,WILDCAT3 ,DODGE ,TRUCK ,JUNE #aigd 

#aigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALAN ,FRANKL9 

,TEXT 3 

  

 ,9TRODUCTION 

,?OSE ( US :O COOP]AT$ ON ! PUBLICATION ( ?IS PAMPHLET DID SO BECAUSE ! WILDCAT /RIKE AT ! ,*RYSL] ,TRUCK FACILITY1 ,JUNE #a#a-#a#d1 #a#i#g#d1 /RUCK A RAW N]VE 9 US4 ,TWO ( US HAVE HAD DIRECT EXP]I5CE WORK+ AT ! PLANT & ! O!RS HAVE HE>D /ORIES = YE>S FROM FRI5DS AB\T ! SITUATION !RE4 ,:5 A PUBLICATION WAS SUGGE/$1 WE ALL RESPOND$ 5?USIA/ICALLY4 

,WE W]E EXCIT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE DECISION ( ?\S&S ( ,*RYSL] EMPLOYES TO D5Y ! AU?ORITY ( DAILY WAGE LABOR &1 = EV5 F\R DAYS1 TO SAY NO TO ! DEM&S ( ! AL>M CLOCK1 ! PRODUCTION L9E1 BOSSES1 UNION BUREAUCRATS1 ,JUDGES & COPS4 ,9 A SOCIETY :]E DAILY ACTIVITY S]VES SO MU* ! 9T]E/S ( O!RS & SO LITTLE \R [N1 ! EF=TS ( SO MANY TO RECLAIM EV5 %ORT-RUN CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES SEEM$ WOR? WRIT+ AB\T1 GIV+ ! EV5T CONSID]ATION & DRAW+ CONCLUSIONS AS WE SAW !M4 

,WE DON'T 9T5D ?IS PUBLICATION TO P]PETUATE ! PROCESS :]E9 0AU?ORITIES0 OR 0EXP]TS0 TELL O!RS :AT REALITY CONSI/S (4 ,?IS IS DONE DAILY 9 ! M$IA & WORKS TO KEEP US 9 ! /ATUS ( PASSIVE OBS]V]S ( \R LIVES :ILE ! RI*1 ! FAM\S & POP/>S >E PROJECT$ AS ! 0IMPORTANT0 PEOPLE & ! REAL ACTORS ( HI/ORY & ! CREATORS ( EV5TS4 

,?IS TIME IT WAS DIFF]5T4 ,EV5TS W]E %AP$ & DET]M9$ BY ?OSE :O USUALLY >E ONLY SPECTATORS4 ,! PR9CIPAL AU?OR ( ?IS PAMPHLET RECORD$ & PHOTOGRAPH$ EV5TS AS !Y HAPP5$ TO HIM & O!RS DUR+ ?OSE F\R DAYS4 ,! RE/ ( US W]E 9T]E/$ 9 ! WILDCAT & READ SEV]AL ?+S AB\T ! ROLE ( UNIONS1 TALK$ AMONG \RSELVES A LOT & F9ALLY PRODUC$ :AT Y\ >E HOLD+4 

,WE >E NOT A 0POLITICAL0 GR\P4 ,WE >E NOT TRY+ TO 0ORGANIZE0 ANYONE 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY OR 0MOVEM5T40 ,WE >E NOT TRY+ TO EXHORT O!RS TO GREAT] HEI<TS ( ACTIVITY4 ,WE1 TWO AUTO WORK]S1 A PR9T]1 A /UD5T1 A TEAM/]1 A SECRET>Y1 & TWO UNEMPLOY$1 WANT TO DO ! SAME ?+ 9 \R LIVES AS ! ,DODGE ,TRUCK /RIK]S DID 9 !IRS3 FREE \RSELVES FROM ! TYRANNY ( ! WORKPLACE2 /OP BE+ =C$ TO SELL \R LABOR TO O!RS2 /OP O!RS FROM HAV+ CONTROL OV] \R LIVES4 

,BUT F\R DAYS IS NO GOOD4 ,IT ONLY :ETS ! APPETITE = :AT IS POSSIBLE4 ,:AT CAN BE DONE = F\R DAYS CAN BE DONE P]MAN5TLY4 ,WE WANT TO LIVE \R LIVES = \RSELVES4 ,WE >E ,MILL>D ,B]RY1 ,RALPH ,FRANKL91 ,ALAN ,FRANKL91 ,CA?Y ,KAUFL91 ,M>ILYN ,W]BE1 ,RI*>D ,WIESKE1 ,PET] ,W]BE4 

,! ,BEG9N+ 

,TRUCKS BEGAN ROLL+ (F ! L9E AT DAWN ON ,FRIDAY1 ,JUNE #a#d1 AS IF IT W]E A DAY ( NORMAL PRODUCTION AT ,! ,DODGE ,TRUCK ,PLANT 9 ,W>R54 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 QUITE AN ABNORMAL DAY4 ,= ! PREVI\S SEV5 %IFTS NO PRODUCTION HAD BE5 ! NORM1 HAD BE5 NATURAL & QUIRE 9EVITABLE1 ,SIX ?\S& /RONG1 ! TRUCK PLANT WORK]S HAD IMPOS$ A WORK /OPPAGE ON !IR EMPLOY]1 BEG9N+ ON ,MONDAY AFT]NOON1 ?AT WAS ONLY JU/ N[ 5D+4 

,! GRAY DAWN FIT UP A /RANGE SC5E 9 FRONT ( ! PLANT ON ?AT MORN+1 REMNANTS ( ! JU/-5D$ UPRIS+3 SCATT]$ GR\PS ( POLICE 9 FULL RIOT GE>1 PADDY WAGONS2 & 9 ! PLANT P>K+ LOT1 A FLATB$ TRUCK 7,DODGE7 C>RY+ SEV]AL POLICE & A BLACK-ROB$ ,JUDGE4 

,T5 PEOPLE W]E 9 JAIL1 FOLL[+ ! TW5TY :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ ! DAY BE=E4 ,! >RE/S CULM9AT$ A UNIT$ EF=T BY ! CORPORATION1 ! C\RTS1 ! POLICE1 & EV]Y LEVEL ( ! UNION HI]>*Y TO BREAK ! WILDCAT /RIKE4 ,ON ,FRIDAY MORN+1 !Y F9ALLY SUCCE$$1 ,NO ONE REALLY EXPECT$ ! /RIKE TO HAPP5 UNTIL IT WAS ACTUALLY UPON US1 AS IF EV]YONE W]E SURPRIS$ TO LE>N ?AT EV]YONE ELSE WAS ?9K+ ! SAME ?+4 ,SLEEPY DAY %IFT WORK]S GOT /UCK 9 A TRAFFIC JAM ON ,M\ND ,ROAD 9 FRONT ( ! PLANT ON ,TUESDAY MORN+ & WAIT$ = TRAFFIC TO CLE>4 ,IT SOON BECAME OBVI\S ?\< ?AT NO C>S W]E GO+ 9TO ! P>K+ LOT1 & !N :OOPS W5T D[N ! /ALL$ L9E3 ,/RIKE61 WE'RE ON /RIKE60 

,CLU/]$ AT ! GATES W]E SOME TWO HUNDR$ PICKET]S1 M>*+ 9 FRONT ( ! 5TRANCE & RUNN+ \T 9TO ! SL[-MOV+ TRAFFIC TO H& \T COPIES ( A SKET*Y LEAFLET4 

0,LA/ NI<T10 SAID ! LEAFLET4 0,*RYSL] FIR$ F\R WORK]S FROM ! #iaa 7METAL %OP7 SECOND %IFT 9CLUD+ *IEF /EW>D ,/EVE ,SMI?4 ,WE WALK$ \T & %UT D[N ! PLANT4 ,*RYSL] SAYS WE'RE RISK+ \R JOBS4 ,BUT !RE COMES A TIME :5 WE HAVE TO />T FI<T+ BACK40 

0444 ,T5 DAYS AGO ON ,MAY #c#a/ AB\T #a WORK]S FROM #iaa DECID$ IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO GO TO WORK4 ,AL?\< WE DIDN'T %UT D[N ! PLANT1 WE CO/ ,*RYSL] PL5TY ( PRODUCTION40 

,?IS 9CID5T1 A SICK-9 OV] WORK+ CONDITIONS1 HAD DRAWN A ?REAT ( DISCIPL9E FROM ! COMPANY 1 A ?REAT :I*1 9 TURN1 L$ TO A BRIEF %UTD[N ( ! METAL %OP :5 #e WORK]S PIL$ 9TO LABOR RELATIONS & SUCCESSFULLY DEM&$ ! COMPANY BACK D[N4 ,! SAME ?+ HAD HAPP5$ ON DAY %IFT1 BUT ,*RYSL] HAD RELUCTANTLY DECID$ TO HOLD (F DISCIPL9+ ! WALK\T P>TICIPANTS UNTIL ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY1 :5 ! LOCAL ,U,A,W (FIC]S W\LD RETURN FROM !IR ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,MANAGEM5T WAS QUITE C]TA9 ! UNION C\LD DAMP5 ANY ANG] ?AT MI<T >ISE !N4 

,BUT !IR C]TA9TY WAS MISPLAC$1 = :5 F\R WORK]S W]E FIR$ ?AT AFT]NOON1 ! COLLECTIVE RESPONSE WAS IMM$IATE & EFFECTIVELY UNANIM\S3 )9 ! H\R ! PLANT WAS %UT D[N BY A SPONTANE\S WALK\T4 ,?AT EV5+1 ! REBELLI\S WORK]S ASSEMBL$ AT ! UNION HALL & VOT$ OV]:ELM+LY = A PLANT-WIDE /RIKE4 ,IT WAS A BOLD MOVE1 BUT IT MET ) #a.0 SUPPORT ,TUESDAY MORN+ :5 ! DAY %IFT CAME 94 

,! ?REE DAYS FOLL[+ ! 9ITIAL WALK\T BLURR$ TOGE!R 9TO A FLURRY ( /RIKE MEET+S1 PICKET+1 RAGE1 & ,JOY4 ,PEOPLE WE'D BUMP$ 9TO EV]YDAY & NEV] KN[N SUDD5LY BECAME CLOSE FRI5DS1 & WE FELT \R [N P[] & DET]M9ATION ALMO/ = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,PREVI\SLY DULL EYES GL[$1 GRUMBL+S TURN$ TO LAU<T]1 & UNWILL+ SUBMISSION WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO TOTAL RESI/ANCE4 

,:AT A CONTRA/ TO WORK6 ,!RE ! UN/OPP+ L9E GRATES ALL ( US UNTIL WE CAN H>DLY TOL]ATE \RSELVES1 LET ALONE O!RS4 ,DAY %IFT & EV5+ %IFT BLAME EA* O!R = EV]Y?+1 UNLESS ! OLD-TIM]S CAN BLAME IT ON ! IRRESPONSIBLE Y\NG/]S1 OR ! Y\NG WORK]S CAN BLAME IT ON ! PRIVILEGES ( S5IORITY4 ,BLACKS & :ITES EX*ANGE HO/ILE GLANCES1 T5SION BOIL+ JU/ BEL[ ! SURFACE1 JU/ BECAUSE !RE IS NO:]E ELSE = IT TO GO1 & NO WAY = US TO GO ELSE:]E4 

,& EV]YONE :O CAN'T JU/ TURN IT (F /AYS AS DOP$ UP1 DOP$ D[N1 DRUNK1 NODD$ \T1 & HI< AS POSSIBLE4 ,/UMBLE 91 /UMBLE \T IS ! WORK E?IC AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK 444 UNTIL ( C\RSE WE DECID$ TO /OP WORK+4 

,& :5 WE DID1 & ! PLANT W5T D[N1 SUDD5LY ALL ! HUMAN QUALITIES ?AT ,*RYSL] HAD TAK5 FROM US W]E \RS AGA94 ,WE COOP]AT$ 9 DECISIONS1 WE MOV$ TOGE!R & W]E ONE BODY ) ONE 9T]E/ 444 ,%UT IT D[N6 ,RACIAL T5SIONS VANI%$1 & ALL O!R ANTAGONISMS BECAME AS USELESS AS ! SIL5T MA*9]Y 9 ?AT HOLE ( A FACTORY4 

,UNION EF=TS TO DIVIDE US W5T FROM ! 9SIDI\S TO ! RIDICUL\S4 ,AT ONE PO9T1 ,>T ,H>VEY1 ,LOCAL #ad ,PRESID5T1 CLAIM$ ?AT COMPLA9TS OV] BAD CONDITIONS1 & ! /RIKE ITSELF W]E JU/ ! WORK ( COMMUNI/ AGITATORS1 ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS ALRI<T & WE %\LD RETURN TO WORK4 ,WE BOO$ & LAU<$ HIM FROM ! PODIUM IMM$IATELY1 & AFT]W>DS HE CLAIM$ 9 A ,T,V 9T]VIEW ?AT WE W]E IGNORANT & DIDN'T KN[ ?AT 0! UNION DOESN'T SUPPORT ! /RIKE40 ,WE W]5'T IGNORANT1 WE W]E WELL AW>E ( ! UNION'S POSITION1 & WE KNEW :Y IT HAD ?AT POSITION4 

,WE GOT \R SUP] RU%ES :5 NEWS W5T >\ND ?AT O!R PLANTS W]E WALK+ \T ) US4 ,%IFT *ANGE AT ! NEI<BOR+ /AMP+ PLANT S5T ELECTRIFY+ RUMORS ?R\< A /RIKE MEET+ ON ,W$NESDAY ?AT !Y HAD WALK$ \T4 ,! ,*RYSL] ,%]WOOD ,ASSEMBLY PLANT ACTUALLY W5T \T ON /RIKE ) US1 BO? = !IR [N DEM&S & \RS1 REALIZ+ ?AT IF WE W]E TO DO IT AT ALL1 WE HAD TO DO IT TOGE!R4 ,WORK]S FROM O!R ,*RYSL] FACTORIES 7,M\ND ,RD4 ,5G9E1 ,DODGE ,MA97 APPE>$ AT /RIKE MEET+S & ON ! PICKET L9ES TO (F] SUPPORT & C>RY BACK NEWS ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ TO !IR [N PLANTS4 

,ALMO/ AS AN AFT]?\<T1 ON ! ?IRD DAY ( ! /RIKE1 SOMEONE SUGGE/$ WE %\LD DRAW UP A LI/ ( DEM&S = ! /RIKE4 ,EXCEPT = ! DEM& = COMPLETE AMNE/Y1 ! LI/ EV5TUALLY COMPIL$ HAD LITTLE DIRECT FOCUS4 ,!RE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 ! SPECIFIC GRIEVANCES ( WORK+ CONDITIONS1 =C$ OV]TIME1 ETC41 BUT IT WAS OBVI\S FROM ! CONV]SATIONS ON ! PICKET L9E :AT ! /RIKE WAS REALLY ALL AB\T3 EV]Y?+4 ,EX*ANGES W]E PEPP]$ ) 0,WAT]GATE01 09FLATION01 0?OSE AS%OLES 9 ! UNION01 ATTACKS ON ! 9/ITUTION ( 0WORK0 ITSELF4 ,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 A TOTAL FRU/RATION ) & REJECTION ( ALL ! ?+S1 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! PLANT1 :I* EX]CISE CONTROL OV] \R LIVES4 ,NO MATT] :AT WE MI<T HAVE WON 9 %ORT-T]M DEM&S1 IF WE HAD WON1 NO ONE W\LD HAVE RETURN$ TO WORK HAPPILY4 

,DUR+ ! HEAT ( ! UPRIS+1 WE F\ND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E RETURN+ TO WORK4 ,WE HAD COME SO F> & BECOME SO MU*4 ,BUT GRADUALLY1 ! #e PLUS WORK]S PACK+ ! /RIKE MEET+S & M>*+ 9 FRONT ( ! PLANT SAW ! WILDCAT GO+ NO:]E4 ,*RYSL] HAD M>%AL$ ITS =CES & ALL HAD P]=M$ !IR ASSIGN$ FUNCTIONS4 ,! UNION HAD DIVID$ & CONFUS$ WORK]S BY DECL>+ ! /RIKE OV] :5 IT WAS NOT1 BY DECL>+ IT WORK ( A SUBV]SIVE M9ORITY ( \TSIDE AGITATORS1 & EV5 BY P>K+ !IR C>S 9 ! PLANT LOT TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION WORK]S W]E RETURN+ TO WORK :5 !Y W]5'T4 ,! POLICE1 SOME ( :OM W]E V]Y POLITE1 P]=M$ !IR 0DUTY0 REG>DLESS ( !IR SYMPA?IES & >RE/$ PICKET]S AT ! DIRECTION ( A JUDGE :O TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF TO APPE> AT ! PLANT P]SONALLY TO SEE ?AT JU/ICE WAS DONE4 

,AS ONE FACTORY1 WE HAD LESS P[] & 5DURANCE ?AN DID \R EMPLOY] & WE HAD TO RETURN TO ?AT D[N ( ALL D[NS1 ! REPRODUCTION ( DAILY LIFE4 

,! ,PEOPLE 

,DODGE ,TRUCK1 (FICIALLY KN[N AS ! ,W>R5 ,TRUCK ,ASSEMBLY ,PLANT1 BEGAN PRODUCTION ( PICKUPS & PANEL TRUCKS 9 ! MID/ ( ! DEPRESSION YE>S ( ! ?IRTIES4 ,DUR+ ,W,W,I,I1 AS WAS TRUE ?R\<\T ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL1 ! LABOR %ORTAGE & DEM& = W> PRODUCTION 9 ! PLANT DREW A L>GE NUMB] ( BLACKS1 BO? M5 & WOM51 UP TO ,DETROIT FROM ! S\? 9 SE>* ( WORK4 ,ALONG ) ! LOCAL :ITE WORK]S EMPLOY$ !RE AT ! TIME1 !Y N[ CON/ITUTE ! 0FIR/ G5]ATION0 POPULATION ( ! PLANT1 MANY ( :OM >E PRES5TLY APPROA*+ !IR #c YR4 RETIREM5T DATES4 

,= A DECADE BETWE5 ! MID FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 ! PLANT POPULATION REMA9$ RELATIVELY /ABLE & HIR+ WAS LIMIT$ PRIM>ILY TO REPLACEM5TS = DEP>T+ WORK]S4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?AT P]IOD1 GRADUAL HIR+ BEGAN AS ,*RYSL] />T$1 LAID (F1 & !N RE/>T$ A SECOND %IFT ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 SPR+ ( #aigb ?IS %IFT BECAME P]MAN5T & HIR+ WAS /EPP$ UP UNTIL ! PLANT POPULATION EV5TUALLY D\BL$4 

,! NEW HIRES ON ?IS %IFT W]E A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T GR\P FROM ! G5]ATION :I* PREC$$ !M2 MANY W]E Y\NG M51 #ai TO #b#b1 :O HAD JU/ RETURN$ FROM ! W> 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 & !Y LOOK$ & ACT$ UNLIKE ANY O!R GR\P ( VETS BE=E !M4 ,LON<AIR$1 DOPE-SMOK+1 CONTEMPTU\S ( AU?ORITY1 !Y P\R$ 9 TO ! PLANT AS ,*RYSL] TRI$ TO RESPOND TO ! !N-CURR5T PUBLICITY AB\T HIR+ ! UNEMPLOY$ VET4 ,FLA%+ DIS*>GE PAP]S OR M]ELY A TATTOO1 !Y WALK$ PA/ L9ES ( WAIT+ APPLICANTS & W]E U%]$ 9TO :AT WAS1 = SOME1 !IR FIR/ REAL JOB4 

,! W>1 = !M1 WAS NOT JU/ A RADICALIZ+ EXP]I5CE1 :]E !Y LE>N$ TO DEAL ) AU?ORITY BY FRAGG+ !IR (FIC]S2 IT WAS ALSO A UNIFY+ & SOLIDIFY+ EXP]I5CE1 :I* IMP>T$ TO ! :OLE GR\P A /RONG S5SE ( ID5TITY & COLLECTIVE P[]4 ,MANY FIRMLY BELIEV$ ?AT !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! W> WAS ONE ( ! CRUCIAL FACTORS 9 =C+ ! EV5TUAL )DRAWAL ( ,U,S TROOPS FROM COMBAT1 & BY ! TIME !Y >RIV$ AT ,*RYSL]'S ANY WILL+NESS TO SUBMIT TO AU?ORITY & ! >BITR>Y DEM&S ( PRODUCTION !Y MI<T HAVE HAD WAS GONE4 

,COMMON TO MANY ( !SE Y\NG PEOPLE1 BO? BLACK & :ITE1 WAS A /RONG DESIRE TO SETTLE D[N & />T A HOME4 ,DISGU/$ & DISILLUSION$ BY !IR W> EXP]I5CES1 ! VETS W]E AT FIR/ HAPPY TO 5T] CIVILIAN LIFE1 BUT !Y SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT AT ,*RYSL]'S IT DIFF]$ LITTLE FROM >MY REGIM54 ,H]E1 H[EV]1 !Y DID LET Y\ GO HOME AT NI<T4 7,AS ONE WELL-WORN JOKE HAS IT3 0,I TELL MY OLD LADY1 :5 WE GET M>RI$1 ALL Y\'VE GOT TO DO IS COOK = ME & WA% MY CLO!S1 BECAUSE ,I 'M GETT+ FUCK$ BY ,*RYSL]407 ,REBELLI\SNESS WAS QUICKLY REK9DL$ & MILITANT ACTIVITY 7BO? 0LEGITIMATE0 & PROHIBIT$7 BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE FREQU5T4 

,MAYBE FIFTE5 P]C5T ( ! ,TRUCK ,PLANT WORK=CE IS COMPOS$ ( WOM51 MO/ ( !M BLACK1 MO/ ( !M SUPPORT+ FAMILIES1 ALONE4 ,NONE1 ( C\RSE W\LD WORK !RE UNLESS !Y HAD TO & MANY W]E ACTUALLY =C$ TO TAKE PRODUCTION JOBS & GIVE UP !IR ,A,D,C BY ! WELF>E BUREAUCRACY4 

,9 /RICTLY NUM]ICAL T]MS1 ! POPULATION ( ,DETROIT IS CURR5TLY SPLIT ALMO/ #e-#e BLACK & :ITE4 ,BECAUSE ( ! RACI/ NATURE ( HIR+ PATT]NS 9 ?IS SOCIETY1 BLACKS MAKE UP MO/ ( ! UNEMPLOY$ 7#a4#i 0(FICIALLY0 = ! /ATE1 HI<] 9 ,DETROIT & HI<] AMONG BLACKS71 & ?OSE :O HAVE JOBS >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! L[]-PAY+1 DIRTI]1 LESS SKILL$ OCCUPATIONS1 I4E4 ! FACTORIES4 ,& ! BIGGE/ AUTO FACTORY EMPLOY] 9 ! CITY IS ,*RYSL]4 

,AS ! WEAK SI/] ( ! BIG ?REE1 ,*RYSL] IS TRAPP$ H]E 9 ,DETROIT1 UNABLE TO G5]ATE ! CAPITAL TO MOVE TO ! *EAP] LABOR M>KETS 9 ! S\? & OV]SEAS1 TO :I* ! O!R TWO >E N[ =C$ TO TURN4 ,MO/ ( ITS PRODUCTION IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,DETROIT & IMM$IATE >EA1 9 FACILITIES :I* >E AG+ & DILAPIDAT$1 & ! WORK=CE 9 MO/ PLANTS RANGES FROM FIFTY TO ONE HUNDR$ P]C5T BLACK4 

,GIV5 !SE FACTORS1 !RE EXI/S 9 ,DETROIT AN 9=MAL1 LOOSELY-KNIT 0FAMILY0 ( PEOPLE :O %>E A COMMON EMPLOY]1 WORK+ SITUATION & /OMP+ GR\ND4 ,EV]YONE HAS A BRO!R1 SI/]1 UNCLE OR FA!R :O WORKS 9 AN AUTO PLANT1 ?US NEWS CAN TRAVEL QUICKLY BY WORD ( M\? & CONNECTIONS >E V]Y DIRECT4 ,NATURALLY !RE >E COMMON ATTITUDES %>$ WIDELY 9 ?IS COMMUNITY4 

,! :ITE ,*RYSL] 0FAMILY0 OV]LAPS SOME:AT ) ?AT ( ! BLACK COMMUNITY1 &1 AL?\< NOT AS C5TRALIZ$ 9 ONE CORPORATION OR ONE GEOGRAPHICAL COMMUNITY1 ALSO HAS A VA/ 9=MAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK BETWE5 FAMILIES & FRI5DS ?AT EXT5DS 9TO ! O!R AUTO COMPANIES AS WELL4 7,MO/ ( ! :ITES EMPLOY$ AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK COME FROM ! ,NOR!A/ SUBURBS ( ,EA/ ,DETROIT1 ,ROSEVILLE1 ,MT4 ,CLEM5S1 & ,W>R51 AS WELL AS ,DETROIT PROP]47 

,! RACIAL DIVISIONS ?AT >E 9H]5T 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY EXT5D 9TO ! PLANT4 ,MORE NOTICEABLE 9 ! GEOGRAPHY ( ! ,MOTOR ,CITY & ! V>I\S COMMUNITIES ?AT MAKE UP ! FACTORY WORK=CE1 ! ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 BLACK & :ITE >E ACTUALLY LESS 9 ! FACTORY4 ,RACISM IS P]PETUAT$ BY ORD9>Y FOLKS UPON !MSELVES AS MU* AS IT IS IMPOS$ UPON !M BY CONTROLL+ =CES 9 SOCIETY4 ,! REJECTION ( !SE T5SIONS IS ONE ( ! MO/ BASIC NECESSITIES ( CONC]T$ ACTION AGA9/ ,*RYSL]1 & ?IS BECAME A REALITY 9 ! UPRIS+ AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,LOCAL #ad ?AT FOLL[S1 IS TO SOME EXT5T ! HI/ORY ( RACIAL T5SIONS WORK+ !MSELVES \T 9 V>I\S POLITICAL M$IUMS1 & F9ALLY BREAK+ D[N ALTOGE!R 9 ! WILDCAT ( ,JUNE4 

,! ,LOCAL 

,TRADITIONAL UNION POLITICS AT LOCAL #ad BEGAN !IR DECL9E 9 ! SPR+ ( #aigb :5 MANAGEM5T />T$ ! SECOND %IFT ( PRODUCTION4 ,!N-9CUMB5T PRESID5T ,NORB]T ,MAHALIEK WAS A BL&1 /]EOTYPICAL UNION BUREAUCRAT :OSE BASE ( SUPPORT RESID$ PRIM>ILY 9 ! OLD] G5]ATION ( HI<-S5IORITY :ITE WORK]S1 MO/ ( :OM W]E 9 ! SKILL$ TRADES4 ,MAHALIEK'S PREVI\SLY 5TR5*$ LEAD]%IP 7& ITS ?9LY-VEIL$ :ITE RACI/ NATURE7 WAS SOON *ALL5G$ BY A NEW RIS+ P[] :I* SPRANG FROM ! 0SECOND G5]ATION0 & TOOK AS ITS LEAD] BLACK1 FA/-TALK+ ,WILLY ,/OVAL4 

,POLITICALLY SKILLFUL1 ,/OVAL CAPITALIZ$ UPON BLACK WORK]S' ANTIPA?Y = ,MAHALIEK'S GR\P & QUICKLY ROSE TO ! P[]FUL POSITION ( *AIRMAN ( ! PLANT B>GA9+ COMMITTEE4 ,:5 HE PULL$ TOGE!R A PR$OM9ANTLY BLACK SLATE TO *ALL5GE ,MAHALIEK 9 ! ,MAY '#g#c ELECTIONS1 MANY BLACK WORK]S1 DESPITE !IR CYNICISM AB\T UNIONS 9 G5]AL1 VOT$ = ! SLATE 9 ! HOPE ?AT A BLACK LEAD]%IP MI<T AT LEA/ BE A LITTLE MORE 0REPRES5TATIVE0 ( !IR 9T]E/S4 ,/OVAL WON4 & ) HIM1 ,>T ,H>VEY1 PREVI\SLY ! TOK5 BLACK 9 ,MAHALIEKS GR\P1 :O N[ ASSUM$ ! POSITION ( ,LOCAL ,PRESID5T4 ,IT WAS APP>5T FROM ! />T ?AT ,H>VEY LACK$ ! ABILITY TO MANIPULATE PEOPLE NECESS>Y TO HIS POSITION1 & :5 ! '#g#c CONTRACT TALKS >RIV$ ! TASK ( 0RESOLV+0 !M FELL UPON A LEAD]%IP :I* WAS1 BY LEAD]%IP DEF9ITIONS1 9EPT4 

,CONDITIONS 9 ! PLANT HAD BE5 GO+ /EADILY D[N HILL & ANG] AMONG ,*RYSL] EMPLOYES WAS GR[+ NATIONWIDE4 ,! DAY ! ,*RYSL]-,U,A,W CONTRACT EXPIR$1 ,DODGE ,TRUCK WORK]S1 9 ADDITION TO A HALF DOZ5 O!R ,*RYSL] PLANTS >\ND ! C\NTRY WALK$ \T AHEAD ( TIME4 ,BY ,MIDNI<T ?AT DAY1 ,LEON>D ,WOODCOCK1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,U,A,W ,9T]NATIONAL1 ANN\NC$ A COMPANY-WIDE /RIKE1 TURN+ A ONE-DAY SPONTANE\S WALK-\T 9TO A WEEK LONG1 0(FICIAL0 /RIKE4 

,HALFWAY ?R\< ?IS 0M9I-/RIKE0 ! ,U,A,W ,9T]NATIONAL SETTL$ ) ,*RYSL] & RATIFICATION ( ! CONTRACT TOOK PLACE A FEW DAYS LAT]4 ,! T]MS ( ! SETTLEM5T W]E DISA/R\S & ALL ! MORE SO BECAUSE !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 OBTA9$ )\T A /RIKE1 BUT ! ,U,A,W FO/]$ & EXT5D$ ! 9ITIAL /RIKE TO ACCOMPLI% TWO EXPLICIT REASONS4 ,ONE1 IT GAVE ! WORK]S ! ILLUSION ( HAV+ APPLI$ REAL PRESSURE TO ! COMPANY1 IMPLY+ ?AT VALUABLE CONCESSIONS HAD EV5TUALLY BE5 WON1 & TWO1 IT ALL[$ A COOL+-(F P]IOD JU/ LONG 5\< = WORK]S TO FEEL ! P9* ( NOT RECEIV+ !IR WEEKLY PAY*ECK4 

,! /RIKE ALSO S]V$ O!R 9CID5TAL PURPOSES4 ,BE=E ! CONTRACT WAS RATIFI$1 ,LOCAL #ad (FICIALS ESCORT$ A CREW ( IRONWORK]S ACROSS ! PICKET L9ES TO MAKE SURE ?AT ,*RYSL] W\LD MAKE GOOD USE ( ! D[N TIME BY WORK+ ON ! PLANT FACILITIES4 ,! LOCAL UNION (FICE EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO CALL /RIK+ REPAIRM5 AT HOME ASK+ !M TO COME TO WORK4 ,! UNION WASN'T EV5 REQUIR$ TO PAY A P5NY 9 /RIKE B5EFITS BECAUSE ! PAYM5TS DON'T />T UNTIL ! SECOND WEEK ( A /RIKE4 

,AT ! RATIFICATION MEET+ = ,LOCAL #gd SOME TWO ?\S& PEOPLE L9$ UP \TSIDE ! UNION HALL ON A ,SUNDAY MORN+ & VOT$ ONE BIG ,N,O ON EV]Y?+4 ,NO ONE HAD ! SLI<TE/ 9KL+ :AT WAS 9 ! LOCAL AGREEM5T1 BUT IT WAS /ILL TURN$ D[N ALONG ) ! NATIONAL AGREEM5T4 ,IT WAS A TOTAL VOTE ( NO-CONFID5CE AGA9/ ! UNION4 

,= A SECOND RATIFICATION ATTEMPT ! UNION HELD A MEET+ AT A NEI<BORHOOD HI< S*OOL AUDITORIUM & H&$ \T COPIES ( ! LOCAL AGREEM5T4 ,LE>N+ ! CONT5T ( ! AGREEM5T ONLY ANG]$ ! WORK]S EV5 MORE & ! MEET+ QUICKLY BROKE UP TO ?UND]+ *ANTS ( 0,VOTE ,NO60 :ILE ! CONTRACT WAS VOT$ D[N AGA94 

,APPROVAL ( ! CONTRACT F9ALLY CAME :5 ,PRESID5T ,H>VEY ?REAT5$ TO TAKE ! PLANT \T ON /RIKE OV] ! ,*RI/MAS HOLIDAYS1 A MOVE :I* W\LD HAVE CO/ EV]YBODY !IR VACATION PAY4 ,H>VEY WAS 9 FACT ?REAT5+ A UNION-CALL$ /RIKE AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 :ILE ATTEMPT+ TO LAY ! BLAME = ! CONTRACT REJECTIONS ON ! 0:ITE-HIPPIE-COMMUNI/S40 

,! TRU? IS1 ! CONTRACT REJECTIONS SIGNIFI$ AN 5D TO ! FREE RIDE ?AT ! NEW BLACK UNION LEAD]%IP HAD BE5 GIV5 AMONG ! BLACK WORK]S4 ,PEOPLE SAW ! UNION1 EV5 MORE CLE>LY ?AN BE=E1 AS SIMPLY AN >M ( ! COMPANY LABOR RELATIONS UNIT1 & W5T TO WORK EA* DAY A LITTLE MORE ANGRY4 ,AT ?AT PO9T VISIBLE RESI/ANCE W5T UND]GR\ND1 SURFAC+ :5 IT DID 9 SPORADIC WALK\TS4 ,ABS5TEEISM & SABOTAGE 9CREAS$ & ACTS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ =EM5 CONT9U$ ON AN 9DIVIDUAL BASIS4 ,FROM ,NOVEMB] #aigc UNTIL ,JUNE #aigd OV] #ae GRIEVANCES W]E FIL$1 & TWELVE TO FIFTE5 ( !M1 AT LEA/1 W]E /RIKEABLE ISSUES OV] CONTRACT VIOLATIONS4 

,WILLY ,/OVAL HAD SE5 GRE5] PA/URES = HIMSELF BY ?AT TIME & HAD TAK5 AN APPO9TM5T AS AN ,9T]NATIONAL REP1 ONLY TOO GLAD TO BE \T ( ! BOIL+ UNRE/ AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK4 ,MAHALIEK1 ! \/$ PRESID5T1 W5T BACK TO WORK ON ! %OP FLOOR1 BUT ONLY = A %ORT TIME4 ,HE WAS SOON ELECT$ COMMITTEEMAN & TEAM$ UP ) *AIRMAN ( ! %OP COMMITTEE1 ,*ET ,PET]BORO1 9 A MUTUAL EF=T TO FUR!R !IR [N POLITICAL C>E]S4 

,MAHALIEK & ,PET]BORO SAT ON ! PIL+ NUMB] ( GRIEVANCES1 REFUS+ TO ACT ON !M OR PASS !M UP TO ! LEVEL ( ! LOCAL PRESID5T4 ,!Y SPREAD RUMORS & !N AGITAT$ 9 MEET+S = A /RIKE VOTE1 KN[+ ?AT ANY EXPLOSION ?AT MI<T COME W\LD BL[ UP 9 ,H>VEY'S FACE DISCR$IT+ HIM & ! 9CUMB5T LEAD]%IP1 AS ! TWO ( !M 7,MAHALIEK & ,PET]BORO7 SLID QUIETLY 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 

,! WILDCAT /RIKE 9 ,JUNE CAME & HAD EXACTLY ?AT EFFECT2 ,H>VEY WAS MADE TO LOOK LIKE A FOOL1 & HIS VALUE AS AN EFFECTIVE CONTROLL] ( ! WORK =CE WAS ]ADICAT$1 LEAV+ ! WAY CLE> = O!R ASPIR+ CONTROLL]S TO /EP 94 

,AFT] ! UPRIS+1 ! UNION HELD A /RIKE VOTE SO ?AT WORK]S :O HAD ! PREVI\S WEEK VOT$ ) !IR FEET1 C\LD N[ REGI/] !IR PASSIVE VOTE 9 A BALLOT BOX4 ,! UNION URG$ A 0YES0 VOTE ON ! /RIKE1 ! LEFTI/ ORGANIZ]S URG$ A 0YES0 VOTE TO 0LEGALIZE \R WILDCAT01 & EV5 ! COMPANY GOT 9TO ! ACT1 URG+ 0,BE SURE & VOTE TODAY01 ON A BILLBO>D AT ! PLANT GATE4 ,! URG+ WAS SO GREAT 9 FACT ?AT SOME BEGAN TO WOND] EXACTLY :O ?IS /RIKE VOTE WAS REALTY =4 

,AS IT HAPP5S ( C\RSE1 ! /RIKE VOTE WAS HELD TO LEGITIMIZE ! UNION1 TO RE/ORE CONTROL TO !IR H&S1 & TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W]E ACTUALLY ACT+ ON COMPLA9TS4 ,! LIKELIHOOD ( A 0LEGAL0 /RIKE OCCURR+ ?\< IS AB\T AS GREAT H]E AS IT IS AT ! ,DETROIT ,=GE ,PLANT1 :]E A ,/RIKE VOTE PASS$ OV]:ELM+LY LA/ YE> IS /ILL AWAIT+ RATIFICATION FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL4 7,! ,DODGE ,TRUCK VOTE H]E C>RI$ #b1 PLUS TO #c#g#g1 & EVOKES VISIONS ( ! OLD ,LAUREL & ,H>DY COM$Y R\T9E :]E A *>ACT] OP5S A DOOR TO LEAVE A H\SE ?AT HAS COLLAPS$1 LEAV+ ONLY ?AT DOOR /&+47 

,! FIR/ UNION MEET+ AFT] ! UPRIS+1 ON ,JULY #a#f1 M>K$ ! RETURN 7TEMPOR>ILY7 TO ! UND]GR\ND = WORK] RESI/ANCE AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK4 ,EV5 AFT] MU* URG+ BY RADICALS TO %[ UP & MAKE !MSELVES FELT1 LESS ?AN A HUNDR$ PEOPLE CAME & ASK$ QUE/IONS1 GETT+ ONLY EVASIVE ANSW]S4 ,TWO WORK]S CONSPIR$ TO BR+ 9 A LUN*BOX FULL ( EGGS1 HOP+ ?AT ?+S W\LD BECOME HEAT$ 5\< = !M TO LOB !IR FEEL+S AB\T ! UNION AT ! BUREAUCRATS1 BUT ! SITUATION REMA9$ TOO CALM TO W>RANT EV5 ?AT4 ,! UNION IS N[ 9 CONTROL ( ITSELF AGA9 & PRODUCTION GOES ON1 ONE AFT] ! O!R4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,U,A,W ,LOCAL #ad IS NOT ! HI/ORY ( A LEAD]%IP ) A CON/ITU5CY WORK+ TOGE!R = A COMMON 5D1 & IT NEV] WAS4 ,IT IS ! HI/ORY ( A BODY ( WORK]S ACT+1 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY1 TO RESI/ ! DOM9ATION ( !IR LIVES BY A CORPORATION1 & ( A REACTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( C>E] 0LEAD]S0 :OSE ONLY ACTIVITIES HAVE BE5 DIRECT$ 5TIRELY T[>D QUELL+ ?AT RESI/ANCE1 ALWAYS AFT] IT >ISES1 & ALWAYS = ! FUR!RANCE ( !IR [N 5DS4 

,WORK]S OV] ! PA/ TWO YE>S HAVE MOV$ ?R\< SEV]AL LEVELS ( TACTICS 9 ATTEMPTS TO FI<T COMPANY PRESSURE1 SOME ( :I* HAVE 9CLUD$ ATTEMPTS TO USE ! UNION AS A VEHICLE1 ATTEMPTS :I* HAVE ALWAYS HAD ! SAME \TCOME4 ,! ELECTION 9 ,MAY '#g#c WAS A ONCE-ONLY RE=M EXP]IM5T TO TRY A NEW1 MORE 0REPRES5TATIVE0 LEAD]%IP1 & IT FAIL$1 9EVITABLY4 ,SEE+ ?IS FAILURE1 WORK]S MOV$ ON FUR!R & VOT$ ONE BIG 0,N,O0 AGA9/ ! UNION ITSELF ON ! ISSUE ( CONTRACTS4 ,:5 ?IS1 TOO1 FAIL$1 AS IT EV5TUALLY HAD TO1 ! WILDCAT WAS ! NEXT LOGICAL /EP1 AN ATTEMPT AT COLLECTIVE DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ! COMPANY :I* CIRCUMV5T$ 5TIRELY ! P[] ( ! UNION4 ,BUT ! UNION & COMPANY /ILL HAVE SUFFICI5T P[] TO DE/ROY SU* ISOLAT$ EF=TS ( RESI/ANCE1 & !Y HAVE TEMPOR>ILY REGA9$ ! UPP] H&4 

,! DIRECTION & 9T5SITY ( WORK]S' RESI/ANCE1 H[EV]1 HAVE ALREADY MOV$ BEYOND ANY FUR!R FAI? 9 UNIONS4 ,IT REMA9S ONLY = WORK]S TO F9D ! EXPRESSION ( !IR RESI/ANCE SOLELY 9 A FAI? 9 !MSELVES1 A PROCESS :I*1 AS EVID5C$ BY ! #d DAYS ( SOLID>ITY 9 ,JUNE1 HAS ALREADY BEGUN4 

,! ,ORGANIZ]S 

,ON ,W$NESDAY1 ?IRD DAY ( ! WILDCAT1 ! F>CES OPPOS+ ! /RIKE DEALT :AT !Y HOP$ W\LD BE !IR MO/ P[]FUL BL[ AGA9/ ! UNITY ( ! /RIK]S4 ,! ,DETROIT ,FREE ,PRESS C>RI$ AN >TICLE BY REPORT] ,BILLY ,B[LES GIV+ ! COMPLETE P]SONAL BACKGR\ND ( ,/EVE ,SMI?1 FIR$ *IEF /EW>D FROM ! METAL %OP1 :O !Y CLAIM$ WAS LEAD+ ! /RIKE4 ,DETAIL+ HIS MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION 7A ,MAOI/ GR\P FROM ,CALI=NIA7 & HIS ACTIVITY 9 A /RIKE 9 ,PITTSBUR<1 ! /ORY'S CLE> IMPLICATION WAS ?AT ,SMI? HAD HIR$ 9 AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK SOLELY = ! PURPOSE ( FOM5T+ LABOR UNRE/4 

,AT ! TIME1 !' >TICLE WAS TREAT$ ) NO MORE S]I\SNESS ?AN ,>T ,H>VEY'S *>GES ( COMMUNI/ MANIPULATION1 S9CE IT SEEM$ CLE> TO EV]YBODY ?AT ! /RIKE HAD TAK5 ,SMI? AS MU* BY SURPRISE AS IT HAD ! UNION & ! MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ONE Y\NG WORK] PUT IT3 0,I JU/ CAN'T BELIEVE ?AT SOME GUY W\LD HIRE 9TO ?IS %I?OLE & WORK = F\R YE>S JU/ TO LEAD A /RIKE40 ,SMI? HIMSELF READILY CONC$$ ! ESS5TIAL ACCURACY ( ! FACTS CONTA9$ )9 ! /ORY1 BUT D5I$ /RONGLY ! IMPLICATIONS4 0,SURE ,I'M A COMMUNI/01 HE SAID1 0,I'VE BE5 OP5 AB\T IT FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,BUT COMMUNISM ISN'T ! ISSUE H]E4 ,?IS /RIKE IS OV] WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 ! PLANT40 

,BUT ,SMI?'S EASY DISMISSAL ( HIS COMMUNISM AS 0NOT ! ISSUE01 F> FROM CLE>+ ! AIR4 SEEM$ ONLY TO BEG ! ISSUE4 ,= MANY WORK]S1 DEMORALIZ$ BY ! /RIKE'S EV5TUAL FAILURE1 IT GAVE EV5 MORE SUB/ANCE TO ! FE>S B>ELY /IRR$ BY ! NEWSPAP] /ORY1 ?AT :AT !Y ?\<T TO BE !IR [N SPONTANE\S ACT ( RESI/ANCE MI<T 9DE$ BE ONLY ! RESULT ( ! MANIPULATIONS ( 0\TSIDE0 AGITATORS4 ,9 TRU?1 ,SMI?1 & ANY NUMB] ( O!R ,M>XI/-,L59I/ POLITICAL MISSION>IES1 HAVE HIR$ 9TO 0?IS %IT-HOLE0 ) ! EXPRESS$ PURPOSE1 NOT ( JU/ LEAD+ A /RIKE1 BUT ( LEAD+ ! 0MASSES ( WORK]S0 9 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ BOSSES4 ,IT'S ALSO TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 AT BE/1 ! WILDCAT'S />T CAU<T !M BY SURPRISE1 & !IR EV]Y EF=T !REAFT] WAS DIRECT$ AT CAT*+ UP )1 & REGA9+ 0LEAD]%IP0 OV]1 ! RADICAL ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S4 

,A FULL ALPHABET S\P COLLECTION ( COMMUNI/ ORGANIZ]S HAS COME & GONE AT ! ,W>R5 ,TRUCK ,PLANT4 ,ASPIR+ WORK+ CLASS LEAD]S HAVE COME FROM ,C,L 7,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE71 ,N,C,L,C 7,LABOR ,COMMITTEE71 ,R,U1 ,D,T,R,U,M 7A ,C,L PROJECT71 ,M,C,L,L 7,MOTOR ,CITY ,LABOR ,LEAGUE71 ! ,SP>K1 & O!R OBSCURE LEFTI/ SECTS4 

,!SE ORGANIZ]S %>E ! BASIC VIEW ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 P>TICUL> ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS1 IS ! ONLY SEGM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CAPABLE ( OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM ITSELF & CON/RUCT+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 ITS PLACE4 ,!Y ALSO BELIEVE1 H[EV]1 ?AT WORK]S CANNOT PROP]LY EVOLVE !IR [N CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 NOR ANY TACTICS OR /RATEGIES TO RADICALLY TRANS=M IT1 BUT MU/ HAVE !M 9JECT$ 9 FROM \TSIDE ! CLASS4 

,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT EA* ( !SE GR\PS SEES ITSELF AS ! ONLY ONE CAPABLE ( 9JECT+ ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS & ,L59I/ TACTICS NECESS>Y 7COMPETITION IS FI]CE72 IT'S ALSO NO CO9CID5CE ?AT EA* SEES ! NECESSITY = A /RONG1 C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP TO DIRECT ! WORK]S' REVOLT1 :I* !Y >E MORE ?AN WILL+ 7MO/ >E 9SI/5T7 TO PROVIDE1 9 ! =M ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL P>TY4 ,?IS P>TY W\LD ALSO TAKE ON ! TASK ( ADM9I/]+ ! NEW SOCIETY1 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM1 9 ! NAME ( ! WORK]S4 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION CON=MS TO ?IS SIMPLIFI$ MODEL 7ITS P>TICUL> WR9KLE BE+ ! APPLICATION ( ! ?\<TS ( ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG7 & IS PROBABLY ! ONE :I* HAS RELAT$ TO ! TRUCK PLANT OV] ! LONGE/ P]IOD ( TIME4 ,( ITS ACTIVE MEMB]S1 ,SMI? HAS BE5 MO/ VISIBLE4 

,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! /RIKE1 MANY ,TRUCK ,PLANT WORK]S >E ASK+ !MSELVES & O!RS ! QUE/ION1 0,JU/ :AT IS ?IS COMMUNI/ CONSPIRACY %IT ALL AB\T80 ,SOME BACKGR\ND 9=MATION ON ! ,R,U'S ACTIVITIES 9 ! PLANT %\LD #a7 DISPEL ANY ILLUSIONS ?AT ! UPRIS+ WAS A CONTRIV$ EF=T BY COMMUNI/S1 & #b7 T\* ON SOME ( ! REAL D\BTS ?AT PEOPLE FEEL AB\T POLITICAL MISSION>IES1 D\BTS ?AT CANNOT BE DISMISS$ BY AVOID+ !M4 

,DUR+ ! W9T] ( #a#i#g#a-#a#i#g#b A NUMB] ( Y\NG :ITE WORK]S CAME TOGE!R 9 ! PLANT TO EXPLORE MEANS ( FI<T+ ! COMPANY4 ,SOME ( !M1 9CLUD+ ,SMI? 7:O WAS A SPOT-WELD] AT ! TIME & A MEMB] ( ! ,R,U71 SAW !MSELVES AS COMMUNI/ ORGANIZ]S ATTEMPT+ TO P>TICIPATE 91 PROMOTE1 & GUIDE WORK] ORGANIZATION & REBELLION AGA9/ ! COMPANY1 & AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4 

,! UPCOM+ DELEGATE ELECTIONS = ! #aigb ,U,A,W ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CONV5TION PROVID$ ! GR\P ) A VEHICLE = ACTION1 & :5 NO ONE ELSE WAS =?COM+ AS A VOLUNTE]1 ,SMI? RAN = DELEGATE ON A RADICAL PLAT=M1 QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM ! O!R UNION BUREAUCRATS4 

,! RESPONSE SURPRIS$ ALL1 AS HE CAME 9 SEV5? & QUALIFI$ AS A FULL DELEGATE TO ! CONV5TION4 ,%OCK$ BY ! SUPPORT ?AT A LONG-HAIR$ Y\NG RADICAL HAD GOTT5 9 ! DELEGATE ELECTIONS1 7ESPECIALLY FROM ! GREATLY MORE MILITANT 0SECOND G5]ATION0 WORK]S71 ! UNION PULL$ :AT PROV$ TO BE1 = !M1 A BRILLIANT POLITICAL MOVE3 !Y APPO9T$ ,SMI? SECOND %IFT *IEF /EW>D 9 ! METAL %OP4 ,BY ISOLAT+ HIM AS A UNION BUREAUCRAT FROM ! PRODUCTION WORK]S ON ! %OP FLOOR1 ! UNION MA*9E ?\<T !IR COOPTATION MOVE WAS SUCCESSFUL1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T IT WAS4 ,SMI? N[ ADMITS ?AT IT WAS PROBABLY A MI/AKE = HIM TO ACCEPT ! POSITION TWO YE>S AGO4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! GR\P WAS CONT9U+ ITS O!R ACTIVITIES & BEGAN PUTT+ \T A NEWSLETT] CALL$ ,ON ,! ,L9E4 ,SMI? & O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION EX]CIS$ V]Y TI<T $ITORIAL CONTROL OV] ! CONT5T1 REFUS+ ANY CRITICISM ( ! UNION1 ANY M5TION ( SABOTAGE1 OR ANY?+ ?AT ULTIMATELY *ALL5G$ 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY4 ,!Y CLAIM$ TO KN[ BE/ :AT ! WORK]S C\LD READ1 WRITE1 & = ?AT MATT]1 ?9K4 

,AS NE>LY EV]YBODY LO/ 9T]E/ & FELL AWAY FROM ! NEWSLETT]1 A DEBATE BROKE \T AMONG ?OSE REMA9+ :O HAD BE5 >\ND S9CE ! BEG9N+4 ,ONE WORK] ON ! MOTOR /ATION DEM&$ ?AT A CAMPAIGN BE M\NT$ TO PU% = DEMOCRACY 9 ! UNION1 S9CE ?AT SEEM$ TO HIM ! ISSUE CAUS+ MO/ DISCONT5T ) ! UNION AMONG WORK]S4 ,! ,R,U PEOPLE OPPOS$ ?IS VEHEM5TLY4 ,!Y MA9TA9$ A /RICT POSITION AGA9/ DEMOCRACY1 9SI/+ ?AT MILITANT 0LEAD]%IP0 WAS MORE IMPORTANT4 

,! >GUM5T1 H[EV]1 PROV$ TO BE AT BE/ FUTILE4 ,MO/ WORK]S CONT9U$ TO RELATE TO ! UNION = :AT IT WAS3 A LABOR RELATIONS >M ( ! COMPANY & NOT A 0WORK]S' ORGANIZATION40 

,! NEWSLETT] PET]$ \T FROM LACK ( P>TICIPATION1 & ! MILITANTS :O HAD WANT$ TO RE=M ! UNION BECAME ISOLAT$ & FIR$ ONE BY ONE4 7,ONE WAS FIR$ :5 CAU<T WALK+ BACK 9 AFT] A HEAT WALK\T1 ANO!R = REFUS+ TO PICK UP A WA%] HE HAD DROPP$ ON ! FLOOR1 & ANO!R = SABOTAG+ TRUCKS :ILE ?REE =EM5 LOOK$ ON47 ,EV5TUALLY ,SMI? HIMSELF BEGAN TO FEEL ISOLAT$ 9 HIS BUREAUCRATIC ROLE1 EV5 ?\< SOME ORGANIZ+ WAS BEG9N+ TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! METAL %OP4 

,!N CAME ! /RIKE1 & ! COMMUNI/S W]E CAU<T 5TIRELY (F BALANCE1 = !Y W]E UNABLE1 UNTIL ! LA/ MOM5T1 TO IMPOSE !IR CONCEPTION ( ! 0NECESS>Y ORGANIZATION0 ON ! WORK]S' ACTIVITY4 

,BUT IT WAS NOT = WANT ( TRY+4 ,:5 IT WAS SUGGE/$ ?AT A MORE REPRES5TATIVE LEAD] %IP WAS NE$$ = ! /RIKE1 ,SMI? APPO9T$ A /E]+ COMMITTEE 9 L9E ) HIS POSITION AGA9/ DEMOCRACY4 ,ON AT LEA/ TWO OCCASIONS1 ,SMI? & O!R ,R,U PEOPLE TRI$ TO GET ! /RIK]S TO VOTE TO EXCLUDE ALL LIT]ATURE EXCEPT ?AT :I* HAD BE5 APPROV$1 I4E41 !IR [N4 ,SMI? MA9TA9$ ?AT SOMEH[ ?IS O!R LIT]ATURE MI<T 0HURT \R EF=TS04 

,! /RIK]S OV]:ELM+LY REJECT$ ! C5SOR%IP EF=TS1 MA9TA9+ ?AT !Y W]E QUITE ABLE TO READ & MAKE DECISIONS = !MSELVES1 A VIEW NOT %>$ BY !IR ASPIR+ LEAD]S4 

,IT WAS ONLY AT ! LA/ MEET+ ?AT ! ,R,U PEOPLE ACTUALLY BEGAN TO MAKE !IR PRES5CE FELT TO ANY EXT5T4 ,IT WAS SUGGE/$ AT ?IS MEET+ ?AT ! /RIK]S MAKE A /RATEGIC RETREAT & GO BACK TO WORK ) A PLAN TO CONT9UE REBELLION 9SIDE ! PLANT1 S9CE II WAS D\BTFUL ) SU* SMALL NUMB]S ?AT !Y C\LD PREV5T ,*RYSL] FROM />T+ UP PRODUCTION 9 ! MORN+4 ,?IS SUGGE/ION WAS VEHEM5TLY OPPOS$ FROM TWO SIDES4 ,?OSE WORK]S :O W]E FIR$ OPPOS$ ! SUGGE/ION = OBVI\S REASONS IT LEFT !M \T1 & BY PU%+ = CONT9UANCE ( ! /RIKE EF=T1 !Y HAD NO?+ TO LOSE & !IR JOBS TO REGA91 AT BE/4 

,ALSO AT ! MEET+ W]E AB\T HALF A DOZ5 MEMB]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UNION :O DIDN'T WORK AT ! PLANT BUT W]E >GU+ V]Y /RONGLY TO CONT9UE ! /RIKE4 ,AS PEOPLE DRIFT$ AWAY FROM ! MEET+1 DISC\RAG$ & BEAT51 ! ,R,U PEOPLE TOOK A MORE 9SI/5T POSITION1 URG+ ?OSE REMA9+ 9TO :AT TURN$ \T TO BE A MI/AKE4 ,! NEXT MORN+ MORE PEOPLE W]E >RE/$1 ,*RYSL] MANAG$ TO />T PRODUCTION & ! /RIKE EF=T WAS BEAT5 9 A R\T4 

,:AT HAPP5$ AT ?AT MEET+ WAS A LOGICAL1 BUT NOT 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( ! WAY ALL PREVI\S MEET+S HAD BE5 CONDUCT$4 ,FROM ! />T /RIK]S HAD ACCEPT$ ! P>TICIPATION ( \TSID]S 9 ! /RUGGLE1 & ?IS WAS A MAJOR /EP =W>D FROM ! ISOLATION :I* HAD M>K$ O!R WILDCATS 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT IT HAD ALSO LEFT ! DOOR OP5 = ! PR(ESSIONAL ORGANIZ]S TO ABUSE ?AT PRIVILEGE4 ,ALSO ! FIR$ WORK]S CAME =W>D AS A LEAD]%IP =CE 9 DECISION MAK+1 PU%+ = ! MO/ RADICAL ACTION LONG AFT] IT WAS AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O MU/ EV5TUALLY RETURN TO WORK4 

,! EV5TUAL DOM9ATION !SE GR\PS GA9$ WAS ONE REASON SO MANY PEOPLE DRIFT$ AWAY FROM ! /RIKE EF=T AT ?AT PO9T4 ,!Y RECOGNIZ$ ,?AT LIFE W\LD /ILL GO ON & ! REBELLION NO LONG] SPOKE REALI/ICALLY TO ! NE$S ( ?OSE /ILL ) JOBS4 

,LE/ ! EMPHASIS ON SELF APPO9T$ LEAD]S SEEM \T ( PROPORTION1 ONE ?+ %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$3 ! ,DODGE ,TRUCK UPRIS+ WAS BEGUN1 CONT9U$1 & 5D$ BY ! WORK]S1 ) ONLY M9OR 9FLU5CE BY ORGANIZ]S4 ,! REAL LEAD]S ( ! /RIKE W]E ! #a TO #e PEOPLE :O HAMM]$ \T /RATEGIES 9 ! /RIKE MEET+S OR M>*$ ! PICKET L9ES TO KEEP ! PLANT D[N4 ,DUR+ ! /RIKE WE %$ \R PASSIVITY4 ,SIX-?\S& PEOPLE VOT$ ) !IR FEET TO C>RY ON ! /RIKE1 & :5 ?AT EF=T APPE>$ EXHAU/$1 !Y VOT$ ) !IR FEET & RETURN$ TO WORK1 :]E !Y MU/ CONT9UE ! FI<T JU/ TO SURVIVE4 

,! ,UNIONS 

,! ,AM]ICAN AUTO 9DU/RY1 9 CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC T]MS1 IS A DY+ 9DU/RY4 ,?IS IS NOT AN EXAGG]ATION OR SIMPLIFICATION1 NOR DOES IT MEAN ?AT1 IF CAPITALISM P]SI/S1 IT WILL 0DISAPPE>0 AT ANY TIME 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 ,BUT1 HAV+ EXP&$ TO FILL ALMO/ EV]Y CREVICE ( ITS POT5TIAL M>KET 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 AUTO PRODUCTION TODAY IS SIMPLY NO LONG] A 0GR[?0 9DU/RY & CANNOT HOPE TO BE AGA94 ,DESPITE 5ORM\S YE>LY SALES FIGURES1 REAL PR(ITS ON EA* C> PRODUC$ HAVE FALL5 & RETURNS ON 9VE/M5TS1 :]E !Y >5'T DECL9+1 >E B>ELY REMA9+ ! SAME4 

,TO ECONOMIC ANALY/S ?IS MEANS ?AT ,G,M1 ,=D1 ,*RYSL] & ,AM]ICAN ,MOTORS CAN NO LONG] G5]ATE OR ATTRACT ! 9VE/M5T CAPITAL NECESS>Y TO UPDATE ! TE*NOLOGY ( AUTO PRODUCTION4 ,9/EAD !Y MU/ CONT9UE TO USE \TMOD$ FACILITIES & PRODUCTION CONCEPTS :ILE /RUGGL+ VA9LY TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY ?R\< 9T5SIVE CO/-CUTT+ & SPE$-UP4 7,?IS IS TRUE TO V>Y+ DEGREES ?R\<\T L>GE SECTIONS ( AM]ICAN PRODUCTION 9DU/RY TODAY1 :]E %ORTAGE ( CAPITAL & L>GE-SCALE %IFTS T[>D S]VICE 9DU/RIES HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO U%] 9 !IR DECL9E47 

,TRAPP$ BY ! HUGE AM\NTS ( CAPITAL !Y HAVE TI$ UP 9 ASSEMBLY-L9E TE*NOLOGY 7& TO SOME EXT5T !IR [N 9ABILITY TO CONCEIVE ( PRODUCTION ME?ODS \TSIDE ( ?AT TE*NOLOGY71 ! ,H5RY ,=DS1 ,RI*>D ,G]/5B]GS & ,LYNN ,T[NS5DS ( ?IS C\NTRY SEE !MSELVES AS HAV+ NO *OICE 9 ! SITUATION BUT TO PRESS WORK]S & FACILITIES TO !IR MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVE LIMIT4 ,&1 9 ?IS SITUATION1 !Y >E RI<T1 = UND] CAPITALISM PRODUCTIVITY MU/ CONT9UE TO GR[ IF AN 9DU/RY IS TO REMA9 ALIVE4 

,= WORK]S 9 ! PLANTS ! CONCLUSIONS >E UNAVOIDABLE IF ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS TO BE MA9TA9$3 #a7 !Y MU/ CONT9UE TO WORK UND] PHYSICALLY OPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS 7DECAY+ BUILD+S1 DANG]\S MA*9ES1 /UPEFY+ NOISE LEVELS1 EXTREMES ( TEMP]ATURE1 ETC47 :I* MU/ NECESS>ILY DET]IORATE MORE EV]Y DAY2 & #b7 !Y MU/ CONT9UALLY WORK H>D] & FA/] UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 AT EV] MORE M9DLESS ACTIVITY1 ) CONT9UALLY GREAT] H>ASSM5T FROM SUP]VISION4 

,BECAUSE ( ! CRITICAL NECESSITY = CONT9UALLY 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY1 MANAGEM5T N[ F9DS IT MORE CRUCIAL ?AN EV] ?AT PLANT FACILITIES BE MADE TO PRODUCE !IR UTMO/ AT ALL TIMES2 ?US LO/-TIME CAUS$ BY SABOTAGE1 ABS5TEEISM1 WILDCATS & WORK] RESI/ANCE TO SPE$-UPS MU/ NOT ONLY BE AVOID$ BUT ACTIVELY & =CIBLY REPRESS$4 

,?IS ITSELF IS NO?+ NEW 9 EMPLOY]_/EMPLOYEE RELATIONS3 A SY/EM ( RIGID DISCIPL9E HAS BE5 9DISP5SABLE TO ASSEMBLY-L9E PRODUCTION S9CE ITS 9CEPTION4 ,BUT AS WORK]S BECOME MORE DISSATISFI$ ) !IR BOR+ & PO9TLESS ACTIVITY1 ) !IR COMPLETE 9ABILITY1 ?R\< ! (FICIALLY PROSCRIB$ MEANS1 TO CONTROL ANY ( ! CONDITIONS :I* DET]M9E ! CONSUMPTION ( !IR LIVES1 !IR RESI/ANCE TURNS TO DISRUPTIVE ACTION & DISCIPL9E BECOMES ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO 5=CE4 ,IT IS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ! DISCIPL9>Y FUNCTION ( ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS :I* TRADITIONALLY PURPORT TO 0REPRES5T ! WORK]S01 ! UNIONS1 BECOMES MO/ CRUCIAL TO ! CONT9UANCE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 

,ON ! FACE ( IT1 ! ROLE ( ,U,A,W ,LOCAL #ad AS A CONSCI\S AG5T ( ! ,*RYSL] ,CORPORATION 9 ! LA/ MON?'S /RIKE IS SO OBVI\S AS TO H>DLY BE> REPEAT+4 ,ANY ,U,A,W MEMB] 9 ! PLANT HAS PA9FULLY CONCLUD$ ?AT ! UNION LONG AGO GAVE UP REPRES5T+ HIS 9T]E/S & BECAME 9/EAD A SIMPLE ADJUNCT TO ! COMPANY1 5=C+ ! WORK DISCIPL9E ?AT =EM5 & SUP]VISORS BY !MSELVES C\LD NEV] HOPE TO IMPOSE4 ,BUT :AT IS IMPORTANT AB\T ?IS TRANS=MATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS = O!R1 SUPPOS$LY MORE RADICAL ORGANIZ+ GR\PS B5T ON 0LEAD+ ! WORK]S01 IS ?AT 9 REALITY IT WAS NO TRANS=MATION AT ALL1 BUT ONLY ! LOGICAL & 9EVITABLE RESULT ( CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 ! NATURE ( ANY ORGANIZATION :I* CLAIMS TO 0REPRES5T0 ! 9T]E/S ( O!RS4 ,UNIONS >E NOT N[ ESS5TIALLY 0HEAL?Y0 ORGANIZATIONS :I* REQUIRE ONLY A CLEAN+-UP ( LEAD]%IP TO 0BEG9 ONCE AGA9 S]V+ WORK]S' 9T]E/S02 !Y HAVE NOT BE5 0BETRAY$0 BY CORRUPT FATCATS1 !Y >E ! BETRAYAL !MSELVES4 

,UNIONS FIR/ APPE>$ AS SELF-ORGANIZATIONS ( LABOR]S = DEF5SE AGA9/ ! 9HUMAN WORK+ CONDITIONS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,!IR GOALS W]E COMPLETELY COMPATIBLE ) ! CAPITALI/S WAGE SY/EM1 BUT DEM&$ RE=MS )9 IT ( %ORT] WORK+ DAY1 P5SIONS1 DEC5T WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AN 5D TO EMPLOY] >BITR>9ESS1 ETC4 ,MANY ( !SE E>LY UNION DEM&S W]E GRANT$ ONLY AFT] LONG & BLOODY /RUGGLES1 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT !SE /RUGGLES ONLY LA/$ AS LONG AS ! CAPITALI/S' FAILURE TO SEE ! POT5TIAL = COOPTATION )9 ! UNIONS4 ,ONCE CAPITAL ACCEPT$ ! 9EVITABILITY ( !IR EXI/5CE & BEGAN LOOK+ = WAYS TO ASSIMILATE !M ! UNIONS' TOTAL BANKRUPTCY WAS GU>ANTE$4 

,! MOD]N UNION MOVEM5T HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 ! DEPRESSION1 & MANY OLD TIM]S & TRADITIONAL RADICALS LOOK BACK ON ?OSE YE>S AS ! 0GOOD OLD DAYS0 ( UNIONS1 :5 %>P BATTLES W]E F\<T & UNIONS AT LA/ WON RECOGNITION FROM ! COMPANIES4 ,BUT ! MILITANT HI/ORY & ! SPIRIT ( ! RANK & FILE (T5 T5D TO OBSCURE :AT ! ACTUAL PROCESS ( UNIONIZATION WAS & :AT HAS BECOME ITS ULTIMATE PRODUCT4 

,AS ! DEPRESSION %>P5$ 9 ! E>LY ?IRTIES1 SO DID WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES AGA9/ WAGE CUT-BACKS1 PLANT CLOS+S & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,9 SEV]AL CITIES1 >M$ BATTLES W]E F\<T BY /RIK+ WORK]S AGA9/ POLICE & NATIONAL GU>DSM5 CALL$ UP TO PROTECT ! 9T]E/S ( ! CORPORATIONS4 ,9 O!RS1 G5]AL /RIKES ( ! :OLE WORK =CE W]E CALL$ & A FEV] ( G5U9E REVOLUTION BEGAN SPREAD+4 

,GR[+ WORK+ CLASS MILITANCY SEV]ELY HEI<T5$ ! CONC]N ( ! MAJOR CAPITALI/S AS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS GREW WORSE1 & 9 #aice ! ,ROOSEVELT GOV]NM5T'S ,NATIONAL ,RECOV]Y ,ADM9I/RATION ISSU$ ! ,H5D]SON ,REPORT1 /AT+ ?AT 0UNLESS SOME?+ IS DONE SOON1 !Y 7! WORK]S7 9T5D TO TAKE ?+S 9TO !IR [N H&S40 

,?AT 0SOME?+0 BECAME ! ,C,I,O1 :I*1 5C\RAG$ BY ,ROOSEVELT & HIS FRI5DS 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ORGANIZ$ REBELLI\S WORK]S 9TO ! TOPD[N BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS ?AT EXI/ TODAY4 ,) A NEW GOV]NM5T APPROV$ /ATUS UND] ITS BELT1 ! ,CL,O-GR\P ( UNIONS BEGAN A S]IES ( LI<TN+ ORGANIZ+ DRIVES 9 ! BASIC 9DU/RIES ) ! SOLE OBJECTIVE BE+ RECOGNITION ( ! UNION BY ! CORPORATION4 ,SWEPT ASIDE W]E RANK & FILE DEM&S = CONTROL ( PRODUCTION ON ! %OP FLOOR1 ) EV5 UNION RADICALS DISC>D+ !IR PREVI\SLY 9TRANSIG5T DEM&S = SOCIALISM4 ,! GOAL1 9/EAD1 BECAME 0! ,CONTRACT04 

,FROM ! DAY ! FIR/1 HI/ORIC CONTRACT WAS SIGN$ ! UNION TOOK ON A ROLE NO ONE 9 ! RANK & FILE HAD ANTICIPAT$1 ?AT ( DISCIPL9>IAN ( ! WORK =CE4 ,BY ITS V]Y EXI/5CE ! UNION CONTRACT E/ABLI%ES ! P[] ( ! UNION AS ! (FICIAL & ONLY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! WORK]S & AS SU* IT IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! COMPANY & ! LAW4 ,! CONTRACT'S FIR/ CONCRETE ACT IS TO REMOVE FROM ! H&S ( ! WORK]S ! MO/ IMPORTANT WEAPON !Y HAVE1 ! /RIKE1 & TURN IT OV]1 BY LAW1 SOLELY TO !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,?US ! UNION ALONE HAS ! RI<T TO /RIKE1 NOT ! WORK]S4 ,! TRADE(F 9 ?IS AGREEM5T1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT MANAGEM5T WILL GRANT C]TA9 ECONOMIC CONCESSIONS 9 RETURN = :I* ! UNION PL$GES ?AT IT WILT PREV5T /RIKES OR DISRUPTION ( PRODUCTION DUR+ ! T]M ( ! CONTRACT 79 FUR!R RETURN = :I* MANAGEM5T MAKES ! UNWRITT5 GU>ANTEE ?AT IT WILL DO EV]Y?+ )9 ITS CONSID]ABLE P[] TO 0P]PETUATE & RE9=CE0 ! UNION LEAD]S' PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS74 

,S9CE WORK]S >E CONT9UALLY 9 REVOLT AGA9/ WORK+ CONDITIONS1 SPE$-UPS1 HEAL? & SAFETY HAZ>DS1 ! MONOTONY ( PRODUCTION 79 FACT ALL ?OSE ?+S :I* DROVE !M TO SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE71 :]EAS ! UNION'S FUNCTION & LEGAL OBLIGATION IS TO 9SURE ?AT PRODUCTION CONT9UES AT A NORMAL RATE REG>DLESS ( WORK] GRIEVANCES1 ! TWO GR\PS F9D !MSELVES HOLD+ 9T]E/S :I* >E NOT JU/ 9COMPATIBLE BUT TOTALLY CONTRADICTORY4 ,?US :5EV] WORK]S BEG9 A /RIKE !MSELVES1 OR ANY DISRUPTIVE SELF-ACTIVITY1 !Y >E FAC$ ) ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( ! COMPANY1 /ATE & UNIONS TO SMA% IT4 

,:5 CONV5TIONAL ME?ODS ( URG+ WORK]S BACK TO WORK 7CALLS = 0PROP] PROC$URE01 PROMISES ( LAT] ACTION1 ETC47 FAIL$ TO 5D ! WILDCAT AT ,DODGE ,TRUCK1 ! CORPORATION HAD REC\RSE TO ! P[]S ( ! /ATE TO SETTLE ITS GRIEVANCE4 ,HAV+ ALREADY B\<T ! WORK]S' RI<T TO /RIKE FROM !IR LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! #aigc CONTRACT NEGOTIATIONS1 ,*RYSL] HAD ONLY TO 9VOKE ! CONTRACTUAL CLAUSES :I* DEALT ) ! UNAU?ORIZ$ /RIKES TO BR+ 0! LAWS & ALL ! MA*9]Y ( /ATE0 D[N ON ! BACKS ( ,*RYSL] EMPLOYES4 ,PICKET+ WORK]S W]E CONFRONT$ ) ! A/ONI%+ SI<T ( A BLACK-ROB$ JUDGE1 SURR\ND$ BY POLICE1 DISP5S+ 9JUNCTIONS & ORD]+ >RE/S FROM ! BACK ( A COMPANY-[N$ PICKUP TRUCK 9 ! PLANT P>K+ LOT4 ,IT'S DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A MORE HONE/ DEMON/RATION ( ! LAW'S TRUE BIAS ?AN ?IS1 = H[ MANY ,*RYSL] EMPLOYES CAN REMEMB] ! LA/ -- OR ANY -- JUDGE :O APPE>$ ON ! %OP FLOOR DEM&+ AN 5D TO WORK] H>ASSM5T BY ! COMPANY1 HAZ>D\S CONDITIONS1 =C$ OV]TIME1 ETC48 

,! UNION'S ACTIVITIES W]E EQUALLY BLATANT2 F> FROM TAK+ ! WORK]S' GRIEVANCES BE=E ! LAW :5 ! COMPANY FAIL$ TO COMPLY ) ITS CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS1 ! ,U,A,W CALL$ 9 ! LOCAL POLICE TO EJECT /RIK+ WORK]S FROM !IR [N UNION HALL :5 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO KEEP IT OP5 = A /RIKE MEET+4 

,TODAY1 ! TRUE ROLE ( ! UNION HAS BECOME SO CLE> AS TO BE TRANSP>5T4 ,UNIONS >E NOT 9/ITUTIONS E/ABLI%$ TO BR+ B5EFITS TO !IR MEMB]S ?R\< SU* 9/RUM5TS AS ! CONTRACT1 !Y >E 9/ITUTIONS :I* S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( A CLASS ( BUREAUCRATS & 0LEAD]S0 BY P]=M+ A FUNCTION 9DISP5SABLE TO CONTEMPOR>Y CORPORATE CAPITALISM3 ! REGUL>IZATION ( ! SALE ( LABOR P[]4 ,JU/ AS ,*RYSL] IS P>T ( ! AUTO MONOPOLY1 ! ,U,A,W HAS A MONOPOLY ON ! SALE ( LABOR 9 ?AT M>KET1 ON :O IS HIR$1 UND] :AT CONDITIONS !Y WILL WORK1 & UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES !Y CAN BE FIR$4 7,9 T]MS ( WORK+ CONDITIONS1 !IR CONTROL IS NEGATIVE1 S9CE ALL !Y >E REALLY CAPABLE ( 0GA9+0 = WORK]S IS ECONOMIC B5EFITS47 

,! L>G] ! GIANT MONOPOLY & CONGLOM]ATE CORPORATIONS LOOM 9 ! ECONOMY1 ! MORE ! UNIONS COME TO ID5TIFY ) !M & SEE !IR ROLE AS S]V+ ! GREAT] 0NATIONAL 9T]E/04 ,?US !Y CAN'T POSSIBLY DEM& ! IMPROVEM5T ( WORK+ CONDITIONS BECAUSE SU* IMPROVEM5TS MU/ NECESS>ILY H9D] ! EF=T TO SQUEEZE EV] GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY FROM WORK]S & MA*9ES4 

,IF ANY ILLUSIONS REMA91 = 9/ANCE1 AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( TRUE 0VOLUNT>Y OV]TIME0 AFT] ! DEBACLE ( LA/ YE>'S CONTRACT NEGOTIATIONS1 WORK]S NE$ ONLY LI/5 TO ! WORDS ( ,H5RY ,=D ,I,I1 COMM5T+ REC5TLY ON ! FUTURE ( 0HIS0 9DU/RY3 0,I ?9K IT IS 9EVITABLE 9 ?IS C\NTRY ?AT WE >E GO+ TO HAVE A %ORT] WORK WEEK1 BUT WE >E NOT READY = IT -- NOT 9 ?REE YE>S1 & NOT 9 SIX YE>S40 ,HIS REASON+8 ,IT W\LD R$UCE PRODUCTIVITY1 & R$UC$ PRODUCTIVITY RUNS C\NT] TO ! NATIONAL 9T]E/4 

,! FACTORY SC5E BY ITS V]Y NATURE AS MASS WORK SITUATION1 GIVES RISE TO COLLECTIVE EXPRESSIONS ( RES5TM5T AGA9/ ! WORK PROCESS4 ,ANGRY VIEWS >E EX*ANG$1 IDEAS = RESI/ANCE >E SPREAD1 SABOTAGE TAKES PLACE1 CAUCUSES >E =M$1 NEWSLETT]S >E DI/RIBUT$1 RADICAL LIT]ATURE MY/]I\SLY APPE>S4 ,! UNION'S RESPONSE IS TO ACT AS SWIFTLY AGA9/ !SE ACTIVITIES AS ! COMPANY2 !Y CONSPIRE ) ! COMPANY TO FIRE MILITANT OR RADICAL WORK]S !Y CANNOT ASSIMILATE1 LIT]ATURE IS PROHIBIT$1 WORK]S :O PLAN ACTIONS AGA9/ ! COMPANY >E ?REAT5$1 & F9ALLY1 UNION GOON SQUADS >M$ ) CLUBS =CE PEOPLE TO WORK & BEAT UP RADICALS4 ,9 %ORT1 ! UNIONS FUNCTION AS SEMI(FICIAL AG5CIES ( ! /ATE2 AS AUXILI>Y ORGANS ( ! CORPORATION4 ,!Y CANNOT DO O!RWISE IF !Y >E TO SURVIVE & MA9TA9 !IR P[]4 

,CORPORATE AW>5ESS ( ?IS RELATION%IP IS EVID5T FROM ! %OP FLOOR TO ! UPP]MO/ E*ELONS1 AS WAS MADE CLE> BY ! SITUATION DUR+ ! #aig ,G,M /RIKE1 :5 ! COMPANY MADE ! ,BLUE ,CROSS PAYM5T = ! NE>-BANKRUPT ,U,A,W4 ,9 ,MAY ( ?AT SAME YE>1 JU/ A FEW MON?S BE=E ! DISA/R\S ,G,M WALK-\T1 ,U,A,W PRESID5T ,WALT] ,REU!R WAS KILL$ 9 AN AIRPLANE CRA%4 ,UPON HE>+ ! NEWS1 ,VIRGIL ,BOYD1 ,*RYSL] VISE-*AIRMAN1 TOLD ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 0,IT'S TAK5 A /RONG MAN TO KEEP ! SITUATION UND] CONTROL4 ,I HOPE ?AT :OEV] HIS SUCCESSOR IS CAN EX]T /RONG 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E40 

,! ,LEFT 

,! EX]TION ( /RONG 9T]NAL DISCIPL9E IS NOT EXCLUSIVELY ! TRADEM>K ( A SMOO?LY- RUNN+ UNION BUREAUCRACY2 !RE >E O!R ASPIR+ REPRES5TATIVES & ORGANIZ]S DU/+ (F !IR PLANS = ! WORK+ CLASS :O >E ALSO ESP\S+ ! B5EFITS ( DISCIPL9E & ! NE$ = A C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY TO 0C>RY ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE =W>D40 

,!SE SELF-/YL$ REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/S 7,R,U1 ,C,L1 ,M,C,L,L1 ,N,C,L,C1 ETC47 :O ASSEMBLE UND] ! G5]AL HEAD+ ,M>XI/-,L59I/ HAVE TAK5 UPON !MSELVES ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ & LEAD+ ! 0WORK]S' /RUGGLE0 ) !IR EV5TUAL GOAL BE+ A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( !IR V]SION ( COMMUNISM4 

,:AT !SE ,M>XI/-,L59I/S ALL %>E1 BASICALLY1 IS A MODEL = ! SUCCESSFUL SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] EXTRACT$ FROM ! LIFE & WRIT+S ( ,V4 ,I4 ,L591 9 P>TICUL> HIS ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 & ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS MODEL ASS]TS ?AT CAPITALISM1 BY =M+ A WORK+ CLASS ( ! MAJORITY1 :OSE LABOR IS EXPLOIT$ BY ! M9ORITY1 CREATES ! SE$S ( ITS [N DE/RUCTION2 ONCE CAPITALISM BEG9S TO \TLIVE ITS HI/ORICAL USEFULNESS1 ! EXPLOIT$ MU/ 9EVITABLY RISE UP & DE/ROY ALL ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXPLOITATION4 ,:AT IT FUR!R MA9TA9S1 ?\<1 IS ?AT WORK]S AS A MASS >E 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ A CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR SITUATION BEYOND ! PO9T ( TRADE UNIONISM & RE=MISM4 

,ACCORD+ TO !SE GR\PS1 IT IS NECESS>Y !N = ! UN=M$ REVOLT ( ! WORK]S TO BE GIV5 %APE1 TO BE ORGANIZ$1 FROM \TSIDE ! CLASS1 BY ! VANGU>D P>TY1 A TI<TLY DISCIPL9$ HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION WILL DIRECT ! EF=TS ( ! 0UNDISCIPL9$ WORK]S0 &1 9 ! EV5T ( A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 WILL !REAFT] LEAD 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( A TEMPOR>Y WORK]S' /ATE1 :I* WILL TAKE POSSESSION ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7FACTORIES1 EQUIPM5T1 ETC47 AFT] !IR SEIZURE FROM ! CAPITALI/ [N]S4 ,?IS1 AS !IR MODEL = REVOLUTION HOLDS1 IS ! FIR/ /EP 9 TRANS=M+ ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! PRODUCTIVE MEANS 9TO SOCIAL [N]%IP4 

,:AT IS SUPPOS$ TO FOLL[ IS ! FIR/ /AGE ( COMMUNISM1 9 :I* ! NECESSITY REMA9S 7TEMPOR>ILY7 = ! CONT9UANCE ( ?IS /ATE1 ADM9I/RAT$ BY ! P>TY1 TO 9SURE ! SURVIVAL ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 7WORK+ CLASS7 AGA9/ ! ?REATS ( C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,! P>TY1 AS ! (FICIAL MANIFE/ATION ( ! /ATE1 WILL !N RULE 9 ! NAME ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! /ATE ITSELF1 AS ! NE$ = ITS CONTROL & DIRECTION DECL9ES 7AS WORK]S1 ?R\< ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 BECOME FULLY ABLE TO DIRECT !IR LIVES & SOCIAL PRODUCTION !MSELVES71 WILL EV5TUALLY WI!R AWAY & DISAPPE> 5TIRETY :5 TRUE COMMUNISM IS ATTA9$4 ,AT ?AT PO9T HUMAN BE+S WILL USE !IR MORE-?AN-SUFFICI5T PRODUCTIVE P[] SOLELY TO MEET !IR NE$S1 )\T ! M$IATION ( PR(IT1 EXPLOITATION OR ! >BITR>Y DEM&S ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 

,! CONCEPT ( A /ATE 0WI!R+ AWAY0 IS ABSURD1 & HI/ORY HAS BORN \T ! ABSURDITY ( IT EV]Y TIME A L59I/ /ATE HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,9 EV]Y 9/ANCE A HI]>*ICALLY >RANG$ BUREAUCRATIC ELITE HAS SPRUNG UP TO REPLACE ! OLD CAPITALI/ [N]S1 & F> FROM REL9QUI%+ CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 !IR PROJECT HAS BE5 TO EXP& ! BUREAUCRACY UNTIL ITS C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL 5T]S 9TO EV]Y ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE4 

,UND] !SE SO-CALL$ 0COMMUNI/ /ATES0 ! EXPLOITATION ( WORK]S REMA9S ESS5TIALLY UN*ANG$1 EXCEPT ?AT N[ !IR PRODUCTIVE LABOR IS EXPLOIT$ NOT BY 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ [N]S BUT BY ! 5TIRE /ATE4 ,?IS /ATE DOES NOT RULE 9 ! NAME ( ! WORK]S1 IT CANNOT & IT IS RIDICUL\S TO MA9TA9 ?AT IT DOES4 ,! /ATE RULES 9 ITS [N NAME = ITS [N 9T]E/S2 IT IS AN 9/ITUTION ( AU?ORITY :I*1 LIKE ! UNION1 IS COMPLETELY EXT]NAL TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & IS 9 FACT ! EMBODIM5T ( ALL !IR LO/ SELF-P[]S4 ,9 ITS WOR/ =M1 P]FECT$ BY ,JOSEPH ,/AL9 9 ! ,U,S,S,R DUR+ ! ?IRTIES1 IT IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A TOTAL T]ROR MA*9E1 CAPABLE ( ]ADICAT+ MILLIONS 9 ! NAME ( RESI/+ C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,TO BELIEVE ?AT AN 5TR5*$ BUREAUCRATIC ELITE ) P[] OV] ?IS IMM5SE /ATE-CORPORATION IS GO+ TO WILL+LY SURR5D] ?AT P[] & PRIVILEGE = ! COMMON GOOD REQUIRES A MONUM5TAL ACT ( BL9D FAI?1 BECAUSE IT FLIES 9 ! FACE NOT ONLY ( SIMPLE COMMON S5SE1 BUT ( ALL ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ #e YE>S4 

,! L59I/ ORGANIZATIONS HAVE F\ND 9 !IR UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE !IR BASE = A MASS MOVEM5T1 ?AT = SOME ODD REASON1 NO ONE IS FOLL[+ !M4 ,MANY ( !M >\ND ! C\NTRY >E PRES5TLY EM]G+ FROM A P]IOD ( 9T5SIVE 0WORK]I/0 ACTIVITIES OV] ! PA/ FEW YE>S 9 :I* !IR MEMB]S ATTEMPT$ TO GO TO ! PEOPLE 9 ! PLANTS & WORK ) !M 9 AN EF=T TO BUILD ! BASE = A MASS WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,DUR+ ?AT TIME1 SOME ( !M 7,R,U 9CLUD$7 FLIRT$ ) ATTEMPTS TO REA* WORK]S ?R\< 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! UNIONS1 MO/LY BY SEEK+ POSITIONS & BY CALL+ = ! \/] ( ! 0CORRUPT FATCATS40 

,IT'S NO CO9CID5CE ?AT1 :ILE WORK]S W]E DISC>D+ UNIONS AS COMPLETELY OPPOS$ TO !IR 9T]E/S1 ! L59I/S /ILL CLUNG TO !M AS SOMEH[ USEFUL & SEEM$ TO HAVE LE>N$ NO?+ AB\T !IR ESS5TIAL NATURE 9 T]MS ( :OSE 9T]E/S !Y ACTUALLY S]VE4 

,! ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE WORK]S 9TO UNIONS1 TRANS=M UNIONS1 & ASSUME LEAD]%IP ( !SE 0MASS ORGANIZATIONS01 AS L59I/S REF] TO !M1 HAVE FAIL$ MIS]ABLY4 ,:AT !Y FAIL 7OR REFUSE7 TO SEE AB\T TRADE UNIONS IS EXACTLY :AT !Y FAIL 7REFUSE7 TO SEE AB\T !MSELVES2 ! CORRUPTION ( LEAD]%IP P[] IS NOT DUE TO ITS ABUSE BY ?OSE :O HOLD IT2 ! LEAD]%IP P[] IS ITSELF ! ABUSE4 ,! DOM9ION ( ONE MAN OV] ANO!R IS 9H]5TLY CORRUPT1 BECAUSE1 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE1 LEAD]%IP S]VES ITS [N 9T]E/S4 

,:AT IS !IR RESPONSE TO !SE FAILURES8 444 ,!Y HAVE RETURN$ TO 9T5SIVE BACKROOM /UDY GR\PS1 EM]G$ ) MANIFE/OES CALL+ = ! =MATION ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL P>TY1 & ANN\NC$ ?AT 0WORK]S WILL SOON BE SEIZ$ ) ! SPIRIT ( P>TY DISCIPL9E40 ,!N ! WORK]S >E SUPPOS$ TO FOLL[ !M UNQUE/ION+LY4 

,BUT WORK]S HAVE ALREADY BEGUN ! PROCESS ( RECLAIM+ !IR LO/ SELF-P[]S1 ( RECLAIM+ !IR V]Y LIVES FROM ! ALI5AT+ =MS ( CAPITALISM & !Y HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 REGA9+ !IR LIVES SIMPLY TO TURN !M OV] TO ANO!R SET ( ASPIR+ LEAD]S :O (F] ONLY A MORE C5TRALIZ$ MODEL = ! P]PETUATION ( CAPITAL'S DOM9ATION4 

,REVOLUTION IS ESS5TIAL IF ! OPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM >E TO BE 5D$1 BUT IT CAN ONLY BE A REVOLUTION :I* REALIZES ! FULLE/ HUMAN POT5TIAL = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT CANNOT ALL[ = SUBJUGATION TO ANY =M ( AU?ORITY1 :E!R IT MASQU]ADES AS 0REVOLUTION>Y0 OR NOT4 

,CONCLUSIONS 

,! ,DODGE ,TRUCK WILDCAT MU/ BE VIEW$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! WILDCATS & FACTORY OCCUPATIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#g#c4 ,! ,JEFF]SON TAKEOV]1 ! ,MAC ,/AMP+ & ,DETROIT ,=GE WILDCATS W]E EA* WAT*$ CLOSELY BY ALL ,*RYSL] WORK]S4 ,BY CULL+ 9=MATION ?R\< ! M$IA1 BUT MO/LY BY WORD ( M\? ?R\< ! 9=MAL ,*RYSL] 0FAMILY0 WORK]S W]E ABLE TO 9=MALLY EVALUATE & LE>N FROM !SE BATTLES4 ,MANY HAVE & ! RESULT WILL %[ AS BATTLES BREAK \T AGA9 & PEOPLE BUILD ON ! GOOD PO9TS & ELIM9ATE ! MI/AKES4 ,! SUGGE/IONS ?AT FOLL[ >E AN 9DICATION ( H[ SOME WORK]S >E ?9K+4 

,! EXP]I5CE ( ! WILDCATS HAS PROV$ ONE ?+ 444 A GO HOME /RIKE ON ! \TSIDE ( ! PLANT HAS MANY WEAKNESSES4 ,MANY PEOPLE DIDN'T ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECISION MAK+ OR PICKET+ \T ( A FE> & D\BT AB\T ! TRUE NATURE ( ! /RIKE4 ,COMMUNICATION 9 ?IS SITUATION IS DOM9AT$ BY ! COMPANY1 ! UNION & ! COMM]CIAL M$IA1 ESPECIALLY ! LATT] TWO1 ACT+ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! =M]4 ,COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ IS DIFFICULT BECAUSE ( ! NATURAL CONFUSION >IS+ 9 SU* A SITUATION4 

,DUR+ ! ,DODGE ,TRUCK WILDCAT1 MANY PEOPLE DECRI$ ! LACK ( ORGANIZATION & EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION4 ,AS PO9T$ \T ABOVE1 ! CONFUSION ALL[$ A FEW PEOPLE TO DOM9ATE ! MEET+S & ! MO/ IMPORTANT GR\P1 ?OSE :O W\LD EV5TUALLY RETURN TO WORK1 HAD ONLY A M9OR ROLE4 

,! SIMPLE FACT IS ?AT A WILDCAT /RIKE1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 IS MO/ LIKELY DOOM$ TO FAILURE4 ,JU/ TOO MANY =CES >E >RAY$ AGA9/ A S+LE GR\P ( WORK]S ATTEMPT+ TO WIELD P[] BY SIMPLY )HOLD+ !IR LABOR FROM !IR EMPLOY]4 

,! WILDCAT /RIKE ( ,JUNE WAS )\T A D\BT ! L>GE/ CONT9U\S & ORGANIZ$ EF=T TO COMBAT ! CORPORATION YET ATTEMPT$ AT ! ,TRUCK ,PLANT4 ,BUT EV5 ?\< IT IS ! MO/ VISIBLE1 IT IS NOT ! ONLY BATTLE 9 ! P]MAN5T W> BETWE5 WORK]S ON ONE SIDE1 & WORK & ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 ! COMPANY & ! UNION1 ON ! O!R SIDE4 

,A SIMPLE WALK\T HAS BECOME A RELATIVELY COMMON OCCURR5CE AT ! PLANT1 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! SECOND %IFT TWO YE>S AGO4 ,:E!R A DEP>TM5TAL WALK\T OV] ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ?AT WORK-GR\P1 AS HAS HAPP5$ A NUMB] ( TIMES AMONG REPAIRM51 METAL %OP & PA9T %OP WORK]S1 OR A PLANTWIDE WALK\T ( #c1 WORK]S1 COOK$ 9 ! SUMM] HEAT TO ! TEXTURE ( S(T-BOIL$ EGGS1 !Y HAVE ALL BE5 ONE-%IFT AFFAIRS4 

,! SMALL WALK\TS & ! L>GE ONES SELDOM ACCOMPLI% MORE ?AN AN IMM$IATE RELIEF ( HEAT1 OR REV5GE AGA9/ ! COMPANY = >BITR>Y DISCIPL9E4 ,!Y >E A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! COMPANY :ILE AT ! SAME TIME A RECOGNITION ?AT !Y /ILL HOLD ULTIMATE SWAY UND] ?AT RO( AS PEOPLE TROOP BACK 9 = WORK ! NEXT DAY4 

,BY C>RY+ ON RESI/ANCE 9SIDE ! PLANT1 ALL ( ! DISADVANTAGES ABOVE CAN BE OV]COME4 ,AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 WORK]S >E NATURALLY ORGANIZ$ BY !IR COLLECTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 PRODUCTION4 ,COMMUNICATION & COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ CAN BEAT !IR HI<E/ LEVEL H]E4 

,ON ! %OP FLOOR1 WORK]S >E 9 !IR MO/ P[]FUL POSITION TO SL[1 /OP1 OR DE/ROY PRODUCTION4 ,M]ELY GO+ HOME /OPS EV]Y?+1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME REMOVES PEOPLE FROM !IR S\RCE ( P[]4 ,)\T ?OSE TRUCKS !RE IS NO ,*RYSL]4 ,9 ADDITION1 BY HOLD+ ! PRODUCTION PROCESS HO/AGE1 ! NATURAL ORGANIZATION & 9=MAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS >E /ILL 9TACT4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES TO RESI/ANCE 9SIDE ! FACTORY IS ?AT IT LEAVES ! WORK]S ON ! 9SIDE & ! COMPANY1 UNION1 OR ANY O!RS SEEK+ TO DE/ROY OR DOM9ATE ! /RUGGLE = !IR [N 5DS1 ON ! \TSIDE1 :]E !Y ALL BELONG4 0,REPRES5TATIVES0 DON'T NEGOTIATE = ! WORK]S & !N TELL !M :5 TO RETURN TO WORK4 ,P[] IS EX]CIZ$ ON ! %OP FLOOR & ALL MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 IT COLLECTIVELY4 

,:5 ON EA* %IFT #e METAL %OP WORK]S LEFT !IR JOBS & CONFRONT$ MANAGEM5T OV] DISCIPL9>Y ACTION 9 ,JUNE1 !Y TOOK A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T ACTION ?AN M]ELY WALK+ \T4 ,9 ! %ORT RUN !Y GOT ! DISCIPL9E RESC9D$ & ! RESULT+ DISCIPL9E FROM !SE ACTS L$ TO ! WILDCAT4 ,AL?\< A LESS FREQU5T OCCURR5CE ?AN A GO-HOME WALK\T1 ?IS ORGANIZ$ CONFRONTATION ) MANAGEM5T HAS BE5 MU* MORE SUCCESSFUL4 

,9,C,I,D,5,T3 ,IF ONE W]E TO IMAG9E RIS+ E>LY1 DRESS+ W>M & W&]+ 9TO ! ,DODGE ,TRUCK PLANT ON A COLD W9T] MORN+ ONE W\LD NOTICE A SC5E APPE>+ MORE LIKE A ,SIB]IAN WORK CAMP #d YE>S AGO ?AN LIKE A MOD]N FACTORY4 ,9 ONE CORN] ( ! PLANT1 BROK5 W9D[S1 COLLAPS+ WALLS1 & DOORS JAMM$ OP5 HAVE LITTLE HEAT RETA9+ CAPACITY4 ,:5 ! FEW CEIL+ HEAT]-BL[]S BREAK D[N & ! SUB-Z]O COLD BL[S 91 PRODUCTION = PEOPLE & SOME MA*9ES BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 

,EV5TUALLY A FEW ( ! COLDE/ WORK]S WILL SLO% \T ( ! SLU% WA%+ OV] !IR BOOT SOLES1 FOLD !IR FROZ5 WET H&S 9TO !IR >MPITS & SIT D[N UND] ! ONE WORK+ HEAT]4 ,QUIETLY1 O!RS JO9 !M UNTIL ! L9E /OPS4 ,SUP]VISORS AT FIR/ ?REAT5 WRITE-UPS & FIR+S1 BUT SOON !Y & ! UNION REP GIVE UP & GO (F BY !MSELVES :5 EV]YONE TURNS !IR BACKS & REFUSES TO TALK TO !M4 ,:ILE ! H&S & FEET ( ! IDLE WORK]S BEG9 TO W>M UP1 SCRAMBL+ MA9T5ANCE M5 BO>D UP W9D[S & FIX HEAT]S & DOORS4 ,F9ALLY ! =EMAN APPROA*ES ! WORK]S & POLITELY ASKS !M TO SEE IF CONDITIONS MEET !IR APPROVAL4 ,PEOPLE RETURN TO WORK4 ,! L9E />TS AGA9 & HEAT IS PROVID$1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 ) NO DISCIPL9E4 

,9,C,I,D,5,T3 ,! WILDCAT /RIKE HAD COME & GONE & ,*RYSL] WAS GETT+ EV5 ) ITS EMPLOYES = BE+ SO PRESUMPTU\S AS TO CALL AN 5D TO PRODUCTION = F\R DAYS4 ,! WORK S*$ULE 7N9E H\RS1 SIX DAYS7 SEEM$ ESPECIALLY \TRAGE\S 9 ! FACE ( \R REBELLION ! PREVI\S WEEK1 GIV5 ?AT WE HAD ONLY BE5 DO+ #d H\RS UP UNTIL ! /RIKE4 

,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( PRODUCTION1 A BRIEF MOVEM5T TO WALK\T AT ! 5D ( EI<T H\RS FAIL$4 ,BUT LAT] ?AT WEEK1 ! L9E GR\ND TO A HALT AT PRECISELY #b3#e P4M4 ON ! DAY %IFT1 ! NORMAL QUITT+ TIME = EI<T H\RS4 ,CIRCUIT BREAK]S FLA%$ OP5 9DICAT+ SOME?+ JAMM$ 9 ! L9E :ILE %ORT-HAIR$1 :ITE %IRT$ SUP]VISORS PANICK$ & RAC$ TO CORRECT A V]Y DAMAG+ SITUATION4 ,! BEG9N+ SECTION ( ! *ASSIS L9E WAS /&+ IDLE :ILE ! RE/ ( ! LI<T L9E MOV$ ON1 OP5+ A WID] & WID] GAP :]E TRUCKS %\LD HAVE BE54 

,IDLE WORK]S LAID BACK & LAU<$ AS MA9T5ANCE M5 & SUP]VISORS TORE OP5 A GE>BOX = ! L9E DRIV+ MOTOR & DUG \T A P[] /E]+ PUMP ?AT BELONG$ AB\T #ge FEET FUR!R D[N ! L9E4 ,:5 ! SAME 9CID5T HAPP5$ AT ! SAME TIME ON ,SATURDAY1 EV5 MANAGEM5T WAS CONV9C$ ?AT IT WAS NOT AN ACCID5T1 BUT !RE WAS LITTLE !Y C\LD DO BUT FIX IT & CURSE4 

,MO/ PEOPLE CALL IT SABOTAGE & HOLD V>I$ OP9IONS AB\T IT4 ,A TYPICAL EXECUTIVE W\LD DEM& TO KN[1 0,:Y W\LD !SE WORK]S DE/ROY ! V]Y MEANS ( !IR LIVELIHOOD1 IT JU/ %[S :AT LAZY1 /UPID1 IRRESPONSIBLE PEOPLE !Y >E40 

,A UNION REP MI<T SAY1 0,IF SOME?+ IS WRONG !Y %\LD GO ?R\< ! PROP] *ANNELS ( ! GRIEVANCE PROC$URE1 O!RWISE IT DE/ROYS ! AU?ORITY ( !IR ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES40 

,SABOTAGE IS A WAY ( FIFE 9 ANY L>GE 9DU/RIAL OP]ATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 AUTO PLANTS :]E ! MOV+ L9E DOM9ATES EV]Y?+4 ,! WORD ITSELF COMES FROM ! ,FR5* 0SABOT0 MEAN+ A WOOD5 %OE TO BE ?R[N 9TO ! MA*9]Y4 ,?AT DATES BACK TO ! E>LIE/ MASS PRODUCTION4 

,SABOTAGE IS NOT ALWAYS AN 9DIVIDUAL ACT1 NOR IS IT R&OM1 NOR IS IT REALLY SPONTANE\S4 ,! ME?ODS >E 9F9ITE & NO CORPORATION CAN PROTECT ITSELF FROM SOME ANGRY EMPLOYES :O TAKE IT UPON !MSELVES TO *ANGE ! CONDITIONS ( !IR JOBS4 ,A MORE APPROPRIATE T]M MI<T BE 0DIRECT ACTION40 

,IT IS AN ACT ( 5=C+ ! WORK]'S DEM&S ON ! COMPANY1 NOT AN ACT ( PETITION+ A M$IAT+ AU?ORITY TO PLEAD !IR CAUSE4 ,AU?ORITY RESIDES 9 ! P[] ( CONTROLL+ PRODUCTION -- ?OSE :O RUN IT HAVE IT4 

,:AT DO ALL !SE V>I$ MEANS ( RESI/ANCE SIGNIFY8 ,AN EASI] WAY TO ANSW] ?AT QUE/ION W\LD BE TO DISCOV] :AT !Y DO NOT SIGNIFY4 ,WORK]S W]E NOT SE>*+ = BETT] REPRES5TATION FROM CURR5T AU?ORITIES1 MANAGEM5T &_/OR ! UNION1 R W]E !Y SE>*+ = NEW LEAD]S TO BECOME NEW BOSSES 444 & /ILL GO TO WORK4 

,!Y W]E NOT LOOK+ = SLI<T IMPROVEM5TS 9 WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AFT] ALL IT W\LD HAVE BE5 EASI] TO GO \T & BUY !IR [N GLOVES1 OR EV5 DROP \T & LIVE A *EAP HIPPIE LIFE /YLE RA!R ?AN TAKE ACTION ) SU* POT5TIALLY TREM5D\S SOCIAL CONSEQU5CE4 

,! DEM&S ( ! /RIKE W]E NOT EV5 =MULAT$ UNTIL ! ?IRD DAY & EV5 ! ISSUE ( ! FIR+ ( ! F\R METAL %OP WORK]S & UNION REP1 WAS ADMITT$ BY ALL TO BE ONLY ! SP>K = ! UPRIS+4 

0,EV]Y?+01 (F]$ ONE Y\NG EXUB]ANT WORK] :5 ASK$ :AT HE WANT$ DUR+ ! PEAK ( ! /RIKE ACTION4 

0,I JU/ DON'T WANT TO WORK01 MOAN$ ANO!R DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DEPRESS$ DAYS ( ! RETURN TO WORK AFT] ! /RIKE4 

,HORRORS6 ,H[ DO Y\ =MULATE !SE DEM&S 9TO A POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,DUR+ ! /RIKE1 MANY PEOPLE RAIL$ ON ,WAT]GATE1 ! FUEL CRISIS1 9FLATION1 ! ,U,A,W SELL\TS1 & ! 0SY/EM0 9 G5]AL AS WELL AS SPECIFIC GRIEVANCES AB\T ! FACTORY4 ,! REJECTION ( ?AT JOB'S DOM9ATION ( \R LIVES & ! POLITICAL CONT5T ( ! UPRIS+ W]E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! PROTE/ OV] WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,!Y DID 9 FACT COMPRISE ! CORE ( ! ANG]4 

,! ,DODGE ,TRUCK UPRIS+ & ! DAY-TO-DAY ACTS ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! WORK PROCESS CAN HAVE ONLY ONE UND]LY+ CAUSE3 A G5]ALIZ$ REBELLION AGA9/ =C$ WAGE LABOR4 ,! IMPLICIT REALIZATION CON/ANTLY CONFRONTS US ?AT DAILY ACTIVITY AT ! WORK PLACE CONSI/S ( B\<T & SOLD LABOR1 ACTIVITY CONTROLL$ BY ! RI* & P[]FUL = !IR PURPOSES & ?AT MU* ( ! VALUE CREAT$ ?R\< WAGE LABOR IS GIV5 TO F>-AWAY /OCKHOLD]S RA!R ?AN ! PRODUC]S4 

,WORK UND] CAPITALISM WILL CONT9UE TO DI/ORT \R LIVES & ROB US ( ITS POT5TIAL UNTIL REBELLION SPREADS ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE CLASS ( ?OSE :O MU/ SELL !IR LABOR EA* DAY4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS W\LD MEAN ! OP5+ ( A NEW WORLD :]E WORK1 >T1 CREATIVITY & EV5 HOBBIES W\LD LOSE !IR /ATUS ( SEP>ATE CATEGORIES & BE M]G$ 9TO ONE1 ALL AT ! COMM& ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,CAPITALISM DOESN'T WORK = US & EA* DAY IS P[]FUL TE/IMONY TO ?AT4 ,! ,DODGE ,TRUCK /RIKE GAVE US A GLIMM]+ ( :AT CAN BE DONE4 ,LET'S DO IT ALL4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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