,WILL ,ECOLOGY ,BECOME ! ',DISMAL ,SCI5CE'8 

#aiia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 DEVALL & SESSIONS1 DEEP ECOLOGY1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S1 ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 HUMAN BE+S1 ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGY1 NATURAL WORLD1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS >TICLE1 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,PROGRESSIVE1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#i#a1 PP4 #a#h-#b#a1 APPE>S 9 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES ) ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?OR4 

,R,E,F,L,E,C,T,I,O,N,S3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,WILL ,ECOLOGY ,BECOME 

 '! ,DISMAL ,SCI5CE'8 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ALESS&RO ,PIANA ,BIANCO1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,ALMO/ A C5TURY & A HALF AGO ,?OMAS ,C>LYLE DESCRIB$ ECONOMICS AS 0! DISMAL SCI5CE40 ,! T]M WAS TO /ICK1 ESPECIALLY AS IT APPLI$ TO ECONOMICS PREMIS$ ON A SUPPOS$LY UNAVOIDABLE CONFLICT BETWE5 09SATIABLE NE$S0 & 0SC>CE NATURAL RES\RCES40 ,9 ?IS ECONOMICS1 ! LIMIT$ B\NTY PROVID$ BY A SUPPOS$LY 0/+Y NATURE0 DOOM$ HUMANITY TO ECONOMIC SLUMPS1 MIS]Y1 CIVIL /RIFE1 & HUNG]4 

,TODAY1 ! T]M 0DISMAL SCI5CE0 APPROPRIATELY DESCRIBES C]TA9 TR5DS 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T-TR5DS ?AT SEEM TO BE RID+ ON AN OV]:ELM+ TIDE ( RELIGI\S REVIVALISM & MY/ICISM4 ,I REF] NOT TO ! L>GE NUMB] ( HI<LY MOTIVAT$1 WELL-9T5TION$1 & (T5 RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S :O >E MAK+ E>NE/ EF=TS TO >RE/ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 BUT RA!R TO EXOTIC T5D5CIES ?AT ESP\SE DEEP ECOLOGY1 BIOC5TRISM1 ,GAIAN CONSCI\SNESS1 & ECO-!OLOGY1 TO CITE ! MA9 CULTS ?AT CELEBRATE A QUASI-RELIGI\S 0REV]5CE0 = 0,NATURE0 ) :AT IS (T5 A SIMULTANE\S D5IGRATION ( HUMAN BE+S & !IR TRAITS4 

,MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S1 LIKE MANY ( TODAY'S RELIGI\S REVIVALI/S1 VIEW REASON ) SUSPICION & EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( IRRATIONAL & 9TUITIVE APPROA*ES TO ECOLOGICAL ISSUES4 ,= ! ,REV]5D ,?OMAS ,B]RY1 :OM MANY REG>D AS ! =EMO/ ECO-!OLOGIAN ( \R DAY1 ! 0V]Y RATIONAL PROCESS ?AT WE EXALT AS ! ONLY TRUE WAY TO UND]/&+ IS BY A C]TA9 IRONY DISCOV]$ TO BE ITSELF A MY?IC IMAG9ATIVE DREAM EXP]I5CE4 ,! DIFFICULTY ( \R TIMES IS \R 9ABILITY TO AWAK5 \T ( ?IS CULTURAL PA?OLOGY40 

,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE A MEMB] ( ! CL]GY TO UTT] SU* ATAVI/IC NOTIONS4 ,9 A MORE SECUL> VE91 ,BILL ,DEVALL & ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 PR(ESSORS ( SOCIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY1 RESPECTIVELY1 :O WROTE ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY READ BOOKS 9 MY/ICAL ECOLOGY1 (F] A MESSAGE ( 0SELF-REALIZATION0 ?R\< AN IMM]SION ( ! P]SONAL SELF 9 A HAZY 0,COSMIC ,SELF10 OR1 AS !Y PUT IT1 A 0'SELF-9-,SELF' :]E ',SELF' /&S = ORGANIC :OL5ESS40 

,! LANGUAGE ( ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY IS DI/9CTLY SALVATIONAL3 0,?IS PROCESS ( 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ! AU?OR ( MANY BOOKS & >TICLES ON ECOLOGICAL ISSUES1 IS DIRECTOR EM]ITUS ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 ,PLA9FIELD1 ,V]MONT4 

FULL UNFOLD+ ( ! SELF CAN ALSO BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 ! PHRASE3 ',NO ONE IS SAV$ UNTIL WE >E ALL SAV$1' :]E ! PHRASE 'ONE' 9CLUDES NOT ONLY ME1 AN 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN1 BUT ALL HUMANS1 :ALES1 GRIZZLY BE>S1 :OLE RA9-=E/ ECOSY/EMS1 M\NTA9S & RIV]S1 ! T9IE/ MICROBES 9 ! SOIL1 & SO ON40 

,?IS HORTATORY APPEAL RAISES SOME HI<LY DISCONC]T+ PROBLEMS4 ,! WORDS 0& SO ON0 OMIT ! NE$ TO DEAL ) PA?OG5IC MICROBES1 ANIMAL VECTORS ( LE?AL DISEASES1 E>?QUAKES1 & TYPHOONS1 TO CITE LESS ES!TICALLY SATISFY+ BE+S & PH5OM5A ?AN :ALES1 GRIZZLY BE>S1 WOLVES1 & M\NTA9S4 ,?IS SELECTIVE VIEW ( 0,MO!R ,NATURE'S0 BIOTIC & PHYSIOGRAPHIC 9V5TORY HAS RAIS$ SOME /ORMY PROBLEMS = MY/ICAL ECOLOGY'S MESSAGE ( UNIV]SAL SALVATION4 

,MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S T5D TO D[NGRADE SOCIAL ISSUES BY R$UC+ HUMAN PROBLEMS 7A G5]ALLY DI/A/EFUL SUBJECT TO !M7 TO A 0SPECIES0 LEVEL-TO MATT]S ( G5ETICS4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ,PA/OR ,B]RY1 HUMANITY MU/ BE 0RE9V5T$ ON ! SPECIES LEVEL0 BY GO+ 0BEYOND \R CULTURAL COD+1 TO \R G5ETIC COD+1 TO ASK = GUIDANCE40 ,! RHETORIC ?AT FOLL[S ?IS PASSAGE 9 ,! ,DREAM ( ! ,E>? V]GES ON ! MY?OPEIC1 9 :I* \R 0G5ETIC COD+0 B9DS US 0) ! L>G] DIM5SIONS ( ! UNIV]SE0-A UNIV]SE ?AT 0C>RIES ! DEEP MY/]IES ( \R EXI/5CE )9 ITSELF40 ,B]RY'S EXHORTATIONS 5JOY GREAT POPUL>ITY !SE DAYS1 & HAVE BE5 QUOT$ ) APPROVAL EV5 9 ! CONV5TIONAL 5VIRONM5TAL LIT]ATURE1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! MY/ICAL V>IETY4 

,SU* COSMOLOGICAL EVANGELISM1 CLO!D 9 ECOLOGICAL V]BIAGE1 DEPRECATES HUMANITY4 ,:5 HUMAN BE+S >E WOV5 9TO ! 0WEB ( LIFE0 AS NO?+ MORE ?AN ONE ( 0,MO!R ,NATURE'S0 9NUM]ABLE SPECIES1 !Y LOSE !IR UNIQUE PLACE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION AS RATIONAL CREATURES ( POT5TIALLY UNSURPASS$ QUALITIES1 5D[$ ) A DEEPLY SOCIAL NATURE1 CREATIVITY1 & ! CAPACITY TO FUNCTION AS MORAL AG5TS4 

0,AN?ROPOC5TRICITY10 ! QUASI-!OLOGICAL NOTION ?AT ! WORLD EXI/S = HUMAN USE1 IS D]ID$ BY MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S 9 FAVOR ( ! EQUALLY QUASI-!OLOGICAL NOTION ( 0BIOC5TRICITY10 NAMELY1 ?AT ALL LIFE-=MS >E MORALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE ) ONE ANO!R 9 T]MS ( !IR 09TR9SIC VALUE40 ,9 !IR MAUDL9 ,GAIA ,M$ITATIONS1 TWO MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S1 ,JOHN ,SE$ 

& ,JOANNA ,MACY1 5JO9 US HUMAN MORTALS TO 0?9K TO Y\R NEXT DEA?4 ,WILL Y\R FLE% & BONES BACK 9TO ! CYCLE4 ,SURR5D]4 ,LOVE ! PLUMP WORMS Y\ WILL BECOME4 ,LAUND] Y\R WE>Y BE+ ?R\< ! F\NTA9 ( LIFE40 ,9 ! MY/ICALLY OV]BAK$ WORLD ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,SUNBELT1 SU* DRIVEL T5DS TO DESC5D TO ! LEVEL ( BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS OR IS EVOK$ 9 POETIC RECITATIONS AT V>I\S A% RAMS 9 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN CITIES & T[NS4 

,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ! CRUDE R$UCTION ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO BIOLOGICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL S\RCES HAS PRODUC$ AN EQUALLY R$UCTIONI/ BODY ( 0CORRECTIVES0 ?AT MAKES ! DISMAL ECONOMICS ( AN E>LI] TIME SEEM ALMO/ OPTIMI/IC BY COMP>ISON4 ,= MANY1 P]HAPS MO/1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S1 ! /&>D RECIPE = A 0SU/A9ABLE0 FUTURE 9VOLVES A LIFE/YLE BAS$ ON H>% AU/]ITY-BASICALLY1 A RU/IC DISCIPL9E M>K$ BY DIET>Y SIMPLICITY1 H>D WORK1 ! USE ( 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 ONLY TO MEET SURVIVAL NE$S1 & A !I/IC PRIMITIVISM ?AT DRAWS ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ,PLEI/OC5E OR ,NEOLI?IC 0SPIRITUALITY0 RA!R ?AN FROM ,R5AISSANCE OR ,5LI<T5M5T RATIONALITY4 

,SPIRITUALITY & RATIONALITY1 :I* MY/ICAL ECOLOGIES 9V>IABLY P]CEIVE 9 CRASSLY R$UCTIONI/ & SIMPLI/IC T]MS >E PITT$ AGA9/ EA* O!R AS ANGELS & DEMONS4 ,! MY/ICS USUALLY REG>D TE*NOLOGY1 SCI5CE1 & REASON AS ! BASIC S\RCES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 & CONT5D !SE %\LD BE CONTA9$ OR EV5 REPLAC$ BY TOIL1 DIV9ATION1 & 9TUITION4 ,:AT IS EV5 MORE TR\BL+ IS ?AT MANY MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S >E NEO-,MAL?USIANS1 :OSE MORE RAMBUNCTI\S ELEM5TS REG>D FAM9E & DISEASE AS NECESS>Y & EV5 DESIRABLE TO R$UCE HUMAN POPULATION4 

,! GRIM FUTURE EVOK$ BY MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S IS BY NO MEANS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! VISION ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T PROJECT$ A G5]ATION AGO4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 RADICAL ECOLOGI/S ( ! #a#i#fS CELEBRAT$ ! PROSPECT ( A SATISFY+ LIFE1 FRE$ FROM MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 TOIL1 & ! SELF-D5IAL PRODUC$ BY M>KET & BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 

,?IS UTOPIAN VISION1 ADVANC$ PRIM>ILY BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY 9 #aifd & #a#i#f#e1 WAS NOT ANTITE*NOLOGICAL1 ANTIRATIONAL1 OR ANTISCI5TIFIC4 ,IT EXPRESS$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! EM]G+ ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ! 

PROSPECT ( A NEW SOCIAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & SPIRITUAL DISP5SATION4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY CLAIM$ ?AT ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMM$ FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 9 ! =M NOT ONLY ( CLASS EXPLOITATION BUT ( HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION4 ,CAPITALISM-NOT TE*NOLOGY1 REASON1 OR SCI5CE AS SU*-PRODUC$ AN ECONOMY ?AT WAS SY/EMICALLY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL4 ,GUID$ BY ! COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE MAXIM 0GR[ OR DIE10 IT W\LD LIT]ALLY DEV\R ! BIOSPH]E1 TURN+ =E/S 9TO LUMB] & SOIL 9TO S&4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! KEY TO RESOLV+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS WAS NOT ONLY A *ANGE 9 SPIRITUALITY--& NOT A REGRESSION TO PREHI/ORIC RELIGIOSITY--BUT A SWEEP+ *ANGE 

9 SOCIETY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY (F]$ ! VISION ( A NONHI]>*ICAL1 COMMUNIT>IAN SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BE BAS$ ON DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC CONF$]AL COMMUNITIES ) TE*NOLOGIES /RUCTUR$ >\ND SOL>1 W9D1 & R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY2 FOOD CULTIVATION BY ORGANIC ME?ODS1 A COMB9$ USE ( CRAFTS & HI<LY V]SATILE1 AUTOMATIC1 & SOPHI/ICAT$ MA*9]Y TO R$UCE HUMAN TOIL & FREE PEOPLE TO DEVELOP !MSELVES AS FULLY 9=M$ & CREATIVE CITIZ5S4 

,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! UTOPIAN #a#i#fS 9TO ! REACTION>Y #a#i#gS PRODUC$ A /EADY RETREAT BY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO A SPIRITUALI/IC 9W>DNESS ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 LAT5T 9 ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! 

PREVI\S DECADE4 ,AS POSSIBILITIES = SOCIAL *ANGE BEGAN TO WANE1 PEOPLE S\<T A SURROGATE REALITY TO VEIL ! ILLS ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY & ! DIFFICULTY ( REMOV+ !M4 ,AP>T FROM A BRIEF 9T]LUDE ( 5VIRONM5TAL RESI/ANCE TO ! CON/RUCTION ( NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 L>GE PANS ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T BEGAN TO )DRAW FROM SOCIAL CONC]NS TO SPIRITUAL ONES1 MANY ( :I* W]E CRASSLY MY/ICAL & !I/IC4 

,9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 ,LYNN ,:ITE ,JR4 :OSE ADVOCACY ( RELIGI\S EXPLANATIONS = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS BEGAN TO GIVE IT AN O!RWORLDLY *>ACT]1 9ITIAT$ ?IS )DRAWAL4 ,>\ND ! SAME TIME1 ,G>RETT ,H>D9'S ,TRAG$Y ( ! ,COMMONS BR\<T ,MAL?US'S <O/ 9TO ECOLOGICAL DISC\RSE 9 ! ACADEMY1 FUR?I] DEFLECT+ ! SOCIAL ?RU/ ( ! #a#i#fS ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 9TO A DEMOGRAPHIC NUMB]S GAME4 ,BO? ( !SE ACADEMICIANS HAD ADVANC$ !IR VIEWS L>GELY 9 ,SCI5CE MAGAZ9E1 :I* HAS ONLY LIMIT$ PUBLIC \TREA*1 SO IT FELL TO A ,CALI=NIA 5TO MOLOGI/1 ,PAUL ,EHRLI*1 TO DIV]T ! ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS ( ! E>LY #a#i#gS FROM ! SOCIAL DOMA9 TO ! S+LE ISSUE ( POPULATION GR[? 9 A HY/]ICAL PAP] BACK1 ,! ,POPULATION ,BOMB1 ?AT W5T ?R\< NUM]\S $ITIONS & REA*$ MILLIONS ( READ]S4 

,WRIT+ LIKE AN ,S,S (FIC] T\R+ ! ,W>SAW <ETTO1 ,EHRLI* 9 ! OP5+ PAGES ( HIS TRACT SAW NO?+ BUT 0,PEOPLE6 ,PEOPLE60-FAIL+ TO NOTICE A VICI\S SOCIETY ?AT HAD DEGRAD$ HUMAN LIVES4 ,! SL5D] ?READ ?AT UNIT$ ,:ITE & MORE FIRMLY1 ,H>D9 & ,EHRLI* WAS ! NONSOCIAL 9T]PRETATION !Y GAVE TO ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 NOT ANY %>$ ECOLOGICAL OV]VIEW4 

,>NE ,NAESS1 A ,NORWEGIAN ACADEMIC & M\NTA9-CLIMB]1 PROVID$ SU* AN OV]VIEW 9 #a#i#g#c4 ,HE CO9$ ! T]M 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 & NURTUR$ IT AS AN ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY OR S5SIBILITY ?AT ASKS 0DEEP QUE/IONS0 9 CONTRA/ TO 0%ALL[ ECOLOGY40 ,RECYCL$ 9TO A =M ( ,CALI=NIA SPIRITUALISM BY ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS ) A BIZ>RE MIX ( ,BUDDHISM1 ,TAOISM1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN BELIEFS1 ,HEIDEGG]1 & ,SP9OZA AMONG O!RS1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGY WAS N[ READY TO TAKE (F AS A NEW 0,E>? ,WISDOM40 

,:AT CATAPULT$ ?IS CONFUS$ S5SIBILITY FROM ! CAMPUS 9TO NEWSPAP] HEAD L9ES1 H[EV]1 WAS A WILD]NESS MOVE- 

,E>? ,FIR/6'S F\ND]S1 P>TICUL>LY ,DAVID ,=EMAN1 HAD BE5 CONS]VATIONI/S :O W]E WE>Y ( ! 9EFFECTUAL LOBBY+ TACTICS ( ,WA%+TON-BAS$ CONS]VATION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9SPIR$ BY ,$W>D ,ABBEY1 ! AU?OR ( ! HI<LY POPUL> NOVEL ,! ,MONKEY ,WR5* ,GANG1 :OSE AV[$LY MISAN?ROPIC VIEWS BORD]$ ON RACISM ) ITS ACCOLADES TO ,AM]ICA'S 0NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN CULTURE10 ,E>? ,FIR/6'S LEAD]S BEGAN TO SEIZE UPON DEEP ECOLOGY AS A PHILOSOPHY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT MO/ ,E>? ,FIR/6]S KNEW ANY?+ AB\T 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 O!R ?AN ITS CLAIM TO BE 0DEEP40 ,BUT ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS HAD PLAC$ ,MAL?US 9 ITS PAN!ON ( PROPHETS & DESCRIB$ 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY0-NOT CAPITALISM-AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! ILLS ?AT MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S G5]ALLY D]IDE4 ,9DE$1 !IR BOOK WAS DI/9CTLY WILD]NESS-ORI5T$1 EXPRESSLY 0BIOC5TRIC10 & SEEM$ TO MAKE %ORT %RIFT ( HUMANITY'S PLACE 9 ! COSMOS4 

,CONSI/5CY HAS NEV] BE5 ! /RONG PO9T ( ANY ANTIRATIONAL MOVEM5T1 SO IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT :ILE ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS PI\SLY EXTOLL$ A 0SELF-9-,SELF10 A C>+ =M ( PAN!ISM OR HYLOZOISM1 ,=EMAN DID NOT HESITATE TO DESCRIBE HUMAN BE+S AS A 0CANC]0 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 & QUITE SURPRIS+LY1 ,G>Y ,SNYD]1 ! POET-LAUREATE ( ! DEEP-ECOLOGY MOVEM5T1 DESCRIB$ HUMANS AS 0LOCU/ LIKE40 

,MY/ICAL ECOLOGY AS A DISMAL SCI5CE IS1 9 FACT1 ANTIHUMAN4 ,DESPITE HIS G5TLE PIETY1 ,PA/OR ,B]RY1 = EXAMPLE1 BECOMES POSITIVELY F]OCI\S 9 HIS TREATM5T ( HUMAN BE+S1 DESCRIB+ !M AS 0! MO/ P]NICI\S MODE ( E>?LY BE+40 ,9DE$1 0,WE >E ! T]M9ATION1 NOT ! FULFILLM5T1 ( ! ,E>? PROCESS4 ,IF !RE W]E A P>LIAM5T ( CREATURES1 ITS FIR/ DECISION MI<T WELL BE TO VOTE ! HUMANS \T ( ! COMMUNITY1 TOO DEADLY A PRES5CE TO TOL]ATE ANY FUR!R4 ,WE >E AN AFFLICTION ( ! WORLD1 ITS DEMONIC PRES5CE4 ,WE >E ! VIOLATION ( ,E>?'S MO/ SACR$ ASPECTS40 

,ECCLESIA/IC VITRIOL HAS (T5 BE5 MORE SELECTIVE4 ,9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 IT HAS T>GET$ ! RI*1 NOT ! POOR2 ! OPPRESSOR1 NOT ! OPPRESS$2 ! RUL]1 NOT ! D[NTRODD54 ,BUT MY/ICAL ECOLOGY T5DS TO BE MORE ALL-EMBRAC+4 ,B]RY'S ECUM5ICAL 0WE10 LIKE HIS TREATM5T ( 0HUMAN BE+S0 AS A SPECIES RA!R ?AN AS BE+S :O >E DIVID$ BY ! OPPRESSIONS ( RACE1 SEX1 MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE1 CULTURE1 & ! LIKE1 T5DS TO P]MEATE MY/ICAL ECOLOGY4 

0,WE >E ALL CAPITALI/S AT HE>T10 DECL>ES A WELL-9T5TION$ ,NORWEGIAN WRIT]1 ,]IK 

,DAMMANN1 :OSE ,! ,FUTURE 9 ,\R ,H&S HAS BE5 T\T$ BY ,>NE ,NAESS AS A VIRTUAL MANIFE/O = SOCIAL IMPROVE M5T4 ,! HOMELESS 9 ,AM]ICAN CITIES1 ! ,A,I,D,S VICTIMS :O HAVE BE5 LEFT TO DIE 9 ,ZURI*'S NOTORI\S NE$LE P>K1 ! OV]WORK$ PEOPLE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD'S M9ES & FACTORIES-NONE ( !SE C\NT = MU* 9 ,DAMMANN'S PLEA ?AT 0WE0 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE R$UCE \R CO NSUMPTION ( GOODS 9 BEHALF ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD'S POOR4 

,LAUDABLE AS ! GOAL ( R$UC$ CONSUMPTION MAY SEEM1 IT IS AN 9EFFECTUAL EX]CISE 9 *>ITY1 NOT SOCIAL MOBILIZATION2 9 HUMANIT>IANISM1 NOT SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT IS ALSO AN EX]CISE 9 A SUP]FICIAL =M ( SOCIAL ANALYSIS ?AT GROSSLY UND] PLAYS ! PR(\NDLY SY/EMIC FACTORS ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ OV]F$ ELITES 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD & MASSES ( UND]F$ UND]L+S4 ,NE>LY ALL WE LE>N FROM ,DAMMANN'S LIB]AL GOOD 9T5TIONS IS ?AT AN ECUM5ICAL 0WE0 MU/ BE FAULT$ = ! ILLS ( ! WORLD-A MY/ICAL 0CONSUM]0 :O GRE$ILY DEM&S GOODIES ?AT 0\R0 OV]WORK$ CORPORATIONS >E COMPELL$ TO PRODUCE4 

,DESPITE ! RADICAL RHETORIC TO :I* ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS RESORT1 ! PR9CIPAL PRACTICAL RECIPE = SOCIAL *ANGE !Y HAVE TO (F] 0US0 9 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A NAIVE PRAY]4 0,\R FIR/ PR9CIPLE10 !Y WRITE1 0IS TO 5C\RAGE AG5CIES1 LEGISLATORS1 PROP]TY [N]S & MANAG]S TO CONSID] FL[+ ) RA!R ?AN =C+ NATURAL PROCESSES40 ,WE %\LD 0ACT ?R\< ! POLITICAL PROCESS TO 9=M MANAG]S & GOV]NM5T AG5CIES ( ! PR9CIPLES ( DEEP ECOLOGY10 TO A*IEVE 0SOME SIGNIFICANT *ANGES 9 ! DIRECTION ( WISE LONG-RANGE MANAGEM5T POLICIES40 

,! WAT]$-D[N LIB]ALISM ( ,DEVALL & ,SESSIONS IS E*O$ MORE EXPLICITLY 9 ,PAUL & ,ANNE ,EHRLI*'S LATE/ BOOK1 ,HEAL+ ! ,PLANET1 9 :I* ! AU?ORS DECL>E !IR ADH]5CE TO DEEP ECOLOGY1 A 0QUASI-RELIGI\S MOVEM5T0 7TO USE !IR [N WORDS7 ?AT 0RECOGNIZES ?AT A SUCCESSFUL NEW PHILOSOPHY CANNOT BE BAS$ ON SCI5TIFIC NONS5SE40 ,SU* D5IGRATION ( SCI5CE H>DLY BEFITS WRIT]S :OSE REPUTATION IS BAS$ ON !IR SCI5TIFIC CR$5TIALS1 ) OR )\T ! VAGUE USE ( ! WORD 0NONS5SE0 TO QUALIFY !IR REM>KS4 ,MORE GU>D$ !SE DAYS ?AN 9 !IR E>LI]1 SOME:AT HY/]ICAL TRACTS1 ! ,EHRLI*S (F] SOME?+ = EV]YONE 9 A RA!R BEWILD]+ NUMB] ( SC5>IOS :I* %[ CONC]N = ! POOR AS WELL AS ! RI*1 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD AS WELL AS ! ,FIR/1 EV5 ,M>XI/S AS WELL AS AV[$ CONS]VATIVES4 ,BUT ALMO/ EV]Y IMPORTANT PASSAGE 9 ! BOOK REPEATS ! REFRA9 ?AT M>KS !IR E>LI] WORKS3 0,CONTROLL+ POPULATION GR[? IS CRITICAL40 

,! ,EHRLI*S' TREATM5T ( FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL ISSUES1 H[EV]1 REVEALS ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y COME TO T]MS ) ! /ATUS QUO4 ,\R DEMOCRATIC 0M>KET-BAS$ 

ECONOMIES .<>E.> SO F> ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS HUMAN BE+S HAVE EV] DEVIS$ 0 ,?AT !RE IS A SY/EMIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 0M>KET BAS$0 ECONOMY & ! RU?LESS PLUND]+ ( ! PLANET H>DLY APPE>S ON ! ,EHRLI*S' SOCIAL HORIZON4 

,NAESS IS1 P]HAPS1 LESS EQUIVOCAL--& MORE TR\BL+--AB\T HIS [N SOLUTIONS4 ,AS HE WEI<S SU* ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES AS COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM1 ! FA!R ( DEEP ECOLOGY ASS]TS1 9 HIS REC5TLY TRANSLAT$ ,ECOLOGY1 ,COMMUNITY1 & ,LIFE/YLE1 ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY HAS AN AFF9ITY ) 0CONTEMPOR>Y NONVIOL5T AN>C HISM40 ,BUT ! READ] :O MI<T BE /UNN$ BY ?IS COMMITM5T TO A LIBE RT>IAN ALT]NATIVE QUICKLY LE>NS ?AT 0) ! 5ORM\S & EXPON5TIALLY 9CREAS+ HUMAN POPULATION PRESSURE & W> OR W>LIKE CONDITIONS 9 MANY PLACES1 IT SEEMS 9EVITABLE TO MA9TA9 SOME FAIRLY /RONG C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS0-OR1 PUT LESS OBLIQUELY ?AN DEEP ECOLOGI/S >E WONT TO DO1 A 0FAIRLY /RONG0 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,H]E1 9 FACT1 ,NAESS'S NEO-,MAL?USIANISM & HIS PESSIMI/IC VIEW ( ! HUMAN CONDITION RE9=CE ELITI/ BELIEFS 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T = /ATE C5TRALIZATION & ! USE ( CO]CION4 ,! VIEWS ( SU* DEEP ECOLOGI/S AS ,*RI/OPH] ,MANES1 :OSE [N COLLEAGUES REG>D HIM AS AN EXTREMI/1 B>ELY DES]VE S]I\S DISCUSSION4 ,MANES HAS WELCOM$ ! ,A,I,D,S EPIDEMIC AS A MEANS ( POPULATION CONTROL4 ,MANY MY/ICAL ECOLOGY WRIT]S E*O HIS CLAIM ?AT 0WILD]NESS & NOT CIVILIZATION IS ! REAL WORLD40 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RID5T CONDEMNATIONS ( HUMAN BE+S AS ! S\RCE ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS COMES FROM ,JAMES ,LOVELOCK1 ! >*ITECT ( ! 0,GAIA HYPO!SIS10 A MY?OPEIC NOTION ?AT ! ,E>?1 P]SONIFI$ AS 0,GAIA0 7! ,GREEK GODDESS ( \R PLANET71 IS LIT]ALLY A LIV+ ORGANISM4 ,9 ?IS !OLOGY1 0WE10 NE$LESS TO SAY1 >E NOT M]ELY TRIVIAL & EXP5DABLE BUT1 AS SOME ,GAIANS HAVE PUT IT1 P>ASITIC 09TELLIG5T FLEAS0 ON ! PLANET4 ,= ,LOVELOCK1 ! WORD 0WE0 REPLACES ALL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ELITES & !IR VICTIMS 9 A %>$ RESPONSIBILITY = PRES5T-DAY ECOLOGICAL ILLS4 

0,\R HUMANI/ CONC]NS AB\T ! POOR ( ! 9N] CITIES OR ! ,?IRD ,WORLD10 ,LOVELOCK DECLAIMS1 0& \R NE>-OBSC5E OBSESSION ) DEA?1 SUFF]+1 & PA9 AS IF !SE W]E EVILS 9 !MSELVES-!SE ?\<TS DIV]T ! M9D FROM \R GROSS & EXCESSIVE DOM9ATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,POV]TY & SUFF]+ >E NOT S5T2 !Y >E ! CONSEQU5CES ( :AT WE DO40 

,IT IS 0:5 WE DRIVE \R C>S & LI/5 TO ! RADIO BR++ NEWS ( ACID RA9 .<?AT.> WE NE$ TO REM9D \RSELVES ?AT WE1 P]SONALLY1 >E ! POLLUT]S40 ,ACCORD+LY1 0WE >E !RE=E ACC\NTABLE1 P]SONALLY1 = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! TREES BY PHOTO*EMICAL SMOG & ACID RA940 ,! L[LY CONSUM] IS SE5 AS ! REAL S\RCE 

( ! ECOLOGICAL CA/S1 NOT ! PRODUC]S :O OR*E/RATE PUBLIC TA/ES ?R\< ! MASS M$IA & ! CORPORATIONS :O [N & RAVAGE ,LOVELOEK'S DIV9E ,GAIA4 

,! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T IS TOO IMPORTANT TO ALL[ ITSELF TO BE TAK5 OV] BY AIRY MY/ICS & REACTION>Y MISAN?ROPES4 ,! TRADITIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 ON :I* SO MANY RADICALS PLAC$ !IR HOPES = CREAT+ A NEW SOCIETY1 HAS WI!R$1 & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! OLD TIME POPULI/ MOVEM5TS HAVE DI$ ) ! AGR>IAN /RATA ?AT PROVID$ !M ) SIZABLE FOLL[+S4 ,ROOSEVELTIAN LIB]ALISM'S FUTURE HANGS 9 ! BALANCE AS A RESULT ( ! ,REAGAN-,BU% ASSAULT ON ,NEW ,DEAL RE=MS ,! COOPTATION ( NE>LY EV]Y WOR?:ILE CAUSE1 9CLUD+ CONV5TIONAL 5VIRONM5TALISM ITSELF1 IS SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! EASE ) :I* CORPORATIONS T\T ! SLOGAN ,E,V,],Y ,D,A,Y ,I,S ,E,>,? ,D,A,Y6 

,BUT ! NATURAL WORLD ITSELF IS NOT COOPTABLE4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( ORGANIC & CLIMATIC PROCESSES /ILL DEFIES SCI5TIFIC CONTROL1 JU/ AS ! M>KETPLACE'S DRIVE TO EXP& /ILL DEFIES SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! NATURAL WORLD & ! PRES5T SOCIETY HAS 9T5SIFI$ OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES4 ,ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS ( MASSIVE PROPORTIONS MAY WELL BEG9 TO OV]%AD[ ! MORE S5SATIONAL ISSUES ?AT MAKE HEADL9ES TODAY4 

,! ECOLOGY 

 MOVEM5T IS 

 TOO IMPORTANT 

 TO ALL[ ITSELF 

 TO BE TAK5 OV] 

 BY AIRY MY/ICS 

 & REACTION>Y 

 MISAN?ROPES4 

,A DECISIVE COLLISION LOOMS3 ,ON ONE SIDE IS ! GR[-OR-DIE ECONOMY1 LUR*+ \T ( CONTROL4 ,ON ! O!R1 ! FRAGILE CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ADVANC$ LIFE-=MS ON ?IS PLANET4 ,?IS COLLISION1 9 FACT1 CONFRONTS HUMANITY ITSELF ) %>P ALT]NATIVES3 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ >\ND SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S IDEAL ( A CONF$]AL1 DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC1 & ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ NETWORK ( COMMUNITIES1 OR AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY 9 :I* HUMANITY'S 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD WILL BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND A COMM& ECONOMICS & POLITICS4 ,! 

?IRD PROSPECT1 ( C\RSE1 IS ! IMMOLATION ( HUMANITY 9 A S]IES ( ECOLOGICAL & IRREV]SIBLE DISA/]S4 

,= ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TO BECOME FRIVOL\S & ALL[ ITSELF TO BE GUID$ BY V>I\S SORTS ( MY/ICS W\LD BE UNP>DONABLE-A TRAG$Y ( 5ORM\S PROPORTIONS4 ,DESPITE ! DY/OPIAN ATMOSPH]E ?AT SEEMS TO P]VADE MU* ( ! MOVEM5T1 ITS UTOPIAN VISION ( A DEMOCRATIC1 RATIONAL1 & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS AS VIABLE TODAY AS IT WAS A G5]ATION AGO4 

,! MISAN?ROPIC /RA9 ?AT RUNS ?R\< ! MOVEM5T 9 ! NAME ( 0BIOC5TRICITY10 ANTIHUMANISM1 ,GAIAN CONSCI\SNESS1 & NEO-,MAL?USIANISM ?REAT5S TO MAKE ECOLOGY1 9 ! BROAD S5SE ( ! T]M1 ! BE/ C&IDATE WE HAVE = A 0DISMAL SCI5CE40 ,! ATTEMPT BY MANY MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S TO EXCULPATE ! PRES5T SOCIETY = ITS ROLE 9 FAM9ES1 EPIDEMICS1 POV]TY1 & HUNG] S]VES ! WORLD'S P[] ELITES AS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE IDEOLOGICAL DEF5SE = ! EXTREMES ( WEAL? ON ! ONE SIDE & POV]TY ON ! O!R4 

,IT IS NOT ONLY ! GREAT MASS ( PEOPLE :O MU/ MAKE H>D *OICES AB\T HUMANITY'S FUTURE 9 A P]IOD ( GR[+ ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATION2 IT IS ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ITSELF ?AT MU/ MAKE H>D *OICES AB\T ITS S5SE ( DIRECTION 9 A TIME ( GR[+ MY/IFICATION4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiia 3 ,WILL ,ECOLOGY ,BECOME ! ',DISMAL ,SCI5CE'8 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bag 3 ,WILL ,ECOLOGY ,BECOME ! ',DISMAL ,SCI5CE'8 -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,WILL ,ECOLOGY ,BECOME ! ',DISMAL ,SCI5CE'8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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