,WOM5 ,WORK]S ,/RUGGLE ,= ,!IR ,RI<TS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #d1#d#g#h ,WORDS2 #b#h1#e#f#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,9 ,PLACE ( A ,=EWORD 

      #a1#g#e#i ,WORDS2 #a1#f#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,DIFF]5T ,C\NTRIES 

      #f1#i#i#a ,WORDS2 #d#d1#f#g#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,=MS ( ,ORGANISATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/ 

      #c1#i ,WORDS2 #a#h1#h#f#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,$ITORS' ,NOTES 

      #a1#f#e#b ,WORDS2 #a1#g#e#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,ADD5DA 

      #*h ,WORDS2 #b1#e#h ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 
,FIR/ PUBLI%$3 AS ,KAK BORYUTSYA RABOTNITSY ZO SVOI PRAVA1 ,MOSC[2 
,TRANSLAT$3 FROM ! ,RUSSIAN BY ,CELIA ,BRITTON1 ,BRI/OL1 ) AN 9TRODUCTION & NOTES BY ,%EILA ,R[BO?AM & ,SUZIE ,FLEMM+2 

,PR9T$ & PUBLI%$ BY ! ,FALL+ ,WALL ,PRESS 9 ASSOCIATION ) MEMB]S ( ! ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T  

,FIR/ $ITION ,OCTOB] #aiga ,SECOND $ITION ,NOVEMB] #aiga 7,C7 ,FALL+ ,WALL ,PRESS 1 #gi ,RI*MOND ,ROAD1 ,MONTPELI]1 ,BRI/OL ,B,S#f #e,E,P4 ,! PUBLI%]S WI% TO ?ANK ,T$ ,BRAUN = HIS $ITORIAL HELP ) ?IS PAMPHLET2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,DAMON ,MAXWELL4 

,9TRODUCTION BY ,%EILA ,R[BO?AM 
,E>LY YE>S 

,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI WAS BORN 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 #a#h#g#b1 ! DAU<T] ( A ,RUSSIAN G5]AL4 ,%E M>RI$ AN 5G9E]1 ,VLADIMIR ,KOLLONTAI1 BUT F\ND H]SELF MOV+ AWAY FROM HIM AS %E BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9T]E/$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,H] E>LY 9TELLECTUAL IMPETUS T[>DS RADICALISM WAS ?R\< ! /UDY ( *ILD PSY*OLOGY & $UCATIONAL !ORY - AN 9T]E/ :I* REMA9$ ) H] LAT]4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD1 MANY Y\NG WOM5 FROM L&[N+ & MIDDLE CLASS FAMILIES S\<T !IR EMANCIPATION ?R\< TEA*+1 & ,FROEBEL'S $UCATIONAL ME?ODS & K9D]G>T5S BECAME CLOSELY ALLI$ ) RADICALISM4 ,IT SEEM$ A NATURAL & USEFUL WAY TO 'GO TO ! PEOPLE'4 

,T]RORISM AS A /RATEGY WAS PROV+ 9CREAS+LY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,! #ahif TEXTILE /RIKES 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG M>K$ AN IMPORTANT TURN+ PO9T4 ,ORGANIZ$ LABOR WAS A MORE EFFECTIVE =CE = *ANGE ?AN VILLAGE COMMUNES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY TRI$ TO RECRUIT WORK]S4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 :O W]E AT !IR /RONGE/ 9 ,G]MANY1 BELIEV$ ?AT REAL DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT BE FULLY REALIZ$ )\T ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 & ?AT ?IS W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE :5 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E CONTROLL$ BY SOCIETY AS A :OLE & NOT BE PRIVATE EMPLOY]S4 ,FOLL[+ ,M>X1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ! CRUCIAL AG5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,!IR ATTITUDE TO ORGANIZ+ WAS M>K$ BY E?ICAL HUMANIT>IAN IDEAS :I* RESEMBL$ ! E>LY ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S'4 

,9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A GR\P ( Y\NG ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 9CLUD+ ,L591 WAS /UDY+ ,M>X4 ,SOME WORK+ WOM51 LIKE ! TAILORESS ,GRIGORGEVA1 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ALREADY1 & WOM5 WORK]S W]E COM+ 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ?R\< 9DU/RIAL ACTION4 ,9 #ahif WOM5 TEXTILE WORK]S D[N$ TOOLS ) ! M51 & WOM5 CIG>-MAK]S DE/ROY$ MA*9]Y & RESI/$ ! POLICE4 

,KOLLONTAI WAS OBVI\SLY AFFECT$ BY ALL !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 = :5 %E W5T TO ,ZURI* 9 #ahih IT WAS TO /UDY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & 9 H] ,HI/ORY ( ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T .<UNTRANSLAT$.>1 %E DESCRIBES ! MILITANCY ( ! WOM5 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ! MID #a#h#iS4 

,ABROAD1 %E BEGAN TO LE>N AB\T ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,9 ,ZURI* %E MET ,KAUTSKY & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 PROM95T 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,MOVEM5T1 & 9 #ahii VISIT$ ,5GL& & TOOK A DIM VIEW ( ! ,WEBBS4 ,)9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,P>TY %E WAS ALIGN$ TO ! GR\P :O W]E KN[N AS ,M5%EVIKS1 R\ND ! OLD M>XI/ ?9K] ,PLEKHANOV4 ,%E REMA9$ ) ! ,M5%EVIKS AFT] ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS SPLIT 9 #a#i#c1 WANT+ A MU* TI<T] & MORE PR(ESSIONALLY ORGANIZ$ P>TY ,AFT] ! FIR/ SPLIT1 NEW CONFLICTS KEPT ! GR\PS AP>T4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS SAID ,L59 WAS FOI/+ A H>% B>RACK ROOM DISCIPL9E ONTO SOCIALISM1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SAW ,PLEKHANOV AS A 'S(T' ACADEMIC READY ONLY ,PROPAG&A WORK4 ,H[EV]1 9DIVIDUALS MA9TA9$ CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & AS EV5TS MOV$ FA/] & FA/] 9 ,RUSSIA1 SOME ( ! ,M5%EVIKS BEGAN TO DRIFT T[>DS WORK+ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS BECAUSE ! LATT] APPE>$ TO BE MORE DECISIVE4  

,PREOCCUPATION ) !SE 9T]NAL SPLITS MEANT ?AT :5 9 E>LY #aie A HUGE CR[D ( WORK]S C>RY+ RELIGI\S ICONS1 L$ BY A PRIE/ CALL$ FA!R ,GAPON & FULL ( FAI? 9 ! ,CZ>1 TRI$ TO PRES5T A PETITION TO ! ,CZ> & W]E FIR$ UPON1 NEI!R ,M5%EVIKS NOR ,BOL%EVIKS C\LD 9T]V5E4 ,/RIKES 9 PROTE/ FOLL[$ ',BLOODY ,SUNDAY'1 & W]E FOLL[$ BY PEASANT REVOLT & A MUT9Y ON ! ,BATTLE%IP ,POTEMK94 ,! ,CZ> COMPROMIS$ & AGRE$ TO CALL A ,CONSULTATIVE ,ASSEMBLY 7,DUMA74 ,AL?\< ! WORK]S W]E NOT REPRES5T$1 ?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT BREAK ) ABSOLUTE RULE4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! YE> !RE WAS A G5]AL RIS+ 9 ,MOSC[ :I* WAS DEFEAT$1 & FROM !N ON ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS BEGAN TO SUBSIDE4 ,! LESSON WAS NOT LO/ ,IT SEEM$ CLE> TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS ?AT SPONTANE\S REVOLT L$ TO DEFEAT4 ,! REVOLUTION REQUIR$ !IR CONSCI\S DIRECTION4 ,BY #aig ! ,CZ>'S POLICY ( COMPROMISE HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY ONE ( SEV]E REPRESSION1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ONCE MORE =C$ UND]GR\ND4 

,9 #a#i#e1 ! NEWLY =M$ ,RUSSIAN FEM9I/ MOVEM5T PLANN$ A L>GE MEET+4 ,! FEM9I/S WANT$ TO BR+ ALL WOM5 TOGE!R1 BUT ON A BASIS :I* OBSCUR$ ! CLASS EXPLOITATION ( WORK+ WOM54 ,?\< ! ,M5%EVIKS SUPPORT$ ?IS MOVE1 ,KOLLONTAI WAS SUFFICI5TLY CLOSE TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO BE 9 OPPOSITION4 ,& 9 #a#i#f1 ) SOME O!R WOM5 COMRADES1 %E />T$ TO ORGANIZE A CLUB = WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! WOM5 /UDI$ P>TICUL> QUE/IONS :I* W\LD HELP !M SECURE ! RE=MS !Y WANT$1 & PRACTIC$ SPEAK+ UNTIL A GR\P C\LD SPEAK ON V>I\S TOPICS4 ,9 AN ACC\NT :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,WOMAN ,WORK] .<,FOOTNOTE %\LD READ3 ,I AM REF]R+ H]E TO AN >TICLE BY ,GEORGIA ,PE>CE 5TITL$1 ,A ,RUSSIAN ,EXILE1 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI & ! ,RUSSIAN ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,5GLI% NEWSPAP]1 ,! ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 ( ,MAY #a#i#i4 ,?IS NEWSPAP] IS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK PAP] ( ! SAME NAME1 TO :I* ,KOLLONTAI REF]S 9 H] FOOTNOTE TO P4 #b#f4.> 9 #aih ,KOLLONTAI WROTE3- 

,DUR+ \R PREP>ATIONS = !SE ,CONGRESS SPEE*ES1 & AT ! ,WOM5'S ,C\NCIL MEET+S1 \R DREAD ( ! POLICE WAS V]Y GREAT ,WE ALWAYS HAD TO F9D SOME QUIET LITTLE ROOM1 & IT AN AL>M WAS GIV51 ! WOM5 W\LD ?R[ A H&K]*IEF OV] ! FACE ( ! SPEAK] & GET H] AWAY QUICKLY4 

,AS A RESULT ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 #de ( ! #g WOM5 :O ASSEMBL$ AT ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS 9 #aih W]E SOCIALI/S4 #c ( !SE #de FACTORY WORK]S1 SOME /ILL SC>CELY ABLE TO READ4 

0,!Y W]E ALL V]Y FRI<T5$1 YET DID WELL1 HOLD+ ! FIELD 9 ALL CASES = AT LEA/ FIFTE5 TO TW5TY M9UTES & A/ONI%+ ! ,CONGRESS4440 -9 #aig %E HAD TO FLEE FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,ABROAD %E CONT9U$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 ATT5D+ ! ,CONGRESS AT ,/UTTG>T M5TION$ 9 ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,! REGUL> SESSIONS ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E PREC$$ BY A CONV5TION ( WOM5 FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES TO DEBATE QUE/IONS :I* RELAT$ P>TICUL>LY TO WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,! MO/ HEAT$ DEBATE >OSE BETWE5 ! ,AU/RIAN SOCIALI/S & ! RE/ OV] WOM5'S SUFFRAGE4 ,9 ,AU/RIA MALE WORK]S W]E /ILL DIS5FRAN*IZ$ & ! ,AU/RIAN WOM5 SUGGE/$ WAIT+ UNTIL ! M5 C\LD VOTE BE=E PRESS+ = WOM5'S SUFFRAGE4 ,CL>A ,ZETK9 & MO/ ( ! O!R WOM5 W]E COMPLETELY AGA9/ ?IS COMPROMISE4 ,9 ! G5]AL ,CONGRESS ! MA9 DEBATE WAS OV] MILIT>ISM & ! W>-! ISSUE :I* WAS F9ALLY TO CRACK ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,9 EXILE ,KOLLONTAI BECAME FRI5DLY ) ! 'LEFT' SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,LIEBKNE*T & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SOME ( !IR IDEAS 9FLU5C$ H] & BR\<T H] TO A 'LEFT' POSITION )9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LAT]4 ,%E LECTUR$ AT A ,RUSSIAN M>XI/ S*OOL 9 ,ITALY - A K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y FREE UNIV]SITY1 & />T$ TO /UDY PROTECTIVE MAT]NITY PROVISION BECAUSE %E HAD BE5 ASK$ TO S5D A DRAFT = A LAW BY Y\NG SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ,RUSSIA TO PRES5T TO ! ,DUMA4 ,?IS WAS F9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #aiae AS ,SOCIETY & ,MAT]NITY4 .<UNTRANSLAT$.> 

,9 ,M>* #aiaa %E HELP$ TO ORGANIZE ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY :I* IS /ILL CELEBRAT$4 ,%E WAS ACTIVE 9 ORGANIZ+ /RIKES 9 ,P>IS & 9 ! NOR? ( ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#a#a1 9CLUD+ ONE ( H\SEWIVES OV] HI< PRICES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 %E WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL ( ! CAUTI\S1 BUREAUCRATIC OLD GU>D 9 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :O W]E MORE 9CL9$ TO EMPHASIZE ! LONG T]M 9EVITABILITY ( COMMUNISM1 ?AN ! %ORT T]M NE$ TO DO SOME?+ AB\T BR++ IT AB\T4 ,H] CRITICISMS BR\<T H] /ILL CLOS] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 #aiac %E W5T TO ,5GL& AGA91 & LE>N$ AB\T WOM5 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,9 #aiaf %E WAS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & AT ,L59'S REQUE/ WAS COLLECT+ 9=MATION AB\T ! ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* %E 9TRODUC$ ,L59 TO ! WRIT+S ( ! SOCIALI/-SYNDICALI/ ,DANIEL DE ,LEON1 :O BELIEV$ 9 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM - ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZ$ 9TO ONE BIG UNION TO TAKE OV] & RUN PRODUCTION4  
,! ,REVOLUTION 

,:5 A G5]AL UPRIS+ & ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME W]E FOLL[$ BY ! =MATION ( ! ',PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T' 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 ,KOLLONTAI RETURN$ HOME & BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,%E WAS AMONG ! PEOPLE :O GREET$ ,L59 :5 HE >RIV$ BACK 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! ,F9L& ,/ATION4 ,L59 SPOKE TO A MEET+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ! FOLL[+ DAY1 D5\NC+ ! ,M5%EVIKS BECAUSE !Y ?\<T IT WAS TOO E>LY TO SPEAK ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 7,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT AFT] ! 'B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION' ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE TO PASS ?R\< A CAPITALI/ PHASE UND] B\RGEOIS RULE BE=E !RE C\LD BE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION47 ,L59 PRAIS$ ! ANTI-MILIT>ISM ( ,LIEBKNE*T1 & ANN\NC$ ?AT ! 0MAJORITY ( ! (FICIAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAVE BETRAY$ SOCIALISM10 .<,I4 ,DEUTS*]1 ,/AL93 A ,POLITICAL ,BIOGRAPHY1 P4#a#d#i.> SO ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS %\LD H5CE=? DI/+UI% !MSELVES BY ! NAME ( ,COMMUNI/S4 ,MO/ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E %OCK$ & /UNN$3 ONLY ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI VOT$ = ,L59'S UNOR?ODOX ',APRIL ,!SES'4 ,SOME ,BOL%EVIKS LEFT ! P>TY ALTOGE!R1 O!RS CAME R\ND TO ,L59'S POSITION SL[LY4 ,IT WAS ! RADICALS1 ?OSE :O WANT$ TO C>RY ?R\< DIRECTLY SOCIALI/ MEASURES1 :O V]Y QUICKLY SUPPORT$ ,L594 ,KOLLONTAI WAS ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY AT ! TIME ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 & BECAME ,M9I/] = ,SOCIAL ,WELF>E2 %ORTLY AFT]W>DS %E BECAME RESPONSIBLE = $UCATION4 

,KOLLONTAI'S LIFE REFLECT$ ! POLITICAL TURNS ( ! REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS H] FAME S9CE H] DEA? HAS FLUCTUAT$4 ,N[ HONOR$1 N[ DISGRAC$1 N[ SMO!R$ 9 SIL5CE1 N[ RESPECT$ AS A FIGUREHEAD4 ,L\ISE ,BRYANT1 AN ,AM]ICAN J\RNALI/ :O WROTE ( A VISIT TO ,RUSSIA SOON AFT] ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SIX ,R$ ,MON?S 9 ,RUSSIA1 PRAIS$ ,KOLLONTAI'S WORK]S' CONTROL ME?ODS 9 H] ,M9I/RY4 ,KOLLONTAI H]SELF MOV$ GRADUALLY T[>DS ! POSITION ( ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' GR\P4 ,H] P]SONAL LIFE AS WELL AS H] POLITICAL LIFE WAS /ORMY4 ,9 H] =TIES %E FELL 9 LOVE ) ,DUB5KO1 A MAN MU* Y\NG] ?AN H]SELF :O HAD BE5 ) ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS :5 !Y MUT9I$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T - A REVOLT :I* WAS H>%LY REPRESS$ BY ,TROTSKY4 ,) O!RS %E =MULAT$ ! CRITICISMS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' PAMPHLET4 .<,REPUBLI%$ REC5TLY AS A ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET4.> ,! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' GR\P CRITICIZ$ C5TRALIZATION & BUREAUCRACY 9 G5]AL1 BUT CRITICIZ$ P>TICUL>LY ,TROTSKY'S S*EME = CONTROL OV] ! ,TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' WANT$ ! TRADE UNIONS TO CONTROL 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 :]E ,TROTSKY FELT ?AT ! /ATE %\LD HAVE CONTROL4 ,! CRUX ( ! ISSUE WAS ! DEGREE ( AUTONOMY :I* C\LD BE ALL[$ TO SPECIFIC GR\PS )\T FRAGM5T+ ! ALREADY %AKY REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 & LEAD+ TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,9 #aibb ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' W]E CONDEMN$ AS A FACTION BUT NOT EXPELL$ FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' ( AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION WAS NEV] RESOLV$4 ,BY A T]RIBLE IRONY ,/AL9 WAS ABLE TO USE ,TROTSKY'S [N >GUM5TS AGA9/ HIM LAT]4 

,KOLLONTAI'S 9FLU5CE 9 DOME/IC POLITICS WAS NEGLIGIBLE FROM ?IS PO9T4 ,%E JO9$ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS 9 #a#i#b#c1 & BETWE5 #aibc & #aibe WAS 9 ,NORWAY1 !N 9 ,MEXICO1 ,NORWAY AGA9 FROM #aibg TO #aic & 9 ,SW$5 FROM #aic TO #a#i#d#e4 ,9 #aidc %E WAS MADE AN AMBASSADOR1 & ! FOLL[+ YE> WAS RESPONSIBLE = NEGOTIAT+ ! ,SOVIET-,F9NI% >MI/ICE4 ,AL?\< H] PHOTOGRAPH WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,AM]ICA1 ALONG ) ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! E>LY ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE :O HAD DI$ 9 ,/AL9'S PURGES1 OV] ! CAPTION 'MISS+'1 & IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT %E WAS RE/RA9$ 9 V>I\S WAYS1 H] SURVIVAL WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT %E RAIS$ NO MORE AWKW>D QUE/IONS1 & BECAUSE %E WAS SAFELY \T ( ! WAY 9 A PRE/IGI\S DIPLOMATIC POSITION4 ,%E DI$ AT ! AGE ( EI<TY 9 #a#i#e#b1 TWO DECADES BE=E 9T]E/ 9 H] IDEAS REVIV$ AGA9 9 ,EUROPE4 
,! RELEVANCE ( H] IDEAS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & N[ 

,! =TUNES ( H] WRIT+S HAVE BE5 MO/ CURI\S4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY HAVE NOT BE5 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ORIG9AL ,RUSSIAN4 ,MANY ( !M SIT DU/ILY 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4 ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ PRODUC$ ! ',WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION' PAMPHLET1 NO D\BT TO ,L59'S 9T5SE IRRITATION4 7,%E WAS ONE ( ! PEOPLE HE LABEL$ AS '9FANTILE' LEFTI/S47 ,?IS PAMPHLET HAS REC5TLY BE5 REISSU$ BY ',SOLID>ITY'4 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY HAS LONG BE5 \T ( PR9T4 ,BUT IT WAS AMONG ! TEXTS RECOMM5D$ BY ! ,CZE* M>XI/ REBELS 9 #a#i#f#h1 & WAS REPUBLI%$ REC5TLY BY ! SOME:AT H]ETICAL ,AU/RALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & 9 ,BRITA9 IS BE+ REPUBLI%$ BY ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,9T]E/ 9 ,KOLLONTAI HAS BE5 SL[LY GR[+ 9 ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY AS WELL AS ,BRITA91 BECAUSE H] >GUM5TS ) ! LEFT ON ! NE$ = ! SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION ( WOM51 H] /RESS NOT ONLY ON POLITICAL EMANCIPATION1 & WORK1 BUT ALSO ON ! FAMILY & ! PYS*OLOGICAL EFFECT ( C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION ON WOM5'S CONSCI\SNESS1 >E V]Y MU* \R CONC]NS AS WELL4 ,H] EMPHASIS ON CONTROL FROM BEL[1 H] DI/RU/ ( ! ABSOLUTE ,P>TY1 H] UND]/&+ ( ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! CREATION ( A NEW CULTURE & ! CONNECTION BETWE5 P]SONAL EXP]I5CE & POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 >E P>TICUL>LY RELEVANT )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 :]E WE CONFRONT !SE QUE/IONS N[4 ,KOLLONTAI REPRES5TS A CURR5T )9 M>XISM 9 RELATION TO ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 :I* HAS BE5 SUBM]G$ & :I* WE NE$ TO R$ISCOV] & DEVELOP4 

,KOLLONTAI'S 9FLU5CE ON ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION WAS CRUCIAL4 ,AS SOON AS !Y W]E 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9TRODUC$ V]Y IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 ! POSITION ( WOM51 NOT ONLY AT WORK BUT 9 EV]Y >EA ( LIFE4 ,! ,DECREE ON ,9SURANCE 9 ,CASE ( ,SICKNESS1 ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#g1 MEANT ?AT AN 9SURANCE FUND WAS SET UP )\T D$UCTIONS FROM WAGES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #aiah ! ,DEP>TM5T = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,MO!RHOOD & ,9FANCY WAS SET UP AS ! RESULT ( ,KOLLONTAI'S E>LI] WORK4 ,)9 SIX MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! *UR*'S CONTROL ( M>RIAGE WAS 5D$ & )9 A YE> COMPLETE LEGAL EQUALITY ( RI<TS WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,M>RIAGE WAS SIMPLY A MUTUAL AGREEM5T BETWE5 TWO P>TN]S & WAS EASILY DISSOLV$4 ,!SE W]E V]Y BASIC RE=MS1 BUT !Y W]E EXTRAORD9>Y 9 ! ,RUSSIAN CONTEXT ( SEV]E OPPRESSION4 

,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANT & ,WORK+ ,WOM5 WAS HELD ON ,NOVEMB] #a#i? #a#i#a#h4 ,A SPECIAL COMMITTEE WAS SET UP TO HELP WOM5 UND]/& :AT !IR NEW RI<TS W]E & H[ TO USE !M4 ,?IS = ,KOLLONTAI WAS A REAL ADVANCE1 & A V9DICATION ( H] AGITATION = A SEP>ATE WOM5'S SECTION )9 ! ,P>TY :I* %E HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ S9CE #a#i#f4 ,A YE> AFT] ?IS PAMPHLET WAS PUBLI%$1 IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT SOME?+ MORE WAS NE$$ BECAUSE ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 W5T SO DEEP4 ,! ,WORK+ & ,PEASANT ,WOM5'S ,DEP>TM5T 7,G5OTDEL7 ?US REPLAC$ ! COMMITTEE4 ,?IS NEW DEP>TM5T WAS NOT JU/ TO $UCATE WOM5 9 M>XISM1 BUT TO MOBILIZE !M = PRACTICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,EV5 ?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT MASCUL9E ATTITUDES ( SUP]IORITY DISSOLV$ EASILY4 ,JESSICA ,SMI? 9 ,WOM5 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA 7#a#i#b#h7 DESCRIBES CONFLICT BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 WORK]S 9 FACTORIES1 & ,R4,S*LES+] 9 ,*ANG+ ,ATTITUDES 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA RECORDS DEBATES 9 :I* PEASANT WOM5 ACCUSE ! M5 9 ! ,P>TY ( CONDESC5SION & PATRONAGE4 ,! ',G5OTDEL' BECAME SOME?+ ( AN EMB>ASSM5T1 & IT WAS DISSOLV$ 9 #aibi ) ! (FICIAL EXPLANATION ?AT AN 9DEP5D5T WOM5'S MOVEM5T WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 #a#i#a#h1 IT WAS H>D TO 5VISAGE ,/AL9ISM & ! CONSEQU5CES ( SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY1 & ?AT ,KOLLONTAI1 FULL ( ! 5?USIASM ( ! REVOLUTION UND]-E/IMAT$ ! RESILI5CE ( ! OLD ATTITUDES & CULTURE BO? )9 ! ,P>TY & )\T4 ,%E IMAG9$ ?AT ! OLD FAMILY & H\SEWORK W]E ON ! PO9T ( WI!R+ AWAY1 BECAUSE ( ! DRAMATIC *ANGES 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! OLD FAMILY1 :I* %E DESCRIBES 9 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY AS ! FAMILY 9 :I* 0! MAN WAS EV]Y?+ & ! WOMAN NO?+10 %[$ A CAPACITY TO SURVIVE ! UPHEAVALS ( REVOLUTION1 CIVIL W> & FAM9E4 ,! FAMILY EM]G$ AFT] ! CRISIS & ISOLATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! HORRORS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ) A NEW /R5G? AS ! SYMBOL ( SECURITY & RETREAT4 ,?\< WOM5 HAVE A*IEV$ MU* GREAT] EQUALITY AT WORK & 9 $UCATION1 AT HOME ! OLD DIVISION ( LABOR CONT9UES & ) IT SOME ( ! OLD SUBORD9ATION4 

,= US N[1 ! LIMITATIONS ON H[ F> IT WAS POSSIBLE = ,KOLLONTAI TO GO >E AS CLE> AS ! RELEVANCE ( H] IDEAS = \R DILEMMAS4 ,MANY ( H] ATTEMPTS TO GO BEYOND ! IDEAS ( ,5GELS & ,BEBEL W]E ( NECESSITY !ORETICAL RA!R ?AN PRACTICAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FACTORY WOM5 CRITICIZ$ H] :5 %E WANT$ ! /ATE TO PAY A ?IRD ( ! CO/ ( ALIMONY1 SAY+ IT W\LD 5C\RAGE M5 TO S$UCE WOM5 & LEAVE4 ,?IS WAS A NATURAL 5\< FE> :5 CONTRACEPTION WAS /ILL NOT RELIABLE OR WIDESPREAD4 ,KOLLONTAI'S BELIEF 9 FREE RELATION%IPS WAS 9EVITABLY PROBLEMATIC :5 IT WAS /ILL IMPOSSIBLE = MO/ WOM5 TO CONTROL !IR FAMILIES4 ,! PEASANT WOM5 KNEW ALL TOO WELL ?AT1 AS !Y PUT IT1 IF Y\ LIKE TOBOGGAN+ Y\ HAVE TO BE READY TO PULL Y\R SL$GE UP HILL4 ,?IS CAN /ILL BE TRUE (4 C\RSE1 BUT IT'S NO LONG] 9EVITABLE4 

,BECAUSE IDEAS 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION COME FROM \R [N LIVES1 IT =CES US NOT TO GLOSS OV] ! COMPLICAT$ QUE/IONS4 ,IT W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE = ANYONE N[ 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION TO BE AS DISMISSIVE ( ! RI<TS ( *ILDR5 AS ,KOLLONTAI IS 9 ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY1 OR TO BE SO CONFID5T ?AT '! /ATE'1 SOCIALI/ OR NOT1 IS A RELIABLE P>5T4 ,WE >E MU* MORE 9VOLV$ 9 ! 9TRICACY ( P>TICUL> FAMILIES1 & ! SPECIFIC WAY 9 :I* !Y CONTA9 US4 ,OBVI\SLY TOO1 H] DISCUSSION AB\T ! FAMILY IS 9 A PO/ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,\R PROBLEM IS H[ TO ORGANIZE R\ND ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 9 ! FAMILY 9 CAPITALISM4 ,KOLLONTAI SAW ! MOD]N FAMILY AS A PLACE ( CONSUMPTION & CONDITION+1 AS A MEANS ( MA9TA9+ ! OLD CULTURE )9 A NEW SOCIETY4 ,FOLL[+ ,M>G>ET ,B5/ON'S ,! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION1 .<,PUBLI%$ BY ,NEW ,5GL& ,FREE ,PRESS4.> SOME PEOPLE M WOM5 S LIB]ATION HAVE SE5 ! FAMILY ALSO AS A =M ( PRODUCTION4 

,KOLLONTAI'S >GUM5T = ! SEP>ATE ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 IS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT WOM5 AS MO!RS HAVE SPECIAL DEM&S >IS+ FROM !IR BIOLOGICALLY DI/9CT MAT]IAL SITUATION4 ,%E /RESSES ?AT ! /RATEGY WE MAKE HAS TO BE BAS$ ON ! ACTUAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL1 ( WOM5 9 P>TICUL> SOCIETIES4 ,%E SEES ?IS AS ! CRUCIAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 WOM5 :O >E SOCIALI/S & ! FEM9I/S4 ,FEM9ISM %E DEF9ES NOT ONLY 9 ! /RAI<T=W>D S5SE ( DEF5D+ ! POSITION ( WOM5 & SEEK+ TO IMPROVE IT1 BUT AS ! 9SI/5CE ON AB/RACT EQUAL RI<TS )\T REG>D = ! ACTUAL PR$ICAM5T ( WOM54 ,%E ?US ID5TIFIES A *>ACT]I/IC ( 'EQUAL RI<TS' FEM9ISM 9 ! E>LY ,TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,%E APPE>S NOT TO KN[ AB\T ! ,FEM9ISM :I* HAD APPE>$ E>LI] 9 ! ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T - ?\< %E M5TIONS 9DIVIDUAL WOM5 :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IRONICALLY H] CRITICISM ( ! FEM9I/S WAS TO BE US$ AGA9/ H] LAT] 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 BECAUSE WOM5 9 ! EA/ & PEASANT WOM5 W]E SO REMOTE FROM H] IDEAS ( LIB]ATION4 ,IT'S IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT FEM9ISM 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION N[ HAS ASSUM$ A DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL =M & :E!R WE >E CRITICAL ( ?IS OR NOT IT IS WRONG TO SUB/ITUTE FEM9ISM ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY :I* ,KOLLONTAI TALKS AB\T = FEM9ISM 9 ! #a#i#gS4 

,H[EV]1 ,KOLLONTAI'S CRITICISM ( AN AB/RACT APPROA* IS /ILL USEFUL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE HAVE TO BE C>EFUL :5 ?9K+ AB\T PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION OR AB\T ANTI-DISCRIM9ATION BILLS TO TAKE EXI/+ CLASS & SEX 9T]E/S 9TO ACC\NT = !SE >E ! CONTEXT 9 :I* LEGISLATION OP]ATES4 ,! IDEA ( AB/RACT EQUALITY :5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE CAN (T5 MEAN ?AT ! WOM5 9 ! WEAKE/ POSITIONS LOSE \T4 

,KOLLONTAI'S IMPLACABLE HO/ILITY TO FEM9ISM WAS BECOM+ G5]AL AMONG WOM5 :O W]E SOCIALI/S IMM$IATELY BE=E & AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ,RA!R E>LI] !RE HAD BE5 A MU* MORE OP5 & CONNECT$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 FEM9ISM & ! LEFT4 ,UND\BT$LY IT WAS ! RECOGNITION ( ! LIMITATIONS ( ! SUFFRAGE MOVEM5T1 & ! MOVE RI<TW>DS ( ! SUFFRAGETTE LEAD]%IP T[>DS PATRIOTISM & IMP]IALISM 9 ,BRITA91 :I* PRODUC$ ! HO/ILITY4 ,ALMO/ C]TA9LY N[ AS PEOPLE DIG BEL[ ! SURFACE !Y WILL F9D ?AT ! WOM5 :O NEV] BECAME PROM95T HAD DIFF]5T SYMPA?IES1 & AN UND]/&+ ( ! NE$ = *ANGE :I* W5T MU* WID] ?AN ! VOTE4 ,KOLLONTAI RELUCTANTLY ACKN[L$GES ! /R5G? ( ! SUFFRAGETTES1 & ! REMOVAL ( WOM5 :O W]E SOCIALI/S FROM ! MASS ( WORK+ WOM54 ,IRONICALLY %E %[S ?AT IT WAS HE SUFFRAGE MOVEM5T1 & ! POSSIBILITY ?AT WOM5 C\LD VOTE4 :I* L$ ! M5 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO SEE ! IMPORTANCE ( RECRUIT+ & 9VOLV+ WOM56 ,! P>ALLEL ) ! EFFECT ( WOM5'S LIB]ATION ON ! LEFT GR\PS IS APP>5T4 ,IT IS CURI\S ?AT AT ?IS /AGE ,KOLLONTAI SEEMS NOT TO HAVE KN[N AB\T ! ,EA/ ,LONDON ,F$]ATION ( ,SUFFRAGETTES 9 :I* ,SYLVIA ,PANKHUR/ WAS WORK+4 ,!IR COOP]ATIVE TOY FACTORY1 ! CRE*E 9 ! PUB - ',! ,MO!RS ,>MS' - & !IR AGITATION ON A WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES1 FROM EQUAL PAY1 TO PREV5T+ ! >RE/ ( GIRLS WALK+ ALONE AS PRO/ITUTES1 W\LD HAVE 9T]E/$ H]4 ,IT LOOKS AS ?\< EV5 ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ! IMPRESSIVE NUMB]S ( WOM5 ORGANIZ$1 !Y HAD \R DIFFICULTY 9 CIRCULAT+ 9=MATION4 

,:5 ,KOLLONTAI WAS WRIT+ ?IS PAMPHLET ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S GR\PS W]E BECOM+ ABSORB$ )9 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 AS SEP>ATE SECTIONS ( POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,%E SEES ?IS AS AN ADVANCE TAK+ !M BEYOND PROPAG&A WORK1 & DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT )\T AN EXPLICIT SOCIALI/-FEM9I/ !ORY1 & )\T ! B>GA9+1 P[] ( AN AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION1 ! SPECIFIC OPPRESSION ( WOM5 W\LD BE OV]LAID BY ! M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]1 & ?US ! AUTONOMY ( ! WOM5'S ORGANIZATION TRANS=M$ FIR/ 9TO TOK5 9DEP5D5CE & !N CLOS$ D[N ALTOGE!R4 

,WOM5'S LIB]ATION AS A MOVEM5T HAS RAIS$ AGA9 ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP ( SUBORD9ATE GR\PS TO DOM9ANT GR\PS )9 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT \R ORGANIZATIONAL REALITY IS NOT H]S4 ,= ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 '! ,P>TY' REPRES5T$ ! HI<E/ ORGANIZATIONAL CREATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,IT EMBRAC$ ! MO/ DEVELOP$ !ORY & PRACTICE EXI/+ AT ! TIME1 IT G5]ALIZ$ & EXT5D$ ! P>TICUL> EXP]I5CE NOT ONLY ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ( EV]Y OPPRESS$ SECTION ( SOCIETY4 ,! LEGACY ( ,/AL91 ! DISSOLV+ ( ! MONOLI?IC ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AS ! SOLE >BIT] ( CORRECT /RATEGY1 ! GR[? ( NUM]\S SMALL REVOLUTION>Y NUCLEI61 HAS MEANT ?AT EV5TS HAVE TURN$ FULL CIRCLE4 ,:ILE ,KOLLONTAI WAS WRIT+ ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS PAMPHLET1 NEGOTIATIONS W]E GO+ ON 9 ,BRITA9 BETWE5 V>I\S SMALL M>XI/ GR\PS & ! ,RUSSIANS TO =M ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT SEEM$ TO ,KOLLONTAI ?AT !RE WAS A G5]AL MOVEM5T T[>DS A COMMON POSITION4 

,= US ! SITUATION IS MU* LESS CLE>4 ,!RE >E NO COMMONLY HELD ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS :I* CAN ACT AS A MEANS ( E/ABLI%+ A UNIFI$ /RATEGY - NOT ONLY BETWE5 WOM5'S LIB]ATION & ! SOCIALI/ GR\PS1 BUT )9 ! LEFT 9 G5]AL4 ,?US = 9/ANCE ,KOLLONTAI WAS ABLE TO ASSUME ?AT H] /ATEM5T ?AT ! WOM5'S CLUBS W]E UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P>TY W\LD BE G5]ALLY ACCEPTABLE4 ,N[ 9 WOM5'S LIB]ATION IT W\LD HAVE S9I/] & MANIPULATIVE IMPLICATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 WE FACE ! SAME IMPORTANT PROBLEM - H[ TO ORGANIZE EFFECTIVELY1 & H[ TO RELATE \R MOVEM5T TO ! SPECIFIC OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,KOLLONTAI DESCRIBES ! 'GEOLOGICAL %IFT' :I* SEP>AT$ ! IDEAS ( ORGANIZ+ 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE >E SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL BY A :OLE S]IES ( %IFTS & TREMORS1 AS WELL AS A FEW E>?QUAKES1 & IT IS ABSURD TO LIFT ! IDEAS ( #aiah 9 A FUNDAM5TALI/ WAY ONTO ! DILEMMAS ( #a#i#g#a4 

,NEV]!LESS IT IS /ILL APPROPRIATE ?AT ,KOLLONTAI'S PAMPHLET ON ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S %\LD BE TRANSLAT$ = ! ,SECOND ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION ,CONF]5CE 9 ,BRITA94 ,WE HAVE GR[N & DEVELOP$ 9 ! ONE & A HALF YE>S S9CE ! ,OX=D ,CONF]5CE1 NOT ONLY H]E 9 ,BRITA91 BUT 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,IF WE >E TO GO FUR!R1 AN ESS5TIAL TASK WILL BE ! R$ISCOV]Y ( \R [N HI/ORY - ! HI/ORY :I* HAS BE5 OBSCUR$ & NEGLECT$1 JU/ AS ! SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( WOM5 HAVE BE5 OBSCUR$ & NEGLECT$1 )9 ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ALSO1 SADLY1 )9 ! MALE DOM9AT$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4"9  

,%EILA ,R[BO?AM ,OCTOB] #aiga 

"9 ,IF Y\ WANT TO F9D \T MORE AB\T ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI1 Y\ C\LD READ AN >TICLE BY ME 9 ,! ,SPOKESMAN ( ,JUNE & ,JULY #a#i#g1 :I* WAS ACTUALLY WRITT5 9 AUTUMN #a#i#f#i4 ,IT'S CALL$ ',WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LOVE' & HAS A LI/ ( MO/ ( ! MAT]IAL PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% BY ,KOLLONTAI1 AS WELL AS BOOKS :I* CONTA9 9=MATION AB\T H]4 ,SEE ALSO ! PAMPHLET1 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION1 PUBLI%$ BY ,SOLID>ITY & ,COMMUNISM & ! ,FAMILY1 :I* HAS JU/ BE5 REISSU$ 9 ,BRITA9 BY ,PLUTO ,PRESS ) AN 9TRODUCTION BY ,DI ,HAT*ETT4 7,IT IS ALSO AVAILABLE 9 ,AU/RALIA1 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) AN 9TRODUCTION BY ,MAVIS ,ROB]TSON47 ,A TRANSLATION ( ,KOLLONTAI'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY IS DUE \T SOON4 ,! FOLL[+ BOOKS W]E USEFUL AS A BACKGR\ND = ?IS 9TRODUCTION3 ,A4 ,BALABANOV1 ,MY ,LIFE AS A ,REBEL 7#a#i#c#h72 ,M4 ,DRA*KOVIT* 7$471 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9T]NATIONALS 7#a#i#f#f72 ,I4 ,DEUTS*]1 ,/AL91 A ,POLITICAL ,BIOGRAPHY 7#a#i#f#f72 ,W4 ,K5DALL1 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 7#a#i#f#i72 ,N4 ,KRUPSKAYA1 ,MEMOIRS ( ,L59 7#a#i#c7 - PLUS WORK ,I DID = ! *APT] ON ,RUSSIA 9 MY BOOK1 ,WOM53 ,RESI/ANCE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* IS TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 SPR+ #a#i#g#b4 

O ,9 ,PLACE ( A ,=EWORD 

,?IS PAMPHLET ,I AM PUBLI%+ IS NOT NEW4 ,IT IS A REPR9T ( MY >TICLES :I* W]E PUBLI%$ BE=E ! W>4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION :I* WAS PUT AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S BR+S ONTO ! AG5DA ( \R P>TY WORK A MEANS ( AGITATION AMONG ! MASS ( WORK+ WOM5 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO ! ,P>TY & ?US PREP>E NEW =CES = ! CON/RUCTION ( ,COMMUNI/ ,RUSSIA4 

,MEAN:ILE WE >E SUFF]+ FROM AN ACUTE LACK ( MAT]IAL1 :I* C\LD HELP \R P>TY COMRADES :O >E 9VOLV$ N[ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! COMMISSION = AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S BY GIV+ !M ACCESS TO 9=MATION AB\T ! HI/ORY ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S & AB\T H[ & :AT WAS DONE 9 ! FIELD ( ORGANIZATION ( ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! POV]TY ( \R P>TY LIT]ATURE ON ?IS P>TICUL> QUE/ION OBLIGES ME TO AGREE TO ! REPR9T 9 HURRI$ =MAT ( MY PREVI\S >TICLES )\T BE+ ABLE TO REWORK !M4 ,IF ,I W]E TO WRITE AGA9 ON !SE SAME FACTS ,I W\LD EVALUATE MANY ( !M DIFF]5TLY4 ,! W> & WORLD REVOLUTION HAVE BR\<T ESS5TIAL *ANGES 9 ! *>ACT] & =M ( ALL WORK]S' COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS2 '! IDEAL TYPE' ( ,G]MAN P>TY WORK1 ADAPT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! P]IOD ( PEACEFUL P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 HAS CEAS$ TO BE A MODEL = US4.<#a.> ,! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE HAS G5]AT$ NEW PROBLEMS1 NEW FI<T+ ME?ODS ( WORK4 ,! W> & ! REVOLUTION HAVE %AK5 :AT SEEM$ TO BE ! MO/ /ABLE F\NDATIONS ( LIFE4 ,& ALSO1 ! POSITION ( WOMAN HAS *ANG$ BE=E \R EYES4 

,UP UNTIL ! W>1 ! PROCESS :]EBY WOM5 W]E DRAWN 9TO ! PEOPLE'S ECONOMY WAS C>RI$ \T ) CONSID]ABLY LESS SPE$ ?AN IT HAS BE5 = !SE LA/ F\R & A HALF YE>S ( FEV]I%LY RAPID DEVELOPM5T & ! GR[? ( FEMALE LABOR 9 ALL FIELDS ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE4 ,! OLD FAMILY1 TOO1 SEEM$ FIRM & UN%AKABLE2 ! ,P>TY HAD TO FI<T AGA9/ ITS WAY ( LIFE & TRADITIONS EV]Y TIME IT WANT$ TO BR+ ! WOMAN WORK] 9TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! FACT ?AT H\SEWORK WAS DY+ \T & ! TRANSITION TO ! /ATE $UCATION ( *ILDR51 W]E REG>D$ NOT AS MATURE1 LIV+1 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( ! PRES5T DAY1 BUT AS A 'HI/ORICAL T5D5CY'1 AS A L5G?Y PROCESS4 ,! FEEL+S ( ! WOM5 WORK]S W]E /RONGE/ 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD - ! 9EQUALITY ( M5'S & WOM5'S PAY - & 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD - ! ABS5CE ( VOT+ RI<TS & ! 9EQUALITY 9 CITIZ5%IP4 

,?IS 9EQUALITY1 ON ECONOMIC & POLITICAL GR\NDS1 TOGE!R ) ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WOMAN TO H] FAMILY & ! RUNN+ ( ! H\SE1 CREAT$ A PSY*OLOGICAL DIVISION BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 WORK]S1 & PROVID$ ! SOIL FROM :I* GREW ?OSE 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S :I* SPRANG UP 9 ALL C\NTRIES ALONGSIDE ! G5]AL WORK]S' SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 9 ! =M ( SOCIETIES OR UNIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S1 CLUBS & SO ON4 ,! MORE ACTIVELY ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES BECAME 5GAG$ 9 ! BUS9ESS ( PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 ! QUICK] !SE SPECIALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS = WOM5 WORK]S DI$ \T4 .<#b.> 

,BUT ONLY A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! :OLE EXI/5CE ( ! WORK+ CLASS WOMAN1 9 ! CONDITIONS ( H] HOME & FAMILY LIFE1 AS %E ACQUIRES EQUAL /ATUS ) M5 9 CIVIL LAW WILL WIPE \T ONCE & = ALL ! B>RI] :I* TO ?IS DAY PREV5TS ! WOMAN WORK] LETT+ H] =CES FL[ FREELY 9TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! W> PROVID$ AN IMPULSE T[>DS A RADICAL BREAK 9 ! SOCIAL POSITION ( WOM54 ,IT REMA9S = ! REVOLUTION TO COMPLETE ?IS TASK4 ,! W> DROVE ! 'WET-NURSE' TO ! FRONT2 N9ETY WOM5 \T ( A HUNDR$ W]E =C$ TO PROVIDE = !MSELVES & !IR *ILDR54 ,! PROBLEM WAS BECOM+ ACUTE3 :AT TO DO ) ! *ILDR5 ( ALL ?OSE MILLIONS ( WOM5 :O HAD TO SP5D ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR DAY 9 PREP>+ MILIT>Y SUPPLIES - GR5ADES1 %RAPNEL & BULLETS8 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT ! QUE/ION HAD TO BE POS$ - NOT AS A !ORETICAL PROBLEM & NOT AS SOME?+ DESIRABLE 9 ! REMOTE FUTURE1 BUT AS A PRACTICAL MEASURE3 /ATE SECURITY = MAT]NITY & *ILDHOOD4 ,! CAPITALI/ CLASS GOV]NM5TS W]E =C$ TO WORRY AB\T ! FATE ( ! 'SOLDI] *ILDR5' & UNWILL+LY1 & HALF-HE>T$LY1 !Y BR\<T AB\T A SITUATION 9 :I* ! C>E ( *ILDR5 IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! /ATE4 

,! DEP>TURE ( BRIDEGROOMS & FIANCES TO ! W>1 & ! WOMAN'S FE> = ! FATE ( H] LOV$ ONE1 PROVID$ A NATURAL REASON = ! 9CREAS$ NUMB] ( BABIES BORN \TSIDE M>RIAGE4 ,& ONCE AGA9 ! B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ /ATE WAS =C$1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( W>1 TO 9FLICT UPON ITSELF A BL[1 TO 5CROA* UPON ONE ( ITS MO/ SACR$ RI<TS - ON ! PR]OGATIVE ( LEGAL M>RIAGE4 ,IT WAS =C$ = ! SAKE ( ! SOLDI]S' WELL BE+ TO MAKE EQUAL UND] ! LAW BO? LEGAL & EXTRA-M>ITAL MO!RS & *ILDR54 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& W]E EV5TUALLY =C$ TO ?IS REVOLUTION>Y ACT4 

,! W> NOT ONLY DISRUPT$ ! SANCTITY & /ABILITY ( ! 9DISSOLUBLE *UR* M>RIAGE1 BUT ALSO 5CROA*$ ON YET ANO!R ( ! F\NDATIONS ( ! FAMILY-H\SEWORK4 ,RIS+ PRICES1 QUEUES :I* EXHAU/$ ! H\SEWIFE1 ! SY/EM ( DELAY+ /OCKTAK+ UNTIL SUPPLIES HAD RUN \T-ALL ?IS L$ TO A SITUATION 9 :I* ! WOM5 !MSELVES HA/5$ TO DO AWAY ) ! DOME/IC HE>?1 PREF]R+ TO USE COMMUNAL FACILITIES4 

,! WORK ( DE/ROY+ ! SOCIAL SLAV]Y ( WOM5 AS IT WAS !N1 WAS C>RI$ ?R\< BY ! GREAT WORK]S' REVOLUTION4 ,WOM5 WORK]S & PEASANTS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! GREAT LIB]AT+ /RUGGLE ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) M54 ,! =M] SPECIALIZATIONS ( ! FEMALE SEX COLLAPS$ AS ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ROCK$ ON ITS TW9 PILL>S1 PRIVATE PROP]TY & CLASS GOV]NM5T4 ,! GREAT FIRE ( ! WORLD UPRIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT CALL$ WOMAN FROM H] BAK+ T9S 9TO ! >5A ( ! B>RICADES1 ! FI<T = FRE$OM4 ,WOMAN CEAS$ TO FEEL SECURE 9 H] [N HOME1 ALONGSIDE H] FAMILI> FLAG/ONES1 DR9K+ TR\<S & CRADLES1 :5 ALL >\ND BULLETS W]E :I/L+ &1 AMAZ$1 %E HE>D ! CRY ( ! WORK] FI<T]S3- ',TO >MS1 COMRADES6 ,ALL ( Y\ :O *]I% Y\R FRE$OM1 :O HAVE GR[N TO HATE ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y & DEPRIVATION ( CIVIL RI<TS6 ,TO >MS1 WORK]S1 TO >MS1 WOM5 WORK]S6 444' 

,! REVOLUTION ACCU/OM$ WOM5 WORK]S TO GREAT MASS MOVEM5TS1 TO ! /RUGGLE = ! REALIZATION ( COMMUNISM4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA WON FULL POLITICAL EQUALITY & EQUALITY ( CITIZ5%IP = WOM54 ,! REVOLUTION FULFILL$ ! DEM&S ( WOM5 WORK]S FROM ALL C\NTRIES3 EQUAL PAY = EQUAL WORK4 ,! REVOLUTION MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = WOM5 EV] AGA9 TO BE TI$ TO !IR FAMILIES4.<#c.> ,! REVOLUTION ALSO ABOLI%$ ! PREVI\S =MS ( WORK]S' MOVEM5TS1 :I* HAD BE5 %AP$ BY ! AGE ( PEACEFUL P>LIAM5T>Y RULE4 ,WE >E CUT (F FROM ! P]IOD ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL .<#d.> NOT ONLY BY F\R YE>S1 BUT A :OLE GEOLOGICAL %IFT 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 

,& FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 MANY ( ! >TICLES PR9T$ H]E >E \T ( DATE4 ,BUT ! MA9 ISSUE IS NOT \T ( DATE4 ,IT IS /ILL V]Y MU* ALIVE4 ,?AT FUNDAM5TAL !ME :I* ,I HAVE TRI$ TO MAKE ! MA9 ?READ RUNN+ ?R\< !SE >TICLES-NAMELY1 ! NECESSITY ( SPECIAL WORK AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT1 SEP>ATE )9 ! P>TY FRAMEWORK1 & ! SETT+ UP 9 ! ,P>TY ( A SPECIAL P>TY MA*9E - A COMMISSION1 BUREAU OR GR\P - = ?IS PURPOSE4 

,H[EV] PR(\ND >E ! *ANGES :I* HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ BE-=E \R EYES 9 ! LIFE & ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( \R C\NTRY1 BR\<T AB\T BY ! W> & ! REVOLUTION1 H[EV] F> ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA HAS M>*$ =W>D ALONG ! ROAD TO COMMUNISM1 ! LEGACY ( ! CAPITALI/ ORD] HAS /ILL NOT BE5 ]ADICAT$2 ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ! WORK+ CLASS FAMILY'S WAY ( LIFE1 ! TRADITIONS :I* HOLD CAPTIVE ! M9D ( WOMAN1 ! S]VITUDE ( H\SEWORK - ALL !SE HAVE /ILL NOT DI$ AWAY4 ,& 9 SO F> AS ALL ! FACTORS :I* PREV5T$ A WORK+ CLASS WOMAN FROM TAK+ AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! LIB]AT+ MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT BE=E ! W> >E /ILL OP]ATIVE1 9 SO F> AS EV5 N[ ! ,P>TY /ILL HAS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT BO? ! POLITICAL BACKW>DNESS ( WOM51 & ! BONDAGE ( ! WOMAN WORK] TO H] FAMILY1 SO ! NECESSITY ( 9T5SIVE WORK AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT1 ) ! HELP ( A P>TY MA*9E SET UP SPECIFICALLY = ?IS PURPOSE1 REMA9S AS PRESS+ AS EV]4 

,! SETT+ UP ( A COMMISSION = AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! C5T] & 9 ! PROV9CES WILL UND\BT$LY SPE$ UP ?IS WORK4 ,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ! ?\<T ( SPECIALIZ$ WORK )9 ! ,P>TY1 :I* ,I HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ S9CE #a#i#f1 MET ) OPPOSITION EV5 AMONG MY [N COMRADES4 ,BUT N[1 AFT] ! DECISION C>RI$ BY ! ,ALL ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S & APPROV$ BY ! ,P>TY1 IT ONLY REMA9S = US TO GET D[N TO ITS PRACTICAL IMPLEM5TATION4 ,\R ,P>TY DOES NOT ALL[ A SEP>ATE WOM5'S MOVEM5T OR ANY 9DEP5D5T UNIONS OR SOCIETIES ( WOM5 WORK]S1 BUT IT HAS NEV] D5I$ ! EFFICACY ( A DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! ,P>TY & ! SETT+ UP ( SU* SPECIAL P>TY MA*9ES AS W\LD PROMISE TO 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( ITS MEMB]S OR DEEP5 ITS 9FLU5CE AMONG ! MASSES4 

,AT ! MOM5T ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA IS 9 NE$ ( MANY NEW FRE% =CES BO? = ! /RUGGLE ) ! 5EMY.<#e.> & = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,TO CREATE1 TO $UCATE !SE =CES FROM ! MANY MILLIONS ( ! FEMALE WORK+ POPULATION - SU* >E ! TASKS ( ! P>TY COMMISSION = AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 

,I W\LD HOPE ?AT ?IS PAMPHLET MI<T S]VE AS SOME GUIDANCE = ?OSE ( MY COMRADES :O 9T5D TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT 9 P>TICUL>4 ,I HOPE ?AT !Y WILL GET FROM IT ! C]TA9TY ?AT 9 TAK+ UPON !MSELVES ?IS DIFFICULT & SOMETIMES ?ANKLESS WORK1 !Y >E S]V+ NOT ! IDEA ( ! 'SPECIALIZATION' ( WOM51 NOT A N>R[LY FEM99E BUS9ESS1 BUT ! :OLE TASK ( BUILD+ A UNIT$1 /RONG1 WORLD-WIDE WORK]S' P>TY :I* BE=E \R V]Y EYES IS A*IEV+ ! BRI<T NEW WORLD ( 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNISM4 

,A4 ,KOLLONTAI 

,MOSC[ #a/ ,DECEMB] #aiah 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,DIFF]5T ,C\NTRIES 

,ONE MI<T ?9K ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO CLE>] OR MORE WELL-DEF9$ NOTION ?AN ?AT ( A 'WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T'4 ,BUT MEAN:ILE IT >\SES SO MU* 9DIGNATION & WE HE> SO (T5 ! EXCLAMATIONS & QUE/IONS3- ,:AT IS A WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T8 ,:AT >E ITS TASKS1 ITS AIMS8 ,:Y CAN'T IT M]GE ) ! G5]AL MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :Y CAN'T IT BE DISSOLV$ 9 ! G5]AL MOVEM5T1 S9CE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( AN 9DEP5D5T WOM5'S QUE/ION8 ,ISN'T IT A HANGOV] FROM B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM8 

,QUE/IONS LIKE !SE >E BE+ ASK$ NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y >E REPEAT$ 9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES1 !Y CAN BE HE>D 9 ALL LANGUAGES4 ,BUT MO/ CURI\S ( ALL1 IT IS :]E ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS LEA/ DEVELOP$1 :]E ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S >E LEA/ NUM]\S M ! ,P>TY & 9 ! UNIONS1 ?AT ONE HE>S L\DE/ & MO/ ASSUR$ ! VOICES ( ?OSE :O D5Y ! NECESSITY ( TE*NICALLY SEP>AT$ WORK AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT ,& 9 !IR SIMPLI/IC WAY4 !Y CUT ?R\< ! :OLE TANGL$ KNOT ( ! WOM5'S PROBLEM & ! G5]AL SOCIAL QUE/ION4 

,! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T LIT]ALLY GREW \T ( ! WOMB ( CAPITALI/ REALITY4 ,BUT = A LONG TIME IT ADVANC$ T5TATIVELY1 SEEK+ IS WAY HESITAT+ 9 ITS *OICE ( ME?ODS4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S MOVEM5T TAKES EXTREMELY MOTLEY & V>I$ =MS4 ,!SE =MS V>Y FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY !Y >E ADAPT$ TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! P>TICUL> PLACE1 & TO ! *>ACT] ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,BUT GRADUALLY1 ESPECIALLY 9 C\NTRIES :]E SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 /RONG1 DEF9ITE P>TY MA*9ES HAVE >IS5 TO S]VE ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,TO-DAY IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO F9D A SOCIALI/ :O W\LD QU>REL ) ! NECESSITY = WIDESPREAD ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ALL C\NTRIES PRIDE !MSELVES ON ! NUMB]S ( !IR 'WOM5'S >MY' &1 9 WEI<+ UP ! *ANCES ( SUCCESS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?IS RAPIDLY GR[+ =CE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF !RE IS DISAGREEM5T IT IS NOT AB\T ! ESS5CE ( ! QUE/ION1 BUT M]ELY AB\T ME?ODS & MEANS ( AGITATION & WORK AMONG ! FEMALE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H[EV] 9 ALL C\NTRIES ! VITAL VICTORY 9 ?IS >GUM5T GOES TO ! DEF5D]S ( ! ,G]MAN WAY ( WORK+-! FUSION ( ! MALE & FEMALE HALVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 :ILE RETA9+ ! SEP>ATION & AUTONOMY ( AGITATION AMONG ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS /ILL V]Y Y\NG3 IT HAS ONLY BE5 9 EXI/5CE = SOME TW5TY YE>S4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT BE=E1 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 UNIONS & P>TIES HAD C\NT$ WOM5 AMONG !IR MEMB]S4 ,BUT ONCE !Y HAD BECOME MEMB]S ( A P>TY OR TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 ! WOM5 WORK]S DID NOT DEF5D ?OSE >EAS :I* AFFECT WOM5 MO/ CLOSELY ( ALL4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY UP TO ! MIDDLE ( ! TW5TIES1.<#g.> 9 ,5GL& UP TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & 9 ,RUSSIA UNTIL ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,! EXPLORATION ( PROBLEMS :I* AFFECT$ WOM5 WORK]S AS WOM51 & ! DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S AS MO!RS & H\SEWIVES1 WAS LEFT )\T ANY /RUGGLE 9 ! H&S ( ! FEM9I/S ( ! B\RGEOIS CAMP4 

,! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETIES MAY BE CONSID]$ A TURN+-PO9T4 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AT ,GO?A.<#h.> 9 #a#h#i#f1 & AT ! 9SI/5CE ( ,CL>A ,ZETK91 ! F\NDATIONS W]E LAID = SPECIAL SEP>ATE1 AUTONOM\S AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM54 ,9 ! SAME YE>1 AT ! ,LONDON ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS !RE TOOK PLACE ! FIR/ PRIVATE MEET+ ( ?IRTY SOCIALI/ WOM51 DELEGATES TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS FROM ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY ,AM]ICA1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM & ,POL&4 ,?IS CONF]5CE M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A MODE/ ATTEMPT TO BR+ TO LIFE A WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL4.<#i.> 

,?IS PRIVATE MEET+ WAS ABOVE ALL CONC]N$ TO EXAM9E ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM & ! SOCIALI/ WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 ,IT ACKN[L$G$ ! NECESSITY ( DRAW+ A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 !M1 & NOT$ ! DESIRABILITY ( SPECIAL SOCIALI/ AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO ! RANKS ( ! G5]AL CLASS P>TY4 

,TWO DECADES HAVE PASS$ S9CE ! TIME ( ?AT FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL MEET+ ( SOCIALI/ WOM54 ,9 ?OSE YE>S CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ TO SUBJECT TO ITS RULE NOT ONLY NEW BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY BUT ALSO NEW C\NTRIES4 ,FEMALE LABOR 9 9DU/RY HAS E/ABLI%$ ITSELF MORE FIRMLY ) EV]Y YE>1 ACQUIR+ CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE 9 ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE'S ECONOMY4 ,BUT S9CE !Y LACK$ UNITY AMONG !MSELVES1 W]E NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZATIONS1 & W]E NOT L9K$ BY OBLIGATIONS TO !IR MALE COLLEAGUES1 WOM5 WORK]S DID 9DE$ APPE> AS DANG]\S RIVALS1 UND]M9+ ! PROGRESS ( ! ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S BECAME AN URG5T & VITAL QUE/ION4 ,BUT 9 TACKL+ ! PROBLEM ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE HALF ( ! PROLET>IAT & ADAPT+ !MSELVES TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ SOCIAL REALITY1 EA* C\NTRY SOLV$ ! PROBLEM 9 ITS [N WAY4 

,?IS EXPLA9S ! V>IETY ( ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS4 ,WOM5 WORK]S JO9$ G5]AL1 MIX$ UNIONS1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO SEP>ATE WOM5'S TRADE UNIONS1 F\ND$ !IR CLUBS1 & SOCIETIES = SELF-$UCATION1 OR1 F9ALLY1 =M$ A SPECIAL WOM5'S COLLECTIVE )9 ! P>TY1 :I* UND]TOOK ! RESPONSIBILITY = AGITATIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM54 ,IT IS ?IS LA/ TYPE ( WORK :I* (F]S ! MO/ CONV5I5T & EFFICI5T WAY ( 9VOLV+ WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 .<,ONE CANNOT BUT REM>K ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS1 TOO1 W]E EV5TUALLY CONV9C$ ( ! GOOD S5SE1 EV5 ON PURELY ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 ( =M+ !IR [N 'WOM5'S AGITATIONAL COMMITTEES' = C>RY+ \T WORK AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM #ahie ONW>DS ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,G]MAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS 9CLUD$ A C5TRAL COMMISSION = AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM54.> 

,BY #aig ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY ASSUM$ SU* DIM5SIONS ?AT IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO CALL ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,CONF]5CE 9 ,/UTTG>T 9 CONNECTION ) ! G5]AL ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS4 ,! WOM5 SOCIALI/S NOT ONLY EX*ANG$ 9=MATION ON :AT !Y HAD A*IEV$ 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES1 BUT RESOLV$ TO CONT9UE WORK+ ALONG ! SAME L9ES1 TO PROMOTE BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS ! FUTURE GR[? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! WOM5 WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] SOME DISAGREEM5T1 !Y ACCEPT$ A MOTION 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,G]MAN WOM5 SOCIALI/S CONC]N+ ! SETT+ UP ( A SEP>ATE ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU1 :I* W\LD /R5G!N ! L9KS BETWE5 WOM5 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WOM5 WORK]S MOVEM5T RECOGNIZ$ ! NEWSPAP] ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY4 

,! ,/UTTG>T ,CONF]5CE CONSOLIDAT$ ?AT %>E ( 9DEP5D5CE :I* WAS NECESS>Y = FUR!R FRUITFUL WORK AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 ,IT EM]G$ QUITE CLE>LY ?AT AL?\< ! WOM5 PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T IS AN 9SEP>ABLE P>T ( ! G5]AL WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 IT NEV]!LESS HAS C]TA9 ORIG9AL FEATURES ( ITS [N1 DUE TO ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ( ! WOMAN WORK] & ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL & POLITICAL POSITION ( WOMAN 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,AL?\< ! OBJECTIVES ( AGITATION :I* IS AIM$ SPECIFICALLY AT WOM5 CORRESPOND TO ?OSE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AT L>GE & AL?\< !Y CON/ITUTE ONE P>T ( AN OV]ALL OBJECTIVE1 YET BECAUSE !Y >E CONC]N$ MO/ IMM$IATELY ) ! WOM5'S 9T]E/S !Y CAN BE BE/ A*IEV$ ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! FEMALE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AL?\< SOCIALI/S ADMIT ?AT ! QUE/ION ( WOM5 =MS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL PROBLEM ( \R TIME1 AL?\< !Y MA9TA9 ?AT ! WOMAN WORK] IS ABOVE ALL A MEMB] ( A CLASS KEPT 9 S]VITUDE & DEPRIV$ ( CIVIL RI<TS1 &1 9 /RIV+ = H] [N LIB]ATION1 MU/ BE=E EV]Y?+ ELSE FI<T = ! LIB]ATION ( H] 5TIRE CLASS1 !Y ALSO1 ALONGSIDE ?IS BASIC PR9CIPLE1 CONC$E ANO!R1 ADDITIONAL PROPOSITION4 ,A WOMAN WORK] IS NOT ONLY A MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME %E IS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ONE 5TIRE HALF ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,AS OPPOS$ TO ! FEM9I/S1 ! SOCIALI/S1 DEM&+ EQUAL RI<TS = WOM5 9 /ATE & SOCIETY1 DO NOT %UT !IR EYES TO ! FACT ?AT ! WOMAN'S RESPONSIBILITIES T[>DS ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVE SOCIETY1 WILL ALWAYS BE SOME:AT DIFF]5T TO M5'S4 ,! WOMAN IS NOT ONLY AN 9DEP5D5T WORK] & CITIZ5 - AT ! SAME TIME %E IS A MO!R1 A BE>] ( ! FUTURE4 ,?IS GIVES RISE TO A :OLE S]IES ( SPECIAL DEM&S1 9 >EAS SU* AS WOM5'S LABOR PROTECTION1 SECURITY = MAT]NITY & E>LY *ILDHOOD1 HELP ) ! PROBLEMS ( *ILDR5'S UPBR++1 RE=MS 9 H\SE-KEEP+ & SO ON4 .<,AL?\< ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE >E B\ND UP ) BR++ AB\T POLITICAL EQUALITY = WOM5 WORK]S1 !IR ACTUAL LACK ( RI<TS1 H[EV]1 EV5 9 C\NTRIES :]E MALE WORK]S POSSESS POLITICAL RI<TS1 IMPOSES ON ! WOM5 P>TICUL>LY UNPLEASANT CONDITIONS4 ,JO9+ TOGE!R 9 A SPECIAL COLLECTIVE GIVES WOM5 WORK]S AN OPPORTUNITY TO 9FLU5CE !IR COMRADES )9 ! ,P>TY1 TO 9SPIRE & URGE !M ON TO ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS = WORK+ CLASS WOM51 GA9+ = WOM5 ?OSE RI<TS :I* !Y !MSELVES POSSESS4.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 9 ! MAJORITY ( C\NTRIES ! WOMAN WORK] F9DS H]SELF1 BO? 9 SOCIETY & 9 ! /ATE1 9 AN EXCLUSIVELY HELPLESS POSITION4 ,WOM5 WORK]S >E P>IAHS EV5 AMONG ! MOD]N SLAVES ( CAPITAL1 & ?IS \TLAW+ ( WOM5 GIVES RISE TO AN 9EQUALITY 9 ! CONDITIONS ( LIV+ BETWE5 MAN & WOMAN EV5 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,:E!R 9 POLITICS1 9 ! FAMILY1 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES 7PRO/ITUTION1 D\BLE MORALITY71 OR 9 ! WORK SITUATION1 ! WOMAN IS ALWAYS ALLOTT$ 'SECOND PLACE'1 H] LACK ( RI<TS IS UND]L9$ BY H] LIFE ITSELF4  

,IT IS NATURAL ?AT EV5 ! PSY*OLOGY ( A WOMAN1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( C5TURY-LONG SLAV]Y1 IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( A WORK+ CLASS MAN4 ,! MAN WORK] IS MORE 9DEP5D5T1 MORE DECISIVE1 & HAS MORE FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY2 HIS HORIZON IS WID] BECAUSE HE IS NOT CONF9$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( N>R[ FAMILY RELATION%IPS2 IT IS EASI] = HIM TO BECOME AW>E ( HIS 9T]E/S & TO CONNECT !SE TO CLASS PROBLEMS4 ,BUT = A WOMAN WORK] TO REA* ! MATURITY ( ! VIEWS ( AN AV]AGE MALE WORK] - ?AT MEANS A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! TRADITION1 ! CONCEPTS1 ! MORALS1 ! CU/OMS1 :I* HAVE BECOME P>T ( H] S9CE ! CRADLE4 ,!SE TRADITIONS & CU/OMS1 ATTEMPT+ TO RETA9 & HOLD ONTO A TYPE ( WOMAN PRODUC$ BY PA/ /AGES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 TURN 9TO ALMO/ 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLES 9 ! PA? ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WOMAN WORK]4 ,FROM ?IS ! CONCLUSION IS CLE>1 ?AT ONE CAN >\SE WOMAN'S SLEEP+ BRA91 & BR+ TO LIFE H] WILL1 ONLY BY MEANS ( A SPECIAL APPROA* TO H]1 ONLY BY US+ SPECIALIZ$ ME?ODS ( WORK AMONG WOM54 

,! PECULI>ITY ( !SE ME?ODS CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT :ILE NOT BREAK+ (F G5]AL L9KS BETWE5 ! G5]AL WORK]S' & WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :ILE WELD+ BO? W+S 9TO ONE 9 ! PROCESS ( /RUGGLE1 BR++ !M TOGE!R UND] ! BANN] ( G5]AL CLASS TASKS & DEM&S1 !Y NEV]!LESS PROVIDE = A SEP>ATE /RUCTURE = AGITATION SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ TO CAT] = ! WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,SEP>ATION HAS A D\BLE AIM-ON ! ONE H&1 !SE 9TRA-P>TY COLLECTIVES 7COMMISSIONS1 WOM5 WORK]S' BUREAUX & SO ON7 MU/ C>RY \T SPECIAL AGITATIONAL WORK ADAPT$ TO ! LEVEL ( ! QUE/IONS WOM5 WANT TO HAVE ANSW]$2 !IR TASK IS TO RECRUIT MEMB]S AMONG ! MASS ( WOM5 :O HAVE A L[ LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS TO $UCATE WOM5 WORK]S' CONSCI\SNESS1 TO RAISE IT TO ! LEVEL ( ! RE/ ( ! P>TY MEMB]S'1 TO MOVE WOM5 9TO ! >5A ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,ON ! O!R H& !SE COLLECTIVES GIVE WOM5 WORK]S ! POSSIBILITY ( PUTT+ =W>D & DEF5D+ 9 PRACTICAL WAYS ?OSE 9T]E/S :I* T\* WOM5 MO/ ( ALL3 MO!RHOOD1 PROTECTION ( *ILDR5 ! RATE SET = *ILDR5'S & WOM5'S LABOR1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PRO/ITUTION RE=MS 9 H\SEKEEP+ & SO ON4  

,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! =MATION ( GR\PS ( WOM5 WORK]S )9 ! ,P>TY ON ! ONE H& LI<T5S ! TASK ( ATTRACT+ 9TO ! MOVEM5T ! BROAD MASSES ( LESS AW>E WOM51 ?OSE ) :OM ONE HAS TO SPEAK A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE ?AN ) M52 & ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO CONC5TRATE ! P>TY'S ATT5TION ON ! SPECIAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS WAS ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! WE/]N COMRADES GRADUALLY >RIV$ AT4 ,?IS WAY ( WORK+ ) WOM5 HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ALMO/ ALL P>TIES4.<#a.> ,9 ,AU/RIA FROM #a#i#h1 9 ,5GL& FROM #a#i#f4 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM #aih M ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 9 ,BELGIUM & ,HOLL& FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 ,F9L& & 9 ,FRANCE-SPECIAL COLLECTIVES ( WOM5 SOCIALI/S EXI/ EV]Y:]E1 C>RY+ ON AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 WORK]S & FOCUS+ ! ATT5TION ( ! WORK]S' P>TY ON ?AT P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM :I* AFFECTS WORK+ CLASS WOM5'S 9T]E/S MO/ CLOSELY4 

,?ANKS TO ?IS WAY ( WORK+1 ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS GR[+ BO? 9 DEP? & 9 BREAD?4 ,! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S GR[S EV]Y YE>1 9 FACT IT EV5 GR[S RELATIVELY MORE QUICKLY ?AN ! NUMB] ( M5 :O HAVE BE5 DRAWN BACK 9TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 9 #aig ! ,P>TY H>DLY CONTA9$ #a1#e WOM5 WORK]S1 9 #aih !RE W]E ALREADY #b#i1#d#e#h ( !M1 9 #aii - #f#b1#b#e#i1 9 #aia - #h#b1#h#d#f1 9 #aiaa - #a#g1 9 #aiab - #a#c11 9 #aiac - #a#e14 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 SIX YE>S ! NUMB] ( WOM5 9 ! ,P>TY HAS 9CREAS$ FIFTE5 TIMES1 & ! NUMB] ( M5 HAS NOT EV5 D\BL$4 ,9 #aig !RE W]E AB\T #f1 9 ! ,P>TY1 & 9 #aiac - #h#c14 

,A V]Y %ORT TIME AGO1 AT ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,WOM5 ,SOCIALI/S AT ,/UTTG>T1 9 #a#i#g1 ! ORGANIZ$ >MY ( WOM5 WORK]S WAS EXPRESS$ 9 SU* MODE/ FIGURES ?AT ! MAJORITY ( C\NTRIES DID NOT EV5 CITE IT4 

,AT ?AT TIME ,5GL& TOOK FIR/ PLACE 9 ORGANIZ$ NUMB]S1 ) H] #a#e1 WOM5 WORK]S AS MEMB]S ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 ,G]MANY !N1 ! UNIONS C\NT$ #a#b14 ,9 ,AU/RIA ! UNIONS CONTA9$ AB\T #d#b1 WOM5 WORK]S2 M ,HUNG>Y AB\T #a#e14 ,9 ! ,P>TY.<#a#a.> ! DEGREE ( ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WAS CONSID]ABLY L[]4 ,AT ?AT TUNE ! C\NTRY :I* C\LD PRIDE ITSELF ON ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS LITTLE ,F9L&1 :O HAD MANAG$ TO BR+ 9TO ! MOVEM5T MORE ?AN #a#h1 WOM5 WORK]S4 

,A DIFF]5T & MORE *E]FUL PICTURE WAS GIV5 BY ! ACC\NTS PRES5T$ BY DELEGATES AT ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG51 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a4 

,ONLY ?REE YE>S HAD PASS$ S9CE ! FIR/ WOM5'S CONF]5CE1 BUT :AT GR[? !RE HAD BE5 9 ! >MY ( WOM5 WORK]S N[ ACTIVELY TAK+ P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T6 ,9 ,5GL& ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO UNIONS HAD ALREADY PASS$ ! #b1 M>K2 9 ,G]MANY C\NT #a#c#a1 WOM5 WORK]S 9 UNIONS & #h#b1#f#d#e MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY2 9 ,AU/RIA ! ,P>TY ALREADY CONTA9$ AB\T #g1 WOM5 MEMB]S4 ,O!R C\NTRIES TOO %[$ CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,AS EVID5CE = ! LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S WE GIVE ! FOLL[+ DATA = ! LA/ YE>S BE=E ! W>2 
,5GL&1 #a#i#a#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#b#i#b1#h#f#h ,5GL&1 #a#i#a#a1 9 ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE.<#a#b.>#e1 ,G]MANY1 #a#i#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#a#f#a1#e#a#b,G]MANY1 #a#i#a#c1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a#e1,AU/RIA1 #a#i#a#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#d#g1#i#a,AU/RIA1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a#i1,FRANCE1 #a#i#h1 9 TRADE UNIONS#h#h1#i#f,ITALY1 #a#i#h1 9 TRADE UNIONS#d#a1,ITALY1 #a#i#h1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a1#g#a#a,HOLL&1 #a#i#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#d#d1,HOLL&1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,P>TY#b1#i#d#c,SWITZ]L&1 #a#i#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#f1,SWITZ]L&1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a1,F9L&1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a#g1,NORWAY1 #a#i#i1 9 TRADE UNIONS#c1,NORWAY1 #a#i#i1 9 ! ,P>TY#a1#e 

,!RE IS NO 9=MATION GIV5 H]E AB\T A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES - ,BELGIUM1 ,SPA91 ,D5M>K1 ,SW$54 ,FUR!RMORE MU* ( ! 9=MATION GIV5 H]E IS \T ( DATE1 S9CE ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T BEGAN TO MAKE P>TICUL>LY QUICK PROGRESS 9 ! MO/ REC5T YE>S4 ,= ?IS REASON ONE CAN AFFIRM )\T EXAGG]ATION ?AT 9 ,EUROPE ALONE ! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S IS OV] ONE MILLION4  

,! BASIS = !SE ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESSES IS UND\BT$LY AN OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC FACTOR2 ! RAPID GR[? ( FEMALE 9DU/RIAL LABOR1 :I* IS P>TICUL>LY NOTICEABLE 9 C\NTRIES ) A RELATIVELY Y\NG1 9T5SIVE1 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4.<#a#c.> ,BUT1 ALONGSIDE ?IS OBJECTIVE FACTOR1 AN IMPORTANT ROLE WAS ALSO PLAY$ BY ! CONSCI\S ACTIVE 9FLU5CE ( ! P>TY ON ! MASSES ( WOM5 & BY ! SPECIALIZ$1 SY/EMATIC WORK :I*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! YE>S JU/ BE=E ! W>1 WAS C>RI$ ON 5]GETICALLY & ?\<TFULLY BY ! P>TY ORGANIZATIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES4 

,TO GET A FULL] IDEA ( ! AGITATIONAL ME?ODS ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WE %\LD EXAM9E ! HI/ORY ( ?IS MOVEM5T 9 SOME:AT GREAT] DETAIL4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE ,G]MANY IS ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC C\NTRY2 ! O!RS REPEAT1 ) SMALL MODIFICATIONS1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & BORR[ FROM !M ! BASIC MODEL = !IR WORK ) ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,IF ,5GL& AS E>LY AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS ! CRADLE ( TRADE UNION MOVEM5TS ( WOM5 WORK]S 7! WOM5 WEAV]S ( ,LANCA%IRE JO9$ ! WEAV]S' TRADE UNION AS E>LY AS #a#h#b#d71 IF 9 ! SEV5TIES1 ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,PATT]SON1.<#a#d.> A FIR/ ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO UNITE ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S TRADE UNIONS 9 ! ',LEAGUE = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,WOM5'S ,LABOR' 7LAT] ! ',LEAGUE ( ,WOM5'S ,TRADE ,UNIONS-,TRADE ,UNION ,LEAGUE'7 &1 9 ?IS WAY1 L9K & CONC5TRATE ! MOVEM5T1 IF ! ,5GLI% WOM5 WORK]S W]E ! FIR/ TO GO TO ! DEF5SE ( !IR VIOLAT$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 NEV]!LESS IT WAS ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?AT C>RI$ )9 ITS WOMB ! P>TY POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,H[EV] SIGNIFICANT W]E ! SUCCESSES ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION 1( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 ?IS MOVEM5T BORE A N>R[LY ECONOMIC *>ACT]4.<#a#e.> ,ON ! G5]AL SOCIAL TASKS ( ! LIB]ATION ( WOM51 ON ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( WOM5 WORK]S AS WOM51 AS MO!RS1 !RE WAS NO DISCUSSION 9 EI!R ! MIX$1 OR ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S UNIONS4 ,NOT ONLY 9 ,5GL&1 BUT ALSO 9 O!R C\NTRIES - 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,AM]ICA1 WOM5 WORK]S TOOK P>T 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T ONLY = ! SAKE ( V]Y IMM$IATE PRACTICAL GA9S 9 ! FIELD ( LABOR4 ,ALL G5]AL-SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 AFFECT+ ! 9T]E/S ( WOM51 W]E DISCUSS$ & BR\<T =W>D ONLY BY ! GR[+ FEM9I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! FEM9I/S = !IR P>T ALT]$ ! DEM&S ( ! WOM5 WORK]S & PRES5T$ !M TO ! WORLD 9 A DI/ORT$ =M1 9 ! GUISE ( B>E1 LIFELESS =MULAS ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( RI<TS BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 9 ALL FIELDS ( LIFE & 9 ALL >EAS4 ,& EV5 N[ ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& /ILL BE>S ! IMPR9T ( ?IS DUALITY3 :]EAS ON ECONOMIC GR\NDS ! WOMAN WORK]1 AS A CONSCI\S COMRADE1 FI<TS = ! 9T]E/S ( H] CLASS1 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL IDEALS ! LESS CONSCI\S WOMAN WORK] /ILL HANGS ONTO ! SKIRTS ( ! ,SUFFRAGETTES & IS READY TO UPHOLD ! PR9CIPLE ( ! EQUALITY ( WOM51 ALBEIT TO ! DETRIM5T ( H] CLASS 9T]E/S4.<#a#f.> 

,! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY WAS ( A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S ALSO CONC5TRAT$1 MA9LY1 ON UNIONS1 BUT ! RAPID 9CREASE 9 FEMALE LABOR1 ) ! QUICK5+ TEMPO ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,G]MANY1 =C$ ! Y\NG ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO TAKE UP A DEF9ITE POSITION 9 RELATION TO ! QUE/ION ( WOM54 

,TWO PO9TS ( VIEW W]E 9 CONFLICT )9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS3 SOME LOOK$ UPON WOM5'S PR(ESSIONAL LABOR AS AN ABNORMAL DEVIATION FROM ! 'NATURAL SOCIAL ORD]'1 & HOP$ TO =CE WOM5 BACK 9TO ! H\SE BY MEANS ( PROHIBITIVE LAWS3 O!RS ACCEPT$ ?IS PH5OM5A AS AN 9EVITABLE /AGE1 LEAD+ WOMAN TO H] F9AL LIB]ATION-9 H] CAPACITY BO? AS A SELL] ( H] LABOR & AS A WOMAN4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT A DECISIVE ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY ,BEBEL'S BOOK1 ,WOMAN & ,SOCIALISM1 :I* FIR/ CAME \T 9 #a#h#g#i4 ,?IS BOOK CA/ A BRI<T LI<T ON ! COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM ( WOMAN1 & OP5$ UP NEW HORIZONS TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,IT E/ABLI%$ A CLOSE L9K BETWE5 ! QUE/ION ( WOM5 & ! G5]AL CLASS AIM ( ! WORK]S1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ALSO DREW ATT5TION TO ! NE$S & DEM&S PECULI> TO WOM51 ! DI/9CTIVE ?+S ?AT *>ACT]IZE WOMAN AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( H] SEX4 ,?IS ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! SPECIAL POSITION ( WOMAN 9 MOD]N SOCIETY MADE IT NECESS>Y1 )\T S9N+ AGA9/ ! UNITY ( ! ,P>TY1 TO DEL9EATE A C]TA9 >EA ( WORK ) ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TO LIFE WOM5 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY TOOK PLACE T[>DS ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TIES4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( AN EX-FEM9I/1 :O HAD GONE OV] TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ,GUILLAUME-,S*ACK1 SOCIETIES = SELF-$UCATION OR WOM5 WORK]S' CLUBS W]E SET UP 9 ,B]L94 ,BUT ! EI<TIES 9 ,G]MANY W]E A D>K P]IOD :5 A LAW DISCRIM9AT+ AGA9/ SOCIALI/S WAS 9 =CE4 ,! POLICE P[]S M]CILESSLY DE/ROY$ !SE 9NOC5T ORGANIZATIONS1 :OSE CREATION HAD CO/ SO MU* EF=T4 ,! SPECIAL DECREE ( #ahhg F9ALLY WIP$ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>? ! FIR/ BEG9N+S ( WOM5'S SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES4 

,) ! DEFEAT ( ! LAW AGA9/ SOCIALI/S1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY IMM$IATELY /OOD ON FIRM GR\ND2 ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS ALSO REVIV$4 ,! TRADE UNIONS NOT ONLY GAVE ACCESS TO WOM51 BUT *OSE A WOMAN AS !IR PRESID5T = ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 = ITS P>T1 AT ! ,]FURT ,CONGRESS DECID$ TO TAKE UP A COMPLETELY DEF9ITE POSITION ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( WOM54 .<,9 BO? PREVI\S SOCIALI/ PROGRAMS1 ?OSE ( ,]FURT & ,GO?A1 ! ,P>TY'S ATTITUDE TO ! QUE/ION ( WOM5 WAS /ILL ILL-DEF9$4 ,! DEM&S AFFECT+ WOM5 W]E LIMIT$ TO G5]AL DESIRES = ! PROTECTION ( FEMALE LABOR & ! RECOGNITION ( FULL POLITICAL RI<TS = ADULTS1 )\T1 H[EV]1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ?IS LA/ DEM& APPLI$ TO WOM5 TOO4.> 

,! ,]FURT PROGRAM ( #ahia NOT ONLY EMPHASIZES ! DEM& = POLITICAL RI<TS = ALL CITIZ5S )\T DI/9CTION ACCORD+ TO SEX1 BUT 9 PO9T FIVE EXPRESSES A P>TICUL> DEM&1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( WOM53 0! ABOLITION ( ALL LAWS :I* PLACE WOM5 9 LESS FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ?AN M5 ) REG>D TO POLITICAL OR CIVIL RI<TS40 .<#a#g.> ,?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT ADMISSION4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ?IS WAY TOOK UPON ITSELF ! DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,ALREADY IT WAS NOT ONLY A QUE/ION ( IMPROV+ WOM5'S WORK+ CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO ( H] LIB]ATION AS A CITIZ51 AS A P]SON4  

,CONSI/5T ) ?IS NEW AIM1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,P>TY TO MODIFY ! P>TY RULES1 SO AS TO LEAVE OP5 A PLACE = WOM5 9 P>TY WORK4 ,A RESOLUTION HAD ALREADY BE5 PASS$ AT ! ,CONGRESS AT ,HALLE1 9 #a#h#i1 CONC]N+ WOM5 *AIRM5 AT CONGRESSES1 :I* ALL[$ !SE WOM5 *AIRM5 TO BE ELECT$ AT SPECIAL WOM5'S MEET+S4 .<,AT ! ,B]L9 ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#i#b1 H[EV]1 ! SOCIALI/ WOM5 !MSELVES OPPOS$ ?IS RESOLUTION &1 >GU+ ?AT 'WOM5 DEM& EQUALITY1 NOT PRIVILEGE'1 9SI/$ ?AT ! DECISION BE RECALL$4 ,A TYPICAL CASE1 DEMON/RAT+ ! WAY 9 :I* ! 'EQUAL RI<TS' PR9CIPLE ( ! 'EQUAL RI<TS' FEM9I/S 9FLU5C$ EV5 ! WOM5 SOCIALI/S 9 ?AT P]IOD ( ! =MATION ( ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 AS E>LY AS ! #ahid ,CONGRESS1 AT ! 9SI/5CE ( ,ZETK91 ,AU]1 ,S+] & O!RS ! RESOLUTION WAS PUT =W>D AGA94 0,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N10 SAID ,ZETK91 0:AT AN ]ROR IT WAS TO REJECT ?IS RESOLUTION4 ,! FACT ( ! MATT] IS ?AT WOM5 >E )\T RI<TS & ) ALL ! WILL 9 ! WORLD CANNOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! G5]AL P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ?AT1 AMONG ! MASSES1 WOM5 >E CONSID]ABLY MORE BACKW>D ?AN M51 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES !Y CANNOT /& UP = !MSELVES1 & ?IS LEADS TO DISSATISFACTION & BEWILD]M5T40 ,FROM ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,FRANKFURT AM ,MA91 #a#h#i#d1 P4#a#g#d4.> 

,AT ! ,B]L9 ,CONGRESS ! ,B]L9 WOM5'S ORGANIZATION 9TRODUC$ AN AM5DM5T :]EBY ! TITLE1 ',MALE ,CONFID5TIAL ,AG5T'1 BE REPLAC$ SIMPLY BY ',CONFID5TIAL ,AG5T'17#a#h7 :I* W\LD GIVE WOM5 ACCESS TO ?IS PO/4 .<,SEE ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,B]L91 #a#h#i#d1 P4 #a#d#e4.> ,ANO!R WOM5'S ORGANIZATION1 FROM ,MANNHEIM1 ASK$ ?AT AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 %\LD BE EXT5D$4 ,BUT ! MO/ DECISIVE /EP1 ) REG>D TO ! ME?OD *OS5 BY ! ,P>TY = WORK ) WOM5 WORK]S1 WAS TAK5 AT ! CONGRESS AT ,GO?A 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK9 AB\T AGITATION ) WOM5 WORK]S' SET UP ! BASIS = SPECIALIZ$1 TE*NICALLY SEP>ATE P>TY WORK ) WOM54 ,DRAW+ A B\ND>Y L9E BETWE5 ! CONCEPTIONS ( EQUALITY HELD BY ! B\RGEOIS CAMP & BY ! SOCIALI/ WOM51 ,ZETK9 NEV]!LESS 9SI/$1 9 H] CLASSICALLY WORD$ RESOLUTION1 ?AT AGITATION AMONG WOM5 %\LD CONC5TRATE1 BEYOND ! G5]AL AIMS ( ! ,P>TY1 ON A :OLE RANGE ( PURELY 'WOM5'S QUE/IONS'3 PROTECTION AT WORK1 9SURANCE = *ILDBIR?1 SECURITY = *ILDR51 $UCATION ( *ILDR51 POLITICAL $UCATION ( WOM51 POLITICAL EQUALITY ( WOM51 & SO ON4 ,9 ! RESOLUTION IT WAS SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y />T PUBLI%+ LIT]ATURE1 PAMPHLETS & LEAFLETS ESPECIALLY = WOM54 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS HI/ORIC RESOLUTION1 :I* %AP$ ! RELATIONS ( ! ,P>TY TO ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ITS PROBLEMS1 AT ! SAME CONGRESS ANO!R ?REE RESOLUTIONS W]E PASS$1 EA* SUPPLEM5T+ ! O!RS2 & :I* UND\BT$LY DEF9$ ! ,P>TY'S NEW C\RSE 9 ! MATT] ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,! ,B]L9 GR\P'S RESOLUTION SUGGE/$ 9T5SIFY+ AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO UNIONS1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT ! LAW =BADE WOM5 TO 5T] ! ,P>TY OP5LY4 ,! SECOND PROPOSAL REF]R$ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL SPH]E3 IT 9SI/$ ON ! 9TRODUCTION ( SPECIAL PO/S ( 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS' 9 ! ,P>TY1 :O W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = SY/EMATIC AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 9 ORD] TO RAISE !IR CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & TO DRAW !M 9TO ! ,P>TY4 ,! ?IRD RESOLUTION PROPOS$ ?AT SEV]AL WOM5'S MEET+S %\LD IMM$IATELY BE HELD 9 ORD] TO ELECT FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS4 

,! ,GO?A ,CONGRESS (FICIALLY 9AUGURAT$ 9TRA-P>TY WORK = ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM51 & SY/EMIZ$ AGITATION ) ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 

,! PROJECT$ L9E ( WORK DEVELOP$ /EADFA/LY4 ,SUBSEQU5T CONGRESSES M]ELY 9TRODUC$ P>TIAL MODIFICATIONS TO ! ISSUE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S & AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG !M2 9 G5]AL T]MS ! ,P>TY KEPT TO ! PLAN ( WORK AS IT HAD BE5 \TL9$ AT ,GO?A4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT AN 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLE /OOD 9 ! WAY ( DEVELOPM5T ( A WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY - ! LAW =BIDD+ ! OP5 5TRY ( WOM5 9TO ! ,P>TY4 ,9 PLACES :]E !RE WAS NO LOCAL LAW PREV5T+ WOM5 FROM TAK+ P>T 9 G5]AL MOVEM5TS1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,BAD51 ,WURT5BURG1 ,SAXONY1 ,HESS51 A FEW SMALL /ATES & FREE T[NS - ,BREM51 ,LUBECK1 ,HAMBURG - !RE ! WOM5 WORK]S OP5LY JO9$ ! ,P>TY4 ,9 O!R PLACES !Y JO9$ TOGE!R B5EA? ! FLAG ( 'SOCIETIES = ! SELF-$UCATION ( WOM5 WORK]S' OR CAME TOGE!R R\ND A 'CONFID5TIAL AG5T' 9 FREE1 UN/RUCTUR$ GR\PS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?ANKS TO ! SY/EM ( 'CONFID5TIAL AG5TS'1 ! SPECIAL *AIRMAN%IP ( WOM5 AT CONGRESSES1 & ! EXI/5CE ( ! WOM5'S PAP] ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY71 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :ILE DEVELOP+ P>TLY \TSIDE ! B\ND>IES ( ! ,P>TY1 WAS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! G5]AL MOVEM5T & ALWAYS REMA9$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 

,! REVIEW ( ! P>TY RULES 9 ,MA9Z 9 #a#i1 9 :I* ! SY/EM ( MALE 'CONFID5TIAL AG5TS' WAS REPLAC$ BY LOCAL COMMITTEES1 DID NOT LEAD TO ANY ALT]ATIONS 9 ! SY/EM ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AT ! #aib ,CONGRESS 9 ,MUNI* A RESOLUTION WAS PUT =W>D LEAV+ 9 =CE ! SPECIAL 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS'1 TO :OM WAS 5TRU/$ ! WORK ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S & C>RY+ ON SOCIALI/ AGITATIONAL WORK ) !M4 ,AT ! ,MA9Z ,CONGRESS1 TOO1 ! PO/ ( 'C5TRAL FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5T' = ! :OLE ( ,G]MANY WAS CONFIRM$4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD MANAG$ TO GR[ 9 /R5G? SO MU* S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,GO?A ,CONF]5CE ?AT AS E>LY AS #ai 9 ,MA9Z1 IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO HOLD ! FIR/ ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5'S ,CONF]5CE4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME !SE CONF]5CES HAVE TAK5 PLACE P]IODICALLY 9 ,G]MANY EV]Y TWO YE>S3 9 ,MA9Z #a#i1 9 ,MUNI* #aib 9 ,BREM5 #a#i#d1 9 ,MANNHEIM #a#i#f1 9 ,NUREMBURG #a#i#h1 & 9 ,J5A #a#i#a#a4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S' CONF]5CES >OSE AS A NATURAL ANSW] TO ! GR[+ DEM&S :I* !IR LIVES CALL$ =4 ,! QUE/ION ( VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 9 ! ,REI*/AG & 9 LOCAL ,L&TAGS C\LD NO LONG] BE PUT (F1 NOR C\LD ! AIL+1 COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM ( MAT]NITY4 ,ALSO L9$ UP W]E ! QUE/IONS ( PRES*OOL $UCATION = *ILDR51 ( PROTECTION = *ILDR5'S & WOM5'S LABOR1 RE=MS ( ! S*OOLS1 RE=MS ( H\SEKEEP+1 ORGANIZATIONS = DOME/IC S]VANTS1 ! RATES SET = ! LABOR ( DOME/IC WORK]S1 SECURITY = NURS+ MO!RS & BABIES1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 9FANT MORTALITY & SO ON4 

,ALL !SE QUE/IONS 9VOLV$ WOM5 WORK]S V]Y CLOSELY2 !Y GREW DIRECTLY \T ( !IR LIVES1 & !Y GAVE BIR? TO NEW DEM&S4 ,! CONF]5CES ( WOM5 SOCIALI/S EXAM9$1 DISCUSS$1 & WORK$ \T !SE DEM&S1 & 9 ?IS WAY =C$ ! ,P>TY1 TOO1 TO EXAM9E ) GREAT] C>E & ?\<T ! SPECIAL NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! WOM5'S CONF]5CES TURN$ 9TO K9DS ( SPECIAL COMMISSIONS :I* PREP>$ MAT]IAL = ! G5]AL WORK]S' CONGRESSES ON SPECIAL QUE/IONS1 ?OSE :I* W]E RELEVANT TO WOM54 ,! RESULT WAS SOME K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! ,P>TY1 FROM :I* ! G5]AL MOVEM5T UND\BT$LY GA9$ A GREAT DEAL4 

,IT IS USUAL TO CONSID] ! SEP>ATION ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY AS >IS+ EXCLUSIVELY FROM POLITICAL TACTICS1 & ! EXI/5CE ( ! LAW =BIDD+ WOM5 FROM BECOM+ MEMB]S ( POLITICAL1 ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS IDEA IS MI/AK54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ITS TIME ! LAW AB\T UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS =C$ ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO SEEK REFUGE 9 EXTRA-P>TY 'SOCIETIES = ! SELF-$UCATION ( WOM5 WORK]S'4 ,BUT LAT]1 :5 ! NUMB] ( POLITICALLY CONSCI\S WOM5 WORK]S HAD 9-CREAS$1 ! ,P>TY F\ND A MEANS ( GETT+ R\ND ! WAT*FUL EYE ( ! LAW &1 9 SO F> AS ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T REQUIR$ IT1 HAD4 WOM5 JO9 ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! CAPACITY ( 'VOLUNT>Y DONORS' TO ! ,P>TY1 & !N !SE DONATIONS W]E REPEAT$ P]IODICALLY1 S]V+ AS ! MEMB]%IP FEE4 ,YET ! SY/EM ( 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS'1 SPECIAL WOM5'S MEET+S1 A SEP>ATE WOM5'S BUREAU ) ITS [N ORGAN1 ,GLEI*HEIT1 WOM5'S CONF]5CES & SO ON1 REMA9$ 9 =CE4 

,F9ALLY1 :5 9 #aih ! ,PRUSSIAN LAW AB\T UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS HAD CEAS$ TO FUNCTION1 & ! WOM5 WORK]S W]E ?US ABLE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 NO?+ /OOD 9 ! WAY ( ! ABOLITION ( ! SPECIAL WORK AMONG WOM54 ,BUT :AT DID ! ,P>TY DO8 ,DID IT R5\NCE ITS PREVI\S ME?ODS ( WORK ) WOM5 ( ! PROLET>IAT8 

,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,AT ! ,NUREMBURG ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#h1 AFT] A RADICAL REVIEW ( ! P>TY RULES1 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS ALL[$ TO HAVE AS MU* TE*NICAL AUTONOMY AS WAS POSSIBLE )\T DAMAG+ ! UNITY ( ! CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,! ,P>TY CONSID]$ IT ! DUTY ( WOM5 WORK]S TO 5T] ! ,P>TY AS EQUAL MEMB]S1 BUT SETTL$ ON A L[] MEMB]%IP FEE = WOM5 S9CE !Y RECEIV$ A L[] RATE ( PAY = !IR WORK4 ,& AL?\< ! SY/EM ( FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS WAS REPEAL$1 ! P>TY RULES DEM&$ ?AT ON EA* COMMITTEE !RE %\LD BE A SPECIAL REPRES5TATION ( WOM5 WORK]S4 DEP5D+ ON ! NUMB] ( WOM5 MEMB]S 9 A GIV5 DI/RICT4 ,9 ANY CASE !RE HAD TO BE AT LEA/ ONE P]SON ON ! COMMITTEE ELECT$ BY WOM51 :O WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE = AGITATIONAL WORK & ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,ON ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY !RE WAS ALSO A SPECIAL REPRES5TATION = WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU ( ! ,P>TY WAS NOT ABOLI%$1 ! WOM5 WORK]'S PAP]1 ,GLEI*HEIT1 NOT ONLY CONT9U$ TO BE PUBLI%$1 BUT ALONGSIDE ?IS C5TRAL ORGAN ( WOM5 WORK]S !RE GREW UP A :OLE RANGE ( LOCAL OR TRADE UNION PUBLICATIONS1 DEVOT$ TO ! 9T]E/S & DEM&S ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! P>TY RULES ALSO LEFT 9 =CE ! SEP>ATE MEET+S = WOM5 WORK]S 7C\RSES1 DISCUSSION EV5+S71 & ALSO1 :]E !Y W]E NE$$1 ! 'SOCIETIES = SELF $UCATION'1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S CONF]5CES4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ! *ANGES 9 ! LAW AB\T UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS DID NOT *ANGE ! TYPE & *>ACT] ( P>TY WORK 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! 'DIVISION ( LABOR' 9 ! ,P>TY ) REG>D TO AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM51 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY BE=E ! W>1 LEFT GREAT] SCOPE = ! DEVELOPM5T & ELUCIDATION AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT ( SPECIAL WOM5'S DEM&S4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO M5TION JU/ ! ',WOM5'S ,DAY'1 & ! AGITATIONAL WORK = WOM5'S VOT+ RI<TS :I* WAS DONE >\ND ?IS NEW ME?OD ( >\S+ ! 9T]E/ ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 POLITICS1 $UCAT+ !M 9 REVOLUTION>Y PROTE/ ON ! GR\NDS ( WOM5 WORK]S' LACK ( CIVIL RI<TS4 

,! WOM5'S W+ ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' P>TY DEVELOP$ EA* YE> WID] & MORE MANY-SID$ ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,P>TY IS 9DEBT$ TO WOM5 WORK]S & !IR 9ITIATIVE = A :OLE RANGE ( ACTIONS3 ON ! PROBLEMS ( ! CO/ ( LIV+1 9SURANCE = MAT]NITY1 EXT5SION ( VOT+ RI<TS 9 COMMUNAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S TOOK UPON !MSELVES AN 5ORM\S P>T ( ! WORK AT ! TIME ( ! ELECTIONS 9 ! ,REI*/AG II ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#b1 !Y PLAY$ AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ELECTION ( MEMB]S ( ! ,SICKNESS ,B5EFIT ,FUND2 !Y C>RI$ \T TIRELESS AGITATION TO DRAW WOM5 WORK]S 9TO ! ,P>TY1 !Y HELD MEET+S1 !Y ORGANIZ$ SO-CALL$ DISCUSS ION EV5+S = WOM5 EV]Y:]E & SPECIALIZ$ $UCATIONAL C\RSES ETC4 ,9 #aiab ! ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU ORGANIZ$ #ff AGITATION TRIPS ACROSS ,G]MANY DUR+ ! YE>1 NOT C\NT+ AGITATIONAL WORK C>RI$ ON BY WOM5 WORK]2 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,!Y HELD #bb OP5 WOM5'S MEET+S1 OV] & ABOVE ! REGUL> DISCUSSION EV5+S & C\RSES4 ,9 #fdf ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES 7\T ( #d1#h#b#g7 WOM5 HAD !IR [N SPECIAL REPRES5TATION BE=E ! W>4 ,GLEI*HEIT PR9T$ AN $ITION ( #a#g1 COPIES4 ,DUR+ ?AT YE> ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S ROSE TO #bb #a_/#b  ?\S&6 

,AS WELL AS AGITATIONAL WORK AT ! MEET+S1 !RE WAS WIDESPREAD SPECIAL AGITATIONAL WORK C>RI$ \T AMONG ! 'WIVES ( WORK]S' AT HOME1 :I* PRODUC$ SPL5DID RESULTS4 ,! SPECIAL ',COMMISSIONS = ! ,C>E ( ,*ILDR5' W]E REPL5I%$ ) WOM54 ,!RE W]E #abe ( !SE COMMISSIONS BE=E ! W> & !IR ACTIVITIES W]E BE+ EXT5D$ ALL ! TIME4 

,9 ?IS WAY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9DEP5D5TLY ( :ATEV] EXT]NAL REASONS MAY HAVE EXI/$1 ADH]$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( SPECIAL1 SEP>ATE WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 'DIVISION ( LABOR' )9 ! ,P>TY4 

,F9D+ ITSELF 9 ! SAME SITUATION AS ! ,G]MAN P>TY1 & NOT HAV+ ! LEGAL RI<T TO GET WOM5 WORK]S TO JO9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS F\ND !IR [N WAY ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO GET WOM5 9TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,!Y ORGANIZ$ A SPECIAL ',WOM5'S ,G5]AL ,/ATE ,COMMITTEE'1 :I* (FICIALLY /OOD \TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 BUT WAS L9K$ TO IT IDEOLOGICALLY4 ,H[EV]1 AS E>LY AS ! ,SECOND ,CONF]5CE ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 #aic ! AG5DA CONTA9$ AN ITEM ON 'WOM5'S ROLE 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE'4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! CONF]5CE SUPPORT$ ! DESIRABILITY ( WID] POLITICAL PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 9 SPITE ( ! DECISION TAK5 TO =M LOCAL WOM5'S COMMITTEES = ?IS PURPOSE1 WOM5'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 POLITICS PROGRESS$ FEEBLY & ) DIFFICULTY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! GR& MOVEM5T ( ,AU/RIAN WORK]S = ! RE=M ( ! VOT+ LAWS 9 #aie ACT$ AS A SPUR4 ,WOM5 W]E DRAWN 9TO ! /RUGGLE1 & 9TO ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,G5]AL ,/ATE ,COMMITTEE F\ND IT NECESS>Y AFT] ?AT TO 9TRODUCE1 BO? 9TO ! P>TY COMMITTEE & 9TO ! COMMISSION ( TRADE UNIONS1 ! PROJECT ( ORGANIZ$ WORK AMONG WOM5 WORK]S ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,G]MAN MOVEM5T4 ,! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS ( #aig CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( A SPECIAL AGITATIONAL SECTION )9 ! ,P>TY1 & FROM ! ?IRD WOM5'S CONF]5CE 9 #aih ONW>DS1 SY/EMATIC1 SEP>ATE WORK WAS C>RI$ ON AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT 9 ,AU/RIA ON ! SAME L9ES AS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,EV5 ! REPEAL 9 #aia ( ! LAW :I* HAD H9D]$ ! 5TRY ( WOM5 9TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS DID NOT BR+ AB\T ANY *ANGES 9 ?IS FIELD4 

,9 ,5GL& ! SPECIAL TASK ( AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S WAS TAK5 UP BY ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE )9 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY.<#a#i.> :IL/ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY !RE HAD EXI/$ S9CE #aif A SPECIAL ,WOM5'S ,COMMITTEE = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,9 #aih ! ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ALSO SET UP A SPECIAL1 SEP>ATE WOM5'S COMMITTEE1 & FROM ?AT TIME ON ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,AM]ICA HAS A*IEV$ CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS ,9 ,SWITZ]L& ! ,UNION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S1 F\ND$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK91 COMPRIS+ AB\T FIFTE5 SECTIONS1 UP UNTIL ! W> TOOK UPON ITSELF ALL ! WORK ( SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! SAME TYPE ( 9TRA-P>TY WOM5'S COLLECTIVE-COMMITTEES1 BUREAUX1 SECRET>IATS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,F9L&1 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 ,D5M>K1 & ,HOLL&4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE HAS ALSO BE5 9 REC5T YE>S AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ TO LIFE A SIMIL> WOM5'S P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,ALONGSIDE ?IS ME?OD ( ORGANIZ+ WOM5 WORK]S 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES-! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,5GL&1 ,HOLL&1 ,SW$5 - !RE /ILL EXI/ SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :OSE (FICIAL /ATUS IS \TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 AL?\< !Y TOO COME UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,! CLUBS1 SOCIETIES = ! SELF-$UCATION ( WOM5 WORK]S1 5LI<T5M5T UNIONS & SO ON ALSO BELONG TO ?IS TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! GOAL ( !SE SOCIETIES CONEYS D[N TO EI!R 'PREP>+ ! GR\ND'1 TO C>RY+ ON PROPAG&A AMONG ! MO/ BACKW>D1 IGNORANT MASSES1 OR TO DEEP5+ ! !ORETICAL KN[L$GE ( WOM5 WORK]S1 PREP>+ Y\NG SOCIALI/ =CES = ! ROLE ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,WE1 9 ,RUSSIA1 FROM #aie HAVE ALSO MADE ATTEMPTS TO CREATE AN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS TYPE4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPT TOOK PLACE 9 ! SPR+ ( #aif & CONSI/$ 9 OP5+ 'WOM5 WORK]S' CLUBS' )\T PRELIM9>Y P]MISSION 9 SOME P>TS ( ,PETROGRAD4.<#b.> ,! BREAK+ UP ( ! FIR/ ,DUMA.<#b#a.> 9T]RUPT$ ! ACTIVITY ( !SE CLUBS4 

,! SECOND ATTEMPT TOOK PLACE 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#g4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9ITIAT$ A ,SOCIETY = ! ,SELF-,$UCATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S1 :I* SET ITSELF ! TASK ( ATTRACT+ ! BROAD MASSES ( WOM5 ) A L[ LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! MOVEM5T1 GETT+ !M 9TO UNIONS1 & 9VOLV+ !M 9 ! ,P>TY4 

,! ,CZ>I/ REGIME DID NOT GIVE !SE ATTEMPTS ANY *ANCE TO PUT D[N ROOTS4 ,9 #aii ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS AGA9 =C$ UND]GR\ND4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WOM5 WORK]S CAME TO ! FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#h1 CALL$ BY ! B\RGEOIS EQUAL RI<TS MOVEM5T4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT WOM5 WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ BY !IR [N SEP>ATE CLASS GR\P1 NUMB]+ =TY-FIVE WOM54 ,HAV+ PASS$ !IR [N 9DEP5D5T RESOLUTIONS ON ALL QUE/IONS1 ! WOM5 WORK]S F9ALLY WALK$ \T ( ?IS 'LADIES' CONGRESS4 

,LAT]1 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY DECID$ TO HOLD A ,WOMAN'S ,DAY & 9 ,RUSSIA ?IS WAS SE5 AS A SYMPTOM ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS TOO WAS GRADUALLY COM+ TO REALIZE ! NECESSITY ( C>RY+ ON SPECIAL WORK 9 ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAT4 ,SIMPLE EFFICI5CY DICTATES ?IS K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! POSITION ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 ! SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 BORNE BY WOM5 AS MO!RS & H\SEKEEP]S1 MEAN ?AT A SPECIAL TYPE ( AGITATION ADAPT$ TO ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT IS NECESS>Y4 .<,! ',WOMAN'S ,DAY' WAS HELD BY ! ,P>TY 9 ! FOLL[+ ?REE YE>S3 9 #a#i#a#c1 9 #aiad & 9 HI/ORICAL #aiag ON ! #b#e? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! DAY ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#g1 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO PUBLI% ! PAP]4 ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 & ! ,M5%EVIKS PUBLI%$ ,! ,VOICE ( ! ,WOMAN ,WORK]4 ,! W> PUT A /OP TO BO? PAP]S4 ,= MORE DETAILS ( ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA SEE MY >TICLE 9 ! COLLECTION3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S4.> 

,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS ! G5]AL CLASS WORK]S' MOVEM5T /&S TO GA9 FROM SU* A DIVISION1 I4E4 SEP>ATE AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 S9CE ! GREAT] CONC]N = ! 9T]E/S & NE$S ( WOM5 9CREASES ! POPUL>ITY ( ! P>TY AMONG WOM5 WORK]S & 5C\RAGES WOM5 TO JO9 9 G5]AL P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! SPECIAL P>TY MA*9E1 WORK+ = ! FEMALE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 NOT ONLY DOES NOT DAMAGE ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9CREASES ! NUMB]S1 /R5G? & SIGNIFICANCE ( ! WORK]S' P>TY1 EXT5D+ BY ?IS MEANS ! FRAMEWORK ( ITS SOCIAL-CREATIVE WORK EV5 AS REG>DS SOLV+ ! COMPLICAT$ & CONFUS$ 'WOM5'S QUE/ION'4  

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,=MS ( ,ORGANISATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/ 

,! =MS :I* HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! FEMALE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES >E SO V>IEGAT$ & IDIOSYNCRATIC ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE !M 9 A %ORT & CURSORY \TL9E4 ,! V>IETY ( !SE =MS IS DUE1 9 ! MA91 TO ! DI/9CTIVE PECULI>ITIES ( ! SOCIAL-POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( EA* C\NTRY2 IT ALSO DEP5DS 9 P>T ON ! CONSCI\S P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,WE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! FEMALE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES IS /ILL 9 ITS =MATIVE P]IOD & !RE=E DEP5DS TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ON ! ATMOSPH]E ( 0SYMPA?Y0 OR 09DIFF]5CE0 :I* IT MEETS AMONG ITS CLASS COMRADES :O HAVE ALREADY PROGRESS$ A LONE WAY ALONG ! ROAD ( ! /RUGGLE = ! BETT] FUTURE4 

,! FEMALE PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! FOLL[+ MO/ TYPICAL =MS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL TRADE UNIONS1 :I* FALL 9TO TWO GR\PS - MIX$1 ?AT IS CONSI/+ ( M5 & WOM51 & PURELY WOM5'S UNIONS4 ,! FIR/ TYPE IS ! OLD] & ! MO/ WIDESPREAD4 ,AS E>LY AS #ahbd ! ,LANCA%IRE WOM5 WEAV]S 5T]$ ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION ( WEAV]S1 & AL-?\< WOM5 DID NOT EV5 HAVE EQUAL RI<TS ) M5 7= A LONG TIME !Y C\LD TAKE NO P>T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS1 !Y C\LD NOT BE ELECT$ = UNION PO/S1 & SO ON71 ALL ! SAME !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE HAD AN 5ORM\S $UCATIVE SIGNIFICANCE & PREP>$ ! GR\ND = ! LAT] SOCIALI/ WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 

,! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! SECOND TYPE1 ?AT IS WOM5 ONLY1 N\RI%$ MA9LY ON ! SOIL ( MALE WORK]S' HO/ILE ATTITUDES T[>DS ! RIVALRY ( FEMALE LABOR1 & AT ! SAME TIME W]E NURTUR$ BY ! EMANCIPATION MOVEM5T ( ! WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,AS E>LY AS ! SEV5TIES ,MRS4 ,PATT]SON ORGANIZ$ ! ,LEAGUE = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,WOM5'S ,LABOR1 :I* = A LONG TIME WORK$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! B\RGEOIS EQUAL RI<TS CAMPAIGN & ONLY LAT] WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A LEAGUE ( WOM5'S TRADE UNIONS2 9 LAT] YE>S ! ,LEAGUE JO9$ ! G5]AL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S & IS GRADUALLY FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ! FEM9I/S4 

,TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS CONF9$ TO WOM5 >E F\ND 9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES 7,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,FRANCE1 ,SW$51 ,D5M>K1 ,G]MANY & SO ON7 AL?\< GRADUALLY & 9EVITABLY !Y >E =C$ \T BY TRADE UNIONS ( ! MIX$ TYPE4 ,TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS HAVE A DEF9ITE TASK-TO /RUGGLE = ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 MOREOV]1 IT IS PRECISELY !SE1 ?AT IS ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 :I* = ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT ( BO? SEXES >E ! SAME & 9SEP>ABLE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T ANY SEP>ATION ON ! BASIS ( SEX IS >TIFICIAL2 IT RUNS ABSOLUTELY C\NT] TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK] & CAN ONLY DAMAGE ! IMM$IATE AIMS ( ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 ,AS ! PROLET>IAN1 ON ! BASIS ( HIS [N EXP]I5CE1 BECOMES IMBU$ ) ! REALIZATION ( ?IS UNITY & ALL[S WOM5 WORK]S ACCESS TO HIS ORGANIZATIONS1 & MORE ?AN ?AT - TAKES SPECIAL /EPS TO 5LI/ !M-!N IT WILL NO LONG] MAKE ANY S5SE TO HAVE SEP>ATE TRADE UNIONS = WOM54 .<,BUT :]EAS ! ORGANIZATIONAL DIVISION ( ! UNIONS 9TO MALE & FEMALE H>MS ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ON ! O!R H& ! SEP>ATION (F ( AGITATIONAL WORK AIM$ AT ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT IS DESIRABLE EV5 )9 ! RANKS ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS PRACTICE 9 O!R C\NTRIES HAS %[N1 ?IS IS ! ONLY RELIABLE ME?OD ( 5LI/+ ! SUPPORT ( ! MORE RECALCITRANT ( ! UNIONS' FEMALE MEMB]S4.> 

,IF !Y REMA9$ UP UNTIL N[1 IT IS EI!R 9 ?OSE TRADES :]E ONLY WOM5 >E EMPLOY$1 OR IT HAS BE5 UND] ! 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM1 :I* IS ALWAYS H>MFUL TO ?OSE FI<T+ = CLASS UNITY4 

,! SECOND =M :I* ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T CAN ADOPT IS ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 PURSU+ POLITICAL & G5]AL CLASS GOALS4 ,?IS =M TOO ( WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T FALLS 9TO TWO GR\PS3 FIR/LY1 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S1 SOCIETIES = SELF-$UCATION1 CLUBS = WOM5 WORK]S1 5LI<T5M5T SOCIETIES1 & SO ON1 :I*1 EXI/+ \T-SIDE ! ,P>TY1 NEV]!LESS WORK 9 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) IT1 & >E UND] ITS IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP4 ,SOME ORGANIZATIONS ( ?IS TYPE1 LIKE ! '$UCATIONAL SOCIETIES = WOM5 & GIRLS ( ! WORK+ CLASS'1 :I* UNTIL #aih W]E SO WIDESPREAD 9 ,G]MANY1 OR ! ,WOM5'S ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 OR WOM5 WORK]S' CLUBS 9 ,SW$51 SEE !IR AIMS AS C>RY+ \T PROPAG&A MA9LY AMONG ! MO/ IGNORANT & BACKW>D MASSES1 !REBY RECRUIT+ NEW MEMB]S = ! ,P>TY4 ,O!RS1 LIKE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5'S ,CLUBS ( ,HOLL&1 BR+ TOGE!R WOM5 WORK]S :O >E ALREADY POLITICALLY CONSCI\S1 BUT GIVE !M A DEEP] !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PREP>ATION = G5]AL P>TY WORK4 ,BO? !SE TYPES ( ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* >E DY+ \T1 >E 9EFFICI5T & DO NOT RESPOND TO ! REVOLUTION>Y %IFT :I* IS BR++ TOGE!R & RALLY+ ! PROLET>IAT ( BO? SEXES4 

,! SECOND TYPE ( SOCIALI/ WOM5'S ORGANIZATIONS CONSI/S ( ?OSE :I* >E DIVISIONS ( ! P>TY ITSELF1 ?AT IS1 EXI/+ NOT \TSIDE BUT )9 IT AS SPECIAL ORGANS - COMMISSIONS1 COMMITTEES1 BUREAUX OR SECRET>IATS1 TO :OM ! ,P>TY 5TRU/S ! SPECIAL TASK ( S]V+ ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS IS ! VITAL & ACCEPTABLE TYPE4 ,EXT5SIVE & MANY-SID$ ACTIVITIES HAVE FALL5 TO ! LOT ( !SE SPECIAL COLLECTIVES1 ACTIVITIES :I* >E ESPECIALLY V>I$ 9 ,G]MANY4 

,! BASIC 'LOOS5+ ( ! SOIL' = ! SOCIALI/ H>VE/ ALSO BELONGS H]E1 AS DOES ! PREP>ATION ( Y\NG =CES = ! ROLE ( FUTURE 'WOM5 LEAD]S'1 & ! PUBLI%+ ( A WOM5'S P>TY J\RNAL1 & ! CONC]N AB\T ! FATE ( ! *ILDR5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7= EXAMPLE ! ,COMMISSION = ! ,DEF5SE ( ,*ILDR5 9 ,G]MANY1 OR ! ,5GLI% COMMITTEES1 CONC]N$ ) ! FATE ( S*OOL*ILDR51 ! 'HOT D9N]S'1 SUMM] COLONIES1 & SO ON71 & F9ALLY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( SPECIAL POLITICAL ACTIONS RELAT$ TO VOT+ RI<TS = WOM51 SU* AS TOOK PLACE #a#i#h-#i 9 ,PRUSSIA A PROPOS ( ! ELECTORAL RE=MS4 ,! WOM5'S BUREAUX1 COMMISSIONS' & SECRET>IATS ALSO UND]TAKE ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5'S MEET+S1 SPECIAL C\RSES1 ! CALL+ ( WOM5'S SOCIALI/ CONF]5CES1 ! PUBLICATION ( BRO*URES & PAMPHLETS1 9 BRIEF1 ! BROADLY BAS$ WORK ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ! PRES5T TIME !RE IS PRACTICALLY NO C\NTRY 9 :I* ! ,P>TY W\LD NOT ASSIGN WORK ) WOM5 TO A SPECIAL BRAN* ( ITS ACTIVITY4 ,! NECESSITY ( ?IS SEP>ATION IS FELT BY SOCIALI/S ALL OV] ! WORLD & IS DICTAT$ BY SIMPLE EFFICI5CY4 ,! EXCLUSIVE POSITION ( WOM5 9 MOD]N SOCIETY NOT ONLY GIVES RISE TO SPECIAL DEM&S ON ! P>T ( ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT 7SECURITY = MAT]NITY & *ILDHOOD1 GA9+ CIVIL & POLITICAL EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 RE=MS 9 H\SEKEEP+1 & SO ON71 BUT IT ALSO NECESSITATES SIGNIFICANT MODIFICATIONS 9 ! ME?OD ( AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG ! FEMALE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ?IS DOES NOT DE/ROY ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?ANKS TO ! EF=TS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ITS LEAD]%IP1 ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 LIKE A FRE% /REAM P\R+ ITS WAT]S 9TO A MI<TY RIV]1 FUZES ) IT & RAISES ITS LEVEL4 

,9 ! PRES5T TIME WORLD SOCIAL DEMOCRACY NO LONG] CONTE/S ! NECESSITY & DESIRABILITY ( SPECIAL WORK ) WOM54 ,BUT = A LONG TIME ! 'FE> ( FEM9ISM' =C$ NOT ONLY SOCIALI/S1 BUT ALSO SOCIALI/ WOM51 TO %UN ANY SU* DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,?\< IT EM]G$ 9 !ORY & 9 PR9CIPLE AS A SUPPORT] ( WOM5'S RI<TS1 & ALSO TOOK PRACTICAL /EPS TO DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( WOM5 WORK]S1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 NEV]!LESS1 = MANY YE>S MADE NO EF=TS1 NOR EMPLOY$ ANY MEANS TO >\SE ! DR[SY1 SUBMISSIVE MASSES ( WOM5444 IF ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S DID W9 BETT] CONDITIONS ( WORK & LIFE = ! WOM5 WORK]S1 !N !Y DID ?IS NOT ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WOMAN WORK] H]SELF1 BUT ON H] BEHALF444 & ?IS WAS !IR MA9 MI/AKE4 

,ONLY SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 SU* AS ,L\ISA ,OTTA 9 ,G]MANY1 :O 9 #ahdh ADDRESS$ ! 'BRO!RLY UNION' ( WORK]S & 9DICAT$ ! NECESSITY ( 9VOLV+ WOM51 TOO1 9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 OR ! EX-WORK] ,H5RIETTA ,LAW1 ! ONLY WOMAN MEMB] 9 ! G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 :O ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE WOMAN WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 %[$ ANY 9ITIATIVE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,BUT !IR ATTEMPTS W]E DEFEAT$ AS MU* BY ! 9DIFF]5CE ( !IR [N COMRADES AS BY EXT]NAL OB/ACLES ( A POLITICAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS !RE WAS ?AT HO/ILE ATTITUDE T[>DS ! RIVALRY ( FEMALE LABOR1 :I* = A LONG -TIME HELD SWAY AMONG ! MALE PROLET>IAT1 & :I* =C$ MANY TRADE UNIONS TO CLOSE !IR DOORS TO WOM54 ,?IS HO/ILITY1 ?IS MI/AK5 & N>R[-M9D$ CONCEPTION ( !IR 9T]E/S HAS NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ EV5 N[ - ONE /ILL COMES ACROSS E*OES ( IT 9 ,5GL&1 9 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 9 ,FRANCE & EV5 9 ,G]MANY2 S\ND NOTIONS ( ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 >E ONLY GRADUALLY MAK+ HEADWAY4 

,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 IT IS ONLY A SMALL ?+ TO OP5 UP WORK+ ORGANIZATIONS TO WOM52 TO AWAK5 WOM5'S CONSCI\SNESS1 TO GIVE SCOPE TO ITS ACTIVITY1 NEW ME?ODS & A NEW APPROA* TO ! MASSES ( WOM5 W]E NE$$4 ,G]MANY WAS ! FIR/ TO PROGRESS ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL'S BOOK1 ,WOMAN & ,SOCIALISM - ! GOSPEL ( EV]Y WOMAN SOCIALI/ - DID MU* TO ASSESS ! QUE/ION & ELUCIDATE IT CORRECTLY4 ,HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! 'WOMAN QUE/ION' DEP5D$ ON ! SOLUTION ( G5]AL SOCIALI/ PROBLEMS ( \R TIMES1 IT NEV]!LESS NOT$ ! SPECIFIC PECULI>ITIES ( ! POSITION ( WOM5 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I* ( !MSELVES DEF9E ! NECESSITY ( SEP>ATE WORK ) ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 

,IT IS USUALLY ?\<T ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY WAS MADE NECESS>Y BY EXT]NAL REASONS1 5=C$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( LAWS :I* =BADE WOM5 ACCESS TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS CONCEPTION IS RADICALLY WRONG4 ,ONE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT AFT] #ahib ! RE/RICT+ P>AGRAPH ONLY REF]R$ TO WOM5'S P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ACCESS TO TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS WAS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 P]FECTLY FREE4 ,MOREOV] 9 ! N9ETIES 9 ,G]MANY IT WAS PRECISELY 9 ! TRADE UNIONS ?AT SEP>ATE1 SPECIAL1 AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT WAS BE+ C>RI$ \T1 PREP>+ ! GR\ND = SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,TO CITE ?IS ILL-/>R$ P>AGRAPH ( ! ,G]MAN ,IMP]IAL ,LAWS IS ALSO 9APPROPRIATE BECAUSE1 :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE & ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>TY DEM&$ IT1 MEANS W]E F\ND TO GET R\ND ! EMB>RASS+ P>AGRAPH AS WELL AS EV]Y?+ ELSE4 

,F9ALLY :5 ! LAW =BIDD+ WOM5 TO TAKE P>T 9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS WAS REPEAL$1 !RE WAS NO LONG]1 9 #a#i#h1 ANY VALID EXT]NAL REASON = DIVID+ ! PROLET>IAT ACCORD+ TO SEX4 ,! ORGANIZATION BECAME G5]AL BUT ! NECESSITY ( SPECIAL WORK ) WOM5 WAS BY NO MEANS MADE SUP]FLU\S4 ,AT ! ,NUREMBURG ,CONF]5CE 9 #a#i#h1 :5 !Y W]E WORK+ \T NEW P>TY RULES1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS RECOGNIZ$ ! NECESSITY ( RETA9+ SPECIAL WORK ) WOM51 SEP>ATE WOM5'S MEET+S1 WOM5'S [N LOCAL & C5TRAL REPRES5TATION1 ! WOM5'S C5TRAL NEWSPAP]1 WOM5'S CONF]5CES1 & SO ON4 

,TWO ESS5TIAL MOM5TS - ECONOMIC & POLITICAL - 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T DEF9$ ! NECESSITY = SEP>ATE WORK ) ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AS ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S GREW1 AS !Y REPRES5T$ MORE 9T5SIFI$ COMPETITION ON ! LABOR M>KET1 ! QUE/ION ( TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS = WOM5 WORK]S BECAME VITAL & ACUTE4 ,9 ! NAME ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 9 ! NAME ( ! SUCCESSES ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 'R5D] H>MLESS' !SE SCATT]$ DISP]S$1 & UNCONSCI\S ELEM5TS1 :I* APPE>$ AS A S]I\S H9DRANCE TO ! MOVEM5T2 9 O!R WORDS1 WOM5 TOO HAD TO BE DRAWN 9TO ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 ,9 #ahie ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ,G]MANY F\ND$ A ,WOM5'S ,AGITATION ,COMMISSION1 S\<T \T NEW ME?ODS ( APPROA*+ ! FEMALE MASSES & C>RI$ \T SPECIAL AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,& ?R\<\T ! N9ETIES ,GLEI*HEIT APPE>$ AS ! SPOKESWOMAN = A WOMAN'S MOVEM5T :I* WAS PR$OM9ANTLY TRADE UNION-ECONOMIC & NOT POLITICAL4 

,! SECOND MOM5T :I* DET]M9$ ! NECESSITY = SEP>ATE WORK AMONG WOM51 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 WAS ! POLITICAL MOM5T4 ,9 A :OLE RANGE ( C\NTRIES OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S ! QUE/ION ( ELECTORAL RE=M1 ( ! FUR!R DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE SY/EM1 HAD BECOME MORE & MORE URG5T & ACUTE4 ,UND] ?IS 9FLU5CE1 !RE WAS A NOTICEABLE *ANGE 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S' ORGANIZATION TO ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE !ORETICALLY ACKN[L$G+ ! ADVANTAGE ( ATTRACT+ ! FEMALE PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS 9TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 ! ,P>TY HAD NOT FELT 9 ?IS ! SAME S5SE ( URG5CY AS HAD 5C\RAG$ ! TRADE UNIONS TO LOOK = NEW WAYS & ME?ODS1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE A WAY 9TO ! M9D & HE>T ( ! WOMAN WORK]4 ,9 ! N9ETIES NOT ONE WORK]S' P>TY ?R\<\T ! WORLD HAD MANIFE/$ ITS ACTIVITY 9 ! FIELD ( ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AL?\< AT ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,GO?A1 9 #a#h#i#f1 AT ! 9SI/5CE ( A GR\P ( WOM5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS IT HAD CONFIRM$ ! PO/ ( 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5T' :O W\LD UND]TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ALL WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY1 :5 IT DREW UP ITS NEW P>TY RULES 9 ,MA9Z 9 #a#i1 =GOT TO 9CLUDE ?IS PO9T444 BUT ALL IT TOOK WAS = ! QUE/ION ( ELECTORAL RE=M 9 ! ,G]MAN ,L&TAGS TO COME ONTO ! 'AG5DA'1 & !IR ATTITUDE TO ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T *ANG$4 

,! ,P>TY'S 9DIFF]5CE TO ?IS QUE/ION HAD DEEP & VITAL ROOTS 9 ! FOLL[+3 :ILE WOM5 W]E DEPRIV$ ( POLITICAL RI<TS1 ! 9VOLVEM5T ( WOM5 9 ! P>TY CADRES HAD 9COMP>ABLY LESS SIGNIFICANCE = ! IMM$IATE SUCCESSES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ?AN 5]GETIC WORK AMONG ! MALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S WAS SOMEH[ 9TANGIBLE - IT WAS WORK1 NOT = ! 0PRES5T0 .<#b#b.>1 BUT ONLY = ! REMOTE FUTURE4 ,! QUE/ION ( RADICAL RE=M ( ! ELECTORAL SY/EM BR\<T WOM5 TOO 9TO ! CIRCLE ( ! POLITICAL FI<T4 ,GETT+ WOM5 WORK]S1 !SE POSSIBLE FUTURE VOT]S1 9TO P>TY LIFE ACQUIR$ A TOPICAL 9T]E/444 ,! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY BEGAN TO MAKE RAPID PROGRESS FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 S9CE FROM !N ON IT MET ) FULL SYMPA?Y FROM P>T ( ! ,P>TY2 ?AT IS PRECISELY ! MOM5T :5 ! /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M WAS FL>+ UP 9 ! C\NTRY4 

,WE OBS]VE ! SAME PICTURE 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ,5GL& ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES T[>DS ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SUCCESS ( ! ,SUFFRAGETTES AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ,SUFFRAGETTES W]E ! ONLY ACTIVE SPOKESWOM5 = ! POLITICAL DEM&S ( WOM54 ,BUT ! REVIVAL ( ! QUE/ION ( ! RADICAL RE=M ( ! :OLE SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION 9 ,5GL& ALSO G5]AT$ AN 9T]E/ 9 ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,9 #aif ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE WAS =M$1.<#b#c.> PRES5T+ ITSELF AS ! WOM5'S W+ ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & SETT+ ITSELF ! AIM FIR/LY ( UNIT+ ALL ! =CES ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 & !N GA9+ ! EQUALITY ( POLITICAL RI<TS = WOM54 ,9 #aii ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,5GL& SET UP A SEP>ATE COMMITTEE = C>RY+ \T SPECIAL PROPAG&A AMONG WOM53 MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY1 PR$OM9ANTLY WOM51 RAIS$ ! CAMPAIGN = UNIV]SAL FRAN*ISE1 TO C\NT]BALANCE ! DEM&S ! ,SUFFRAGETTES W]E MAK+ = ELECTORAL QUALIFICATION47#b#d7 

,! /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M 9 ,AU/RIA1 9 SPITE ( ! REMOVAL FROM ! AG5DA ( ! FIF? >TICLE ( ! ELECTORAL RULES1 ACT$ AS A SPUR TO ! REVIVAL ( P>TY PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 & L$ TO ! DEF9ITE & SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATION ( ?IS SPECIAL BRAN* ( P>TY WORK4 

,9 ,BELGIUM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T DATES FROM ! TIME ( ! /RUGGLE = ELECTORAL RE=M4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E MANY 'URG5T CLASS PROBLEMS' FL>$ UP BE=E ! WORK]S & :]E ! MOVEM5T CON/ANTLY /UMBL$ AGA9/ OB/ACLES :I* W]E CONNECT$ ) ! FLAWS 9 ! WORN \T SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 ! DRAW+ ( WOM5 WORK]S 9TO ACTIVE POLITICAL /RUGGLE WAS DICTAT$ BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>TY4 ,9 #aih ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,AM]ICA ORGANIZ$ A WOM5'S COMMITTEE = AGITATION & PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,FRANCE OR ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E QUE/IONS ( FUR!R DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! /ATE SY/EM W]E NOT BE+ RAIS$1 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS ONLY WEAKLY DEVELOP$4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ONE CANNOT HELP NOT+ ?AT 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 7EXCEPT ,G]MANY7 ! MAJORITY ( WOM5'S CELLS 7COMMISSIONS1 BUREAUX1 & SO ON7 )9 ! P>TY /RUCTURE >E ( V]Y REC5T ORIG91 HAV+ CRY/ALLIZ$ DUR+ ! FIVE OR SIX YE>S IMM$IATELY BE=E ! W>4 ,! PROGRESS MADE DUR+ !SE LA/ YE>S 9 DRAW+ WOM5 WORK]S 9TO ! P>TY IS ALL ! MORE /RIK+ & ! ,WOM5 ,WORK]S' ,CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG5 WAS A BRI<T TE/IMONY ( ?IS4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ) ! HELP ?AT ! WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT IS N[ RECEIV+ FROM ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ! WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL GO =W>D AT AN EV5 FA/] RATE444 

,! P>TICIPATION ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 A G5]AL PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAS CEAS$ TO BE 'A LUXURY'1 & HAS BECOME A BASIC NECESSITY = ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 

O ,$ITORS' ,NOTES 

#a4 ,KOLLONTAI IS REF]R+ H]E TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & ! *ANGES BR\<T AB\T 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BY ! W> & ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ALL ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 #a#i#a#h1 :5 ?IS PAMPHLET WAS PUBLI%$1 NEGOTIATIONS = AFFILIATION TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL W]E UND]WAY4 ,?IS ,?IRD ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7! ,COM9T]N7 WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 & ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/S AT ?IS TIME HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 TWO DI/9CT =MS ( ORGANIZ+4 ,?OSE :O CONT9U$ !IR AFFILIATION TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL W]E COMMITT$ TO SOCIALISM BY RE=M1 :ILE ?OSE :O JO9$ ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL W]E COMMITT$ TO SOCIALISM ?R\< REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] ?AT AT ! TIME ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ,M>XI/S ASSUM$ ?AT REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE W\LD FOLL[ V]Y QUICKLY1 & ?AT SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD NOT COME AB\T 9 ISOLATION4  

#b4 ,BY 09DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S0 %E MEANS ORGANIZATIONS \TSIDE ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,! 0SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONS0 TO :I* %E REF]S >E !SE SAME ORGANIZATIONS1 NOT ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S SECTIONS )9 ! P>TIES4 ,?IS IS MADE CLE> LAT] 9 ! PAMPHLET4  

#c4 ,SEE ,%EILA'S 9TRODUCTION1 P4VI1 ON ,KOLLONTAI'S UND]E/IMATION ( ! RESILI5CE ( OLD ATTITUDES & CULTURE4  

#d4 ,SEE NOTE #a ABOVE4  

#e4 I4E41 ! ,:ITE ,RUSSIANS & ! =EIGN 9T]V5TIONI/ TROOPS 79CLUD+ TROOPS S5T BY ,5GL&1 :I* W]E US$ BO? TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY & TO TRA9 ! ,:ITE ,RUSSIAN =CES74  

#f4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS ! NAME = ! M>XI/ P>TY BE=E ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] ! =MATION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT WAS CALL$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,SEE ,%EILA'S 9TRODUCTION1 PP4III_/IV4 

#g4 I4E41 ! #a#h#bS4  

#h4 ,BE=E #a#i#a#g1 ,G]MANY WAS ! C5T] ( M>XISM1 ) BY F> ! L>GE/ M>XI/ P>TY1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,! F\ND]S ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,G]MANY1 ,BEBEL & ,LEIBKNE*T1 & LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,G]MAN ,S4,D4,P4 LIKE ,KAUTSKY1 ,LUXEMBURG ,ZETK9 & O!RS1 W]E KN[N 9T]NATIONALLY4  

#i4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,CL>A ,ZETK9 W]E AMONG ! WOM5 DELEGATES FROM ABROAD :O ATT5D$ ?IS CONF]5CE1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,BRITI% SECTION ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,NUM]\S ,BRITI% ORGANIZATIONS S5T DELEGATES-! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY1 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION1 ,HAMM]SMI? ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY1 ,OX=D ,DI/RICT ,SOCIALI/ ,UNION1 ! ,LABOR ,*UR* ,UNION1 ,TRADES & ,LABOR ,C\NCILS & ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E ALL REPRES5T$4 7,9=MATION FROM ,REPORT ( ! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ & ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS HELD 9 ,LONDON #a#h#i#f4 ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM47  

#a4 ,:5 ,KOLLONTAI TALKS AB\T 0! P>TIES0 9 ,EUROPE1 %E SEEMS TO BE REF]R+ 9 ! ,BRITI% CONTEXT TO BO? ! M>XI/ P>TY - I4E4 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION F\ND$ BY ,HYNDMAN1 CALL$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY FROM ,OCTOB] #aig 7:I* JO9$ ) O!R M>XI/S 9 =M+ ! ,BRITI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#b7 - & ! NON-M>XI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY4  

#a#a4 ,?IS CONCEPT ( 0! ,P>TY10 :I* 9 ! CONTEXT ( O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES IS US$ TO 9DICATE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ?AT C\NTRY1 IS US$ RA!R LOOSELY 9 ! ,BRITI% CONTEXT4 ,SEE NOTE #ab BEL[4  

#a#b4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE WAS F\ND$ BY MEMB]S ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 #a#i#f1 & AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ! SAME YE>4 ,AFT] ! ,G5]AL ,ELECTION ( #a#i#f1 :5 IT WON #bi SEATS 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY WAS RECOGNIZ$ = ! FIR/ TIME AS A P>TY ( NATIONAL IMPORTANCE4 

,! WOM5 HAD HELP$ TO BUILD ! MOVEM5T FROM ITS V]Y COMM5CEM5T2 !Y HAD FULL RECOGNITION 9 ! ,P>TY ( !IR CITIZ5%IP & !IR RI<T & DUTY TO TAKE P>T 9 PUBLIC WORK4 ,YET1 [+ L>GELY TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,P>TY IS COMPOS$ 9 ! MA9 ( TRADE UNIONI/S1 M5 W]E COM+ BY HUNDR$S & ?\S&S 9TO ! RANKS1 & ! WIVES & SWEE!>TS W]E BE+ LEFT \TSIDE4 ,IF ! NEW ,P>TY WAS NOT TO BE A PURELY MASCUL9E AFFAIR1 WE SAW ?AT A SPECIAL EF=T MU/ BE MADE TO REA* ! WOM5 & 5LI/ !IR SUPPORT4 ,WE DO NOT WANT TO ORGANIZE \RSELVES SEP>ATELY FROM ! M51 BUT WE HAVE F\ND ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO CO-OP]ATE ) !M IS TO $UCATE \RSELVES2 TO TEA* \RSELVES TO DISCUSS & UND]/& & TAKE RESPONSIBILITY 9 \R [N MEET+S1 & ?US TO 9CREASE \R P[] & AT ! SAME TIME \R P[]S = ! RI<T4 ,WE >E AFFILIAT$ NATIONALLY TO ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & \R LOCAL ,LEAGUES WORK ) ! LOCAL ,LABOR C\NCILORS4 ,WE HAVE AB\T HALF A HUNDR$ BRAN*ES N[4 

,OBJECT ( ! ,LEAGUE3 ,TO =M AN ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 TO WORK = ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,REPRES5TATION 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & TO OBTA9 DIRECT ,LABOR ,REPRES5TATION ( WOM5 9 ,P>LIAM5T & ON ALL LOCAL BODIES4 7,M>G>ET ,MACDONALD1 F\ND] MEMB] ( ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE1 WRIT+ 9 ,WOM5 ,WORK]S1 ,S\V5IR ,PAMPHLET ( ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,DAY1 ,JULY #a#i#i4 ,LONDON ,S*OOL ( ,ECONOMICS ,LIBR>Y47 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ ?AT :]E = O!R C\NTRIES FIGURES = TRADE UNION MEMB]%IP >E FOLL[$ BY ?OSE = MEMB]%IP ( ! NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 = ,5GL& !Y >E FOLL[$ BY FIGURES = MEMB]%IP ( ! WOM5'S SECTION ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 RA!R ?AN = ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY'S WOM5'S SECTION4 

,IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ,KOLLONTAI'S KN[L$GE ( EV5TS & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,5GL& WAS SOME:AT SKET*Y1 & ?AT %E WAS NOT CLE> AB\T ! DI/9CTION :I* EXI/$ AT ?AT TIME BETWE5 ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & ! M>XI/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ( ,BRITA9 & O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 FACT1 AS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES GREW MORE REVISIONI/ & LESS OP5LY M>XI/-NOTABLY ! ,G]MAN ,S4,D4,P4 - ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 !M & ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY BECAME A F9E ONE4 ,NOTICE ALSO ?AT %E REF]S TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,BRITA91 :5 AFT] #aiab IT HAD BECOME ! ,BRITI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 & ?AT H] SECOND ACC\NT ( DATES ( ! F\NDATION ( ! ,WOM5'S ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION IS 9CORRECT4 ,%EILA PO9TS \T 9 H] 9TRODUCTION ?AT ,KOLLONTAI APPE>$ TO KN[ NO?+ ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,EA/ ,LONDON ,F$]ATION ( ,SUFFRAGETTES4  

#a#c4 ,9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 WOM5 W5T 9TO ! FACTORIES1 BUT MANY W]E /ILL EMPLOY$ DO+ \TWORK AT HOME OR 9 DOME/IC S]VICE4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE1 ! GR[? ( LI<T 9DU/RY & ! GR[? ( A MASS M>KET W]E BEG9N+ TO *ANGE ! /RUCTURE ( WOM5'S WORK AGA94 ,?IS IS ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* WOM5 BECAME UNIONIZ$ 9 SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S = ! FIR/ TIME4  

#a#d4 ,MRS4 ,EMMA ,PATT]SON WAS ! FIR/ SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ,WOM5'S ,SUFFRAGE 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,%E SET UP ! ,WOM5'S ,PROVID5T & ,PROTECTIVE ,LABOR ,LEAGUE 9 #a#h#g#d1 DELIB]ATELY AVOID+ ! USE ( 'TRADE UNION' 9 ! TITLE \T ( DEF]5CE TO ! MIDDLE CLASS WELL-WI%]S :O AT ?AT TIME W]E PROM95T 9 ! ORGANIZATION 7?\< FROM ! FIR/1 TRADE UNIONI/S W]E 9VOLV$74 ,! ,LEAGUE HELP$ SET UP WOM5 S TRADE UNIONS 9 ! #a#h#gS1 MO/ ( :I* W]E %ORT-LIV$ 7?\< ONE1 ! ,UNION ( ,WORK+ ,WOM5 9 ,BRI/OL1 SURVIV$ UNTIL ! #a#h#iS1 & TRI$ TO CONV9CE ! ,T4,U4,C4 ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ORGANIZ+ WOM54 ,LAT] IT BECAME ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,LEAGUE1 ) AN OV]:ELM+LY WORK+ CLASS COMPOSITION4  

#a#e4 ,BY 0A N>R[LY ECONOMIC *>ACT]10 ,KOLLONTAI MEANS ?AT ! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO ECONOMIC DEM&S AT WORK1 )\T CONNECT+ !SE TO ! G5]AL OPPRESSION ( WOM5 9 SOCIETY4  

#a#f4 ,BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 MANY WORK+ WOM5 BACK$ ! SUFFRAGETTE DEM& = ! VOTE 'ON EQUAL T]MS ) M5'1 EV5 ?\< ! T]MS ON :I* M5 HAD ! VOTE EMBODI$ PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS :I* DISQUALIFI$ MANY WORK+ M5 FROM VOT+1 & W\LD HAVE DISQUALIFI$ MO/ WORK+ WOM51 S9CE !Y HAD EV5 LESS MONEY & PROP]TY ?AN ! M54 ,BY #a#i#a#d1 H[EV]1 SOME ( ! SUFFRAGETTES1 NOTABLY ! ,EA/ ,LONDON ,F$]ATION ( ,SUFFRAGETTES1 W]E CALL+ = UNIV]SAL MAN-HOOD & WOMANHOOD SUFFRAGE1 )\T PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS ( ANY K9D4  

#a#g4 ,CONTROV]SY OV] ! ',WOMAN ,QUE/ION' HAD BE5 GO+ ON = SOME TIME4 ,?\< ,5GELS & ,BEBEL SUPPORT$ WOM5'S RI<TS1 MANY ,G]MAN P>TY MEMB]S ?\<T ?AT WOM5 W]5'T READY = RI<TS1 & REFUS$ TO 9CLUDE WOM5'S LIB]ATION ON ! P>TY PROGRAM4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 ,CL>A ,ZETK9 CONT9U$ ! /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY = ! RECOGNITION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( WORK+ ) & = WOM54  

#a#h4 0,CONFID5TIAL ,AG5T0 - A P>TY PO/4  

#a#i4 ,SEE NOTE #ab ON ! F\NDATION ( ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE4 

#b4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS F\ND$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #aie 0= ! PURPOSE ( $UCAT+ WOM5 9 SOCIALISM & O!R MATT]S APP]TA9+ TO IT444 ,WE HAVE />T$ ,WOM5'S ,CIRCLES 9 MANY P>TS1 :I* >E CONDUCT$ 9 A /RICTLY BUS9ESS-LIKE MANN]1 SO ?AT :5 ! MEMB]S KN[ 5\< ( SOCIALISM !Y JO9 ! LOCAL BRAN* ( ! ,S4,D4,P4 & >E WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! BUS9ESS ME?ODS ( ! BRAN*40 7,QUOT$ FROM ! ,9TRODUCTION BY ,CL>A ,H5D9 TO ,SOME ,WORDS TO ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5 BY ,MRS4 ,MONTEFIORE4 #a#i#g4 ,M>X ,MEMORIAL ,LIBR>Y47 

#b#a4 ,! ,DUMA WAS ! ,CONSULTATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 CONC$$ BY ! ,CZ> 9 #a#i#e4 

#b#b4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORD US$ = 'PRES5T' 9 ! TEXT CAN ALSO MEAN 'REAL'4 7,TR47 

#b#c4 ,SEE NOTES #ab & #ai ABOVE4 ,KOLLONTAI'S DATE = ! =MATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY'S ,WOM5'S ,COMMITTEE IS WRONG H]E4  

#b#d4 ,! SUFFRAGETTES W]E NOT 9 FACT MAK+ DEM&S = ELECTORAL 7PROP]TY7 QUALIFICATIONS4 ,!Y W]E DEM&+ ! VOTE 'ON EQUAL T]MS ) M5'2 & :ILE BE=E ! W> ?IS AM\NT$ TO ACCEPT+ ! IMPOSITION ( PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS1 MO/ ( ! SUFFRAGETTES MADE IT CLE> ?AT !Y DEM&$ ! VOTE ON !SE T]MS AS BETT] ?AN NO?+1 & DID NOT SPECIFICALLY SUPPORT ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS4 ,SEE NOTE #af ABOVE4 

O ,ADD5DA 
,ADD5DA 

P4#b ,FOOTNOTE %\LD READ3 ,I AM REF]R+ H]E TO AN >TICLE BY ,GEORGIA ,PE>CE 5TITL$ 4#d ,RUSSIAN ,EXILE1 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI & ! ,RUSSIAN ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,5GLI% NEWSPAP]1 ,! ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 ( ,MAY #a#i#i4 ,?IS NEWSPAP] IS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIK PAP] ( ! SAME NAME1 TO :I* ,KOLLONTAI REF]S 9 H] FOOTNOTE TO P4 #bf 7CF4 ]RATUM BEL[74 

P4 #ah ,= 0,9 ,5GL& ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO UNIONS HAD ALREADY PASS$ ! #b1 M>K20 READ 0,9 ,5GL& ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO UNIONS HAD ALREADY PASS$ ! #b1 M>K20  

P4#b#d ,9S]T AFT] 0,ON ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY !RE WAS ALSO A ,SPECIAL REP-0 ! WORDS 0RES5TATION = WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU ( ! ,P>TY WAS NOT40  

P4#b#f ,FOOTNOTE %\LD READ3 

,! ',WOMAN'S ,DAY' WAS HELD BY ! ,P>TY 9 ! FOLL[+ ?REE YE>S3 9 #a#i#a#c1 9 #aiad & 9 HI/ORICAL #aiag ON ! #b#e? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! DAY ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#g1 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO PUBLI% ! PAP]4 ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 & ! ,M5%EVIKS PUBLI%$ ,! ,VOICE ( ! ,WOMAN ,WORK]4 ,! W> PUT A /OP TO BO? PAP]S4 ,= MORE DETAILS ( ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA SEE MY >TICLE 9 ! COLLECTION3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S4  

P4#b#h ,FOOTNOTE %\LD READ3  

,BUT :]EAS ! ORGANIZATIONAL DIVISION ( ! UNIONS 9TO MALE & FEMALE H>MS ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ON ! O!R H& ! SEP>ATION (F ( AGITATORY WORK AIM$ AT ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT IS DESIRABLE EV5 )9 ! RANKS ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AS PRACTICE 9 O!R C\NTRIES HAS %[N1 ?IS IS ! ONLY RELIABLE ME?OD ( 5LI/+ ! SUPPORT ( ! MORE RECALCITRANT ( ! UNIONS' FEMALE MEMB]S4 

P4#c#b ,= 0444 & :]E ! MOVEM5T CON/ANTLY /UMBL$ AGA9/ OB/ACLES :I* W]E NOT CONNECT$ ) ! FLAWS 9 ! WORN \T SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM10 READ 04 4 4 & :]E ! MOVEM5T CON/ANTLY /UMBL$ AGA9/ OB/ACLES :I* W]E CONNECT$ ) ! FLAWS 9 ! WORN \T SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM140  

P4#c#d ,9 NOTE #ad 9S]T 09 #a#h#g#d0 AFT] 0,%E SET UP ! ,WOM5'S ,PROVID5T & ,PROTECTIVE ,LABOR ,LEAGUE40 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,WOM5 ,WORK]S ,/RUGGLE ,= ,!IR ,RI<TS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,WOM5 ,WORK]S ,/RUGGLE ,= ,!IR ,RI<TS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/