,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,KURASJE ,>*IVE2 
,WRITT53 BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK 9 #a#i#f#g4 ,LAT] IT WAS 9CLUD$ 9 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT3 ,A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS $4 ,PRISCILLA ,LONG4 ,BO/ON3 ,PORT] ,S>G5T1 #a#i#f#i4 ,9 #ai< IT WAS 9CLUD$ 9 ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,COMMUNISM ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#h1 ,I,S,B,N3  #he #cf #bbb #g_/#i4 ,! E-V]SION ( ?IS TEXT WAS DELIV]$ BY ,KAVO% ,KAVO%G> = ,KURASJE4 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 

,ACCORD+ TO SOCIALI/ !ORY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM IMPLIES ! POL>IZATION ( 
SOCIETY 9TO A SMALL M9ORITY ( CAPITAL [N]S & A L>GE MAJORITY ( 
WAGE-WORK]S1 & !RE) ! GRADUAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PROPRIET>Y MIDDLE 
CLASS ( 9DEP5D5T CRAFTSM51 F>M]S & SMALL %OP-KEEP]S4 ,?IS 
CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY & G5]AL WEAL? 9TO ALWAYS FEW] H&S 
APPE>S AS AN 9C>NATION ( 'FEUDALISM' 9 ! G>B ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL 
SOCIETY4 ,SMALL RUL+ CLASSES DET]M9E ! LIFE & DEA? ( ALL ( SOCIETY BY 
[N+ & CONTROLL+ ! PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES & !RE) ! GOV]NM5TS4 
,?AT !IR DECISIONS >E CONTROLL$1 9 TURN1 BY IMP]SONAL M>KET =CES & 
! COMPULSIVE QUE/ = CAPITAL DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT !SE REACTIONS TO 
UNCONTROLLABLE ECONOMIC EV5TS >E ALSO !IR EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE4 

,)9 ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS :I* *>ACT]IZE ! 
PREVAIL+ SOCIETY1 ! PRODUC]S HAVE NO DIRECT CONTROL OV] 
PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTS IT BR+S =?4 ,AT TIMES1 !Y MAY EX]T A 
K9D ( 9DIRECT CONTROL BY WAY ( WAGE /RUGGLES1 :I* MAY ALT] ! 
WAGE-PR(IT RATIO & !RE) ! C\RSE OR TEMPO ( ! CAPITAL 
EXPANSION PROCESS4 ,G5]ALLY1 IT IS ! CAPITALI/ :O DET]M9ES ! 
CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK]S HAVE TO AGREE 9 ORD] TO EXI/1 
= !IR ONLY 'MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD IS ! SALE ( !IR LABOR 
P[]4 ,UNLESS ! WORK] ACCEPTS ! EXPLOITATIVE CONDITIONS ( 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 HE IS 'FREE' ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT 
HE IS FREE TO />VE4 ,?IS WAS RECOGNIZ$ LONG BE=E !RE WAS A 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#g#f#g1 ,SIMON ,L+UET DECL>$ ?AT 
WAGE-LABOR IS M]ELY A =M ( SLAVE LABOR3 ,9 HIS VIEW1 IT WAS EV5 
WORSE ?AN SLAV]Y4 0,IT IS ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( LIV+ BY ANY 
O!R MEANS ?AT COMPELS \R F>M LABOR]S TO TILL ! SOIL :OSE 
FRUITS !Y WILL NOT EAT1 & \R MASONS TO CON/RUCT BUILD+S 9 
:I* !Y WILL NOT LIVE4 ,IT IS WANT ?AT DRAGS !M TO ?OSE M>KETS 
:]E !Y AWAIT MA/]S :O WILL DO !M ! K9DNESS ( BUY+ !M4 
,IT IS WANT ?AT COMPELS !M TO GO D[N ON !IR KNEES TO ! RI* MAN 
9 ORD] TO GET FROM HIM P]MISSION TO 5RI* HIM 444 ,:AT EFFECTIVE 
GA9 HAS ! SUPPRESSION ( SLAV]Y BR\<T HIM8 444 ,HE IS FREE1 Y\ 
SAY4 ,AH4 ,?AT IS HIS MIS=TUNE4 ,! SLAVE WAS PRECI\S TO HIS MA/] 
BECAUSE ( ! MONEY HE HAD CO/ HIM4 ,BUT ! H&ICRAFTSMAN CO/S 
NO?+ TO ! RI* VOLUPTU>Y :O EMPLOYS HIM 444 ,!SE M51 IT IS 
SAID1 HAVE NO MA/] - !Y HAVE ONE1 & ! MO/ T]RIBLE1 ! 
MO/ IMP]I\S ( MA/]S1 ?AT IS NE$4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT R$UCES 
!M TO ! MO/ CRUEL DEP5D5CE40.<#a.> ,TWO 
HUNDR$ YE>S LAT] ?IS IS ESS5TIALLY /ILL ! SAME4 ,AL?\< IT IS 
NO LONG] \TRI<T MIS]Y :I* =CES ! WORK]S 9 ! ADVANC$ 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS TO SUBMIT TO ! RULE ( CAPITAL & TO ! WILES ( 
CAPITALI/S1 !IR LACK ( CONTROL OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !IR 
POSITION AS WAGE-WORK]S1 /ILL M>KS !M AS A RUL$ CLASS UNABLE TO 
DET]M9E ITS [N DE/9Y4 

,! 
GOAL ( SOCIALI/S WAS !N & /ILL IS ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 :I* 
IMPLIES ! 5D ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY A WORK+ 
CLASS MOVEM5T >OSE TO BR+ AB\T ?IS TRANS=MATION ?R\< ! 
SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,PR(IT-DET]M9$ PRODUCTION WAS TO BE 
REPLAC$ BY ONE SATISFY+ ! ACTUAL NE$S & AMBITIONS ( ! ASSOCIAT$ 
PRODUC]S4 ,! M>KET ECONOMY WAS TO MAKE ROOM = A PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,SOCIAL 
EXI/5CE & DEVELOPM5T W\LD !N NO LONG] BE DET]M9$ BY ! 
UNCONTROLLABLE FETI%I/IC EXPANSION & CONTRACTION ( CAPITAL BUT BY ! 
COLLECTIVE CONSCI\S DECISIONS ( ! PRODUC]S 9 A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 

,BE+ A PRODUCT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS B\ND TO ! 
VICISSITUDES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WILL TAKE ON V>Y+ *>ACT]I/ICS 
9 ACCORDANCE ) ! *ANG+ =TUNES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IT WILL NOT 
GR[1 OR IT WILL PRACTICALLY DISAPPE>1 AT TIMES & 9 PLACES :I* >E NOT 
CONDUCIVE TO ! =MATION ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,UND] CONDITIONS 
( CAPITALI/ PROSP]ITY IT T5DS TO TRANS=M ITSELF FROM @9 REVOLUTION>Y 9TO 
A RE=MI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 TIMES ( SOCIAL CRISIS IT MAY BE TOTALLY SUPPRESS$ BY 
! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ALL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS >E P>T ( ! G5]AL SOCIAL /RUCTURE &1 SAVE 9 A 
PURELY IDEOLOGICAL S5SE1 CANNOT BE CONSI/5TLY ANTI-CAPITALI/IC4 ,9 ORD] TO 
ATTA9 SOCIAL IMPORTANCE )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM !Y MU/ BE 
OPPORTUNI/IC1 ?AT IS1 TAKE ADVANTAGE ( GIV5 SOCIAL PROCESSES 9 ORD] TO 
S]VE !IR [N BUT AS YET LIMIT$ 5DS4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEM POSSIBLE TO SL[LY 
ASSEMBLE REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 P[]FUL ORGANIZATIONS READY TO ACT AT 
FAVORABLE MOM5TS4 ,ONLY ORGANIZATIONS :I* DO NOT DI/URB ! PREVAIL+ BASIC 
SOCIAL RELATION%IPS GR[ TO ANY IMPORTANCE4 ,IF !Y />T \T ) A 
REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY1 !IR GR[? IMPLIES A SUBSEQU5T DISCREPANCY BETWE5 
!IR IDEOLOGY & !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,OPPOS$ TO ! /ATUS QUO BUT ALSO 
ORGANIZ$ )9 IT1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS MU/ F9ALLY SUCCUMB TO ! =CES ( 
CAPITALISM BY VIRTUE ( !IR [N ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESSES4 

,AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 TRADITIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS - SOCIALI/ P>TIES & 
TRADE UNIONS - W]E NO LONG] REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,ONLY A SMALL LEFT-W+ 
)9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS RETA9$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 ,9 T]MS ( 
DOCTR9E1 ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG SAW ! NE$ TO COMBAT ! RE=MI/ & 
OPPORTUNI/ EVOLUTIONISM ( ! E/ABLI%$ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & DEM&$ A 
RETURN TO REVOLUTION>Y POLICIES4 ,:ILE ,L59 TRI$ TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS ?R\< 
! CREATION ( A NEW TYPE ( REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 EMPHASIZ+ 
C5TRALLY-CONTROLL$ ORGANIZ$ ACTIVITY & LEAD]%IP1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG PREF]R$ 
AN 9CREASE 9 PROLET>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION G5]ALLY1 AS WELL AS )9 ! 
SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ?R\< ! ELIM9ATION ( BUREAUCRATIC CONTROLS & 
! ACTIVIATION ( ! RANK-&-FILE4 

,BECAUSE ,M>XISM WAS ! IDEOLOGY ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 OPPOSITION TO !SE 
ORGANIZATIONS & !IR POLICIES EXPRESS$ ITSELF ALSO AS AN OPPOSITION TO 
,M>XIAN !ORY 9 ITS RE=MI/ & REVISIONI/ 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,GEORGES ,SOREL.<#b.> 
& ! SYNDICALI/S W]E NOT ONLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT C\LD 
EMANCIPATE ITSELF )\T ! GUIDANCE ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BUT ?AT IT HAD TO 
FREE ITSELF FROM MIDDLE CLASS ELEM5TS ?AT USUALLY CONTROLL$ POLITICAL 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SYNDICALISM REJECT$ P>LIAM5T>IANISM 9 FAVOR ( 
REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNION ACTIVITY4 ,9 ,SOREL'S VIEW1 A GOV]NM5T ( SOCIALI/S 
W\LD 9 NO S5SE ALT] ! SOCIAL POSITION ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ORD] TO BE FREE1 
! WORK]S W\LD HAVE TO RESORT TO ACTIONS & WEAPONS EXCLUSIVELY !IR [N4 
,CAPITALISM1 HE ?\<T1 BAD ALREADY ORGANIZ$ ! :OLE PROLET>IAT 9 ITS 
9DU/RIES4 ,ALL ?AT WAS LEFT TO DO WAS TO SUPPRESS ! /ATE & PROP]TY4 ,TO 
ACCOMPLI% ?IS1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT SO MU* 9 NE$ ( SO-CALL$ SCI5TIFIC 
9SI<T 9TO NECESS>Y SOCIAL TR5DS AS ( A K9D ( 9TUITIVE CONVICTION ?AT 
REVOLUTION & SOCIALISM W]E ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( !IR [N CONT9U\S 
/RUGGLES4 ,! /RIKE WAS SE5 AS ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION>Y APPR5TICE%IP4 ,! 
GR[+ NUMB] ( /RIKES1 !IR EXT5SIONS & 9CREAS+ DURATION PO9T$ 
T[>DS A POSSIBLE ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 ?AT IS1 TO ! IMP5D+ SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION4 

,SYNDICALISM & SU* 9T]NATIONAL (FSPR+ AS ! ,GUILD ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,5GL& & 
! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E1 TO SOME 
EXT5T1 REACTIONS TO ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 
& TO ITS CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ PRACTICES4 ,TRADE UNIONS1 TOO1 W]E ATTACK$ 
= !IR C5TRALI/IC /RUCTURES & !IR EMPHASIS UPON SPECIFIC TRADE 
9T]E/S AT ! EXP5SE ( PROLET>IAN CLASS NE$S4 ,BUT ALL ORGANIZATIONS1 
:E!R REVOLUTION>Y OR RE=MI/1 :E!R C5TRALIZ]S OR F$]ALI/S1 T5D$ 
TO SEE 9 !IR [N /EADY GR[? & EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES ! MAJOR +R$I5T 
= SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,AS REG>DS ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IT WAS ! GR[+ MEMB]%IP1 
! SPREAD+ P>TY APP>ATUS1 ! 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( VOTES 9 ELECTIONS1 & 
A L>G] P>TICIPATION 9 EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E ?\<T ( 
AS GR[+ 9TO ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS REG>DS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( 
! ,WORLD1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! GR[? ( ITS [N ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ,ONE 
,BIG ,UNION WAS SE51 AT ! SAME TIME1 AS 0=M+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! 
NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40.<#c.> 

,9 
! FIR/ TW5TIE? C5TURY REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ! UNORGANIZ$ MASS ( 
WORK]S :I* DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION & BR\<T 9TO BE+ 
ITS [N1 NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! SPONTANE\SLY >IS+ WORK]S' 
C\NCILS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN C\NCILS1 OR SOVIETS1 ( ! #aie ,REVOLUTION1 GREW \T ( 
A NUMB] ( /RIKES & !IR NE$S = COMMITTEES ( ACTION & REPRES5TATION 
TO DEAL ) ! 9DU/RIES AFFECT$ AS WELL AS ) LEGAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! 
/RIKES W]E SPONTANE\S 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y W]E NOT CALL$ BY POLITICAL 
ORGANIZATIONS OR TRADE UNIONS1 BUT W]E LAUN*$ BY UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S :O HAD 
NO *OICE BUT TO LOOK UPON !IR WORKPLACE AS ! SPR+BO>D & C5T] ( 
!IR ORGANIZATIONAL EF=TS4 ,9 ! ,RUSSIA ( ?AT TIME POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
HAD AS YET NO REAL 9FLU5CE ON ! MASS ( WORK]S & TRADE UNIONS EXI/$ 
ONLY 9 EMBRYONIC =M4 0,! SOVIETS10 ,TROTSKY WROTE1 0W]E ! 
REALIZATION ( AN OBJECTIVE NE$ = AN ORGANIZATION :I* HAS AU?ORITY )\T 
HAV+ TRADITION1 & :I* CAN AT ONCE EMBRACE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( 
WORK]S4 ,AN ORGANIZATION1 MOREOV]1 :I* CAN UNIFY ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y 
T5D5CIES )9 ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* POSSESSES BO? 9ITIATIVE & 
SELF-CONTROL1 &1 :I* IS ! MA9 ?+1 CAN BE CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE )9 
#bd H\RS40 444 .<,:]EAS.> 0P>TIES W]E ORGANIZATIONS )9 ! 
PROLET>IAT1 ! SOVIETS WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT40.<#d.> 

,9 
ESS5CE1 ( C\RSE1 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION WAS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 SUPPORT$ BY 
! LIB]AL MIDDLE CLASS TO BREAK ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTISM & TO ADVANCE ,RUSSIA VIA A 
,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY T[>DS ! CONDITIONS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! MORE DEVELOP$ 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,9 SO F> AS ! /RIK+ WORK]S ?\<T 9 POLITICAL 
T]MS1 !Y L>GELY %>$ ! PROGRAM ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,& SO DID 
ALL EXI/+ SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS :I* ACCEPT$ ! NECESSITY ( A B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION AS A PRECONDITION = ! =MATION ( A /RONG LABOR MOVEM5T & A 
FUTURE PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION UND] MORE ADVANC$ CONDITIONS4 

,! SOVIET SY/EM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aie DISAPPE>$ ) ! CRU%+ ( 
! REVOLUTION1 ONLY TO RETURN 9 GREAT] =CE 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( 
#a#i#a#g4 ,IT WAS !SE SOVIETS :I* 9SPIR$ ! =MATION ( SIMIL> SPONTANE\S 
ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h1 &1 TO A SOME:AT LESS] 
EXT5T1 ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,HUNG>Y4 ,) ! 
C\NCIL SY/EM A =M ( ORGANIZATION >OSE :I* C\LD LEAD & COORD9ATE ! 
SELF-ACTIVITIES ( V]Y BROAD MASSES = EI!R LIMIT$ 5DS OR = 
REVOLUTION>Y GOALS1 & :I* C\LD DO SO 9DEP5D5TLY (1 9 OPPOSITION TO1 
OR 9 COLLABORATION )1 EXI/+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MO/ ( ALL1 ! RISE 
( ! C\NCIL SY/EM PROV$ ?AT SPONTANE\S ACTIVITIES NE$ NOT DISSIPATE 9 
=MLESS MASS-EX]TIONS BUT C\LD ISSUE 9TO ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( A MORE 
?AN TEMPOR>Y NATURE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aie 9VIGORAT$ LEFT-W+ OPPOSITIONS 9 ! SOCIALI/ 
P>TIES ( ! ,WE/1 BUT AS YET MORE ) RESPECT TO ! SPONTANEITY ( ITS MASS 
/RIKES ?AN ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M !SE ACTIONS ASSUM$4 ,BUT ! RE=MI/ 
SPELL WAS BROK52 REVOLUTION WAS AGA9 SE5 AS A REAL POSSIBILITY4 ,H[EV]1 9 
! ,WE/ IT W\LD NOT BE A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC BUT A PURE WORK+ CLASS 
REVOLUTION4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 ! POSITIVE ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE WAS 
NOT AS YET TRANS=M$ 9TO A REJECTION ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y ME?ODS ( ! 
RE=MI/ P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,I,I 

,! PROSPECT = A REVIVAL ( REVOLUTION>Y POLICIES 9 ! ,WE/ PROV$ AT FIR/ 
ILLUSORY4 ,NOT ONLY ! 'REVISIONI/S' )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T = :OM1 9 
! WORDS ( !IR =EMO/ SPOKESMAN1 ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 0! MOVEM5T WAS 
EV]Y?+ & ! GOAL NO?+01 BUT ALSO SO-CALL$ OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S NO 
LONG] BELIEV$ 9 EI!R ! DESIRABILITY OR ! NECESSITY ( SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE !Y W]E /ILL /ICK+ TO ! OLD GOAL - ABOLITION ( ! 
WAGE SY/EM - ?IS WAS N[ TO BE REA*$ 9 PIECEMEAL FA%ION ?R\< ! LEGAL 
MEANS (F]$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 
) ! MASS ( VOT]S FAVOR+ A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T1 SOCIALISM C\LD BE 
9/ITUT$ BY GOV]NM5T DECREE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 TRADE UNION ACTIVITY & SOCIAL 
LEGISLATION W\LD ALLEVIATE ! LOT ( ! WORK]S & 5ABLE !M TO P>TAKE 9 
! G5]AL SOCIAL PROGRESS4 

,! MIS]IES ( LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM NOT ONLY PRODUC$ A SOCIALI/ 
MOVEM5T BUT ALSO V>I\S ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( WORK]S TO EASE !IR 
CONDITIONS BY NONPOLITICAL MEANS4 ,AP>T FROM TRADE UNIONISM1 A COOP]ATIVE 
MOVEM5T CAME 9TO BE+ AS A M$IUM ( ESCAPE FROM WAGE-LABOR & AS A VA9 
OPPOSITION TO ! RUL+ PR9CIPLE ( G5]AL COMPETITION4 ,! PRECURSORS ( 
?IS MOVEM5T W]E ! E>LY COMMUNI/ COMMUNITIES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL& & 
,AM]ICA1 :I* D]IV$ !IR IDEAS FROM SU* UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S AS ,[5 & 
,F\RI]4 

,PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES W]E VOLUNT>Y GR\P+S = SELF-EMPLOYM5T & SELF-GOV]NM5T 
) RESPECT TO !IR [N ACTIVITIES4 ,SOME ( !SE COOP]ATIVES DEVELOP$ 
9DEP5D5TLY1 O!RS 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS4 ,BY 
POOL+ !IR RES\RCES1 WORK]S W]E ABLE TO E/ABLI% !IR [N WORK%OPS & 
PRODUCE )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT !IR OPPORTUNITIES W]E 
FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY & ITS DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CIES1 :I* GRANT$ !M A M]E M>G9AL 
EXI/5CE4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IMPLIES ! COMPETITIVE CONC5TRATION & 
C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! L>G] CAPITAL DE/ROYS ! SMALL]4 ,! 
COOP]ATIVE WORK%OPS W]E RE/RICT$ TO SPECIAL SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RIES 
REQUIR+ LITTLE CAPITAL4 ,SOON1 ! CAPITALI/ EXT5SION 9TO ALL 9DU/RIES 
DE/ROY$ !IR COMPETITIVE ABILITY & DROVE !M \T ( BUS9ESS4 

,CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES PROV$ TO BE MORE SUCCESSFUL & SOME ( !M ABSORB$ PRODUC]S' 
COOP]ATIVES AS S\RCES ( SUPPLY4 ,BUT CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES CAN H>DLY BE 
CONSID]$ AS ATTEMPTS AT WORK+ CLASS CONTROL1 EV5 :]E !Y W]E ! 
CREATION ( WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS4 ,AT BE/1 !Y MAY SECURE A MEASURE ( 
CONTROL 9 ! DISPOSAL ( WAGES1 = LABOR]S CAN BE ROBB$ TWICE - AT ! 
PO9T ( PRODUCTION & AT ! M>KET PLACE4 ,! CO/S ( COMMODITY CIRCULATION 
>E AN UNAVOIDABLE FAUX FRAIS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 DIVID+ ! 
CAPITALI/S 9TO M]*ANTS & 5TREPR5EURS4 ,S9CE EA* TRIES = ! PR(IT 
MAXIMUM 9 ITS [N SPH]E ( OP]ATION1 !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S >E NOT 
ID5TICAL4 ,5TREPR5EURS ?US HAVE NO REASON TO OBJECT TO CONSUM]S' 
COOP]ATIVES4 ,CURR5TLY1 !Y >E !MSELVES 5GAG$ 9 DISSOLV+ ! DIVISION 
( PRODUCTIVE & M]*ANT CAPITAL BY COMB9+ ! FUNCTIONS ( BO? 9 ! 
S+LE PRODUCTION & M>KET+ CORPORATION4 

,! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T WAS EASILY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM &1 9 
FACT1 WAS TO A L>GE EXT5T AN ELEM5T ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 9 
B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC !ORY IT WAS CONSID]$ AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL CONS]VATISM 
BY FO/]+ ! SAV+S PROP5SITIES ( ! L[] LAY]S ( SOCIETY1 BY 
9CREAS+ ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ?R\< CR$IT UNIONS1 BY IMPROV+ AGRICULTURE 
?R\< COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION & M>KET+ ORGANIZATIONS1 & BY %IFT+ 
WORK+ CLASS ATT5TION FROM ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION TO ?AT ( CONSUMPTION4 ,AS 
A CAPITALI/ICALLY-ORI5T$ 9/ITUTION ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T FL\RI%$1 
F9ALLY TO BECOME ONE =M ( CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE AMONG O!RS1 B5T ON ! 
EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ITS EMPLOY1 & FAC+ ! LATT] AS !IR 
OPPON5TS 9 /RIKES = HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,! G5]AL 
SUPPORT ( CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES BY ! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T - 9 %>P 
DI/9CTION TO AN E>LI] SKEPTICISM & EV5 \TRI<T REJECTION - WAS M]ELY AN 
ADDITIONAL SIGN ( ! 9CREAS+ 'CAPITALIZATION' ( ! RE=MI/ LABOR 
MOVEM5T4 ,! WIDESPREAD NETWORK ( CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 
PROVID$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ) A READY-MADE DI/RIBUTIVE SY/EM :I* WAS SOON 
TURN$ 9TO AN AG5CY ( ! /ATE4 

,! DIVISION ( 'COLLECTIVISM' 9TO PRODUC]S' & CONSUM]S COOP]ATIVES REFLECT$1 
9 A S5SE1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! SYNDICALI/ TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 
,CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES 9CORPORAT$ MEMB]S ( ALL CLASSES & W]E SEEK+ 
ACCESS TO ALL M>KETS4 ,!Y W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO C5TRALIZATION ON A NATIONAL & 
EV5 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,! M>KET ( PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 H[EV]1 WAS AS 
LIMIT$ AS !IR PRODUCTION & !Y C\LD NOT COMB9E 9TO L>G] UNITS )\T 
LOS+ ! SELF-CONTROL :I* WAS ! RATIONALE = !IR EXI/5CE4 

,IT WAS ! PROBLEM ( WORK]S' CONTROL OV] !IR PRODUCTION & PRODUCTS :I* 
DIFF]5TIAT$ ! SYNDICALI/S FROM ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 SO F> AS ! 
PROBLEM /ILL EXI/$ = ! LATT]1 IT SOLV$ IT = ITSELF ) ! CONCEPT 
( NATIONALIZATION1 :I* MADE ! SOCIALI/ /ATE ! GU>DIAN ( SOCIETY'S 
PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES & ! REGULATOR ( ITS ECONOMIC LIFE ) RESPECT TO BO? 
PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,ONLY AT A LAT] /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T W\LD ?IS 
>RANGEM5T MAKE ROOM = A FREE ASSOCIATION ( SOCIALIZ$ PRODUC]S & ! 
WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE4 ,! SYNDICALI/S FE>$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! /ATE 
) ITS C5TRALIZ$ CONTROLS W\LD M]ELY P]PETUATE ITSELF & PREV5T ! 
WORK+ POPULATION'S SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,! SYNDICALI/S 5VISION$ A SOCIETY 9 :I* EA* 9DU/RY IS MANAG$ BY ITS [N 
WORK]S4 ,ALL ! SYNDICATES TOGE!R W\LD =M NATIONAL F$]ATIONS :I* W\LD 
NOT HAVE ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( GOV]NM5T BUT W\LD M]ELY S]VE /ATI/ICAL 
& ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS = ! REALIZATION ( A TRULY COLLECTIVI/ 
PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION SY/EM4 ,SYNDICALISM WAS PR$OM9ANT 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY 
& ,SPA9 BUT WAS REPRES5T$ 9 ALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS2 9 SOME ) 
MODIFICATIONS AS 9 ! ALREADY NOT$ ,I4,W4,W4 & ! ,GUILD 
,SOCIALI/S4 ,NOT ONLY ) RESPECT TO ! F9AL GOAL1 BUT ALSO 9 ! 
EV]YDAY CLASS /RUGGLE1 SYNDICALI/S DIFF]$ FROM P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S & 
ORD9>Y TRADE UNIONS BY !IR EMPHASIS ON DIRECT ACTIONS & BY A GREAT] 
MILITANCY4 

,AL?\< ! CONC]N ) F9AL GOALS WAS PREMATURE1 IT AFFECT$ NONE!LESS ! ACTUAL 
BEHAVIOR ( !IR PROPAGATORS4 ,! RAPID BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! C5TRALIZ$ 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & TRADE UNIONS DEPRIV$ ! WORK]S 9 9CREAS+ MEASURE 
( !IR SELF-9ITIATIVE & SUBJECT$ !M TO ! CONTROL ( A LEAD]%IP :I* 
DID NOT %>E !IR LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,TRADE UNIONS LO/ !IR E>LY 
CONNECTION ) ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & DEG5]AT$ 9TO BUS9ESS-UNIONISM1 
SOLELY 9T]E/$ 9 WAGE-B>GA9+ &1 :]E POSSIBLE1 9 ! =MATION ( 
JOB MONOPOLIES4 ,! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T WAS BUREAUCRATIZ$ TO A F> LESS] 
EXT5T1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS ! SMALL] ( ! TWO MA9 /REAMS ( ! 
LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DU/RIAL SELF-CONTROL 
AFFECT$ ! EV]YDAY CLASS /RUGGLE AS WELL4 

,TO SPEAK ( WORK]S' CONTROL )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CAN MEAN 
ONLY CONTROL ( !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS1 = CAPITALISM IMPLIES ?AT ! WORK]S 
>E DEPRIV$ ( ALL EFFECTIVE SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,BUT ) ! 'CAPITALIZATION' ( 
!IR ORGANIZATIONS1 :5 !Y BECOME ! 'PROP]TY' ( A BUREAUCRACY & ! 
VEHICLE ( ITS EXI/5CE & REPRODUCTION1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ONLY POSSIBLE 
=M ( DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL VANI%ES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT EV5 !N WORK]S 
FI<T = HI<] WAGES1 %ORT] H\RS & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS1 BUT !SE 
/RUGGLES DO NOT AFFECT !IR LACK ( P[] )9 !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS4 ,TO 
CALL !SE ACTIVITIES A =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL IS A MISNOM] 9 ANY CASE1 = 
!SE /RUGGLES >E NOT CONC]N$ ) ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS BUT ) ! IMPROVEM5T ( CONDITIONS )9 ! CONF9ES ( CAPITALISM4 
,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 POSSIBLE SO LONG AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO 9CREASE ! 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR AT A RATE FA/] ?AN ?AT BY :I* ! WORK]S' LIV+ 
/&>DS >E RAIS$4 

,! BASIC CONTROL OV] ! CONDITIONS ( WORK & ! SURPLUS-YIELDS ( PRODUCTION 
REMA9 ALWAYS 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S4 ,:5 WORK]S SUCCE$ 9 R$UC+ 
! H\RS ( !IR WORK+ DAY1 !Y WILL NOT SUCCE$ 9 CUTT+ ! QUANTITY ( 
SURPLUS LABOR EXTRACT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,= !RE >E TWO WAYS ( 
EXTRACT+ SURPLUS-LABOR PROLONG+ ! WORK+ DAY & %ORT5+ ! WORK+ 
TIME REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE ! WAGE-EQUIVAL5T BY WAY ( TE*NICAL & 
ORGANIZATIONAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,BECAUSE CAPITAL MU/ YIELD A DEF9ITE RATE ( 
PR(IT1 CAPITALI/S WILL /OP PRODUC+ :5 ?IS RATE IS ?REAT5$4 ,! 
COMPULSION TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL CONTROLS ! CAPITALI/ & =CES HIM TO 
CONTROL HIS WORK]S TO GET ?AT AM\NT ( SURPLUS-LABOR NECESS>Y TO CONSUMMATE 
! ACCUMULATION PROCESS4 ,HE WILL TRY = ! PR(IT MAXIMUM & MAY ONLY GET 
! M9IMUM = REASONS BEYOND HIS CONTROL1 ONE ( :I* MAY BE ! RESI/ANCE 
( ! WORK]S TO ! CONDITIONS ( EXPLOITATION B\ND UP ) ! PR(IT 
MAXIMUM4 ,BUT ?AT IS AS F> AS WORK+ CLASS EX]TIONS CAN REA* )9 ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,I,I,I 

,! WORK]S' LOSS ( CONTROL OV] !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 A 
CONSEQU5CE ( !IR ACQUIESC5CE 9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,ORGANIZ$ & 
UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S ALIKE ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! M>KET ECONOMY BECAUSE 
IT WAS ABLE TO AMELIORATE !IR CONDITIONS & PROMIS$ FUR!R IMPROVEM5TS 9 
! C\RSE ( ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,TYPES ( ORGANIZATIONS EFFECTIVE 9 SU* A 
NON-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION W]E PRECISELY RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ P>TIES & 
C5TRALLY-CONTROLL$ BUS9ESS UNIONS4 ,! 5LI<T5$ B\RGEOISIE1 TOO1 SAW ! 
LATT] AS 9/RUM5TS ( 9DU/RIAL PEACE BY WAY ( COLLECTIVE AGREEM5TS4 
,CAPITALI/S NO LONG] CONFRONT$ ! WORK]S BUT !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 :OSE 
EXI/5CE WAS BAS$ ON ! EXI/5CE ( ! CAPITAL-LABOR M>KET1 ?AT IS1 ON 
! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,! WORK]S' SATISFACTION ) !IR 
ORGANIZATIONS REFLECT$ !IR [N LOSS ( 9T]E/ 9 SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! 
SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY WAS NO LONG] SUPPORT$ BY REAL WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS4 
,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS CAME DRAMATICALLY TO LI<T 9 ! *AUV9ISM :I* GRIPP$ 
! WORK+ CLASSES ( ALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD 
,W>4 

,LEFT-W+ RADICALISM HAD BE5 BAS$ ON :AT WAS DESIGNAT$ BY !IR RE=MI/ ADV]S>IES 
AS ! 'POLITICS ( CATA/ROPHE' ,! REVOLUTIONI/S EXPECT$ NOT ONLY 
DET]IORAT+ LIV+ /&>DS = ! LABOR+ POPULATION BUT ALSO ECONOMIC 
CRISES SO DEVA/AT+ AS TO CALL =? SOCIAL CONVULSIONS :I* W\LD1 9 ! 
5D1 LEAD TO REVOLUTION4 ,!Y C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( REVOLUTION %ORT ( ITS 
OBJECTIVE NECESSITY4 ,& 9 FACT1 NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION OCCURR$ EXCEPT 9 TIMES 
( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CATA/ROPHE4 ,! REVOLUTIONS RELEAS$ BY ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE 
W]E ! RESULT ( CATA/ROPHIC CONDITIONS 9 ! WEAK] IMP]IALI/ P[]S & 
!Y RAIS$1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! QUE/ION ( WORK]S' CONTROL & ! 
ACTUALIZATION ( SOCIALISM AS A REAL POSSIBILITY4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS ! RESULT ( SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS 9 PROTE/ TO 
9CREAS+LY UNBE>ABLE CONDITIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( ! UNSUCCESSFUL W>4 
,/RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS ESCALAT$ 9TO A G5]AL UPRIS+ :I* F\ND ! 
SUPPORT ( SOME MILIT>Y UNITS & L$ TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,CZ>I/ 
GOV]NM5T4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS BACK$ BY A BROAD /RATUM ( ! B\RGEOISIE & 
IT WAS FROM ?IS GR\P ?AT ! FIR/ PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS =M$4 
,AL?\< ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS DID NOT 9ITIATE ! REVOLUTION1 
!Y PLAY$ A GREAT] P>T 9 IT ?AN HAD BE5 ! CASE 9 #a#i#e4 ,AS 9 
?AT YE>1 SO ALSO 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! SOVIETS DID NOT 9T5D1 AT FIR/1 TO REPLACE ! 
PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT 9 ! UNFOLD+ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS !Y 
5COMPASS$ 9CREAS+LY GREAT] RESPONSIBILITIES2 PRACTICALLY1 P[] WAS %>$ 
BY ! SOVIETS & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! FUR!R RADICALIZATION ( ! MOVEM5T 
UND] DET]IORAT+ CONDITIONS & ! VACILLAT+ POLICIES ( B\RGEOIS & 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES SOON GAVE ! ,BOL%EVIKS A MAJORITY 9 ! DECISIVE SOVIETS 
& L$ TO ! ,OCTOB] C\P D'ETAT :I* 5D$ ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC 
PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! GR[+ /R5G? ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS DUE TO 
!IR [N UNCONDITIONAL ADAPTATION TO ! REAL GOALS ( ! REBELL+ MASSES1 
?AT IS1 ! 5D ( ! W> & ! EXPROPRIATION & DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&$ 
E/ATES BY ! PEASANTS4 ,ALREADY ON HIS >RIVAL 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#a#g1 ,L59 
MADE CLE> ?AT = HIM ! EXI/5CE ( ! SOVIETS SUP]S$$ ! QUE/ = A 
B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REGIME4 ,IT WAS TO BE REPLAC$ BY A REPUBLIC ( WORK]S' & 
PEASANTS' C\NCILS4 ,YET :5 ,L59 DEM&$ PREP>ATION = ! C\P D'ETAT1 HE 
SPOKE ( ! EX]CISE ( /ATE P[] NOT BY ! SOVIETS BUT BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 
,S9CE ! MAJORITY ( ! SOVIET DELEGATES W]E ,BOL%EVIKS1 OR SUPPORT$ !M1 
HE TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T =M$ BY ! SOVIETS W\LD BE A 
,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 ,& ?IS WAS ! CASE1 ( C\RSE1 EV5 ?\< SOME LEFT 
,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES & LEFT ,SOCIALI/S W]E GIV5 POSITIONS 9 ! NEW 
GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT TO CONT9UE ! ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ATION ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! 
WORK]S & PEASANTS W\LD HAVE TO CONT9UE TO ELECT ,BOL%EVIKS AS !IR 
DEPUTIES 9 ! SOVIETS4 ,= ?AT !RE WAS NO GU>ANTEE4 ,JU/ AS ! ,M5%EVIKS 
& ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>IES1 ONCE 9 ! MAJORITY1 F\ND !MSELVES 9 A M9ORITY 
POSITION1 SO ?+S C\LD *ANGE AGA9 = ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,TO RETA9 P[] 
9DEF9ITELY MEANT TO SECURE = ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ! MONOPOLY ( GOV]NM5T4 

,H[EV]1 JU/ AS ,L59 EQUAT$ SOVIET P[] ) ! P[] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>RY1 SO HE 
SAW 9 ! LATT]'S GOV]NM5T MONOPOLY ONLY ! REALIZATION ( ! RULE ( ! 
SOVIETS4 ,AFT] ALL1 !RE WAS ONLY ! *OICE BETWE5 A P>LIAM5T>Y B\RGEOIS 
/ATE & CAPITALISM & A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD PREV5T 
! RETURN ( B\RGEOIS RULE4 ,CONSID]+ !MSELVES ! VANGU>D ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 & ! LATT] ! VANGU>D ( ! 'PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION'1 ! 
,BOL%EVIKS WI%$ TO DO = ! WORK]S & PEASANTS :AT !Y MI<T FAIL TO DO 
= !MSELVES4 ,UNGU>D$1 ! SOVIETS W]E QUITE CAPABLE ( ABDICAT+ !IR 
P[] POSITIONS = ! PROMISES ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE & !IR 
SOCIAL-RE=MI/ ALLIES4 ,TO SECURE ! 'SOCIALI/' *>ACT] ( REVOLUTION 
DEM&$ ?AT ! SOVIETS REMA9 ,BOL%EVIK SOVIETS1 EV5 IF ?IS %\LD REQUIRE 
! SUPPRESSION ( ALL ANTI-,BOL%EVIK =CES )9 & \TSIDE ! SOVIET 
SY/EM4 ,9 A %ORT TIME1 ! SOVIET REGIME BECAME ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! 
,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,! EMASCULAT$ SOVIETS W]E ONLY =MALLY RETA9$ TO HIDE 
?IS FACT4 

,AL?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS WON ) ! SLOGAN1 ',ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS'1 ! ,BOL%EVIK 
GOV]NM5T R$UC$ ITS CONT5T TO ?AT ( 'WORK]S' CONTROL'4 ,PROCE$+ AT 
FIR/ RA!R CAUTI\SLY ) ITS SOCIALIZATION PROGRAM1 ! WORK]S W]E NOT 
EXPECT$ TO ADM9I/] BUT M]ELY TO OV]SEE ! 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES ?AT 
W]E /ILL 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! FIR/ DECREE ON WORK]S' CONTROL 
EXT5D$ ?IS CONTROL 0OV] ! PRODUCTION1 /OR+1 BUY+ & SELL+ ( 
RAW MAT]IALS & F9I%$ PRODUCTS AS WELL AS OV] ! F9ANCES ( ! 
5T]PRISES4 ,! WORK]S EX]CISE ?IS CONTROL ?R\< !IR ELECT$ 
ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS FACTORY & %OP COMMITTEES1 SOVIET ELD]S1 ETC4 ,! 
(FICE EMPLOYES & ! TE*NICAL P]SONNEL >E ALSO TO HAVE REPRES5TATION 9 
!SE COMMITTEES 444 ,! ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAVE ! RI<T TO 
SUP]VISE PRODUCTION 444 ,COMM]CIAL SECRETS >E ABOLI%$4 ,! [N]S HAVE TO 
%[ TO ! ORGANS ( WORK]S' CONTROL ALL !IR BOOKS & /ATEM5TS = ! 
CURR5T YE> & = ! PA/ YE>S40.<#e.> 

,CAPITALI/ 
PRODUCTION & WORK]S' CONTROL >E 9COMPATIBLE1 H[EV]1 & ?IS 
MAKE%IFT AFFAIR1 :]EBY ! ,BOL%EVIKS HOP$ TO RETA9 ! AID ( ! 
CAPITALI/ ORGANIZ]S ( PRODUCTION & YET TO SOME EXT5T SATISFY ! YE>N+S 
( ! WORK]S TO TAKE POSSESSION ( 9DU/RY AS ! PEASANTS HAD DONE ( ! 
L&1 C\LD NOT LA/ V]Y LONG4 0,WE DID NOT DECREE SOCIALISM ALL AT ONCE 
?R\<\T ! :OLE ( 9DU/RY10 ,L59 EXPLA9$ A YE> AFT] ! 
DECREE-ON WORK]S' CONTROL1 0BECAUSE SOCIALISM CAN TAKE %APE & BECOME 
F9ALLY E/ABLI%$ ONLY :5 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS LE>N$ TO RUN ! ECONOMY 444 
,?AT IS :Y WE 9TRODUC$ WORK]S' CONTROL1 KN[+ ?AT IT WAS A 
CONTRADICTORY & P>TIAL MEASURE4 ,BUT WE CONSID] IT MO/ IMPORTANT & 
VALUABLE ?AT ! WORK]S HAVE !MSELVES TACKL$ ! JOB1 ?AT FROM WORK]S' 
CONTROLS1 :I* 9 ! PR9CIPAL 9DU/RIES WAS B\ND TO BE *AOTIC1 AMATEURI% 
& P>TIAL1 WE HAVE PASS$ TO WORK]S' ADM9I/RATION ( 9DU/RY ON A 
NATIONWIDE SCALE40.<#f.> 

,BUT ! *ANGE FROM 'CONTROL' TO 'ADM9I/RATION' TURN$ \T TO 5TAIL ! ABOLITION 
( BO?4 ,TO BE SURE1 JU/ AS ! EMASCULATION ( ! SOVIETS REQUIR$ SOME TIME1 
= IT REQUIR$ ! =MATION & CONSOLIDATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE 
APP>ATUS1 SO ! WORK]S' 9FLU5CE 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS WAS ONLY 
GRADUALLY ELIM9AT$ ?R\< ME?ODS SU* AS %IFT+ ! CONTROLL+ RI<TS 
FROM ! SOVIETS TO ! TRADE UNIONS1 & !N TRANS=M+ ! LATT] 9TO 
AG5CIES ( ! /ATE CONTROLL+ ! WORK]S 9/EAD4 ,ECONOMIC COLLAPSE1 CIVIL 
W>1 PEASANT OPPOSITION TO ANY SOCIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RIAL UNRE/ 
& P>TIAL RETURN TO ! M>KET ECONOMY1 L$ TO V>I\S CONTRADICTORY POLICIES1 
FROM ! 'MILIT>IZATION' ( LABOR TO ITS SUBORD9ATION TO ! REVIV$ FREE 
5T]PRISES1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T AT ALL CO/S4 ,! 
GOV]NM5T'S DICTATORIAL POLICIES CONFRONT$ NOT ONLY ITS CAPITALI/ & 
POLITICAL 5EMIES BUT ! WORK]S AS WELL4 ,! BASIC NE$ WAS A GREAT] 
PRODUCTION & BECAUSE M]E EXHORTATION C\LD NOT 9DUCE ! WORK]S TO EXPLOIT 
!MSELVES TO ! SAME OR GREAT] EXT5T ?AT !Y HAD SUFF]$ 9 ! OLD 
REGIME1 ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE TOOK ON ! FUNCTIONS ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS TO 
RECON/RUCT 9DU/RY & TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL4 

,L59 P]CEIV$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS AN UN9T]RUPT$ PROCESS LEAD+ FROM ! 
B\RGEOIS TO ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,HE FE>$ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE PROP] 
W\LD RA!R ACCEPT A COMPROMISE ) ,CZ>ISM ?AN RISK A ?OR\<-GO+ 
DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS1 !N1 UP TO ! WORK]S & POOR PEASANTS TO LEAD 
! IMP5D+ REVOLUTION1 A PO9T ( VIEW %>$ BY O!R OBS]V]S ( ! 
,RUSSIAN SC5E1 SU* AS ,TROTSKY & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ,WORLD ,W> 
,ONE1 ,L59 APPROA*$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FROM AN 9T]NATIONAL PO9T ( 
VIEW1 5VISION+ ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS WE/W>D EXT5SION1 :I* MI<T PROVIDE 
! OPPORTUNITY TO DE/ROY ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOIS RULE AT ! V]Y PO9T ( ITS 
9CEPTION4 ,IT WAS !N ESS5TIAL TO HANG ON TO P[]2 REG>DLESS ( COMPROMISES 
& VIOLATION ( PR9CIPLES :I* ?IS MI<T 9VOLVE1 UNTIL A ,WE/]N REVOLUTION 
COMPLEM5T$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ALL[$ = A =M ( 9T]NATIONAL 
COOP]ATION :]E9 ,RUSSIA'S OBJECTIVE UNREAD9ESS = SOCIALISM W\LD BE A LESS 
WEI<TY FACTOR4 ,! ISOLATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ELIM9AT$ ?IS 
P]SPECTIVE4 ,TO REMA9 9 P[] UND] ! ACTUALLY 5SU+ CONDITIONS MEANT TO 
ACCEPT ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE BUT ) DIFF]5T SOCIAL 
9/ITUTIONS & A DIFF]5T IDEOLOGY4 

,( C\RSE1 TO HANG ON TO P[] WAS ALREADY NECESS>Y IF ONLY TO SAVE ! 
,BOL%EVIKS' [N NECKS1 = !IR OV]?R[ W\LD HAVE MEANT !IR DEA?S4 ,BUT 
ASIDE FROM ?IS1 ,L59 WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! CAPITALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA UND] ! 
AUSPICES ( ! /ATE WAS MORE 'PROGRESSIVE' &1 !RE=E PREF]ABLE TO 
LEAV+ H] DEVELOPM5T TO ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE WAS ALSO CONV9C$ ?AT 
HIS P>TY C\LD DO ! JOB4 ,RUSSIA1 HE ONCE SAID1 0WAS ACCU/OM$ TO BE+ 
RUL$ BY #a#e1 L&LORDS4 ,:Y CAN #b#d1 ,BOL%EVIKS NOT TAKE OV] ! SAME 
TASK80 ,& SO !Y DID1 BY CON/RUCT+ A HI]>*ICAL AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE 
& ITS EXT5SION 9TO ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 9SI/+ ALL ! :ILE ?AT 
ECONOMIC CONTROL BY ! /ATE MEANT ECONOMIC CONTROL BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,JU/ 
! SAME1 ! F\NDATION ( SOCIALISM1 ,L59 DECL>$1 0CALLS = ABSOLUTE 
& /RICT UNITY ( WILL1 :I* DIRECTS ! JO9T LABORS ( HUNDR$S1 
?\S&S & T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE444 ,H[ CAN /RICT UNITY ( WILL BE 
ASSUR$8 ,BY ?\S&S SUBORD9AT+ !IR WILLS TO ! WILL ( ONE4 ,GIV5 IDEAL 
CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & DISCIPL9E ON ! P>T ( ?OSE TAK+ P>T 9 ! 
COMMON WORK1 ?IS SUBORD9ATION W\LD1 BE QUITE LIKE ! MILD LEAD]%IP ( A 
CONDUCTOR ( AN OR*E/RA4 ,IT MAY ASSUME ! %>P =M ( A DICTATOR%IP1 IF 
IDEAL DISCIPL9E & CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS >E LACK+4 ,BUT BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 UNQUE/ION+ 
SUBORD9ATION TO1 A S+LE WILL IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( 
PROCESSES ORGANIZ$ ON ! PATT]N ( L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY40.<#g.> ,IF 
?IS /ATEM5T IS TAK5 S]I\SLY1 CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS MU/ HAVE BE5 TOTALLY 
LACK+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 = CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & SOCIAL LIFE 9 G5]AL TOOK ON 
DICTATORIAL =MS EXCE$+ ANY?+ EXP]I5C$ 9 CAPITALI/ NATIONS & 
EXCLUD+ ANY MEASURE ( WORK]S' CONTROL D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,ALL ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT WAS ! SOVIETS :I* OV]?REW 
BO? ,CZ>ISM & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS NOT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT UND] DIFF]5T 
9T]NAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONDITIONS ! SOVIETS MI<T HAVE RETA9$ !IR 
P[] & PREV5T$ ! RISE ( AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,NOT ONLY 9 
,RUSSIA1 9 ,G]MANY1 TOO1 ! ACTUAL CONT5T ( ! REVOLUTION WAS NOT EQUAL TO 
ITS REVOLUTION>Y =M4 ,BUT :ILE 9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS MA9LY ! G5]AL OBJECTIVE 
UNREAD9ESS = SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION1 9 ,G]MANY IT WAS ! SUBJECTIVE 
UNWILL+NESS 9/ITUTE SOCIALISM BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS :I* L>GELY ACC\NT$ 
! FAILURE ( ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 OPPOSITION TO ! W> EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 9DU/RIAL /RIKES1 :I*1 
DUE TO ! PATRIOTISM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! TRADE UNIONS1 HAD TO BE 
CL&E/9ELY ORGANIZ$ AT ! WORKPLACE ?R\< COMMITTEES ( ACTION ?AT 
COORD9AT$ V>I\S 5T]PRISES4 ,9 #a#i#a#h1 WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS SPRANG 
UP ALL OV] ,G]MANY & OV]?REW ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ 
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS F\ND !MSELVES =C$ TO RECOGNIZE & 5T] ?IS 
MOVEM5T1 IF ONLY DAMP5 REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,?IS WAS NOT DIFFICULT 
BECAUSE WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS W]E COMPOS$ NOT ONLY ( COMMUNI/S1 
BUT SOCIALI/S1 TRADE-UNIONI/S1 NON-POLITICALS & EV5 ADH]5TS ( B\RGEOIS 
P>TIES4 ,! SLOGAN ',ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S' C\NCILS' WAS !RE=E 
SELF-DEFEAT+ AS F> AS ! REVOLUTIONI/S W]E CONC]N$1 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 
! *>ACT] & COMPOSITION ( ! C\NCILS %\LD COME TO *ANGE4 

,H[EV]1 ! GREAT MASS ( ! WORK]S MI/OOK ! POLITICAL = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! 
IDEOLOGY & ORGANIZATIONAL /R5G? ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAD LEFT ITS M>K2 ! 
SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION WAS SE5 AS A GOV]NM5TAL CONC]N1 NOT AS ! TASK 
( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,?\< REBELLI\S1 ! WORK]S 9 ! MA9 W]E 
SU* ONLY 9 A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC RE=MI/ S5SE4 ',ALL P[] TO ! WORK]S' 
C\NCILS IMPLI$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = IT W\LD LEAVE ! 
NON-WORK+ LAY]S ( SOCIETY )\T POLITICAL REPRES5TATION4 ,DEMOCRACY1 
H[EV]1 WAS UND]/OOD AS G5]AL FRAN*ISE4 ,! MASS ( WORK]S DESIR$ BO? 
WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,!Y GOT !M BO?3 ! 
C\NCILS 9 A MEAN+LESS =M AS P>T ( ! ,WEIM> ,CON/ITUTION - BUT ) IT 
ALSO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! ,NAZI DICTATOR%IP4 

,IT WAS NOT DIFF]5T 9 O!R NATIONS - ,ITALY1 ,HUNG>Y & ,SPA91 = EXAMPLE1 
:]E WORK]S GAVE EXPRESSION TO !IR REVOLUTION>Y 9CL9ATIONS ?R\< ! 
=MATION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,IT ?US BECAME OBVI\S ?AT WORK]S' 
SELF-ORGANIZATION IS NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ POLICIES & ACTIONS CONTR>Y TO 
PROLET>IAN CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 H[EV]1 !Y WILL BE SUP]S$$ BY 
TRADITIONAL OR NEW =MS ( CONTROL ( WORK+ CLASS BEHAVIOR BY ! OLD OR 
NEWLY-E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITIES4 ,UNLESS SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS1 ISSU+ 9TO 
ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( PROLET>IAN SELF-DET]M9ATION1 USURP CONTROL OV] 
SOCIETY & !RE) OV] !IR [N LIVES1 !Y >E B\ND TO DISAPPE> AGA9 
9TO ! ANONYMITY ( M]E POT5TIALITY4 

,I,V 

,ALL ?AT HAS BE5 SAID RELATES TO ! PA/ & SEEMS TO BE )\T40 RELEVANCE 
TO EI!R ! PRES5T OR ! NE> FUTURE4 ,AS F> AS ! ,WE/]N WORLD IS 
CONC]N$1 NOT EV5 ?AT FEEBLE WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y WAVE RELEAS$ BY ,WORLD ,W> 
,ONE & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS REPEAT$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 
,9/EAD1 & AFT] SOME 9ITIAL DIFFICULTIES1 ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE F9DS 
ITSELF 9 FULL COMM& OV] ITS SOCIETY4 ,IT BOA/S ( AN ECONOMY ( HI< 
EMPLOYM5T1 ECONOMIC GR[? & SOCIAL /ABILITY :I* EXCLUDES BO? ! 
COMPULSION & ! 9CL9ATION = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS IS AN OV]ALL 
PICTURE1 /ILL M>R$ BY SOME AS-YET-UNRESOLV$ PROBLEMS1 AS EVID5C$ BY ! 
PREVAL5CE ( PAUP]IZ$ SOCIAL GR\PS 9 ALL CAPITALI/ NATIONS4 ,IT IS 
EXPECT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE BLEMI%ES WILL BE ]ADICAT$ 9 TIME4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ !N ?AT ! APP>5T /ABILIZATION & FUR!R EXPANSION ( 
,WE/]N CAPITALISM AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO L$ NOT ONLY TO ! DEMISE ( G5U9E 
WORK+ CLASS RADICALISM BUT ALSO TO ! TRANS=MATION ( ! RE=MI/ 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE 9TO ! IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE ( ! 
MIX$ ECONOMY'S WELF>E-/ATE4 ,?IS EV5T IS EI!R CELEBRAT$ OR BEWAIL$ AS 
! 9TEGRATION ( LABOR & CAPITAL & ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW1 CRISES-FREE 
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM1 COMB9+ 9 ITSELF ! POSITIVE SIDES ( BO? CAPITALISM 
& SOCIALISM :ILE %$D+ !IR NEGATIVE ASPECTS4 ,?IS IS (T5 REF]R$ TO 
AS A PO/-CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 :I* ! CAPITAL-LABOR ANTAGONISM HAS LO/ ITS 
=M] RELEVANCE4 ,!RE IS /ILL ROOM = ALL K9DS ( *ANGES )9 ! 
SY/EM1 BUT IT IS NO LONG] ?\<T TO BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 
,HI/ORY1 AS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES1 HAS SEEM+LY COME TO AN 5D4 

,:AT IS SURPRIS+ >E ! V>I\S ATTEMPTS :I* >E /ILL BE+ MADE TO ACCOMMODATE 
! IDEA ( SOCIALISM TO ?IS NEW ,/ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,IT IS EXPECT$ ?AT 
SOCIALISM 9 ! TRADITIONAL CONCEPT CAN /ILL BE REA*$ DESPITE ! PREVAL5CE 
( CONDITIONS :I* MAKE ITS APPE>ANCE SUP]FLU\S4 ,OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM 
HAV+ LO/ ITS BASE 9 ! EXPLOITATIVE MAT]IAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 F9DS A 
NEW ONE 9 ! MORAL & PHILOSOPHICAL SPH]E CONC]N$ ) ! DIGNITY ( MAN 
& ! *>ACT] ( HIS WORK4 ,POV]TY1 IT IS SAID.<#h.>1 NEV] WAS & 
CANNOT BE AN ELEM5T ( REVOLUTION4 ,& EV5 IF IT W]E1 ?IS W\LD NO LONG] BE 
TRUE BECAUSE POV]TY HAS BECOME A M>G9AL ISSUE1 =1 BY-&-L>GE1 CAPITALISM 
IS N[ 9 A POSITION TO SATISFY ! CONSUMPTION NE$S ( ! LABOR+ 
POPULATION4 ,:ILE IT MAY /ILL BE NECESS>Y TO FI<T = IMM$IATE DEM&S1 SU* 
/RUGGLES NO LONG] BR+ ! 5TIRE ORD] 9TO RADICAL QUE/ION4 ,9 ! FI<T 
= SOCIALISM MORE /RESS MU/ BE LAID UPON ! QUALITATIVE RA!R ?AN ! 
QUANTITATIVE NE$S ( ! WORK]S4 ,:AT IS REQUIR$ IS ! PROGRESSIVE CONQUE/ 
( P[] BY ! WORK]S ?R\< 'NON-RE=MI/ RE=MS'4 

,WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION IS SE5 AS SU* A 'NON-RE=MI/ RE=M' PRECISELY BECAUSE 
IT CANNOT BE E/ABLI%$ 9 CAPITALISM4 ,BUT IF ?IS IS SO1 !N ! FI<T = 
WORK]S' CONTROL IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & ! 
QUE/ION REMA9S H[ TO BR+ ?IS AB\T :5 !RE >E NO PRESS+ NE$S TO DO 
SO4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS TO BE EMPLOY$ TO 
?IS 5D4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( EXI/+ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ 
/RUCTURE HAS BE5 POSSIBLE BECAUSE CAPITALISM WAS ABLE TO PROVIDE ! MAJORITY 
( ! WORK+ CLASS ) IMPROV+ LIV+ CONDITIONS1 & IF ?IS TR5D W]E TO 
CONT9UE !RE IS NO REASON NOT TO ASSUME ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL CEASE 
BE+ A DET]M9ANT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?AT CASE - MAN BE+ ! PRODUCT 
( HIS CIRCUM/ANCES - ! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y 
CONSCI\SNESS1 WILL NOT BE 9T]E/$ 9 RISK+ ITS PRES5T RELATIVE WELL-BE+ 
= ! UNC]TA9TIES ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS NOT = NO?+ ?AT 
,M>X'S !ORY ( REVOLUTION BAS$ ITSELF ON ! 9CREAS+ MIS]Y ( ! WORK+ 
CLASS1 EV5 ?\< ?IS MIS]Y WAS NOT TO BE MEASUR$ SOLELY BY FLUCTUAT+ 
WAGE-SCALE ( ! LABOR M>KET4 

,WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION PRESUPPOSES A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT GRADUALLY BE 
A*IEV$ ?R\< WORK+ CLASS ACTIONS )9 CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,:]E IT HAS 
BE5 9TRODUC$ AS A MEASURE ( RE=M1 IT TURN$ \T TO BE AN ADDITIONAL MEANS 
( CONTROLL+ ! WORK]S VIA !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! LEGAL WORK C\NCILS 
9 ! WAKE ( ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E M]E APP5DICES ( 
TRADE UNION & OP]AT$ )9 !IR RE/RICT$ ACTIVITIES4 ,AL?\< ATTEMPTS 
W]E MADE TO SUB/ITUTE C\NCILS = TRADE UNIONS ! LATT] W]E ABLE1 ) ! 
AID ( ! EMPLOY]S & ! /ATE1 TO ASS]T !IR CONTROL OV] %OP 
COMMITTEES4 ,?IS RELATION%IP DID NOT *ANGE ) ! REBIR? ( ! C\NCIL 
SY/EM AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO1 !N IMPLEM5T$ BY A SO-CALL$ CO-DET]M9ATION 
LAW1 :I* WAS TO GIVE LABOR A VOICE DECISION-MAK+ ) REG>D TO PRODUCTION 
& 9VE/M5TS4 ,BUT ! SPIRIT ( ALL ?IS LABOR LEGISLATION MAY BE SURMIS$ 
FROM ,>TICLE #di ( ! ,G]MAN ,WORKS ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#e#b3 0,)9 
! FRAMEWORK ( APPLICABLE COLLECTIVE AGREEM5TS1 EMPLOY] & WORKS C\NCIL 
COLLABORATE 9 GOOD FAI?1 WORK+ TOGE!R ) ! TRADE UNION EMPLOY] 
ASSOCIATIONS REPRES5T$ 9 ! 5T]PRISE1 = ! GOOD ( ! 5T]PRISE & 
( ITS EMPLOYES & UND] CONSID]ATION ( ! COMMON WELF>E4 ,EMPLOY] & 
WORKS C\NCIL MU/ NOT DO ANY?+ :I* MI<T 5DANG] ! WORK & ! PEACE 
( ! 5T]PRISE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 EMPLOY] & WORKS C\NCIL MU/ NOT C>RY \T 
ANY MEASURES ( LABOR /RUGGLE AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,?IS DOES NOT AFFECT ! 
LABOR /RUGGLE P>TIES 5TITL$ TO CONCLUDE COLLECTIVE AGREEM5TS40.<#i.> 

,CO-DET]M9ATION DID NOT & DOES NOT AFFECT ! EMPLOY]'S SOLE DET]M9ATION OV] HIS PROP]TY1 
I4E4 HIS 5T]PRISE & PRODUCTION4 ,:AT IT WAS MEANT TO IMPLY WAS ! RI<T ( 
WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES MAKE SUGGE/IONS TO MANAGEM5T - 9 !ORY1 EV5 
REG>D+ ! USE ( PR(ITS4 ,BUT SUGGE/IONS NE$ NOT BE ACCEPT$ &1 
ACTUALLY1 !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT SUGGE/IONS RUNN+ AGA9/ CAPITALI/ 
9T]E/S W]E HE$$ BY MANAGEM5T4 ,TO BE MEAN+FUL1 CO-DET]M9ATION W\LD 
HAVE TO BE CO-[N]%IP1 BUT ?AT W\LD BE ! 5D ( ! WAGE SY/EM4 
,CO-DET]M9ATION ITSELF M]ELY ALL[S = ! USUAL ACTIVITIES C>RI$ BY TRADE 
UNIONS1 SU* AS WAGE AGREEM5TS1 PLANT REGULATIONS1 & GRIEVANCE PROC$URES BY 
:I* 9DU/RIAL PEACE IS MA9TA9$4 

,:AT HAS BE5 SAID AB\T WORK]S' CONTROL 9 ,G]MANY1 CAN REPEAT$1 ) SOME 
UNIMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS1 = ANY O!R CAPITALI/ NATION :I* LEGALIZ$ %OP 
/EW>DS1 WORKS COMMITTEES & SIMIL> =MS ( WORK]S' REPRES5TATION )9 
! 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,!SE MEASURES DO NOT PO9T TO AN UNFOLD+ 
9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY BUT >E DESIGN$ TO SAFEGU>D EXI/+ PRODUCTION RELATIONS 
& R$UCE !IR IMMAN5T FRICTIONS4 ,!Y >E NOT A WAY T[>D BUT AWAY FROM 
SOCIAL H+E4 ,BUT EV5 SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS MAY NOT LEAD TO WORK]S' CONTROL :5 
WORK]S FALL TO SECURE !IR HOLD OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RELEGATE 
!IR P[] TO GOV]NM5TS AS ! SOLE ORGANIZ]S ( ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION 
PROCESS4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA &1 ) SOME MODIFICATIONS1 IT BECAME ! 
MODEL = ! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN 'SOCIALI/ /ATES' :I* EM]G$ AS A CONSEQU5CE ( 
,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 H[EV]1 SEEMS TO BE AN EXCEPTION1 = !RE IT WAS 
! GOV]NM5T :I* (F]$ ! WORK]S' C\NCILS MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS RID A 
MEASURE ( CONTROL OV] !IR PRODUCTION4 

,AL?\< ! ,YUGOSLAV ,COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T REMA9S ! ULTIMATE S\RCE ( ALL P[]1 
AFT] ITS BREAK ) ,RUSSIA IT DECID$ ON A POLICY ( ECONOMIC DEC5TRALIZATION 
BY A RETURN TO M>KET RELATIONS & ! ON SEQU5T AUTONOMY ( 9DIVIDUAL 
5T]PRISES UND] ! CONTROL ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,! LATT] TOOK ON 
COMPETITIVE 5TREPR5EURIAL & MANAG]IAL FUNCTIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A 
/ATE-DET]M9$ G5]AL DEVELOPM5TAL PLAN4 ,)9 DEF9ITE LIMITS SET BY ! 
GOV]NM5T1 ! C\NCILS & MANAG+ BO>DS ELECT$ BY !M1 MAKE DECISIONS 
REG>D+ ! REGULATION ( WORK1 PRODUCTION PLANS1 WAGE S*$ULES1 SAILS & 
PUR*ASES1 ! BUDGET1 CR$IT1 9VE/M5TS & SO =?4 ,A RECTOR1 
APPO9T$ BY A MIX$ COMMISSION ( WORK]S' C\NCILS & LOCAL GOV]NM5TS1 
PRESIDES OV] EA* 5T]PRISE1 MANAG+ ITS EV]YDAY ACTIVITIES ) RESPECT TO 
WORK]S' DISCIPL9E1 HIR+ & FIR+1 JOB ASSIGNM5TS & ! LIKE4 ,HE HAS ! 
RI<T TO VETO DECISIONS MADE BY HE WORK]S' C\NCILS %\LD !Y CONFLICT ) 
/ATE REGULATIONS4 

,GOV]NM5T REGULATIONS ( A RA!R COMPLICAT$ NATURE CIRCUMSCRIBE ! SELF REGULATORY 
P[]S ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,!Y >E P>TLY 9TRODUC$ BY GOV]NM5T DECREE 
& P>TLY BY LOCAL AU?ORITIES 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,A 
SY/EM ( TAXATION DET]M9ES HAT P>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE'S 9COME 
OV] :I* IT MAY ITSELF DISPOSE & !RE) ITS RANGE ( DECISION-MAK+ AS 
REG>DS 9VE/M5TS & WAGES4 ,PR(ITS >E SIPHON$ (F BY GOV]NM5T TO COV] 
ITS [N EXP5SES & TO 9VE/ 9 GOV]NM5T 5T]PRISES4 ,! GOV]NM5T 
DET]M9ES ! G5]AL RATE ( 9CREASE ( P]SONAL 9COMES1 BUT1 :ILE 
DEM&+ ADH]5CE TO A M9IMUM WAGE1 IT ALL[S = 9C5TIVE-WAGES & BONUSES 
TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,! SOCIAL SECURITY SY/EM DIM9I%ES 
! WORK]S' GROSS 9COME BY MORE ?AN HALF4 ,9VE/M5TS OR DIS9VE/M5TS >E 
DET]M9$ BY ! PR(ITABILITY PR9CIPLE & >E /E]$ 9 ! DESIR$ 
DIRECTION BY PRICE1 9T]E/ & CR$IT POLICIES4 ,9 BRIEF1 9 SO F> AS 
POSSIBLE UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 OV]ALL CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY REMA9S 9 ! 
H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T DESPITE ! LIMIT$ SELF-CONTROL ON ! P>T ( ! 
WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,:ILE ! LATT] CANNOT AFFECT ! DECISIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 
! GOV]NM5T SETS ! CONDITIONS )9 :I* ! C\NCILS OP]ATE4 

,:AT IS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 C\NCILS & GOV]NM5T1 
H[EV]1 IS ! OBJECTIVE IMPOSSIBILITY ( E/ABLI%+ G5U9E WORK]S' CONTROL 
( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION )9 ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT COMES UP AGA9/ 
! SAME DILEMMA :I* H>ASS$ ! E>LY COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T1 EV5 ?\<1 9 
DI/9CTION TO ! LATT]1 IT CANNOT BE DE/ROY$ BY PRIVATE CAPITAL COMPETITION 
IF ! GOV]NM5T DECIDES O!RWISE4 0,! WORK]S =M+ A COOP]ATIVE ! 
FIELD ( PRODUCTION10 WROTE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 0>E FAC$ ) 
CONTRADICTORY NECESSITY ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES ) ! UTMO/ ABSOLUTISM4 ,!Y 
>E OBLIG$ TO TAKE T[>D !MSELVES ! ROLE ( CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EUR - A 
CONTRADICTION ?AT ACC\NTS = ! USUAL FAILURE ( PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES1 
:I* EI!R BECOME PURE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES OR1 IF ! WORK]S 9T]E/S 
CONT9UE TO PR$OM9ATE1 5D BY DISSOLV+40.<#a.> ,OP]AT+ 9 A 
COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY1 ! ,YUGOSLAV WORK]S HAVE TO EXPLOIT !MSELVES AS 
IF !Y W]E EXPLOIT$ BY CAPITALI/S4 ,:ILE ?IS MAY BE MORE PALATABLE1 IT DOES 
*ANGE ! FACT ( !IR SUBORD9ATION TO ECONOMIC PROCESSES BEYOND !IR 
CONTROL4 ,PR(IT PRODUCTION & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION CONTROL BEHAVIOR & 
P]PETUATE ! MIS]Y & 9SECURITY B\ND UP ) IT4 ,YUGOSLAV WAGES >E AMONG 
! L[E/ 9 ,EUROPE2 !Y CAN 9CREASE ONLY AS LONG AS CAPITAL 9CREASES FA/] 
?AN WAGES4 ,! MEASURE ( CONTROL GRANT$ ! WORK]S' C\NCILS PROMOTES 
ANTI-SOCIAL ATTITUDES BECAUSE FEW] WORK]S HAVE TO YIELD L>G] PR(ITS 9 
ORD] TO RAISE ! 9COME ( ?OSE EMPLOY$4 ,WORK]S >E UNEMPLOY$ BECAUSE 
!IR EMPLOY W\LD NOT BE PR(ITABLE1 I4E4 YIELD A SURPLUS ABOVE !IR [N 
REPRODUCTION CO/S4 ,!Y ROAM ALL OV] CAPITALI/ ,EUROPE 9 SE>* = ! WORK 
& PAYM5TS D5I$ !M 9 !IR [N 'M>KET-SOCIALISM' 9TEGRATION ( ! 
NATIONAL 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET SUBJECTS WORK+ CLASS NOT ONLY TO 
SELF-EXPLOITATION & TO ?AT ( A NEW CLASS1 BUT TO ! EXPLOITATION ( WORLD 
CAPITALISM BY WAY ( TRADE RELATIONS & =EIGN CAPITAL 9VE/M5TS4 ,TO SPEAK 
( WORK]S' CONTROL UND] !SE CONDITIONS IS %E] MOCK]Y4 

,:ILE !RE CANNOT BE SOCIALISM )\T WORK]S' CONTROL1 NEI!R CAN !RE BE REAL 
WORK]S' CONTROL )\T SOCIALISM4 ,TO ASS]T ?AT GRADUAL 9CREASE ( WORK]S' 
CONTROL 9 CAPITALISM IS AN ACTUAL POSSIBILITY M]ELY PLAYS 9TO ! H&S ( 
! WIDESPREAD DEMAGOG]Y ( ! RUL+ CLASSES TO HIDE !IR ABSOLUTE 
CLASS-RULE BY FALSE SOCIAL RE=MS DRESS$ 9 T]MS SU* AS CO-MANAGEM5T1 
P>TICIPATION OR DET]M9ATION4 ,WORK]S' CONTROL EXCLUDES CLASS-COLLABORATION2 
IT CANNOT P>TAKE 9 BUT 9/EAD ABOLI%ES ! SY/EM ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 
,NEI!R SOCIALISM NOR WORK]S' CONTROL HAS ANY:]E BECOME A REALITY4 
,/ATE-CAPITALISM & M>KET-SOCIALISM1 OR ! COMB9ATION ( BO?1 /ILL F9D 
! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! POSITION ( WAGE WORK]S )\T EFFECTIVE CONTROL OV] 
!IR PRODUCTION & ITS DI/RIBUTION4 ,!IR SOCIAL POSITION DOES NOT DIFF] 
FROM ?AT ( WORK]S 9 ! MIX$ OR UNMIX$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ! /RUGGLE = WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION HAS /ILL TO BEG9 & WILL NOT 5D %ORT ( ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! 
ABOLITION ( CLASSES ?R\< ! ELIM9ATION ( WAGE LABOR4 

,IT CAN H>DLY BE EXPECT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT A WORK+ CLASS1 SATISFI$ ) ! SOCIAL 
/ATUS QUO1 WILL 5GAGE 9 P[] /RUGGLES 9 PREF]5CE TO WAGE 
/RUGGLES = HI<] 9COMES )9 ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM4 ,AL?\< IMPROVEM5TS 
9 PROLET>IAN LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS >E HI<LY 
EXAGG]AT$1 !Y HAVE NEV]!LESS BE5 SUFFICI5T TO EXT+UI% WORK+ CLASS 
RADICALISM4 ,EV5 ?\< ! 'VALUE' ( LABOR P[] MU/ ALWAYS BE SMALL] ?AN 
! 'VALUE' ( ! PRODUCTS IT CREATES1 ! 'VALUE' ( LABOR-P[] MAY IMPLY 
DIFF]5T LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,IT MAY BE EXPRESS$ 9 A TWELVE- OR A SIX-H\R DAY1 
9 GOOD OR 9 BAD H\S+1 9 MORE OR LESS CONSUMPTION GOODS4 ,AT ANY P>TICUL> 
TIME1 H[EV]1 ! GIV5 WAGES & !IR BUY+ P[] DET]M9E ! CONDITIONS 
( ! LABOR+ POPULATION AS WELL AS !IR COMPLA9TS & ASPIRATIONS4 
,IMPROV$ CONDITIONS BECOME ! CU/OM>Y CONDITIONS1 & CONT9U$ ACQUIESC5CE 
( ! WORK]S REQUIRES ! MA9T5ANCE ( !SE CONDITIONS4 ,%\LD !Y 
DET]IORATE1 IT WILL >\SE WORK+ CLASS OPPOSITION 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT 
DET]IORATION ( LESS-FLU5T CONDITIONS DID PREVI\SLY4 ,IT IS !N ONLY ON ! 
ASSUMPTION AT PREVAIL+ LIV+ /&>DS CAN BE SECUR$ & P]HAPS IMPROV$ AT 
! SOCIAL CONS5SUS MAY BE MA9TA9$4 

,?\< APP>5TLY SUPPORT$ BY REC5T EXP]I5CES1 ?IS ASSUMPTION NOT W>RANT$4 ,BUT 
TO ASS]T ITS LACK ( VALIDITY ON !ORETICAL GR\NDS.<#a#a.> WILL NOT 
AFFECT A SOCIAL PRACTICE BAS$ ON ! ILLUSION ( ITS P]MAN5CY4 ,!RE >E 
9DICATIONS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CRISES ME*ANISM IS REASS]T+ ITSELF 
DESPITE V>I\S MODIFICATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9 VIEW ( ,AM]ICA'S 
P]SI/5T ECONOMIC /AGNATION & ! LEVEL+-(F ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN EXPANSION1 
A NEW DISILLUSIONM5T HAS ALREADY SET 94 ,) ! DIM9I%+ POT5CY ( 
GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION1 ! CAPITALI/ NE$ TO SECURE ITS PR(ITABILITY 
REG>DLESS ( ! 5SU+ SOCIAL 9/ABILITY 9CREASES4 ,! NEW ECONOMIC 
9NOVATIONS REVEAL !MSELVES AS BE+ CAPABLE ( PO/PON+1 BUT NOT ( 
OV]COM+1 CAPITALISM'S BUILT-9 CRISIS-ME*ANISM4 ,?IS BE+ SO1 IT IS ONLY 
REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT :5 ! HIDD5 CRISIS BECOMES ACUTE2 :5 ! 
PSEUDO-PROSP]ITY LEADS TO REAL DEPRESSION1 ! SOCIAL CONS5SUS ( REC5T 
HI/ORY WILL MAKE ROOM = A RESURG5T REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS - ! MORE SO 
AS ! GR[+ IRRATIONALITY ( ! SY/EM BECOMES OBVI\S EV5 TO SOCIAL LAY]S 
?AT /ILL B5EFIT BY ITS EXI/5CE4 ,AP>T FROM PRE-REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS 
EXI/+ 9 ALMO/ ALL UND] DEVELOP$ NATIONS1 & AP>T FROM ! SEEM+LY 
LIMIT$1 YET UNCEAS+ W>S1 WAG$ 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! WORLD1 A G5]AL 
UNRE/ UND]LIES & UND]M9ES ! APP>5T SOCIAL TRANQUILITY ( ! ,WE/]N 
WORLD4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME !RE IS A BREAK+ \T 9TO ! OP5 AS 9 ! REC5T 
UPHEAVALS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IF ?IS IS POSSIBLE UND] RELATIVELY /ABLE CONDITION IT IS 
C]TA9LY POSSIBLE UND] G5]AL CRISIS CONDITIONS4 

,! 9TEGRATION ( TRADITIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS AN 
ASSET TO ! LATT] ONLY SO LONG AS IT IS ABLE TO UND]WRITE ! PROMIS$ & 
ACTUAL B5EFITS ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,:5 !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E =C$ BY 
CIRCUM/ANCES TO BECOME 9/RUM5TS ( REPRESSION1 !Y LOSE ! CONFID5CE ( 
! WORK]S & !RE) ! VALUE TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,EV5 IF NOT DE/ROY$1 
!Y MAY BE OV]RUL$ BY 9DEP5D5T WORK+ CLASS ACTIONS4 ,!RE IS NOT ONLY 
! HI/ORIC EVID5CE ?AT LACK ( WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS DOES NOT PREV5T 
ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION1 AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT ALSO ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( A WET 
5TR5*$ RE=MI/ LABOR MOVEM5T CAN BE *ALL5G$ BY NEW WORK+ CLASS 
ORGANIZATIONS1 AS 9 ! ,G]MANY ( #a#i#a#h1 & BY ! %OP /EW>D MOVEM5T 9 
,5GL& DUR+ & AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WON ,W>4 ,EV5 UND] TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES1 
SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS MAY LEAD TO WORK+ CLASS ACTIONS ?AT F9D EXPRESSION 9 
! =MATION ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS AS 9 ,POL& & 9 ! ,HUNG>Y ( #a#i#e#f4 

,RE=MS 
PRESUPPOSE A RE=MABLE CAPITALISM4 ,SO LONG AS IT HAS ?IS *>ACT]1 ! 
REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! WORK+ CLASS EXI/S ONLY LAT5T =M4 ,IT WILL EV5 
CEASE BE+ CONSCI\S ( ITS CLASS POSITION & ID5TIFY ITS ASPIRATIONS ) 
?OSE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,BUT :5 CAPITALISM IS =C$ BY ITS [N 
DEVELOPM5T TO RECREATE ! CONDITIONS :I* LEAD TO ! =MATION ( CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS1 IT WILL ALSO BR+ BACK ! REVOLUTION>Y DEM& = WORK]S' 
CONTROL AS A DEM& = SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ALL PREVI\S ATTEMPTS 9 ?IS 
DIRECTION HAVE FAIL$1 & ?AT NEW ONES MAY FAIL AGA94 ,/ILL1 IT IS ONLY 
?R\< ! EXP]I5CES ( SELF-DET]M9ATION1 9 :ATEV] LIMIT$ WAYS AT 
FIR/1 ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WILL BE 5ABL$ TO DEVELOP T[>D ITS [N 
EMANCIPATION4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

#a4 ,!ORIE DES LOIS CIVILES1 \ ,PR9CIPES FONDAM5TAUX DE LA SOCIETE1 PAGES 
#b#g#d1 #d#f#d1 #d#g4 

#b4 ,G4 ,SOREL ,REFLECTIONS ON ,VIOL5CE1 #a#i#f4 

#c4 ,PREAMBLE ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 

#d4 ,RUSSL& 9 D] ,REVOLUTION1 ,DRESD51 #a#i#i1 PP4#h#b1 #b#b#h4 

#e4 ,J ,BUNYAN & LL4,H4 ,FI%]1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 ,/AN=D1 #a#i#c#d4 P4#c#h4 

#f4 ,V4 ,L4 ,L591 ,QUE/IONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,ECONOMY1 ,MOSC[1 
#agc 

#g4 ,IBID P4 #a#b#g4 

#h4 ,BY ,&RE ,GORZ1 = EXAMPLE1 9 HIS ,/RATEGY = ,LABOR1 ,BO/ON1 #a#i#f#d4 

#i4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,A4 ,/URM?AL1 ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#f#d1 P4#g#d4 

#a4 ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG1 ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION4 

#a#a4 ,SEE3 ,P4 ,MATTICK1 ,M>X & ,KEYNES1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,MIX$ ,ECONOMY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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