,*APT] #f 
,9DU/RY1 ,TRANSPORT & ,AGRICULTURE 9 ! ,H&S ( ! ,WORK]S--,! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,ECONOMY--,! ,AGR>IAN ,COLLECTIVES--,! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,CULTURE--,W> & ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9DU/RY1 TRANSPORT & AGRICULTURE 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S--,! REVOLUTION 9 ! ECONOMY--,! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES--,! REVOLUTION 9 CULTURE--,W> & REVOLUTION 

  

,CONC]N+ C]TA9 MATT]S AB\T :I* WE CANNOT REMA9 SIL5T1 IT WILL BE ! VICTORS 9 ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT ?AT WILL 9FLICT H>M ON ! PEOPLE ( ,JULY #a#i-#b1 BUT HI/ORY & LIV+ MEMORY WILL CAUSE ! GREAT CON/RUCTIVE ABILITY ( ET]NAL ,SPA91 AN ABILITY ?AT IS UNIQUE 9 ! WORLD & ESPECIALLY 9 C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE SUFF]$ AS WE HAVE1 TO SURVIVE AS A DEF9ITIVE ACQUISITION4 ,EV5 = ?OSE :O W]E ! MO/ F]V5T BELIEV]S 9 ! VIRTUES ( \R PEOPLE1 IT WAS AN UN=GETTABLE REVELATION4 

,FROM :AT MY/]I\S S\RCES ( 9SPIRATION DID SO MANY M>VELS >ISE SPONTANE\SLY1 PRODIGIES ( COMMON ACCORD & EFFICI5T ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION1 9 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 M9+1 & TRANSPORT1 EV]Y:]E8 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9 ?IS ET]NAL ,SPA91 CRU%$ = C5TURIES BY =EIGN POLITICAL & RELIGI\S RULE1 A GREAT NUMB] ( SE$S ( RESURRECTION W]E S[N1 BUT ! MA9 DRIV+ =CE WAS ! SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 5NOBL$ BY ITS SUFF]+ 9 GRIEV\S S]VITUDE4 ,& ?IS SE$ WAS S[N ALL OV] ! L&1 FROM HE>T TO HE>T1 FROM BRO!R TO BRO!R & FROM P>5TS TO *ILDR54 

,! GLITT] ( ! SO-CALL$ LIT]>Y G5]ATIONS H>DLY AFFECT$ ! S\L ( ! PEOPLE2 H[EV]1 FEW W]E ! ,&ALUSIAN PEASANTS1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E ILLIT]ATE1 :O DID NOT HAVE1 EV5 IF ONLY 9 PRIVATE1 SOME?+ ( ! MEMORY1 ( ! YE>N+1 ( ! F]V5T APO/OLIC MISSION ( A ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA4 

,?IS ,SPA91 :I* DOES NOT FEATURE PROM95TLY 9 ANY BIBLIOGRAPHIES1 :I* HAS NO FLA%Y ORATORS 9 ! LEGISLATURE1 :I* HAS NO O!R REPRES5TATIVES ?AN ANONYM\S APO/LES1 VICTIMS ( ! MO/ ATROCI\S P]SECUTIONS & ! MO/ 9HUMAN M>TYRDOMS1 WAS UNKN[N4 ,V]Y FEW =EIGN]S PLUMB$ !SE DEP?S1 NOR DID V]Y MANY ( ! CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S REPRES5TATIVES ( ANTI-,SPANI% ,EUROPEANIZATION1 :E!R ON ! RI<T OR ! LEFT1 KN[ ANY?+ AB\T :AT HAD G]M9AT$ AT ! CO/ ( 5ORM\S SACRIFICES 9 ! ,SPANI% S\L4 ,EV]Y REGION1 EV]Y MAJOR T[N1 EV]Y TRADE & EV]Y 9DU/RY HAD ITS [N ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA1 ! H]O & M>TYR ( A LONG-AWAIT$ RESURRECTION ( ! SPIRIT ( ! RACE4 

,ALL ( ITS 5EMIES MAY CURSE & D5\NCE ! EPIC ( ,JULY #aicf TO ,M>* #a#i#c#i2 BUT AL?\< IT W\LD BE V]Y MU* TO !IR LIK+1 !Y CANNOT BE IGNORANT ( ! FACT ?AT DUR+ ?AT P]IOD ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 BY 9TUITION & CONVICTION1 EMB>K$ ON ! TRUE ROAD ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 ?AT ! CAPACITY & EFFICI5CY ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR 9 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE HAVE NEV] BE=E BE5 SURPASS$ & NEV] WILL BE SURPASS$ UNLESS ,SPA9 ONCE AGA9 TAKES ?AT SAME ROAD1 ! ROAD ( ,JULY1 :I* 5C\NT]$ JU/ AS MU* 9COMPREH5SION & JU/ AS MU* ANIMOSITY 9 ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,APRIL #a#d1 #aica AS IT DID AMONG ! LEAD]S ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT ( #a#i#c#f4 

,\R VICTORY NECESS>ILY 5TAIL$ A %IFT ( ! LOCUS ( LEAD]%IP ( ! ECONOMY & PUBLIC LIFE1 = ! LATT] AT LEA/ DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS ( ! NEW SY/EM1 AWAY FROM ! M5 :O REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM & :O W]E ASSOCIAT$ ) ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 

,MO/ ( ! LEAD+ FIGURES ( BIG 9DU/RY1 ! MAJOR L&[N]S & ! BIG F9ANCI]S1 HAD FL$ ! C\NTRY1 & IT WAS REVEAL$ ?AT ! TOTAL AM\NT ( CAPITAL FLI<T FROM BANK ACC\NTS DUR+ ! TWO WEEKS PREC$+ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT WAS 9 EXCESS ( #i11 PESETAS1 :I* PROVES !IR COMPLICITY & !IR KN[L$GE ( :AT WAS BE+ PLANN$4 

,AT SIX A4M4 ON ! MORN+ ON ,JULY #a#i1 WE TOOK OV] ! ,CASA DE ,CAMBO & ! ,FOM5TO DEL ,TRABAJO .<! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,EMPLOY]S ,ASSOCIATION.>1 A V]ITABLE =TRESS1 :5 WE SAW ! ?REAT ( A POSSIBLE 5EMY ATTEMPT TO ADVANCE VIA ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA TO L9K UP ) ! B>RACKS ( ,AV5IDA ,IC>IA & ! ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S .<,CAPITANIA ,G5]AL.>4 ,ALL ! (FICES HAD BE5 TOTALLY EVACUAT$1 RI<T D[N TO ! S]VICE /AFF4 ,! BIG CAPITALI/S HAD FL$ 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! REVOLT1 SOME DUE TO !IR HI< PR(ILE & !IR PA/1 O!RS BECAUSE !Y W]E AFRAID ( ! RAVAGES ( ! CIVIL W> ?AT !Y HAD SUBSIDIZ$4 

,! WORK]S TOOK POSSESSION ( ALL SOCIAL WEAL?1 FACTORIES1 M9ES1 SURFACE & M>ITIME TRANSPORT1 ! E/ATES ( ! BIG L&[N]S .<LATIFUNDI/AS.>1 PUBLIC S]VICES & ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( TRADE & COMM]CE4 ,WORK]S CONTROL COMMITTEES W]E SPONTANE\SLY ORGANIZ$ 9 ALL 5T]PRISES1 9 :I* MANUAL & TE*NICAL WORK]S COLLABORAT$1 TOGE!R )1 ON MANY OCCASIONS1 ! =M] [N]S :O CAME TO T]MS ) ! NEW SITUATION & WANT$ TO BE EMPLOY$ )9 ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y ECONOMY1 TO GIVE IT A NAME ?AT DI/+UI%ES IT FROM ! PREVI\S K9D ( ECONOMY1 & TO BE WORK]S OR TE*NICIANS LIKE EV]YONE ELSE4 

,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT ?IS SOCIAL CONVULSION CAUS$1 ) ! BREAKD[N ( ALL ! OLD RELATIONS & ! CREATION ( A NEW WAY ( LIFE4 ,& ALL ( ?IS TOOK PLACE SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! PROSECUTION ( A W> ?AT =C$ US TO S5D #c1 M5 TO ! ,>AGON FRONT1 NOT TO C\NT ! AUXILI>Y UNITS 9 ! RE>GU>D4 ,! PRES5CE ( #c1 M5 ON ! FRONT REQUIR$ ! EF=TS1 9 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 ( TWO HUNDR$ ?\S& M54 ,?IS 5TIRE ME*ANISM HAD TO BE CREAT$ & ORGANIZ$ FROM SCRAT*1 )\T ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE RAW MAT]IALS & MA*9]Y1 UND] ! WOR/ IMAG9ABLE CONDITIONS4 

,SOME 9DU/RIES REA*$ EFFICI5CY SOON] ?AN O!RS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE %\LD CALL ATT5TION TO ! MAGNIFIC5T ORGANIZATION ( URBAN TRANSPORT1 RAIL TRANSPORT & M>ITIME TRANSPORT4 ,UND] ! =M] ADM9I/RATION WE W\LD NEV] HAVE EXPECT$ !SE S]VICES TO BE SO P]FECTLY & PRECISELY OP]AT$ AS !Y W]E AFT] ,JULY4 ,BESIDES GOOD ORGANIZATION1 !RE WAS ALSO GOOD WILL1 ! CONSCI\S SUPPORT & WIDESPREAD EMULATION ( ! CAUSE ?AT WE DEF5D$ ?AT ! OLD SY/EM C\LD NOT COAX FROM ! WORK]S ) ! LURE ( HI<] WAGES ALONE4 

,WE MU/ ALSO PO9T \T ?AT MANY ( !SE WORK]S1 ! RAILROAD WORK]S1 ! URBAN RAIL WORK]S & ! SAILORS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E SOME ( ! L[E/-PAID WORK]S 9 ,SPA91 YET !Y NONE!LESS AGRE$ TO CONT9UE TO WORK = ! SAME POV]TY WAGE1 DESPITE ! VA/LY MORE 9T5SE LABOR ?AT !Y HAD VOLUNT>ILY IMPOS$ ON !MSELVES1 UNTIL MANY MON?S AFT] !Y HAD TAK5 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR 9DU/RIES 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,& EV5 DUR+ ! LA/ DAYS ( ! W>1 :5 ! DEVALUATION ( ! PESETA HAD RAIS$ PRICES TO A/RONOMICAL LEVELS1 TICKET PRICES = TRANSPORTATION S]VICES W]E /ILL ! SAME AS !Y W]E BE=E ! W>4 

,IF ! TRANSPORT 9DU/RY AS A :OLE DID NOT OP]ATE ON ! DAY AFT] \R VICTORY 9 ,JULY ) ! SAME NUMB] ( S*$UL$ /OPS AS IT DID ! DAY BE=E1 NOR DID IT /RICTLY ADH]E TO ! S*$ULES UND] ! NEW MANAGEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 ! REASON WAS NOT BECAUSE ! WORK]S W]E 9CAPABLE ( MEET+ !SE DEM&S1 BUT DUE TO \R NE$ TO CONS]VE FUEL = MILIT>Y TRANSPORT4 

,& ! :OLE FLEET1 BO? ! M]*ANT M>9E & ! NAVY1 9 ! H&S ( ! SAILORS & TE*NICIANS1 DEMON/RAT$ A CAPACITY = UNLIMIT$ A*IEVEM5TS4 ,NO?+ C\LD /& 9 ITS WAY2 AS LONG AS ! SAILORS ( \R NAVY HAD CONTROL OV] ! %IPS1 ! SEA WAS \RS1 9ITIATIVE & ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE W]E 9 \R H&S4 ,:51 ?ANKS TO ! WORK ( ! ,RUSSIANS & !IR AG5TS 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO IMPOSE 0ORD]0 9 ! NAVY1 WE LO/ \R RULE ( ! SEAS4 ,9 ! M]*ANT M>9E NOT ONLY DID H]OISM ATTA9 NEW HEI<TS1 BUT SO DID ! EFFECTIV5ESS ) :I* EV]Y %IP C\LD BE US$ = ! S]VICE ( ! NEW ,SPA94 

,& :ILE ! TRANSPORT SY/EM DEMON/RAT$ SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( ABILITY & RESPONSIBILITY :5 IT WAS TRANSF]R$ FROM ! MANAGEM5T ( ! =M] BUS9ESS [N]S TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! WORK]S & TE*NICIANS !MSELVES1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PEACETIME TO MILIT>Y PRODUCTION 9 9DU/RY WAS C>RI$ \T ) A/ONI%+ SPE$4 ,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT 9 ORD] TO WAGE A MOD]N W>1 ! SUPPORT ( A L>GE 9DU/RIAL BASE OP]AT+ #bd H\RS A DAY IS 9DISP5SABLE4 

,! ME*ANISM ( ! NEW ECONOMY WAS SIMPLE3 EA* FACTORY CREAT$ ITS NEW MANAG]IAL DEP>TM5T ON ! BASIS ( ITS BLUE COLL>1 ADM9I/RATIVE & TE*NICAL P]SONNEL4 ,! FACTORIES )9 EA* 9DU/RY ASSOCIAT$ AT A LOCAL LEVEL & =M$ ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( !IR 9DU/RY4 ,ALL ! ,F$]ATIONS ( ALL ! 9DU/RIES TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ SOME?+ ALONG ! L9ES ( A ,LOCAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 9 :I* ALL ! C5T]S ( PRODUCTION1 COMMUNICATIONS1 EX*ANGE1 HEAL? & SANITATION1 CULTURE & TRANSPORT W]E REPRES5T$4 ,!SE ,LOCAL ,C\NCILS ( ! ,ECONOMY S5T REPRES5TATIVES TO A ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 & EA* ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( EA* 9DU/RY WAS ALSO REPRES5T$ ON A ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,9DU/RY1 & !N A P]MAN5T L9K WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ,9DU/RY & ! ,REGIONAL ,C\NCILS ( ! ,ECONOMY4.<#a#e.> 

,EV5 ! BOLDE/ CAPITALI/ PROGRAM1 AT ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION1 HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO ATTA91 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES1 SU* A DEGREE ( EFFICI5CY1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ONE HUNDR$ P]C5T ( ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( EA* 9DU/RY1 ON ! LOCAL1 REGIONAL & NATIONAL SCALE4 

,= MANY PEOPLE1 ! REVOLUTION IS SOME?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 ! /REETS2 FI<T+ ON ! B>RICADES1 ! REV5GE ( ! PEOPLE1 & EV]Y?+ ELSE ASSOCIAT$ ) A MAJOR UPHEAVAL 9 ! AGE-OLD R\T9E4 

,WE NEV] CONFUS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y /AGE-SC5]Y ( ! FIR/ PHASE ) ! ESS5CE ( ! REVOLUTION1 & WE HAVE NOT HESITAT$ TO SET =? ! ORI5TATION NE$$ TO REALLY C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION ?AT ! MASSES W]E DISCUSS+ & = :I* !Y HAD LONG YE>N$1 & :I* WAS ALSO VIEW$ ) A GREAT DEAL ( SYMPA?Y AMONG NON-PROLET>IAN SECTORS ( ! POPULATION4 

,= US1 ! REVOLUTION WAS ABOVE ALL ! CREATION ( WEAL? & ITS EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION TO ! :OLE POPULATION1 ! 9CREASE ( G5]AL WELL-BE+ ?ANKS TO ! CONTRIBUTIONS & H>MONI\S & EFFICACI\S ORGANIZATION ( ! COMMON EF=TS1 ! LABOR ( JU/ICE4 ,WE DID NOT WANT A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ?AT W\LD SUBSI/ 9 POV]TY1 BUT ONE ?AT W\LD 5ABLE EV]YONE TO 5JOY A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+2 & ?IS /&>D ( LIV+ TO :I* WE ASPIR$ HAD TO BE CONQU]$1 NOT ) WEAPONS ( W>1 BUT ) ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 9 ! FACTORIES1 ! M9ES1 ! FIELDS1 & ! S*OOLS4 

,! W> WAS A T]RIBLE MIS=TUNE1 AN OB/ACLE ON ! ROAD1 A NECESSITY IMPOS$ BY ! DEF5SE ( \R NEWLY-WON PRIVILEGES1 RA!R ?AN A CREATIVE ELEM5T ( ! REAL REVOLUTION4 

,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ DAY ( ! W>1 WE HAD TO FACE AN AL>M+ %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS1 9 A REGION ?AT HAS H>DLY ANY M9]ALS1 FIB] CROPS OR HYDROC>BON RES\RCES4 ,WE LACK$ COAL = 9DU/RY & TRANSPORT4 ,! AV]AGE CONSUMPTION ( COAL 9 ,CATALONIA WAS BETWE5 FIVE & SIX ?\S& TONS P] DAY1 & ! ONLY OP]ATIONAL M9ES1 PROVID+ L[-QUALITY COAL1 H>DLY YIELD$1 EV5 ) MORE 9T5SIVE EXPLOITATION1 ?REE HUNDR$ TONS P] DAY4 ,9 A FEW MON?S WE MANAG$ TO RAISE ?IS FIGURE TO A ?\S&2 EV5 SO1 H[EV]1 ! %ORTAGE ( COAL WAS A CON/ANT TRAG$Y1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ! %ORTAGE ( ! HI<] GRADES ( COAL US$ = ! METAL 9DU/RY4 

,A/URIAS C\LD HAVE MADE A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION1 BUT ONE ( ITS LEAD]S1 ,AMADOR ,F]N&EZ1 RESPOND$ TO \R REQUE/S BY SAY+ ?AT HE W\LD RA!R SEE ! COAL ( ,A/URIAS PILE UP AT ! PI!ADS OR ON ! DOCKS AT ,MUSEL ?AN TO SEE IT FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,CATALONIANS2 9 ! MEANTIME1 ,A/URIAS LACK$ ! TEXTILES ?AT WE HAD 9 ABUNDANCE & O!R ELEM5TS ?AT WE (F]$ TO PROVIDE4 

,WE DREW UP PLANS =1 & TOOK ! FIR/ FEW /EPS T[>DS1 ! ELECTRIFICATION ( ! RAIL SY/EM1 & :ILE WE W]E AW>E ( ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT ?IS TASK W\LD 5TAIL1 WE W]E NONE!LESS ALSO AW>E ( ! VA/ AM\NT ( ELECTRIC 5]GY AT \R DISPOSAL & ! CONSEQU5T RAPID AMORTIZATION ( ALL ! EXP5SES ?AT W\LD BE 9CURR$ BY ELECTRIFICATION4 ,IF1 SOM$AY1 ,SPA91 REG>DLESS ( ! TYPE ( REGIME ?AT RULES OV] IT1 W]E TO DESIRE TO TAKE A DECISIVE /EP =W>D 9 ! DIRECTION ( PROGRESS & CIVILIZATION1 ! ELECTRIFICATION ( ITS RAIL SY/EM1 :I* W\LD 5TAIL A R$UCTION 9 ! CO/ ( RAIL TRAVEL & TRANSPORT 9 G5]AL & ! CON/RUCTION ( NUM]\S NEW ELECTRIC P[] G5]ATION PLANTS1 & !RE=E DAMS1 FACTORIES1 ETC41 W\LD BE ONE ( ITS FIR/ /EPS4 

,WE 9ITIAT$ A PROJECT TO PRODUCE TEXTILES FROM FIB] CROPS ?AT HAD NOT YET BE5 US$ = ?IS PURPOSE TO REPLACE SOME ( ! COTTON ?AT WE LACK$2 SOME ( !SE PROGRAMS WILL CONT9UE TO BE PURSU$ 9 ,SPA91 REG>DLESS ( ! TYPE ( POLITICAL REGIME4 ,WE BUILT L>GE 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES TO PROCESS FLAX1 HEMP1 ESP>TO GRASS1 RICE /RAW & BROOM4 

,WE BUILT L>GE CELLULOSE FACTORIES ?AT US$ DOME/IC RAW MAT]IALS1 & ) REG>D TO ! METAL & *EMICAL 9DU/RIES1 ! FACT ?AT WE DID ! SAME ?+ RI<T 9 ! MIDDLE ( A REVOLUTION & A W> MU/ HAVE IMPRESS$ EV5 \R 5EMIES1 :O HAVE N[ F\ND !MSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( AN IMPROV$ 9DU/RIAL BASE1 BUT ONE ?AT IS TWICE AS L>GE AS IT WAS BE=E ! W>4 ,PRODUC$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,SPA9 W]E3 METALLIC SODIUM1 PICRIC ACID1 E?YL5E DIBROMIDE1 OCTANOL1 BROM9E4442 SUB/ITUTES W]E MANUFACTUR$ = NUM]\S M$IC9ES ?AT W]E =M]LY OBTA9$ FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( NEW FACTORIES W]E BUILT1 & FACTORIES ?AT ALREADY EXI/$ W]E 5L>G$1 9 ,LEVANTE & ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 BY ! 9DU/RIAL TRADE UNIONS OR AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W]E CREAT$ TO PROMOTE W> PRODUCTION4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! CREATION ( !SE NEW 5T]PRISES1 ALMO/ ALL 9DU/RIAL SECTORS EXP]I5C$ AN UNPREC$5T$ IMPROVEM5T ( !IR 5TIRE 9DU/RIAL APP>ATUS4 ,:AT FEATS W]E NOT ACCOMPLI%$ 9 T]MS ( CONC5TRATION & SPECIALIZATION8 ,! WOOD PRODUCTS 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* BEGAN ) CUTT+ D[N ! TREES 9 ! =E/S & 5D$ 9 ! FURNITURE %[ROOMS1 9TRODUC$ A RATIONALIZ$ SY/EM ( LABOR1 ! ASSEMBLY L9E1 & ?US TOOK ADVANTAGE ( A #e P]C5T 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( HUMAN LABOR4 

,& H[ CAN WE NOT FAI?FULLY RECORD1 NOT TO CITE A ?\S& O!R CASES1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! DAIRY 9DU/RY 9 ,B>CELONA1 :I* HAD NO REASON TO 5VY ! MO/ MOD]N DAIRIES 9 ! WORLD1 & :I* WAS 5TIRELY ! WORK ( ! REVOLUTION8 ,& ON ! DAY ?AT1 BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! /ATE OR PRIVATE CAPITALISM1 SOME?+ SIMIL> IS A*IEV$ ) RESPECT TO ORGANIZATION & EFFICI5CY ?AT COMP>ES ) :AT ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANTS ( ,LEVANTE ACCOMPLI%$1 ) EV]Y K9D ( SPECIALIZ$ AGRICULTURAL LABOR1 ) ! PROCESS+ ( ITS CROPS1 ) ! DI/RIBUTION & M>KET+ ( ITS PRODUCTS1 ) ITS RESE>* LABORATORIES1 ) ITS EXP]IM5TAL F>MS1 ) ITS S*OOLS TO TRA9 ADM9I/RATIVE /AFF = AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 ETC41 WE WILL !N ADMIT ?AT ! SAME RESULT CAN BE ATTA9$ BY O!R ROADS ?AN ! ONE WE ADVOCAT$4 ,& ?IS RESULT MU/ BE A*IEV$1 BY ! EF=TS ( :OEV] IS CAPABLE ( IT1 SO ?AT ,SPA9 CAN ONCE AGA9 BE ! EMPORIUM ( WEAL?1 ( PROSP]ITY & ( CULTURE ?AT IT ONCE WAS 9 TIMES PA/4 

,9 C]TA9 9DU/RIES IT TOOK LONG] TO 9TRODUCE ! FRE% AIR ( ! MOD]N ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 BUT WE F9ALLY CREAT$ /RONG F\NDATIONS4 ,9 ! CLO?+ 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE4 ,AT FIR/ WE HAD PROBLEMS MEET+ ! ORD]S PLAC$ BY ! >MY1 AL?\< WE LACK$ NEI!R FABRIC NOR P]SONNEL2 BUT ! OB/ACLES ?AT SL[$ US D[N W]E M]ELY SO MANY LESSONS = US TO LE>N & ?IS SECTOR1 TOO1 TRADITIONALLY REPRES5T$ BY SMALL E/ABLI%M5TS & BY DOME/IC WORK1 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT WAS CAPABLE ( MEET+ ALL ! DEM&S ?AT W]E PLAC$ UPON IT4 

,WE LAID ! F\NDATIONS = EXPLOIT+ ! NATURAL WEAL? ( ! C\NTRY & ITS UND]GR\ND RES\RCES1 :I* >E NOT ABUNDANT 9 ,CATALONIA1 BUT :I* >E CAPABLE ( PROVID+ A RESPECTABLE YIELD4 ,MAJOR DEPOSITS ( LEAD W]E SUBJECT$ TO EXPLOITATION1 ! 5TIRE LEAD 9DU/RY WAS ORGANIZ$ & LEAD ORE WAS SOLD TO =EIGN BUY]S RI<T 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! W>4 ,COPP] ORE WAS ALSO M9$1 SMELT$ & ELECTRO-PLAT$2 MANGANESE M9ES W]E OP5$ ?AT W]E PREVI\SLY ?\<T TO BE UNVIABLE4 ,WE EV5 BEGAN TO SE>* = OIL ) ANTIQUAT$ & 9ADEQUATE DRILL+ RIGS4 

,NEV] BE=E W]E SO MANY ECONOMIC 9ITIATIVES UND]TAK5 9 SU* A BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME4 ,!IR SY/EMATIC ELABORATION PUT US ON ! ROAD ( A COORD9AT$ ECONOMY1 & AT ! SAME TIME MADE US AW>E ( :AT WE W]E ABLE TO A*IEVE 9 EV]Y RESPECT & :AT WAS POSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 9 ! FUTURE4 ,SELDOM HAVE ?OSE :O HAVE 9T]V5$ 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 AS GOV]NM5TAL PR(ESSIONALS1 DONE SO ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ! ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES ( ! C\NTRY4 ,EV5 9 \R REVOLUTION>Y RANKS1 WE HAD DEVOT$ MU* MORE EF=T & ATT5TION TO ! SPECIFIC *ALL5GE ( PREP>+ = ! 9SURRECTION ?AN WE DID TO REAL PREP>ATION = ! CON/RUCTIVE P]IOD AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 

,?IS EXPLA9S ! DIFFICULTIES & ! UNC]TA9TY ( ALL \R FIR/ /EPS4 ,WE UND]/OOD ?AT \R MISSION WAS NOT ?AT ( ! TYPICAL POLITICS1 ?AT ( RE9=C+ ! P[] ( Y\R [N P>TY & FILL+ UP ALL ! GOV]NM5T POSITIONS ) Y\R P>TY'S SUPPORT]S2 WE BELIEV$ ?AT WE HAD TO DEVOTE \RSELVES1 ABOVE ALL1 TO 9CREAS+ ! WEAL? & MOBILIZ+ ALL =CES & ALL 9TELLIG5CE 9 ! S]VICE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,BY WAY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL PRECONCEPTION1 A MAGNIFIC5T UNITY ( M5 ( EV]Y CLASS & EV]Y P>TY WAS GRADUALLY =M+1 M5 :O UND]/OOD1 AS WE DID1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM FI<T+ 9 ! /REETS & ?AT1 9 A REAL REVOLUTION1 ?OSE :O FEEL PR$ISPOS$ 9 !IR HE>TS & >E WILL+ TO CONTRIBUTE !IR PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE OR TE*NICAL EF=T TO ! COMMON LABOR HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE4 

,! SPONTANE\SLY G5]ALIZ$ MOVEM5T ( CONFISCATION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? BY ITS MANUAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE & TE*NICAL /AFF1 9 ORD] TO PLACE IT AT ! EXCLUSIVE S]VICE ( SOCIETY1 F\ND A LEGAL EXPRESSION1 ON ,OCTOB] #b#d1 #a#i#c#f1 9 ! ,COLLECTIVIZATION ,DECREE DRAFT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY ( ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS ,DECREE WAS FOLL[$ BY O!R SUPPLEM5T>Y DECREES ?AT1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 GIVE US AN APPROXIMATE PICTURE ( ! NEW ECONOMY ( ,CATALONIA4 

,BECAUSE ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 :I* AT FIR/ HAD TO ADDRESS & RESOLVE EV]Y PROBLEM1 WAS GRADUALLY BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A ,M9I/RY ( ,W> DUR+ W>TIME1 9 ORD] TO DIS5CUMB] IT ( FUNCTIONS ?AT C\LD ONLY OB/RUCT ! P]=MANCE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT MISSION1 WE CREAT$ A ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY ( ,CATALONIA1 :OSE RESOLUTIONS C\LD NOT BE VETO$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,M9I/RY ( ! ,ECONOMY4 ,IT OP]AT$ UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,ECONOMY 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 & IT WAS ALSO COMPOS$ ( REPRES5TATIVES FROM ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS 9/ITUTION ?AT WAS ! S\RCE ( ALL LEGISLATION ( AN ECONOMIC NATURE ?AT WAS IMPLEM5T$ DUR+ ! W> & ! REVOLUTION 9 ! AUTONOM\S REGION ( ,CATALONIA4 

,WE E/ABLI%$ A DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT WAS DEF9$ BY ! FOLL[+ CATEGORIES3 FUELS & S\RCES ( 5]GY1 TEXTILES1 METALS1 CON/RUCTION1 GRAPHIC >TS & PAP]1 F9ANCE1 BANKS & =EIGN EX*ANGE1 VOCATIONAL TRA9+1 *EMICALS1 HEAL? & SANITATION1 ETC4 

,! WORK P]=M$ BY ?IS ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY WAS IMPRESSIVE ) REG>D TO BO? ITS SCOPE & ITS RESULTS1 AL?\< WE DID NOT SUBSCRIBE TO ! OP9ION ( ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT LEGISLATION IMPLEM5T$ )9 ! LEGAL FRAMEWORK ( A ,/ATE IS 9CAPABLE ( ANY LA/+ A*IEVEM5T4 ,AS LONG AS IT WAS POSSIBLE = US TO DO SO1 BY WAY ( \R [N DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 ! SY/EM1 WE S\<T TO 5SURE ?AT ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY'S 9ITIATIVES W\LD LEGITIMIZE :AT WAS BE+ DONE ON A DAILY BASIS 9 ECONOMIC PRACTICE1 & !REBY PROMOT$ ! MAXIMUM DEGREE ( RESPECT = ! SUPREME LEGISLATOR1 ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,9 ?IS ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 WE AT FIR/ S]V$ 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,FUELS & ,S\RCES ( ,5]GY1 & 9 ! P]=MANCE ( ?IS ROLE WE PROPOS$1 AS E>LY AS ,AUGU/ OR ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 ?AT BOMB-PRO( ELECTRIC P[] G5]AT+ /ATIONS %\LD BE CON/RUCT$ = ,CATALONIA1 :OSE MA9 P[] PLANTS W]E ALWAYS 9 DANG] ( BE+ DE/ROY$2 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT \R PROPOSAL & CR$ITS TO F9ANCE IT W]E APPROV$1 \R SUCCESSORS 9 (FICE SAID ?AT \R PLANS W]E UNREALI/IC & !Y FAIL$ TO IMPLEM5T ! PROJECT1 & IT WAS ! %ORTAGE ( ELECTRIC P[] ?AT WAS ONE ( ! FACTORS ?AT L$ TO ! LOSS ( ! W>4 ,&RES ,N9 HEAD$ ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,TEXTILES2 HE ALWAYS WORK$ H>MONI\SLY ) US & HE WAS ALWAYS ON \R SIDE ON MAJOR QUE/IONS ( PR9CIPLE4 

,:AT WAS MO/ IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 REG>DLESS ( :AT WAS BE+ /UDI$ & :AT LEGISLATION WAS BE+ PROPOS$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 WAS ! CREATIVE LABOR ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS !MSELVES4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ YE> ( ! REVOLUTION1 =TY P]C5T MORE L& WAS BE+ CULTIVAT$ ?AN DUR+ ! YE>S IMM$IATELY PRIOR TO ! W>4 ,EV]Y SCRAP ( L& WAS PLANT$1 NO MATT] H[ UNPRODUCTIVE4 

,! MO/ UNEXPECT$ DEVELOPM5T ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( ECONOMIC CON/RUCTION WAS ! PH5OM5ON ( ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,!Y W]E =M$ SPONTANE\SLY ?R\<\T REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 9 ,CATALONIA AS WELL AS 9 ,>AGON1 9 ,LEVANTE AS WELL AS 9 ,&ALUSIA & ,CA/ILLE4 ,NO ONE--NO P>TY1 NO ORGANIZATION--ISSU$ ! ORD] TO =M COLLECTIVES2 BUT ! PEASANTRY PROCE$$ ) DET]M9ATION ALONG ?IS V]Y ROAD1 ) A CONFID5CE & A DECISIV5ESS ?AT SURPRIS$ & FILL$ ) ADMIRATION EV5 ?OSE :O HAD HI< EXPECTATIONS = ! SPIRIT ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 

,WE MU/ ALSO PO9T \T ?AT1 9 ! PRACTICAL IMPLEM5TATION ( ?IS COLLECTIVE PROJECT1 ( ! POOL+ ( LABOR1 ( LIVE/OCK1 ( L&1 & ( MA*9]Y1 !RE W]E NO SOCIALI/S OR AN>*I/S2 ALL ACT$ 9 ! SAME WAY & COMPET$ ) ONE ANO!R 9 EMULATION & UND]/&+4 

,! RESE>* LABORATORIES & TE/+ FACILITIES ( ! ,PEASANTS ,F$]ATION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,REGION W]E SUP]IOR TO ?OSE ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,AGRICULTURE1 & ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF HAD TO USE \R AGRONOMI/S & SEEK \T !IR ADVICE4 ,! FAM\S ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M ( ! ,REPUBLIC WAS SET ASIDE & =GOTT5 LIKE OLD FURNITURE & ! ONLY COLLECTIVES ?AT PROSP]$ W]E ?OSE =M$ BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 EI!R BY CONSOLIDAT+ !IR 9DIVIDUAL P>CELS ( L& OR BY CONFISCAT+ ! L>GE E/ATES :OSE [N]S HAD FL$ TO =EIGN C\NTRIES OR HAD JO9$ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 

,! IMPROVEM5TS MADE TO ! L&1 ! IRRIGATION WORKS1 ! NEW CON/RUCTION = H\S+ & W>EH\SES & WORK%OPS1 >E ! 5DUR+ TE/IMONY ( ! WORK ( ! PEASANTS1 ( !IR SURPRIS+ PROGRESSIVE LEAP =W>D1 & ( !IR CAPACITY = ORGANIZATION & AMBITION4 

,WE HAD ONE 9VET]ATE 5EMY ( ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES3 ! ,RUSSIANS & !IR AG5TS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,!Y W5T SO F> AS TO CREATE DISSID5T PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS TO UND]M9E ! WORK ( ! COLLECTIVES 9 ,LEVANTE1 & !SE ORGANIZATIONS W]E 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,AGRICULTURE4 ,!Y W]E A TOTAL FAILURE1 BECAUSE ! PEASANTS ( ! ,U,G,T & ?OSE ( ! ,C,N,T HAD ! SAME 9T]E/S & ! SAME ASPIRATIONS2 !IR ALLIANCE FRU/RAT$ ! PLANS ( ! COMMUNI/S4 ,! COMMUNI/S !N OP5$ UP ! FLOODGATES ( CALUMNY1 CLAIM+ ?AT VIOL5CE HAD BE5 US$ TO =CE ! PEASANTS TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES4 ,WE 9T]V5$1 9 BO? \R (FICIAL AS WELL AS \R UN(FICIAL CAPACITIES1 9 CASES :]E 9DIVIDUALS COMPLA9$ ( SU* ABUSES2 WE SAW ! TRU? ) \R [N EYES & WE HAD TO DEF5D ! PEASANTS AGA9/ ?OSE :O SL&]$ !IR A*IEVEM5TS4 

,WE NONE!LESS ISSU$ A DECREE MAK+ IT EASI] = 9DIVIDUALS :O WANT$ TO DO SO TO RESIGN FROM ! COLLECTIVES1 ) !IR 9DIVIDUAL %>E ( L& & TOOLS1 SE$S & ANIMALS4 ,H>DLY ANYONE LEFT ! COLLECTIVES--QUITE ! CONTR>Y4 ,& AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ?IS ATTEMPT TO BREAK UP ! PEASANTRY1 WE PRES5T ! FOLL[+ FACT3 ! PEASANT COLLECTIVE ( ,HOSPITALET DE ,LLOBREGAT1 ) #a1#e HEADS ( FAMILY1 PROPOS$ ?AT ?OSE :O W]E NOT HAPPY ) ! COLLECTIVE W\LD BE GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY TO LEAVE1 ) L& & TOOLS1 BECAUSE COLLECTIVES CAN ONLY EXI/ AS COLLECTIVES ( PEOPLE :O >E WILL+ MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,\T ( #a1#e PEOPLE1 FIVE *OSE TO LEAVE1 & !SE FIVE 9DIVIDUALS W]E NOT PEASANTS BUT DAY LABOR]S2 EV5 ! =M] L&[N]S DID NOT WANT TO LEAVE ! COLLECTIVE4 ,& ! FIVE P]SONS :O DID LEAVE ! COLLECTIVE W]E COMPELL$ TO ASSOCIATE ) ONE ANO!R1 9 TURN1 9 ORD] TO WORK 9 COMMON ! L& ?AT ! COLLECTIVE HAD GIV5 !M4.<#a#f.> 

,AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM1 TO :OSE HI/ORY1 BO? !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL1 ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A HAS DEVOT$ A L>GE VOLUME1 IS CONSUB/ANTIAL ) ! SPIRIT ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON1 :I* EMBRAC$ ALMO/ ! 5TIRE PEASANT POPULATION ( LIB]AT$ ,>AGON1 W]E LAT] BLOODILY SUPPRESS$ BY ! COMMUNI/ DIVISIONS 9 A CLE> ATTEMPT AT PROVOCATION1 A PROVOCATION ?AT1 NONE!LESS1 DID NOT WORK \T AS PLANN$2 ! COLLECTIVES W]E ALMO/ IMM$IATELY RE/OR$1 PROV+ ?AT ! PEASANTS REALLY W]E 9 FAVOR ( !M4 ,9 ,>AGON1 ALL ! COLLECTIVES W]E =M$ BY MEMB]S & SYMPA?IZ]S ( ! ,C,N,T &1 BECAUSE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO 9T]V5E 9 !M AS A POLITICAL P>TY1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT1 ON SOME DAY 9 ! FUTURE1 ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION MU/ ABSORB & LIQUIDATE ! SEP>ATE EXI/5CE ( ! P>TIES !MSELVES1 & EV5 LIQUIDATE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T1 9 ORD] TO GIVE BIR? TO A S+LE P>TY & A S+LE ORGANIZATION--,SPA91 ! MA/] ( ITS FATE & ( ITS WILL--! HATR$ ( ALL ?OSE :O ASPIR$ TO CREATE P>TY-BAS$ DICTATOR%IPS AS OPPOS$ TO ! CREATION ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE ?AT WILL =EV] REJECT SU* DICTATOR%IPS1 WAS MANIFE/$ ) A T]RIBLY LE?AL VIRUL5CE4 

,= MANY YE>S BE=E ! ,JULY MOVEM5T1 WE MA9TA9$ ?AT = A REVOLUTION TO BE REALLY B5EFICIAL & = IT TO BE FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 POSITIVE CREATIONS1 ! CITY MU/ BE BR\<T CLOS] TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK] MU/ BE BR\<T CLOS] TO ! PEASANT4 

,IT WAS \R OP9ION AFT] ,JULY #ai ?AT NEI!R EF=TS NOR SACRIFICES %\LD BE SP>$ TO RESOLVE ?IS AGE-OLD HI/ORICAL DIVORCE 9 A H>MONI\S UNITY4 

,= A V]Y BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME--& TO F9D ANY VE/IGES ( ?IS WE MU/ LOOK HUNDR$S ( YE>S 9TO ! PA/--! PEASANTS HAD A DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S--AS DOME/IC S]FS1 AS GLEBE S]FS1 AS T5ANT F>M]S1 AS RABASSAIRES1 OR AS SLAVES PROP]LY SPEAK+--CON/ITUT$ AN UND]CLASS1 A CLASS ( P>IAHS BURD5$ ) NUM]\S DUTIES1 BUT ) V]Y FEW RI<TS4 

,HI/ORY CAN BE 9T]PRET$ 9 MANY WAYS1 & !RE >E FA%IONABLE 9T]PRETATIONS = EV]Y TA/E4 ,ONE SU* 9T]PRETATION EXPLA9S ! PA/ 9 ! LI<T ( PEASANT S]VITUDE & ! PEASANTS' SPASMODIC ATTEMPTS TO CA/ (F !IR HEAVY YOKE4 

,! PEASANT WAS1 & /ILL IS = ! MO/ P>T1 A BEA/ ( BURD5 FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 A SUBMISSIVE CONTRIBUTOR TO ! TREASURY ( ! ,/ATE1 & A S\RCE ( CANNON FODD] = ! >MIES ( K+S & CAPITALI/S4 ,MU/ ?IS ALWAYS BE SO8 ,IS IT NOT A FACT ?AT ,JULY #ai NECESS>ILY H]ALD$ ! OV]COM+ ( ! TRADITIONAL DIVORCE BETWE5 ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BETWE5 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE8 

,FROM A S5SE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & JU/ICE1 & FROM ! UND]/&+ ( ! F>-REA*+ IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS QUE/ION1 WE AN>*I/S W]E OBLIG$ TO DO EV]Y?+ 9 \R P[] TO BR+ AB\T ! BRO!RHOOD ( ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 A S+LE ASPIRATION = LIB]TY & = PRODUCTIVE & DIGNIFI$ LABOR4 ,WE W]E AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT UNLESS ?IS RESULT IS OBTA9$1 A REVOLUTION BAS$ ON JU/ICE IS NOT POSSIBLE1 & ?AT ! B>OMET] ( SOCIAL PROGRESS IS ! DEGREE TO :I* ! PEASANTS >E S9C]ELY 5GAG$ 9 NEW REALITIES & NEW IDEAS4 

,WE MI<T BE APPO9T$ TO CAB9ET POSITIONS1 OCCUPY HI<-LEVEL PUBLIC (FICES1 & HAVE ! UNANIM\S SUPPORT ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,IF WE NEGLECT ! CONQUE/ ( ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ! PEASANTS1 H[EV]1 IT WILL ALL BE = NAU<T1 & ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROGRESS WILL ONLY BE A FACADE1 AN ILLUSION1 & A FRAUD4 

,) RESPECT TO ! PEASANTS1 !Y HAVE BE5 SY/EMATICALLY OV]LOOK$ 9 !IR RURAL 5CLAVES4 ,NOT EV5 MOD]N SOCIALISM MADE MU* HEADWAY AMONG !M1 EXCEPT 9 S\!RN ,SPA91 9 CONTRA/ TO ITS SUCCESSFUL P5ETRATION ( ! MA9 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,! WELT] ( DEF9ITIONS & 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! PROBLEM ( ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AT ONE F9DS 9 SOCIALI/ DOCTR9ES IS QUITE UNCONV9C+4 ,! CONDUCT ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIME & ! CAPITALI/1 MON>*I/ OR REPUBLICAN ,/ATE M]ITS EV5 LESS CONSID]ATION4 ,& :5 !SE REGIMES HAVE ACTUALLY PAID ATT5TION TO ! PEASANTS1 !Y DID SO ONLY 9 ORD] TO EXPLOIT !IR IGNORANCE & !IR GOOD FAI?1 TO PUT ! SQUEEZE ON !M MORE EFFECTIVELY = ! PR(IT ( ! RUL+ CA/ES4 ,!Y ONLY GAVE ANY ?\<T TO ! PEASANTS = ! PURPOSE ( POISON+ !M FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE ) ! OPIUM ( RELIGION & ! H]EAFT]2 !Y ?\<T ( !M AS A DOCILE S\RCE ( TAXES & CU/OMS DUTIES1 TI!S & FIR/ FRUITS2 !Y GAVE SOME ?\<T TO !M 9 ORD] TO TAKE !IR SONS FROM !M TO S]VE ! K+ OR SOME O!R /ATE AB/RACTION2 !Y PAID ATT5TION TO ! PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO EXTRACT FROM !M1 = A GOOD PRICE1 ! FRUIT ( !IR LABOR )\T ANY LIMITATIONS OR RE/RICTIONS4 

,?IS IS H[ ! :OLE CIVILIZATION & ALL ITS PROGRESS & CULTURE ?AT WE >E SO PR\D ( LOOKS LIKE TO ! PEASANT3 ! PRIE/ :O BRUTALIZ$ & DECEIV$ HIM2 ! TAX COLLECTOR TO :OM HE GAVE ALL HIS SAV+S2 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D ?AT T]RORIZ$ HIM4 ,& YET !RE >E /ILL PEOPLE :O COMPLA9 ?AT ! PEASANT IS MI/RU/FUL & ?AT ?IS MI/RU/ HAS BE5 PASS$ D[N BY G5]ATIONS ( PEASANTS ABOVE ALL ) RESPECT TO EV]Y?+ ?AT COMES FROM ! CITIES4 ,EV5 :5 ! CITIES BR+ !M LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 ?OSE :O HAVE SO (T5 BE5 AT ! RECEIV+ 5D ( TREA*]Y & DECEIT >E RI<T TO LOOK ) SUSPICION ON LIB]TY & JU/ICE !MSELVES6 

,!Y >E NOT RESPONSIBLE = !IR MI/RU/1 = !IR 9H]IT$1 9/9CTIVE SUSPICION4 ,! BLAME FALLS UPON ?OSE ( US :O HAVE TURN$ \R BACKS ON ! C\NTRYSIDE TO 5JOY ORD9>Y PLEASURES OR ! HI<] PLEASURES ( CULTURE1 OR A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+1 9 ! CITIES2 ! CULPABILITY ADH]ES TO ?OSE ( US :O1 CAPABLE ( DO+ SO & ACTUALLY M&AT$ TO DO SO BY \R PR9CIPLES1 HAVE NOT C>RI$ \T ! SAME WORK ( PROPAG&A & P]SUASION AMONG ! WORK]S ( ! L& ?AT WE HAVE AMONG ! WORK]S 9 9DU/RY2 ! FAULT IS \RS1 ALL ( US :O HAVE TOL]AT$ ! ONGO+ EXPROPRIATION ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD1 ( ! ,K+1 OR ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 )\T DO+ ANY?+ ON !IR BEHALF1 AS WE DID :5EV] IT WAS A QUE/ION ( ! EXPLOITATION & REPRESSION ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 

,WE HAD TO H>VE/ ! FRUITS ( ! OBLIVION TO :I* WE AB&ON$ ! PEASANT4 ,?AT IS1 NOT HAV+ S[N :5 ! TIME WAS RI<T1 WE CANNOT EXPECT ABUNDANT H>VE/S4 

,! REVOLUTION HAD TO SUFF] ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS DUALISM4 

,! SUCCESS OR FAILURE ( A REVOLUTION CAN BE DUE TO MANY CAUSES4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT IS ! NATURE ( ITS AGR>IAN POLICY4 ,IF IT DOES NOT C>RY \T ITS POLICIES 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! PEASANTS WILL+LY & ACTIVELY1 & EV5 5?USIA/ICALLY1 SUPPORT ! NEW SITUATION1 ! REVOLUTION WILL BE IRREM$IABLY LO/4 ,& TO GET !IR SUPPORT1 ONE MU/ NEV] = EV5 A S+LE M9UTE =GET ?AT !RE IS A MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! $UCATIONAL LEVEL ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK] & ?AT ( ! PEASANT2 & ?AT ! SAME WORDS HAVE DIFF]5T MEAN+S OR >E 9T]PRET$ DIFF]5TLY 9 ! CITY & 9 ! C\NTRY1 & ?AT FACTS ?AT >E FAVORABLE = ONE SIDE MAY BE H>MFUL TO ! O!R4 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ) RESPECT TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO GET \R IDEAS ACROSS TO ! SUSPICI\S & MI/RU/FUL PEASANT1 :O IS SUSPICI\S & MI/RU/FUL = GOOD REASONS1 WE HAVE TO EMPLOY AN 9/RUM5T ( PROPAG&A ?AT IS ALWAYS EFFECTIVE1 EV5 IF IT SEEMS MU* SL[]3 ! P[] ( EXAMPLE1 P]SUASION BY EV]YDAY PRACTICE4 ,WE WILL ALWAYS LOSE ! GAME BY FOLL[+ ! ROAD ( VIOL5CE1 EV5 IF WE CRU% ALL OP5 RESI/ANCE ON ! P>T ( ! PEASANTS4 

,)\T ! SYMPA?Y & ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( ! AGR>IAN POPULATION1 ALL ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS WILL COLLAPSE FROM IMPOT5CE4 ,EV5 IF !Y ?9K !Y >E /RONG] BECAUSE ( !IR >MIES1 EV5 IF !Y >E 5C\RAG$ BY ! RELATIVE EASE ) :I* !Y CAN SUPPRESS ANY \TBREAK ( DISCONT5T6 ,! HI/ORY ( ALL TIMES & ALL REVOLUTIONS TEA*ES US ?AT1 ON ! ROAD ( PROGRESS1 ONE CANNOT EFFECTIVELY PROCE$ ANY FUR!R ?AN :]E ! PEASANTS >E CAPABLE ( GO+ VOLUNT>ILY4 

,ALMO/ SPONTANE\SLY1 EV]Y:]E1 )\T AWAIT+ DIRECTIVES1 RESOLUTIONS OR RECOMM5DATIONS1 WE HAVE SE5 AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES >ISE ?AT W]E COMPOS$1 9 !IR VA/ MAJORITY1 BY M5 FROM RURAL >EAS :O HAD SOMEH[ BE5 EXPOS$ TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS OR :O PRES]V$ LAT5T TRACES ( MEMORIES ( PRACTICAL =MS ( LABOR 9 COMMON FROM !IR LOCAL TRADITIONS4 ,L& WAS SEIZ$ FROM ! L&[N]S :O W]E SYMPA!TIC TO ! MILIT>Y REVOLT1 ALL >ABLE FALL[ L& WAS CULTIVAT$1 BUT 9/EAD ( DI/RIBUT+ ALL ( ?IS L& 9 MORE OR LESS EQUAL %>ES1 !SE L&S W]E HELD 9 COMMON ALONG ) !IR RESPECTIVE TOOLS1 MA*9]Y & LIVE/OCK4 

,?IS WAS ! REAL BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,!RE W]E ISOLAT$ CASES :]E ! PROCESS DID NOT GO SMOO?LY2 IT WAS CLAIM$ ?AT !RE W]E SOME ATTEMPTS TO USE =CE4 ,WE W]E NOT ABLE TO CONFIRM !SE ALLEGATIONS AT FIR/ H&1 QUITE ! CONTR>Y2 BUT WE HAVE NO PROBLEM ) ADMITT+ ?AT !Y TOOK PLACE4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME !SE P>TICUL> 9CID5TS W]E UNAVOIDABLE4 ,!Y ALWAYS HAPP51 & ALWAYS WILL HAPP51 DUR+ ! FIR/ PHASES ( A VA/ SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,! PEASANTS1 FROM :OM WE EXPECT$ ! LEA/1 W]E ABLE TO SURPASS ALL \R EXPECTATIONS4 ,WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT1 ( ALL ! REGIONS ( SO-CALL$ ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 ,CATALONIA WAS ! REGION 9 :I* ?IS PH5OM5ON ( AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES WAS LEA/ DEVELOP$1 EV5 ?\< ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES 9 ,CATALONIA W]E NUM]\S1 L>GE & EFFICI5TLY MANAG$4 ,:Y %\LD WE FE> ! FUTURE1 :Y %\LD WE FE> ! REPUBLICAN OR ! COMMUNI/ C\NT]REVOLUTION1 AS LONG AS ! PEASANTS1 FROM A SOCIALI/ OR LIB]T>IAN BACKGR\ND1 CON/ITUT$ ! UNBREAKABLE =CE ON ! ROAD ( ! REAL REVOLUTION8 

,! COLLECTIVES S\<T TO PROVE ONE ?+3 ?AT LABOR 9 COMMON WAS EASI] & ?AT1 :5 CIRCUM/ANCES W\LD P]MIT L>GE SCALE APPLICATION ( MA*9]Y TO AGRICULTURE & ! IMPLEM5TION ( ! RESULTS OBTA9$ BY MOD]N SCI5TIFIC RESE>* ON HYBRID SE$S1 ! USE ( ! APPROPRIATE F]TILIZ]S1 & PROP] IRRIGATION1 NOT ONLY WILL ! LABOR ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 P]=M$ 9 COMMON1 BE HEAL?I] & EASI]1 BUT IT WILL ALSO BE 9F9ITELY MORE PRODUCTIVE & B5EFICIAL4.<#a#g.> 

,WE NE$$ AN 9/RUM5T TO PREA* BY WAY ( EXAMPLE 9 ! RURAL >EAS3 ?IS 9/RUM5T WAS SPONTANE\SLY =M$ BY ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,MANY YE>S AGO WE HAD REA*$ A SIMIL> CONCLUSION4 ,PREOCCUPI$ ) ?IS PROBLEM1 & UND]/&+ P]FECTLY ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! L& WORK]1 & AW>E ( ! 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( M]E DOCTR9AL PROPAG&A1 WE CALL$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NUCLEI ( COMMUNIT>IAN AGRICULTURAL LABOR1 EV5 IF ?IS MEANT BUY+ L&1 AL?\< /ILL )9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 BY WAY ( EXAMPLE1 ?AT WAS \R POSITION1 WE W\LD BE ABLE TO GET ?R\< TO ! PEASANT POPULATION1 & AT ! SAME TIME WE W\LD \RSELVES BECOME FACTORS = PROGRESS1 PROSP]ITY & CULTURE4 

,!N WE HAD ! RI<T 9/RUM5T RI<T !RE 9 FRONT ( US1 FRUITFUL & FULL ( PROMISE4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE TO SPE$ UP ! PROCESS MORE ?AN WAS NECESS>Y4 ,9 JU/ A FEW YE>S1 ! COLLECTIVES TURN$ ! UND]CLASS ( ! PEASANTS 9TO ! MO/ SOLID & MO/ 9NOVATIVE PILL> ( ! NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL $IFICE4 

,Y\ %\LD HAVE SE5 ?OSE COLLECTIVES 9 ,CATALONIA1 9 ! LIB]AT$ P>TS ( ,>AGON1 9 ,LEVANTE1 9 ! P>T ( ,CA/ILLE ?AT WAS LIB]AT$ FROM FASCISM6 ,!RE Y\ W\LD HAVE F\ND M5 :O W]E 5?USIA/IC & CONFID5T1 :O DID NOT ASPIRE TO OCCUPY A HI< GOV]NM5T POSITION1 :O DID NOT SP5D !IR TIME ?9K+ ( WAYS TO LIVE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,/ATE2 M5 :OSE CONC]NS W]E S[+ & H>VE/+2 M5 :O RELI$ ON !IR [N LABOR & D$ICATION = EV]Y?+2 M5 :O LOV$ ! E>? ! WAY ONE LOVES ONE'S MO!R OR ONE'S WIFE4 

,9 CONTACT ) !SE TRAILBLAZ]S ( A NEW ]A1 ONE =GOT MANY SORR[S1 ! DEPRESS$ SPIRIT WAS REFRE%$1 & ONE WAS ABLE TO FACE ) MORE CONFID5CE & MORE SECURITY ! WORK ?AT WAS BE+ DONE = ! FUTURE4 

,TO GET AN IDEA ( ! EXT5T ( ?IS MOVEM5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L&1 WE %ALL PROVIDE SOME DATA FROM ! ,CONGRESS ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON1 HELD 9 ,CASPE 9 MID-,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS ! SUMM>Y ( ! REGI/] ( C\NTY ORGANIZATIONS REPRES5T$ AT ! ,CONGRESS3  

,C\NTY ( ,ALCANIZ 7COLLECTIVES FROM SIX VILLAGES1 ,ALCANIZ1 ,CA/ELS]AU1 ,BELMONTE1 ,LA ,CORDON]A1 ,TORRECILLA DE ,ALCANIZ1 ,VALDEAGORDA7 ) #eif MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,ALCORIZA3 #ac COLLECTIVES1 SOME1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,&ORRA & ,CANIZ> DEL ,OLIV>1 ) #c1#b MEMB]S EA*1 & ?AT ( ,ALCORIZA ) A ?\S&4 ,A TOTAL ( #a1 MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,ALBALATE DE ,C9CA3 #af COLLECTIVES1 ! L>GE/ ( :I*1 ?AT ( ,ONT95A1 HAD #h MEMB]S1 :ILE ! SMALLE/1 ?AT ( ,ALMIDAFA1 HAD #c4 ,TOTAL3 #d1#f#h MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,ANGUES3 #cf COLLECTIVES ) #f1#b#a MEMB]S2 ! L>GE/ WAS ?AT ( ,CASDAS1 ) #df MEMB]S1 ! SMALLE/1 ?AT ( ,SIETAMO1 ) #d#e4  

,C\NTY ( ,CASPE3 #e COLLECTIVES1 ! L>GE/ BE+ ?AT ( ,MAELLA ) #geg MEMB]S4 ,TOTAL3 #b1#a#i#g MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,EJULVE3 #h COLLECTIVES1 ! L>GE/1 ?AT ( ,VILL>LU5GO ) #a1#c MEMB]S1 & ,EJULVE ) #a1#b MEMB]S2 ! SMALLE/ WAS 9 ,MEZQUITA DE ,J>QUE1 ) #bg MEMB]S4 ,TOTAL3 #c1#h#g MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,ESCU*A3 #f COLLECTIVES1 ! L>GE/ 9 ,UTRILLA1 ) #d MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,GRAN53 #ab COLLECTIVES 7!RE >E NO FIGURES = EA* 9DIVIDUAL COLLECTIVE74  

,C\NTY ( ,LEC]A3 #i COLLECTIVES ) #b1#d#e MEMB]S2 ! L>GE/1 ,LEC]A1 HAD #fe MEMB]S1 :ILE ! SMALLE/1 ,MONEVA1 HAD #g#g4  

,C\NTY ( ,MONZON3 #ce COLLECTIVES1 9CLUD+ ! COLLECTIVE ( ,B9EF> ) #c1#d MEMB]S & ! COLLECTIVE ( ,B9ACET ) #a1#h4  

,C\NTY ( ,SA/AGO3 #d COLLECTIVES1 ) A TOTAL ( #d< MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,PUEBLA DE ,HIJ>3 #i COLLECTIVES ) A TOTAL ( #g1#a#d#f MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,P9A DE ,EBRO3 #f COLLECTIVES ) #b1#i#b#d MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,TORR5TE3 #c COLLECTIVES4  

,C\NTY ( ,VALD]ROBRES3 #ah COLLECTIVES ) #a#a1#d#d#i MEMB]S2 SOME ( !M W]E V]Y L>GE1 LIKE ?AT ( ,FRESN$A1 ) #b1 MEMB]S1 ?AT ( ,CALACEITE ) #a1#g#d1 ! COLLECTIVE ( ,VALD]ROBRES1 ) #a1#f1 & ! COLLECTIVE ( ,MAZALEON1 ) #a1#e#f4  

,C\NTY ( ,MAS DE LAS ,MATAS3 #ad COLLECTIVES1 ) #g1#i#c MEMB]S2 ?REE ( !SE COLLECTIVES HAD MORE ?AN #a1 MEMB]S EA*4  

,C\NTY ( ,MUNIESA3 #aa COLLECTIVES ) #b1#b#e#d MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,MORA DE ,RUBIELOS3 #ba COLLECTIVES ) #c1#g#h#b MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,A9SA3 NO /ATI/ICS AVAILABLE = ! NUMB]S ( COLLECTIVES OR !IR MEMB]%IP4  

,C\NTY ( ,ALFAMBRA3 #f COLLECTIVES ) #eb MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,B5AB>RE3 #f COLLECTIVES ) #dg MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,B>BA/RO3 #ca COLLECTIVES ) #g1#i#h#c MEMB]S2 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS ?AT ( ,P]ALTA DE ,ALCOLEA1 ) #a1 MEMB]S4  

,C\NTY ( ,PANCRUDO3 #d COLLECTIVES ) #bae MEMB]S4  
  

,DELEGATES FROM #bge AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES ATT5D$ ! ,CASPE ,CONGRESS1 REPRES5T+ COLLECTIVES FROM #bc C\NTIES 9 ,>AGON ) A TOTAL ( #a#d#a1#d#c MEMB]S4 ,IT MU/ BE NOT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS FIGURE ONLY C\NTS HEADS ( FAMILIES4 ,MORE ?AN #g.0 ( ! PEASANT POPULATION ( ,>AGON WAS ASSOCIAT$ 9 ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! ,CASPE ,CONGRESS WAS TO =M A REGIONAL F$]ATION ( !SE COLLECTIVES & TO DRAFT SOME G5]AL L9ES ( CONDUCT & GOALS4 ,! F$]ATION'S PURPOSE WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ BY ! ,CONGRESS1 0TO COORD9ATE ! ECONOMIC POT5TIAL ( ! REGION & TO PROVIDE FRAT]NAL ADVICE TO ! COLLECTIVES ) RESPECT TO ! AUTONOM\SLY-E/ABLI%$ & F$]ATIVE RULES ?AT S]VE US AS GUIDEL9ES40 

,! COLLECTIVES W]E SUPPOS$ TO G5]ATE ACCURATE /ATI/ICS ON !IR PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 & S5D !SE /ATI/ICS TO !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTY COMMITTEES1 :I* W\LD !N TRANSMIT !M TO ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE2 !SE /ATI/ICAL REPORTS W\LD BE ! 0ONLY WAY TO E/ABLI% REAL HUMAN SOLID>ITY04 

,?IS IS H[ ! PEASANTS ( ,>AGON PLANN$ TO ORGANIZE !IR RES\RCES3  

,PROCE$ ) ALL URG5CY TO ! CREATION ( EXP]IM5TAL F>MS 9 ALL ! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON 9 ORD] TO UND]TAKE ! RESE>* ?AT IS BELIEV$ TO BE NECESS>Y TO 9TRODUCE NEW V>IETIES ( CROPS & TO ?US OBTA9 IMPROV$ YIELDS & TO 9CREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 EA* COLLECTIVE MU/ SET ASIDE A P>CEL ( L&1 NO MATT] H[ SMALL1 = RESE>* CONC]N+ ! K9DS ( TREES ?AT W\LD BE MO/ PRODUCTIVE & BE/ ADAPT$ TO ! SOIL ( EA* LOCALITY4  

,F>MS = ! PRODUCTION ( SE$S MU/ ALSO BE E/ABLI%$2 = ?IS PURPOSE1 ,>AGON CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO ?REE L>GE ZONES & 9 EA* ( !M L>GE TRACTS ( L& %\LD BE SET ASIDE = ! PRODUCTION ( ! SE$S ?AT >E NE$$ 9 EA* ZONE1 &1 9 ! RI<T SEASONS1 TO PRODUCE SE$S = O!R COLLECTIVES1 EV5 IF !Y DO NOT BELONG TO ! SAME ZONE4 ,TAKE ! CULTIVATION ( POTATOES1 = EXAMPLE3 ! SE$S ( ?IS PLANT MU/ BE PRODUC$ 9 ! ZONE ( ,>AGON :I* HAS ! HI<E/ MEAN ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL1 SO ?AT !SE SE$S MAY BE PLANT$ BY ! COLLECTIVES 9 ! O!R ZONES1 S9CE ! ABOVE-GR\ND P>TS ( ?IS PLANT >E NOT ATTACK$ BY ! DISEASES ?AT *>ACT]I/ICALLY AFFLICT !M IF WE ALWAYS PRODUCE & CULTIVATE !M 9 L[L&S1 ?AT IS1 9 HUMID & HOT REGIONS4  
  

,!SE ?REE ZONES WILL PROCE$ TO EX*ANGE ! SE$S ?AT MAY BE REQUIR$ 9 EA* CASE1 ACCORD+ TO ! RESULTS ( ! RESE>* PROJECTS CONDUCT$ ON ! EXP]IM5TAL F>MS1 S9CE ! WORK ( !SE F>MS MU/ BE COORD9AT$ & AUDIT$ BY AGRONOMI/S = SCI5TIFIC REVIEW1 & SO ?AT !SE RESULTS WILL LEAD TO EXP]IM5TS BELIEV$ TO BE NECESS>Y & B5EFICIAL4444 

,! FOLL[+ >E SOME ( ! RESOLUTIONS APPROV$ AT ! ,CASPE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES3  
  

,9T5SIVE PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ! ADVANTAGES ( COLLECTIVISM1 EMPHASIZ+ ITS BASIS 9 MUTUAL AID4 

,CONTROL ! EXP]IM5TAL F>MS ?AT %\LD BE CREAT$ 9 EV]Y LOCALITY :]E ! CONDITIONS ( ! T]RA9 >E FAVORABLE = ! PRODUCTION ( ALL K9DS ( SE$S4 

,HELP GUIDE Y\NG PEOPLE :O HAVE A PR$ISPOSITION = TE*NICAL TRA9+ BY CREAT+ TE*NICAL S*OOLS ?AT W\LD BE DEVOT$ TO ?IS P>TICUL> TASK4 

,ORGANIZE A TEAM ( TE*NICIANS TO P]=M A /UDY 9 ,>AGON TO DET]M9E ! BE/ WAYS TO OBTA9 ! GREATE/ YIELDS 9 ! V>I\S K9DS ( WORK CONDUCT$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,TO PROVIDE ! COLLECTIVES ) ALL ! ELEM5TS !Y NE$ TO GR[ :I*1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y 5T]TA9 !IR MEMB]S1 !Y ALSO HELP RAISE ! G5]AL CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,TO ORGANIZE CONF]5CES TO RAISE ! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! PEASANTS & TO ACCU/OM !M TO ! NEW SITUATION4 

,TO USE EV]Y MEANS TO 5C\RAGE >BORICULTURE4 

,! CON/RUCTION ( LIVE/OCK F>MS 9 EV]Y COLLECTIVE TO C>RY \T RESE>* & TO SELECT ! V>I\S BRE$S & V>IETIES ( ! EXI/+ LIVE/OCK & TO PRES]VE ?OSE ?AT HAVE %[N ! GREATE/ YIELDS4 

,TO CON/RUCT1 :]E CIRCUM/ANCES ALL[1 L>GE MODEL F>MS1 ) ALL ! ADVANCES ( MOD]N SCI5CE1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 IMPROV$ YIELDS & TO MAKE ! RESULTS AVAILABLE TO ALL COLLECTIVES4 

,! LIVE/OCK RESE>* F>MS MU/ BE DIRECT$ BY TE*NICAL ELEM5TS SO ?AT !IR RESE>* WILL B5EFIT FROM ! LATE/ SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES4  
  

,! SAME CONC]N1 ! SAME ASPIRATIONS1 ! SAME UND]/&+ ( :AT HAD TO BE DONE1 MAY BE OBS]V$ 9 ! RESOLUTIONS ( ALL ! PEASANTS' CONGRESSES AT ! C\NTY1 REGIONAL & NATIONAL LEVEL1 ?AT W]E HELD DUR+ ! YE>S ( REVOLUTION & W>4 

,?IS IS H[ ! ,CONGRESS ( ,CASPE RESOLV$ TO DEAL ) PROBLEM ( ?OSE :O W]E EI!R RELUCTANT TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES OR OPPOS$ TO !M1 & H[ IT SEP>AT$ !M FROM ! COLLECTIVES3  
  

,SMALL L&[N]S1 :5 !Y VOLUNT>ILY LEAVE ! COLLECTIVES1 9S(> AS !Y CONSID] !MSELVES CAPABLE ( CONDUCT+ !IR OP]ATIONS )\T ! HELP ( O!RS1 WILL !REBY =FEIT ! RI<T TO RECEIVE ANY ( ! E>N+S ( ! COLLECTIVES4 ,NOT)/&+ ?IS /RICTURE1 !IR 5T]PRISES WILL BE RESPECT$ AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT DETRIM5TAL TO COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S4  

,! RURAL E/ATES & URBAN MANSIONS & O!R GOODS ( ! REBEL ELEM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 CONFISCAT$1 WILL BE PLAC$ AT ! USUFRUCTU>Y DISPOSAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT EXI/$ AT ! TIME ( !IR CONFISCATION1 AS LONG AS !SE ORGANIZATIONS ACCEPT ! EXI/5CE ( ! COLLECTIVES4  

,ALL PRIVATE L& ?AT WAS F>M$ BY %>ECROPP]S OR T5ANT F>M]S WILL PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! COLLECTIVES4  

,NO 9DIVIDUAL L&[N] WILL BE ALL[$ TO F>M MORE L& ?AN HE CAN CULTIVATE ) HIS [N PHYSICAL LABOR1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL L&[N] IS ABSOLUTELY PROHIBIT$ FROM HIR+ WAGE LABOR]S4  
  
  

,! REGIONAL PEASANTS' F$]ATIONS ( ,>AGON1 ,CATALONIA1 ,LEVANTE1 ! ,C5T]1 & ,&ALUSIA =M$ A ,NATIONAL ,PEASANTS' ,F$]ATION TO COORD9ATE1 ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 ALL ! 9ITIATIVES1 9=MATION1 REPORTS & 9T]E/S ( ALL PEASANTS :O W]E MEMB]S ( ITS AFFILIAT$ COLLECTIVES--:I* HAD MORE ?AN #a1#e1 MEMB]S AT ! 5D ( ! W>--DUR+ ! FIR/ MON?S ( #a#i#c#i4 

,! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON W]E DE/ROY$ BY COMMUNI/ TROOPS 9 A DISGU/+1 HATEFUL RAMPAGE4 ,!Y HAD BE5 ELIM9AT$ = ONLY A %ORT TIME :5 !Y HAD TO BE AU?ORIZ$ TO REORGANIZE 9 EXACTLY ! SAME =M & ) ! SAME POLICIES AS BE=E4 ,& :5 ,SPA9 F9ALLY WANTS TO SOLVE ITS AGR>IAN PROBLEM1 IT WILL HAVE TO RETURN TO ! C\RSE M>K$ \T BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES BETWE5 ,JULY #aicf & E>LY #a#i#c#i4 

,9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 BORN DUR+ ! HEYDAY ( ! CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY1 NEV] UND]/OOD ! S\L ( ! PEASANT4 ,! 9DU/RIAL WORK] DID NOT LOVE EI!R HIS TOOLS OR HIS FACTORY4 ,HE SWIT*ES FROM ONE FACTORY & FROM ONE JOB TO ANO!R )\T H>DLY BATT+ AN EYE4 ,HE DOES NOT FEEL 9TIMATELY 5GAG$ 9 HIS LABOR4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 HE IS NOT EV5 AW>E ( ! PURPOSE ( HIS LABOR1 AL?\< ?IS S5TIM5T WAS NO LONG] *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ATTITUDE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ FACTORIES1 9 ! 5T]PRISES F\ND$ BY \R TRADE UNIONS1 :]E ! WORK]S W]E CONSCI\S ( ! S5SE ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 ,! PEASANT1 ON ! O!R H&1 LOVES ! SOIL HE CULTIVATES2 & BECAUSE HE LOVES IT1 HE WANTS IT = HIMSELF4 ,! SUPREME ILLUSION ( ! PEASANT :O WORKS ON L& [N$ BY SOMEONE ELSE1 ! SITUATION ( ! T5ANT F>M]1 RABASSAIRE1 %>ECROPP]1 ETC41 IS ! DESIRE TO [N ?AT L&1 NOT BECAUSE HE WANTS TO SPECULATE ON ITS PRICE ON ! CAPITALI/ REAL E/ATE M>KET1 & NOT BECAUSE HE WANTS TO GET RI*1 BUT BECAUSE ?AT L& IS P>T ( HIS P]SONALITY & HE LOVES IT JU/ AS MU* AS HE LOVES HIMSELF1 HIS WIFE & HIS *ILDR54 

,IT W\LD BE A SALUT>Y DEVELOPM5T IF ! CONCEPT ( [N]%IP W]E TO BE 9T]PRET$ 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T S5SE1 BECAUSE ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! L& IS AN OB/ACLE TO PROGRESS & JU/ICE & DOES NOT EV5 B5EFIT1 AS SU*1 ! SMALL L&[N]S !MSELVES :O CULTIVATE !IR L& AT ! PRICE ( IMM5SE SACRIFICES4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION CANNOT BE C>RI$ \T 9 #bd H\RS2 IT REQUIRES A P]IOD ( GE/ATION & DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS PROCESS C\LD ONLY BE ACCEL]AT$ BY ! LIV+ EXAMPLE ( ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO ATTEMPT TO >BITR>ILY SKIP ?IS /AGE ( TRANS=MATION ( ! CONCEPTS ( PROP]TY1 BY MEANS ( DECREES OR BY MEANS ( T]ROR4 

,IT IS NOT ! PEASANT'S FAULT1 =GOTT5 ON HIS LITTLE PLOT ( L& 9 ! C\NTRY1 ?AT HE IS SO PASSIONATELY DEVOT$ TO ! IDEA ( [N+ ! L& HE CULTIVATES4 ,BESIDES BE+ A NATURAL RESPONSE1 IT IS ALSO ! PRODUCT ( A LEGACY ?AT WE HAVE DONE NO?+ TO C\NT]ACT ) ! LI<T ( CULTURE4 

,IT IS \R P]SONAL OP9ION ?AT1 ) ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 WE W]E PROCE$+ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION ) REG>D TO \R POLICIES AFFECT+ ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,?AT IS :Y WE W]E NOT IMPATI5T ) !IR DEVELOPM5T1 BECAUSE :5 Y\ >E GO+ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION & WORK+ ) CONFID5CE1 Y\ ALWAYS REA* Y\R GOAL4 

,\R COLLECTIVES W]E NOT LIKE ! OLD M$IEVAL MONA/]IES ( ! RELIGI\S ORD]S4 ,!Y DID NOT ISOLATE !MSELVES1 BUT ALWAYS CLOSELY B\ND !IR V]Y EXI/5CE1 !IR 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS1 ) ?OSE ( ! PEASANT MASSES1 :ILE !Y SIMULTANE\SLY =G$ SIMIL> BONDS ) ! 9DU/RIES ( ! CITIES4 

,AL?\< WE >E ADVOCATES ( ! COLLECTIVE CULTIVATION ( ! L&1 )\T ! USE ( ANY VIOL5CE AT ALL = ! PURPOSE ( =C+ ! RELUCTANT OR ?OSE :O DO NOT UND]/& !M TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES1 WE MU/ NOT =GET ONE ?+3 ! EXP]I5CE ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :]E AGRICULTURE IS MO/ 9T5SIVE1 %[S ?AT ! PRODUCTIVITY ( L& ?AT IS CULTIVAT$ BY ! FAMILY UNIT IS NOT L[] ?AN ?AT ( L& ?AT IS CULTIVAT$ 9 COMMON BY A COLLECTIVE4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( YIELDS1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! FAMILY F>M1 SO DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PEASANTS1 IS P]FECTLY TOL]ABLE4 ,:AT IS MORE IMPORTANT H]E IS SPECIALIZATION4 ,IT IS NOT ADVISABLE = A PEASANT OR AN AGR>IAN COLLECTIVE TO BE DEVOT$ TO ALL K9DS ( CROPS4 ,!Y %\LD SPECIALIZE 9 A P>TICUL> K9D ( PRODUCTION & A*IEVE ! GREATE/ IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! SECTOR !Y HAVE *OS54 

,! GREATE/ DISADVANTAGE ( ! FAMILY F>M1 :I* ABSORBS ! LABOR ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY1 ! FA!R1 ! MO!R1 ! *ILDR51 ! GR&P>5TS1 IS ?AT IT DEM&S TOO MU* WORK4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! PEASANT HAS NO O!R CONC]N ?AN ! L&1 S[+1 WE$+1 H>VE/1 ETC4 ,!RE >E NO FIX$ H\RS ( LABOR1 !RE IS NO LIMIT TO HIS PHYSICAL EXHAU/ION4 ,HE IS ABLE TO OBTA9 FROM HIS L&1 AT LEA/ DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW YE>S1 PROPORTIONALLY GREAT] YIELDS P] WORK] ?AN W\LD BE PRODUC$ BY ANY S+LE MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! PEASANT1 H[EV]1 %\LD NOT PU% HIS SACRIFICE1 & ?AT ( HIS *ILDR51 TO ! EXTREMES4 ,HE NE$S SOME TIME LEFT OV] AFT] WORK1 A RES]VE ( 5]GY TO LE>N1 & TO TEA* HIS FAMILY1 SO ?AT ! LI<T ( CIVILIZATION MAY %9E 9 HIS HOME1 TOO4 

,WORK P]=M$ 9 ! COLLECTIVES IS MORE EASY-GO+ & ALL[S ITS MEMB]S TO READ NEWSPAP]S1 MAGAZ9ES & BOOKS1 & ALSO TO CULTIVATE !IR M9DS & TO OP5 !M UP TO ! FRE% AIR ( PROGRESSIVE 9NOVATIONS4 

,IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS RI<T & ?IS DUTY TO RELAX1 & NOT TO EXHAU/ ONESELF 5TIRELY1 /OOP$ OV] ! SOIL FROM SUNRISE TO SUND[N1 & BECAUSE ( O!R ?+S BESIDES1 ?AT ! REGIME ( COLLECTIVE LABOR IS SUP]IOR & MU/ BE 5C\RAG$1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! AWE-9SPIR+ ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE4 ,H[EV]1 AS LONG AS ! PEASANTS DO NOT >RIVE AT ?IS UND]/&+ VOLUNT>ILY1 AS LONG AS !Y >E NOT CONV9C$ BY ! =CE ( EXAMPLE1 FAMILY F>MS & SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES ?AT DO NOT REQUIRE \TSIDE LABOR P[] WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/ & MU/ BE RESPECT$4 

,! REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IF IT IS A REAL REVOLUTION1 IS NEV] JU/ RE/RICT$ TO A S+LE SECTOR4 ,IT IS A TOTAL PROCESS ?AT EMBRACES EV]Y?+ & AFFECTS EV]Y?+4 

,9SPIR$ BY ! TRADITION ( SPIRITUAL & $UCATIONAL R5EWAL ?AT WAS SO BRILLIANTLY EXPRESS$ 9 ! WORK ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] & ?OSE :O FOLL[$ 9 HIS FOOT/EPS1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,UNIFI$ ,NEW ,S*OOL .<,CONSEJO DE LA ,ESCUELA ,NUEVA ,UNIFICADA--,C,5,U.> WAS =M$ DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! MOVEM5T1 BY A ,DECREE ISSU$ ON ,JULY #b#g1 #a#i#c#f1 9 :I* ALL ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL T5D5CIES ?AT %>$ COMMON GR\ND ) REG>D TO !IR UND]/&+ ( ! PROBLEMS RELAT+ TO $UCATION & *ILDR5 ALSO P>TICIPAT$4 

,! ,C,5,U BORE PRECI\S FRUIT1 C>RY+ \T 9 A FEW MON?S A PROJECT ?AT ! REPUBLIC WAS NOT ABLE TO IMPLEM5T DUR+ ! FIVE YE>S ( ITS EXI/5CE4 

,AS ( ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 #c#d1 *ILDR5 ATT5D$ ! (FICIAL S*OOLS ( ,B>CELONA2 AFT] FIVE MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ?IS NUMB] HAD RIS5 TO #e#d1#g#e#h4 ,S*OOLS W]E CREAT$ AT AN UNPREC$5T$ RATE4 ,! NUMB] ( ELEM5T>Y & SECOND>Y S*OOL /UD5TS 9 ,CATALONIA ALMO/ TRIPL$1 NOT TO M5TION ! IMPROVEM5TS MADE ) RESPECT TO ! CURRICULUM & ME?ODS ( TEA*+4 

,AMID ?IS FEV]I% BUR/ ( CREATION ON ! MILIT>Y1 ECONOMIC & CULTURAL FRONTS1 NOT ALL WAS SATISFACTION & HAPP9ESS2 !RE WAS ALSO MU* SORR[ & BITT]NESS4 ,! P>TISAN POLITICS ( P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS WAS GRADUALLY DRIV+ W$GES AMONG ! PEOPLE ( ,CATALONIA & TRANS=M+ !M 9TO MEMB]S ( 5EMY FACTIONS4 

,WE WANT$ TO UNITE ,CATALONIA 9 ! W> EF=T & TO MAKE VICTORY ! F\NDATION ( ALL FUTURE CON/RUCTION1 BUT ?IS ALSO IMPLI$ ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO >BITR>Y HOLD-\TS OR %IRK]S1 S9CE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! REORGANIZATION ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ECONOMY & ITS RE/RUCTUR+ TO OBTA9 ! MAXIMUM YIELD W]E ALSO PRECONDITIONS = VICTORY4 ,EV]Y K9D ( GRE$ & LU/ = P[] CAME TO ! SURFACE4 ,A MORBID S9ECURISM MADE ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,WE MANAG$ A DEP>TM5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ) #be CIVIL S]VANTS2 ( ?IS FIGURE1 TO BE P]FECTLY HONE/1 HALF W]E SUP]FLU\S4 ,\R SUCCESSORS1 :O C]TA9LY NEV] ?\<T MU* ALONG CON/RUCTIVE L9ES1 & :O DID NOT /RIVE = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ANY NEW 9ITIATIVES1 RAIS$ ! NUMB] ( CIVIL S]VANTS 9 ?IS DEP>TM5T TO MORE ?AN #i4 

,! FRONT WAS TOO F> AWAY1 ?ANKS TO \R TIMELY HA/E 9 CONTA9+ ANY REBEL ATTACK1 & ! RO> ( ! >TILL]Y & ! PA9 & MIS]Y ( ! TR5*ES DID NOT DI/URB ! DIGE/ION ( ?OSE =TUNATE 5\< TO BE F> FROM ! FRONT L9ES4 ,EV]Y SECTOR WAS A HOTB$ ( POLITICAL MANEUV]+1 & ! DIVORCE BETWE5 ! NE$S ( ! FRONT & ! APPETITES ( ! RE>GU>D BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE EVID5T1 & ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 !M EV] GREAT]4 ,:5 ! POLICIES & ! CORRUPT & DEMORALIZ+ EXAMPLE ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T MADE !IR APPE>ANCE 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! DEFECTS ?AT WE CALL$ ATT5TION TO DUR+ ! E>LY P]IOD 9 ! RE>GU>D MULTIPLI$ & 9T5SIFI$ 9 A MO/ APPALL+ MANN]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,UPDAT$4 

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