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,9T]NATIONAL ,DIPLOMACY--,BRITI% ,MISCALCULATIONS--,! ,EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g--,! ,W> ,EF=T 9 ,DANG]--,! ,POLITICAL ,SITUATION & ,MILIT>Y ,DISA/]S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY--,BRITI% MISCALCULATIONS--,! EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g--,! W> EF=T 9 DANG]--,! POLITICAL SITUATION & MILIT>Y DISA/]S 

  

,=EIGN 9T]V5TION 9 ,SPA9'S DOME/IC AFFAIRS IS NOT A REC5T PH5OM5ON1 & IT HAS USUALLY COME FROM ,ROME1 ,P>IS & ,LONDON4 ,NOR WAS #aicf ! FIR/ TIME ,G]MANY WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ,SPA94 ,SECRET AG5TS POS+ AS DIPLOMATS & >M$ 9T]V5TIONS HAVE HAUNT$ US = C5TURIES1 EV] S9CE ! HEGEMONY ( ,SPANI% LAWS & TRADITIONS CAME TO AN 5D & WE HAVE BE5 AT ! M]CY ( GRE$1 C>E]ISM & V>I\S COMB9ATIONS ( ,EUROPEAN P[]S4 ,! ,FR5*-,5GLI% POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i WAS A V]Y OBVI\S WAY ( 9T]V5+4 

,ROME1 ) ! ,PAPACY1 AFT] ! 9VASIONS ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & !N 9 ! F]TILE ALLIANCE ( ,PAPACY & ,EMPIRE2 ,P>IS ) ! ,SUN ,K+ OR ) ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 ) ,*ATEAUBRI&1 ) ,?I]S & ,GUIZOT2 ,LONDON 9 A ?\S& WAYS & ) OP5 OR CONCEAL$ ME?ODS HAS OV] ! LA/ ?REE OR F\R HUNDR$ YE>S BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ,SPANI% AFFAIRS1 EI!R 9 ASSOCIATION ) O!R C\NTRIES OR ON ITS [N4 

,ON ONE OCCASION1 ,GUIZOT CONFESS$3  
  

,UP UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 ! POLICIES ( ,FRANCE & ,5GL& 9 ,SPA9 W]E UNJU/1 AS ?AT G5]\S C\NTRY WAS MADE ! VICTIM ( ! RIVALRIES & DISPUTES ( ?OSE TWO GREAT P[]S4444 ,BUT ! ,CAB9ET ( ,SA9T ,JAMES & ! ,CAB9ET AT ! ,TUIL]IES HAVE F9ALLY CONCLUD$ AN AGREEM5T CONC]N+ !IR CONDUCT 9 ,SPA94444  
  

,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT !Y REA*$ SOME K9D ( AGREEM5T CONC]N+ ! WAY !Y 9T]V5$ 9 ,SPANI% AFFAIRS1 DID NOT MEAN ?AT !Y R5\NC$ 9T]V5TION4 ,H[ MANY GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N1 H[ MANY PRONUNCIAMI5TOS HAVE TAK5 PLACE1 H[ MU* BLOOD HAS FL[$ AT ! 9ITIATIVE OR ) ! SUPPORT ( ,P>IS1 ,LONDON & ,ROME6 

,LORD ,PALM]/ON SAID1 DUR+ A SESSION ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMMONS1 ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#c#i1 ?AT HE W\LD RA!R SEE A ,SPANI% ,SPA9 ?AN AN ,AU/RIAN OR ,FR5* ,SPA94 ,WE >E NOT AW>E ?AT ,5GL& HAS EV]1 DUR+ ITS HI/ORY ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 \R ,P59SULA1 ACT$ ACCORD+ TO ?IS PR9CIPLE4 

,! M>RIAGE ( ,ISABEL ,I,I WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A LONG & IMPASSION$ BATTLE OV] A P]IOD ( MANY YE>S BETWE5 ,NAPLES1 ,P>IS1 ,ROME & ,LONDON4 ,ON ?AT OCCASION !RE WAS NOT EV5 ! SLI<TE/ H9T ( A POSSIBLE ROYAL CONNECTION ) ,PORTUGAL1 DUE TO !IR %>$ FE> ( ! POSSIBILITY ( ! RE/ORATION ( ,IB]IAN UNITY1 :I* MI<T HAVE MADE ! ,P59SULA A HOTB$ ( PROSP]ITY & ?US UND]M9$ ! PROSPECTS = MANY FE/IVE BUR/S ( IMP]IALI/ EXPANSION OR PILLAGE4 

,! ,FRANCE ( ,*ATEAUBRI& 9T]V5$ 9 FAVOR ( ABSOLUTISM 9 ,SPA9 & ! ,FRANCE ( ,LEON ,BLUM1 BY DECL>+ ITS POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION ) RESPECT TO ! LESS ABSOLUTI/1 LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T ( ,SPA91 IS ! SAME ,FRANCE ?AT IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SUBJUGATION ( ,SPA94 ,FROM ULTRAMONTANISM TO SOCIALISM1 ! CONDUCT ( \R NEI<BOR ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,PYR5EES HAS NEV] *ANG$4 

,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 WE W]E FIR/-H& WITNESSES ( ! E>LY /AGES ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,SPA94 ,WE W]E %[]$ ) PRAISE BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,! ,MAN*E/] ,GU>DIAN ( ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #aicf CONTA9S AN 9T]VIEW ) ,ANTONOV ,OVSEY5KO ?AT IS A K9D ( PEAN TO \R A*IEVEM5TS1 BROADCA/ TO ! WORLD4 ,AGA9/ US1 P]SONALLY1 HE 9ITIAT$ A K9D ( P]SECUTION ) BANQUETS1 PROMISES1 FLATT]Y4 ,:AT DID HE WANT8 ,WE /OOD 9 ! WAY ( AN 9T]V5TION ?AT W5T BEYOND :AT WAS APPROPRIATE1 BEYOND :AT WAS IMPLI$ BY LEGITIMATE SOLID>ITY4 ,HE HAD TO TE/ \R CAPACITY = RESI/ANCE4 ,ANTONOV ,OVSEY5KO & ,/A*EVSKY1 TOGE!R ) ! /AFF (FIC]S ( ! ,>MY1 ,AIR ,=CE & ,NAVY1 & ) ! 9DU/RIAL TE*NICIANS ?AT ,RUSSIA S5T US TO HI<LI<T !IR SUP]IORITY COMP>$ TO ! ,SPANI% MILIT>Y (FIC]S & TE*NICIANS1 W\LD NOT LET US HAVE A M9UTE'S PEACE4 

,IT WAS HIS IDEA TO S5D ,NEGR9 & ,PRIETO TO ,B>CELONA2 IT WAS AT HIS SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y CONTACT$ US4 ,IT WAS HIS IDEA TO OV]?R[ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :O ONCE SAID 9 ,CATALONIA ?AT AS LONG AS HE WAS ! ,HEAD ( ,/ATE1 ! ,>AGON ,FRONT W\LD NOT GET ANY >MS1 :ILE IT TURN$ \T ?AT ! REFUSAL TO PROVIDE >MS TO \R FRONT WAS AN EXCLUSIVELY ,RUSSIAN CONDITION1 AS WAS LAT] REVEAL$4 ,IT WAS HIS IDEA ?AT WE HAD TO GIVE UP \R MILITIAS1 ! LA/ MAJOR OB/ACLE ?AT /OOD 9 ! WAY ( HIS PLANS ( 9T]V5TION & ( CONTROL ( ! W> & ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T POLICY4 

,9 AN ATTEMPT TO W9 \R TRU/ HE LET US HAVE A SMALL QUANTITY ( >MS & AMMUNITION1 MAK+ SURE TO TELL US ?AT HE HAD US$ HIS [N P]SONAL 9FLU5CE TO GET US !SE WEAPONS & ?AT HE DID SO BECAUSE HE IMPLICITLY TRU/$ US4 ,! WEAPONS W]E 9F]IOR1 ANTIQUAT$ & MO/LY 9OP]ABLE4 ,ON ONE OCCASION WE RECEIV$ A %IPM5T ( N9E ?\S& RIFLES1 BUT AT HIS 9/IGATION WE HAD TO S5D !M TO ! FRONT ALONG ) \R M54 

,! DETAILS ( \R CONV]SATIONS ) ?IS MAN >E ( LITTLE 9T]E/4 ,WE W]E AL>M$ TO SEE H[ !SE M5 :O HAD SO REC5TLY >RIV$ 9 ,SPA9 HAD 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME ASSUM$ CONTROL OV] ,SPANI% AFFAIRS1 & ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T1 AS IF WE W]E M]ELY A COLONY UND] !IR ADM9I/RATION4 

,!Y W]E ! ONES :O CALL$ ! %OTS AB\T :O WAS TO BE PRESID5T & :AT ! POLICIES ( ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO BE4 ,WE HAD TO DEAL ) ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T TO REQUE/ =EIGN EX*ANGE & RAW MAT]IALS4 ,/A*EVSKY CUNN+LY TOLD US ?AT WE C\LD C\NT ON HIM TO MAKE SURE ?AT ,PRIETO & ,NEGR9 W\LD CONS5T TO \R REQUE/S4 ,SO WE HAD TO BE AVAILABLE TO MEET ) HIM ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS SO ?AT HE W\LD NOT F9D \R DOORS CLOS$ TO HIM4 

,HE MADE A PROPOSAL TO US TO BUY ! TEXTILE PRODUCTS ( ,CATALONIA :5 WE W]E MEMB]S ( ! AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T & WE REFUS$ BECAUSE ! T]MS W]E UNACCEPTABLE2 HE ASK$ US TO ELIM9ATE ,&RES ,N9 & HIS ,P>TY & WE REFUS$ TO DO !SE FAVORS = HIM4 

,IT SEEM$ TO HIM ?AT WE W]E NOT JU/ PUTTY 9 HIS H&S & ?AT WE W\LD NOT JO9 ! TEAM ( ,RUSSIAN TOOLS LIKE ,PRIETO & ,NEGR91 ! FIR/ 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ! SECOND DUE TO HIS SIMPLE IRRESPONSIBLE ADV5TURISM1 = :OM ,PRIETO HAD PROVID$ ! LADD] ( HIS FANTA/IC RISE TO P[] & :OSE H&S W]E LEFT FREE = HIS BRILLIANT 9NOVATIONS AS AN ECONOMI/1 :OSE FIR/ ACT WAS TO S5D MO/ ( ! GOLD ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 TO ! ,RUSSIANS1 & :OSE SECOND ACT WAS TO CREATE A GIGANTIC >MY ( C>AB9]OS = HIS [N PRIVATE USE4 

,WE HAVE NOT DIRECTLY EXAM9$ ! =MS ( ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN 9T]V5TION ON ! SIDE ( SO-CALL$ NATIONALI/ ,SPA94 ,IT WAS QUITE OBVI\S1 BUT NO MORE SO ?AN ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TION 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA94 ,) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT ! O!R SIDE HAD ! JU/IFICATION ( EFFECTIVE ASSI/ANCE1 :ILE ON \R SIDE WE DID NOT GET EFFECTIVE ASSI/ANCE1 & ! ,RUSSIANS CONTROLL$ EV]Y?+ FROM F9ANCE TO ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT APPO9TM5TS4 

,! MO/ P]SUASIVE >GUM5T = ?IS TOL]ANCE ON ! P>T ( ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS = ! ANNOY+ 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,RUSSIANS PO9T$ \T ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS ! ONLY C\NTRY ?AT S5T US WEAPONS & MUNITIONS4 ,NOT = FREE1 ( C\RSE1 BUT AT A/RONOMICAL PRICES1 :E!R OR NOT ! MAT]IEL >RIV$ AT \R PORTS4 

,PRIETO HIMSELF ADMITS.<#b#a.> ?AT HE AGRE$ TO SIGN RECEIPTS = C>GOES ?AT NEV] >RIV$ 9 ,SPA9 & REC\NTS1 AMONG O!R 9CID5TS1 SIGN+ A *ECK = @s#a1#d14 )\T KN[+ ! ID5TITY ( ! PAYEE1 OR = :AT PURPOSE ! *ECK W\LD BE US$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WEAPONS W]E1 FUR!RMORE1 BESIDES BE+ V]Y EXP5SIVE1 ( POOR QUALITY1 S5T 9 SMALL NUMB]S1 & ABOVE ALL DI/RIBUT$ ON ! BASIS ( A DEMORALIZ+ P>TY-BAS$ FAVORITISM1 9 EX*ANGE = R5D]+ HOMAGE TO ! G5IUS ( ,/AL94 ,!Y C\LD NOT MEET ! NE$S ( ! W> & !Y CLOS$ (F ANY *ANCE WE MI<T HAVE HAD TO NEGOTIATE ) O!R C\NTRIES ?AT W]E HO/ILE TO ,RUSSIA1 & ?AT DID NOT LOOK FAVORABLY ON A ,SPA9 9 ! H&S ( ,SOVIET EMISS>IES OR AG5TS4 

,\R FIR/ 5C\NT] ) ! ,RUSSIANS 9VOLV$ A COMM]CIAL DEAL1 & FROM ?AT PO9T ON \R SUSPICIONS GREW ) EA* PASS+ DAY4 ,!Y WANT$ TO BUY \R TEXTILES1 AS WE SAID1 & AT ?AT TIME WE W]E 5GAG$ 9 V>I\S NEGOTIATIONS TO SELL POTA% TO ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 ALWAYS ) ! RESULT ?AT ! SMALL SAMPLES WE %IPP$ = TE/+ W]E SEIZ$4 ,WE PROPOS$ TO ! ,RUSSIANS ?AT !Y BUY \R POTA%1 :OSE RES]VES C\LD PROVIDE ! WEAL? TO F9ANCE P>T ( ! CO/S ( ! W>4 ,! %IPS ?AT CAME TO ,SPA9 FROM ,ODESSA C\LD RETURN ) C>GOES ( POTA%4 ,RUSSIA REFUS$ TO BUY \R POTA%1 >GU+ ?AT IT ALL BELONG$ TO ! POTA% TRU/1 9 :I* ,G]MAN CORPORATIONS HELD MAJORITY [N]%IP4 ,RUSSIA %[$ MORE RESPECT = ! POTA% TRU/ ?AN = ITS EMPHATIC DECL>ATIONS ( SOLID>ITY ) REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,IT PREF]R$ TO BUY ! POTA% IT NE$$ FROM ! TRU/ RA!R ?AN FROM US1 AL?\< \RS WAS ( SUP]IOR QUALITY4 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 BY IMPOS+ !IR EMB>GO ON TRADE ) ,SPA91 & ,RUSSIA1 BY REFUS+ TO BUY \R POTA%1 :E!R ) REG>D TO RAW MAT]IALS OR >MS1 ALL DID MORE OR LESS ! SAME ?+4 

,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 WAS WRONG AB\T ,SPA91 IF ITS 9T5TION REALLY WAS TO E/ABLI% A LONG LA/+ 9T]V5TION & NOT TO M]ELY WORK 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF ON BEHALF ( ,G]MAN 9T]E/S2 IF ! ,REPUBLIC W]E TO W9 ! W>1 ,RUSSIA'S PR$OM9ANCE & 9T]F]5CE1 :I* W]E COMPLETELY REJECT$ BY ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 LIQUIDAT$1 EV5 IF !RE W]E 5\< TRAITORS TO BUY !IR GOV]NM5T JOBS & !IR FLEET+ RISE TO P[] 9 EX*ANGE = AN 9S9C]E PR(ESSION ( ! ,/AL9I/ FAI?4 ,! DAY AFT] ! 5D ( ! W> W\LD HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ DAY ( ! LIQUIDATION ( ,MUSCOVITISM 9 ,SPA9 IF ! ,REPUBLIC W]E TO HAVE BE5 VICTORI\S2 ,MOSC['S P[] 9 ,SPA9 WAS UN=TUNATELY ONLY LIQUIDAT$ BY WAY ( ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO1 :O HAD MORE LUCK ) HIS ALLIES ?AN ! ,REPUBLIC DID ) ITS ALLIES4 

,IT WAS NOT JU/ ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 ?AT MISPLAY$ ITS H& 9 ,SPA92 ,FRANCE & ,5GL& DID ! WRONG ?+ 9 A BIG WAY4 ,& ! NEW ,GREAT ,W> ( #aici 444 IS UN=TUNATELY ! PAYBACK = !IR DISA/R\S MI/AKES4 

,! F>-REA*+ *>ACT] ( ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>1 DUE TO ! DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ ASPIRATIONS ( ! COMBATANTS1 HAD PR(\ND IMPLICATIONS = 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY FROM ITS V]Y FIR/ MOM5T4 ,! DEFEAT ( ,SPANI% MILIT>Y FASCISM W\LD HAVE HAD A MAJOR REP]CUSSION ON ,EUROPEAN POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! W> ?AT WE DECL>$ ON ! 5EMY1 )9 \R NATIONAL BORD]S1 WAS A W> = REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS & A*IEVEM5TS1 IT WAS A W> ?AT DE?RON$ ! OLD PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & DE/ROY$ ! REGIME ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS A DOM9ANT REGIME4 

,A ,SPA9 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 ! PEASANTS & ! TE*NICIANS W\LD HAVE BE5 A MAJOR FACTOR1 AN IRRESI/IBLE 5C\RAGEM5T = ! PROLET>IAN CLASSES ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 & A CAUSE ( 9/ABILITY 9 ! ECONOMY ( ! OLD WORLD1 BECAUSE ,SPA91 ON ! BASIS ( ITS ABUNDANT RAW MAT]IALS1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO BECOME AN 9DU/RIAL P[] & A PROSP]\S C\NTRY1 9TO :OSE ORBIT1 AS AN ADDITIONAL HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHIC REGION1 ,PORTUGAL W\LD NECESS>ILY BE ATTRACT$1 AFT] HAV+ UND]GONE SO MANY DISA/]S AT ! H&S ( ,FR5* & ,5GLI% DOM9ANCE4 ,& ! MAJOR ROLE ?AT WE PLAY$ 9 !SE EV5TS 9CREAS$ ! CONC]N & ! ANXIETY ( ! GU>DIANS & B5EFICI>IES ( ABSURD PRIVILEGES4 

,WE W]E V]Y WELL AW>E ( ! MEAN+ ( \R VICTORY1 ! VICTORY ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAUSE2 ?AT IS :Y1 AS OPPOS$ TO ?OSE :O AMUS$ !MSELVES ) PURSU+ PETTY SQUABBLES 9 ! RE>GU>D1 9 SATISFY+ OLD GRUDGES = PA/ GRIEVANCES1 9 BR++ GRI/ TO ! MILLS ( \R 5EMIES 9 HID+ OR DISGUIS$ AS MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATIONS WE ?\<T W]E \R ALLIES1 WE NEV] TIR$ ( REPEAT+ ?AT FIR/1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+1 ! ESS5TIAL ?+1 WAS TO W9 ! W>1 & ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS VICTORY1 ! PEOPLE 9 >MS1 ?AT IS1 US4 

,WE W]E 9 A HURRY TO OV]COME ! OB/ACLES ?AT /OOD 9 ! WAY ( TOTAL VICTORY1 BECAUSE WE =ESAW ?AT A LONG W> W\LD NECESS>ILY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL W>1 AL?\< ITS !AT] ( OP]ATIONS WAS = ! MOM5T CONF9$ TO ,SPA94 

,:ILE 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM & /ATISM1 )\T ANY DI/9CTIONS ( POLITICAL T5D5CY1 AGRE$ 9 !IR ASPIRATION TO DE/ROY \R REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA91 ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD :O SYMPA?IZ$ ) US W]E 9CAPABLE ( REA*+ ANY AGREEM5T CONC]N+ DECISIVE ACTION 9 DEF5SE ( \R RI<T TO CONTROL \R [N DE/9IES4 ,9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY WAS GIV5 A FREE H& = ITS MANEUV]S1 & ISOLAT$ VOICES ( PROTE/ W]E P[]LESS TO MAKE IT *ANGE ITS ME?ODS OR ITS VIEWS 9 ANY WAY4 

,)9 A FEW MON?S WE SAW ?AT WE W\LD BE AB&ON$1 JU/ AS ,ABYSS9IA HAD BE5 AB&ON$1 & JU/ AS ,*9A HAD BE5 AB&ON$1 DESPITE ! MULTIPLE 9T]NATIONAL 9T]E/S ?AT W]E ?US LEFT UNS]V$1 & WE UND]/OOD ?AT ! DESIRE TO PREV5T A WORLD W> WAS :AT JU/IFI$ ?IS PASSIVITY1 EV5 ?AT ( \R [N FRI5DS4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! OLD ,BALKAN W>S ( #aiab HAD IRREM$IABLY S]V$ AS ! 9CUBATOR = ! CATA/ROPHE ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h1 ! ,ITALIAN 9VASION ( ,ABYSS9IA1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! ,SPANI% W> AGA9/ FASCISM1 ON ! O!R1 ALONG ) ! ,S9O-,JAPANESE W>1 W]E ! NOT-SO-M9OR PRELUDES TO ! COM+ WORLDWIDE HECATOMB4 

,! S*EMES IMPLEM5T$ BY 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY TO UTILIZE EV]Y MEANS TO DE/ROY US 5C\NT]$ AN E*O & PASSIONATE SUPPORT AMONG A MULTITUDE ( PEOPLE :OSE MISCONCEIV$ MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 OR !IR OLD1 LONG-HELD HABITS ( POLITICAL DOM9ANCE1 W]E ?REAT5$ BY \R ACTIONS4 

,AL?\< WE C\LD HAVE DONE SO1 WE NEV] US$ ! PEOPLE'S =CES AS A SPR+BO>D = OBTA9+ PRIVILEG$1 EXECUTIVE POSITIONS ( COMM&2 IMM$IATELY HAV+ TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( ! W>1 WE DID NOT HESITATE TO ASSUME ALL RESPONSIBILITIES1 TAK+ FROM ! GOV]NM5TAL APP>ATUS ! 9FLU5CE ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 EX]CIS$1 9 ! NAME ( (T5-NONEXI/5T P>TIES1 BY M5 :O HAD TURN$ !IR P>TICIPATION 9 GOV]NM5T AFFAIRS 9TO A LUCRATIVE PR(ESSION4 

,! FE> WE 9/ILL$ ) \R ASC5T ?AT WAS 9DISPUTABLY SUPPORT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 A FE> ?AT WAS BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT O!RS W\LD HAVE IMM$IATELY TRANS=M$ !IR ASC5DANCY 9TO ! IRON DICTATOR%IP ( !IR P>TIES OR ORGANIZATIONS1 F\ND AN \TLET1 TIMID AT FIR/1 BUT BECOM+ MORE BOLD ) EA* PASS+ DAY1 9 ,/AL9ISM'S OLD HATR$ = US1 ITS TRULY IRRECONCILABLE 5EMIES4 

,:ILE WE FOCUS$ \R ATT5TION ON ! W> AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 SACRIFIC+ EV]Y?+ TO ! W>1 ! ACCOMPLICES ( A COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP1 PROTECT$ BY ,RUSSIA1 BECAME ACTIVE1 ORGANIZ$ & CONSPIR$1 & :O1 REG>DLESS ( :AT !Y SAID 9 PUBLIC1 HAD ONLY ONE GOAL3 TO USE EV]Y MEANS TO REMOVE US FROM ! DOM9ANT POSITION ?AT WE HAD ATTA9$ VIA ! HI< ROAD ( ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES4 

,:ILE ?OSE ON ONE SIDE ( ! WALL V5]AT$ ,HITL] OR ,MUSSOL9I AS ! SUPREME EMBODIM5T ( AN IDEAL ( HUMAN 5SLAVEM5T1 ON ! O!R SIDE !Y R5D]$ AN ID5TICAL WOR%IP TO ,/AL94 ,& !RE WE W]E BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES1 SEEK+ TO RETURN TO ! S\RCES ( ,SPANI% RI<TS & ,SPANI% TRADITIONS1 )\T SELL+ \T TO ANY =EIGN P[]4 

,?IS DISSID5CE )9 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS IRRECONCILABLE & NOT A DAY W5T BY :5 IT DID NOT RESULT 9 VIOL5CE4 ,BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y & ,MAY1 MORE ?AN EI<TY MEMB]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR W]E ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,MADRID & ITS 5VIRONS1 ! VICTIMS ( ! ME?ODS ( ! ,*EKAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #g1 #a#i#c#g1 ! ,B>CELONA NEWSPAP]1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 REVEAL$ ?AT SIXTY P]SONS1 M5 & WOM51 :O W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 HAD BE5 ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,MORA DE ,TOL$O1 = NO O!R CRIME ?AN TO HAVE CONDEMN$ ! COMMUNI/S & !IR ME?ODS ( T]ROR & BLOOD%$4.<#b#b.> 

,MR4 ,*AMB]LA9 & ,MR4 ,$51 ! LEAD+ FIGURES ( ! PUBLIC SIDE ( ,BRITI% POLICIES DUR+ \R W>1 W]E WRONG4 ,AS DANG]\S AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ON \R SOIL MI<T APPE> TO ! WORLD1 ,SPA9 WAS NOT AN AGGRESSOR C\NTRY1 ) IMP]IALI/ PRET5SIONS1 & EV5 IF ITS 9DU/RY & ITS AGRICULTURE W]E TO BE REHABILITAT$ & EXP&$1 IT W\LD /ILL HAVE TO DEP5D ON ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMY & !RE=E ON ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN M>KETS4 ,! SOLUTION DID NOT CONSI/ 9 ISOLAT+ IT1 NOR WAS !RE ANY REASON TO FE> ?AT IT W\LD 5GAGE 9 AGGRESSIVE EXPANSION 9 QUE/ ( LEB5SRAUM4 

,)9 ! NATIONAL FRAMEWORK1 ! PRIVATE CAPITALI/ =MS ( ECONOMY W\LD BE ELIM9AT$1 BUT FASCISM DOES NOT RESPECT PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 EI!R2 IT EI!R ABOLI%ES IT 9 FAVOR ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 OR ELSE IT RELEGATES ! CAPITALI/S TO ! CATEGORY ( FUNCTION>IES )\T ANY 9DEP5D5CE1 ?AT IS1 IT ATTACKS ! V]Y ROOT ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,& A DIFF]5T K9D ( POLITICAL REGIME & ECONOMIC /RUCTURE 9 ,SPA9 W\LD NOT HAVE IMPLI$ ANY RUPTURE 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ECONOMY1 BECAUSE WE W]E WILL+ TO TOL]ATE ANY REGIME ) :I* ! O!R C\NTRIES MI<T PROVIDE !MSELVES1 AS LONG AS !Y ALSO TOL]AT$ \RS1 & TO MA9TA9 GOOD NEI<BORLY RELATIONS ) ALL ! P[]S4 ,FIR/1 H[EV]1 WE HAD TO DEFEAT FASCISM AT HOME4 

,AGA9/ \R WI% & CONTR>Y TO \R 9T5TIONS1 WE F\<T = ! PEACE ( ,EUROPE1 = ! DOM9ANCE ( ! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRATIC P[]S AGA9/ !IR 5EMIES1 ! FASCI/ & COMMUNI/ TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS4 

,! DEMOCRATIC P[]S PREF]R$ TO SEE ! SACRIFICE ( A MILLION ,SPANI>DS RA!R ?AN ! LOSS ( FIFTE5 MILLION ,EUROPEAN LIVES 9 A W> ?AT SEEM$ TO BE 9EVITABLE4 ,?IS WAS ! ,5GLI% POSITION1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ TO ! LETT] BY ALL ! ALLEG$LY DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES4 ,IT WAS NOT TRUE ?AT ! SACRIFICE ( A MILLION ,SPANI>DS W\LD PREV5T ?AT ( FIFTE5 MILLION ,EUROPEANS1 & IT WAS NOT TRUE ?AT ! SALE ( >MS & MUNITIONS TO LOYALI/ ,SPA9 W\LD MEAN W> ) ,G]MANY4 ,! FASCI/ P[]S W]E AGGRESSIVE AS LONG AS !Y W]E NOT *ECK$ BY ANY RESI/ANCE1 & LAT]1 :5 EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE WAS F9ALLY MOBILIZ$1 IT WAS TOO LATE TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK4 ,! FIR/ EASY VICTORIES OV] ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,AU/RIA & ,ALBANIA 5C\RAG$ !M TO 9VADE ,POL& & TO UNLEA% A G5]ALIZ$ W>4 

,IF LOYALI/ ,SPA9 HAD WON ! W>1 NEI!R ,AU/RIA NOR ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 NOR ,ALBANIA1 W\LD HAVE BE5 OCCUPI$1 NOR W\LD ,POL& HAVE BE5 9VAD$1 & )\T !SE TRIGG]S ! W> ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO CLAIM FIFTE5 MILLION ,EUROPEAN LIVES W\LD NEV] HAVE />T$4 ,*AMB]LA9 & ,$51 ,BLUM & ,DADALI]1 >E N[ REAP+ = !IR COMPATRIOTS ! H>VE/ :OSE SE$S !Y S[$ ) !IR NON9T]V5TION 9 ,SPA91 :I* WAS FUR!RMORE A TE/+ GR\ND = ! MO/ AUDACI\S EXP]IM5TS 9 ! ME?ODS & WEAPONS ( MOD]N W>4 

,N[ !RE IS TALK ( ! RI<T ( SMALL NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & ! EXAMPLE ( ,F9L& IS PR\DLY 9VOK$1 ) ITS E>LY RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION4 ,BECAUSE !Y DID NOT WANT TO GRANT ?IS RI<T TO ,SPA91 ! NEW ,EUROPEAN W> HAS BROK5 \T4 ,WE !RE=E HAVE \R REASONS = GRIEVANCES & RES5TM5T CONC]N+ ! TREATM5T ( \R PEOPLE1 :O W]E SC&AL\SLY DELIV]$ OV] TO ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN AGGRESSORS1 EV5 ?\<1 AS ,FR5* MILIT>Y SPECIALI/S RECOGNIZ$ AT ! TIME1 \R DEFEAT MI<T COMPLICATE ,FRANCE'S FUTURE RELATIONS ) ITS COLONIES4 

,! ,5GLI% F9ANCIAL ELITE CALCULAT$ ?AT ,FRANCO1 ONCE HE HAD WON ! W>1 W\LD SOON] OR LAT] RUN 9TO F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES4 ,!N W\LD COME ! TIME = CONDITIONAL LOANS1 AS WAS ! CASE TO A L>GE EXT5T ) ,ITALY4 ,BUT ! ,5GLI% F9ANCI]S W]E PLAY+ ) FIRE & NO ONE ?\<T !Y W]E RI<T EXCEPT = ! ,5GLI% POLITICIANS & DIPLOMATS4 

,! T5D5CY TO SEEK TO RE/ORE ! MON>*Y 9 ,SPA9 IS ( ,5GLI% PROV5ANCE1 & IF ! CURR5T W> DOES NOT 5D ) ! PRO/RATION ( ,FRANCO-,BRITI% P[]1 & 9/EAD ?W>TS ! ,G]MAN-,RUSSIAN P[] ALLIANCE1 P]HAPS !Y W\LD PROCE$ ) !IR PLANS AS !Y DID 9 ,GREECE4 ,?IS WILL NOT PREV5T !M FROM ONCE AGA9 PROCLAIM+ !IR SUPPORT = ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 AS 9 #a#i#a#h1 9 ORD] TO DISCR$IT IT LAT] AS !Y DID ) !IR ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS4 

,NATURALLY1 EV]Y?+ C\LD HAVE HAPP5$ JU/ AS IT HAPP5$1 ALSO1 BECAUSE M5 :O W]E A/ONI%+LY %ORT-SI<T$ OR EV5 JU/ TRAITORS ) REG>D TO ! W> HELD COMM&+ POSITIONS 9 ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,) O!R M5 & ANO!R SPIRIT1 ?IS GAME C\LD HAVE BE5 FRU/RAT$4 

,ONCE WE W]E CONV9C$ ( ! 9DIFF]5CE & ! AB&ONM5T TO :I* WE W]E SUBJECT$ ON ! P>T ( ! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRATIC P[]S1 & ONCE WE REALIZ$ ?AT ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( \R 9DEP5D5CE WAS TO PUT \RSELVES 9 ! H&S ( ,RUSSIA1 BY DELIV]+ TO ,RUSSIA MORE ?AN #e TONS ( GOLD FROM ! ,BANK ( ,SPA91 & UPON SEE+ ?AT ALL \R RES\RCES W]E EXHAU/$ & NOT+ ! EFFECTIVE AID 9 T]MS ( M51 >MS & MUNITIONS ?AT \R 5EMIES 5JOY$1 ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS TO PLAY ! GAME ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS3 A K9D ( ULTIMATUM TO ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA ON ! ,SPANI% QUE/ION4 ,IF1 )9 A SPECIFI$ TIME FRAME !Y DID NOT AGREE TO PROVIDE US ) EFFECTIVE AID 9 T]MS ( FOOD1 WEAPONS & MUNITIONS1 ! W> W\LD BE IRRETRIEVABLY LO/4 

,!N !RE WAS ALSO ! OPTION ( NEGOTIAT+ DIRECTLY ) ,G]MANY & ,ITALY TO 5D ! W>4 ,AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ?IS SEEM$ TO BE POSSIBLE1 BY PUR*AS+ ! )DRAWAL ( !SE P[]S ?AT W]E ALLI$ AGA9/ US1 AT A PRICE ?AT MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 WELCOM$ BY ,5GL& & ,FRANCE4 ,?IS OPTION1 ) RESPECT TO \R 9T]NATIONAL POLICY1 & \R W> POLICY1 W\LD HAVE LEFT US ) FREE H&S TO SPEAK OP5LY & CLE>LY TO \R PEOPLE & TO 9DUCE !M TO VOLUNT>ILY & SPONTANE\SLY MAKE ALL K9DS ( SACRIFICES4 

,TO CONC5TRATE ALL RESI/ANCE 9 AN ALMO/ NON-EXI/5T1 DEMORALIZ$1 BADLY-EQUIPP$ & />V+ >MY WAS TO MAKE DEFEAT 9EVITABLE4 ,! PEOPLE1 \TSIDE ( ANY REGUL> MILIT>Y =MATIONS1 C\LD CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE & WE> D[N ! 5EMY =CES ?AT HAD PROV5 IRRESI/IBLE 9 !IR (F5SIVE MANEUV]S ?ANKS TO !IR HI< MORALE & REPEAT$ VICTORIES1 & TO !IR SUP]IOR >MAM5TS4 ,BUT SU* FACTORS CAN ONLY BE EFFECTIVE 9 A CONV5TIONAL W>2 9 A GU]RILLA W>1 LIKE \RS1 ! 5EMY'S AIR =CE1 >TILL]Y1 TANKS1 ,ITALIAN /AFF (FIC]S & ,G]MAN ADVIS]S W\LD BE USELESS4 

,& !RE /ILL REMA9$ ! OPTION ( *OOS+ SOME /RATEGIC POSITIONS1 EFFECTIVELY =TIFY+ !M & !N B>RICAD+ \RSELVES 9 !SE POSITIONS1 PREP>$ = A LONG SIEGE & = EV5TUAL DEA?4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( RESI/ANCE1 H[EV]1 DID NOT WANT TO BE TOO F> FROM ! BORD] & ! AIRFIELDS4 

,) O!R M51 ( ANO!R K9D1 ) A DIFF]5T MORALE1 & A C]TA9 S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 ! 5D ( W> W\LD HAVE 9 ANY CASE BE5 V]Y DIFF]5T1 EV5 IF ! GAME WAS LO/4 

,BUT LET US MOVE ON TO PREVI\S EV5TS ?AT W]E ALSO = ! MO/ P>T CAUS$ BY =EIGN 9T]V5TION 9 ,SPANI% AFFAIRS3 ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 ,WE %ALL CONF9E \R REM>KS TO \R P>TICIPATION 9 ?OSE EV5TS1 :I* WE EXP]I5C$ FIR/-H&4 ,CONC]N+ ! EV5TS ?AT L$ UP TO ?IS TRAG$Y1 & ITS *RONOLOGY1 MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 BY O!R AU?ORS4.<#b#c.> ,YET ! FACT ?AT WE WORK$ H>D TO BR+ AN 5D TO ?AT FI]CE CONFLICT IS LESS WELL KN[N4 

,A L>GE-SCALE MILIT>Y OP]ATION WAS BE+ PLANN$ AT ! TIME :OSE GOAL WAS TO CUT ,FRANCO'S ,SPA9 9TO TWO ZONES4 ,MO/ ( ! TROOPS ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE ASSIGN$ TO ?IS OP]ATION W]E ALREADY 9 POSITION4 ,ONLY A FEW MORE DETAILS REMA9$ TO BE WORK$ \T--! ROLE TO BE PLAY$ BY ! AIR =CE & ! TANKS1 & ! TRANSF] ( SOME BATTLE-TE/$ UNITS ON ! ,MADRID ,FRONT & !IR REPLACEM5T BY NEW RECRUITS--9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! OP]ATION'S *ANCES ( SUCCESS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN UPRIS+ WAS SUPPOS$ TO TAKE PLACE 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,P]HAPS !SE MANEUV]S W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DECISIVE 9 ! \TCOME ( ! W>1 BUT !Y W\LD HAVE HAD 5ORM\S TACTICAL & /RATEGIC CONSEQU5CES1 & !Y W\LD ALSO HAVE HAD MAJOR REP]CUSSIONS ON 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY & MORALE BEH9D ! L9ES4 

,! ,RUSSIANS REFUS$ TO PROVIDE AIR SUPPORT = ! OP]ATION & IT HAD TO BE ABORT$4 ,HAD ! PLAN SUCCE$$ IT W\LD HAVE SIGNIFI$ AN 9CONTE/ABLE VICTORY = ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 & ,L>GO ,CABALL]O HAD TO BE REMOV$ FROM P[]4 ,SUDD5LY1 A VIOL5T 9T]NEC9E CONFLICT BROKE \T 9 ,B>CELONA1 EV5 MORE FURI\S ?AN ,JULY #a#i4 ,?IS TIME ! LIB]T>IAN PEOPLE'S =CES W]E FI<T+ AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S & !IR ALLIES4 ,H[ DID SU* A BLOODY /RUGGLE >ISE 9 ! RE>GU>D8 

,WE REMA9$ ON ! SIDEL9ES ( ?IS CONFLICT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ANNOY$ = V>I\S REASONS2 WE DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! ASSEMBLIES1 NOR DID WE HAVE (FICIAL CONTACTS ) ANYONE1 NOT EV5 ) \R [N ORGANIZATIONS1 SOME ( :OSE ATTITUDES WE DID NOT %>E4 ,SUDD5LY ! PROLET>IAT ( ,B>CELONA WAS BUILD+ B>RICADES1 SETT+ UP ROADBLOCKS1 BE>+ >MS & ORGANIZ+ DETA*M5TS = BATTLE4 

,NO ONE 9 ! /REETS C\LD TELL US :AT WAS GO+ ON1 BUT WE CONSID]$ ! V]Y IDEA ( SU* FI<T+ TO BE AN \TRAGE & WE LEFT ! CITY = A SMALL T[N NE>BY :]E WE LIV$ AT ! TIME4 ,AFT] :AT WE SAW ?AT EV5+1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO REMA9 CALM4 ,WE RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA ! NEXT DAY4 

,HELLI% GUNFIRE MADE IT H>D TO TRAVEL ?R\< ! CITY4 ,WE GOT 9 T\* ) ! ,M9I/] ( ,9T]NAL ,AFFAIRS = ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ,>TEMIO ,AIGUADE4 ,ALL WE HE>D FROM HIM WAS EXCUSES1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ACCUSATIONS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O W]E ALLEG$ TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ! FI<T+4 ,WE W]E TOLD ?AT !RE W]E NO REASONS = IT4 ,IT WAS SIMPLY A MATT] ( ! FACT ?AT =CES FROM ! ,G5]AL ,DIRECTORATE ( ,SECURITY HAD ATTEMPT$ TO OCCUPY ! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE ,BUILD+1 9 ORD] TO SEIZE IT & PLACE IT UND] ,GOV]NM5T CONTROL1 RA!R ?AN UND] ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES1 :O EAVESDROPP$ ON COMPROMIS+ CONV]SATIONS & MESSAGES & KEPT !IR E>S OP5 TO DETECT ?OSE :O CONSPIR$ AGA9/ ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,AT ! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE ,BUILD+1 ! POLICE UNITS HAD E/ABLI%$ AN IMPROVIS$ OCCUPATION ( ! GR\ND FLOOR1 BUT ON ! UPP] FLOORS ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES HAD REMA9$ AT !IR PO/S1 READY TO DEF5D !IR POSITIONS ) H& GR5ADES & MA*9E GUNS4 

,DUR+ \R TRAVELS ?R\< ! CITY WE NOT$ ?AT ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS HAD TAK5 UP >MS4 ,! MASSACRE HAD TO BE /OPP$1 AT ANY PRICE6 ,WE PROPOS$ ?AT A /ATE ( EM]G5CY %\LD BE DECL>$ & ?AT ! MILITIAS %\LD OCCUPY ! /REETS TO RE/ORE ORD]4 

,NO FACTION W\LD HAVE D>$ TO OP5 FIRE ON ! MILITIAS1 DUE TO ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT SU* AN ACTION W\LD HAVE 5TAIL$4 ,WE W]E TOLD ?AT ! ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE HAD AB&ON$ HIS PO/ & ?AT HE DID NOT HAVE ! RESPECT & CONFID5CE ( ! V>I\S POLITICAL & TRADE UNION SECTORS1 ANYWAY4 ,WE ONCE AGA9 DROVE ?R\< ! CITY1 AMID 9CESSANT GUNFIRE2 \R FIR/ /OP WAS ! ,HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 & !RE WE W]E APPRIZ$ ( ! REAL REASONS = ! FI<T+ & ! CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE MET TO /OP IT4 ,9 \R DISCUSSIONS ) ! COMRADES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 WE W]E TOLD ?AT AS A PRECONDITION = A CEASEFIRE1 ! COMMUNI/ ,RODRIGUEZ ,SALAS MU/ BE REMOV$ FROM HIS POSITION AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,G5]AL ( ,SECURITY ( ,CATALONIA1 & ,AIGUADE1 ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT1 MU/ BE REMOV$ FROM HIS POSITION AS ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR = ,CATALONIA4 

,) !SE CONDITIONS WE W5T TO ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ONLY A FEW HUNDR$ MET]S AWAY4 ,WE HAVE NEV] BE5 EXPOS$ TO SU* 9T5SE GUNFIRE AS WE W]E ?AT DAY DUR+ ?AT %ORT DRIVE4 ,BUT WE REA*$ ! ,PALACE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA SAFE & S\ND4 ,WE W]E ALSO JO9$ BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE1 REPRES5T+ ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 & ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ & ,H]N&EZ ,ZANCAJO1 REPRES5T+ ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T1 RESPECTIVELY1 :O HAD >RIV$ 9 A PLANE FROM ,VAL5CIA4 

,WE PRES5T$ ! CONDITIONS DEM&$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ( ,CATALONIA TO IMPOSE A CEASEFIRE4 ,COMPANYS REPLI$ ?AT \R EF=TS W]E FUTILE1 S9CE ! ,GOV]NM5T HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/1 ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T HAD =C$ IT TO DISP]SE1 & ?AT ! SITUATION HAD NO SOLUTION4 ,WE NONE!LESS OBTA9$ ! AGREEM5T ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T :O W]E ASSEMBL$ !RE TO COOP]ATE ) US 9 \R ATTEMPT TO BR+ AN 5D TO ?IS APPALL+ 9T]NEC9E CONFLICT4 ,COMPANYS WAS ACCOMPANI$ ON ?IS OCCASION BY ,COMOR]A1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ FIGURES & MA/]M9DS ( ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,WE GOT ! IMPRESSION ?AT HE DID NOT ?9K ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DEFEAT ! MASSES 9 ! /REETS & ?AT WAS :Y HE DID NOT HESITATE TO ABIDE BY \R SUGGE/IONS4 

,! LIB]T>IAN PEOPLE'S =CES DOM9AT$ ! \T] NEI<BORHOODS1 & ! FOCAL PO9TS ( COMMUNI/ & ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT RESI/ANCE HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO A FEW BLOCKS >\ND ,CL>IS & ,DIAGONAL ,/REETS1 A FEW BUILD+S ON ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA & ON ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 ! ,PU]TA DEL ,ANGEL & ! BUILD+ H\S+ ! (FICES ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,GOV]NM5T4 

,:ILE SOME PEOPLE SPOKE OV] ! RADIO TO ! POPULATION1 CALL+ UNANIM\SLY = A CEASEFIRE1 WE GOT 9 T\* ) ! ,NEI<BORHOOD ,COMMITTEES & ) ELEM5TS ?AT WE KNEW HAD SOME 9FLU5CE OV] ! >M$ MASSES4 ,)9 A FEW H\RS1 \R 9T]V5TION BEGAN TO HAVE SOME EFFECT4 ,WE W]E DET]M9$ NOT TO AB&ON \R PO/S UNTIL EV]YONE HAD PUT !IR GUNS D[N4 ,& AT ! ,G5]ALITAT1 CON/ANTLY ON ! TELEPHONE1 WE /AY$ TWO DAYS & TWO NI<TS 9 SUCCESSION1 UNTIL A NEW ,GOV]NM5T WAS =M$ & ! CEASEFIRE HAD TAK5 EFFECT4 

,WE ADMIT ?AT WE W]E ! MA9 CAUSE ( ! SUSP5SION ( ! FI<T+4 ,NOT ) PRIDE1 BUT ) REGRET1 BECAUSE AS WE W]E BR++ AB\T A CEASEFIRE ON ! P>T ( \R COMRADES1 WE SAW ! PROVOCATIONS ( ! SMALL C5T]S ( RESI/ANCE ( ! COMMUNI/S & ,CATALONIAN REPUBLICANS 9CREASE EXPON5TIALLY4 ,:O HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 PROLONG+ ! MASSACRE8 ,IT MI<T HAVE BE5 ! EFFECT ( ! N]V\S T5SION ?AT AFFECT$ ALL ( US & ! %AME ?AT WE ALL FELT = ! TRAGIC 9CID5T1 BUT WE HAD ! IMPRESSION1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 ?AT ! EV5TS HAD BE5 SKILLFULLY PROVOK$1 & ?AT C]TA9 SECTORS1 & C]TA9 M51 W]E DISPLEAS$ ) ! FACT ?AT WE EX]CIS$ SU* CONTROL OV] \R MASS FOLL[+4 

,WAS ,COMPANYS WORK+ ) ! COMMUNI/S BECAUSE HE WAS AFRAID1 OR BECAUSE HE AGRE$ ) !IR POLICIES8 ,HE HAD 5\< 9FLU5CE AMONG HIS PEOPLE1 MAYBE EV5 MORE ?AN WE HAD AMONG \RS1 ?AT HE C\LD HAVE US$ TO P]SUADE !M TO CEASE FIRE & TO /OP ! PROVOCATIONS4 ,WE TRI$ TO GET ! TROLLEYS RUNN+ AGA9 9 ! CITY1 BUT ! C>S HAD TO RETURN TO !IR DEPOTS OR ELSE W]E AB&ON$ 9 ! /REETS UND] A HAIL ( GUNFIRE FROM ! COMMUNI/ /RON<OLDS & FROM ?OSE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT & ! ,E/AT ,CATALA4 

,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! CONFLICT SEV]AL ?\S& PEOPLE HAD BE5 DETA9$ BY ! V>I\S FACTIONS4 ,! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,SANS HAD >RE/$ & DIS>M$ #f ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 & 9 ALL ! DI/RICTS :]E FI<T+ TOOK PLACE1 PRISON]S W]E TAK5 9TO CU/ODY BY ! BELLIG]5T =CES4 ,AMONG !SE PRISON]S1 \R PEOPLE 9 ! D[NT[N DI/RICT HAD CAPTUR$ EI<T MOZOS DE ESCUADRA ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! ,G5]ALITAT1 H[EV]1 HAD ALSO TAK5 HUNDR$S ( PRISON]S1 MO/ ( !M FROM \R ORGANIZATIONS1 & ITS REPRES5TATIVES TOLD US VIA TELEPHONE ?AT ! LIVES ( !SE DETA9EES W]E WOR? JU/ AS MU* AS ! LIVES ( ! COMMUNI/ OR ,CATALONIAN NATIONALI/ DETA9EES ?AT W]E BE+ HELD 9 \R V>I\S /RON<OLDS4 ,COMPANYS PRES5T$ US ) A MESSAGE FROM ! ,G5]ALITAT'S MOZOS DE ESCUADRA2 ?IS MESSAGE SAID1 MORE OR LESS1 ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BE RESPONSIBLE = ! DISCIPL9E ( !IR =CES & ?AT !Y W\LD HOLD US RESPONSIBLE = :ATEV] MI<T HAPP5 TO !IR EI<T COMRADES HELD BY ! PEOPLE ( ! ,D[NT[N DI/RICT4 ,IT WAS A ?REAT6 ,WE ALREADY HAD 5\< REASONS TO BE ANGRY4 ,WE W]E 9 NO MOOD TO BE ?REAT5$1 ESPECIALLY N[ ?AT WE W]E BEG9N+ TO FEEL REGRET = :AT WE HAD DONE4 ,) DISCIPL9$ RE/RA9T1 WE RESPOND$ TO A TELEPHONE CALL FROM ! COA/AL BATT]IES3  
  

0,DON'T %OOT2 WE >E H]E4 ,BUT CALL EV]Y T5 M9UTES4 ,IF WE DON'T ANSW]1 !N OP5 FIRE40  
  

,WE REQUE/$ AN URG5T MEET+ ) ,COMPANYS1 ,COMOR]A1 ,VIDIELLA1 ,T>RADELLAS & ,CALVET1 ALL ( !M =M] ,M9I/]S ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 TO DECIDE :AT TO DO4 ,WE MU/ HAVE EMANAT$ A DIABOLICAL SATISFACTION4 ,IT WAS \R RESPONSE TO ! ?REAT ?AT ,COMPANYS HAD JU/ TRANSMITT$ TO US4 ,WE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! COA/AL BATT]IES HAD !IR GUNS TRA9$ ON ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & ?AT JU/ ONE SALVO W\LD BE 5\< TO BURY US ALL UND] ! RUBBLE ( ! BUILD+ & ?AT WE W]E ALL CONDEMN$ TO ! SAME FATE4 ,NO ONE C\LD LEAVE1 NOT US1 OR ANYONE ELSE1 UNTIL ! FI<T+ 9 ! /REETS 5DS1 FI<T+ ?AT WAS N[ ! SOLE RESPONSIBILITY ( ! COMMUNI/S & SYMPA?IZ]S ( ! ,EZQU]RA DE ,CATALUNA4 

,F9ALLY1 WE W]E TIR$ ( PLAY+ A P>T ?AT DID NOT SUIT US1 = :ILE EV]YONE ELSE WAS AVOID+ TAK+ ANY ACTION AT ALL1 WE HAD NOT SLEPT = TWO DAYS1 M>%AL+ ALL \R PRE/IGE & RISK+ IT TO BR+ AB\T A CEASEFIRE4 ,A ,GOV]NM5T HAD TO BE =M$ ?AT W\LD TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = RESOLV+ ! SITUATION4 

,\R REF]5CE TO ! COA/AL BATT]IES HAD A M>VEL\SLY SOB]+ EFFECT4 ,:ILE WE W]E EXPLA9+ ! SITUATION TO ,COMPANYS & HIS COHORTS1 WE RECEIV$ ANO!R PHONE CALL FROM ! COMM&]S ( ! >TILL]Y ( ! COA/AL BATT]IES1 & WE REPEAT$ \R ORD]S4 ,EV]YONE FROM ! BIG %OTS TO ! SMALL FRY IMAG9$ ! RUBBLE CRA%+ >\ND !M4 ,A NEW GOV]NM5T WAS =M$1 ) ! ,SECRET>IES ( ! TWO ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T1 ) ! PEASANTS & ! ,EZQU]RA4 ,WE EXCLUD$ ,COMOR]A4 ,!Y HAD NO O!R REC\RSE ?AN TO CONS5T TO \R PROPOSALS1 BECAUSE O!RWISE !Y W\LD 9 EFFECT HAVE TO YIELD TO ! DECISIVE RUL+ ( ! GUNS ( ,MONTJUI*4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 AS ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,U,G,T1 ,ANTONIO ,SESE1 WAS ON HIS WAY TO ! ,G5]ALITAT TO ASSUME HIS POSITION 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 HE WAS %OT & KILL$4 ,A S]I\S SETBACK2 BUT WE C\LD NOT CONS5T TO ALL[ ?IS EV5T TO NULLIFY ! AGREEM5TS WE HAD CONCLUD$4 ,WE AGRE$ TO ACCEPT ,RAFAEL ,VIDIELLA AS A REPLACEM5T = ,SESE4 ,& ?AT IS :AT HAPP5$4 ,WE ?US =M$ ! ,GOV]NM5T2 SO IT W\LD WORK AS IF IT KNEW :AT IT WAS DO+ & WAS CAPABLE ( DO+ IT & ?AT IT W\LD FROM N[ ON ACCEPT ! CONCOMITANT RESPONSIBILITY4 

,WE ORD]$ ?AT ! EI<T MOZOS DE ESCUADRA :O HAD BE5 DETA9$ %\LD BE BR\<T TO ! ,G5]ALITAT1 AS A GE/URE ( GOOD FAI?4 ,\R WORK AT ! ,PALACE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS DONE4 ,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME A DECREE ISSU$ FROM ,VAL5CIA TRANSF]R$ ALL AU?ORITY = ! MA9T5ANCE ( PUBLIC ORD] 9 ,CATALONIA TO ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T & APPO9T$ COLONEL ,ESCOB> TO 5=CE ! DECREE4 ,?IS COLONEL ,ESCOB> WAS A MAN :OM WE ?\<T WE C\LD TRU/1 BUT HE WAS A C>E] MILIT>Y (FIC] & HE HAD TO FOLL[ ORD]S4 

,ON HIS WAY TO C>RY \T HIS ORD]S1 H[EV]1 ,ESCOB> WAS MORTALLY W\ND$4 ,!N A TEMPOR>Y SUB/ITUTE WAS APPO9T$1 LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ,>R&O2 AT ?AT TIME1 WE W]E /ILL TRY+ TO QUELL ! LA/ REMNANTS ( /REET FI<T+4 

,& :ILE WE W]E DO+ ?AT1 SEV]AL COLUMNS ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & C>AB9]OS W]E ON !IR WAY TO ,CATALONIA 9 FULL BATTLE >RAY2 !IR COMM&]1 COLONEL ,EMILIO ,TORRES1 WAS A FRI5D ( \RS1 BUT NOT ONLY HAD HE BE5 5TRU/$ BY ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T TO IMPOSE ORD] 9 ,CATALONIA1 BUT ! SAME DECREE ALSO TRANSF]R$ ! COMM& ( ! MILITIAS 9 ,>AGON TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 APPO9T+ G5]AL ,POZAS TO C>RY \T ?IS ORD]4 ,:5 ! ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE1 ,JUAN ,MANUEL ,MOL9A1 ! ONLY CAB9ET-LEVEL FIGURE TO RETA9 HIS POSITION AFT] ! ,MAY EV5TS1 :O WAS WORK+ FRANTICALLY TO /OP ! MILITIAS ?AT WANT$ TO 9T]V5E 9 ! FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 HALT$ A L>GE MOTORIZ$ COLUMN ?AT HAD BE5 ASSEMBL$ ON ! ,HUESCA ,FRONT TO RETURN TO ,B>CELONA1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO1 HE ASK$ = \R ADVICE AB\T :AT HE %\LD DO1 WE SUDD5LY =ESAW ! TOTAL LOSS ( ,CATALONIAN AUTONOMY & ! LOSS ( ! W> AS A RESULT4 ,!RE WAS /ILL TIME TO TRY TO /OP ?IS FROM HAPP5+ & TO OBTA9 A MORE FAVORABLE \TCOME4 

,IT IS NOT AS IF WE LACK$ ! MAT]IAL =CE4 ,WE C\LD HAVE S5T G5]AL ,POZAS & HIS ESCORT BACK TO ,VAL5CIA ) \R REFUSAL TO RECOGNIZE HIS APPO9TM5T1 & WE HAD 5\< TIME TO /OP ! COLUMNS ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & C>AB9]OS UND] ! COMM& ( COLONEL ,TORRES4 ,BUT WE LACK$ CONFID5CE 9 ?OSE :O HAD BECOME ! REPRES5TATIVES ( \R MOVEM5T2 WE DID NOT HAVE A SOLID CORE GR\P ( DET]M9$1 RESPECT$ M5 TO L5D US A H& & BACK US UP 9 AN EM]G5CY4 ,SO WE ADVIS$ ,JUAN ,MANUEL ,MOL9A ?AT HE %\LD YIELD POSSESSION TO G5]AL ,POZAS ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,HEADQU>T]S & ( ! COMM& ( \R MILITIAS4 

,:AT A DISA/]6 ,!N1 AFT] ALREADY HAV+ AGRE$ TO ! CEASEFIRE1 WE W]E TOLD ?AT ONE ( ! LOCAL (FICES ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?--AN >T GALL]Y--HAD BE5 OCCUPI$ BY COMMUNI/S & !Y REFUS$ TO LEAVE4 ,WE SPOKE TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,CATALONIAN ,U,G,T4 ,WE DISCOV]$ ?AT ! COMM&] ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X COLUMN1 ,JOSE DEL ,B>RIO1 HAD BE5 APPO9T$ G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ! ,U,G,T2 :5 WE CALL$1 HE HAD ALREADY GONE TO B$1 BUT WE W]E TOLD ?AT WE C\LD SPEAK TO ! ACT+ G5]AL SECRET>Y 9 HIS ABS5CE1 LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ,SACANEL1 ! ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X COLUMN4 

,WE !RE=E CONFIRM$ C]TA9 ALLEGATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 BR\<T TO \R ATT5TION1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! ,C>LOS ,M>X COLUMN1 ALMO/ 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 HAD RETURN$ TO ,B>CELONA BE=E ! ,MAY ,EV5TS ALONG ) ITS COMM&]S & (FIC]S1 & IT WAS :5 HE DISCOV]$ ?IS ?AT ,MAXIMO ,FRANCO MOBILIZ$ ! /RONG COLUMN ?AT ,MOL9A WAS ABLE TO /OP1 AFT] 5ORM\S EF=TS1 9 ,B9EF>4 

,AN ,>G5T9IAN WRIT]1 ,GONZALEZ ,PA*ECO1 :O HAD JU/ >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! ,MAY ,EV5TS1 TOLD US ?AT :5 HE WAS /AY+ AT ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,BRUSSELS HE OV]HE>D A CONV]SATION ( ! AMBASSADOR ,OSSORIO Y ,GALL>DO 9 :I* ! LATT] TOOK PLEASURE 9 ASSUR+ HIS 9T]LOCUTOR ?AT ! ?REAT ( ,F,A,I DOM9ATION 9 ,MADRID HAD BE5 *ECK$ & ?AT AT ANY TIME N[ ! BATTLEFIELD W\LD %IFT TO ,B>CELONA ITSELF4 ,?IS 9=MATION1 TOGE!R ) ! PRES5CE ( V>I\S ,FR5* & ,5GLI% W>%IPS 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! PORT ( ,B>CELONA ON ! V]Y SAME DAY ?AT ! FI<T+ BEGAN1 ,MAY #c1 MADE US CONSID] ! POSSIBILITY ( A PROVOCATION ( =EIGN ORIG94 ,& ! FACT ?AT ! COMMUNI/S W]E MIX$ UP 9 ?IS PROVOCATION WE W]E ABLE TO 9F] FROM ! PRES5CE ( !IR =CES FROM ! ,>AGON ,FRONT 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,WE HAD TO REACT1 WE HAD TO RECOV] \R LO/ POSITIONS4 ,WE /ILL HAD ! =CES TO DO SO1 &1 IF 9/EAD ( A SPASMODIC1 DISORGANIZ$ UPRIS+1 WE W]E TO TRY TO DO SOME?+ BY DIRECTLY MOBILIZ+ \R =CES & SEIZ+ ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE1 AS WE DID ON ,JULY #a#i1 ANY =CES ?AT ! ,VAL5CIA ,GOV]NM5T MI<T S5D1 & ANY MANEUV]S ON ! P>T ( ITS ALLIES1 W\LD BE ( LITTLE AVAIL4 

,A FEW DAYS LAT] ! FAM\S ,MAY CRISIS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T TOOK PLACE4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,C,N,T RESIGN$ FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T & ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS =C$ TO RESIGN FROM HIS (FICE AS ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,! ,NEGR9-,PRIETO ,GOV]NM5T WAS =M$4 

,NO MATT] H[ ANGRY WE W]E AT ! SI<T ( ! CONDUCT ( \R [N COMRADES :O W]E S]V+ AS LEAD]S1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE = US TO JU/ /& !RE ) \R H&S 9 \R POCKETS4 ,WE MET = AN 9ITIAL EX*ANGE ( IMPRESSIONS ) ! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ1 & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,IT WAS ON ! BASIS ( !SE FIR/ IMPRESSIONS1 AFT] ! REC5T EV5TS1 ?AT WE W\LD DECIDE :AT TO DO4 ,WE EXPLA9$ \R OP9ION AB\T ! ,MAY EV5TS2 WE SAID ?AT WE ?\<T ?AT ! :OLE AFFAIR WAS A =EIGN PROVOCATION & \R PEOPLE W]E MIS]ABLY DRAGG$ 9TO ! FI<T2 ONCE !Y W]E 9 ! /REETS1 H[EV]1 \R MI/AKE WAS TO HAVE BR\<T AB\T A CEASEFIRE )\T FIR/ HAV+ SOLV$ ! PROBLEMS ?AT CAUS$ ! FI<T+ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,= \R P>T1 WE REGRETT$ ! P>T ?AT WE HAD PLAY$ & WE ?\<T ?AT !RE WAS /ILL TIME TO RECOV] \R LO/ POSITIONS4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = US TO REA* AN AGREEM5T1 H[EV]4 ,WE W]E TOLD ?AT WE HAD DONE PRECISELY ! RI<T ?+ BY CALL+ = A CEASEFIRE & ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ WE C\LD DO N[ BUT AWAIT FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS & ADAPT AS WELL AS POSSIBLE TO ! NEW SITUATION4 

,!N WE )DREW1 D\BLY DEFEAT$4 ,WE DID NOT WANT TO 9ITIATE A PUBLIC CAMPAIGN ( OPPOSITION & WE CONC5TRAT$ ON PRIVATE DISCUSSIONS TO EXPRESS \R DISS5T+ VIEWS4 

,A WAVE ( POLICE & JUDICIAL REPRESSION WAS !N UNLEA%$ AGA9/ A NON-,/AL9I/ COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! ,P,\,M1 & AGA9/ ?\S&S ( \R [N COMRADES4 ,DESPICABLE ASSASS9ATIONS W]E COMMITT$1 & WE SAW ) \R [N EYES SIXTE5 MUTILAT$ CORPSES ( MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ( ,SAN ,&RES & O!R DI/RICTS1 BR\<T ONE NI<T TO ! CEMET]Y ( ,S>DANOLA BY AN AMBULANCE4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y HAD BE5 MUTILAT$ & TORTUR$ WAS QUITE EVID5T4 ,!IR BODIES BORE ! TRADEM>K SIGNS ( ! ASSASS9S4 ,! ,MAY EV5TS CLAIM$ NO FEW] ?AN A ?\S& DEAD & SEV]AL ?\S& W\ND$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! SITUATION ?AT 5SU$ AFT]W>DS WAS SIMPLY 9TOL]ABLE4 ,ONE C\LD ALWAYS C\NT ON ! MASSES ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T1 BUT ONE C\LD NO LONG] C\NT ON !IR SO-CALL$ RESPONSIBLE COMMITTEES4 

,WE MET ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,G5]AL ,CONSUL2 WE HAD NO D\BT :ATSOEV] ?AT ! :OLE AFFAIR HAD BE5 COOK$ UP 9 ,MOSC[4 

,HE CONGRATULAT$ US ON \R EF=TS DUR+ ! ,MAY EV5TS4 ,& ?AT WAS JU/ :AT WE WANT$ TO SPEAK TO HIM AB\T4 ,EV]YONE KNEW ?AT )\T \R 9T]V5TION ! ,MAY EV5TS W\LD HAVE L$ TO V]Y DIFF]5T RESULTS ?AN EXPECT$4 ,= \R P>T1 WE W]E A%AM$ ( ! FACT ?AT WE 9T]V5$ TO /OP ! FI<T+1 N[ ?AT WE HAD SE5 ! SPECTACLE ?AT FOLL[$4 ,WE DID NOT NE$ TO EMPHASIZE \R S9C]ITY4 ,ANTONOV ,OVSEY5KO WAS FULLY AW>E ( IT4 ,H[EV]1 !RE W]E /ILL ?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES 9 ! H&S ( ! LIB]T>IANS1 H& GR5ADES 9 UNLIMIT$ QUANTITIES1 MA*9E GUNS & EV5 >TILL]Y4 ,& ?OSE ( US :O HAD RISK$ \R LIVES TO BR+ AB\T A CEASEFIRE W]E TEMPT$ TO RISK !M AGA9 TO RESUME ! /RUGGLE1 BUT ?IS TIME TO FI<T TO ! 5D4 

,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE> :AT WAS HAPP5+ = EV5 A M9UTE LONG]6 ,IT WAS NOT YET TIME = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION6 

,WE REALLY W]E ANGRY & !RE WAS NO WAY WE C\LD HAVE DISSIMULAT$ \R /ATE ( M9D4 ,UND] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES WE W\LD HAVE E>NE/LY SET AB\T PLANN+ ! (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE ASPECTS ( A MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN4 ,WE SAID ?IS TO ,ANTONOV ,OVSEY5KO1 BECAUSE WE KNEW ?AT IT WAS 9 HIS (FICE RA!R ?AN 9 ! (FICES ( ! ALLEG$ ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES ?AT \R PROTE/S W\LD HAVE TO BE MADE4 ,& WE DID SO 9DIVIDUALLY1 )\T ! BACK+ ( ANY ORGANIZATION4 ,ANTONOV ,OVSEY5KO %[$ SIGNS ?AT HE UND]/OOD4 ,9 FACT1 ! AN>*I/S C\LD NOT BE EXT]M9AT$1 DUE TO !IR NUMB]S1 BECAUSE ( !IR ROLE 9 ! W> & ALSO DUE TO ! ?REAT !Y /ILL POS$4 ,TWO OR ?REE DAYS LAT]1 C]TA9 DIRECTIVES W]E ISSU$ FROM ,MOSC[ ?AT L$ TO ! SUSP5SION ( ! REPRESSION1 AT LEA/ 9 ! EXTREMELY PROVOCATIVE =M ?AT IT HAD FIR/ ASSUM$4 ,WAS ?IS ! RESULT ( \R ?REATS OR ( SIMIL> IMPRESSIONS8 

,ACCORD+ TO ALL ! PRESS REPORTS1 ,OVSEY5KO WAS %OT 9 ,RUSSIA BECAUSE ( HIS RELATIONS ) ! AN>*I/S & ! ,CATALONIAN NATIONALI/S4 ,IT SEEM$ TO US ?AT1 BASICALLY1 ,OVSEY5KO SYMPA?IZ$ ) US1 ?AT HE LIK$ US1 EV5 ?\<1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE WAS A FANATICAL S]VANT ( ,/AL9'S DIRECTIVES4 ,! ,SPANI% COMMUNI/S ACCUS$ HIM ( FAVOR+ \R CAUSE 9 !IR REPORTS TO ! ,KREML94 

,PUBLICLY1 !RE W]E /ILL NO SIGNS ( 9T]NAL DISS5T4 ,& 9 ORD] NOT TO GIVE AID & COM=T TO ! 5EMY1 WE )DREW FROM ALL ACTIVITY1 9 SIL5CE4 ,DUR+ ! ,GOV]NM5T CRISIS ( ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ,C,N,T UPHELD1 AT LEA/ 9 ITS PUBLIC DECL>ATIONS1 A DIGNIFI$ & WOR?Y POSITION4 ,IT DECL>$1 AT ?AT TIME1 ?AT IT C\LD NOT EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE 9 EQUALITY ) ! COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ANY ,GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE3  

,! COMMUNI/ P>TY HAD PROVOK$ ! CRISIS2  

,! COMMUNI/ P>TY HAD NOT FAI?FULLY COLLABORAT$ 9 ! WORK ( ! ,GOV]NM5T LIKE ! ,C,N,T2  

,! COMMUNI/ P>TY DID NOT EV5 REMOTELY REPRES5T ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE OR ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ,C,N,T DID4  
  

,A REPORT TO ! MEMB]%IP PRES5T$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 DISCUSS+ ! MEAN+ ( ! ,MAY CRISIS1 9CLUD$ ! FOLL[+ PASSAGES FROM ! ,C,N,T'S DECL>ATION ( ! REASONS :Y ITS ,M9I/]S RESIGN$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T DUR+ !IR MEET+ ) ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC3  
  

,! ,C,N,T /ATES CLE>LY ?AT IT IS NOT RESPONSIBLE = ! CURR5T SITUATION1 & CONSID]S IT1 FROM EV]Y P]SPECTIVE1 UNACCEPTABLE & 9APPROPRIATE ) RESPECT TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! W> & ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT1 & DISAV[S ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ANY CONSEQU5CES ?AT MAY RESULT FROM SAID SITUATION4  

,?AT IT WILL NOT (F] ITS COLLABORATION TO ANY ,GOV]NM5T 9 :I* COMRADE ,FRANCISCO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O DOES NOT FIGURE AS ,PRIME ,M9I/] & ,M9I/] ( ,W>4  

,?AT ?IS ,GOV]NM5T MU/ BE BAS$ ON REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 CLOSE COLLABORATION ) ! ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS4  
  
  

,9 ! NOTE REF]R+ TO ! MANEUV]S ( ,DR4 ,NEGR9 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO OBTA9 ! ,C,N,T'S SUPPORT = HIS C&IDACY = ! (FICE ( ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 ONE MAY READ SU* CLE> & =CEFUL /ATEM5TS AS ! FOLL[+3  
  

,! ,C,N,T WILL NOT COLLABORATE1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 ) ANY ,GOV]NM5T ?AT MI<T BE =M$ BY COMRADE ,NEGR94 ,O!RWISE WE HAVE NO QU>REL ) ! =M] ,M9I/] ( ,F9ANCE4 

,IT IS ! L9E ( CONDUCT HE HAS FOLL[$ S9CE !N4 ,WE DID NOT PROVOKE ! CRISIS1 :I* WAS SO DELET]I\S1 9OPPORTUNE & PREJUDICIAL = ! W> EF=T & ! ANTI-FASCI/ BLOC4 ,SATISFI$ ) ! LOYAL ACTIVITY ( ! ,PRIME ,M9I/] & ,M9I/] ( ,W> 9 ! ,L>GO ,CABALL]O CAB9ET1 WE CANNOT L5D \R SUPPORT TO P>TISAN POSITIONS ?AT DEMON/RATE A LACK ( NOBILITY & A LACK ( COLLABORATION4 ,! ,C,N,T1 CONFID5T & DISCIPL9$1 TRU/S ?AT REFLECTION WILL PREV5T MORE MI/AKES ?AT W\LD AGGRAVATE ?IS DIFFICULT SITUATION ?AT WAS BR\<T AB\T BY /UPIDITY4  
  

,& ! ,C,N,T'S PUBLIC POSITION WAS EMBLAZON$ ON ! COV] ( ITS MANIFE/O3 ,AGA9/ ! ,C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! ,C,N,T TO ! ,CONSCI5CE ( ,SPA94 

,! MILITANTS ( ! ,F,A,I HAD NO?+ TO OBJECT TO 9 ?IS POSITION ?AT WAS SO =CEFULLY & CLE>LY EXPRESS$4 ,& ?AT WAS ! POSITION ?AT WE EXPECT$ ! ,C,N,T TO TAKE4 ,ONLY ?OSE ( US :O HAD )DRAWN FROM ! PUBLIC LIFE ( ! ORGANIZATION 9T]PRET$ IT DIFF]5TLY1 & WE D\BT$ ?AT !SE WORDS1 :I* = ! MASSES ( ! CONF$]ATION COMPRIS$ ! ONLY ACCEPTABLE POLITICAL L9E1 W\LD HAVE ! SAME VALUE = ! IMPROVIS$ LEAD]S ( ! GREAT ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE LEAD]S1 9 CONFLICT ) ! SPIRIT1 ! 9T]E/S & ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! MASSES ( WORK]S & MILITIAM51 AFT] HAV+ PUBLICLY PL$G$ !IR SUPPORT = ! POLICY ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 W\LD SUBSEQU5TLY 5T] 9TO PRIVATE NEGOTIATIONS ) ,PRIETO & TOLD HIM ?AT !Y W\LD SUPPORT HIM & :51 DESPITE !IR SUPPORT1 ! ,PRIETO ,GOV]NM5T ALSO FELL1 !Y =M$ AN ALLIANCE ) ,NEGR9 ?AT W\LD 5DURE UNTIL1 & EV5 AFT]1 ! F9AL DEFEAT4 

,! W> HAD 5T]$ ITS /AGE ( DECL9E & DEFEAT4 ,IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO REMA9 BL9D TO ! FACTS4 ,:5 ,BILBAO FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 5EMY1 ,JUV5TUD ,LIBRE1 ! NEWSPAP] ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 5TITL$1 0,! ,FALL ( ,BILBAO ,SIGNALS ! ,FAILURE ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T04 ,?IS >TICLE WAS REPRODUC$ 9 ?\S&S ( COPIES & DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T LOYALI/ ,SPA94 ,9 ONE ( ITS SECTIONS1 FE>LESS 9 ITS S9C]ITY & ITS TRU?1 WE READ3  
  

,ALL OV] LOYALI/ ,SPA9 WE HE> ONLY ONE EXCLAMATION1 ONLY ONE %\T$ DEM&1 9 CITY & C\NTRYSIDE3 ,D[N ) ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T6 ,D[N ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 CAUSE ( ALL DEFEATS6 ,WE DEM& A ,GOV]NM5T BAS$ ON ! REPRES5TATION ( ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ =CES ?AT PURSUE A REAL W> POLICY6 

,BUT ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T1 DESPITE ! SIMM]+ CRISIS IT IS N[ FAC+1 IS TRY+ TO RETA9 ITS HOLD ON P[]4 

,! SAME ME?ODS US$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,APRIL #ad >E N[ BE+ IMPLEM5T$4 ,! PRESS IS C5SOR$1 RADIO /ATIONS >E CLOS$ D[N1 EV]Y MEANS IS US$ TO TRY TO PREV5T ! FREE EXPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 MEET+S >E SUSP5D$1 ! ,GOV]NM5T IS REFUS+ TO PAY ATT5TION TO ! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE CALL+ = A RADICAL *ANGE 9 POLICY ?AT WILL LEAD US TO MILIT>Y VICTORY & ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION4  
  

,! MESSAGES S5T ON ,AUGU/ #a1 #aicg FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 W]E WOR?Y EXEMPL>S ( ! TRADITION ( ,MAY4 ,P]HAPS !Y ]R$ BY BE+ TOO PRUD5T1 TOO TOL]ANT1 & = SY/EMATICALLY AVOID+ ! RESPONSE ?AT WAS DES]V$ BY ! PROVOCATEURS :O W]E TRY+ TO ]ASE \R A*IEVEM5TS & EXT]M9ATE \R M54 ,BUT !SE DOCUM5TS >E /ILL1 RI<T D[N TO ! SMALLE/ DETAILS1 EXPRESSIVE ( DIGNITY4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! C5SOR%IP IMPOS$ AT ! BEHE/ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 A C5SOR%IP ?AT ALL[$ ! PUBLICATION ( SL&]S & DEFAMATION AGA9/ US1 BUT DID NOT ALL[ US TO RESPOND TO \R ACCUS]S4 ,IT PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! PROLIF]ATION ( TRIALS ( P]SONS ACCUS$ ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ACTIONS AGA9/ ! FASCI/S 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 

,EV]Y FAMILY ?AT LO/ ONE ( ITS MEMB]S TO ! PEOPLE'S RAGE SUBMITT$ ITS D5UNCIATIONS & !SE D5UNCIATIONS W]E ALL[$ TO =M ! BASES ( CRIM9AL PROCE$+S1 )\T ANY CONSID]ATION ( ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT ! DECEAS$ WAS 9VOLV$ ) ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 ,IT WAS UND]/OOD1 H[EV]1 ?AT BY BR++ ?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,JULY EV5TS TO TRIAL1 ! REVOLUTION WAS ALSO PUT ON TRIAL1 :I* AM\NT$ TO C>RY+ \T ! WORK ?AT ,FRANCO W\LD ACCOMPLI% AFT] HIS VICTORY1 & AFT] SOME JURIDICAL ATROCITIES1 !Y HAD TO BACK (F1 = AMONG ! O!R DISCOV]IES ?AT W]E MADE1 ! FOLL[+ IS MO/ /RIK+3 ! PUNI%M5T = IRRESPONSIBLE MURD]S W\LD HAVE HAD TO BE IMPOS$ FIR/ ( ALL AGA9/ ?OSE :O W]E PROMOT+ ! WAVE ( P]SECUTION1 RA!R ?AN AGA9/ ! MEMB]S ( ANY O!R SECTOR4 

,9 ANO!R LETT]1 ALSO DAT$ ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#c#g1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ADDRESS$ ! QUE/ION ( ! W>1 & 9CLUDES A DOCUM5T ( S]5E & WELL-9T5TION$ CRITICISM4 ,WE %ALL QUOTE A FEW P>AGRAPHS FROM IT3  
  

,EV] S9CE ! CURR5T ,GOV]NM5T WAS =M$1 NUM]\S MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS HAVE TAK5 PLACE ?AT HAVE BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY CON/ANT BLUND]S4 ,WE HAVE NOT CONQU]$ EV5 ONE POSITION2 9/EAD1 ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( MILITIAM5 HAVE FALL52 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( MAT]IEL HAVE BE5 LO/ & ALL ( ?IS IS DUE TO ! 9EFFECTIV5ESS & 9COMPET5CE ( ?OSE :O >E RESPONSIBLE = ! CONDUCT ( ! W>4444  
  

,REF]R+ TO ! ,BRUNETE CAMPAIGN1 ! FOLL[+ OBS]VATION IS MADE3  
  

,?IS WAS NOT A MILIT>Y OP]ATION1 BUT A POLITICAL OP]ATION1 & 9 W> IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO C>RY \T POLITICAL OP]ATIONS1 S9CE EV]YONE MU/ ATT5D TO A TE*NIQUE & A REALITY ( RIFLES & POSITIONS ?AT /& ABOVE ALL POLITICAL 9T]E/S4444  
  

,! LETT] D5\NCES EXTREME P>TISAN POLITICS1 AS WELL AS ! P]SECUTION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 NONCOMMUNI/ UNITS4 ,ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATIONS1 LIKE ! FAIL$ ATTEMPT TO KILL ,CIPRIANO ,M]A1 & EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS1 >E ALSO M5TION$1 & ! P>TISAN MA*9ATIONS ( ! COMMISS>IAT >E CONDEMN$4 ,9 %ORT1 ALL ! CRITICISMS ?AT WE HAD BE5 MAK+ & ?AT WE CONT9U$ TO MAKE1 >E SUMM>IZ$ 9 ?IS LETT]1 BECAUSE NONE ( ! EVILS ?AT IT D5\NCES W]E SUPPRESS$ EXCEPT ) REG>D TO !IR DEGREE4 

,! SITUATION WAS SO S]I\S ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T ASK$1 ) MORE ?AN 5\< JU/IFICATION3  
  

,ALL ( !SE ?+S ?AT >E HAPP5+ =CE US TO ASK C]TA9 QUE/IONS4 ,:]E >E WE HEAD+8 ,>E WE FI<T+ & P]SEV]+ ONLY & EXCLUSIVELY TO LOSE ! W>8 ,>E ALL !SE ?+S 9DICATIVE ( AN ATTEMPT TO S[ DISC\RAGEM5T AT ! FRONT & BEH9D ! L9ES1 TO >\SE MISGIV+S AMONG ! PEOPLE & TO CREATE A SITUATION ?AT WILL ULTIMATELY LEAD TO A TIME :5 EV]YONE ONLY ?9KS AB\T 5D+ ! W>1 & ?US FACILITAT+ ! PROPOSALS = M$IATION ?AT >E BE+ PURSU$ BY C]TA9 =EIGN P[]S8 74447 

,ISN'T IT AB\T TIME TO PUT AN 5D TO ! P>TISAN CONDUCT ( A DISA/R\S PHASE1 & = US TO IMM$IATELY PREP>E \RSELVES1 ALL ( US1 TO EXAM9E ! SITUATION ) HONOR & LOYALTY1 & REA* ! CONCLUSION ( DRAW+ A L9E1 ) RESPECT TO ! W>1 :OSE RESULTS W\LD NOT BE ! DISA/]S ?AT HAVE BE5 REPEAT$ UP UNTIL N[1 & PREV5T C]TA9 DEM&+ ACTIVITIES FROM ?RIV+1 & TO PREV5T ! MOM5T FROM >RIV+ :5 !Y WILL HAVE TO BE VIOL5TLY CUT \T1 BY ?OSE :O CANNOT CONT9UE TO TOL]ATE C]TA9 PEOPLE :O WANT ,SPA9 TO BE TURN$ 9TO A C\NTRY ( SUBMISSIVE PUPPETS ( A DICTATOR%IP8 74447  

,AL?\< WE DID NOT USE ! SAME PROSE /YLE1 WE %>$ !SE SAME ANXIETIES AT ! TIME & WE CONT9U$ TO %>E !M1 ) EV5 GREAT] JU/IFICATION1 AFT] ! LOSS ( ALL ( ,NOR!RN ,SPA91 AFT] ! SPLITT+ ( LOYALI/ ,SPA9 9TO TWO ZONES1 & AFT] ! DEFEATS ON ! ,EA/]N ,FRONTS1 9 ,LEVANTE & ,E/REMADURA1 SEE+ H[ ALL ! DEFECTS & ALL ! EVILS ?AT W]E D5\NC$ %ORTLY AFT] ! ,MAY EV5TS ONLY MULTIPLI$4 

,) REG>D TO MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 9 COLLABORATION ) ! ,F,A,I1 PRES5T$ ! ,GOV]NM5T ) A REVIEW ( ! CONDUCT ( ! W> BY ! SUCCESSORS ( ! ,L>GO ,CABALL]O CAB9ET4 ,?IS REPORT CRITICIZES ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,SEGOVIA1 :I* CO/ US ?REE ?\S& CASUALTIES \T ( A TOTAL ( #a1 COMBATANTS4 ,! OP]ATIONS ?AT W]E C>RI$ \T ON ! ,EA/]N ,FRONT1 :I* W]E EXCE$+LY DISA/R\S1 W]E SUBJECT$ TO A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS4 ,! ,BRUNETE CAMPAIGN1 A POLITICAL OP]ATION RA!R ?AN A MILIT>Y ONE1 :I* CO/ US #b#c1 CASUALTIES & 9 :I* !RE W]E BRIGADES ?AT LO/ #g.0 ( !IR FI<T+ /R5G?1 WAS SUBJECT$ TO ! CRITICISM IT DES]V$4 ,! SAME SEV]E1 CORRECT & WELL-DES]V$ JUDGM5T WAS LEVEL$ AGA9/ ! OP]ATIONS ON ! ,T]UEL ,FRONT1 ) !IR FAILURES ( A TE*NICAL & POLITICAL ORD]4 ,! FOLL[+ >E SOME ( ! CONCLUSIONS ( ?IS REPORT3  
  

,AT ! TIME ( ! =MATION ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T1 !RE W]E #e#e1 M5 9 ! DULY-/RUCTUR$ REGUL> >MY1 ) A /RIKE =CE READY TO ATTACK ! 5EMY'S =CES AT !IR WEAKE/ PO9TS1 /RATEGICALLY SPEAK+4  
  
  

,! ,E/REMADURA CAMPAIGN 0WAS ABORT$ BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN ELEM5TS :O W]E 9 COMM& ( ! AIR =CE REFUS$ TO ALL[ ! USE ( ! LATT] 9 ! CAMPAIGN1 9 ORD] TO DISCR$IT & OV]?R[ ! ,CABALL]O ,GOV]NM5T1 & ?IS WAS ALSO ! CAUSE ( ! FALL ( ,BILBAO04  
  

,ONCE ! ATTEMPT TO ATTA9 ! 9T]NATIONAL OBJECTIVE1 :I* WAS ! REASON = ! PROVOCATION ( ! CRISIS1 FAIL$1 ALL EF=TS ) RESPECT TO ! ORI5TATION ( ! W> W]E UND]TAK5 9 SU* A WAY AS TO GIVE ! FALSE IMPRESSION ( VICTORIES ?AT1 DUE TO !IR M9OR SCOPE1 %\LD HAVE BE5 EASY1 BUT :I*1 BECAUSE ( !IR LEAD]%IP1 W]E JU/ SO MANY MORE FIASCOS4 ,( ?IS K9D W]E ! CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ ,SEGOVIA & ,>AGON4  

,! OP]ATION ON ! ,C5T] ,FRONT ?AT REC5TLY FAIL$ WAS YET ANO!R /UPID IDEA1 CONSID]$ /RATEGICALLY4  
  

,AN ABS5CE ( ALL COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! OP]ATIONS ( L& & AIR =CES4  

,9DISCIPL9E AMONG ! COMM&]S4  

,! ,BRUNETE CAMPAIGN WAS AN EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL OP]ATION ?AT DID NOT S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( VICTORY OV] FASCISM1 BUT WAS 9T5D$ TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS4  
  

,WE MU/ IMPOSE A RADICAL *ANGE ( C\RSE 9 MILIT>Y POLICY ?AT WILL PREV5T ! DISA/] T[>DS :I* WE >E HEAD+ IF WE CONT9UE TO FOLL[ ?IS SAME ROAD4  
  
  

,9 VA9 DO WE LOOK = ANY RECTIFICATION ( MILIT>Y POLICY1 :ILE ,PRIETO WAS ,M9I/] ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE1 OR :5 ,NEGR9 SUCCE$$ HIM1 ?AT W\LD HAVE SATISFI$ ! D\BTS1 OBS]VATIONS & CRITICAL JUDGM5TS ( ! RUL+ BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,C,N,T4 

,IT IS TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT :5 ! ,C,N,T CEAS$ TO 5GAGE 9 ANY CRITICISM1 ,NEGR9 GAVE ! ,C,N,T1 AFT] MANY ATTEMPTS & MANY HUMILIATIONS1 A ,M9I/RY1 *OS5 BY HIM1 & ONLY \R VOICE1 AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?AT ( ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I1 /OOD FIRM 9 W>N+ AGA9/ ! COLLAPSE ALMO/ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE YE> ( #a#i#c#h4 

,AFT] HAV+ COMMITT$ ! GRAVE ]ROR ( CALL+ = A CEASEFIRE 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 )\T A*IEV+ ANY?+ EXCEPT CONSOLIDAT+ ! POSITION ( ! ,RUSSIANS & !IR ALLIES 9 ,SPA91 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO RECTIFY MY MI/AKE BY MEANS ( 5]GETIC DEF5SIVE ACTION1 :I* WAS REJECT$ AS A CRIME 9 ! 9TIMATE CIRCLES ( ! MO/ WELL-KN[N MILITANTS2 & AFT] WE HAD ONCE AGA9 COMMITT$ ! ]ROR ( NOT RESPOND+ 9 K9D TO ! PROVOCATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ! PACIFICATION PROJECT ( ,MAY1 ! ,GOV]NM5T %\LD HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N :5 ,NOR!RN ,SPA9 WAS LO/ OR :5 ! BIZ>RE CAMPAIGN ( ,BRUNETE WAS 9ITIAT$ & :5 ! ME?ODS ( ! ASSASS9S ( ?OSE :O DID NOT FOLL[ ! ,MOSC[ L9E AT ! FRONT & BEH9D ! L9ES W]E REVEAL$4.<#b#d.> ,!RE WAS NO %ORTAGE ( REASONS = A REBELLION ( ,SPANI% DIGNITY AGA9/ A ,GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS LEAD+ US TO DISA/]4 ,BUT ! COMPLETE SURR5D] ( ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T & TO ! DIRECTIVES ( ! COMMUNI/S CREAT$ A SITUATION 9 :I* ?IS REBELLION BROKE \T1 NOT :5 !RE WAS /ILL TIME TO OBTA9 SOME RESULTS1 BUT ONLY LAT]1 9 ! ,C5T] & 9 ,LEVANTE1 :5 ! W> WAS BASICALLY OV]4 ,BECAUSE WE UND]/OOD ?AT :AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,M>* #aici 9 ,MADRID & 9 ,LEVANTE %\LD HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,CATALONIA1 AT LEA/ 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#h1 IF NOT 9 ,MAY OR ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 WE SEP>AT$ \RSELVES FROM ALL RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( CONF$]AL AFFAIRS2 BUT ! ,F,A,I ALONE1 )\T TAK+ ITS FUNDAM5TAL DISS5T 9TO ! /REETS1 WAS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( *ANNEL+ ! REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 EXTREMELY EASY 9 ALLIANCE ) ! ,C,N,T4 

,WE WILL HAVE TO ANSW] TO HI/ORY = \R PASSIVITY & COMPLICITY 9 ! LOSS ( ! W>1 & ?AT IS :Y WE HAVE REVEAL$ SU* UNSAVORY DETAILS AS !SE1 :I* CAUSE US GREAT PA91 BUT :I* MU/ BE EXPOS$1 BECAUSE ! MASSES ( ! ,C,N,T DO NOT %>E ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! DECEPTION ( :I* !Y W]E ! VICTIMS 9 ! ,SPANI% W>4 ,!IR DECEIV]S W]E ABLE TO BR+ !IR FATEFUL S*EMES TO FRUITION ?ANKS TO ! ,SPANI% ,M9I/]S1 ! ,SPANI% POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! ,SPANI% MILIT>Y COMM&]S1 ! ,SPANI% POLICE1 & ! ,SPANI% WRIT]S :O FOLL[$ !IR ORD]S4 ,! ,SPANI% PEOPLE >E FREE ( ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! DISA/]1 BUT ! SAME CANNOT BE SAID = ,PRIETO4 ,HE DID NOT POSSESS ! AUDACITY ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O--:O REJECT$ ! ,KREML9'S 9T]F]5CE 9 ,SPANI% POLITICS--EI!R :5 HE WAS 9 (FICE1 OR AFT] HE HAD BE5 \/$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ /EPS TAK5 9 SUBJECT+ ! C\NTRY TO A M9ORITY ( G5]ALS1 COLONELS1 ADMIRALS1 CONSULS1 TRADE REPRES5TATIVES1 AMBASSADORS1 COPS1 ETC4--:O 9VAD$ REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 UND] ORD]S FROM ,/AL91 & :O1 AS WE DID NOT YET KN[ AT ! TIME1 W]E WORK+ H& 9 GLOVE ) ,HITL]--WAS ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES4 

,!IR CREATION & !IR ADMISSION TO ,SPA9 PROVID$ ! P]FECT >GUM5T TO ! ,ITALIANS & ! ,G]MANS TO 9T]V5E ON BEHALF ( \R 5EMIES2 H[EV]1 :ILE ON ! SIDE ( ! REPUBLIC ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES W]E ONLY EFFECTIVE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( COMMUNI/ DOM9ATION1 ON ,FRANCO'S SIDE1 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN AID HAD ! OBJECTIVE ( MILIT>Y VICTORY1 & WAS1 DUE TO ITS QUANTITY & QUALITY1 A DECISIVE FACTOR 9 ?AT VICTORY4 

,AS F> AS WE >E CONC]N$1 ! M5 :O MADE UP ! FAM\S BRIGADES 9VOLUNT>ILY CONTRIBUT$ TO \R DEFEAT1 S9CE !Y FACILITAT$ ! ANTI-POPUL> MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIANS & ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS TAK+ ORD]S FROM ! ,RUSSIANS4 

,!RE WAS ONE FACT ?AT ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES C\LD NOT IGNORE3 WE C\LD C\NT ON ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( MANY WORK]S & REBELS FROM EV]Y C\NTRY :O WANT$ TO COME TO ,SPA9 & FI<T AT \R SIDE1 = \R CAUSE1 :I* WAS A UNIV]SAL CAUSE ( FRE$OM AGA9/ TYRANNY4 ,WE C\LD NOT D5Y !M ! SATISFACTION ( FI<T+ & DY+ ) US4 ,MANY ,ITALIANS1 ,G]MANS1 ,FR5*M51 ETC41 F\<T ON \R ,>AGON ,FRONT FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! W>4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS K9D ( SUPPORT WAS ONE ?+1 & ! POLITICAL 9T5TIONS ( ?OSE :O CREAT$ ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES ) RECRUITS FROM MANY DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 W]E ANO!R ?+ 5TIRELY4 ,AMONG !SE RECRUITS :O CAME TO ,SPA9 TO JO9 ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 !RE W]E SOME :O E>N$ \R RESPECT1 & MANY ( !M W]E SIMPLE UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S :O W]E DECEIV$ BY ! ATTRACTIVE PROMISES DISSEM9AT$ BY SOPHI/ICAT$ PROPAG&A4 ,!Y HAD COME TO ,SPA91 NOT TO DIE 9 ! W>1 BUT TO MAKE A LIV+ FROM IT1 LIKE ! M]C5>IES ( OLD4 ,AS = ! HI<] LEVEL (FIC]S & ?OSE :O 9V5T$ ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 H[EV]1 !Y HAD O!R ?+S 9 M9D4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 ,CATALONIA AS WELL AS 9 ! ,C5T]1 9 ,LEVANTE AS 9 ,E/REMADURA1 DID NOT HAVE ! SYMPA?Y ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,RUSSIANS CLEV]LY UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD ONLY GOV]N BY S]V+ ! PEOPLE1 RESPOND+ TO ! DEM&S & ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y DECID$ ?AT !Y HAD TO HOLD ! ,SPANI% MASSES 9 *ECK1 DISCIPL9E !M & SUBJECT !M TO AN IRON C5TRAL P[]1 & *ANGE ! ,SPANI% TEMP]AM5T & S\L4 ,! PEOPLE HAD F\<T H]OICALLY AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT1 BUT !Y W]E NOT A DOCILE 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! ,GOV]NM5T & ( ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,W>4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T NE$$ A FIR/-CLASS 9/RUM5T TO IMPOSE ITS WILL4 ,FOLL[+ ! ADVICE ( ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMATS1 IT ALL[$ ! 5TRY 9TO ,SPA9 ( ! SO-CALL$ 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 UND] ! CONTEMPTIBLE PRETEXT ?AT ! MILITIAS DID NOT KN[ H[ TO FI<T OR FOLL[ ORD]S4 ,!Y DID NOT OBEY ?OSE :OM !Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO OBEY6 

,! MILITIAS KNEW H[ TO FI<T & H[ TO FOLL[ ORD]S JU/ AS WELL AS ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES4 ,!RE WAS ONE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M1 H[EV]3 ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES W]E EQUIPP$ ) EFFECTIVE MOD]N WEAPONS1 :ILE ! PEOPLE'S MILITIAS (T5 W5T B>EFOOT1 W]E >M$ ) PRIMITIVE WEAPONS1 USUALLY )\T AMMUNITION1 & !Y W]E P]SECUT$ BY ! CON/ANT SABOTAGE ( ! C5TRALI/ BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,WE W]E OPPOS$ TO ! CREATION ( !SE 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES & WE ISSU$ ! ORD] TO ! DELEGATES AT ! BORD] PO/S TO D5Y 5TRY TO !SE VOLUNTE]S4 ,WE W]E !N VISIT$ BY PEOPLE :O WA/$ NO TIME COM+ TO ,SPA9 UND] ! SPONSOR%IP ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 SU* AS ,&RE ,M>TY1 :O W]E TRY+ TO CONV9CE US TO ALL[ ! 5TRY 9TO ,SPA9 ( !SE M5 :O WANT$ TO FI<T AT \R SIDE4 ,WE SAID ?AT WE HAD PL5TY ( M51 & ?AT 9/EAD ( BR++ !SE BRIGADES TO ,SPA91 :AT REALLY NE$$ TO BE DONE WAS TO HELP US ) >MS & MUNITIONS2 WE ?\<T ?AT IT WAS AN 9JU/ICE & A CRIME TO /& BY & WAT* \R MILITIAM51 :OSE BRAV]Y & SPIRIT >E BEYOND COMP>E1 LEFT DEF5SELESS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME L>GE UNITS ( =EIGN SOLDI]S W]E BE+ =M$1 EQUIPP$ ) EV]Y?+ !Y NE$$ & GIV5 PREF]5TIAL TREATM5T4 ,WE /OPP$ MORE ?AN A ?\S& ( !SE VOLUNTE]S AT ! BORD] ) ,FRANCE2 :5 !Y W]E TURN$ AWAY FROM ! BORD]1 !Y W]E TRANSPORT$ BY %IPS FROM ,FR5* PORTS TO ,SPANI% PORTS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,ON ONE SU* OCCASION1 ONE ( \R COA/ GU>D VESSELS1 ! 0,FRANCISCO01 9T]CEPT$ A %IPM5T ( >MS 9T5D$ = !SE 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES4 ,WE ORD]$ ?AT ! %IP DOCK 9 ,B>CELONA1 & :5 IT WAS UNLOAD$1 WE SAW ?AT ITS C>GO WAS COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( 9OP]ABLE & USELESS WEAPONS FROM BE=E ! W> ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h1 PAID = )\T ANY QUE/IONS AB\T PRICE BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T4 

,ALL ( ?AT /UFF WAS ( SU* POOR QUALITY ?AT WE HAD NO OBJECTION TO RETURN+ IT TO ITS [N]S1 :5 !Y DEM&$ ?AT WE DO SO4 ,! ,FR5* ADV5TUR]S :O S]V$ AS ! FRONT = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES MADE A KILL+1 AS WE HAVE S9CE DISCOV]$1 9 !IR BUS9ESS DEAL+S ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,WE HAD TO REL9QUI% \R CONTROL OV] ! ,CATALONIAN MILITIAS BECAUSE ( 9CID5TS ( ?AT K9D1 SKILLFULLY DI/ORT$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS1 & !N ! SO-CALL$ VOLUNTE]S W]E ALL[$ FREE PASSAGE OV] ! T]RITORY ( ,CATALONIA4 

,WE DID NOT YET HAVE A CLE> IDEA ( ! DANG] REPRES5T$ BY !SE BRIGADES ?AT W]E AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & WE W]E SURE ?AT MANY ( !IR SOLDI]S--! ONES :O W]E NOT M]E ADV5TUR]S--W\LD NOT HAVE AGRE$ TO P]=M ! ROLE !Y W]E TO PLAY IF !Y HAD BE5 AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT IT WAS NOT ! NE$S ( ! W> ?AT L$ TO ! CREATION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 BUT A TREASON\S1 P>TY-C5T]$ POLICY & ! NE$1 ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O ASPIR$ TO BE DICTATORS1 TO HAVE ! USE ( AN OB$I5T /RIKE =CE1 S9CE ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E 9SI/5TLY DECL>+ !IR ADUL?OOD4 

,LAT]1 :5 ! MISSION !Y HAD BE5 CALL$ UPON TO P]=M WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 WE EXPRESS$ \R OP9ION TO MANY ( ! SOLDI]S S]V+ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 & !Y AGRE$ ) US2 BUT IT WAS TOO LATE TO UNDO ! HORRIBLE DAMAGE !Y HAD UN9T5TIONALLY CAUS$4 

,WE W\LD RA!R NOT TALK AB\T ! SECRET PRISONS1 & ! ASSASS9ATIONS SO CASUALLY C>RI$ \T AGA9/ ! VOLUNTE]S :O W]E NOT ,/AL9I/S4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! ,MA*IAVELLIANISM ( ! ,RUSSIANS HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 BY TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! SYMPA?IES >\S$ BY ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 !Y C\LD GET RID ( !IR ,TROT/KYI/1 LIB]T>IAN1 & 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/ 5EMIES BY WAY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 :I* !Y W\LD HAVE TO JO9 TO FI<T 9 ,SPA94 ,TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 !IR CONCLUSION W\LD BE SUPPORT$ BY ! SUBSEQU5T EV5TS4.<#b#e.> 

,WE DO NOT KN[ H[ MANY M5 CAME TO ,SPA9 TO JO9 !SE BRIGADES4 ,!RE MI<T HAVE BE5 TW5TY- OR TW5TY-FIVE ?\S&4 ,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT )9 A FEW MON?S1 & EV5 :ILE ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO WAS /ILL ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 MO/ ( ! SOLDI]S 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES W]E ,SPANI>DS COMPELL$ TO S]VE 9 !IR RANKS1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,RUSSIAN OR O!R =EIGN (FIC]S4 ,! RANKS ( !SE BRIGADES1 :I* W]E ?9N$ \T MORE BY DES]TIONS ?AN BY 5EMY FIRE1 W]E FILL$ ) ,SPANI% CONSCRIPTS4 

,9 \R OP9ION1 NEI!R !SE 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES1 NOR1 AFT]W>DS1 ! CREATION ( ! =MIDABLE >MY ( C>AB9]OS1 W]E MORE VEHEM5TLY OPPOS$ BY ANY SECTOR ?AN BY ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE !MSELVES1 :I* NO LONG] HAD ANY SAY 9 MILIT>Y POLICY4 ,9 (FICIAL SPH]ES1 \R DIRECT ACTION HAD REMA9$ )\T AN E*O & )\T ANY SEQUEL4  

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