR/LY1 ?AT ! V]Y NATURE ( TE*NIQUE & ( MOD]N PRODUCTION R5D]S 9EVITABLE ! DOM9ATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS OV] ! PRODUC]1 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS WORK4 ,SECONDLY1 ?AT TE*NOLOGY & 9 P>TICUL> MOD]N TE*NOLOGY FOLL[S AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T1 BE=E :I* ONE CAN ONLY B[4 ,?IS MOD]N TE*NOLOGY W\LD1 MOREOV]1 POSSESS ! D\BLE ATTRIBUTE (1 ON ! ONE H&1 CON/ANTLY R$UC+ ! HUMAN ROLE 9 PRODUCTION &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ( CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,FROM !SE TWO 9EXPLICABLY COMB9$ ATTRIBUTES W\LD RESULT A MIRACUL\S DIALECTIC ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS3 MORE & MORE A SLAVE 9 ! C\RSE ( WORK1 MAN W\LD BE 9 A POSITION 5ORM\SLY TO R$UCE ! L5G? ( WORK1 IF ONLY S_/HE C\LD ORGANIZE SOCIETY RATIONALLY4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N H[EV] ?AT !RE IS NO AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,( ! SUM TOTAL ( TE*NOLOGIES :I* SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T MAKES POSSIBLE AT ANY GIV5 PO9T 9 TIME1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BR+S TO FULFILLM5T ?OSE :I* CORRESPOND MO/ CLOSELY TO ITS CLASS /RUCTURE1 :I* P]MIT CAPITAL BE/ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ LABOR4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! APPLICATION ( ?IS OR ?AT 9V5TION TO PRODUCTION DEP5DS ON ITS ECONOMIC 0PR(ITABILITY40 ,BUT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A NEUTRAL 0PR(ITABILITY03 ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! FACTORY IS ! MA9 FACTOR DET]M9+ 0PR(ITABILITY40 ,A GIV5 9V5TION WILL BE PREF]R$ TO ANO!R BY A FACTORY MANAGEM5T IF1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 IT 5HANCES ! 09DEP5D5T0 PROGRESS ( PRODUCTION1 FREE+ IT FROM 9T]F]5CE BY ! PRODUC]S4 ,! 9CREAS+ 5SLAVEM5T ( PEOPLE 9 PRODUCTION FL[S ESS5TIALLY FROM ?IS PROCESS1 & NOT FROM SOME MY/]I\S CURSE1 9H]5T 9 A GIV5 PHASE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE IS1 MOREOV]1 NO MAGIC DIALECTIC ( SLAV]Y & PRODUCTIVITY3 PRODUCTIVITY 9CREASES 9 RELATION TO ! 5ORM\S SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* IS AT ! BASIS ( MOD]N PRODUCTION - & IT 9CREASES DESPITE ! SLAV]Y1 & NOT BECAUSE ( IT4 ,SLAV]Y IMPLIES AN 5ORM\S WA/E1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE ONLY CONTRIBUTE AN 9F9ITESIMAL FRACTION ( !IR CAPACITIES TO PRODUCTION4 7,WE >E PASS+ NO A PRIORI JUDGM5T ON :AT !SE CAPACITIES MI<T BE4 ,H[EV] L[ !Y MAY E/IMATE IT1 ! MANAG] ( ,=DS & ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W\LD HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT !IR [N P>TICUL> WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ONLY TAPP$ AN 9F9ITESIMAL FRACTION ( IT74 

,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL !RE=E NOT BE AFFLICT$ ) ANY K9D ( TE*NOLOGICAL CURSE4 ,HAV+ ABOLI%$ BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALI/ RELATION%IPS IT WILL TACKLE AT ! SAME TIME ! TE*NOLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* IS BO? ! BASIS ( !SE RELATION%IPS & !IR EV]-R5EW$ PRODUCT4 

#a4 ,! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL 

,POSSIBLE ,COMPOSITION & ,PROC$URES 

,DELEGATES FROM V>I\S %OPS1 DEP>TM5TS1 & (FICES ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE 7SAY #a DELEGATE P] #a OR #b WORK]S74 

,ALL DELEGATES ELECT$ & IMM$IATELY REVOCABLE BY BODY !Y REPRES5T4 

,M,O,/ ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E,S ,R,E,M,A,9 ,A,T ,!,I,R ,J,O,B,S2 A ROTAT+ M9ORITY W\LD 5SURE CONT9UITY4 

,FACTORY ,C\NCIL MEETS1 SAY1 #a OR #b HALF-DAYS EA* WEEK4 

,SUGGE/$ ,FUNCTIONS 

,COORD9ATION BETWE5 %OPS1 DEP>TM5TS1 & (FICES ( A GIV5 5T]PRISE4 

,MA9T5ANCE ( RELATIONS ) O!R ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS1 :E!R 9 SAME 9DU/RY 7V]TICAL COOP]ATION7 OR SAME LOCALITY 7HORIZONTAL COOP]ATION74 

,MA9T5ANCE ( RELATIONS ) \TSIDE WORLD1 9 G5]AL4 

,DET]M9ATION ( H[ TO A*IEVE GIV5 PRODUCTION T>GET1 GIV5 ! G5]AL MEANS ALLOCAT$ BY ! PLAN4 

,ORGANIZATION ( WORK 9 EA* %OP OR DEP>TM5T4 

,EV5TUALLY1 *ANGES 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

#b4 ,! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY 

,ALL ?OSE :O WORK 9 A GIV5 5T]PRISE 7MANUAL WORK]S1 (FICE WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS1 ETC474 

,HI<E/ DECISION-MAK+ BODY = ALL PROBLEMS RELAT+ TO ! FACTORY AS A :OLE4 

,MEETS REGUL>LY 7SAY1 #b DAYS A MON?7 OR MORE (T5 IF MEET+ WANT$ BY SPECIFI$ NUMB] ( WORK]S1 DELEGATES1 OR %OPS4 

,DECIDES ON QUE/IONS TO BE SUBMITT$ TO ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL = FUR!R ELABORATION1 DISCUSSION1 ETC4 

,AM5DS1 REJECTS1 REF]S BACK1 OR 5DORSES ALL BUT R\T9E DECISIONS ( ! ,FACTORY ,C\NCIL4 

,ELECTS DELEGATES 7,:,O ,R,E,M,A,9 ,A,T ,W,O,R,K7 TO ! C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES4 

#c4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,DELEGATES 

,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY IS COMPOS$ ( REVOCABLE DELEGATES1 ELECT$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( GIV5 5T]PRISES1 BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( ,RURAL ,COMMUNES1 & BY ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES ( PR(ESSIONAL GR\P+S4 

,M,O,/ ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E,S ,W,\,L,D ,R,E,M,A,9 ,A,T ,W,O,R,K4 7,ROTAT+ M9ORITY MI<T 5SURE CONT9UITY4 ,NO ONE MAKES A PR(ESSION \T ( 0REPRES5T+0 O!RS47 

,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY W\LD MEET = TWO DAYS EA* WEEK 7OR = ONE WEEK EA* MON?74 

,DELEGATES REPORT BACK REGUL>LY 7SAY1 ONCE A MON?7 TO ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLIES :I* ELECT$ !M4 

,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ELECTS ITS [N ,C\NCIL4 7,ALT]NATIVELY1 GR\PS ( MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY MI<T1 9 ROTATION1 CON/ITUTE ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,C5TRAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ALL MEMB]S BE+ 9VOLV$ AT SOME /ATE OR O!R47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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