,*APT] #i 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! NEF>I\S ACTIVITIES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY--,! ,RUSSIAN 0,*EKAS0 9 ,SPA9--,\R SIDE 

  

,:5EV] WE HAVE DEPLOR$ ! SUICIDE T[>DS :I* WE W]E L$ BY ! BUREAUCRACY ( \R [N ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & CIVIL W>--! BUREAUCRACY ( \R [N ORGANIZATIONS1 BECAUSE IF ANY O!R BUREAUCRACY HAD DONE ! SAME ?+ 9 ANY O!R ORGANIZATION1 9 ABSOLUTELY ! SAME WAY1 IT W\LD BE ( LESS IMPORTANCE TO US--! CON/ANT REFRA9 WE HE> 9 RESPONSE IS ?AT BY ACT+ 9 ?IS WAY WE AVOID$ BE+ ACCUS$ BE=E ! C\RT ( ,HI/ORY ( HAV+ LO/ ! W> DUE TO \R REBELLI\SNESS OR \R YE>N+ = JU/ICE4 

,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT1 IF WE W]E TO HAVE WAG$ A VIGOR\S C\NT](F5SIVE AGA9/ =EIGN 9T]F]5CE ON \R T]RITORY & 9 DEF5SE ( ! RI<TS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE AGA9/ !IR 5EMIES--BO? ! 5EMIES :O W]E CONSPIR+ FROM !IR POSITIONS )9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC AS WELL AS ! 5EMIES :O W]E HAT*+ !IR PLOTS 9 ,BURGOS--WE W\LD HAVE !REBY ABBREVIAT$ ! W>4 ,& BY DO+ SO1 WE W\LD HAVE GONE D[N TO DEFEAT 9 A WAY ?AT WAS TRUE TO \R PR9CIPLES1 \R PEOPLE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO R$UCE ! DURATION ( !IR FRUITLESS M>TYRDOM & IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! MASSACRE ?AT FOLL[$ ,FRANCO'S VICTORY W\LD HAVE BE5 LESS T]RIBLE4 ,& AT FIR/1 ! TRAITORS TO ,SPA9 ON ! ,REPUBLICAN SIDE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO BLAME US = :AT HAPP5$1 BUT ! TIME W\LD HAVE COME TO PUT ?+S 9TO P]SPECTIVE & IT W\LD HAVE BECOME EVID5T ?AT WE W]E DE/9$ TO LOSE ! W> AFT] ! FALL ( NOR!RN ,SPA94 

,WE DID NOT TAKE ACTION1 WE W]E OB$I5T & WE REMA9$ SIL5T1 SURR5D]+ ! FATES ( MILLIONS ( ,SPANI% PROLET>IANS TO ! PHLEGMATIC LACK ( CONC]N ( A ,DR4 ,NEGR92 WE PUT UP ) 9SULTS & TREATM5T ?AT WE W\LD HAVE NEV] BORNE BE=E ! W>4 ,?IS WAS NOT GOOD S5SE1 IT WAS NOT REASONABLE2 IT WAS BUREAUCRATIC C[>DICE & IT WAS ! BETRAYAL ( \R PEOPLE4 ,WE WILL NOT BE ACCUS$ ( HAV+ 9T]F]$ ) ! PLANS ( ! COMMUNI/-,REPUBLICAN ,GOV]NM5T1 BUT WE CAN BE ACCUS$ ( NOT HAV+ 9T]F]$ ) !M1 & 9 ! C\RT ( ! FUTURE ?IS *>GE WILL BE ! MORE S]I\S ONE BY F>4 

,WE DO NOT HAVE ! N]VE TO TRY TO JU/IFY SU* CONDUCT2 !Y SOLD ! PEOPLE D[N ! RIV] = ! MESS ( POTTAGE ( A FEW ,M9I/]IAL POSITIONS4 ,NOR IS IT ANY EXCUSE ?AT ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS DID ! SAME ?+4 

,WE DID NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO DO ! SAME1 WE HAD ! DUTY TO DO O!RWISE1 IT WAS \R DUTY NOT TO HESITATE 9 ! NAME ( AN ABSURD S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY4 ,RESPONSIBILITY TO :OM8 ,TO ! GANG/]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC8 ,& :Y DID WE NOT HAVE ANY RESPONSIBILITY T[>DS ! FATE ( A PEOPLE :OSE LEGITIMATE REPRES5TATIVES WE W]E8 

,AS = MYSELF1 ,I ONLY ACCUSE MYSELF ( HAV+ ]R$ DUR+ ! ,MAY EV5TS1 & MY SUBSEQU5T P[]LESSNESS TO RECTIFY ! RESULTS ( MY ]ROR WAS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT ORIG9AL FATEFUL MI/AKE4 ,! \TCOME ( ! W> & ! FATE ( \R PEOPLE W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y DIFF]5T IF1 9/EAD ( RISK+ MY LIFE TO BR+ AB\T A CEASEFIRE 9 ! UPRIS+ PROVOK$ BY \R 5EMIES1 ,I W\LD HAVE RISK$ MY LIFE TO PROVIDE SOME DIRECTION & MEAN+ TO ?AT SAME UPRIS+4 

,EV5 DUR+ AN E>LY /AGE ( ! DISA/]1 ?OSE :O LAT] PLAC$ !MSELVES UND] ! ORD]S ( NEGR9ISMO SUCCE$$ 9 PREV5T+1 OB$I5T TO ?AT V]Y SAME S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 ! GOLD ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 FROM BE+ %IPP$ TO ,CATALONIA 9/EAD ( ,RUSSIA4 

,?IS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY & EQUANIMITY 9 ! FACE ( CONT9U\S PROVOCATIONS IS NOT 5\< TO ABSOLVE ?OSE :O W]E FACTORS 9 ! BL9D SUBJECTION ( ! MASSES ( ! ,C,N,T2 ?IS S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY & ?IS EQUANIMITY >E MORE ACCURATELY UND]/OOD AS COMPLICITY OR C[>DICE 9 ! FACE ( 5EMIES ) :OM WE %\LD HAVE FELT AS LITTLE 9 COMMON AS ) ,FRANCO4 

,RESOLUTIONS W]E VOT$1 UND] PRESSURE FROM BEL[1 FROM ! PEOPLE1 BUT ?OSE :O W]E SO ASSIDU\S 9 FULLY COMPLY+ ) ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 DID EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS 9 !IR P[] TO PREV5T ! RESOLUTIONS =C$ UPON !M BY ! PRESSURE ( ! PEOPLE FROM BE+ IMPLEM5T$4 ,AS WE WROTE 9 A REPORT ( ! ,F,A,I3.<#b#f.>  
  

,! ACTIONS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ! W>1 & 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y & POLITICAL ORD]1 HAVE M]IT$ ! MO/ ABSOLUTE REPUDIATION ON ! P>T ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 & HAVE L$ ! LATT] TO PASS URG5T RESOLUTIONS4  
  

,AT ! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T HELD 9 ,VAL5CIA 9 MID-,APRIL1 #a#i#c#g1 A COMMITTEE WAS APPO9T$ TO /UDY A WAY TO NEUTRALIZE ! %AMELESS (F5SIVE UNLEA%$ BY ! P>TY ( SLOGANS AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 PROMOT+ V>I\S MEASURES1 9CLUD+1 AMONG O!RS1 ! FOLL[+3  
  

,TO WORK TIRELESSLY TO DISCOV] !IR SECRET ORGANIZATIONS ( REPRESSION & DISGU/+ PROPAG&A & !IR ME?ODS ( OP]ATION1 9 ORD] TO UNMASK !M1 :5 ! OPPORTUNITY >ISES1 9 EV]Y 0AFFAIR0 9 :I* !Y 9T]V5E OR ATTEMPT TO M$IATE4 ,ALL ?IS WORK MU/ BE C>RI$ \T ) PRUD5CE 9 ORD] TO AVOID PREJUDICIAL SETBACKS & TO CAT* !M BY SURPRISE :5 ! TIME IS RI<T4 

,TO ATT5TIVELY & ASSIDU\SLY SCRUT9IZE ! ACTIONS ( ?OSE :O OCCUPY (FICIAL POSITIONS1 OBTA9+ AS MU* DATA AS POSSIBLE CONC]N+ !IR ACTIVITIES1 :I* WILL ALL[ US TO EXPOSE !IR P>TIZAN%IP & !IR 9ABILITY TO EXON]ATE !MSELVES4 

,TO ZEAL\SLY DEVOTE \RSELVES TO DISCOV]+ 9 DETAIL ! F9ANCIAL OP]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,R$ ,AID1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT WE ALREADY HAVE DOCUM5TATION PROV+ ?AT ! L>GE DONATIONS !Y RECEIVE >E US$ EXCLUSIVELY = !IR PROPAG&A1 & ?AT ANY 9T5TIONS ON !IR P>T TO USE ! MONEY = ! PURPOSES ( SOLID>ITY ?AT !Y L\DLY PROCLAIM >E 5TIRELY ABS5T4  
  

,! ,REGIONAL ,PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I-,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 HELD 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 PASS$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION1 :I* /ATES3  
  

,IT IS RESOLV$3 ,ATTACK ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 ,ATTACK1 ON A LOCAL SCALE1 ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 P]SUAD$ TO SUPPORT IT1 = !IR CONDUCT 9 EA* LOCALITY1 PROV9CE OR REGION4  
  

,SUMM>IZ+ ! CONT5TS ( ! FAM\S MANIFE/O1 0,CONFRONT+ ! ,C\NT]REVOLUTION3 ,! ,C,N,T TO ! ,CONSCI5CE ( ,SPA901 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T PUBLI%$ A NUMB] ( MANIFE/OS ?AT W]E SEV]ELY CRITICAL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 UND] ! SIGNIFICANT TITLES3 0,! ,P>TY ( ! ,C\NT]REVOLUTION02 0,DEMOCRATIC ,PROC$URES02 0,! ,C>RION ,CR[S ( ! ,REVOLUTION02 0,BY ,!IR ,FRUITS ,YE ,%ALL ,KN[ ,!M02 0,ABOVE ,ALL1 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS01 ETC4 

,\R AGREEM5T1 !N AS N[1 ) !SE VIEWS HAS NEV] BE5 A MATT] ( DISPUTE4 ,WE COMPLETELY ID5TIFI$ ) !M4 ,WE DEF5D$ \R MOVEM5T AGA9/ ITS MO/ IRRECONCILABLE 5EMIES4 

,DO WE NE$ TO M5TION ! 9VASION ( ,>AGON BY TROOPS :O W]E 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & H[ !Y DE/ROY$ ! EXEMPL>Y CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! PEASANTS ( ,>AGON8 ,WE HAVE MORE ?AN 5\< REASONS TO /ATE ?AT1 )\T ! 9VASION ( ,>AGON BY ,LI/]'S DIVISIONS1 ! SUBSEQU5T 9VASION ( ! FASCI/ >MIES W\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$4 

,HAVE WE =GOTT5 SU* 9FAMIES AS ! NOTE FROM ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DAT$ ,JULY #c#a1 #a#i#c#g8 ,WE C\LD NOT /& SIDE BY SIDE ) ! P>TY ( MAXIMUM IRRESPONSIBILITY & WE C\LD NOT TREAT IT AS AN EQUAL4 ,OR HAD ?IS ,P>TY *ANG$ ITS WAYS1 ITS MORALITY1 OR ITS PURPOSES8 

,& :AT AB\T ?OSE >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5TE ,ROJO ?AT D5\NC$ \R ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y A*IEVEM5TS 9 ,>AGON8 ,?IS IS H[ ONE ( !SE >TICLES BEG9S 7,OCTOB] #a#d1 #a#i#c#g73 0,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,GOV]NM5T HAS MADE A TRULY TRIUMPHANT 5TRY 9TO ,>AGON4 ,! PEASANTS1 9/ILL$ ) HOPE1 JUBILANTLY WELCOM$ ! TROOPS4 ,>AGON IS BEG9N+ TO RESPECT & EXP]I5CE ! B5EFITS ( ! NEW ADM9I/RATION4 ,AN ODI\S & WOEFUL EPO* HAS UND\BT$LY COME TO AN 5D40 

,! MUDSL++ DIRECT$ AT US BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS PRESS GALVANIZ$ \R ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* /RID5TLY DEM&$ A M9IMUM ( DEC5CY & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T BROKE (F RELATIONS ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY P5D+ ! RECTIFICATION ( ! >TICLE 9 :I* ,LI/]'S CRIMES 9 ,>AGON W]E PRAIS$ & ! EPIC A*IEVEM5TS ( ! M5 ( ! ,C,N,T W]E D5\NC$4 

,!RE WAS A LONG S]IES ( NOTES1 REPLIES & C\NT]-REPLIES1 BUT1 TO MAKE A LONG /ORY %ORT1 ! ,P>TY ( SLOGANS NEI!R (F]$ ANY EXPLANATIONS = ITS ACTIONS NOR DID IT DISAV[ RESPONSIBILITY = ! CONT5T ( ! CAMPAIGN ( SL&] & 9SULT ( :I* WE W]E ! VICTIMS4 

,WE HAD TOO MU* SELF RESPECT1 H[EV]1 TO ALL[ ! MA9/AY ( A ,GOV]NM5T ?AT DID NOT 5JOY ! APPROVAL1 SYMPA?Y OR SUPPORT ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T TO APPE> TO HAVE WON ?IS >GUM5T 9 ! EYES ( ! DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL AUDI5CE4 

,)\T RECTIFY+ EV5 ONE ( ITS IRRECONCILABLY HO/ILE ACCUSATIONS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY !N ATTEMPT$ TO CONV9CE ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T TO SUPPORT ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO 5LI/ & MANIPULATE !M AS RUBB] /AMPS = ITS [N POLICY ( HEGEMONY4 ,& IT WAS BECAUSE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ! COMRADES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T ACTUALLY BEGAN TO RESPOND FAVORABLY TO !SE SUGGE/IONS ?AT ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I F\ND ITSELF 9 9CREAS+LY MORE S]I\S DISAGREEM5T ) ! LEAD]%IP ( ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION4 

,NOR DO WE ?9K ?AT LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS HAVE =GOTT5 ! ,OCTOB] #aicg ,PACT BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T1 UND]M9$ BY ! COMMUNI/S :O 9T]PRET$ IT AS 0A PACT ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P>TIES & ! ,GOV]NM5T0 7,RESOLUTION ( ! ,F\R? ,PROV9CIAL ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,VAL5CIA74 

,! ,PACT WAS TRULY A PROLET>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y L&M>K4 ,IT HAD TO BE DE/ROY$1 BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 IT MEANT ! DISAPPE>ANCE1 OR ! IRREM$IABLE DECL9E1 ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CREATE ANO!R K9D ( ,PACT ?AT W\LD BE NEI!R FI% NOR F[L1 NEI!R HOT NOR COLD1 & TO B9D US TO ! CORPSE ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT SO ?AT \R 9DEP5D5CE W\LD BE TRAMPL$ ON & ! :OLE WORLD C\LD BE 5T]TA9$ ) ! LEG5D ( ! TOTAL SUBORD9ATION ( LOYALI/ ,SPA9 TO ITS ,GOV]NM5T1 SUPPOS$LY L$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 & TO ! ,?IRTE5 ,PO9TS4 

,A :OLE S]IES ( VAPID POLITICAL SPEE*ES1 PUBLIC EMBRACES1 & CALLS = UNITY ( ACTION 9 EXCLUSIVE SUPPORT = ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T DID NOT PREV5T1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FROM ISSU+ A DIRECTIVE TO ITS ,P>TY ,COMMITTEES TO WORK )9 ! ,C,N,T TO 9DUCE SPLITS )9 \R ORGANIZATION1 CAUSE ITS MEMB]S TO RESIGN1 9FLU5CE C]TA9 COMRADES :O HELD POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! ,C,N,T1 ETC4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( \R TRADE UNION D5\NC$ ?IS MANEUV]1 BUT ONLY ON PAP]4 ,9 ITS EV]YDAY OP]ATIONS WE NOTIC$ ?AT IT DID NOT RESPOND TO ?IS P]V]SE \TRAGE ) ! SAME VIGOR ?AT IT DISPLAY$ 9 ! PA/ :5 CONFRONT+ SIMIL> *ALL5GES4 ,& !RE WAS 9CREAS+ DISS5T )9 \R RANKS1 AS WE SAW ! ,C,N,T FOLL[+ ! POLITICAL L9E LAID D[N BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,WE BELIEV$ ?AT ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! OBJECTIVES & ME?ODS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) ?OSE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS ABSOLUTE & ?AT WE HAD TO SEV] ALL RELATIONS ) !SE AG5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T1 :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = \R WOR/ DISA/]S4 

,LET US 5UM]ATE A FEW ( ! REASONS :Y WE MU/ SET =? \R POSITION ) P]FECT CL>ITY & DECL>E1 AS WE PLEAD$ 9 VA9 TO ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 ?AT ! ,C,N,T1 ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAS P]FECTLY DEF9$ IDEALS & ME?ODS & HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! POLICY DICTAT$ BY ,RUSSIA TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! FACT ?AT IT IS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y & H>MFUL TO ! EFFECTIVE PROSECUTION ( ! W>4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS COMBAT$1 9 AN OP5LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 ! WORK UND]TAK5 BY ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO FIR/ W9 ! W>1 )\T NOTIC+ ?AT BY DEPRIV+ ! W> ( ITS DIM5SION ( POPUL> 5?USIASM1 :I* WAS ITS NATURAL SOIL1 ! ,P>TY W\LD 9EVITABLY H>VE/ ! FRUITS ?AT WE HAVE BE5 SEE+ S9CE ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY %AMELESSLY SUPPORT$ ! POLITICAL SECTORS ?AT %\LD HAVE DISAPPE>$ AFT] ,JULY1 SEEK+ ALLIES & RECRUITS AMONG ?OSE SEGM5TS ( SOCIETY :OSE BACKGR\ND WAS MO/ DUBI\S FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLE4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS ! 5EMY ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! TRADE UNIONS & D5IES !M ! AU?ORITY TO 9T]V5E AS SU* 9 ! RECON/RUCTION & TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY1 A MISSION ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 FALLS UPON ! %\LD]S ( ! ,P>TIES1 ?AT IS1 TO ITSELF4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS EMPLOY$ ! MO/ TREA*]\S MEANS TO SWELL ! RANKS ( ! ,U,G,T 9 ORD] TO USE IT AS A PLAT=M TO P5ETRATE ! TRADE UNIONS & TO 9DUCE SPLITS 9 !M & TO P>ALYZE !IR DIRECT 9VOLVEM5T 9 SOCIETY'S AFFAIRS4 

,IT HAS CREAT$ YELL[ TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO SEE IF !Y CAN COMPETE ) ! SOCIALI/S = CONTROL OV] ! ,U,G,T4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! ,PROV9CIAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS ( ,VAL5CIA4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS H9D]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES & HAS US$ EV]Y MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL1 ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 & EV5 ! >MY1 TO DE/ROY ?OSE ?AT HAVE BE5 CREAT$ & HAVE PROSP]$4 ,IT TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FACT ?AT ONE ( ITS MEMB]S WAS APPO9T$ AS ,M9I/] ( ,AGRICULTURE TO D5Y CR$ITS1 F]TILIZ] & SE$S TO ! ,C,N,T COLLECTIVES4 ,IT HAS US$ ! ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES TO S[ DISCORD 9 ! ,CATALONIAN C\NTRYSIDE4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS BR&I%$ ! BLACKMAIL ( ,RUSSIAN AID TO 5=CE POLITICAL *ANGES ?AT IT CONSID]$ MO/ B5EFICIAL = ITS DEVELOPM5T TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! O!R SECTORS4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS US$ ! BUREAUCRATIC & REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ( ! ,/ATE TO ELIM9ATE ITS POLITICAL 5EMIES1 9FLICT+ GRAVE H>M ON ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAUSE4 ,WE NE$ ONLY RECALL ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #aicg 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! P]SECUTION & \TLAW+ ( ! ,P,\,M & ! ASSASS9ATION ( MILITANTS LIKE ,&RES ,N94 

,!Y TRANS=M$ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,/ATE 9TO A DIPLOMATIC ANNEX ( ! =EIGN RELATIONS BUREAU ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 TO ! OBVI\S DISCR$IT ( ,SPA91 :I* HAS BE5 ISOLAT$ FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9FILTRAT$ ! ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEES TO UND]M9E ! ACTION ( ! ,U,G,T AS A TRADE UNION ?AT HAD BE5 MOV$ BY \R APPEALS BAS$ ON ! UNITY ( 9T]E/ & ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9IQUIT\SLY EXPLOIT$ \R C\NTRY ) !IR >MS DEALS NEGOTIAT$ ON ! WOR/ T]MS & FACILITAT$ ! ACQUISITION ( \R COMMODITIES AT D]ISORY PRICES1 NOT TO M5TION ! ROBB]Y BY ,RUSSIAN ESPIONAGE ( \R 9DU/RIAL SECRETS4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS P>ALYZ$ & CA/RAT$ BY EV]Y MEANS ! CREATIVE 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE TO =CE US TO BE TRIBUT>IES ( ,RUSSIAN =EIGN TRADE4 

,IT IS FUTILE TO CONT9UE ?IS REPULSIVE 5UM]ATION4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAS BE5 ! GREATE/ 5EMY ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 & IT HAS NOT HESITAT$ TO USE ! MO/ DISGU/+ & MO/ CRIM9AL MEANS1 ASSASS9ATION1 DEFAMATION ( *>ACT]1 P]SECUTION & TORTURE1 TO H9D] \R SOCIAL ADVANCE4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS V]Y WELL KN[N 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS TO LE>N ! LESSONS & TO TAKE ! REQUISITE ACTION4444 

,EA* PASS+ DAY PROVID$ MORE ?AN 5\< >GUM5TS & FACTS TO JU/IFY AN >M$ REBELLION AGA9/1 OR AT LEA/ ! /RICT LIMITATION ( ! AU?ORITY (1 ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T4 ,WE DID NOT KEEP QUIET AB\T !SE FACTS & !SE >GUM5TS1 BUT ! ,CELE/9E ( ! W>1 AS ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS CALL$1 WAS US$ TO CONCEAL EV]Y \TRAGE1 EV]Y COMPLICITY & EV]Y ACT ( C[>DICE4 

,ONE ( ! ASPECTS ?AT WAS MO/ PREJUDICIAL TO \R GOALS WAS ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ME?ODS ( ! ,RUSSIAN POLICE 9 \R DOME/IC POLICY4 ,TORTURE1 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS1 SECRET PRISONS1 & ABUSE ( ! 9NOC5T AS WELL AS ! GUILTY BECAME R\T9E4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO TOL]ATE & APPLAUD A ,GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD ABOLI%$ ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( H>%NESS EMPLOY$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D AGA9/ ITS VICTIMS4 ,EV5 9 ?IS ASPECT WE BECAME JU/ LIKE ! 5EMY ?AT WE W]E FI<T+ AGA9/1 = 9 5EMY T]RITORY1 AS WELL1 ! ,G]MAN ,GE/APO & ! ,ITALIAN ,O,V,R,A HAD IMPOS$ !IR ME?ODS ( P]SECUTION & ELIM9ATION ( 5EMIES4 ,9 LOYALI/ ,SPA91 9/EAD ( ! ,GE/APO & ,O,V,R,A1 WE HAD ! ,RUSSIAN ,G,P,U4 ,DIFF]5T NAMES1 BUT ! SAME BRUTALITY4 

,:AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,*EKAS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 IS ALMO/ BEYOND BELIEF4 ,9 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON 9 ,B>CELONA1 9 ! ,CASAL ,C>LOS ,M>X1 AT ,PU]TA DEL ,ANGEL #b#d1 AT ,VILLAMAJOR #e1 ALL 9 ,B>CELONA1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,CONV5T ( ,SA9T ,URSULA 9 ,VAL5CIA1 9 ! =TRESS AT ,CA/ELLDEFELS1 9 ,*9*ILLA1 ETC41 CRIMES W]E COMMITT$ ?AT HAD NO PREC$5TS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,9QUISITION1 :I* IS 9DE$ SAY+ A LOT4 ,W]E WE SUPPOS$ TO REMA9 SIL5T AB\T !SE FACTS1 SO ?AT WE W\LD TAKE ON ! HI/ORICAL %AME ( COMPLICITY OR C[>DICE8 ,WE DID NOT M9CE WORDS :5 WE PASS$ \R JUDGM5TS1 :I* W]E SO RI*LY DES]V$1 ON ! ,M9I/]S ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T1 = !IR PASSIVITY & !IR DELIB]ATE BL9DNESS4 ,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM W]E DI%ONOR$ BY ! ,DIRECCION ,G5]AL DE ,SEGURIDAD1 ! ,S]VICIO DE ,9VE/IGACION ,MILIT>1 & ! PRIVATE & ,P>TY ,*EKAS4 ,W\NDS W]E 9FLICT$ UPON :AT WAS MO/ SACR$ 9 ! PEOPLE'S S\L & ET]NAL ,SPA9 CRI$ \T AGA9/ A REGIME ?AT TOL]AT$ OR SPONSOR$ !SE HORRORS4 

,! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T ( ,CA/ELLDEFELS HAD ISSUE A =MAL PROTE/ BECAUSE ( ! CORPSES ?AT W]E DUMP$ EV]Y NI<T ON ! HI<WAY NE> ! =TRESS4 ,!RE W]E DAYS :5 #af M5 W]E F\ND MURD]$1 ALL ( !M ANTI-FASCI/S1 BUT ALL ( !M 5EMIES ( ! COMMUNI/S4 

#a4 ,WE HAVE EXPOS$ ONE ( A ?\S& MON/ROSITIES1 ?AT ( ! ASSASS9ATION ( #h PEOPLE 9 ,TURON1 ,&ALUSIA4.<#b#g.> ,?IS IS :AT HAPP5$3 

#b4 ,= A LONG TIME N[ WE HAVE BE5 RECEIV+ MORE OR LESS DETAIL$ REPORTS ( ! ACTIVITY ( COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS ?R\<\T ,&ALUSIA1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! SECTORS OCCUPI$ BY MILIT>Y UNITS UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\SLY AFFECT$ SECTORS IS ! ONE OCCUPI$ BY ! =CES ( ! #b#cRD,>MY ,CORPS1 :I* IS UND] ! COMM& ( A WELL-KN[N COMMUNI/1 LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ,GALAN4 ,?IS SECTOR IS DI/+UI%$ BY ! A/ONI%+ EASE ) :I* ELEM5TS ?AT DO NOT SYMPA?IZE ) ! ,P>TY DISAPPE>1 ELEM5TS ?AT >E SOMETIMES M]ELY POLITICALLY 9DIFF]5T OR ELSE OP5LY LEFT-W+4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ( A SOCIALI/ 9 ! T[N ( ,PET]S1 A P]SON ) A LONG REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 :O WAS A VICTIM ( ! LAW ( FLI<T .<0LEY DE FUGAS0.> 7ALONG ) FIVE O!R PRISON]S 9 ! T[N7 AT ! H&S ( A C]TA9 ,BAIL51 A CAPTA9 9 ! 9TELLIG5CE SECTION ( ! #b#cRD,>MY ,CORPS1 AN 9DIVIDUAL ) A DUBI\S BACKGR\ND :O1 PRIOR TO ! CIVIL W>1 WAS A TAX COLLECTOR1 ONE ( ! WOR/ 9 ! :OLE REGION1 & :OSE JOB N[ CONSI/S 9 PURG+ ! ZONE ( ANY ELEM5TS ?AT MI<T COMPROMISE HIM4 

,! %OOT+S M5TION$ ABOVE W]E C>RI$ \T UND] ORD]S FROM ! COMM&] 9 *IEF ( ! #b#cRD,>MY ,CORPS1 DESPITE ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,PROV9CIAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,ALM]IA1 ! ,CIVIL ,GOV]NOR ( ,ALM]IA & COLONEL ,M5OYO1 :O W5T TO SPEAK DIRECTLY ) ! ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE 7,PRIETO71 :O ISSU$ ! ORD] TO IMM$IATELY >RE/ ,CAPTA9 ,BAIL54.<#b#h.> ,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS WORK+ H>D TO BURY ! AFFAIR1 EMPLOY+ EV]Y MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL4 

,?IS CASE1 AS S]I\S AS IT WAS1 WAS TRIVIAL COMP>$ TO ! ONE ?AT WE %ALL N[ RELATE3  
  

,ONE F9E DAY ! BRIGADES COMPRIS+ ! #b#cRD,>MY ,CORPS RECEIV$ AN ORD] FROM ! ,CORPS ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 COMM&+ EA* BRIGADE TO ASSEMBLE A PLATOON OR SQUAD ( M5 :OSE ANTI-FASCI/ CR$5TIALS W]E BEYOND DISPUTE4 ,!Y DID SO & !Y W]E !N GIV5 DETAIL$ 9/RUCTIONS TO M>* TO ,TURON1 A SMALL VILLAGE 9 ! ,GRANADIAN ,ALPUJ>RA ) AB\T #b1#e 9HABITANTS4 ,! M5 W]E TOLD ?AT !Y HAD TO ELIM9ATE FASCI/S = ! GOOD ( ! CAUSE4 ,!Y >RIV$ 9 ,TURON & KILL$ #h PEOPLE1 MO/ ( :OM W]E COMPLETELY 9NOC5T1 S9CE !Y W]E NEI!R DISAFFECT$ NOR = ?AT MATT] DANG]\S1 9S(> AS ELEM5TS FROM ! ,C,N,T1 FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & FROM O!R SECTORS KILL$ COMRADES FROM !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS1 UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E DO+ SO & ?9K+ ?AT !Y W]E ACT+ ON BEHALF ( JU/ICE1 AS !IR SUP]IOR (FIC]S HAD TOLD !M4 ,!RE >E ALSO CASES 9 :I* DAU<T]S W]E RAP$ 9 EX*ANGE = SAV+ !IR FA!RS' LIVES4 ,& :AT WAS MO/ DISGU/+ WAS ! WAY !SE ACTIONS W]E C>RI$ \T1 9 ! FULL LI<T ( DAY & )\T ANY ATTEMPT AT CONCEALM5T1 SO ?AT A WAVE ( T]ROR & TRAG$Y SWEPT OV] ! 5TIRE DI/RICT4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! HI<WAY FROM ,TURON TO ,MURTAS WAS UND] CON/RUCTION1 & ! VICTIMS W]E BURI$ AT ! CON/RUCTION SITE1 9 ! ROADB$ ITSELF4 ,AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO PREV5T ! AFFAIR FROM BE+ MADE PUBLIC1 BUT1 FAC$ ) ! PRESSURE ( PUBLIC OP9ION1 ! ,P]MAN5T ,TRIBUNAL ( ! ,>MY ( ,&ALUSIA C\LD NOT REMA9 9ACTIVE & ORD]$ A CRIM9AL 9VE/IGATION4 ,?IRTY-FIVE CORPSES W]E DIS9T]R$1 BUT ! 9VE/IGATORS REFUS$ TO DIG UP ! RE/1 S9CE ?IS W\LD HAVE 5TAIL$ ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ! HI<WAY UND] :I* !Y W]E BURI$4 

,?IS ,TRIBUNAL BEGAN TO OBTA9 ! TE/IMONY ( WITNESSES &1 ONCE IT WAS PROV5 ?AT ! ORD]S = !SE KILL+S CAME FROM ! COMM&+ (FIC] ( ! #b#cRD,>MY ,CORPS1 ,GALAN 7:O WAS A K9D ( ,VIC]OY ( ,&ALUSIA71 AT ! ORD] ( ! ,TRIBUNAL1 WAS SUSP5D$ FROM HIS COMM&1 :ILE ! ,TRIBUNAL 9=M$ ! ,GOV]NM5T ( :AT HAD TAK5 PLACE & REQUE/$ 9/RUCTIONS AS TO H[ TO PROCE$4  
  

,DR4 ,NEGR9 WAS ! ,M9I/] ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE AT ! TIME--! ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE WAS RESPONSIBLE = EXAM9+ ! EVID5CE 9 ACCUSATIONS ( ?IS K9D--& IT WAS ,NEGR9 :O1 ON ! OCCASION ( ! 9CR$IBLE PROVOCATION ( ,M>* #a#i#c#i1 W\LD LAT] APPO9T ,GALAN TO ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT COMM&S 9 HIS PLANN$ C\P D'ETAT 9 ! ,C5T] & ,LEVANTE1 AFT] ! FALL ( ,CATALONIA4 

,IT WAS \R COMRADE ,M>OTO1 A D$ICAT$ MILITANT FROM ! REGION ( ,MURCIA--SUBSEQU5TLY ! T>GET ( A FI]CE DEFAMATORY CAMPAIGN--:O MO/ 9SI/5TLY PLEAD$ ) ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS TO :I* ! VICTIMS BELONG$ TO EXPOSE ! ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,TURON & !N TO DEAL ) ! ASSASS9S4 

,FROM A PAMPHLET DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#g1 WE EXC]PT ! FOLL[+ FRAGM5TS1 FROM AN APP5DIX TO A DETAIL$ DESCRIPTION ( ! HORRORS ( ,SANTA ,URSULA 9 ,VAL5CIA3  
  

,! CYNICISM & CRUELTY ( ! ,/AL9I/ ,G,P,U >E UNPREC$5T$ ) RESPECT TO ME?ODS ( REPRESSION4 ,!Y NEV] TOOK 9TO ACC\NT ! CONDITION ( ! PRISON]S4 ,HEAL?Y OR SICK1 M5 OR WOM51 FASCI/ OR ANTI-FASCI/1 ALL W]E ! SAME = ! SPECIAL BRIGADE4 ,& ! WOR/ ?+ AB\T IT IS ?AT ALL ?OSE SACRIFICES W]E COMPLETELY FUTILE4 ,ONCE ! CONFESSIONS !Y WANT$ W]E OBTA9$ & SIGN$ & SEAL$1 ! PRISON]S W]E AB&ON$ & =GOTT5 9 ! D>K CELLS ( ,SANTA ,URSULA4 ,!Y W\LD NEV] ACTUALLY BE TRI$ 9 A C\RT ( LAW4 

,& ?IS IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,! POLICE KNEW FULL WELL ?AT ! VICTIMS W\LD D5\NCE !M BE=E ! ,TRIBUNALS = ! ABUSES & CRIMES !Y COMMITT$1 ?AT !Y W\LD REPUDIATE !IR CONFESSIONS SIGN$ UND] ! DURESS ( TORTURE1 & ?AT !Y W\LD BECOME !IR IMPLACABLE ACCUS]S4 

,BUT ,SANTA ,URSULA C\LD NOT GU>D ITS SECRETS =EV]4 ,NOR C\LD IT CONTA9 SO MU* PA94 ,! TRU? F9ALLY FILT]$ \T ?R\< ! ?ICKE/ WALLS & ! MO/ /RONGLY B>R$ DOORS4 

,TRAGIC & BLOODY ACC\NTS REA*$ ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & W]E MADE PUBLIC4 ,! CL&E/9E PRESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y NUCLEI & ! =EIGN WORK+ CLASS PRESS PUBLICIZ$ SOME ( ! ABUSES COMMITT$ 9 ,SANTA ,URSULA4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T WAS COMPELL$ TO 9T]V5E4 ,ITS 9T]V5TION1 H[EV]1 WAS TOO LITTLE1 & TOO LATE4 ,IT DID NOT P5ETRATE TO ! HE>T ( ! MATT]4 ,! ,/AL9I/S REMA9$ 9 !IR ,GOV]NM5T POSITIONS & !RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( =C+ A BREAK ) !M SO SOON4 ,FUR!RMORE3 !RE W]E FALSIFI$ RECORDS & TE/IMONIES EXTORT$ FROM WITNESSES BY =CE1 AS IS TO BE EXPECT$1 TO %UT 9DISCREET M\?S & SIL5CE PEOPLE :O >E TOO CURI\S4 

,BUT AS ( ?IS TIME1 ! ,GOV]NM5T IS /ILL UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( TRADE REPRES5TATIVES ( ITS [N SUPPLI]S ( W> MAT]IEL1 & ITS [N 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y TE*NICIANS1 HAVE BE5 DETA9$ 9 ,SANTA ,URSULA1 & ?AT O!RS HAVE DISAPPE>$ =EV]4 ,!SE M5 CAME TO ,SPA9 ) EV]Y GU>ANTEE ( !IR P]SONAL SAFETY & F9ANCIAL REMUN]ATION4 ,AT ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,P>IS ALL !IR NECESS>Y CR$5TIALS1 PAP]S & CONTRACTS W]E APPROV$4 ,& N[ !Y HAVE DISAPPE>$4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T ?9KS ?AT !Y LEFT ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT !Y COMMITT$ ! CRIME ( BE+ VISIT+ SPECIALI/S FROM FRI5DLY ,RUSSIA4 ,& ! SPECIAL BRIGADE WAS ORD]$ TO LIQUIDATE !M4  
  

,GOV]NM5T COMMISSIONS & EV5 REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS (T5 VISIT$ ,SANTA ,URSULA4 ,ONCE1 ,IRUJO1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 W5T TO ,SANTA ,URSULA 9 P]SON4444 0,! VISITORS NEV] SAW ! CAVE ( CORPSES1 OR ! 'CUPBO>D'1 OR ! MI/REAT$ PRISON]S40 

,A TYPICAL CASE IS ! ACC\NT ( A Y\NG MAN :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,F,A,I1 ,J4 ,H4 ,TRAFALG>1 A MILITIAMAN :O WAS S]V+ ON ! FRONT L9E ON ! ,>AGON ,FRONT1 ) :OM WE W]E ACQUA9T$4 ,HE WAS ACCUS$ ( HAV+ ATTACK$ AN (FICE ( ,E/AT ,CATALA ) A PI/OL & H& GR5ADES DUR+ ! ,MAY EV5TS4 ,HE HAD BE5 W\ND$ TWICE AT ! ,FRONT4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ TWO MON?S LAT] & BR\<T TO A ,*EKA ON ,CORCEGA ,/REET1 PRESID$ OV] BY A C]TA9 ,GASP> ,DALMAU ,C>BONELL1 A COMMUNI/4 ,HE SP5T #bh DAYS !RE1 ! FIR/ EI<T )\T BE+ GIV5 ANY FOOD4 

,S9CE !Y C\LD NOT PROVE ANY ( ! *>GES AGA9/ HIM1 ! ORD] WAS ISSU$ TO FREE HIM1 BUT :5 HE >RIV$ AT ! POLICE /ATION1 A C> ) ,*EKA AG5TS WAS WAIT+ = HIM1 & HE WAS TAK5 BACK TO ,CORCEGA ,/REET4 ,HE HAD DOCUM5TS ?AT AU?ORIZ$ HIS RELEASE2 N[ HE WAS 9 ! H&S ( HIS EXECUTION]S )\T ANY POSSIBLE REC\RSE4 ,WE %ALL LET ! VICTIM TELL HIS /ORY3  
  

,AT NI<T1 >\ND MIDNI<T1 ,I WAS TAK5 UP/AIRS TO BE 9T]ROGAT$4 ,FIR/1 ,I WAS 9=M$ ?AT ! PREVI\S ACCUSATION HAD BE5 )DRAWN & ?AT N[ ,I WAS ACCUS$ ( HAV+ DIRECTLY P>TICIPAT$1 OR AT LEA/ WAS IMPLICAT$ 9 ! PLANN+1 ( ! ATTACK ON ,&REU1 ! ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ( ! ,B>CELONA ,C\RT4 

,I EXPLA9$ :]E ,I WAS ON ! DAY ( ! ATTACK1 ,I SAID ?AT ,I DID NOT KN[ ANY?+ AB\T IT1 & ,I TOLD !M ?AT ,I CONDEMN$ IT1 AS HAD \R ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 

,MY /ATEM5TS W]E TO NO AVAIL4 ,! POLICE ( ! ,*EKA SAID ?AT ,I WAS 9VOLV$ ) ! SECRET PLANN+ ( ! ATTACK4 ,& ?AT IF ,I 'SANG'1 ,I W\LD BE RELEAS$1 TAK5 TO ! BORD] & GIV5 A LOT ( MONEY4 ,?AT IF ,I HAD ANY BRA9S AT ALL1 ,I W\LD HAVE TO 9=M ON ?OSE :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! 9CID5T OR AT LEA/ ON ?OSE :O MI<T HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ATTACK4 ,O!RWISE1 !Y ?REAT5$ TO TAKE ME = ! USUAL 'RIDE'4 

,! QUE/IONS ?AT BEGAN 9 A FRI5DLY & EV5 SWEET TONE W]E GRADUALLY BECOM+ MORE HO/ILE4 ,! !ATRICAL 5VIRONM5T C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 LESS CONSI/5T ) ! NATURE ( ! 9T]ROGATION4 ,DALMAU HOV]$ OV] ME ) HIS S>CA/IC SMIRK1 ,CAL]O WAS PLAY+ ) A DAGG]1 & V>I\S O!R P]SONS /OOD >\ND 9 DIFF]5T PO/URES4 ,ON ! TABLE1 A LITTLE MORE ?AN A MET] AWAY FROM ME1 WAS A V]Y BRI<T LI<T ?AT WAS %9+ 9 MY FACE4 ,! RE/ ( ! ROOM WAS 9 TOTAL D>KNESS4 

,! POLICEM5 W]E ALL ASK+ ME QUE/IONS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! D>KNESS1 BEH9D A SCRE51 ! VOICE ( MY ACCUS] CLAIM$ ?AT HE SAW ME ON ! DAY ( ! ATTACK 9 A PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE 9 FRONT ( ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE4 ,9 RESPONSE TO MY CONT9U\S REQUE/S ?AT HE %[ HIS FACE1 HE REFUS$1 ALLEG+ ?AT HE WAS AFRAID ?AT ,I W\LD TAKE V5GEANCE ON HIM 9 ! FUTURE4 

,! SPECTACLE W\LD HAVE %ATT]$ EV5 ! /RONGE/ N]VES4 ,EXHAU/ION1 WEAKNESS1 QUE/IONS1 9SULTS1 ! BRI<T LI<T1 ! DAGG]1 W]E ALL MIX$ UP 9 MY M9D 9 A MAD DANCE4 ,F9ALLY1 DESP]ATE1 & CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W\LD 5D UP KILL+ ME ANYWAY1 WANT+ TO 5D ?IS NI<TM>E AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 ,I CONFESS$3 0,YES1 IT WAS ME40 ,?IS DECL>ATION1 H[EV]1 WAS ( NO 9T]E/ TO ! POLICEM54 

,!Y KNEW P]FECTLY WELL ?AT ,I WAS NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! ASSASS9ATION4 ,:AT !Y WANT$ TO KN[ WAS ! NAME ( ! REAL P]PETRATORS4 ,& SO !Y CONT9U$ TO BADG] ME ) QUE/IONS AB\T !IR ID5TITY4 ,MY RESPONSE WAS BLUNT3 0,YES1 IT WAS ME1 ) ,AZANA & ,COMPANYS40 ,?IS DA%$ ALL !IR HOPES4 ,!Y HAD TO ADMIT !Y W]E BEAT54 ,! TIME HAD COME TO EMPLOY DIFF]5T PROC$URES4 

,DALMAU GOT UP4 0,Y\ KN[ :AT Y\ HAVE TO DO10 HE TOLD HIS SUBORD9ATES4 ,! POLICEM5 TOOK !IR PI/OLS & LOAD$ !M4 ,?AT WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D4 ,CAL]O TRI$ TO H&CUFF ME ) MY H&S BEH9D MY BACK4 ,MY WAT* GOT 9 ! WAY4 ,I CALMLY REMOV$ MY WAT* & GAVE IT TO ,CAL]O3 0,TAKE IT1 SO ?AT Y\ CAN GIVE ME ! C\P DE GRACE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE40 

,WE W5T D[N/AIRS TO ! SECOND FLOOR4 ,!Y BR\<T ME TO ! BA?ROOM4 ,I ASSUM$ ?AT !Y WANT$ TO PREV5T ! NOISE ( !IR GUN%OTS FROM BE+ HE>D ON ! /REET4 ,BUT ! POLICEM5 DID NOT SEEM TO BE 9 A HURRY4 ,!Y TOSS$ A B> ( SOAP 9 ! BA?TUB & OP5$ ! FAUCETS4 ,IT WAS A ,FR5* BR& ( SOAP4 ,& IT WAS A V]Y BIG B> ( SOAP4 

,IT MU/ HAVE WEI<$ AT LEA/ A KILO4 ,I CONTEMPLAT$ ! SC5E )\T UND]/&+ !IR REAL 9T5TIONS4 ,! L\D & MONOTON\S S\ND ( ! RUNN+ WAT] 9/ILL$ ME1 9 MY EXHAU/$ CONDITION1 ) A CRAZY WI% TO GO TO SLEEP4 

,ONCE !SE PREP>ATIONS W]E CONCLUD$1 ! 9T]ROGATION RESUM$4 ,A MIXTURE ( ?REATS & ADVICE4 0,DON'T BE /UPID1 CONFESS1 Y\ ONLY HAVE A FEW M9UTES TO LIVE40 ,! IDEA ( DEA? WAS 9 EV]Y WORD4 ,I WANT$ ! :OLE ?+ TO 5D ONCE & = ALL4 ,I HAD A REAL DESIRE TO FEEL ! COLD T\* ( ! POLICEM5'S PI/OLS ON MY TEMPLES4 ,BUT MY 9T]ROGATORS HAD MORE SUBTLE 9T5TIONS4 ,:Y DIDN'T ,I UND]/& !M SOON]8 ,AFT] HALF AN H\R ! WAT] HAD FILL$ ! BA?TUB4 ,AFT] ONE LA/ QUE/ION1 HE SAID TO HIS COMRADES3 0,WE'LL HAVE TO DUNK HIM1 DON'T Y\ ?9K80 ,& ALL ( A SUDD5 ,I WAS 9 ! AIR1 HELD UPSIDE D[N4 ,!N ! REAL TORTURE BEGAN4 ,ANO!R QUE/ION1 :ILE MY HEAD WAS RAIS$ UP \T ( ! WAT]4 ,NATURALLY1 ! ANSW] WAS ! SAME AS ALL ! PREVI\S ONES4 ,& ,I C\LD H>DLY REMEMB] ANY?+ ANYMORE4 ,MY HEAD WAS PLUNG$ 9TO ! WAT] SO DEEP ?AT IT HIT ! BOTTOM ( ! TUB4 

,I REMEMB] ?AT ,I FELT A T]RIBLE PA9 9 MY WRI/S1 :I* W]E P9*$ BY ! TI<T H&CUFFS4 ,I MU/ HAVE PUT UP A /UPID & UNCONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE FROM !IR CLUT*ES4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! BA?TUB ,I TRI$ TO RESI/ ! UNSPEAKABLE4 ,I HELD MY BREA? = A FEW SECONDS ?AT SEEM$ LIKE C5TURIES4 ,!N ,I C\LD NOT HOLD \T = EV5 ONE MORE SECOND4 ,I NE$$ AIR4 ,I BEGAN TO TAKE 9 WAT]4 ,EV]Y:]E4 ,9 MY M\?1 9 MY NOSE1 9 MY E>S4 ,I HAD ! S5SATION ?AT ! WAT] WAS EV5 GETT+ 9TO MY BRA94 ,I LO/ CONTROL OV] MY WILL4 ,ALL ?AT WAS LEFT WAS MY 9/9CT = SELF-PRES]VATION1 BRUTALLY & PASSIONATELY EXPRESS$4 

,I HAVE A FA9T MEMORY ?AT !Y BEGAN TO BEAT ME ALL OV] MY BODY1 ON MY HEAD1 ON MY %\LD]S1 ON MY >MS4 ,I LO/ CONSCI\SNESS4 ,I HAVE NO IDEA H[ LONG ?IS LA/$4 ,:5 ,I CAME TO1 ,I WAS \T ( ! TUB1 /RET*$ \T ON AN UPHOL/]$ *AIR1 MY FEET HANG+ OV] ONE 5D & MY HEAD OV] ! O!R4 ,I HAD VOMIT$ A LOT4 

,! SOAP WAS AN EXCELL5T EMETIC4 ,MY :OLE BODY A*$4 ,MY HEAD WAS SP9N+ AS IF ,I W]E DRUNK4 ,:5 ,I BEGAN TO >TICULATE ?\<TS 9 MY HEAD AGA91 ! POLICEM5 RETURN$ TO H>ASS ME ) !IR QUE/IONS4444 ,9 VIEW ( ! FAILURE ( ! 9T]ROGATION1 ,I WAS DUNK$ 9 ! BA?TUB AGA91 :ILE ,I WAS 9SULT$ & SWORN AT BY ! POLICEM54 ,?IS TIME IT ONLY TOOK A FEW SECONDS = ME TO LOSE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:5 ,I CAME TO1 ,I WAS VOMIT+1 LY+ ON ! *AIR4 ,! POLICEM5 HAD ALSO LO/ CONTROL OV] !MSELVES & DISPLAY$ ALL ! BRUTALITY ?AT !Y W]E CAPABLE (4 

,!Y PUN*$ ME & KICK$ ME1 & %[]$ ME ) VULG> 9SULTS4444 

,A LITTLE MORE CALMLY ?IS TIME1 !Y C>RI$ ON ) !IR MONOTON\S QUE/IONS4 ,I WAS SO DEVA/AT$ 9SIDE & \T ?AT ,I C\LD NOT EV5 ANSW] !M AT ALL4 ,READY TO BR+ IT ALL TO AN 5D ONCE & = ALL1 M>%AL+ ! LITTLE 5]GY ?AT REMA9$ TO ME1 ,I GOT UP & FELL HEAVILY 9TO ! BA?TUB4 ,IT W\LD BE BETT] TO DIE BY DR[N+ ?AN TO CONT9UE TO 5DURE SU* TORM5TS4 

,:5 ,I REGA9$ CONSCI\SNESS ,I WAS 9 A DIFF]5T ROOM4 ,! POLICEM5 HAD TAK5 (F MY CLO!S & HAD ?R[N ME ON A MATTRESS4 ,!Y BR\<T MY CLO!S & %OES4 ,I /AY$ !RE = F\R DAYS4 ,DUR+ ?AT P]IOD ,I C\LD NOT EAT & IT TOOK ME EI<T DAYS BE=E ,I C\LD EV5 GET \T ( B$4 ,?AT IS H[ PHYSICALLY BROK5 ,I WAS4 ,! POLICEM5 W\LD NOT ACCEPT DEFEAT4 ,= EI<T DAYS !Y CAME EV]Y H\R OR HALF H\R TO MY ROOM TO RECORD MY CONFESSION4 ,I ?9K EV]Y ,*EKA AG5T CAME TO SEE ME1 ALL ) SIMIL> QUE/IONS & ) ! SAME IMPLICATION3 ! BA?ROOM4 

,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( !SE VISITS ,I C\LD SEE ?AT ! POLICEM5 HAD TAK5 POSSESSION ( MY BE/ CLO!S & MY P]SONAL BELONG+S4 ,ONE WAS WE>+ MY BRACELET1 ANO!R MY R+1 A ?IRD MY BELT1 & A F\R? WAS LI<T+ HIS CIG>ETTES ) MY LI<T]4444 

,NO D\BT AB\T IT3 BESIDES BE+ EXECUTION]S1 !Y W]E ALSO JU/ SO MANY COMMON ?IEVES4444 

,ONCE ,I HAD RECOV]$ SOME:AT ,I WAS ONCE AGA9 TAK5 TO ! ?IRD FLOOR TO CONFESS4 ,! :OLE PROC$URE WAS REPEAT$ TWO MORE TIMES4 ,MY N]VES W]E %ATT]$1 & ,I WAS CONV9C$ ?AT !SE CONFESSIONS W\LD COME TO A FATAL CONCLUSION 9 ! BA?ROOM4 ,=TUNATELY1 ,I WAS MI/AK54 ,ONE NI<T ,I WAS ORD]$ TO GET 9TO A PRIVATE C>4 ,I WAS GO+1 ACCORD+ TO ! POLICEM51 TO MEET MY ACCUS] FACE TO FACE4 ,I UND]/OOD :AT ?IS MEANT4 ,! C> TURN$ D[N ,SALM]ON ,/REET & PROCE$$ T[>DS ,LA ,RABASADA4 ,\TSIDE ( ,B>CELONA1 WE CAME UPON ANO!R C> ?AT WAS /OPP$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ROAD4 ,SURELY1 IT WAS WAIT+ = US4 ,I WAS =C$ TO GET \T ( ! C>4 ,!Y BR\<T ME TO ! DIT*2 ! ROAD WAS D>K4 ,! HEADLI<TS ( ! C>S LIT UP ! SIDE ( ! ROAD4 ,I CLE>LY SAW ?AT ,I HAD COME TO ! 5D4 

,!N ?REE M5 GOT \T ( ! O!R C> & CAME T[>D US4 ,ONE ( !M SAID HE HAD SE5 ME ON ! DAY ( ! ASSASS9ATION 9 A PRIVATE C> ?AT WAS /OPP$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE4 ,! POLICEM5 LAU<$1 SATISFI$4 ,HE WAS ! WITNESS ?AT ,I HAD DEM&$ TO SEE FACE TO FACE4 ,GIV+ ME A PU% 9 ! BACK1 !Y SAID3 0,Y\ CAN PREP>E TO DIE40 ,I RESPOND$ ANGRILY3 !Y C\LD KILL ME :5EV] !Y WANT$ TO4 ,!N ! ORGANIZATION W\LD KN[ :AT TO DO4 

,I TOLD !M ?AT1 AS WE W]E PASS+ BY ! CELLS 9 ! ,POLICE ,/ATION1 ,I HAD SE5 SOME ( \R COMRADES & !Y W]E ABLE TO NOTIFY ! ,JURIDICAL ,COMMISSION & MY GR\P4 

,I SAID ?AT MY DEA? WAS UNIMPORTANT4 ,! LOSS ( MY P]SON WAS ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE = ! MOVEM5T4 

,&1 BESIDES1 ,I TOLD !M ?AT ,I WAS SURE ?AT MY COMRADES W\LD WA/E NO TIME 9 AV5G+ MY DEA?4 

,!Y (F]$ ME ONE LA/ *ANCE TO SAVE MY LIFE3 9=M ON ! P]PETRATORS OR MY ACCOMPLICES1 AS !Y SAID4 ,IF ,I REFUS$1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO %OOT ME1 & KILL ME LIKE A DOG4 

,I REMA9$ UNP]TURB$4 ,IF ,I HAD COME ?IS F>1 ,I MI<T AS WELL GO ALL ! WAY TO ! 5D4 

,!Y =C$ ME TO GET BACK 9TO ! C> & WE RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y HAD F\ND ! =MULA3 0,WE >E GO+ TO GIVE Y\ ANO!R DAY TO RECOV]44440  
  

,SOME?+ HAD BEGUN TO S9K 9TO !IR HEADS1 BY V>I\S PA?WAYS4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO KILL ?IS MAN )\T PROVOK+ ! V5GEANCE ( HIS FRI5DS4 ,HE WAS TRANSF]R$ FROM ONE JAIL TO ANO!R & !N ONCE AGA9 F\ND HIMSELF 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E HE WAS HELD 9 AN (FICIAL GOV]NM5T PRISON & :]E HE WROTE ! ABOVE ACC\NT1 :I* CIRCULAT$ CL&E/9ELY ) O!R DOCUM5TS ( ! SAME K9D1 & SOME COPIES W]E S5T TO ! AU?ORITIES4 

,AS A RESULT ( A VIOL5T 9CID5T 9VOLV+ ! COMMUNI/1 ,CAZORLA--,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] 9 ! ,MADRID ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 ! SAME P]SON :O1 :ILE HE WAS GOV]NOR ( ,GUADALAJ>A1 HAD MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ALL ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS TO OP]ATE OP5LY1 & WAS ! 9SPIRATION BEH9D ! SPECIAL BRIGADE ( ,SANTA ,URSULA--\R COMRADES 9 ! ,C5T] ,REGION SPOKE \T & %$ ! LI<T ( PUBLICITY ON ! \TRAGES COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! PRISON]S UND] HIS AU?ORITY1 ! RETURN ( ! ME?ODS ( ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO & ,>LEGUI1 ! >RE/S ( NONCOMMUNI/ ANTI-FASCI/S1 ! KIDNAP+S1 ! ASSASS9ATIONS4 ,ONCE IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT !RE W]E NO GOV]NM5T PRISON]S DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ,CAZORLA WAS ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD]1 & ! M5 ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T PROVID$ DETAIL$ /ATI/ICS CONC]N+ ! PRISON]S 9 ,V5TAS1 ,SAN ,ANTON1 ,PORLI]1 ,DUQUE DE ,SEXTO1 & ,ALCALA DE ,H5>ES4 ,!SE PRISONS CONTA9$ ! FOLL[+ NUMB]S ( PRISON]S3  
 ,JANU>Y #c1 #aicg   #b1#g#b#g GOV]NM5T PRISON]S   ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #aicg   #b1#e#h#g GOV]NM5T PRISON]S   ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #aicg   #a1#g#f#a GOV]NM5T PRISON]S   

,FUR!RMORE1 AS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#c#g1 !RE W]E #cdh FEMALE PRISON]S2 ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 !RE W]E #b#e#e4 

,!Y ALSO PROVID$ DETAIL$ FIGURES ( ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 EVACUAT$ FROM ,MADRID1 UNAW>E ( !IR FATE1 BUT C]TA9 ?AT !Y W]E DONE =4 ,BUT !Y W]E NOT ALL FASCI/ PRISON]S2 !RE W]E JU/ AS MANY NONCOMMUNI/ ANTI-FASCI/S AS NOTORI\S SUPPORT]S ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT AMONG !M4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY DIFF]5CE 9 ! WAY !SE PRISON]S W]E TREAT$1 IT WAS ! FASCI/S :O RECEIV$ BETT] TREATM5T1 AS !Y W]E PROTECT$ & PAMP]$ AS LONG AS !Y C\LD BUY BETT] TREATM5T & EV5 !IR FRE$OM4 

,!SE POLICE PROC$URES W]E DEF5D$ BY ?OSE :O APPLI$ !M4 ,WE PUBLICLY PROTE/$ ?AT ?IS K9D ( BEHAVIOR W\LD ONLY LEAD TO VICTORY = ,FRANCO1 S9CE WE W]E DEPRIV+ \RSELVES ( ! HELP & SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,NOR W]E WE MI/AK54 ,IF ANY?+ SPECIFIC WAS KN[N AB\T !SE ME?ODS1 IT WAS ?ANKS TO \R EF=TS4 ,! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 AL?\< HORRIFI$1 REMA9$ SIL5T1 BECAUSE1 !Y SAID1 ! W> REQUIR$ !M TO REMA9 SIL5T4 ,WE UND]/OOD ?AT ! W> CALL$ = JU/ ! OPPOSITE3 ! 5D ( !SE HORRORS ?AT W]E 9SPIR$ & ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN COMMUNI/S & ! IMM$IATE PUNI%M5T ( ?OSE :O HAD FUR!R$ !M1 FROM GOV]NM5T POSITIONS OR AS M]E TOOLS1 & DI%ONOR$ \R W> & \R REVOLUTION4 

,IT WAS NO LEGITIMATE EXCUSE ?AT ! SITUATION WAS EV5 MORE HORRIBLE 9 ,FRANCO'S ZONE2 ! DESCRIPTIONS ?AT HAVE REA*$ US.<#b#i.> >E TRULY DEVA/AT+2 BUT ! USE ( ! SAME PROC$URES UND] ! FLAG ( ! ,REPUBLIC FILLS US ) %AME1 EV5 ?\< WE HAVE NOT \RSELVES COMMITT$ SU* CRIMES & EV5 ?\< WE >E NOT EV5 GUILTY ( ! CRIME ( REMA9+ SIL5T AB\T !M4 

,! GREAT] P>T ( ! NAVY REMA9$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 BUT C]TA9LY NOT DUE TO ANY?+ ?AT GOV]NM5T DID1 BUT RA!R DUE TO ! EF=TS ( ! SAILORS4 ,EA* %IP HAD A SMALL CL&E/9E GR\P1 :I* WAS 9 CONTACT ) ! GR\PS ON ! O!R %IPS1 =M+ A ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ) ITS HEADQU>T]S ON ! CRUIS]1 0,LIB]TAD04 

,!SE CORE GR\PS W]E COMPOS$ ( BETWE5 FIVE & T5 PETTY (FIC]S & SAILORS1 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S1 & ABOVE ALL1 EA* MAN WAS 9 CONTACT ) HIS RESPECTIVE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION4 

,ALREADY ON ,JULY #ab !SE CL&E/9E GR\PS =ESAW ?AT ! MILIT>Y REVOLT WAS LIKELY TO TAKE PLACE ON ,JULY #b4 ,?IS 9=MATION TRIGG]$ A MEET+ ( ! GR\PS ON ,JULY #ac 9 ,EL ,F]ROL1 ATT5D$ BY REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! 0,LIB]TAD01 ! 0,C]VANTES01 ! 0,C]V]A01 ! 0,ESPANA01 ! 0,VELASCO01 ! ,>S5AL & ! NAVAL COLLEGES4 ,! RESOLUTIONS ( ! MEET+ W]E COMMUNICAT$ TO ! 0,JAIME ,I01 :I* WAS AT ,SANT&]1 & TO ! FLEET ( DE/ROY]S AT ,C>TAG5A4 

,! REVOLT BROKE \T ON ,JULY #ag 9 ,MOROCCO1 & ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 )\T ANY 9=MATION AT ALL REG>D+ ! POSITION ( ! NAVY1 ISSU$ ORD]S TO TWO CRUIS]S TO SET SAIL FROM ,EL ,F]ROL T[>DS ! ,S\?4 ,! %IPS W]E NOT LO/ BECAUSE ! SAILORS W]E AW>E ( :AT WAS GO+ TO HAPP5 & SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! CRUIS]S & >RE/$ !IR PRO-,FRANCO (FIC]S1 UND] ORD]S !Y RECEIV$ BY RADIO1 ALWAYS \TSIDE ( ,GOV]NM5T *ANNELS1 AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! RADIO OP]ATOR1 ,BALBOA4 ,) ! UNITS ( ! NAVY ?AT W]E 9 ,EL ,F]ROL1 ?IS BASE BELONG$ TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAUSE1 BUT ) ! DEP>TURE ( ! TWO CRUIS]S = ! ,S\?1 ! CREWS ( ! 0,C]V]A0 & ! 0,ESPANA0 W]E LEFT DEF5SELESS4 

,A COMPANY WAS MOBILIZ$ & M>*$ 9TO ! /REET FROM ! ,>S5AL UND] ! COMM& ( ,MAJOR ,MANSO2 BUT ,EL ,F]ROL WAS A /RONG =TRESS ) #h REGIM5TS 9 ITS G>RISON1 & ! 0,C]V]A0 & ! 0,ESPANA0 C\LD NOT USE !IR >TILL]Y BECAUSE ! =M] WAS 9 DRY DOCK1 & ! LATT] DID NOT HAVE ANY AMMUNITION4 ,! 0,CAN>IAS0 & ! 0,BALE>ES01 :I* W]E SLAT$ TO BE MO?BALL$1 W]E !RE AS WELL4 ,?IS GREAT NAVAL BASE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! REBELS4 

,SOMEH[ OR O!R1 ! SAILORS SAV$ A GOOD P>T ( ! NAVY1 & RETA9$ POSSESSION ( A BATTLE%IP1 ! 0,JAIME ,I01 ?REE CRUIS]S1 #a DE/ROY]S1 #ab SUBM>9ES 7#f TYPE ,B & SIX TYPE ,C71 ! SUPPLY %IPS 0,LOBO01 0,T(9O01 & 0,>TABRO01 ?REE TORP$O BOATS1 #d COA/ GU>D CUTT]S1 ETC4 ,! REBEL FLEET POSSESS$ ONE BATTLE%IP1 #c CRUIS]S1 A DE/ROY]1 #b TORP$O BOATS1 & SOME ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN SUBM>9ES4 

,AT FIR/ WE HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( CONTROLL+ ! ,/RAIT ( ,GIBRALT>1 DUE TO ! TWO CRUIS]S ?AT W]E S5T TO PUT D[N ! REVOLT 9 ,MOROCCO1 EV5 ?\< !Y LACK$ ! NECESS>Y BASES = !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,!N1 H[EV]1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ORD]$ !SE CRUIS]S ?AT W]E GU>D+ ! ,/RAITS TO HEAD NOR?1 & ! 5EMY TOOK ! ,/RAITS FROM ITS BASES 9 ,CADIZ & ,CEUTA4 ,:5 ! NAVY WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! SAILORS & ! LOYAL TE*NICIANS1 !Y ASK$ ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,NAVY1 ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 TO =TIFY ,MALAGA AS A BASE = NAVAL OP]ATIONS 9 ! ,/RAIT2 !IR REQUE/ WAS NOT GRANT$1 & !Y HAD TO USE ,C>TAG5A AS A BASE4 

,WE W]E !RE=E NOT 9 SU* AN UNFAVORABLE POSITION2 WE ACTUALLY HAD AN ADVANTAGE OV] ! 5EMY ) REG>D TO \R NAVY4 ,) ?IS DIFF]5CE 9 \R FAVOR3 WE B5EFIT$ FROM ! SALUT>Y H]OISM & AUDACITY ( ! NEW CAPTA9S ( ! SQUADRON1 F]V5T REVOLUTION>IES1 CAPABLE ( ANY SACRIFICE4 

,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! SAILORS4 ,IMM$IATELY1 A CRUSADE WAS LAUN*$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O HAD SAV$ ! %IPS WE POSSESS$ FROM ! 5EMY4 ,!Y W]E GRADUALLY REMOV$ FROM !IR COMM&S & POSITIONS1 & ALREADY BY ! MIDDLE ( #aicg !Y W]E OP5LY BE+ EXPELL$ FROM !IR %IPS1 LEAV+ ONBO>D ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY COMMUNI/S & !IR SYMPA?IZ]S1 AL?\< ,PRIETO HAD A TRU/$ ,FLEET ,COMMISS> ON EA* VESSEL4 

,! ,RUSSIANS IMM$IATELY SET TO WORK TO TAKE OV] ! NAVY4 ,! ,M9I/] ( ! ,NAVY1 :O DID NOT HAVE A P]SONAL ADVIS]1 WAS ACTUALLY IGNOR$ & ! ,RUSSIANS OP]AT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PLANS = ,MOSC[ RULE1 & PLAC$ COMM&]S ( !IR *OICE ON EV]Y %IP & BASE4 

,AFT] ! FIR/ FEW MON?S1 WE RETA9$ NO 9ITIATIVE ) RESPECT TO NAVAL AFFAIRS1 & WE ONLY EXP]I5C$ ONE SETBACK AFT] ANO!R1 UNTIL WE LO/ \R MAJORITY 9 ! NAVY4 ,!Y SPOKE TO US ( 9DISCIPL9E :5 ! %IPS W]E 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE :O HAD SAV$ !M FROM ,FRANCO1 BUT ! :OLE HI/ORY ( \R NAVY DUR+ ! W> WAS A CON/ANT S]IES ( >BITR>Y DECISIONS & /UP5D\S MI/AKES4 ,WE LO/ \R BE/ %IPS BECAUSE ( ! DISOB$I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIANS & !IR PROTEGES 7! CASE ( ! 0,CISC>0 AT ,EL ,MUSEL1 AS RELAT$ BY ,PRIETO HIMSELF1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE71 ?R\< ! SABOTAGE ( FASCI/ ELEM5TS :O HAD BE5 EXPOS$ A ?\S& TIMES & W]E NONE!LESS PROTECT$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS & BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC 7! CASE ( ! BATTLE%IP1 0,JAIME ,I071 ?R\< ! 9COMPET5CE & C[>DICE ( !IR COMM&]S1 & DUE TO ! ABSURD ORD]S ISSU$ BY ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES ( ! ,NAVY 7! 0,J4 ,L4 ,DIEZ074 

,UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! ,RUSSIANS--!RE W]E EI<T ,RUSSIANS :OSE ACTIVITIES W]E MO/ NOTORI\S1 ONE ON ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF AT ! BASE 9 ,C>TAG5A1 ANO!R 9 ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,NAVY 9 ,VAL5CIA1 ANO!R 9 ! SQUADRON ( DE/ROY]S1 ETC4--& ( ,PRIETO'S AG5TS1 ! *AMPIONS ( 0DISCIPL9E01 !RE W]E EV5 MORE ELEM5TS ?AT SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! REBELS 9 ! FLEET1 AT ! PORT & ! BASE AT ,C>TAG5A1 & 9 ! NAVAL HI< COMM&1 ?AN !RE W]E 9 ! >MY4 ,9 ORD] = !SE ELEM5TS TO CONT9UE TO OP]ATE ON BEHALF ( ! 5EMY1 H[EV]1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ALMO/ TOTALLY ]ASE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! OLD ,NAVY ( ,JULY #ai ON ! %IPS1 & IT WAS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT TO UND]M9E ! AU?ORITY ( ! NONCOMMUNI/ ANTI-FASCI/ (FIC]S4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#c#h1 ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF ( ! ,NAVY WAS COMPOS$ TOTALLY ( COMMUNI/S1 EXCEPT = ! SECOND-9-COMM&1 CAPTA9 ,J4 ,SAN*EZ1 AN EXCELL5T NAVAL TE*NICIAN4 ,H]E IS ! BREAKD[N ( ! COMPOSITION ( ?IS ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 :I* FOLL[$ ! ORD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN KN[N AS 0,NICOLAS03 

,*IEF ( ,/AFF3 ,P$RO ,PRADOS1 :O WAS A LIEUT5ANT1 PROMOT$ TO COLONEL2 ,MANUEL ,PALMA1 (FICE ASSI/ANT1 PROMOT$ TO COLONEL2 ,JOSE ,SANTANA1 (FICE ASSI/ANT1 PROMOT$ TO CAPTA92 ,TOMAS ,M>T91 (FICE ASSI/ANT1 PROMOT$ TO CAPTA92 ,LOPEZ ,RUG]O1 (FICE ASSI/ANT1 PROMOT$ TO CAPTA92 ,M>IANO ,P]EZ1 FIREMAN1 PROMOT$ TO CAPTA92 ,MAGALLANES1 >TILL]Y PETTY (FIC]1 PROMOT$ TO CAPTA92 ETC41 ETC4 

,AS Y\ CAN SEE1 ! >GUM5T ORIG9ALLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! SAILORS RUNN+ ! %IPS WAS A V]Y WEAK >GUM5T1 9S(> AS (FICE ASSI/ANTS & FIREM5 :O HAD BE5 PROMOT$ TO COLONELS & CAPTA9S W]E N[ 9 *>GE ( ! ,NAVAL ,HI< ,COMM&4 

,ONE NAVAL (FIC]1 A LIB]T>IAN ANTI-FASCI/1 SUBMITT$ ! FOLL[+ REPORT1 DAT$ ,SEPTEMB] #e1 #a#i#c#h1 ON ! SITUATION ONBO>D ! %IPS ( ! NAVY3  
  

,! FLEET HAS GONE ?R\< ! FOLL[+ PHASES3 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! MOVEM5T IT F\<T EFFECTIVELY & ) DET]M9ATION4 ,! ,CANTABRIAN ,SEA1 ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ,SEA W]E COMPLETELY UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,IT WAS \R MIS=TUNE ?AT WE DID NOT HAVE AN ORGANIZ$ & COMPET5T ,G5]AL ,/AFF OR A ,M9I/] :O KNEW :AT HE WAS DO+4 

,! REBELS' SMALL FLEET WAS BOTTL$ UP 9 ! ,CANTABRIAN ,SEA1 A CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT \R 5EMIES W]E LAT] ABLE TO CIRCUMV5T1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT1 ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 !Y RE9=C$ !IR FLEET1 & F9ALLY REPAIR$ ! BATTLE%IP1 ! 0,ESPANA01 :I* WAS LAT] SUNK1 & ! 0,CAN>IAS01 & IT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY /R5G!N$ BY A CRUIS] ?AT ! ,G]MANS HAD REHABILITAT$ 9 ,CADIZ1 :I* US$ TO BE CALL$ ! 0,REPUBLIC0 7N[ IT IS ! 0,NAV>RA07 & BY ?REE DE/ROY]S GIV5 TO ,FRANCO'S =CES BY ,ITALY1 ! 0,SANJURJO01 ! 0,MELILLA0 & ! 0,T]UEL04 ,!SE %IPS1 ) ! DE/ROY]1 ! 0,VELASCO0 & ! CRUIS]1 ! 0,ALMIRANTE ,C]V]A01 COMPOS$ ! REBEL FLEET1 PLUS ! SUBM>9ES ?AT ,ITALY & ,G]MANY PLAC$ AT !IR DISPOSAL4 

,9 ?AT FIR/ PHASE ! FLEET WAS NOT US$ RATIONALLY1 & WE !RE=E SAW SOME %IPS OP]AT+ 9 ISOLATION 9 ! ,/RAIT1 & O!RS 9 ,AFRICA1 & O!RS 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN OR 9 ! ,CANTABRIAN ,SEA1 AS IF !Y W]E SEEK+ TO COV] EV]Y FRONT ON ! SEA1 YET P]=M+ NO POSITIVE FUNCTIONS AT ALL1 AP>T FROM RETALIATORY & SURVEILLANCE OP]ATIONS1 :I* W]E CONDUCT$ )\T RHYME OR REASON4 ,IT OCCURR$ TO US TO ASK3 ,IF1 )9 ! TWO FIR/ MON?S ( ! MOVEM5T1 ! BATTLE%IP1 ! 0,JAIME ,I01 ! CRUIS]S1 ! 0,C]VANTES01 ! 0,LIB]TAD01 & ! 0,M5DEZ ,NUNEZ01 ! T5 DE/ROY]S ?AT WE HAD & ! TROOP TRANSPORT %IPS1 HAD BE5 US$ 9 E>NE/ 9 ONE DAY AGA9/ ,MALLORCA1 W\LD ?AT ISL& N[ BE 9 ! H&S ( ! REBELS & ! ,ITALIANS8 ,9 LESS ?AN TW5TY-F\R H\RS1 ,MALLORCA1 :I* WAS DEF5SELESS1 W\LD HAVE SURR5D]$ OR ELSE NOT ONE /ONE W\LD HAVE REMA9$ /&+ ON ANO!R4444 ,BUT LET US NOT DWELL ON AN ANALYSIS ( PA/ MI/AKES1 S9CE ?IS W\LD ONLY EXPOSE ! 9EPTITUDE ( \R POLITICAL LEAD]S4 

,! FLEET WAS REORGANIZ$ 9 ,C>TAG5A AFT] ALMO/ ONE YE> ( W>2 ! COMM& OV] ! FLEET WAS GIV5 TO A C]TA9 ,BUIZA1 9 ALLIANCE ) SEV]AL ,RUSSIANS & ,BRUNO ,ALONSO4 ,!Y 9/ITUT$ A REIGN ( T]ROR AGA9/ ! 'UNDISCIPL9$'1 BUT ! FLEET DID NOT DO MU* ( ANY?+4 ,ITS /AGNATION & ITS DISORI5TATION W]E MU* GREAT] N[ ?AN BE=E ANY ( !SE ELEM5TS HAD SO MU* AS SET FOOT ON A DECK ( A %IP1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! FLEET HAD BE5 RE9=C$ ) F\R DE/ROY]S ?AT HAD BE5 UND] CON/RUCTION4 ,! FLEET WAS US$ TO ESCORT CONVOYS FROM ,RUSSIA OR FROM ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 BUT WAS NOT US$ = ANY O!R PURPOSE4 ,TWO FACTORS PLAY$ A P>T 9 ?IS SITUATION3 ! FE> & 9COMPET5CE ( ! NAVAL COMM&]S & ! MANIFE/ 9CAPACITY ( !IR ,RUSSIAN ADVIS]S4 ,?IS /AGNATION CONT9U$ UNTIL ,BUIZA & ! ,RUSSIANS W]E DEPRIV$ ( !IR COMM&S 9 ! FLEET & ESCORT$ (F ! %IPS4 ,! CURR5T COMM&] ( ! FLEET1 ,LUIS ,GONZALEZ ,UBIETA1 ISSU$ ! ORD]S TO 5GAGE 9 ! BATTLE ( ,CABO ,PALOS1 :]E ! 5EMY LO/ ! CRUIS]1 ! 0,BALE>ES04 ,!N ! FLEET RETURN$ TO ,C>TAG5A1 AB\T SIX MON?S AGO1 & HAS NOT SE5 ACTION S9CE !N4 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ,C>TAG5A8 ,WE HAVE OIL1 WE HAVE AMMUNITION1 WE HAVE TORP$OS1 & WE HAVE CREWS4 ,! 5EMY IS !RE1 WEAK] DUE TO ! LOSS ( ! ',BALE>ES'4 ,SO1 :Y DON'T WE 5GAGE ! 5EMY FLEET 9 BATTLE8 ,:Y DO WE NOT PURSUE & DE/ROY IT8 ,NOT BECAUSE IT IS 9 HID+4 ,IT IS ACTIVE EV]Y DAY4 ,9 ! (F5SIVE TO CUT ,SPA9 9 TWO 9 ,LEVANTE AT ,V9>OZ1 \R FLEET DID NOT LEAVE ,C>TAG5A1 :ILE ! 5EMY FLEET OP]AT$ ) IMPUNITY4 ,! DAY ?AT ,CA/ELLON WAS TAK5 BY 5EMY =CES1 \R FLEET WAS AN*OR$ 9 ,C>TAG5A & ! FASCI/ FLEET WAS 9 FULL BATTLE >RAY4 

,\R L& =CES OV]RAN ,MOTRIL & \R FLEET DID NOT LEAVE ,C>TAG5A TO COOP]ATE 9 ! CAMPAIGN4 ,:ILE ! REBEL FLEET BOMB>D$ ,ROSAS1 ,VAL5CIA & ,B>CELONA1 \R FLEET REMA9$ IMMOBILIZ$ AT ITS BASE4 ,WAS ?IS ! FAULT ( ! FLEET8 ,OR ! FAULT ( ITS ONBO>D COMM&]S8 ,NO4 ,! FLEET GOES :]E IT IS ORD]$ TO GO1 EV5 IF ?IS IMPLIES ! ULTIMATE SACRIFICE4 ,! FAULT1 !N1 DOES NOT LIE ) ! FLEET ITSELF4 ,:O GIVES ! ORD]S TO ! FLEET8 ,! ,NAVAL ,HI< ,COMM& 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,:O IS ! ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,NAVAL ,HI< ,COMM&8 ,P$RO ,PRADO ,M5DIZABAL1 A COMMUNI/1 UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMBASSY1 & ! MO/ 9COMPET5T (FIC] 9 ! ,NAVY4 ,HE WAS ! CAPTA9 ( ! 0,M5DEZ ,NUNEZ0 = A BRIEF P]IOD1 & HE TURN$ IT 9TO A COMMUNI/ CELL4 ,HE WAS 9 ,RUSSIA AS A MEMB] ( A COMMISSION & 9 RETURN = HIS LOYALTY TO ,/AL9 WE SAW HIM SUDD5LY TRANS=M$ 9TO ! ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,NAVAL ,HI< ,COMM&4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+ ?AT PEOPLE LIKE ?IS DO NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ! FLEET4 ,!Y ONLY USE IT TO %IP GOLD & SILV] FROM ,C>TAG5A TO ,B>CELONA4  
  

,! LA/ MISSION ( ! FLEET WAS TO EVACUATE NUM]\S /AFF (FIC]S ( ! NAVY1 AIR =CE & >MY1 :5 ! ,NUMANT9ES ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T W]E FAIL+ 9 !IR LA/ ATTEMPT TO CONT9UE !IR WORK ( DE/RUCTION 9 ! ZONE ( ,LEVANTE & ! ,C5T]1 AFT] HAV+ ANNIHILAT$ ,CATALONIA4 

,!RE W]E NUM]\S SUGGE/IONS RELAT+ TO H[ WE C\LD REGA9 ! 9ITIATIVE 9 NAVAL W>F>E1 TO IMPROVE ! FLEET & TO MAKE IT MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,! ,RUSSIANS DID ! SAME ?+ 9 ?IS BRAN* ( ! MILIT>Y ?AT !Y DID 9 ! ,AIR ,=CE & ! ,>MY3 !Y P]=M$ V]Y GOOD WORK 9 POLITICAL RECRUITM5T = !IR POLICY ( P>TY HEGEMONY1 BUT NO?+ AT ALL ) RESPECT TO SUCCESSFULLY 5GAG+ ! 5EMY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/