,*APT] #a 
,! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 ,DIFF]5T ,C\NTRIES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,ONE MI<T ?9K ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO CLE>] OR MORE WELL-DEF9$ NOTION ?AN ?AT ( A 'WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T'4 ,BUT MEAN:ILE IT >\SES SO MU* 9DIGNATION & WE HE> SO (T5 ! EXCLAMATIONS & QUE/IONS3- ,:AT IS A WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T8 ,:AT >E ITS TASKS1 ITS AIMS8 ,:Y CAN'T IT M]GE ) ! G5]AL MOVEM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :Y CAN'T IT BE DISSOLV$ 9 ! G5]AL MOVEM5T1 S9CE ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( AN 9DEP5D5T WOM5'S QUE/ION8 ,ISN'T IT A HANGOV] FROM B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM8 

,QUE/IONS LIKE !SE >E BE+ ASK$ NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y >E REPEAT$ 9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES1 !Y CAN BE HE>D 9 ALL LANGUAGES4 ,BUT MO/ CURI\S ( ALL1 IT IS :]E ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS LEA/ DEVELOP$1 :]E ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S >E LEA/ NUM]\S M ! ,P>TY & 9 ! UNIONS1 ?AT ONE HE>S L\DE/ & MO/ ASSUR$ ! VOICES ( ?OSE :O D5Y ! NECESSITY ( TE*NICALLY SEP>AT$ WORK AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT ,& 9 !IR SIMPLI/IC WAY4 !Y CUT ?R\< ! :OLE TANGL$ KNOT ( ! WOM5'S PROBLEM & ! G5]AL SOCIAL QUE/ION4 

,! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T LIT]ALLY GREW \T ( ! WOMB ( CAPITALI/ REALITY4 ,BUT = A LONG TIME IT ADVANC$ T5TATIVELY1 SEEK+ IS WAY HESITAT+ 9 ITS *OICE ( ME?ODS4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S MOVEM5T TAKES EXTREMELY MOTLEY & V>I$ =MS4 ,!SE =MS V>Y FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY !Y >E ADAPT$ TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! P>TICUL> PLACE1 & TO ! *>ACT] ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,BUT GRADUALLY1 ESPECIALLY 9 C\NTRIES :]E SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 /RONG1 DEF9ITE P>TY MA*9ES HAVE >IS5 TO S]VE ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,TO-DAY IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO F9D A SOCIALI/ :O W\LD QU>REL ) ! NECESSITY = WIDESPREAD ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ALL C\NTRIES PRIDE !MSELVES ON ! NUMB]S ( !IR 'WOM5'S >MY' &1 9 WEI<+ UP ! *ANCES ( SUCCESS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?IS RAPIDLY GR[+ =CE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF !RE IS DISAGREEM5T IT IS NOT AB\T ! ESS5CE ( ! QUE/ION1 BUT M]ELY AB\T ME?ODS & MEANS ( AGITATION & WORK AMONG ! FEMALE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H[EV] 9 ALL C\NTRIES ! VITAL VICTORY 9 ?IS >GUM5T GOES TO ! DEF5D]S ( ! ,G]MAN WAY ( WORK+-! FUSION ( ! MALE & FEMALE HALVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 :ILE RETA9+ ! SEP>ATION & AUTONOMY ( AGITATION AMONG ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS /ILL V]Y Y\NG3 IT HAS ONLY BE5 9 EXI/5CE = SOME TW5TY YE>S4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT BE=E1 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 UNIONS & P>TIES HAD C\NT$ WOM5 AMONG !IR MEMB]S4 ,BUT ONCE !Y HAD BECOME MEMB]S ( A P>TY OR TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION1 ! WOM5 WORK]S DID NOT DEF5D ?OSE >EAS :I* AFFECT WOM5 MO/ CLOSELY ( ALL4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY UP TO ! MIDDLE ( ! TW5TIES1.<#g.> 9 ,5GL& UP TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & 9 ,RUSSIA UNTIL ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,! EXPLORATION ( PROBLEMS :I* AFFECT$ WOM5 WORK]S AS WOM51 & ! DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S AS MO!RS & H\SEWIVES1 WAS LEFT )\T ANY /RUGGLE 9 ! H&S ( ! FEM9I/S ( ! B\RGEOIS CAMP4 

,! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETIES MAY BE CONSID]$ A TURN+-PO9T4 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AT ,GO?A.<#h.> 9 #a#h#i#f1 & AT ! 9SI/5CE ( ,CL>A ,ZETK91 ! F\NDATIONS W]E LAID = SPECIAL SEP>ATE1 AUTONOM\S AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM54 ,9 ! SAME YE>1 AT ! ,LONDON ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS !RE TOOK PLACE ! FIR/ PRIVATE MEET+ ( ?IRTY SOCIALI/ WOM51 DELEGATES TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS FROM ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY ,AM]ICA1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM & ,POL&4 ,?IS CONF]5CE M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A MODE/ ATTEMPT TO BR+ TO LIFE A WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL4.<#i.> 

,?IS PRIVATE MEET+ WAS ABOVE ALL CONC]N$ TO EXAM9E ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 B\RGEOIS FEM9ISM & ! SOCIALI/ WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 ,IT ACKN[L$G$ ! NECESSITY ( DRAW+ A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 !M1 & NOT$ ! DESIRABILITY ( SPECIAL SOCIALI/ AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO ! RANKS ( ! G5]AL CLASS P>TY4 

,TWO DECADES HAVE PASS$ S9CE ! TIME ( ?AT FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL MEET+ ( SOCIALI/ WOM54 ,9 ?OSE YE>S CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ TO SUBJECT TO ITS RULE NOT ONLY NEW BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY BUT ALSO NEW C\NTRIES4 ,FEMALE LABOR 9 9DU/RY HAS E/ABLI%$ ITSELF MORE FIRMLY ) EV]Y YE>1 ACQUIR+ CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE 9 ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE'S ECONOMY4 ,BUT S9CE !Y LACK$ UNITY AMONG !MSELVES1 W]E NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZATIONS1 & W]E NOT L9K$ BY OBLIGATIONS TO !IR MALE COLLEAGUES1 WOM5 WORK]S DID 9DE$ APPE> AS DANG]\S RIVALS1 UND]M9+ ! PROGRESS ( ! ORGANIZ$ /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S BECAME AN URG5T & VITAL QUE/ION4 ,BUT 9 TACKL+ ! PROBLEM ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE HALF ( ! PROLET>IAT & ADAPT+ !MSELVES TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ SOCIAL REALITY1 EA* C\NTRY SOLV$ ! PROBLEM 9 ITS [N WAY4 

,?IS EXPLA9S ! V>IETY ( ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS4 ,WOM5 WORK]S JO9$ G5]AL1 MIX$ UNIONS1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO SEP>ATE WOM5'S TRADE UNIONS1 F\ND$ !IR CLUBS1 & SOCIETIES = SELF-$UCATION1 OR1 F9ALLY1 =M$ A SPECIAL WOM5'S COLLECTIVE )9 ! P>TY1 :I* UND]TOOK ! RESPONSIBILITY = AGITATIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM54 ,IT IS ?IS LA/ TYPE ( WORK :I* (F]S ! MO/ CONV5I5T & EFFICI5T WAY ( 9VOLV+ WOM5 WORK]S 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 .<,ONE CANNOT BUT REM>K ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS1 TOO1 W]E EV5TUALLY CONV9C$ ( ! GOOD S5SE1 EV5 ON PURELY ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 ( =M+ !IR [N 'WOM5'S AGITATIONAL COMMITTEES' = C>RY+ \T WORK AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM #ahie ONW>DS ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,G]MAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS 9CLUD$ A C5TRAL COMMISSION = AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM54.> 

,BY #aig ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY ASSUM$ SU* DIM5SIONS ?AT IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO CALL ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,CONF]5CE 9 ,/UTTG>T 9 CONNECTION ) ! G5]AL ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS4 ,! WOM5 SOCIALI/S NOT ONLY EX*ANG$ 9=MATION ON :AT !Y HAD A*IEV$ 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES1 BUT RESOLV$ TO CONT9UE WORK+ ALONG ! SAME L9ES1 TO PROMOTE BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS ! FUTURE GR[? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! WOM5 WORK]S MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] SOME DISAGREEM5T1 !Y ACCEPT$ A MOTION 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,G]MAN WOM5 SOCIALI/S CONC]N+ ! SETT+ UP ( A SEP>ATE ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU1 :I* W\LD /R5G!N ! L9KS BETWE5 WOM5 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WOM5 WORK]S MOVEM5T RECOGNIZ$ ! NEWSPAP] ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY7 PUBLI%$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,P>TY4 

,! ,/UTTG>T ,CONF]5CE CONSOLIDAT$ ?AT %>E ( 9DEP5D5CE :I* WAS NECESS>Y = FUR!R FRUITFUL WORK AMONG ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 ,IT EM]G$ QUITE CLE>LY ?AT AL?\< ! WOM5 PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T IS AN 9SEP>ABLE P>T ( ! G5]AL WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 IT NEV]!LESS HAS C]TA9 ORIG9AL FEATURES ( ITS [N1 DUE TO ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ( ! WOMAN WORK] & ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL & POLITICAL POSITION ( WOMAN 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,AL?\< ! OBJECTIVES ( AGITATION :I* IS AIM$ SPECIFICALLY AT WOM5 CORRESPOND TO ?OSE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AT L>GE & AL?\< !Y CON/ITUTE ONE P>T ( AN OV]ALL OBJECTIVE1 YET BECAUSE !Y >E CONC]N$ MO/ IMM$IATELY ) ! WOM5'S 9T]E/S !Y CAN BE BE/ A*IEV$ ?R\< ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! FEMALE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,AL?\< SOCIALI/S ADMIT ?AT ! QUE/ION ( WOM5 =MS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL PROBLEM ( \R TIME1 AL?\< !Y MA9TA9 ?AT ! WOMAN WORK] IS ABOVE ALL A MEMB] ( A CLASS KEPT 9 S]VITUDE & DEPRIV$ ( CIVIL RI<TS1 &1 9 /RIV+ = H] [N LIB]ATION1 MU/ BE=E EV]Y?+ ELSE FI<T = ! LIB]ATION ( H] 5TIRE CLASS1 !Y ALSO1 ALONGSIDE ?IS BASIC PR9CIPLE1 CONC$E ANO!R1 ADDITIONAL PROPOSITION4 ,A WOMAN WORK] IS NOT ONLY A MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME %E IS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ONE 5TIRE HALF ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,AS OPPOS$ TO ! FEM9I/S1 ! SOCIALI/S1 DEM&+ EQUAL RI<TS = WOM5 9 /ATE & SOCIETY1 DO NOT %UT !IR EYES TO ! FACT ?AT ! WOMAN'S RESPONSIBILITIES T[>DS ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVE SOCIETY1 WILL ALWAYS BE SOME:AT DIFF]5T TO M5'S4 ,! WOMAN IS NOT ONLY AN 9DEP5D5T WORK] & CITIZ5 - AT ! SAME TIME %E IS A MO!R1 A BE>] ( ! FUTURE4 ,?IS GIVES RISE TO A :OLE S]IES ( SPECIAL DEM&S1 9 >EAS SU* AS WOM5'S LABOR PROTECTION1 SECURITY = MAT]NITY & E>LY *ILDHOOD1 HELP ) ! PROBLEMS ( *ILDR5'S UPBR++1 RE=MS 9 H\SE-KEEP+ & SO ON4 .<,AL?\< ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE >E B\ND UP ) BR++ AB\T POLITICAL EQUALITY = WOM5 WORK]S1 !IR ACTUAL LACK ( RI<TS1 H[EV]1 EV5 9 C\NTRIES :]E MALE WORK]S POSSESS POLITICAL RI<TS1 IMPOSES ON ! WOM5 P>TICUL>LY UNPLEASANT CONDITIONS4 ,JO9+ TOGE!R 9 A SPECIAL COLLECTIVE GIVES WOM5 WORK]S AN OPPORTUNITY TO 9FLU5CE !IR COMRADES )9 ! ,P>TY1 TO 9SPIRE & URGE !M ON TO ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS = WORK+ CLASS WOM51 GA9+ = WOM5 ?OSE RI<TS :I* !Y !MSELVES POSSESS4.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 9 ! MAJORITY ( C\NTRIES ! WOMAN WORK] F9DS H]SELF1 BO? 9 SOCIETY & 9 ! /ATE1 9 AN EXCLUSIVELY HELPLESS POSITION4 ,WOM5 WORK]S >E P>IAHS EV5 AMONG ! MOD]N SLAVES ( CAPITAL1 & ?IS \TLAW+ ( WOM5 GIVES RISE TO AN 9EQUALITY 9 ! CONDITIONS ( LIV+ BETWE5 MAN & WOMAN EV5 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,:E!R 9 POLITICS1 9 ! FAMILY1 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES 7PRO/ITUTION1 D\BLE MORALITY71 OR 9 ! WORK SITUATION1 ! WOMAN IS ALWAYS ALLOTT$ 'SECOND PLACE'1 H] LACK ( RI<TS IS UND]L9$ BY H] LIFE ITSELF4  

,IT IS NATURAL ?AT EV5 ! PSY*OLOGY ( A WOMAN1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( C5TURY-LONG SLAV]Y1 IS DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( A WORK+ CLASS MAN4 ,! MAN WORK] IS MORE 9DEP5D5T1 MORE DECISIVE1 & HAS MORE FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY2 HIS HORIZON IS WID] BECAUSE HE IS NOT CONF9$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( N>R[ FAMILY RELATION%IPS2 IT IS EASI] = HIM TO BECOME AW>E ( HIS 9T]E/S & TO CONNECT !SE TO CLASS PROBLEMS4 ,BUT = A WOMAN WORK] TO REA* ! MATURITY ( ! VIEWS ( AN AV]AGE MALE WORK] - ?AT MEANS A COMPLETE BREAK ) ! TRADITION1 ! CONCEPTS1 ! MORALS1 ! CU/OMS1 :I* HAVE BECOME P>T ( H] S9CE ! CRADLE4 ,!SE TRADITIONS & CU/OMS1 ATTEMPT+ TO RETA9 & HOLD ONTO A TYPE ( WOMAN PRODUC$ BY PA/ /AGES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 TURN 9TO ALMO/ 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLES 9 ! PA? ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WOMAN WORK]4 ,FROM ?IS ! CONCLUSION IS CLE>1 ?AT ONE CAN >\SE WOMAN'S SLEEP+ BRA91 & BR+ TO LIFE H] WILL1 ONLY BY MEANS ( A SPECIAL APPROA* TO H]1 ONLY BY US+ SPECIALIZ$ ME?ODS ( WORK AMONG WOM54 

,! PECULI>ITY ( !SE ME?ODS CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT :ILE NOT BREAK+ (F G5]AL L9KS BETWE5 ! G5]AL WORK]S' & WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :ILE WELD+ BO? W+S 9TO ONE 9 ! PROCESS ( /RUGGLE1 BR++ !M TOGE!R UND] ! BANN] ( G5]AL CLASS TASKS & DEM&S1 !Y NEV]!LESS PROVIDE = A SEP>ATE /RUCTURE = AGITATION SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ TO CAT] = ! WORK+ CLASS WOM54 ,SEP>ATION HAS A D\BLE AIM-ON ! ONE H&1 !SE 9TRA-P>TY COLLECTIVES 7COMMISSIONS1 WOM5 WORK]S' BUREAUX & SO ON7 MU/ C>RY \T SPECIAL AGITATIONAL WORK ADAPT$ TO ! LEVEL ( ! QUE/IONS WOM5 WANT TO HAVE ANSW]$2 !IR TASK IS TO RECRUIT MEMB]S AMONG ! MASS ( WOM5 :O HAVE A L[ LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS TO $UCATE WOM5 WORK]S' CONSCI\SNESS1 TO RAISE IT TO ! LEVEL ( ! RE/ ( ! P>TY MEMB]S'1 TO MOVE WOM5 9TO ! >5A ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,ON ! O!R H& !SE COLLECTIVES GIVE WOM5 WORK]S ! POSSIBILITY ( PUTT+ =W>D & DEF5D+ 9 PRACTICAL WAYS ?OSE 9T]E/S :I* T\* WOM5 MO/ ( ALL3 MO!RHOOD1 PROTECTION ( *ILDR5 ! RATE SET = *ILDR5'S & WOM5'S LABOR1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ PRO/ITUTION RE=MS 9 H\SEKEEP+ & SO ON4  

,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! =MATION ( GR\PS ( WOM5 WORK]S )9 ! ,P>TY ON ! ONE H& LI<T5S ! TASK ( ATTRACT+ 9TO ! MOVEM5T ! BROAD MASSES ( LESS AW>E WOM51 ?OSE ) :OM ONE HAS TO SPEAK A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE ?AN ) M52 & ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO CONC5TRATE ! P>TY'S ATT5TION ON ! SPECIAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS WAS ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! WE/]N COMRADES GRADUALLY >RIV$ AT4 ,?IS WAY ( WORK+ ) WOM5 HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ALMO/ ALL P>TIES4.<#a.> ,9 ,AU/RIA FROM #a#i#h1 9 ,5GL& FROM #a#i#f4 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES FROM #aih M ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES1 9 ,BELGIUM & ,HOLL& FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 ,F9L& & 9 ,FRANCE-SPECIAL COLLECTIVES ( WOM5 SOCIALI/S EXI/ EV]Y:]E1 C>RY+ ON AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 WORK]S & FOCUS+ ! ATT5TION ( ! WORK]S' P>TY ON ?AT P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM :I* AFFECTS WORK+ CLASS WOM5'S 9T]E/S MO/ CLOSELY4 

,?ANKS TO ?IS WAY ( WORK+1 ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS GR[+ BO? 9 DEP? & 9 BREAD?4 ,! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S GR[S EV]Y YE>1 9 FACT IT EV5 GR[S RELATIVELY MORE QUICKLY ?AN ! NUMB] ( M5 :O HAVE BE5 DRAWN BACK 9TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 9 #aig ! ,P>TY H>DLY CONTA9$ #a1#e WOM5 WORK]S1 9 #aih !RE W]E ALREADY #b#i1#d#e#h ( !M1 9 #aii - #f#b1#b#e#i1 9 #aia - #h#b1#h#d#f1 9 #aiaa - #a#g1 9 #aiab - #a#c11 9 #aiac - #a#e14 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 SIX YE>S ! NUMB] ( WOM5 9 ! ,P>TY HAS 9CREAS$ FIFTE5 TIMES1 & ! NUMB] ( M5 HAS NOT EV5 D\BL$4 ,9 #aig !RE W]E AB\T #f1 9 ! ,P>TY1 & 9 #aiac - #h#c14 

,A V]Y %ORT TIME AGO1 AT ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ( ,WOM5 ,SOCIALI/S AT ,/UTTG>T1 9 #a#i#g1 ! ORGANIZ$ >MY ( WOM5 WORK]S WAS EXPRESS$ 9 SU* MODE/ FIGURES ?AT ! MAJORITY ( C\NTRIES DID NOT EV5 CITE IT4 

,AT ?AT TIME ,5GL& TOOK FIR/ PLACE 9 ORGANIZ$ NUMB]S1 ) H] #a#e1 WOM5 WORK]S AS MEMB]S ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,9 ,G]MANY !N1 ! UNIONS C\NT$ #a#b14 ,9 ,AU/RIA ! UNIONS CONTA9$ AB\T #d#b1 WOM5 WORK]S2 M ,HUNG>Y AB\T #a#e14 ,9 ! ,P>TY.<#a#a.> ! DEGREE ( ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WAS CONSID]ABLY L[]4 ,AT ?AT TUNE ! C\NTRY :I* C\LD PRIDE ITSELF ON ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS LITTLE ,F9L&1 :O HAD MANAG$ TO BR+ 9TO ! MOVEM5T MORE ?AN #a#h1 WOM5 WORK]S4 

,A DIFF]5T & MORE *E]FUL PICTURE WAS GIV5 BY ! ACC\NTS PRES5T$ BY DELEGATES AT ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,SOCIALI/ ,CONF]5CE 9 ,COP5HAG51 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a4 

,ONLY ?REE YE>S HAD PASS$ S9CE ! FIR/ WOM5'S CONF]5CE1 BUT :AT GR[? !RE HAD BE5 9 ! >MY ( WOM5 WORK]S N[ ACTIVELY TAK+ P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T6 ,9 ,5GL& ! NUMB] ( WOM5 WORK]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO UNIONS HAD ALREADY PASS$ ! #b1 M>K2 9 ,G]MANY C\NT #a#c#a1 WOM5 WORK]S 9 UNIONS & #h#b1#f#d#e MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY2 9 ,AU/RIA ! ,P>TY ALREADY CONTA9$ AB\T #g1 WOM5 MEMB]S4 ,O!R C\NTRIES TOO %[$ CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,AS EVID5CE = ! LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S WE GIVE ! FOLL[+ DATA = ! LA/ YE>S BE=E ! W>2 
,5GL&1 #a#i#a#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#b#i#b1#h#f#h ,5GL&1 #a#i#a#a1 9 ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE.<#a#b.>#e1 ,G]MANY1 #a#i#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#a#f#a1#e#a#b,G]MANY1 #a#i#a#c1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a#e1,AU/RIA1 #a#i#a#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#d#g1#i#a,AU/RIA1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a#i1,FRANCE1 #a#i#h1 9 TRADE UNIONS#h#h1#i#f,ITALY1 #a#i#h1 9 TRADE UNIONS#d#a1,ITALY1 #a#i#h1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a1#g#a#a,HOLL&1 #a#i#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#d#d1,HOLL&1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,P>TY#b1#i#d#c,SWITZ]L&1 #a#i#a1 9 TRADE UNIONS#f1,SWITZ]L&1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a1,F9L&1 #a#i#a1 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY#a#g1,NORWAY1 #a#i#i1 9 TRADE UNIONS#c1,NORWAY1 #a#i#i1 9 ! ,P>TY#a1#e 

,!RE IS NO 9=MATION GIV5 H]E AB\T A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES - ,BELGIUM1 ,SPA91 ,D5M>K1 ,SW$54 ,FUR!RMORE MU* ( ! 9=MATION GIV5 H]E IS \T ( DATE1 S9CE ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T BEGAN TO MAKE P>TICUL>LY QUICK PROGRESS 9 ! MO/ REC5T YE>S4 ,= ?IS REASON ONE CAN AFFIRM )\T EXAGG]ATION ?AT 9 ,EUROPE ALONE ! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ WOM5 WORK]S IS OV] ONE MILLION4  

,! BASIS = !SE ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESSES IS UND\BT$LY AN OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC FACTOR2 ! RAPID GR[? ( FEMALE 9DU/RIAL LABOR1 :I* IS P>TICUL>LY NOTICEABLE 9 C\NTRIES ) A RELATIVELY Y\NG1 9T5SIVE1 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4.<#a#c.> ,BUT1 ALONGSIDE ?IS OBJECTIVE FACTOR1 AN IMPORTANT ROLE WAS ALSO PLAY$ BY ! CONSCI\S ACTIVE 9FLU5CE ( ! P>TY ON ! MASSES ( WOM5 & BY ! SPECIALIZ$1 SY/EMATIC WORK :I*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! YE>S JU/ BE=E ! W>1 WAS C>RI$ ON 5]GETICALLY & ?\<TFULLY BY ! P>TY ORGANIZATIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES4 

,TO GET A FULL] IDEA ( ! AGITATIONAL ME?ODS ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WE %\LD EXAM9E ! HI/ORY ( ?IS MOVEM5T 9 SOME:AT GREAT] DETAIL4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE ,G]MANY IS ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC C\NTRY2 ! O!RS REPEAT1 ) SMALL MODIFICATIONS1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & BORR[ FROM !M ! BASIC MODEL = !IR WORK ) ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,IF ,5GL& AS E>LY AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS ! CRADLE ( TRADE UNION MOVEM5TS ( WOM5 WORK]S 7! WOM5 WEAV]S ( ,LANCA%IRE JO9$ ! WEAV]S' TRADE UNION AS E>LY AS #a#h#b#d71 IF 9 ! SEV5TIES1 ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,PATT]SON1.<#a#d.> A FIR/ ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO UNITE ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S TRADE UNIONS 9 ! ',LEAGUE = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,WOM5'S ,LABOR' 7LAT] ! ',LEAGUE ( ,WOM5'S ,TRADE ,UNIONS-,TRADE ,UNION ,LEAGUE'7 &1 9 ?IS WAY1 L9K & CONC5TRATE ! MOVEM5T1 IF ! ,5GLI% WOM5 WORK]S W]E ! FIR/ TO GO TO ! DEF5SE ( !IR VIOLAT$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 NEV]!LESS IT WAS ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?AT C>RI$ )9 ITS WOMB ! P>TY POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,H[EV] SIGNIFICANT W]E ! SUCCESSES ( ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION 1( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,5GL&1 ?IS MOVEM5T BORE A N>R[LY ECONOMIC *>ACT]4.<#a#e.> ,ON ! G5]AL SOCIAL TASKS ( ! LIB]ATION ( WOM51 ON ! VITAL 9T]E/S ( WOM5 WORK]S AS WOM51 AS MO!RS1 !RE WAS NO DISCUSSION 9 EI!R ! MIX$1 OR ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S UNIONS4 ,NOT ONLY 9 ,5GL&1 BUT ALSO 9 O!R C\NTRIES - 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,AM]ICA1 WOM5 WORK]S TOOK P>T 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T ONLY = ! SAKE ( V]Y IMM$IATE PRACTICAL GA9S 9 ! FIELD ( LABOR4 ,ALL G5]AL-SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 AFFECT+ ! 9T]E/S ( WOM51 W]E DISCUSS$ & BR\<T =W>D ONLY BY ! GR[+ FEM9I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! FEM9I/S = !IR P>T ALT]$ ! DEM&S ( ! WOM5 WORK]S & PRES5T$ !M TO ! WORLD 9 A DI/ORT$ =M1 9 ! GUISE ( B>E1 LIFELESS =MULAS ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( RI<TS BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 9 ALL FIELDS ( LIFE & 9 ALL >EAS4 ,& EV5 N[ ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& /ILL BE>S ! IMPR9T ( ?IS DUALITY3 :]EAS ON ECONOMIC GR\NDS ! WOMAN WORK]1 AS A CONSCI\S COMRADE1 FI<TS = ! 9T]E/S ( H] CLASS1 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL IDEALS ! LESS CONSCI\S WOMAN WORK] /ILL HANGS ONTO ! SKIRTS ( ! ,SUFFRAGETTES & IS READY TO UPHOLD ! PR9CIPLE ( ! EQUALITY ( WOM51 ALBEIT TO ! DETRIM5T ( H] CLASS 9T]E/S4.<#a#f.> 

,! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY WAS ( A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S ALSO CONC5TRAT$1 MA9LY1 ON UNIONS1 BUT ! RAPID 9CREASE 9 FEMALE LABOR1 ) ! QUICK5+ TEMPO ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,G]MANY1 =C$ ! Y\NG ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO TAKE UP A DEF9ITE POSITION 9 RELATION TO ! QUE/ION ( WOM54 

,TWO PO9TS ( VIEW W]E 9 CONFLICT )9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS3 SOME LOOK$ UPON WOM5'S PR(ESSIONAL LABOR AS AN ABNORMAL DEVIATION FROM ! 'NATURAL SOCIAL ORD]'1 & HOP$ TO =CE WOM5 BACK 9TO ! H\SE BY MEANS ( PROHIBITIVE LAWS3 O!RS ACCEPT$ ?IS PH5OM5A AS AN 9EVITABLE /AGE1 LEAD+ WOMAN TO H] F9AL LIB]ATION-9 H] CAPACITY BO? AS A SELL] ( H] LABOR & AS A WOMAN4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT A DECISIVE ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY ,BEBEL'S BOOK1 ,WOMAN & ,SOCIALISM1 :I* FIR/ CAME \T 9 #a#h#g#i4 ,?IS BOOK CA/ A BRI<T LI<T ON ! COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM ( WOMAN1 & OP5$ UP NEW HORIZONS TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,IT E/ABLI%$ A CLOSE L9K BETWE5 ! QUE/ION ( WOM5 & ! G5]AL CLASS AIM ( ! WORK]S1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ALSO DREW ATT5TION TO ! NE$S & DEM&S PECULI> TO WOM51 ! DI/9CTIVE ?+S ?AT *>ACT]IZE WOMAN AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( H] SEX4 ,?IS ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! SPECIAL POSITION ( WOMAN 9 MOD]N SOCIETY MADE IT NECESS>Y1 )\T S9N+ AGA9/ ! UNITY ( ! ,P>TY1 TO DEL9EATE A C]TA9 >EA ( WORK ) ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT4 

,! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TO LIFE WOM5 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY TOOK PLACE T[>DS ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TIES4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( AN EX-FEM9I/1 :O HAD GONE OV] TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ,GUILLAUME-,S*ACK1 SOCIETIES = SELF-$UCATION OR WOM5 WORK]S' CLUBS W]E SET UP 9 ,B]L94 ,BUT ! EI<TIES 9 ,G]MANY W]E A D>K P]IOD :5 A LAW DISCRIM9AT+ AGA9/ SOCIALI/S WAS 9 =CE4 ,! POLICE P[]S M]CILESSLY DE/ROY$ !SE 9NOC5T ORGANIZATIONS1 :OSE CREATION HAD CO/ SO MU* EF=T4 ,! SPECIAL DECREE ( #ahhg F9ALLY WIP$ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>? ! FIR/ BEG9N+S ( WOM5'S SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES4 

,) ! DEFEAT ( ! LAW AGA9/ SOCIALI/S1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY IMM$IATELY /OOD ON FIRM GR\ND2 ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS ALSO REVIV$4 ,! TRADE UNIONS NOT ONLY GAVE ACCESS TO WOM51 BUT *OSE A WOMAN AS !IR PRESID5T = ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 = ITS P>T1 AT ! ,]FURT ,CONGRESS DECID$ TO TAKE UP A COMPLETELY DEF9ITE POSITION ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( WOM54 .<,9 BO? PREVI\S SOCIALI/ PROGRAMS1 ?OSE ( ,]FURT & ,GO?A1 ! ,P>TY'S ATTITUDE TO ! QUE/ION ( WOM5 WAS /ILL ILL-DEF9$4 ,! DEM&S AFFECT+ WOM5 W]E LIMIT$ TO G5]AL DESIRES = ! PROTECTION ( FEMALE LABOR & ! RECOGNITION ( FULL POLITICAL RI<TS = ADULTS1 )\T1 H[EV]1 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ?IS LA/ DEM& APPLI$ TO WOM5 TOO4.> 

,! ,]FURT PROGRAM ( #ahia NOT ONLY EMPHASIZES ! DEM& = POLITICAL RI<TS = ALL CITIZ5S )\T DI/9CTION ACCORD+ TO SEX1 BUT 9 PO9T FIVE EXPRESSES A P>TICUL> DEM&1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( WOM53 0! ABOLITION ( ALL LAWS :I* PLACE WOM5 9 LESS FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ?AN M5 ) REG>D TO POLITICAL OR CIVIL RI<TS40 .<#a#g.> ,?IS WAS AN IMPORTANT ADMISSION4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ?IS WAY TOOK UPON ITSELF ! DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,ALREADY IT WAS NOT ONLY A QUE/ION ( IMPROV+ WOM5'S WORK+ CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO ( H] LIB]ATION AS A CITIZ51 AS A P]SON4  

,CONSI/5T ) ?IS NEW AIM1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,P>TY TO MODIFY ! P>TY RULES1 SO AS TO LEAVE OP5 A PLACE = WOM5 9 P>TY WORK4 ,A RESOLUTION HAD ALREADY BE5 PASS$ AT ! ,CONGRESS AT ,HALLE1 9 #a#h#i1 CONC]N+ WOM5 *AIRM5 AT CONGRESSES1 :I* ALL[$ !SE WOM5 *AIRM5 TO BE ELECT$ AT SPECIAL WOM5'S MEET+S4 .<,AT ! ,B]L9 ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#i#b1 H[EV]1 ! SOCIALI/ WOM5 !MSELVES OPPOS$ ?IS RESOLUTION &1 >GU+ ?AT 'WOM5 DEM& EQUALITY1 NOT PRIVILEGE'1 9SI/$ ?AT ! DECISION BE RECALL$4 ,A TYPICAL CASE1 DEMON/RAT+ ! WAY 9 :I* ! 'EQUAL RI<TS' PR9CIPLE ( ! 'EQUAL RI<TS' FEM9I/S 9FLU5C$ EV5 ! WOM5 SOCIALI/S 9 ?AT P]IOD ( ! =MATION ( ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 AS E>LY AS ! #ahid ,CONGRESS1 AT ! 9SI/5CE ( ,ZETK91 ,AU]1 ,S+] & O!RS ! RESOLUTION WAS PUT =W>D AGA94 0,EXP]I5CE HAS %[N10 SAID ,ZETK91 0:AT AN ]ROR IT WAS TO REJECT ?IS RESOLUTION4 ,! FACT ( ! MATT] IS ?AT WOM5 >E )\T RI<TS & ) ALL ! WILL 9 ! WORLD CANNOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! G5]AL P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ?AT1 AMONG ! MASSES1 WOM5 >E CONSID]ABLY MORE BACKW>D ?AN M51 9 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES !Y CANNOT /& UP = !MSELVES1 & ?IS LEADS TO DISSATISFACTION & BEWILD]M5T40 ,FROM ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,FRANKFURT AM ,MA91 #a#h#i#d1 P4#a#g#d4.> 

,AT ! ,B]L9 ,CONGRESS ! ,B]L9 WOM5'S ORGANIZATION 9TRODUC$ AN AM5DM5T :]EBY ! TITLE1 ',MALE ,CONFID5TIAL ,AG5T'1 BE REPLAC$ SIMPLY BY ',CONFID5TIAL ,AG5T'17#a#h7 :I* W\LD GIVE WOM5 ACCESS TO ?IS PO/4 .<,SEE ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS AT ,B]L91 #a#h#i#d1 P4 #a#d#e4.> ,ANO!R WOM5'S ORGANIZATION1 FROM ,MANNHEIM1 ASK$ ?AT AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 %\LD BE EXT5D$4 ,BUT ! MO/ DECISIVE /EP1 ) REG>D TO ! ME?OD *OS5 BY ! ,P>TY = WORK ) WOM5 WORK]S1 WAS TAK5 AT ! CONGRESS AT ,GO?A 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,! QUE/ION RAIS$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK9 AB\T AGITATION ) WOM5 WORK]S' SET UP ! BASIS = SPECIALIZ$1 TE*NICALLY SEP>ATE P>TY WORK ) WOM54 ,DRAW+ A B\ND>Y L9E BETWE5 ! CONCEPTIONS ( EQUALITY HELD BY ! B\RGEOIS CAMP & BY ! SOCIALI/ WOM51 ,ZETK9 NEV]!LESS 9SI/$1 9 H] CLASSICALLY WORD$ RESOLUTION1 ?AT AGITATION AMONG WOM5 %\LD CONC5TRATE1 BEYOND ! G5]AL AIMS ( ! ,P>TY1 ON A :OLE RANGE ( PURELY 'WOM5'S QUE/IONS'3 PROTECTION AT WORK1 9SURANCE = *ILDBIR?1 SECURITY = *ILDR51 $UCATION ( *ILDR51 POLITICAL $UCATION ( WOM51 POLITICAL EQUALITY ( WOM51 & SO ON4 ,9 ! RESOLUTION IT WAS SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y />T PUBLI%+ LIT]ATURE1 PAMPHLETS & LEAFLETS ESPECIALLY = WOM54 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS HI/ORIC RESOLUTION1 :I* %AP$ ! RELATIONS ( ! ,P>TY TO ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ITS PROBLEMS1 AT ! SAME CONGRESS ANO!R ?REE RESOLUTIONS W]E PASS$1 EA* SUPPLEM5T+ ! O!RS2 & :I* UND\BT$LY DEF9$ ! ,P>TY'S NEW C\RSE 9 ! MATT] ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S4 

,! ,B]L9 GR\P'S RESOLUTION SUGGE/$ 9T5SIFY+ AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO UNIONS1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT ! LAW =BADE WOM5 TO 5T] ! ,P>TY OP5LY4 ,! SECOND PROPOSAL REF]R$ TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL SPH]E3 IT 9SI/$ ON ! 9TRODUCTION ( SPECIAL PO/S ( 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS' 9 ! ,P>TY1 :O W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = SY/EMATIC AGITATIONAL WORK ) WOM5 9 ORD] TO RAISE !IR CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & TO DRAW !M 9TO ! ,P>TY4 ,! ?IRD RESOLUTION PROPOS$ ?AT SEV]AL WOM5'S MEET+S %\LD IMM$IATELY BE HELD 9 ORD] TO ELECT FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS4 

,! ,GO?A ,CONGRESS (FICIALLY 9AUGURAT$ 9TRA-P>TY WORK = ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM51 & SY/EMIZ$ AGITATION ) ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 

,! PROJECT$ L9E ( WORK DEVELOP$ /EADFA/LY4 ,SUBSEQU5T CONGRESSES M]ELY 9TRODUC$ P>TIAL MODIFICATIONS TO ! ISSUE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S & AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG !M2 9 G5]AL T]MS ! ,P>TY KEPT TO ! PLAN ( WORK AS IT HAD BE5 \TL9$ AT ,GO?A4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT AN 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLE /OOD 9 ! WAY ( DEVELOPM5T ( A WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY - ! LAW =BIDD+ ! OP5 5TRY ( WOM5 9TO ! ,P>TY4 ,9 PLACES :]E !RE WAS NO LOCAL LAW PREV5T+ WOM5 FROM TAK+ P>T 9 G5]AL MOVEM5TS1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,BAD51 ,WURT5BURG1 ,SAXONY1 ,HESS51 A FEW SMALL /ATES & FREE T[NS - ,BREM51 ,LUBECK1 ,HAMBURG - !RE ! WOM5 WORK]S OP5LY JO9$ ! ,P>TY4 ,9 O!R PLACES !Y JO9$ TOGE!R B5EA? ! FLAG ( 'SOCIETIES = ! SELF-$UCATION ( WOM5 WORK]S' OR CAME TOGE!R R\ND A 'CONFID5TIAL AG5T' 9 FREE1 UN/RUCTUR$ GR\PS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?ANKS TO ! SY/EM ( 'CONFID5TIAL AG5TS'1 ! SPECIAL *AIRMAN%IP ( WOM5 AT CONGRESSES1 & ! EXI/5CE ( ! WOM5'S PAP] ,GLEI*HEIT 7,EQUALITY71 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :ILE DEVELOP+ P>TLY \TSIDE ! B\ND>IES ( ! ,P>TY1 WAS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! G5]AL MOVEM5T & ALWAYS REMA9$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 

,! REVIEW ( ! P>TY RULES 9 ,MA9Z 9 #a#i1 9 :I* ! SY/EM ( MALE 'CONFID5TIAL AG5TS' WAS REPLAC$ BY LOCAL COMMITTEES1 DID NOT LEAD TO ANY ALT]ATIONS 9 ! SY/EM ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT4 ,AT ! #aib ,CONGRESS 9 ,MUNI* A RESOLUTION WAS PUT =W>D LEAV+ 9 =CE ! SPECIAL 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS'1 TO :OM WAS 5TRU/$ ! WORK ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S & C>RY+ ON SOCIALI/ AGITATIONAL WORK ) !M4 ,AT ! ,MA9Z ,CONGRESS1 TOO1 ! PO/ ( 'C5TRAL FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5T' = ! :OLE ( ,G]MANY WAS CONFIRM$4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD MANAG$ TO GR[ 9 /R5G? SO MU* S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,GO?A ,CONF]5CE ?AT AS E>LY AS #ai 9 ,MA9Z1 IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO HOLD ! FIR/ ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ ,WOM5'S ,CONF]5CE4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME !SE CONF]5CES HAVE TAK5 PLACE P]IODICALLY 9 ,G]MANY EV]Y TWO YE>S3 9 ,MA9Z #a#i1 9 ,MUNI* #aib 9 ,BREM5 #a#i#d1 9 ,MANNHEIM #a#i#f1 9 ,NUREMBURG #a#i#h1 & 9 ,J5A #a#i#a#a4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S' CONF]5CES >OSE AS A NATURAL ANSW] TO ! GR[+ DEM&S :I* !IR LIVES CALL$ =4 ,! QUE/ION ( VOT+ RI<TS = WOM5 9 ! ,REI*/AG & 9 LOCAL ,L&TAGS C\LD NO LONG] BE PUT (F1 NOR C\LD ! AIL+1 COMPLICAT$ PROBLEM ( MAT]NITY4 ,ALSO L9$ UP W]E ! QUE/IONS ( PRES*OOL $UCATION = *ILDR51 ( PROTECTION = *ILDR5'S & WOM5'S LABOR1 RE=MS ( ! S*OOLS1 RE=MS ( H\SEKEEP+1 ORGANIZATIONS = DOME/IC S]VANTS1 ! RATES SET = ! LABOR ( DOME/IC WORK]S1 SECURITY = NURS+ MO!RS & BABIES1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 9FANT MORTALITY & SO ON4 

,ALL !SE QUE/IONS 9VOLV$ WOM5 WORK]S V]Y CLOSELY2 !Y GREW DIRECTLY \T ( !IR LIVES1 & !Y GAVE BIR? TO NEW DEM&S4 ,! CONF]5CES ( WOM5 SOCIALI/S EXAM9$1 DISCUSS$1 & WORK$ \T !SE DEM&S1 & 9 ?IS WAY =C$ ! ,P>TY1 TOO1 TO EXAM9E ) GREAT] C>E & ?\<T ! SPECIAL NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! WOM5'S CONF]5CES TURN$ 9TO K9DS ( SPECIAL COMMISSIONS :I* PREP>$ MAT]IAL = ! G5]AL WORK]S' CONGRESSES ON SPECIAL QUE/IONS1 ?OSE :I* W]E RELEVANT TO WOM54 ,! RESULT WAS SOME K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! ,P>TY1 FROM :I* ! G5]AL MOVEM5T UND\BT$LY GA9$ A GREAT DEAL4 

,IT IS USUAL TO CONSID] ! SEP>ATION ( ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY AS >IS+ EXCLUSIVELY FROM POLITICAL TACTICS1 & ! EXI/5CE ( ! LAW =BIDD+ WOM5 FROM BECOM+ MEMB]S ( POLITICAL1 ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS IDEA IS MI/AK54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ITS TIME ! LAW AB\T UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS =C$ ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO SEEK REFUGE 9 EXTRA-P>TY 'SOCIETIES = ! SELF-$UCATION ( WOM5 WORK]S'4 ,BUT LAT]1 :5 ! NUMB] ( POLITICALLY CONSCI\S WOM5 WORK]S HAD 9-CREAS$1 ! ,P>TY F\ND A MEANS ( GETT+ R\ND ! WAT*FUL EYE ( ! LAW &1 9 SO F> AS ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T REQUIR$ IT1 HAD4 WOM5 JO9 ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! CAPACITY ( 'VOLUNT>Y DONORS' TO ! ,P>TY1 & !N !SE DONATIONS W]E REPEAT$ P]IODICALLY1 S]V+ AS ! MEMB]%IP FEE4 ,YET ! SY/EM ( 'FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS'1 SPECIAL WOM5'S MEET+S1 A SEP>ATE WOM5'S BUREAU ) ITS [N ORGAN1 ,GLEI*HEIT1 WOM5'S CONF]5CES & SO ON1 REMA9$ 9 =CE4 

,F9ALLY1 :5 9 #aih ! ,PRUSSIAN LAW AB\T UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS HAD CEAS$ TO FUNCTION1 & ! WOM5 WORK]S W]E ?US ABLE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 NO?+ /OOD 9 ! WAY ( ! ABOLITION ( ! SPECIAL WORK AMONG WOM54 ,BUT :AT DID ! ,P>TY DO8 ,DID IT R5\NCE ITS PREVI\S ME?ODS ( WORK ) WOM5 ( ! PROLET>IAT8 

,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,AT ! ,NUREMBURG ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#h1 AFT] A RADICAL REVIEW ( ! P>TY RULES1 ! WOM5'S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS ALL[$ TO HAVE AS MU* TE*NICAL AUTONOMY AS WAS POSSIBLE )\T DAMAG+ ! UNITY ( ! CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,! ,P>TY CONSID]$ IT ! DUTY ( WOM5 WORK]S TO 5T] ! ,P>TY AS EQUAL MEMB]S1 BUT SETTL$ ON A L[] MEMB]%IP FEE = WOM5 S9CE !Y RECEIV$ A L[] RATE ( PAY = !IR WORK4 ,& AL?\< ! SY/EM ( FEMALE CONFID5TIAL AG5TS WAS REPEAL$1 ! P>TY RULES DEM&$ ?AT ON EA* COMMITTEE !RE %\LD BE A SPECIAL REPRES5TATION ( WOM5 WORK]S4 DEP5D+ ON ! NUMB] ( WOM5 MEMB]S 9 A GIV5 DI/RICT4 ,9 ANY CASE !RE HAD TO BE AT LEA/ ONE P]SON ON ! COMMITTEE ELECT$ BY WOM51 :O WAS TO BE RESPONSIBLE = AGITATIONAL WORK & ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,ON ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY !RE WAS ALSO A SPECIAL REPRES5TATION = WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU ( ! ,P>TY WAS NOT ABOLI%$1 ! WOM5 WORK]'S PAP]1 ,GLEI*HEIT1 NOT ONLY CONT9U$ TO BE PUBLI%$1 BUT ALONGSIDE ?IS C5TRAL ORGAN ( WOM5 WORK]S !RE GREW UP A :OLE RANGE ( LOCAL OR TRADE UNION PUBLICATIONS1 DEVOT$ TO ! 9T]E/S & DEM&S ( WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! P>TY RULES ALSO LEFT 9 =CE ! SEP>ATE MEET+S = WOM5 WORK]S 7C\RSES1 DISCUSSION EV5+S71 & ALSO1 :]E !Y W]E NE$$1 ! 'SOCIETIES = SELF $UCATION'1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! SEP>ATE WOM5'S CONF]5CES4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ! *ANGES 9 ! LAW AB\T UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS DID NOT *ANGE ! TYPE & *>ACT] ( P>TY WORK 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! 'DIVISION ( LABOR' 9 ! ,P>TY ) REG>D TO AGITATIONAL WORK AMONG WOM51 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY BE=E ! W>1 LEFT GREAT] SCOPE = ! DEVELOPM5T & ELUCIDATION AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT ( SPECIAL WOM5'S DEM&S4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO M5TION JU/ ! ',WOM5'S ,DAY'1 & ! AGITATIONAL WORK = WOM5'S VOT+ RI<TS :I* WAS DONE >\ND ?IS NEW ME?OD ( >\S+ ! 9T]E/ ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 POLITICS1 $UCAT+ !M 9 REVOLUTION>Y PROTE/ ON ! GR\NDS ( WOM5 WORK]S' LACK ( CIVIL RI<TS4 

,! WOM5'S W+ ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' P>TY DEVELOP$ EA* YE> WID] & MORE MANY-SID$ ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,P>TY IS 9DEBT$ TO WOM5 WORK]S & !IR 9ITIATIVE = A :OLE RANGE ( ACTIONS3 ON ! PROBLEMS ( ! CO/ ( LIV+1 9SURANCE = MAT]NITY1 EXT5SION ( VOT+ RI<TS 9 COMMUNAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,! WOM5 WORK]S TOOK UPON !MSELVES AN 5ORM\S P>T ( ! WORK AT ! TIME ( ! ELECTIONS 9 ! ,REI*/AG II ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#b1 !Y PLAY$ AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ELECTION ( MEMB]S ( ! ,SICKNESS ,B5EFIT ,FUND2 !Y C>RI$ \T TIRELESS AGITATION TO DRAW WOM5 WORK]S 9TO ! ,P>TY1 !Y HELD MEET+S1 !Y ORGANIZ$ SO-CALL$ DISCUSS ION EV5+S = WOM5 EV]Y:]E & SPECIALIZ$ $UCATIONAL C\RSES ETC4 ,9 #aiab ! ,WOM5'S ,BUREAU ORGANIZ$ #ff AGITATION TRIPS ACROSS ,G]MANY DUR+ ! YE>1 NOT C\NT+ AGITATIONAL WORK C>RI$ ON BY WOM5 WORK]2 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,!Y HELD #bb OP5 WOM5'S MEET+S1 OV] & ABOVE ! REGUL> DISCUSSION EV5+S & C\RSES4 ,9 #fdf ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES 7\T ( #d1#h#b#g7 WOM5 HAD !IR [N SPECIAL REPRES5TATION BE=E ! W>4 ,GLEI*HEIT PR9T$ AN $ITION ( #a#g1 COPIES4 ,DUR+ ?AT YE> ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S ROSE TO #bb #a_/#b  ?\S&6 

,AS WELL AS AGITATIONAL WORK AT ! MEET+S1 !RE WAS WIDESPREAD SPECIAL AGITATIONAL WORK C>RI$ \T AMONG ! 'WIVES ( WORK]S' AT HOME1 :I* PRODUC$ SPL5DID RESULTS4 ,! SPECIAL ',COMMISSIONS = ! ,C>E ( ,*ILDR5' W]E REPL5I%$ ) WOM54 ,!RE W]E #abe ( !SE COMMISSIONS BE=E ! W> & !IR ACTIVITIES W]E BE+ EXT5D$ ALL ! TIME4 

,9 ?IS WAY ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9DEP5D5TLY ( :ATEV] EXT]NAL REASONS MAY HAVE EXI/$1 ADH]$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( SPECIAL1 SEP>ATE WORK AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT1 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 'DIVISION ( LABOR' )9 ! ,P>TY4 

,F9D+ ITSELF 9 ! SAME SITUATION AS ! ,G]MAN P>TY1 & NOT HAV+ ! LEGAL RI<T TO GET WOM5 WORK]S TO JO9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS F\ND !IR [N WAY ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO GET WOM5 9TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,!Y ORGANIZ$ A SPECIAL ',WOM5'S ,G5]AL ,/ATE ,COMMITTEE'1 :I* (FICIALLY /OOD \TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 BUT WAS L9K$ TO IT IDEOLOGICALLY4 ,H[EV]1 AS E>LY AS ! ,SECOND ,CONF]5CE ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 9 #aic ! AG5DA CONTA9$ AN ITEM ON 'WOM5'S ROLE 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE'4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! CONF]5CE SUPPORT$ ! DESIRABILITY ( WID] POLITICAL PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 9 SPITE ( ! DECISION TAK5 TO =M LOCAL WOM5'S COMMITTEES = ?IS PURPOSE1 WOM5'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 POLITICS PROGRESS$ FEEBLY & ) DIFFICULTY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! GR& MOVEM5T ( ,AU/RIAN WORK]S = ! RE=M ( ! VOT+ LAWS 9 #aie ACT$ AS A SPUR4 ,WOM5 W]E DRAWN 9TO ! /RUGGLE1 & 9TO ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,WOM5'S ,G5]AL ,/ATE ,COMMITTEE F\ND IT NECESS>Y AFT] ?AT TO 9TRODUCE1 BO? 9TO ! P>TY COMMITTEE & 9TO ! COMMISSION ( TRADE UNIONS1 ! PROJECT ( ORGANIZ$ WORK AMONG WOM5 WORK]S ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,G]MAN MOVEM5T4 ,! ,P>TY ,CONGRESS ( #aig CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( A SPECIAL AGITATIONAL SECTION )9 ! ,P>TY1 & FROM ! ?IRD WOM5'S CONF]5CE 9 #aih ONW>DS1 SY/EMATIC1 SEP>ATE WORK WAS C>RI$ ON AMONG ! FEMALE PROLET>IAT 9 ,AU/RIA ON ! SAME L9ES AS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,EV5 ! REPEAL 9 #aia ( ! LAW :I* HAD H9D]$ ! 5TRY ( WOM5 9TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS DID NOT BR+ AB\T ANY *ANGES 9 ?IS FIELD4 

,9 ,5GL& ! SPECIAL TASK ( AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S WAS TAK5 UP BY ! ,WOM5'S ,LABOR ,LEAGUE )9 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY.<#a#i.> :IL/ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY !RE HAD EXI/$ S9CE #aif A SPECIAL ,WOM5'S ,COMMITTEE = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,9 #aih ! ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ALSO SET UP A SPECIAL1 SEP>ATE WOM5'S COMMITTEE1 & FROM ?AT TIME ON ! ORGANIZATION ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,AM]ICA HAS A*IEV$ CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS ,9 ,SWITZ]L& ! ,UNION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S1 F\ND$ BY ,CL>A ,ZETK91 COMPRIS+ AB\T FIFTE5 SECTIONS1 UP UNTIL ! W> TOOK UPON ITSELF ALL ! WORK ( SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A AMONG WOM5 WORK]S4 ,! SAME TYPE ( 9TRA-P>TY WOM5'S COLLECTIVE-COMMITTEES1 BUREAUX1 SECRET>IATS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,F9L&1 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 ,D5M>K1 & ,HOLL&4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE HAS ALSO BE5 9 REC5T YE>S AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ TO LIFE A SIMIL> WOM5'S P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,ALONGSIDE ?IS ME?OD ( ORGANIZ+ WOM5 WORK]S 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES-! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,5GL&1 ,HOLL&1 ,SW$5 - !RE /ILL EXI/ SPECIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :OSE (FICIAL /ATUS IS \TSIDE ! ,P>TY1 AL?\< !Y TOO COME UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,! CLUBS1 SOCIETIES = ! SELF-$UCATION ( WOM5 WORK]S1 5LI<T5M5T UNIONS & SO ON ALSO BELONG TO ?IS TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! GOAL ( !SE SOCIETIES CONEYS D[N TO EI!R 'PREP>+ ! GR\ND'1 TO C>RY+ ON PROPAG&A AMONG ! MO/ BACKW>D1 IGNORANT MASSES1 OR TO DEEP5+ ! !ORETICAL KN[L$GE ( WOM5 WORK]S1 PREP>+ Y\NG SOCIALI/ =CES = ! ROLE ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,WE1 9 ,RUSSIA1 FROM #aie HAVE ALSO MADE ATTEMPTS TO CREATE AN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS TYPE4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPT TOOK PLACE 9 ! SPR+ ( #aif & CONSI/$ 9 OP5+ 'WOM5 WORK]S' CLUBS' )\T PRELIM9>Y P]MISSION 9 SOME P>TS ( ,PETROGRAD4.<#b.> ,! BREAK+ UP ( ! FIR/ ,DUMA.<#b#a.> 9T]RUPT$ ! ACTIVITY ( !SE CLUBS4 

,! SECOND ATTEMPT TOOK PLACE 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#g4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9ITIAT$ A ,SOCIETY = ! ,SELF-,$UCATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S1 :I* SET ITSELF ! TASK ( ATTRACT+ ! BROAD MASSES ( WOM5 ) A L[ LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! MOVEM5T1 GETT+ !M 9TO UNIONS1 & 9VOLV+ !M 9 ! ,P>TY4 

,! ,CZ>I/ REGIME DID NOT GIVE !SE ATTEMPTS ANY *ANCE TO PUT D[N ROOTS4 ,9 #aii ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS AGA9 =C$ UND]GR\ND4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WOM5 WORK]S CAME TO ! FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,WOM5'S ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#h1 CALL$ BY ! B\RGEOIS EQUAL RI<TS MOVEM5T4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT WOM5 WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ BY !IR [N SEP>ATE CLASS GR\P1 NUMB]+ =TY-FIVE WOM54 ,HAV+ PASS$ !IR [N 9DEP5D5T RESOLUTIONS ON ALL QUE/IONS1 ! WOM5 WORK]S F9ALLY WALK$ \T ( ?IS 'LADIES' CONGRESS4 

,LAT]1 9 #a#i#a#c1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY DECID$ TO HOLD A ,WOMAN'S ,DAY & 9 ,RUSSIA ?IS WAS SE5 AS A SYMPTOM ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS TOO WAS GRADUALLY COM+ TO REALIZE ! NECESSITY ( C>RY+ ON SPECIAL WORK 9 ! WOM5'S PROLET>IAT4 ,SIMPLE EFFICI5CY DICTATES ?IS K9D ( DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! POSITION ( WOM5 WORK]S 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 ! SPECIAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 BORNE BY WOM5 AS MO!RS & H\SEKEEP]S1 MEAN ?AT A SPECIAL TYPE ( AGITATION ADAPT$ TO ! WOM5 PROLET>IAT IS NECESS>Y4 .<,! ',WOMAN'S ,DAY' WAS HELD BY ! ,P>TY 9 ! FOLL[+ ?REE YE>S3 9 #a#i#a#c1 9 #aiad & 9 HI/ORICAL #aiag ON ! #b#e? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ! DAY ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#g1 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO PUBLI% ! PAP]4 ,WOMAN ,WORK]1 & ! ,M5%EVIKS PUBLI%$ ,! ,VOICE ( ! ,WOMAN ,WORK]4 ,! W> PUT A /OP TO BO? PAP]S4 ,= MORE DETAILS ( ! WOM5 WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA SEE MY >TICLE 9 ! COLLECTION3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,WOM5 ,WORK]S4.> 

,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS ! G5]AL CLASS WORK]S' MOVEM5T /&S TO GA9 FROM SU* A DIVISION1 I4E4 SEP>ATE AGITATION AMONG WOM5 WORK]S1 S9CE ! GREAT] CONC]N = ! 9T]E/S & NE$S ( WOM5 9CREASES ! POPUL>ITY ( ! P>TY AMONG WOM5 WORK]S & 5C\RAGES WOM5 TO JO9 9 G5]AL P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! SPECIAL P>TY MA*9E1 WORK+ = ! FEMALE HALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 NOT ONLY DOES NOT DAMAGE ! UNITY ( ! MOVEM5T1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9CREASES ! NUMB]S1 /R5G? & SIGNIFICANCE ( ! WORK]S' P>TY1 EXT5D+ BY ?IS MEANS ! FRAMEWORK ( ITS SOCIAL-CREATIVE WORK EV5 AS REG>DS SOLV+ ! COMPLICAT$ & CONFUS$ 'WOM5'S QUE/ION'4  

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