,*APT] #e 
,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALONIA--,EXP$ITIONS TO ,>AGON--,! ,FALSE ,ACCUSATION ?AT WE ,)HELD ,\R ,=CES FROM ! ,FRONT--,POLITICAL & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COLLABORATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALONIA--,EXP$ITIONS TO ,>AGON--,! FALSE ACCUSATION ?AT WE )HELD \R =CES FROM ! FRONT--,POLITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y COLLABORATION 

  

,WE DEFEAT$ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 ,WE NEV] KNEW ! EXACT PRICE 9 DEAD & W\ND$4 ,DUR+ ?OSE DAYS NO ONE MEASUR$ ! MAGNITUDE ( SACRIFICE2 ONLY VICTORY MATT]$4 ,VICTORY WAS \RS1 & ?OSE ( US :O W]E LUCKY 5\< TO BE LEFT /&+ DID NOT HAVE ANY TIME TO %$ TE>S = ! DEAD1 AMONG :OM W]E FRI5DS1 BELOV$ BRO!RS & ! MO/ EFFECTIVE COLLABORATORS 9 \R OLD BATTLES4 ,! RESULT ( ?AT VICTORY WAS AN ALMO/ UNPREC$5T$ \TP\R+ ( POPUL> EUPHORIA4 ,ALL P[] WAS 9 ! /REETS1 ! MORAL P[] BY VIRTUE ( ! 9DISP5SABLE P>T PLAY$ BY ! PEOPLE'S FI<T]S 9 BLOODY COMBAT1 & ! MAT]IAL P[]1 ! P[] ( =CE & ( >MS4 ,! CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( ! OLD ,/ATE HAD MELT$ 9TO ! POPUL> MASSES2 9 ANY EV5T1 ITS =CE C\LD NO LONG] S]VE AS A C\NT]WEI<T TO ! REBIR? ( ,SPA9 & ITS FATE4 ,9 ?OSE FIR/ WEEKS AFT] ,JULY #b1 ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NOT EV5 CONTROL !IR [N MEMB]S4 ,SOME?+ SUP]IOR TO P>TIES & T5D5CIES HAD SUDD5LY BE5 CON/ITUT$2 A PEOPLE HAD BE5 =M$ & ?IS PEOPLE FELT & WORK$ AS ONE4 ,WASN'T ?IS ! TIME TO R5\NCE ALL SELFI% 9T]E/S TO JO9 ?IS PEOPLE1 EA* ) HIS CAPABILITIES & HIS 9ITIATIVES1 HIS 9TELLIG5CE OR HIS H]OISM8 ,! DAY WILL COME :5 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO SUMM>IZE ! LESSONS ( ! EXP]I5CE ( \R REVOLUTION2 !N1 ! LEA/ ?AT CAN BE DONE WILL BE TO H>%LY JUDGE ! SPLIT ?AT DIVID$ ! PEOPLE ( ,JULY #b 9TO RIVAL FACTIONS1 HO/ILE GR\PS1 & S*ISMATIC GANGS4 

,WE CANNOT HOLD \RSELVES RESPONSIBLE = ?IS UN=TUNATE TURN ( EV5TS2 AFT] ! VICTORY ALL ! BICK]+ ( P>TIES & FACTIONS SEEM$ 9SIGNIFICANT TO US1 & EV5 \R [N ORGANIZATION1 TO :I* \R VICTORY WAS DUE1 SEEM$ TOO CONF9+2 ! ONLY FRAMEWORK ?AT SEEM$ TO BE SUIT$ TO ! T5OR ( ! MOM5T WAS ! PEOPLE1 A PEOPLE DRUNK ) VICTORY1 BUT /ILL CAPABLE ( EV]Y SACRIFICE1 ( MAK+ EV]Y DECISION & ABOVE ALL CAPABLE ( BUILD+ ! NEW WORLD T[>DS :I* WE ASPIR$4 ,ET]NAL ,SPA9 HAD RIS5 FROM ITS AGE-OLD SLAV]Y & /OOD AMID ITS BROK5 *A9S4 ,TO MAKE ?IS POSSIBLE1 P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 DOCTR9ES & PROGRAMS HAD BE5 NECESS>Y2 N[1 ALL ?AT WAS NE$$ WAS = EA* P]SON TO BR+ :AT HE POSSESS$ TO ! PEOPLE1 BE>+ >MS OR WORK+ 9 A FACTORY1 CONDUCT+ RESE>* 9 A LABORATORY OR CULTIVAT+ ! L&4 

,WE HAD BE5 TOLD ?AT C]TA9 GANGS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! DEFEAT$ REVOLT W]E /ILL COMMITT+ \TRAGES US+ V>I\S DISGUISES1 ?AT !RE W]E 9/ANCES ( TREA*]\S SNIP+ DIRECT$ AT GR\PS ( MILITIAM51 & ?AT AUTOMOBILES ( UNKN[N PROV5ANCE W]E BE+ DRIV5 >\ND ! CITY4 ,WE C\LD CONFIRM NONE ( !SE RUMORS4 ,N[ ?AT ! >MS HAD PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE1 ANY PLANS ! 5EMY =CES MAY HAVE HAD ) REG>D TO REORGANIZ+ BELLIG]5T OP]ATIONS 9 ! CITY W]E ABSOLUTELY AB&ON$ = MANY MON?S4 ,A BIG CITY LIKE ,B>CELONA1 H[EV]1 IS ALWAYS HOME TO ELEM5TS ?AT >E NOT CAPABLE ( M]G+ ) ! GREAT COMMUNION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! OV]?R[ ( SO MANY WALLS & ! SUBV]SION ( SO MANY VALUES HAD CAUS$ ! CUP ( ! PATI5CE ( ! MASSES TO OV]FL[1 & IRRESPONSIBLE DEMAGOGUES HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT A MAJOR CONC]N = US AS LONG AS ! MASSES 9 QUE/ION W]E ! WORK+ CLASS MASSES1 ) A MORAL S5SE & A CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR RESPONSIBILITY ?AT W]E ALWAYS VIGOR\S & AL]T4 

,BETWE5 #ahh & #ahad ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9TO !IR [N H&S1 :I* AT ?AT TIME EXCLUSIVELY 9VOLV$ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON'S HO/S4 ,IT WAS RI<T = ! PEOPLE TO BE SWEPT AWAY BY A S5SE ( JUBILATION1 & IT WAS RI<T ?AT !Y %\LD JOYFULLY BASK 9 ! GLORI\S AURA ( ! PROMIS$ L&4 ,BUT NOT EV]YONE :O HE$$ ! FIR/ CALL1 APPEAL+ TO !IR REASON & TO !IR FEEL+1 W]E MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 !RE W]E PEOPLE FROM SOCIAL /RATA ?AT DID NOT UND]/& ! GREATNESS ( ! MOM5T & WE FE>$ ?AT ! VICTORY = :I* WE PAID SU* A HI< PRICE W\LD BE SULLI$ BY ?\<TLESS OR MALICI\S ELEM5TS4 

,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS WAS =M$ AS AN AU!NTIC EXPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE'S VICTORY AT A TIME :5 ! SMOKE FROM ! FI<T+ WAS /ILL 9 ! AIR4 ,IT WAS MO/LY DUE TO \R DECISION ?AT REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ POLITICAL & TRADE UNION =CES W]E 9VIT$ TO JO9 ! ,COMMITTEE1 NOT SO ?AT !Y C\LD DEVOTE !MSELVES1 AS ZEAL\S REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS OR ?AT CAUSE1 TO =W>D+ !IR P>TICUL> P>TISAN 9T]E/S1 BUT RA!R ) ! 9T5TION ?AT !Y %\LD M]GE TOGE!R 9TO A S+LE WILL4 ,! 0,E/AT ,CATALA0 WAS )\T DIRECT REPRES5TATION1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,ESQU]RA DE ,CATALUNA & ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT W]E SUITABLE = REPRES5T+ ! AUTONOM\S REGION AS SU*4 

,WE GAVE ! ,CATALONIAN ,U,G,T1 DESPITE ITS SMALL MEMB]%IP1 ! SAME REPRES5TATION ?AT WE GAVE ! ,C,N,T1 :I* REPRES5T$ ! MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 ,CATALONIA2 ! DELEGATES ( ! RIVAL TRADE UNION W]E %OCK$1 AS !Y DID NOT EXPECT ?IS GE/URE4 ,WE ?US MADE IT CLE> ?AT WE WANT$ TO COLLABORATE AS BRO!RS & ?AT WE DESIR$ ?AT 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 & 9 ! REGIONS :]E WE W]E TEMPOR>ILY 9 ! M9ORITY1 WE %\LD BE TREAT$ ) ! SAME CONSID]ATION & RESPECT ?AT WE %[$ ALL ?OSE :O HAD COOP]AT$ TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE TO BR+ AB\T \R VICTORY4 

,AT ! FIR/ MEET+ ( ! ,COMMITTEE WE DISPAT*$ SOME DELEGATES TO RECONNOIT] ! SITUATION 9 ! REGION BORD]+ ON ,Z>AGOZA & TO SEEK 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! 5EMY'S POSITIONS1 & S9CE A RUMOR WAS MAK+ ! R\NDS TO ! EFFECT ?AT AN ORGANIZ$ COLUMN HAD =M$ ON ! O!R BANK ( ! ,EBRO TO ATTACK ,B>CELONA1 WE ISSU$ ! ORD] TO M9E ALL ! HI<WAY & RAILROAD BRIDGES OV] ! RIV] TO PREV5T ! ADVANCE ( MOTORIZ$ COLUMNS4 ,! DELEGATES WE S5T \T AS SC\TS1 :O MI<T FALL UNAW>ES 9TO ! H&S ( 5EMY =CES1 BORE NO DOCUM5TATION1 :I* CIRCUM/ANCE MI<T HAVE SAV$ !IR LIVES UNLESS !Y W]E KILL$ \TRI<T1 BUT !Y W]E TAK5 PRISON] AS SUSPICI\S P]SONS4 

,)\T WAIT+ = ! REPORTS FROM !SE DELEGATES1 WE RESOLV$ TO ACT AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! ONLY EFFECTIVE P[] 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT /ILL EXI/$ & DES]V$ \R RESPECT1 BUT ! PEOPLE ONLY OBEY$ ! P[] ?AT !Y HAD CON/ITUT$ BY VIRTUE ( !IR VICTORY & ! REVOLUTION1 = ! VICTORY ( ! PEOPLE WAS ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,WE !N 9ITIAT$ A COLLABORATIVE EF=T ( T5D5CIES & SECTORS 9 ! ,COMMITTEE ?AT HAD NO RELATIONS ) EA* O!R ?AT MORN+ BUT :I* W]E N[ 9 DAILY CONTACT ) EA* O!R & 5GAG$ 9 A COMMON EF=T1 & W\LD N[ %[ !IR TRUE COLORS4 

,EV5 ?\< \R PLANS = ! ,COMMITTEE /ILL HAD A LOT ( R\< $GES1 IF !RE W]E TIMES :5 WE W\LD REALLY D\BT ! WISDOM ( ! PA? WE HAD *OS51 IT WAS BECAUSE ( ! ALWAYS UNFAI?FUL CONDUCT ?AT WAS GRADUALLY & AT FIR/ TIMIDLY 5GAG$ 9 DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,MOSC[ COMMUNISM4 ,) ! REPUBLICAN & LIB]AL =CES WE W]E ALWAYS ABLE TO MA9TA9 SU* CORDIAL & AMICABLE RELATIONS ?AT WE NEV] ONCE HAD REASON TO REGRET E/ABLI%+ CONTACT ) !M4 

,\R FIR/ PUBLI%$ DECL>ATION WAS A PUBLIC ANN\NCEM5T1 ) 9/RUCTIONS CONC]N+ H[ ! POPULATION %\LD CONDUCT ITSELF4 ,! ANN\NCEM5T WAS AS FOLL[S3  
  

,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALONIA1 HAV+ BE5 CON/ITUT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,DECREE PUBLI%$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT 9 TODAY'S 0,(FICIAL ,BULLET901 HAS APPROV$ ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTIONS1 :OSE OBS]VANCE IS COMPULSORY = ALL CITIZ5S3  

,A REVOLUTION>Y ORD] IS E/ABLI%$1 :I* ALL ! MEMB] ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,COMMITTEE >E COMMITT$ TO UPHOLD+4  

,= PUBLIC ORD] & SAFETY1 ! ,COMMITTEE HAS APPO9T$ ! PATROLS NE$$ TO 5SURE RIGOR\S COMPLIANCE ) ALL ! ORD]S ! ,COMMITTEE MAY ISSUE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 ! PATROLS WILL BE> ! CR$5TIALS ( ! ,COMMITTEE1 :I* WILL TE/IFY TO !IR ID5TITY4  

,!SE PATROLS WILL BE ! ONLY ONES ACCR$IT$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,ANY P]SON :O ACTS \TSIDE ( ! ,COMMITTEE'S AU?ORIZATION WILL BE CONSID]$ TO BE A REBEL & WILL SUFF] ! PUNI%M5TS ?AT WILL BE DET]M9$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE4  

,! NI<T PATROLS WILL BE /RICT ) ALL ?OSE :O ATTEMPT TO DI/URB ! REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4  

,FROM ONE UNTIL FIVE 9 ! MORN+ ! ONLY P]SONS :O WILL BE ALL[$ TO LEAVE !IR HOMES WILL BE ! FOLL[+3 

,ALL ?OSE :O HAVE DOCUM5TATION PROV+ ?AT !Y >E MEMB]S ( ONE ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITAS4 

,?OSE P]SONS :O >E ACCOMPANI$ BY ONE ( ! ABOVE ELEM5TS1 :O WILL V\* = !IR MORAL 9TEGRITY4 

,?OSE :O CAN JU/IFY !IR PRES5CE 9 ! /REETS AS BE+ DUE TO =CE MAJEURE4  

,9 ORD] TO RECRUIT ELEM5TS = ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMITTEE >E AU?ORIZ$ TO OP5 UP !IR [N C5T]S = 5LI/M5T & SUPPLY ( RECRUITS4 ,! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ?IS RECRUITM5T CAN BE CONDUCT$ WILL BE SET =? 9 DETAIL 9 AN 9T]NAL REGULATION4  

,! ,COMMITTEE HOPES ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! NE$ TO CON/ITUTE A REVOLUTION>Y ORD] 9 ORD] TO CONFRONT ! FASCI/ GR\PS1 !RE WILL BE NO NE$1 TO 5SURE OB$I5CE TO ITS DECREES1 TO RESORT TO DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES4  
  
  

,& ?IS ,PROCLAMATION WAS SIGN$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,ESQU]RA1 ! REPUBLICAN ,ACTION ,P>TIES & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT1 ! ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES1 ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES--! ,/AL9I/ P>TY & ! MORE OR LESS ,TROTSKYI/ ONE--! ,C,N,T1 7,DURRUTI1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,AS5S7 & ! ,F,A,I 7,SANTILLAN & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ71 ! PR9CIPAL DELEGATIONS4 

,! ,COMMITTEE ALLOCAT$ V>I\S TASKS3 A G5]AL SECRET>Y = ADM9I/RATIVE WORK 7,JAIME ,MIRAVITLLES72 A SECTION = ORGANIZ+ MILITIAS1 SUBDIVID$ 9TO ,B>CELONA MILITIAS 7! RESPONSIBILITY = :I* WAS GIV5 TO US71 & ! MILITIAS ( ! O!R C\NTIES ( ,CATALONIA--A SUBDIVISION ?AT LAT] PROV$ TO BE IMPRACTICAL1 SO ?AT ?IS TASK WAS ALSO ALLOCAT$ TO US2 AN OP]ATIONAL SECTION 7,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS APPO9T$ TO LEAD ?IS SECTION72 A DEP>TM5T ( 9VE/IGATION & PUBLIC SAFETY 7,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 ,JOSE ,AS5S1 ,RAFAEL ,VIDIELLA & ,TOMAS ,FABREGAS W]E NAM$ TO BE CO*AIRM5 ( ?IS SECTION72 A DEP>TM5T ( PROVISION+ 7UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,JOSE ,TORR5TS72 & A DEP>TM5T ( TRANSPORT4 

,EA* ( ! ABOVE SECTIONS WAS FUR!R SUBDIVID$ 9TO O!R SUBSIDI>Y DEP>TM5TS1 SU* AS /ATI/ICS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! SECTION ( ! G5]AL SECRET>Y2 ! QU>T]MA/] G5]AL & MUNITIONS DEP>TM5T1 A SUBSECTION ( ! DEP>TM5T ( MILITIAS2 A DEP>TM5T ( C5SOR%IP & RADIO TRANSMISSIONS1 C>TOGRAPHY1 A MILIT>Y S*OOL & A SIGNAL+ & RADIO S*OOL1 SUBSECTIONS ( ! DEP>TM5T ( W> & OP]ATIONS1 ETC4 

,! MO/ CRUCIAL & URG5T TASK NATURALLY FELL ON \R %\LD]S AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MO/ NUM]\S & ACTIVE P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ,CATALONIA4 ,WE NOT ONLY ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASKS1 BUT ALSO = ?OSE 9 :I* PHYSICAL EXHAU/ION DUE TO \R 5ORM\S EF=TS W\LD MO/ QUICKLY ?REAT5 US4 ,MORE ?AN TW5TY H\RS A DAY ( 9CESSANT N]V\S /RESS1 RESOLV+ ?\S&S ( PROBLEMS EV]Y DAY1 ATT5D+ TO ! CR[DS ( PEOPLE :O SW>M$ >\ND \R (FICES ) ! MO/ V>I\S REQUE/S1 ALL COMPRIS$ AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT WAS H>DLY PROPITI\S = TRANQUIL M$ITATION4 

,WE MANAG$ TO NORMALIZE LIFE 9 A BIG CITY )9 AN EXTRAORD9>ILY BRIEF SPAN ( TIME & WE ALSO SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ EV]YONE UND]/& ?AT !Y C\LD NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION CREAT$ AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! REVOLT 9 ORD] TO PURSUE PRIVATE 5DS1 NOR C\LD !Y SETTLE P]SONAL GRUDGES1 NO MATT] H[ JU/IFI$ !Y MAY HAVE BE51 NOR C\LD !Y WANTONLY SQU&] SUPPLIES & PROVISIONS )\T URG5TLY RE/OCK+ ! W>EH\SES4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ?AT SOME EXCESSES W]E 9EVITABLE2 ! EXPLOSION ( SO MANY CONC5TRAT$ HATR$S & ! BREAK+ ( *A9S ?AT HAD SEEM$ TO BE UNBREAKABLE1 C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE )\T CONSEQU5CES4 ,TO MEET ! NE$S ( ! COMBATANTS A NUMB] ( PUBLIC D9+ HALLS W]E IMPROVIS$1 UND] ! AUSPICES ( ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! >MY B>RACKS !MSELVES W]E CONV]T$ 9TO PEOPLE'S HOTELS :]E FREE FOOD WAS GIV5 TO ! MILITIAM5 9 ! IMPROVIS$ UNITS ?AT =M$ PATROLS1 MANN$ B>RICADES1 ETC4 ,IT TOOK NO SMALL EF=T TO F9ALLY CLOSE D[N ! FREE D9+ HALLS1 EVACUATE ! B>RACKS1 DISMANTLE ! B>RICADES & RESUME WORK 9 ! FACTORIES & ! TRANSPORT SECTOR4 ,EI<T DAYS AFT] ! REVOLT1 ! ONLY NEW SPECTACLES (F]$ BY ,B>CELONA W]E ! UNI=MS ( ! MILITIAM5 & ! HEAVILY->M$ CONTROL PATROLS4 ,IT WAS ?R\< \R 9ITIATIVE ?AT ALL ! AVAILABLE OP5 L&1 EV5 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! CITY1 WAS SUBJECT$ TO CULTIVATION4 ,& ! GR\PS ?AT LEFT ! CITY DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS TO TRY TO OBTA9 PROVISIONS FROM ! PEASANT VILLAGES ( ! REGION HAD TO E/ABLI% A SY/EM ( EX*ANGE1 BR++ ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS ?AT ! CITY POSSESS$ TO PAY = :AT !Y RECEIV$ FROM ! WORK]S ( ! L&4 

,WE PUBLICIZ$ V]Y /]N W>N+S ?AT WE W\LD PUNI% ANYONE :O EXCE$$ !SE LIMITS1 & 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ANYONE FROM ?9K+ ?AT !SE W>N+S DID NOT APPLY TO EV]YONE1 WE %OT SOME ( \R COMRADES & FRI5DS :O HAD OV]/EPP$ !IR B\NDS4 ,?IS WAS ! FATE ( ,J4 ,G>D5ES1 :O C\LD NOT SAVE HIMSELF EV5 BY EXPRESS+ HIS REMORSE OV] ! ACTIONS = :I* HE CONFESS$ RESPONSIBILITY 9 GOOD FAI?1 KN[+ ?AT WE HAD DECL>$ ?AT WE W\LD NOT ALL[ !M2 & ?IS WAS ALSO ! FATE ( ! PRESID5T ( ONE ( ,B>CELONA'S BIGGE/ TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,FOOD ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 :O WAS ACCUS$ ( HAV+ BE5 RESPONSIBLE = AN 9CID5T ( P]SONAL V5GEANCE & :OSE REPUTATION AS AN OLD1 BATTLE-TE/$ MILITANT DID HIM NO GOOD AT ALL4.<#a#d.> 

,?AT IS H[ ! ,F,A,I & ,C,N,T DEALT ) !IR [N MEMB]S & COMRADES & !REBY GAVE NOTICE TO ALL ?AT ! REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE DI%ONOR$1 & SET ! /&>D = ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS TO OP]ATE ON ! SAME RIGOR\S BASIS 9 DEF5SE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4 ,WE 9T]V5$ 9 ?\S&S ( DIFFICULT CASES1 & WE ONLY NE$$ TO REF] TO ! PROSPECT ( PROMPT JU/ICE BE+ ! FATE ( ANYONE :O ATTACK$ ! E/ABLI%$ REVOLUTION>Y ORD] TO PACIFY ! IMPATI5T & TAME ! ANCE/RAL 9/9CTS ?AT W]E FI<T+ TO COME TO ! SURFACE4 

,& WE MU/ PO9T \T AS A MATT] ( RECORD ?AT WE SELDOM F\ND ?AT MEMB]S ( \R ORGANIZATIONS W]E IMPLICAT$ 9 PUNI%ABLE ACTS ?AT WE HAD TO REPRESS4 ,?\S&S ( D5UNCIATIONS W]E RECEIV$ & ! CO]CIVE DEP>TM5TS ?AT WE CREAT$ HAD TO 9VE/IGATE !M1 & AS A RESULT MANY P]SONS ) %ADY BACKGR\NDS W]E DETA9$ & BR\<T BE=E ! PEOPLE'S TRIBUNALS4 

,9 SU* CASES1 ! SUSPECTS USUALLY DID NOT HAVE A H>D TIME CONV9C+ ! TRIBUNALS ( !IR 9NOC5CE4 ,& 9 ?OSE CASES 9VOLV+ P]SECUTION ( OR ABUSES P]PETRAT$ AGA9/ ELEM5TS FROM ! OLD REGIME1 WE V]Y SELDOM DISCOV]$ ?AT ANY ( \R COMRADES W]E BEH9D !M4 

,/>T+ ON ! #b? ( ,JULY WE PO/$ IMPROVIS$ GU>DS AT ,BANKS1 M$ICAL CL9ICS1 PAWN %OPS1 ETC41 & WE PREV5T$ MANY REPRISALS & ACTS ( V5GEANCE4 ,BUT A CONVULSION ( SU* DEP? HAD %AK5 EV]Y?+ & HAD LIB]AT$ PRIMITIVE =CES ?AT LACK$ ! SELF-CONTROL POSSESS$ BY CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>IES1 A C]TA9 LEVEL ( CULTURE1 A FIRM MORAL S5SE & A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! OBJECTIVES PURSU$ & ! MEANS ?AT LEAD TO ! ATTA9M5T ( ?OSE OBJECTIVES4 

,WE DID NOT KN[ ! TRUE SITUATION ( ! 5EMY =CES1 BUT IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT !Y W\LD TRY TO ATTACK US1 N[ ?AT !Y W]E /RONGLY 5TR5*$ 9 ,>AGON & ,NAV>RE4 ,ELITI/ REPUBLICANS LIKE ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIOS TRI$ TO CREATE A ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,VAL5CIA & TO KEEP ! TROOPS ( ! G>RISON 9 !IR B>RACKS1 MA9TA9+ ?AT !Y W]E LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,WE HAD NO GU>ANTEE ( ?IS1 & A SNEAK ATTACK ON ,CATALONIA COMB9$ ) ACTIVE SUPPORT = ! REBEL ASSAULT BY ! TROOPS 9 ,VAL5CIA W\LD MEAN DISA/]4 

,WE HAD TO ?REAT5 TO S5D COLUMNS ( MILITIAM5 TO ,VAL5CIA IF ! G>RISON WAS NOT DIS>M$1 & AS = ! ?REAT ISSU$ BY ,MOLA & ,CABANELLAS1 WE RESOLV$ TO GO ON ! (F5SIVE & DECL>E W> ON ! REBELS 9 !IR /RON<OLDS 9 ORD] TO TAKE V5GEANCE = ! MASSACRE ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S & LEFTI/S1 REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S1 ?AT !Y HAD ORD]$ 9 ,Z>AGOZA & 9 ALL ! C\NTIES ( ,RIOJA4 

,WE SET A DATE & A TIME1 ,JULY #bd AT #a3 A4M4 ,! /AG+ >EA WAS ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA4 ,DURRUTI & ,P]EZ ,F>RAZ1 ONE AS ! POLITICAL *IEF & ! O!R HAS ! MILIT>Y COMM&]1 W\LD LEAD ! FIR/ EXP$ITION4 ,WE CALCULAT$ ?AT WE W\LD NE$ TWELVE ?\S& M5 TO TAKE ,Z>AGOZA4 

,ONLY A FEW H\RS E>LI]1 WE HAD NO IDEA ( H[ WE W]E GO+ TO FIGURE \T :]E ! MILITIAM5 W\LD BE MOBILIZ$1 OR :]E ! WEAPONS W\LD COME FROM1 OR :]E WE W\LD GET ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT2 BUT ! COLUMN LEFT = ,Z>AGOZA ON ! DAY & AT ! TIME WE HAD SET4 ,:ILE ! MILITIAM5 W]E GA!R+1 WE CALL$ UPON SOME (FIC]S & NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S :O HAD DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES ON ,JULY #ai BY FI<T+ ON \R SIDE1 OR :O W]E KN[N DUE TO !IR CONDUCT BE=E ?AT DATE4 ,WE F\ND REMNANTS ( ! ,ALCANT>A ,REGIM5T 9 ! B>RACKS AT ! ,>TILL]Y ,DEPOT & AT \R REQUE/ !Y (F]$ VOLUNTE]S1 ) CAPTA9 ,SALAV]A AT !IR HEAD1 TO JO9 ! EXP$ITION ) SOME MA*9E GUNS & MORT>S4 ,?AT UNIT WAS ! ONLY ORGANIZ$ =CE ?AT M>*$ D[N ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA ON ?AT DAY AMID ! *E]S ( ! POPULATION4 

,9 SPITE ( ! WIDESPREAD 5?USIASM1 ! COLUMN UND] ,DURRUTI & ,P]EZ ,F>RAZ FELL F> %ORT ( \R PROJECT$ FIGURE ( #a#b1 M54 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ MISCALCULATION4 ,! W> WAS SUPPOS$ TO ABSORB EV]Y?+3 M51 >MS1 LABOR1 ?\<T1 LIFE1 EV]Y?+4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! FIR/ EXP$ITION>Y COLUMN W\LD HAVE A SURPLUS ( COMBATANTS & ?AT IT W\LD ACCOMPLI% ITS MISSION )\T ANY PROBLEMS4 ,! ?REE ?\S& VOLUNTE] MILITIAM5 :O DEP>T$ TO P]=M ?IS MISSION DID SO ) AN 9DESCRIBABLE JOY1 PRIDE & ELAN4 

,A P]SON :O C\LD BY NO /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION BE C\NT$ AMONG ! VICTORS ( ,JULY *>ACT]IZ$ !SE FIR/ JOYFUL W>RIORS :O LEFT ! CITY TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ SO ?AT ,SPA9 & ! WORLD W\LD HAVE A BETT] FUTURE1 ! FUTURE ?AT O!RS ( !IR K9D HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO PREFIGURE 9 ! FACTORIES1 ! F>MS1 ! M9ES & ! S*OOLS4 ,=TUNATELY = ,CATALONIA & = ,CA/ILLE1 !SE BOLD TRIBESM5 :O ATTACK$ TANKS MULTIPLI$ &1 9/EAD ( WAIT+ = FASCISM TO ATTACK1 ! EMANCIPAT$ PEOPLE1 OCCUPY+ ! MO/ /RATEGIC POSITIONS1 =C$ ! 5EMY =CES TO DIG 9 ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,EBRO4 

,)9 A FEW DAYS1 MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ FIFTY ?\S& VOLUNTE]S HAD SIGN$ UP TO FI<T :]EV] !Y W]E NE$$ AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 ,& TO ORGANIZE ?IS 5ORM\S MASS ( VOLUNTE]S ) EV5 ! LEA/ EFFECTIV5ESS1 WE C\LD NOT RELY ON ANY VE/IGE ( ! OLD >MY4 ,WE HAD \RSELVES BE5 COMMITT$ ANTI-MILIT>I/S ALL \R LIVES1 & 9VET]ATE 5EMIES ( W>4 ,! FIR/ TIME WE HAD EV] SET FOOT 9 A B>RACKS WAS :5 WE ACCEPT$ ! SURR5D] ( ITS DEF5D]S1 SYMBOLS ( A PA/ ?AT WE WANT$ TO LEAVE BEH9D US =EV]4 ,! P[] ( ! WILL & ! EAG]NESS ( ! PEOPLE W]E SU* ?AT WE MOBILIZ$ AS MANY M5 AS !RE W]E RIFLES TO GIVE !M1 & WE S5T !M TO ! FRONT ORGANIZ$ 9TO C5TURIES1 :I* W]E LIKE LI<T 9FANTRY COMPANIES1 & WE TRI$ TO 5SURE ?AT !Y W]E L$ BY M5 :O 5JOY$ A C]TA9 MORAL AU?ORITY4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ COLUMN1 :I* E/ABLI%$ ITS G5]AL HEADQU>T]S 9 ,BUJ>ALOZ1 WE S5T ANO!R COLUMN TO ! S\!RN ,EBRO1 :I* SET UP ITS G5]AL HEADQU>T]S 9 ,CASPE2 ANO!R DEP>T$ = ,T>DI5TA1 O!RS = ,HUESCA1 ETC4 

,)9 TWO MON?S WE HAD =M$ A FRONT MORE ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ KILOMET]S LONG 9 ,>AGON1 ) ?IRTY ?\S& >M$ MILITIAM5 ASSIGN$ TO ! V>I\S COLUMNS :O C>RI$ \T OP]ATIONS ) A GOOD RECORD ( SUCCESS1 CAPTUR$ MAT]IEL & PRISON]S FROM ! 5EMY1 & DID NOT YIELD ONE 9* ( T]RITORY4 ,! ONLY VICTORIES ( ANY CONSEQU5CE BE=E ,GUADALAJ>A W]E ?OSE WON ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 =M$ & MA9TA9$ BY US4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE ALSO C>RI$ \T ! EXP$ITIONS TO ,MALLORCA1 ?OSE ?AT W]E UND] ! COMM& ( ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO & ?OSE ?AT W]E UND] ! COMM& ( ,JUAN ,YAGUE1 ! M>ITIME WORK]1 :O ORGANIZ$ ! ,ROJA Y ,NEGRA .<,R$ & ,BLACK.> ,COLUMN4 ,!SE OP]ATIONS 9 ,MALLORCA 9VOLV$ L&+S ON ! ISL&S &1 BY PUTT+ PRESSURE ON ! 5EMY'S =CES 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,PALMA1 PREV5T$ !M FROM CONSOLIDAT+ !IR VICTORY 9 ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S & ALSO PREV5T$ ! ,ITALIANS FROM TURN+ ! ISL&S 9TO A NAVAL & AIR BASE TO BE US$ AGA9/ ! ,P59SULA4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS FOLL[+ ! VICTORY ( ,JULY1 ! ,NAV>RAN COLONEL ,JIM5EZ DE LA ,B]AZA1 :O HAD MANAG$ TO CROSS ! BORD] 9TO ,FRANCE 9 TIME TO AVOID FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! RAQUETES & ,MOLA'S =CES1 >RIV$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,HE WAS ASK$ :AT HE ?\<T ( EV]Y?+ ?AT HAD BE5 DONE SO F> & HE RESPOND$ ) A UNIQUE P]SPICACITY3  
  

0,MILIT>ILY ?IS IS *AOS1 BUT IT IS A *AOS ?AT WORKS4 ,DON'T DI/URB IT60  
  

,& HE CAME OV] TO \R SIDE1 ALONG ) ! FEW O!R PR(ESSIONAL (FIC]S :O HELP$ US1 ) !IR ADVICE & SUPPORT1 ORGANIZ+ ! AVAILABLE >TILL]Y BATT]IES = ! FRONT1 & F9D+ LOYAL (FIC]S = !M4 ,NOT ALL ( !M HAD ! SAME 9TUITION4 ,! /ATE-WOR%IP]S ( ! V>I\S P>TIES & ?OSE :O W]E DAZZL$ BY ! C9EMATIC FANTASIES AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN R$ >MY1 UTILIZ+ EV]Y MEANS TO UND]M9E ! WORK ( ! PEOPLE1 TURN$ 0*AOS01 ?ANKS TO ! ,RUSSIANS :O >RIV$ ?REE OR F\R MON?S LAT]1 9TO 0ORD]01 AT LEA/ AS SE5 FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T ( ! 0,GAZETTE01 & TURN$ ORD] 9TO DEFEAT4 

,EV] S9CE ! MILITIAS W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 0>MY0--AN >MY M9US ITS (FIC]S & M9US ! SPIRIT ?AT HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ 9 ,JULY--WE HAVE SE5 NO?+ BUT DISA/]S4 ,! NEW DIRECTORS ( ! W> W]E 9CAPABLE ( UND]/&+1 OR ELSE UND]/OOD IT ALL TOO WELL1 ?AT !Y C\LD NOT SIMULTANE\SLY FI<T BO? ! MILIT>Y REBELLION & ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y WAG$ BO? W>S SIMULTANE\SLY1 & FIR/ !Y LO/ ! PEOPLE1 & !N !Y LO/ ! CAUSE ?AT !Y WANT$ TO DEF5D4 

,AL?\< IT WAS DONE )\T \R APPROVAL1 P>TY & TRADE UNION SECTIONS W]E =M$ )9 ! MILITIAS1 :I* W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE A S+LE1 UNIFI$ EXPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE 9 >MS4 ,IT WAS ! ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES--,/AL9I/S & SO-CALL$ ,TROTSKYI/S--:I* FIR/ SPLIT ! ANTI-FASCI/ PEOPLE TO L9E !M UP BEH9D !IR P>TY SLOGANS4 ,A COLUMN APPE>$ AT ! FRONT ) ! NAME ( ! ,C>LOS ,M>X ,COLUMN4 ,:AT DID ,K>L ,M>X HAVE TO DO ) \R EPIC /RUGGLE8 ,WE *RI/5$ A COLUMN ?AT DEP>T$ = ,HUESCA ) ! NAME1 ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 ! H]O ( ! ,B>CELONA ,JULY DAYS1 KILL$ 9 BATTLE AT ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS1 BUT NOT = A P>TISAN PURPOSE1 BUT SIMPLY TO HONOR H]OISM & ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,CATALONIANS HAD !IR ,MACIAS-,COMPANYS ,COLUMN1 ! CONF$]AL COMRADES =M$ !IR SECTIONS )9 ! COLUMNS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 & ! ,TROTSKYI/S HAD !IR [N MILITIAS4 ,IT WAS NOT ALL H>MONY BETWE5 !SE V>I\S P>TY-BAS$ =CES AT ! FRONT4 ,?IS EXCESS ( P>TISAN FEEL+ %\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 AVOID$4 ,! ONLY COLUMN ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I WAS ! ONE ?AT WAS CONCEIV$ & S5T TO ! FRONT BY ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,LOS ,AGUILU*OS .<,Y\NG ,EAGLES.>4 ,ALL ! O!RS W]E =M$ AT ! 9/IGATION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS & W]E ANSW]ABLE TO ITS AU?ORITY1 TO :I*1 BY ! WAY1 ,LOS ,AGUILU*OS ALSO SUBMITT$4 

,!RE HAS BE5 A LOT ( TALK AB\T ! AN>*I/S AT ! FRONT BE+ MODELS ( 9DISCIPL9E & DISORD]4 ,I MU/ PO9T \T ?AT ! MO/ WELL ORGANIZ$ & MO/ DISCIPL9$ =CES W]E ALWAYS LIB]T>IAN UNITS &1 DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 WE W]E AT ! FRONT ) ! MILITIAS1 !Y W]E ALSO ! ONLY ONES ?AT W]E REGUL>LY MANN$1 SUPPLI$ & COMM&$4 ,& AFT] ! NEW >MY WAS =M$ & AFT] IT WAS DEFEAT$ BY ,FRANCO'S >MIES1 ! DIVISIONS ?AT W]E COMPOS$ PR$OM9ANTLY ( AN>*I/S1 ) AN>*I/ COMM&]S1 W]E SE5 M>*+ 9TO ,FRANCE 9 P]FECT MILIT>Y =MATION1 A FACT ?AT EV5 ! 5EMY PRESS WAS ABLE TO NOTE AT ! TIME4 

,IT WAS RESOLV$ TO GIVE EV]Y T5D5CY REPRES5T$ ON ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS A B>RACKS = RECRUITM5T & TRA9+4 ,!SE B>RACKS HAD BE5 ASSAULT$ & TAK5 BY MILITANTS ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T1 :I* MA9TA9$ !IR CONTROL OV] !M UNTIL WE DECID$ ?AT ! TIME WAS RI<T TO H& !M OV]4 

,9 COMPLIANCE ) ?IS RESOLUTION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 WE GAVE ,MONTJUI* TO ! ,ESQU]RA1 ! ,LEPANTO B>RACKS TO ! ,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A .<,P,\,M.>1 ! ,>TILL]Y ,DEPOT TO ! ,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,UNIFICADO DE ,CATALUNA .<,P,S,U,C.>1 & A =M] MONA/]Y TO ! ,P>TIDO ,F$]AL ,IB]ICO1 SUBJECT TO ! CONDITION ?AT ALL ( !M W\LD /ILL REMA9 UND] ! SUPREME AU?ORITY ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS4 ,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I RETA9$ ! B>RACKS ( ,P$RALBES1 ,SAN ,&RES1 ! CAVALRY B>RACKS ( ,SANTIAGO1 ! B>RACKS ON ! ,AV5IDA ,IC>IA1 & ! ,5G9E]S ,B>RACKS4 ,! B>RACKS ( ! ,QU>T]MA/]'S ,CORPS & ! ,>TILL]Y ,DEPOT W]E 9T5D$ TO REMA9 FREE ( P>TICUL> P>TY 9T]F]5CE1 DUE TO ! FUNCTIONS ?AT !Y P]=M$4 ,! ,M>XI/S BEGAN TO GIVE !IR B>RACKS NEW NAMES1 CALL+ ONE ! ,C>LOS ,M>X B>RACKS & ! O!R ! ,L59 B>RACKS4 ,!N ! M5 ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,C,N,T DID NOT WANT TO BE LEFT \T1 SO !Y BAPTIZ$ ONE ( !IR B>RACKS AS ! ,MIGUEL ,BAKUN9 B>RACKS1 ANO!R !Y CALL$ ! ,SALVO*EA B>RACKS1 ANO!R ! ,SP>TACUS B>RACKS1 & SO ON4 

,EA* ( ! MILITIA TRA9+ C5T]S 9 ! B>RACKS NAM$ A POLITICAL *IEF1 :O ATT5D$ TO ! DIRECTIVES ( ! V>I\S P>TIES ?AT OP]AT$ !M1 & A MILIT>Y COMM&]1 :O WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE )\T ANY P>TY PREF]5CE1 AL?\<1 & ?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( ! ,M>XI/S1 ! PROCESS ( *OOS+ !SE COMM&]S WAS >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT P]SONS :O W]E P>TY MEMB]S OR SYMPA?IZ]S W]E SELECT$4 ,O!RWISE1 WE SUCCE$$ 9 P]=M+ !SE FUNCTIONS ) A GOOD DEGREE ( H>MONY & WE C>RI$ \T DAILY 9SPECTIONS ( ! B>RACKS 9 ORD] TO REM$Y ANY DEFECTS & PUT AN 5D TO ANY ABUSES4 

,9 ORD] TO PROVIDE = ! PROVISION+ ( ! POPULATION ) FOOD & O!R NECESS>Y GOODS WE =M$ A ,PROVISION+ ,COMMITTEE AS A CORE WORK+ GR\P1 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS ITSELF1 :I* WAS EXCLUSIVELY DEVOT$ TO QUE/IONS ( PROVISION+ & CLO?+ ! MILITIAM5 AT ! FRONT & BEH9D ! L9ES4 

,WE CONT9U$ TO ORGANIZE EXP$ITION>Y COLUMNS & TO ATT5D AS F> AS POSSIBLE TO ! DEM&S ( ALL ! FRONTS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] WE S5T RE9=CEM5TS TO ,MADRID1 A COLUMN ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS UND] ! COMM& ( COLONEL ,ESCOB>1 & A COLUMN ( MILITIAM51 APPROXIMATELY #c1 M51 EQUIPP$ ) RIFLES & AMMUNITION1 MA*9E GUNS1 & A FEW BATT]IES ( >TILL]Y4 ,:5 ! SECOND COLUMN DEP>T$ = ,>AGON WE ALREADY HAD A DISAGREEM5T ) SOME ( ! MO/ \T/&+ MILIT>Y (FIC]S ( ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS !MSELVES4 ,:ILE IT WAS \R OP9ION ?AT ! MO/ CAPABLE & POPUL> COMRADES %\LD DEP>T = ! FRONT AT ! COMM& ( ! C5TURIES1 BATTALIONS & COLUMNS1 C]TA9 COMRADES EXPRESS$ ! VIEW ?AT WE %\LD PRES]VE ! MO/ \T/&+ MILITANTS = AFT] ! W>2 ACCORD+ TO !M1 WE HAD SUFF]$ SIGNIFICANT LOSSES 9 ,JULY1 :I* WAS TRUE1 & ?AT IF COMBAT AT ! FRONT W]E TO DEPRIVE US ( ?OSE ?AT REMA9$1 WE W\LD BE 9 A DISADVANTAGE\S POSITION ) RESPECT TO ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS AFT] ! W> WAS OV]4 ,WE SAW ?AT ?IS WAS A CASE ( C\NT+ Y\R *ICK5S BE=E !Y HAT*4 ,MAYBE BECAUSE WE HAD MORE ACCURATE 9=MATION1 OR MAYBE BECAUSE WE HAD A MORE CORRECT VIEW ( ! SITUATION1 ?IS OP9ION CAUS$ US SU* PR(\ND PA9 ?AT WE %$ TE>S2 TE>S ( RAGE1 OR ( GRIEF4 

,! DEA?S ( \R MO/ POPUL> COMRADES DID NOT WEAK5 US = ! FUTURE1 BUT MADE US /RONG]4 ,& AFT] ALL1 IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( CALCULATIONS1 FIR/ Y\ HAD TO DEFEAT ! 5EMY1 !N WE CAN DEBATE1 ?OSE ( US :O REMA9 ALIVE1 OR ?OSE :O >E /ILL 9 ANY CONDITION TO DO SO4 ,\R 5EMIES DID NOT W>N US ( EI!R ! MAGNITUDE ( ! ?REAT !Y POS$ OR ! FACTORS ?AT !Y HAD 9 !IR FAVOR6 ,WE W]E 9 A HURRY TO TAKE ! W> TO EV]Y CORN] ( ,SPA91 BE=E ! REBEL MILIT>Y =CES C\LD GO ON ! (F5SIVE4 ,DUR+ ?OSE DAYS 9 ,JULY1 :5 IT WAS A MATT] ( VICTORY OR DEA?1 DID WE MAKE CALCULATIONS AB\T ! FUTURE & :AT WE W\LD DO 9 ! FUTURE8 ,! ,JULY DAYS 9 ,B>CELONA W]E NOT !MSELVES DECISIVE2 IT WAS /ILL NECESS>Y TO FI<T ) ! SAME =TITUDE & ! SAME TRANQUIL & H]OIC D$ICATION TO BE VICTORI\S OR TO DIE4 ,:Y /OCKPILE ELEM5TS 9 ! RE>GU>D ?AT >E NE$$ AT ! FRONT8 ,:Y LET ! COLUMNS LEAVE = ! FRONT )\T COMPET5T LEAD]S1 SO ?AT !IR COMM&+ (FIC]S >E *OS5 ALMO/ R&OMLY1 ) A CORRESPOND+ R$UCTION ( !IR EFFECTIV5ESS8 

,WE HAD V]Y FEW MILIT>Y (FIC]S ON \R SIDE & ! ONES ?AT WE DID HAVE P]=M$ = ! MO/ P>T ! FUNCTIONS P]TA9+ TO ,G5]AL ,/AFF OP]ATIONS & TE*NICAL ADVIS]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! MILITIAM5 DID NOT WANT PR(ESSIONAL (FIC]S1 & DI/RU/$ !M1 A QUITE UND]/&ABLE ATTITUDE AFT] :AT HAD JU/ TAK5 PLACE4 

,BUT ! OV]RID+ CONC]N ( ALMO/ ! HI<-LEVEL LEAD]S ( \R ORGANIZATIONS WAS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ! LEAD]S ( ALL ! P>TIES1 NONE ( :I* WANT$ TO S5D !IR LEAD+ FIGURES TO ! FRONT1 ALL ( !M RECKON+ ) ! SAME FAULTY REASON+ ?AT !IR *ICK5S W]E ALREADY AS GOOD AS HAT*$4 ,A PR$OM9ANT 5VIRONM5T ( MEAN-SPIRIT$1 BACKROOM POLITICS ?US >OSE 9 ! RE>GU>D ?AT W\LD HAVE NAUSEAT$ ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS ( ! OLD REGIME4 

,WE REGRET ?AT WE MU/ PRES5T A REVIEW ( !SE PALTRY DETAILS AT SU* A TRAGIC HI/ORICAL MOM5T1 :I* /& \T 9 SU* /RIK+ CONTRA/ ) ! EXAMPLE ( SU* A NOBLE & DIGNIFI$ PEOPLE2 BUT WE CANNOT REMA9 SIL5T AB\T ! ATTITUDES ( \R [N PEOPLE AS WELL AS ?OSE ( O!R ORGANIZATIONS ?AT MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = US TO DO :AT WAS ADVISABLE & :AT PROMIS$ TO DELIV] DEF9ITIVE VICTORIES DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! W>2 ! DISPAT* TO ! FRONT ( /RONG CONT+5TS ( MOBILE & SPECIAL OP]ATIONS =CES1 S9CE ! =CES WE HAD 9 ,>AGON1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E NO MORE ?AN A ?9 SKIRMI% L9E4 ,?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES1 TW5TY OR TW5TY-FIVE >TILL]Y BATT]IES1 V]Y FEW MA*9E GUNS2 ?IS WAS NOT 5\< MAT]IEL = SU* A LONG FRONT4 

,WE CANNOT REMA9 SIL5T CONC]N+ ! FACT ?AT1 :ILE WE HAD ONLY ?IRTY ?\S& RIFLES ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 !RE W]E >\ND #f1 RIFLES 9 ! RE>GU>D1 9 ! POSSESSION ( P>TIES & V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS1 MORE >MAM5T ?AN AT ! FRONT1 :]E ! 5EMY WAS4 

,NOT ONLY ONCE1 BUT DOZ5S ( TIMES1 WE PLEAD$ ) ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T TO SURR5D] ! MILIT>Y WEAPONRY ?AT IT POSSESS$4 ,OR ?AT IF IT DID NOT WANT TO H& OV] ! >MS1 !N SOME ( ! M5 :O BE> ?OSE >MS MI<T AT LEA/ VOLUNTE] = S]VICE AT ! FRONT4 ,TO KEEP ORD] 9 ! RE>GU>D1 WOM51 *ILDR5 & /ONES W]E 5\<4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT WE C\LD NOT DIS>M \R [N PEOPLE1 :ILE ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E GETT+ READY TO /AB US 9 ! BACK4 ,WE DISPUT$ ?IS ASS]TION4 ,! DAY :5 \R COMRADES1 POSSESSORS ( ! GREATE/ QUANTITY ( WEAPONRY1 W\LD DECIDE TO H& OV] !IR GUNS OR GO TO ! FRONT1 ?AT SAME DAY WE W\LD ALSO BEG9 ! DIS>MAM5T ( ALL ! O!R P>TIES & WE PROMIS$ TO EMPLOY ?OSE :O W]E MO/ SUSPICI\S AB\T ! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS PROMISE TO HELP IMPLEM5T IT4 ,WE W\LD ALSO DIS>M OR ASSIGN TO FRONTL9E DUTIES ALL ?OSE M5 5ROLL$ 9 ! V>I\S 9/ITUTIONS ( PUBLIC & JUDICIAL ORD]1 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D1 & ! C>AB9]OS4 ,BUT WE W\LD NOT HAVE ! MORAL BASIS TO PROCE$ AGA9/ ! O!RS AS LONG AS WE DID NOT TAKE A FIR/ /EP \RSELVES BY ADOPT+ A RESOLUTION TO DO ! SAME4 

,! DANG] ( C\NT]REVOLUTION TO :I* \R COMRADES ALLUD$1 WAS AS F> AS WE W]E CONC]N$ REPRES5T$ = ! MO/ P>T BY ?OSE #f1 RIFLES 9 ! RE>GU>D ( A FRONT ?AT ONLY HAD #c1 RIFLES & ?AT HAD TO SEV]ELY CURTAIL ITS OP]ATIONS DUE TO ! LACK ( ! MO/ 9DISP5SABLE MAT]IEL = COMBAT1 S9CE ! GUNS LACK$ AMMUNITION MO/ ( ! TIME4 

,! COMPLA9TS ( ! COMBATANTS W]E CONT9U\S1 /RID5T & COMPLETELY JU/IFI$4 ,DURRUTI1 :5EV] HE CAME TO ,B>CELONA & SAW SO MANY PEOPLE ) GUNS ON ! /REETS1 RO>$ LIKE A LION4 ,ONE DAY1 HE F\ND \T ?AT !RE W]E EI<T OR T5 MA*9E GUNS 9 ,SABADELL4 ,HE POLITELY ASK$ = !M & HIS REQUE/ WAS REFUS$4 ,!N HE ORGANIZ$ A C5TURY & S5T IT TO ,SABADELL TO OBTA9 BY =CE :AT ! PEOPLE ) ! MA*9E GUNS 9 ,SABADELL W\LD NOT H& OV] TO ! W> EF=T VOLUNT>ILY4 ,S9CE ,DURRUTI TOLD US :AT HE 9T5D$ TO DO1 WE W]E ABLE TO >RIVE 9 ,SABADELL BE=E HIM & PREV5T A BLOODY BATTLE1 AS WE COMPELL$ ! PEOPLE 9 ,SABADELL TO H& OV] A C\PLE ( MA*9E GUNS1 UND] ! ?REAT ?AT IF !Y REFUS$ WE W\LD JO9 =CES ) ,DURRUTI'S C5TURY ?AT WAS 5 R\TE4 

,!SE MA*9E GUNS W]E 9 ! H&S ( COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS1 BUT 9 ,B>CELONA !RE W]E P]HAPS FIFTY MA*9E GUNS 9 ! H&S ( \R [N COMRADES4 ,WE DID NOT HAVE ?AT MANY MA*9E GUNS ON ! :OLE ,>AGON FRONT4 ,& ?AT IS NOT C\NT+ ! MA*9E GUNS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 

,WE >E COMMITT$ ONLY TO ! TRU?1 & WE W\LD FAIL 9 \R COMMITM5T IF WE W]E NOT TO RELATE ! FEEL+S ?AT EMBITT]$ US & ! FAILURES ?AT 9 \R VIEW W]E NECESS>ILY FATAL4 

,! P>TIES ?AT HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO CONSPIRE ON ,JULY #b L\DLY PROCLAIM$ ?AT ALL MILIT>Y WEAPONS MU/ BE S5T TO ! FRONT1 BUT !Y HID !IR [N WEAPONS & B\<T :AT !Y C\LD1 CONFID5TIALLY1 FROM =EIGN SUPPLI]S4 ,!IR COMPLA9TS W\LD H>DLY BE VALID IF ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 ?AT IS1 ! LEAD]S ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 HAD S]I\SLY RESOLV$ TO H& OV] ALL MILIT>Y GRADE WEAPONRY & TO S5D !IR BE/ M5 TO ! FRONT4 ,)9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS1 ALL ! O!R P>TIES & GR\PS1 WILL+LY OR BY =CE1 W\LD HAVE DONE ! SAME4 ,& ! W> W\LD HAVE BE5 WON 9 A FEW MON?S4 

,! WORK ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ 9 A FEW BRIEF & FLEET+ NOTES4 ,E/ABLI%+ REVOLUTION>Y ORD] 9 ! RE>GU>D1 ORGANIZ+ =CES ?AT W]E MORE OR LESS FIT TO FI<T A W>1 TRA9+ (FIC]S1 OP]AT+ A S*OOL = RADIO & SIGNAL+ OP]ATIONS1 FE$+ & CLO?+ ! MILITIAS1 ORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMY1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL PROCE$+S2 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS DID ALL !SE ?+S1 IT ATT5D$ TO EV]Y?+3 ! TRANS=MATION ( PEACETIME 9DU/RIES 9TO W> 9DU/RIES1 PROPAG&A1 RELATIONS ) ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T1 SUPPORT = ALL PO9TS ( CONFLICT1 RELATIONS ) ,MOROCCO1 ! CULTIVATION ( ALL AVAILABLE L&1 HEAL? & SANITATION1 ! COA/ GU>D & BORD] PATROLS1 & A ?\S& O!R DETAILS ( ! MO/ V>I$ K9D4 

,WE PAID ! MILITIAM51 !IR FAMILIES1 & ! WID[S ( ! COMBATANTS2 9 %ORT1 A FEW DOZ5 9DIVIDUALS ATT5D$ TO ! TASKS ?AT A GOV]NM5T W\LD REQUIRE AN EXTREMELY EXP5SIVE BUREAUCRACY TO P]=M4 

,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS WAS A ,M9I/RY ( ,W> 9 A TIME ( W>1 & A ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR & A ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS AT ! SAME TIME1 S]V+ AS ! 9SPIRATION = ! =MATION ( SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL DOMA9S4 ,!RE WAS NO MORE LEGITIMATE EXPRESSION ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT HAD TO BE =TIFI$1 IT HAD TO BE HELP$ SO ?AT IT C\LD MORE EFFECTIVELY P]=M ITS MISSION1 S9CE SALVATION LAY 9 ITS P[]1 :I* WAS ! COMB9$ P[] ( ALL ITS COMPON5T GR\PS & P>TIES1 :I* W\LD O!RWISE DETRACT FROM EA* O!R'S P[]4 ,9 ?IS DUAL 9T]PRETATION1 WE W]E ISOLAT$ FROM \R [N FRI5DS & COMRADES4 

,! GREAT ,DORADO ,MONT]O SAID ?AT ! LEGISLATOR OR /ATESMAN :O C\LD ABOLI% LAWY]S W\LD P]=M A MAJOR S]VICE = ! C\NTRY4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ! ABOLITION ( ?AT P>ASITIC & CORRUPT+ 9/ITUTION IS 9DISP5SABLE = A HEAL?Y ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE4 

,!RE IS NO QUE/ION AB\T IT3 WE MADE HA/E TO IMPOSE ! RESUMPTION ( PRODUCTIVE LIFE2 WE SET 9 MOTION ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS1 9ITIATIVES1 & ELEM5TS ?AT C\LD BE ( USE TO US = MEET+ ! NE$S ( ! W> & = ! REORGANIZATION ( ! NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD]4 ,:5 A S]I\S CASE CAME TO \R ATT5TION1 WE MET 9 C\NCIL & REA*$ A V]DICT4 ,ONE DAY1 A HALF H\R AFT] A M9OR ACCID5T AT ! PORT 9VOLV+ ONE ( \R MILIT>Y DETA*M5TS1 WE MET 9 C\NCIL & SUMM>ILY CONVICT$ ! COMM&] ( ! UNIT 9 QUE/ION & /RIPP$ HIM ( HIS COMM&1 YIELD+ TO ! PROPOSALS ( ! SAILORS !MSELVES4 ,IT DID NOT EV5 OCCUR TO US ?AT Y\ NE$ LAWY]S & JUDGES = SU* MATT]S4 ,! WRIT+S ( ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A & ,DORADO TAU<T US MANY YE>S E>LI] AB\T ! /]ILITY ( ?AT PR(ESSION4 

,SO :Y DID WE DECIDE TO REOP5 ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE1 :I* HAD BE5 CLOS$ S9CE ! DAYS ( ! REVOLT1 & NO ONE HAD S9CE TRI$ TO OP5 IT8 ,:AT PURPOSE W\LD A JUDICIAL P[] S]VE 9 ! NEW WAY ( LIFE ?AT WAS BE+ ORGANIZ$8 ,ONE DAY1 ,ANGEL ,SAMBLANCAT APPE>$ AT \R ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S TO ASSI/ US 9 ! PLANN$ OCCUPATION ( ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE1 :I* HAD TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS4 

,WE DID NOT HAVE TIME TO REFLECT ON :AT WE W\LD DO ) ?IS 9/RUM5T ( ALL OPPRESSION1 BUT ,SAMBLANCAT1 AL?\< HE WAS A LAWY]1 DES]V$ \R COMPLETE CONFID5CE & WE ISSU$ AN ORD] TO RAID ITS (FICES1 :I* W]E GU>D$ BY SQUADS ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ON ! PRETEXT ( CONDUCT+ A SE>* = WEAPONS4 ,ALL[$ TO 5T] ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 ! MILITIAM5 :O ACCOMPANI$ ,SAMBLANCAT DID NOT LEAVE ! BUILD+4 

,& SO ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE WAS REOP5$1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( A SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y JU/ICE SY/EM COMM5C$4 ,PEOPLE'S ,TRIBUNALS W]E =M$ :I* JUDG$ CRIMES ( REBELLION & CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC & AGA9/ ! NEW LEGAL SY/EM4 ,AS SOON AS ?IS FUNCTION ( ! ,TRIBUNALS WAS ATTRIBUT$ TO !M1 :5 ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY >OSE ! PEOPLE'S JUDGES W]E REPLAC$ BY ! OLD PR(ESSIONAL JUDGES1 :O HAD MORE EXP]TIZE AS JUDGES1 & ?IS 9/RUM5T ?AT WE HAD ?\<TLESSLY RE/OR$ TO LIFE BECAME A WEAPON ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 

,WE W]E NEV] V]Y SYMPA!TIC T[>DS EI!R ! JUDICIAL OR ! POLICE APP>ATUS4 ,:AT A BAD IDEA IT WAS TO ALL[ ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNALS TO OP]ATE1 :5 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS ITSELF C\LD HAVE P]=M$ ?IS TASK ( JUDG+ ! CRIMES ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION ) BETT] JUDGM5T & MORE C]TA9TY ( SEE+ TO IT ?AT \R JUDGM5TS W]E EXECUT$6 ,WE HAD ASSUM$ ) ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS A FUNCTION ( TOTAL PEOPLE'S P[]2 :Y DIVIDE ?IS P[] & SURR5D] SU* ESS5TIAL CU/ODIAL FUNCTIONS ( ! LABOR ?AT WE HAD TAK5 UPON \RSELVES8 

,! JUDGES1 EV5 IF !Y W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I1 & ! POLICE1 EV5 IF !Y W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T1 W]E H>DLY TO \R LIK+2 WE F\ND !SE FUNCTIONS SOME:AT REPULSIVE4 ,?AT IS :Y WE DID NOT WELCOME ! =MATION ( ! 9/ITUTION CALL$ ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS4 ,WE WANT$ TO LIQUIDATE ALL ! CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! RE>GU>D & S5D !M TO ! FRONT4 ,A T]RIFY+ LEG5D WAS SOON WOV5 >\ND !SE ,PATROLS4 ,MO/ ( ! MILITIAM5 :O /AFF$ ! ,PATROLS W]E \R COMRADES & !Y POS$ A ?REAT1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y W]E \R COMRADES1 TO ANY POSSIBLE S*EMES ON ! P>T ( ANY P>TICUL> GR\P TO IMPOSE ITS [N POLITICAL DOM9ANCE4 ,!RE W]E ?OSE :O WANT$ TO SUPPRESS !SE =CES1 & ! FIR/ ?+ !Y HAD TO DO WAS DISCR$IT !M4 

,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT1 AMONG ! #a1#e M5 9 ! ,PATROLS 9 ,B>CELONA1 SOME ( !M EXCE$$ !IR JURISDICTION & W]E GUILTY ( COMMITT+ CRIMES2 EV5 IF ?AT WAS TRUE1 H[EV]1 ! PROPORTION ( WRONGDO]S WAS NO HI<] 9 ! ,PATROLS ?AN WAS ORD9>ILY ! CASE 9 ! O!R REPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,WE >E NOT DEF5D+ ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,PATROLS1 JU/ AS WE NEV] DEF5D$ ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D OR ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D4 ,YET !Y DID POSSESS A S5SE ( HUMANITY & RESPONSIBILITY ?AT KEPT !M FAI?FUL TO ! PRES]VATION ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4 

,IF ! ,PATROLS HAD SURVIV$1 !Y MI<T HAVE BECOME JU/ ANO!R POLICE =CE1 BUT ! CAMPAIGN ( DEFAMATION TO :I* !Y W]E SUBJECT$ WAS )\T F\NDATION4 ,?IS CAMPAIGN WAS WAG$ MA9LY BY ! COMMUNI/S1 & !IR SUBSEQU5T ACTIVITIES1 ) ! ,*EKAS1 ! MURD]S ( PRISON]S1 & SECRET PRISONS1 REVEAL$ ?AT ! REAL REASON = !IR CRITICISMS HAD NO?+ TO DO ) !IR ALLEG$ DESIRE TO REM$Y ! TEMPOR>Y DEFECTS ( ! ,PATROLS4 ,FREE ( ANY P>TISAN BIAS 9 ?IS QUE/ION1 SOME:AT HO/ILE T[>DS ! ,PATROLS AT A TIME :5 \R [N ORGANIZATIONS ACCEPT$ !M )\T ANY RES]VATIONS1 WE DEF5D$ !M :5 ?OSE SAME ORGANIZATIONS AB&ON$ !M TO ! REPRESSIVE DICTATES ( ! C5TRAL P[]1 & REG>DLESS ( H[ MANY MI/AKES !Y MADE OR H[ (T5 !Y W5T TOO F>1 :I* IS TO BE EXPECT$ FROM POLICE WORK1 WE W\LD NEV] ID5TIFY !IR OP]ATIONS ) ?OSE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT REPLAC$ !M1 ! C>E] ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & POLICEM5 OR ! NEW SPECIAL AG5TS1 AT ! DICTATE ( ,MOSC[4 

,ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS WE HAD TO 9T]V5E TO OBTA9 ! RELEASE ( PEOPLE :OSE POLITICAL NEUTRALITY CONV9C$ US ( !IR 9NOC5CE1 & WE W]E ABLE TO OBS]VE ?AT !SE DEF5DANTS W]E TREAT$ 9 A WAY ?AT WE W]E NEV] TREAT$3 AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,!RE W]E 9 FACT CONSPIRATORS 9 ! RE>GU>D & NATURALLY !Y MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ FREE RE9 TO 9FLICT H>M ON US4 

,BUT ! POPULATION ?AT HAD LIV$ ?R\< ! FIR/ T5 MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALONIA W\LD BE ABLE TO TE/IFY TO ! DIFF]5CE1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( REPRESSIVE ME?ODS1 ( :AT CAME LAT]1 UND] ! EGIS ( ! 0ORD]0 E/ABLI%$ BY ,PRIETO1 BY ,NEGR91 BY ,ZUGAZAGOITIA1 ) ! TORTURE *AMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY OR ( ! ,DIRECCION ,G5]AL DE ,SEGURIDAD .<,G5]AL ,DIRECTORATE ( ,SECURITY.>1 :I* W]E ONE & ! SAME1 OR ) ! HORRORS ( ! ,S,I,M1 ?AT P]PETRAT$ ATROCITIES ?AT NOT EV5 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D UND] ! MON>*Y C\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 

,& ! CAMPAIGN ( SL&] WAG$ AGA9/ ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS WAS ALSO EXT5D$ TO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,ONCE AGA91 WE DO NOT SAY ?AT !RE W]E NEV] ANY CASES :]E \R COMRADES W5T TOO F> OR COMMITT$ ABUSES4 ,EV5 ) REG>D TO \R [N ORGANIZATION1 WE >E F> FROM APPLAUD+ ALL ( ITS ACTIONS4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT NOT EV5 ! ,F,A,I SUPPORT$ US 9 \R 9SI/5CE ?AT ALL WEAPONS MU/ BE S5T TO ! FRONT2 BUT AS = ! SL&] & DEFAMATION DIRECT$ AGA9/ \R COMRADES & BROADCA/ TO ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>?1 WE MU/ PR\DLY SAY ?AT ( ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ONE ?AT EXHIBIT$ ! MO/ G5]\S & HUMANE CONDUCT AFT] ! CESSATION ( ! VIOL5T BATTLES ON ,JULY #b WAS ! ,F,A,I4 ,AT A PL5>Y SESSION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,MILITIAS1 :I* WAS ATT5D$ BY ! REPUBLICANS1 ! SOCIALI/S & ! COMMUNI/S1 !Y ANGRILY %[$ US SAFE CONDUCT PASSES SIGN$ BY ! ,F,A,I & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? = NUNS1 MONKS & PRIE/S ALL[+ !M TO LEAVE ! C\NTRY1 )\T ANY 9-DEP? 9VE/IGATIONS ( ! BACKGR\NDS ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 QUE/ION4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ ODD AB\T ?AT4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTOR ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT WAS ! MO/ 9DIFF]5T ) RESPECT TO RELIGI\S MATT]S1 & ! HATR$ ( CL]ICALISM1 :I* HAD ALWAYS BE5 5TIRELY JU/IFI$ 9 ,SPA91 WAS H>DLY TO BE F\ND AMONG \R RANKS4 

,TAKE A LOOK AT ! LIT]ATURE WE PUBLI%$ OV] ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S2 TAKE A LOOK AT \R PRESS & Y\ WILL NOTE ! SC>CITY ( ANTI-CL]ICAL DIATRIBES4 ,9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & EV5 9 ,FRANCE1 ! AN>*I/S HAVE PUBLI%$ J\RNALS DEVOT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO D5\NC+ ! LIE ( RELIGION4 

,\R ORGANIZATION 9 ,SPA9 HAS NEV] BE5 F]TILE SOIL = SU* VIEWS4 ,P]HAPS ?IS 9DIFF]5CE T[>DS RELIGION WAS AN ]ROR :5 ! CL]GY WIELD$ SU* GREAT P[] & EXPRESS$ SU* DECID$LY REGRESSIVE POLITICAL VIEWS2 IT IS1 H[EV]1 A FACT1 & WE MU/ ADMIT IT4 

,! VICTORY ( ,JULY DEPRIV$ ! ,*UR* ( ITS WEAL? & ITS FUNCTIONS--:Y %\LD WE P]SECUTE ITS S]VANTS8 ,! NUNS & MONKS EXPRESS$ !IR DESIRE TO LEAVE ! C\NTRY & WE DID NOT SEE ANY REASONS TO KEEP !M !RE AGA9/ !IR WILL2 ?US1 PATROLS MANN$ BY MEMB]S ( O!R P>TIES (T5 DISCOV]$ SAFE-CONDUCT PASSES P]MITT+ EMIGRATION 9 ! POSSESSION ( NUNS & MONKS :O DID NOT FEEL A SPONTANE\S DESIRE TO JO9 9 ! WORK ( ! PEOPLE4 

,WAS IT NOT BETT] = !M TO LEAVE ,SPA91 RA!R ?AN TO HAVE REMA9$ !RE 9 A /ATE ( CONT9U\S CONSPIRACY8 ,H[ MANY PEOPLE CAME TO US TO TELL US ?AT !IR RELATIVES--PRIE/S1 MONKS OR NUNS--W]E LIV+ ) !M1 & !Y WANT$ US TO HELP !M6 ,HAS ANYONE EV] HE>D ( EV5 A S+LE CASE :5 WE SPOKE OR ACT$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO SUMM>ILY & CATEGORICALLY REFUSE TO HELP SU* PEOPLE8 ,HAVE WE NOT GIV5 EV]YONE ! HI<E/ GU>ANTEES ( RESPECT AS LONG AS !Y DID NOT M$DLE ) ! AFFAIRS ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y ORD]8 

,ON ONE OCCASION A GR\P ( RAILROAD WORK]S REPORT$ TO US ?AT !Y HAD >RE/$ EI<T HEAVILY->M$ Y\NG PRIE/S1 :O1 :5 ASK$ :Y !Y W]E BE>+ WEAPONS1 >ROGANTLY RESPOND$ ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! S]VICE ( ,*RI/ ! ,K+ & ( FASCISM4 ,WE IMM$IATELY 9T]V5$ ) ! 9T5TION ( TAK+ ! SUSPECTS 9TO CU/ODY BE=E AN EXTREMELY PR$ICTABLE FATE BEFELL !M4 ,:5 WE >RIV$1 ONE ( !M ASK$ US IF WE W\LD LET HIM RECITE ! ,LORD'S ,PRAY]4 ,:Y NOT8 ,AFT] HIS PRAY]1 HE FAC$ US1 SAY+3 0,Y\ >E BETT] ?AN US1 BECAUSE WE W\LD NOT HAVE ALL[$ Y\ TO DO EV5 ?IS40 

,HAV+ GONE ) ! 9T5TION ( SAV+ !M1 ! ANGRY & HATEFUL DEMEANOR !Y DISPLAY$ CAUS$ US TO TURN >\ND & LEAVE & RETURN TO \R WORK4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ :AT HAPP5$ TO !M4 

,9 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,SIMANCAS B>RACKS1 9 ,GIJON1 A SIMIL> CASE >OSE4 ,A SNIP] WAS %OOT+ ) DEADLY ACCURACY AT MILITIAM5 FROM A SAFE VANTAGE PO9T4 ,SEV]AL H\SES W]E RAID$ & 9 ONE ( !M A PRIE/ WAS F\ND ) A SMOK+ GUN 9 HIS H&4 ,HE UND]/OOD ?AT HIS F9AL H\R HAD COME & HE S]5ELY SAID TO HIS CAPTORS3  
  

0,I AM AT PEACE--,I KILL$ N9E ( Y\60  
  

,A ,*UR* ?AT F\<T LIKE ?AT = ! WOR/ CAUSES HAS NO?+ TO DO ) RELIGION & CANNOT BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! RAGE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION LIKE ! ,F,A,I1 H[EV]1 NEV] CONSID]$1 NOT BE=E & NOT AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 ?AT IT HAD TO 9T]V5E AGA9/ IT1 ONCE IT WAS DEPRIV$ ( ITS 9/RUM5TS ( SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL OPPRESSION4 ,! ,F,A,I RESPECT$ EV]YONE'S BELIEFS & CALL$ = A REGIME ( TOL]ATION & PEACEFUL COEXI/5CE ( RELIGIONS & POLITICAL & SOCIAL BELIEFS4 ,AMONG ! MILIT>Y LEAD]S ON \R SIDE1 G5]AL ,ESCOB>1 =M]LY A COLONEL1 ! COMM&] ( ! #a#i? ,REGIM5T ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 H]O ( ! ,JULY DAYS1 WAS PR(\NDLY RELIGI\S4 ,HE FOLL[$ UP ALL HIS DECISIONS ) ! WORDS1 0,GOD WILL+04 ,! MILITIAM5 ( ! ,F,A,I W]E AT FIR/ %OCK$ BY ?IS K9D ( TALK1 BUT !N GREW FOND ( ?IS MAN :O F\<T AT !IR SIDE YET HELD SU* S9C]E RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 

,AS = ! CONV5I5T PLOY ( BLAM+ MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,I = WRONGDO+1 WE W\LD LIKE TO RECALL TWO 9CID5TS ?AT REVEAL A LITTLE ( :AT LIES BEH9D ! CURTA94 ,& ?IS IS AP>T FROM ! C]TA9TY ?AT1 IF ANY ( \R COMRADES W]E TO HAVE BE5 CONVICT$ ( CRIM9AL ACTIVITY1 !Y W\LD NOT HAVE KEPT !IR HEADS ATTA*$ TO !IR %\LD]S = V]Y LONG4 

,A UNIT ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS COMPOS$ ( SOME ( \R MILITIAM5 FROM ,CASA ,ANTUNEZ1 AT ! FOOT ( ,MONJUI*1 NOTIC$ ?AT AN AUTOMOBILE PASS$ BY !IR POSITION TWO OR ?REE TIMES1 :OSE PASS5G]S W]E APP>5TLY MILITIAM5 ALONG ) ONE O!R 9DIVIDUAL :O LOOK$ LIKE A MEMB] ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!IR PAP]S W]E 9 ORD] & ! ,PATROL ALL[$ !M TO PROCE$4 

,SOMETIMES ! B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUAL RETURN$ ) !M1 BUT AT O!R TIMES HE DID NOT4 ,AFT] ?IS C> HAD PASS$ ?R\< !IR *ECKPO9T SEV]AL TIMES1 ! ,PATROL ORD]$ ITS OCCUPANTS TO GET \T ( ! C> SO ?AT !Y C\LD V]IFY !IR ID5TITIES4 ,!Y TURN$ \T TO BE COMMON CRIM9ALS :O HAD ESCAP$ FROM PRISON DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLT4 ,BR&I%+ ! R$ & BLACK FLAG1 DRESS+ UP LIKE MILITIAM51 & OBTA9+ SOME DOCUM5TATION ?AT W\LD AU?ORIZE !M TO EXTORT MONEY FROM M]*ANTS & BUS9ESSM51 !Y EV5 KILL$ !IR VICTIMS AFT] GETT+ !IR MONEY1 TO PREV5T !M FROM D5\NC+ !M TO ! REAL AU?ORITIES4 ,AS SOON AS !SE P]SONS W]E DET]M9$ TO BE COMMON CRIM9ALS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,PATROL %OT !M ON ! SPOT & ESCORT$ !IR 9T5D$ VICTIM TO HIS HOME4 

,ON ANO!R OCCASION1 MON?S AFT] ! ,JULY DAYS1 9 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 A NEI<BORHOOD 5TIRELY CONTROLL$ BY PEOPLE BELONG+ TO ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 A BIG C> FLY+ ! LIB]T>IAN FLAG /OPP$ 9 FRONT ( AN EXP5SIVE-LOOK+ H\SE4 ,! OCCUPANTS ( ! C> W5T 9TO ! H\SE2 NO ONE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD REALLY PAID ATT5TION TO :AT WAS GO+ ON1 ASSUM+ ?AT !SE M5 W]E ON AN (FICIAL MISSION4 ,:5 ! C> CAME TO A ,CONTROL ,PATROL *ECKPO9T1 IT WAS /OPP$ & ! DRIV]'S PAP]S W]E *ECK$4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS 9 ORD]4 

0,WE'RE FROM ! ,F,A,I01 ! PASS5G]S SAID4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROL ?AT /OPP$ ! C> W]E !MSELVES MEMB]S ( \R LOCAL AFFILIATES ( ! ,F,A,I1 & ?IS SPONTANE\S DECL>ATION IMM$IATELY >\S$ !IR SUSPICIONS4 ,NOT WA/+ ANY TIME1 ! M5 9 ! ,PATROL AIM$ !IR WEAPONS AT ! M5 9 ! C> & ORD]$ !M TO GET \T2 !N !Y DIS>M$ !M & F\ND VALUABLE OBJECTS ?AT APPE>$ TO HAVE BE5 REC5TLY /OL54 ,!Y *ECK$ !IR ID5TIFICATION PAP]S & DISCOV]$ ?AT !Y W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,P,S,U,C1 ! MA9 =CE BEH9D ! CAMPAIGN ( SL&] DIRECT$ AGA9/ US 9 ! NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL PRESS4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,PATROL DET]M9$ :]E ! OBJECTS W]E /OL51 & ON ! NEXT MORN+ ! P]PETRATORS W]E F\ND ON ! SIDE ( ! ROAD TO ,MONCADA4 ,IT WAS ONLY LONG AFT] ?IS ACT ( SUMM>Y JU/ICE WAS COMMITT$ ?AT WE LE>N$ ! DETAILS4 ,\R 9DIGNATION KNEW NO LIMITS4 

,\R M5 W]E 5RAG$ BY HE>+ !SE PEOPLE CLAIM ?AT !Y W]E FROM ! ,F,A,I )\T ACTUALLY BE+ MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATION1 & BY ! FACT ?AT ! BURGL>Y TOOK PLACE 9 A H\SE 9 ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO1 & F9ALLY BY ! FACT ?AT ! P]PETRATORS W]E MEMB]S ( A ,P>TY ?AT WAS A DECL>$ & IRRECONCILABLE 5EMY ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO =EGO ! PLEASURE ( EXECUT+ JU/ICE ) !IR [N H&S4 

,&1 CONSID]+ ! FACT ?AT IF ! 9CID5T W]E TO BECOME PUBLIC KN[L$GE1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO H& OV] ! DETA9EES1 !Y SIL5C$ !M 9/EAD4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 A SIGNIFICANT ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY BO? ! CU/OM>Y PRACTICES ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES & ! E?ICS ( EV]Y CL&E/9E & CONSPIRATORIAL MOVEM5T1 :I* =BIDS ONE FROM D5\NC+ EV5 5EMIES4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 H[EV]1 IF WE HAD \RSELVES OBTA9$ CU/ODY ( ! CRIM9ALS1 WE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO TEA* ! ,P>TY TO :I* !Y BELONG$1 A ,P>TY ?AT DELI<T$ 9 ACCUS+ US ( EV]Y K9D ( CRIME1 A GOOD LESSON4 ,NOR W\LD !Y HAVE ESCAP$ ! PUNI%M5T ?AT !Y DES]V$1 BUT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOS$ 9 ! FULL LI<T ( DAY BY ! RESPONSIBLE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,) REG>D TO ! WAY ! ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO ,CONTROL ,PATROLS OP]AT$1 H[EV]1 WE HAD TO BITE \R TONGUES & KEEP QUIET4 

,:AT CAN WE SAY ?AT HAS NOT ALREADY BE5 SAID AB\T ,ANTONIO ,M>T91 ! COMM&] ( ! BORD] GU>DS AT ,PUIGC]DA8 ,M>T9 HAD BE5 A SMUGGL] & HAD SUCCESSFULLY RUN GUNS FROM ,FRANCE S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP4 ,HE KNEW ! BORD] BETT] ?AN ALMO/ ANYONE & IT WAS DET]M9$ ?AT IT WAS !RE ?AT HIS S]VICES W\LD BE MO/ USEFUL TO US4 ,:ILE HE S]V$ 9 ?AT POSITION1 LIFE WAS IMPOSSIBLE = SMUGGL]S4 ,NO ONE PASS$ ?R\< HIS ZONE EXCEPT DULY AU?ORIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS1 OR ?OSE :O W]E P]=M+ MISSIONS = ! RESPONSIBLE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,H[ MANY V]Y 9T]E/+ /ORIES DID ,M>T9 UNCOV] ON ! BORD]1 SOME ( :I* 9VOLV$ V]Y HI< LEVEL P]SONALITIES8 ,HE SOON BECAME ! OBJECT ( A BLOOD-CURDL+ LEG5D ?AT DEPICT$ HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ! WOR/ LI<T4 

,HE ALSO COMPLI$ ) \R ORD] TO PREV5T ! VOLUNTE]S = ! SO-CALL$ 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES FROM 5T]+ ,SPA91 AN ORD] WE ISSU$ BECAUSE WE DID NOT NE$ M5 = ! /RUGGLE1 BUT WEAPONS4 ,HE CAME TO ,B>CELONA TO REPORT TO US1 TO REPORT TO HIS FRI5DS & COMRADES1 NOT TO ! AU?ORITIES4 ,ONE CAN LIE TO ! AU?ORITIES1 BUT NOT TO ONE'S COMRADES1 FACE TO FACE4 ,HE TOLD US ! TRU? AB\T EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS GO+ ON AT ! BORD]2 C]TA9 ELEM5TS W]E SIMPLY TRY+ TO MAKE SOME MONEY ON ! FRONTI]--H5CE ! OPPOSITION HE FAC$4 

,AS = HIS NOTORI\S REPUTATION AS A 0MURD]]01 :I* HIS 5EMIES HAD DISSEM9AT$ F> & WIDE1 HE CONFESS$ TO US ?AT HE HAD NOT TAK5 HIS PI/OL \T ( ITS HOL/] S9CE ,JULY #b4 ,IT WAS TRUE1 BUT CALUMNY FOLL[$ ITS C\RSE & ONE DAY HE W5T TO A VILLAGE 9 ,C]DANA TO PACIFY ! ANG] ( T[NSFOLK :OSE TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOODS AS SMUGGL]S HAD BE5 JEOP>DIZ$ BY HIS VIGILANCE1 & HE WAS ASSASS9AT$ ) ALL ! TREA*]Y *>ACT]I/IC ( C[>DS4 ,WE W5T TO ,C]DANA ON A C\PLE ( (FICIAL VISITS1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA1 ONCE 9 ! COMPANY ( ,J4 ,T>RADELLAS4 

,CONC]N+ ,M>T9'S UNIMPEA*ABLE CONDUCT WE ALWAYS HAD AMPLE TE/IMONY4 

,AT O!R TIMES ! OCCASIONAL ODD *>ACT] W\LD POP UP :O KNEW H[ TO ?R[ /ONES & !N LOOK 9NOC5T4 ,WE HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 COME UP AGA9/ ! AFT]EFFECTS ( ! SECRET ACCORDS ( ! ,MASONIC ,LODGES4 ,IT WAS DUE TO !IR RIVALRIES & 9T]NAL DISPUTES ?AT ,B>RIOB]O WAS IMPRISON$ & !N AB&ON$ TO BE CAPTUR$ BY ,FRANCO1 NOT TO M5TION O!R MY/]I\S DISAPPE>ANCES4 ,!RE W]E ALSO A FEW MILIT>Y COMM&]S OR COMM&]S ( ! V>I\S POLICE =CES CONC]N+ :OM WE HAD NO UNEQUIVOCAL EVID5CE ( !IR DISLOYALTY1 BUT :O NONE!LESS >\S$ \R SUSPICIONS BY !IR SUDD5 TA/E = DEMAGOGY4 ,IT WAS !SE ELEM5TS ?AT ORD]$ ! ASSASS9ATION ONE NI<T ( ONE ( \R CLOSE/ COLLABORATORS1 CAPTA9 ,ESCOB>1 & HIS ADJUTANT COMM&] ,M>T9EZ4 ,ESCOB> HAD REPORT$ TO US ON ! ATTITUDES ( ! /AFF (FIC]S & COMM&]S ( ! OLD >MY & ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D :OM WE W]E ?9K+ ( US+ = ! MILITIAS4 

,TWO YE>S LAT] WE DISCOV]$ ! P]PETRATORS ( !SE ASSASS9ATIONS3 !Y HAD BE5 TOLD ?AT ,ESCOB> & ,M>T9EZ W]E TRAITORS & D\BLE AG5TS4 ,WE IMM$IATELY HAD A GOOD IDEA ( ! ID5TITY ( ! REAL 9/IGATORS ( !SE ASSASS9ATIONS & WE W]E NOT MI/AK54 ,JU/ :5 WE W]E READY TO PROCE$ AGA9/ & PUNI% ! GUILTY1 WE LO/ CONTROL OV] ! MILITIAS & ! CASE WAS CLOS$1 TO \R DISGU/1 AS WE KNEW ?AT DEMAGOGUES :O W]E MORE DANG]\S ?AN ! OCCASIONAL ,FRANCO SUPPORT] W]E MAK+ !IR APPE>ANCE 9 MANY ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?AT !SE DEMAGOGUES DID NOT HESITATE TO IRRESPONSIBLY 9CITE ELEM5TS ?AT W]E UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E BE+ MANIPULAT$4 

,NO DICTATOR%IP HAS EV] BE5 CREATIVE1 NOR CAN ANY DICTATOR%IP EV] BE CREATIVE1 ESPECIALLY 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,SPA91 EV5 IF WE W]E TO BE ! DICTATORS4 ,A REVOLUTION MU/ >\SE 5]GIES & GIVE FREE RE9 TO ALL F]TILE 9ITIATIVES2 IT MU/ NOT BE A =CE = REGIM5TATION & TYRANNY IF IT WANTS TO 5SURE ?AT IT IS FOLL[+ ! PA? ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 

,P]SONS :O HOLD ANY K9D ( P[] :ATSOEV] HAVE A NATURAL PROP5SITY TO ABUSE ! =CE !Y HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL2 & ! ABUSE ( ?IS =CE IS ALWAYS EMPLOY$ = ! SUPPRESSION ( ?OSE ) :OM !Y DISAGREE1 OR AGA9/ ?OSE :O HAVE 9T]E/S ?AT >E DIFF]5T FROM !IRS4 

,WE HAD BE5 MA/]S ( ! SITUATION 9 ,CATALONIA S9CE ,JULY2 WE C\LD HAVE DONE ANY?+ YET WE DID NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! 9COMP>ABLE OPPORTUNITIES ?AT WE HAD EXCEPT = ! PURPOSE ( FI<T+ ! W> & 5GAG+ 9 REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION4 ,WE DID NOT USE \R P[] AS AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION EXCEPT AGA9/ ! 5EMY UPON :OM WE HAD DECL>$ W>4 ,NO ONE CAN ACCUSE US ( HAV+ BE5 DISLOYAL COLLABORATORS OR ( HAV+ US$ \R 9FLU5CE TO OPPRESS OR EXT]M9ATE ANY ( ! O!R T5D5CIES ?AT SUBSCRIB$ TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAUSE4 

,WE COMMITT$ MORE ?AN ONE MI/AKE1 & W]E GUILTY 9 MORE ?AN ONE 9/ANCE ( MISUND]/&+ ! SITUATION2 WE HAD NO QUALMS AB\T PUBLICLY ADMITT+ & D5\NC+ ! ]RORS ?AT CAME TO \R ATT5TION4 ,BUT ! BIGGE/ MI/AKE ?AT WE WILL BE ACCUS$ ( MAK+ MU/ BE ?AT ( HAV+ BE5 LOYAL & S9C]E 9 \R EV]Y PUBLIC ACTION1 EV5 :ILE ?OSE :OM WE ?\<T W]E ON \R SIDE W]E %>P5+ ! DAGG]S ( TREASON 9 ! %AD[S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS IS ! ONLY MI/AKE ?AT WE WILL COMMIT AGA9 9 ! FUTURE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

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