,*APT] #d 
,! ,9EXORABLE ,MILIT>Y ,CONSPIRACY--,\R ,LIAISON ) ! ,G5]ALITAT--,! ,EV5TS ( ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! 9EXORABLE MILIT>Y CONSPIRACY--,\R LIAISON ) ! ,G5]ALITAT--,! EV5TS ( ,JULY #ai 9 ,B>CELONA 

  

,JULY #ai HAS A PLACE ( HONOR 9 ! MOD]N POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #f-#g ( #ahbb ,F]D9& ,V,I,I ATTEMPT$ TO C>RY \T A BLOODY C\P AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITUTION ?AT HE HAD ACCEPT$ & AGA9/ ! POPUL> MILITIA TO :I* HE [$ HIS RE/ORATION TO ! ?RONE ( ,SPA94 

,HE FAIL$ DUE TO ! H]OIC ACTION ( ! MILITIAM5 :O F\<T AGA9/ ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D2 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 H[EV]1 HE SUCCE$$ 9 EXECUT+ HIS PROGRAM1 PLUNG+ ,SPA9 9TO A MAEL/ROM ( M>TYRDOM & GRIEF UNTIL HIS DEA?4 

,IT WAS 9 ,JULY #ah$ :5 ! PEOPLE ( ,MADRID EXP]I5C$ ! 9DELIBLE EV5TS ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( G5]AL ,F]N&EZ DE ,CORDOBA1 EPISODES 9 NO WAY 9F]IOR TO O!RS ?AT HAVE ALSO BE5 IMMORTALIZ$1 SU* AS ! SC5ES ( ! ASSAULT ON ! ,MONTANA B>RACKS 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 

,9 MID-,JUNE ( #a#h#e#f1 ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,O',DONNELL TOOK PLACE1 A TRAITOR BORN & BR$1 ANO!R ,N>VAEZ 9 HIS F]OCITY1 :O IMPOS$ SEV]AL YE>S ( T]ROR & ABSOLUTISM ON ! C\NTRY 9 ! NAME ( ,ISABEL ,I,I1 SUCCESSFULLY DIS>M+ ! MILITIA1 :I* HAD TAK5 UP >MS TWO YE>S E>LI] TO DEF5D ! LIB]TY ( ,SPA94 

,9 ,JULY #aii ! PEOPLE ( ,B>CELONA REBELL$ AGA9/ ! MASSACRE 9 ,MOROCCO1 9 H]OIC & BLOODY BATTLES ?AT 5D$ ) ! VICTORY ( ! REACTION>IES1 BUT :I* LEFT DEEP TRACES 9 ! MEMORY ( ?AT GREAT 9DU/RIAL CITY & LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ! EV5TS ( #a#i#c#f4 

,! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ?AT WAS BE+ CONCOCT$ 9 ! B>RACKS1 9 ! MO/ P]FECT SOLID>ITY ) ! ECCLESIA/ICAL P[]1 :I* IS SO IMPORTANT 9 ,SPA91 & ) ! LEAD+ =CES ( 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM1 ALONG ) ! ASSI/ANCE IT WAS RECEIV+ FROM \TSIDE ,SPA91 BECAME MORE OBVI\S & MORE UN/OPPABLE ) EA* PASS+ DAY4 ,EV5 ! MO/ POLITICALLY 9DIFF]5T PEOPLE COMM5T$ 9 PUBLIC AB\T ! PREP>ATIONS ?AT W]E UND]WAY 9 ! RANKS ( ! >MY1 ( ?AT >MY ?AT WAS ! S\RCE ( SO MANY DISA/]S & :I* HAD BECOME AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION ( EV]Y FRE$OM4 

,IT IS A PROV5 FACT ?AT ! G5]ALS 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONSPIRACY1 AS WELL AS REPRES5TATIVE FIGURES ( ! MON>*I/ CURR5T & ( ! SPIRIT ( REACTION1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 NEGOTIATIONS 9 ADVANCE ) ,ITALY & ,G]MANY = ! PURPOSE ( OBTA9+ MAT]IAL & DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT FROM ?OSE C\NTRIES4 ,SECRET %IPM5TS ( SU* CONTRAB& HAVE BE5 ATTE/$1 :I* >RIV$ LONG BE=E ! FIR/ %OTS W]E FIR$4 ,WE >E ONLY RELAT+ :AT HAS BE5 DIVULG$ BY WRIT]S :O SYMPA?IZ$ )1 AS WELL AS :O OPPOS$1 ! MILIT>Y CONSPIRACY4 

,! CONT5TS ( ! AGREEM5TS SIGN$ ) ,MUSSOL9I1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$4 ,& ! DOCUM5TS ?AT WE DISCOV]$ & PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 ,EL NAZISMO AL DESNUDO .<,NAZISM ,EXPOS$.>1 REVEAL ! OP]ATIONS ( ,HITL]'S SKILL$ SPIES4 ,! ,ITALIAN NETWORK & ITS AMBITIONS ) RESPECT TO \R C\NTRY W]E NO LESS DANG]\S4.<#a#a.> ,! G5]ALS :O REBELL$ AGA9/ ,SPA9 9 9TIMATE ALLIANCE ) ! BI%OPS ONLY FOLL[$ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ALL ?OSE :O1 ?R\<\T ! #a#i? C5TURY1 PAID C\RT TO ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 IMPLOR+ !IR MILIT>Y & F9ANCIAL SUPPORT TO RE/ORE ABSOLUTISM 9 ,SPA94.<#a#b.> 

,NOR %\LD WE =GET ?AT ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC WAS ASSI/$ BY ! ,BRITI% & ! ,G]MAN FLEETS :5 IT SUPPRESS$ ! ,COMMUNE ( ,C>TAG5A 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,WE W\LD HAVE NO OBJECTION AT ALL TO ! MILIT>Y REVOLT AGA9/ ! REPUBLICAN REGIME IF ?IS REVOLT WAS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY A NAUSEAT+ IMMORALITY4 ,WE D5Y NO ONE ! RI<T ( REBELLION AGA9/ SOME?+ ?AT HE OR %E ?9KS IS UNSUITABLE = ASSUR+ A MORE JU/ & DIGNIFI$ LIFE4 ,WE HAVE \RSELVES REBELL$ AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC ON V>I\S OCCASIONS1 & S9CE BE=E ITS PROCLAMATION WE HAVE MANIFE/$ \R COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE1 KN[+ 9 ADVANCE ?AT IT NEI!R KNEW H[ TO SOLVE1 NOR WAS IT CAPABLE ( SOLV+1 ! C\NTRY'S AGE-OLD PROBLEMS4 

,! MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT 9 \R POSITION4 ,WE HAD NOT SWORN ANY OA?S NOR HAD WE GIV5 \R WORD ( HONOR1 NOR HAD WE EV] UND]TAK5 ANY COMMITM5T ( LOYALTY TO ! REPUBLICAN REGIME4 ,! MILIT>Y (FIC]S :O JO9$ ! REVOLT HAD SWORN AN OA? ( LOYALTY TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 !Y W]E 9 POSITIONS ( ! HI<E/ RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! PAY ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! CONSPIRATORS' FIR/ /EP CONSI/$ ( !IR BETRAYAL ( !IR [N PL$GES2 !IR SECOND /EP WAS TO ADMIT ! P>TICIPATION ( ! TROOPS ( =EIGN P[]S 9 !IR UPRIS+4 ,9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ?IS =EIGN ASSI/ANCE !Y HAD TO SELL ! 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR C\NTRY1 OR PROMISE TO C$E T]RITORIES OR ALI5ATE ! C\NTRY'S M9]AL WEAL? & O!R RES\RCES4 ,!IR MOM5T>Y VICTORY C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ 9 EX*ANGE = ! S]VITUDE & PAUP]IZATION ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS ( ,SPANI>DS4 ,& !RE IS NO COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! 9T]NATIONAL BRIGADES ?AT F\<T ON ! SIDE ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ! TROOPS ORGANIZ$1 EQUIPP$ & >M$ BY =EIGN P[]S2 ! =M] W]E COMPOS$ ( VOLUNTE]S :O FELT A PR(\ND SYMPA?Y = ! /RUGGLE ( ! COMBATANTS ON ONE SIDE ( ! TR5*ES1 :ILE ! LATT] W]E ! TOOLS ( =EIGN SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT W]E 9 CONFLICT ) ! 9T]E/S ( ,SPA94 

,9 ,SPANI% TRADITION1 ! SWORN WORD ( HONOR IS 9VIOLABLE4 ,! MILIT>Y REBELS FAIL$ TO ABIDE BY !IR WORD1 & = ?IS REASON ALONE !Y WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO DISAV[1 DESPITE !IR VICTORY1 ! T]M ?AT IS APPLI$ TO ALL ?OSE :O DECEITFULLY R5EGE ON FREELY & SPONTANE\SLY CONTRACT$ COMMITM5TS4 ,!RE W]E SOME EXCEPTIONS1 A SMALL NUMB] ( MON>*I/S :O REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ,REPUBLIC & :O W]E ALWAYS ITS DECL>$ 5EMIES4 ,= !M1 9 !IR PASSIVE RESI/ANCE OR 9 !IR ACTIVE REVOLT1 WE GRANT ALL ! RESPECT ?AT IS DUE TO 5EMIES4 

,VICTORY CAN MAKE A LOT ( ?+S POSSIBLE1 BUT :AT IT CANNOT DO IS SUBV]T ! FUNDAM5TAL VALUES ( \R HI/ORY1 \R TEMP]AM5T & \R UPBR++ AS ,SPANI>DS4 

,LET US N[ TURN TO ! PRONUNCIAMI5TO ( ,JULY4 

,FULLY 9=M$ ( ! DANG] ?AT ?REAT5$ US1 WE W]E ! ONES :O W]E MO/ S]I\SLY AFFECT$ & ! ONES :O HAD ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ 9 OPPOS+ ! MILIT>Y C\P ?AT WAS BE+ PLANN$4 ,?IS TIME IT WAS NOT A PUTS* LIKE ?AT ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 DUR+ ! OCCURR5CE ( :I* ONE C\LD PHILOSOPHICALLY /& TO ONE SIDE & WAIT :ILE :ILE ! ADV5TURE NATURALLY PET]S \T4 ,WE HAD ! REC5T EXP]I5CES ( O!R C\NTRIES1 & ! MEMORY ( ! OP5 W\NDS 9 ! HE>T ( ! PROGRESSIVE WORLD CAUS$ BY ! CURR5T WAVE ( DICTATOR%IPS1 RI<T BE=E \R EYES4 

,A FEW DAYS BE=E ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 :5 IT HAD BECOME A SIGN ( UN=GIVABLE OBTUS5ESS OR SUICIDAL T5D5CIES TO HAVE ANY D\BTS AB\T ! IMM95CE ( ! REVOLT1 PRECIPITAT$ BY ! DEA? ( ,CALVO ,SOTELO1 ! REGIONAL GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT ( ,CATALONIA--FEEL+ COMPLETELY P[]LESS TO CONFRONT ! COM+ EV5TS1 & 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT !RE WAS NO ORGANIZ$ =CE 9 ! AUTONOM\S REGION ?AT WAS CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT1 EXCEPT = ! =CE ?AT WE REPRES5T$--DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ONLY HONORABLE SOLUTION ?AT REMA9$ TO IT3 ?AT IT %\LD REVEAL ! ACTUAL SITUATION TO US 9 ALL ITS UGL9ESS1 :I* WE ALREADY KNEW1 & ITS POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE4 

,UP UNTIL ?AT PO9T WE HAD BE5 ! SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS ( ! 9QUISITORIAL SPIRIT ?AT HAD BE5 PASS$ D[N AS GOV]NM5T POLICY1 9 ! C5TRAL & REGIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 = C5TURIES4 ,ONLY A FEW MON?S BE=E1 ONE ( ! LA/ ( ! EXECUTION]S ( ! ,CATALONIAN PROLET>IAT WAS GUNN$ D[N 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA3 ,MIGUEL ,BADIA1 A WOR?Y SUCCESSOR ( ,G5]AL ,>LEGUI OR ,B>ON DE ,ME]1 & HIS DEA? WAS BLAM$ ON \R COMRADES4 ,! PRISONS ( ,CATALONIA W]E ONCE AGA9 FILL$ ) REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S1 DESPITE ! AMNE/Y ?AT WE A*IEV$ AS A RESULT ( ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f4 

,9 ! FACE ( ! ?REAT1 :I* WAS ?IS TIME AIM$ AT BO? ! REPUBLICANS & AT \R =CES1 WE =GOT ALL \R GRIEVANCES & TEMPOR>ILY SET ASIDE ALL \R UNSETTL$ BUS9ESS ) ! REPUBLICANS1 ABID+ BY ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ! CLOSE COLLABORATION ( ALL ! LIB]AL1 PROGRESSIVE & PROLET>IAN =CES ?AT W]E PREP>$ TO CONFRONT ! 5EMY WAS 9DISP5SABLE1 OR AT LEA/ ADVISABLE4 ,AS = FI<T+ 9 ! /REETS1 & AS = ! QUE/ION ( :O W\LD TAKE UP >MS & CONQU] OR DIE1 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS \R MOVEM5T ?AT ALMO/ ALONE CON/ITUT$ A FACTOR TO BE RECKON$ )4 ,A ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEE WAS =M$ ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ( :I* ,I WAS A MEMB]1 TOGE!R ) O!R FRI5DS :O W]E WELL-KN[N = !IR COMBATIVE SPIRIT & !IR H]OISM4 

,9 ADDITION TO 5C\RAG+ ALL POSSIBLE COLLABORATION1 WE ALSO ?\<T ?AT1 9 CONSID]ATION ( \R 5?USIASM & \R /ATE ( PREP>$NESS1 ! AU?ORITIES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT W\LD NOT REFUSE TO GIVE US SOME WEAPONS & MUNITIONS1 S9CE MO/ ( \R RES]VES & V>I\S SCATT]$1 SMALL CA*ES HAD DISAPPE>$ AFT] ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c1 & DUR+ ! TWO BLACK YE>S ( ! ,L]R\X-,GIL ,ROBLES DICTATOR%IP MU* ( :AT WE HAD OBTA9$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d1 :5 ! 0ESCAMOTS0 AB&ON$ ! WEAPONS !Y HAD BE5 GIV51 DISAPPE>$4 ,& WE SP>$ NO EF=TS 9 \R ATTEMPTS TO OBTA9 >MS4 

,LONG & WE>ISOME W]E ! NEGOTIATIONS & WE W]E CON/ANTLY TOLD ?AT ! ,G5]ALITAT DID NOT HAVE 5\< >MS4 ,WE KNEW ?AT MO/ ( ! POPULATION ?AT WAS READY TO FI<T W]E SYMPA?IZ]S OR MEMB]S ( \R ORGANIZATIONS2 WE DID NOT ASK = TW5TY ?\S& RIFLES = ! M5 ?AT W]E WAIT+ = BATTLE 9 \R TRADE UNIONS & AT ! AGRE$-UPON /AG+ PO9TS1 BUT = A M9IMUM ( AID TO COMM5CE ! /RUGGLE4 ,WE ONLY ASK$ = 5\< WEAPONS TO >M A ?\S& M5 & WE PROMIS$ ?AT ) !SE WEAPONS WE C\LD BLOCKADE ! B>RACKS ( ! ,B>CELONA G>RISON1 & =CE !M TO SURR5D]4 ,NO?+4 ,BUT ) OR )\T >MS \R PEOPLE W]E READY TO FI<T & TO RISK !IR LIVES4 

,DIRECT ACTION A*IEV$ :AT WE C\LD NOT OBTA9 9 \R NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #a#g1 ,JUAN ,YAGUE L$ ! ASSAULT ON ! WEAPONS LOCK]S ( ! %IPS AN*OR$ 9 ! PORT ( ,B>CELONA1 & ON ,JULY #ah ! NI<T WAT*M5 & SECURITY GU>DS ( ! CITY W]E DIS>M$4 ,9 ?IS MANN] WE OBTA9$ A FEW PI/OLS & REVOLV]S1 ) V]Y LITTLE AMMUNITION4 

,! 9ITIATIVE ( ,JUAN ,YAGUE DES]VES TO BE MEMORIALIZ$4 ,HE WAS A MAN ( ! PEOPLE1 ! /UFF FROM :I* H]OES >E MADE1 ALL SELF-ABNEGATION & SPIRIT ( SACRIFICE4 ,HIS FIELD ( ACTION & PROPAG&A WAS ! M>ITIME DI/RICT1 :]E HE HAD >\S$ A GREAT DEAL ( SYMPA?Y & E>N$ ! CONFID5CE ( ! SAILORS & DOCK WORK]S4 ,HE KNEW ?AT EV]Y =EIGN %IP HAD A LOCK] ) A FEW ,MAUS] C>B9ES & A FEW BOXES ( C>TRIDGES = EM]G5CIES1 & :5 HE BECAME AW>E ( ! PALTRY RESULTS ( \R NEGOTIATIONS1 HE RESOLV$ TO TRY SOME?+ DIFF]5T & V]Y SOON ! %IPS' WEAPONS W]E 9 \R P[]1 HELD BY ! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA /ILL HAD SOME SMALL %R$ ( HOPE ?AT ! MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS W\LD BACK D[N & !RE=E ORD]$ US TO RETURN ! REQUISITION$ WEAPONS4 ,! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION HEADQU>T]S WAS SURR\ND$ BY ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]4 

,9 ORD] TO PREV5T A MASSACRE ?AT W\LD HAVE DE/ROY$ ! UNITY ( ACTION ?AT WE ?\<T WAS 9DISP5SABLE1 SOME ( ! RIFLES TAK5 FROM ! %IPS W]E H&$ OV] TO ! POLICE AU?ORITIES ?ANKS TO ! P]SONAL 9T]V5TION ( ,DURRUTI & ,G>CIA ,OLIV]--:O AT ?AT MOM5T W]E EXPOS$ TO GREAT DANG] BETWE5 ! HO/ILE ATTITUDES ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ( ! ,TRANSPORT WORK]S :O W]E REFUS+ TO SURR5D] ! GUNS--:OSE EMOTIONALLY MOV+ APPEALS W]E V]Y EFFECTIVE4 ,! PROBLEM WAS RESOLV$ ) ! SURR5D] ( SOME ( ! WEAPONS1 LEAV+ O!RS 9 \R H&S = ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT4 

,WE RECALL ?AT1 DUR+ ?OSE SLEEPLESS NI<TS WE SP5T AT ! (FICES ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 !RE WAS AN 5DLESS S]IES ( PHONE CALLS FROM V>I\S POLICE PREC9CTS 9=M+ US ( ! >RE/ ( COMRADES FROM :OM ! POLICE HAD SEIZ$ PI/OLS & EV5 ?AT SOME W]E BE+ *>G$ ) ILLEGAL POSSESSION ( WEAPONS4 ,WE 9T]V5$ 9 HUNDR$S ( SU* CASES &1 AL?\< WE ALWAYS MANAG$ TO REA* AN AMICABLE AGREEM5T1 ?IS DID NOT DIM9I% ! PA9FUL FACT ?AT1 ON ! EVE ( ,JULY #a#i1 WE HAD TO SP5D SO MU* TIME & EF=T TO PROTECT ! FEW WEAPONS ?AT WE HAD = ! FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,IF ?IS WAS ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA1 :I* KNEW ?AT )\T \R 9T]V5TION ANY RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! TROOPS ( FIVE MILIT>Y B>RACKS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 ONE CAN ONLY IMAG9E ! BEHAVIOR ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,GOV]NM5T 9 ALMO/ EV]Y O!R P>T ( ,SPA91 9/RUCT$ BY ! ,MADRID ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* D5I$ ! FACTS & ! REALITY ( ! UPRIS+4 ,DAYS BE=E ! REVOLT1 ! MILIT>Y PILOT ,DIAZ ,S&9O W5T TO ,MADRID & PRES5T$ AMPLE DOCUM5TATION PROV+ :AT WAS GO+ TO HAPP51 & HIS W>N+S W]E IGNOR$4 ,! 9=MATION WE HAVE OBTA9$1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM ,LEON1 ,VIGO & ,LA ,CORUNA1 :OSE CIVIL GOV]NORS W]E %OT AFT] ! UPRIS+1 %[S US JU/ H[ BL9D ! M5 ( ! ,REPUBLIC REALLY W]E1 9S(> AS !Y W]E MORE AFRAID ( ! PEOPLE ?AN ( ! 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE & ?AT1 = ?AT REASON1 !Y ADAMANTLY REFUS$ TO DI/RIBUTE TO ! POPUL> =CES ! WEAPONS ?AT !Y POSSESS$ SO ?AT ! PEOPLE C\LD DEFEAT ! REBELS4 

,ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #ah ! ATMOSPH]E WAS ?ICK ) A S5SE ( ! TRAG$Y ?AT W\LD SOON UNFOLD4 ,AT ! LOCAL (FICES ( A BRAN* ( ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION ?AT HAD BE5 CONV]T$ 9TO \R G5]AL HEADQU>T]S1 WE SUGGE/$ TO A GR\P ( COMRADES ?AT IT W\LD BE ADVANTAGE\S TO HAVE ACCESS TO VEHICLES = TRANSPORT4 ,AN H\R LAT]1 WE SAW REQUISITION$ P]SONAL AUTOMOBILES BE+ DRIV5 ALONG ! ,RAMBLAS EMBLAZON$ 9 *ALK ) ! 9ITIALS 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I04 ,! TRANSIT ( !SE FIR/ VEHICLES1 SIGNIFY+ ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS N[ AT /AKE1 CAUS$ SPONTANE\S \TBUR/S ( PRO-AN>*I/ *E]S AMONG ! P$E/RIANS4 

,IT WAS F\R OR FIVE 9 ! MORN+ ( ,JULY #ai :5 ! GOV]NM5T WAS FIR/ NOTIFI$ ( ! DEP>TURE ( ! REBEL TROOPS FROM ! G>RISONS ( ,B>CELONA4 

,! PROCLAMATION ( A /ATE ( W> BY ! MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS CAME TO \R ATT5TION4 ,!RE WAS NOT MU* ROOM LEFT = ILLUSIONS4 ,& ?AT IS H[ ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS UND]/OOD IT1 GLAD TO SEE ?AT WE W]E !RE TO PULL !IR *E/NUTS \T ( ! FIRE4 ,! PLAN DRAWN UP BY ! REBELS WAS A K9D ( MILIT>Y P>ADE TO OCCUPY ! /RATEGIC PO9TS1 COMMUNICATIONS C5T]S & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 

,!RE WAS NO ROOM = D\BT1 EV5 = ?OSE :O HAD UP UNTIL !N /ILL H>BOR$ SOME D\BTS1 ( ! REALITY ( ! REVOLT4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT EV5 BREA?+ HAD BE5 9T]RUPT$4 ,ONLY \R PEOPLE FEV]I%LY WORK$ 9 ! D>KNESS & HURRI$ TO MEET ! REBEL COLUMNS4 

,! FIR/ LI<T ( DAWN HAD NOT YET BROK5 :5 WE SAW A CR[D ( PEOPLE GA!R$ >\ND ! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE 9SI/5TLY DEM&+ >MS4 ,!Y HAD TO BE PLACAT$ TO SOME EXT5T FROM A BALCONY4 ,!RE WE SAW ! FIR/ SIGNS ( FRAT]NIZATION BETWE5 ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S4 ,GU>DS :O POSSESS$ BO? RIFLES & PI/OLS UN/RAPP$ !IR HOL/]S & GAVE !IR PI/OLS TO VOLUNTE]S4 

,) B>ELY A HUNDR$ PI/OLS WE DEP>T$ = ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION HEADQU>T]S4 ,)9 SECONDS !Y W]E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG \R M5 :O REA*$ \T ) EAG] H&S & :O IMM$IATELY LEFT ) GUNS 9 !IR H&S TO CONFRONT ! ADVANC+ TROOPS4 

,SEV]AL GUN %OPS W]E SACK$1 :I* YIELD$ NO?+ BUT HUNT+ RIFLES1 BUT EV5 !SE GUNS W]E US$ DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS4 

,! RIFLES FROM ! %IPS1 ! PI/OLS & REVOLV]S TAK5 FROM ! NI<T WAT*M5 & SECURITY GU>DS ( ,B>CELONA1 & ! REMNANTS ( \R SMALL DEPOSITS ( >MS & ! HUNDR$ SIDE >MS DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,G5]ALITAT1 W]E ALL ?AT WE HAD TO MEET ! ATTACK ( #c#e1 M5 FROM ! ,G>RISON4 

,WE HAD NO FAI? AT ALL 9 ! LOYALTY ( ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 ESPECIALLY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS1 MANY ( :OSE (FIC]S & TROOPS HAD SIGN$ PL$GES TO SUPPORT ! REVOLT1 :I* HAD TO SOME EXT5T COME TO ! ATT5TION ( ! AU?ORITIES 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,! WEAPONRY WAS VA/LY UNEQUAL & ! PROSPECT ( VICTORY WAS 9SIGNIFICANT OR 5TIRELY ABS5T4 ,IT MI<T BE 9T]E/+ TO PO9T \T ?AT :ILE SOME ( US P]=M$ \R ALLOTT$ TASKS \T ( A S5SE ( DUTY1 BUT )\T OPTIMISM OR HOPE1 O!RS W]E FULLY CONV9C$ ?AT WE W\LD BE VICTORI\S4 ,WE CAN /ILL VIVIDLY RECALL ! RAGE & DESP]ATION ( ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #a#h1 :5 HE HE>D PEOPLE SAY+ ?AT ! MILIT>Y W\LD NOT LEAVE !IR B>RACKS4 ,= \R P>T1 WE W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ NOT TO HAVE TO 5GAGE 9 SU* AN UNEQUAL /RUGGLE ?AT WAS =C$ UPON US1 & FROM :I* WE C\LD NOT EXPECT ANY?+ BUT DEA? 9 BATTLE OR 9 FRONT ( A FIR+ SQUAD AFT] \R DEFEAT4 ,REG>DLESS ( \R 9DIVIDUAL /ATES ( M9D1 H[EV]1 WE HAD ! SATISFACTION ( CONFIRM+ ?AT NONE ( \R PEOPLE DES]T$ !IR PO/S4 ,! COMBATANTS ( ! ,F,A,I ALL TOOK UP !IR POSITIONS4 ,?OSE :O DID NOT HAVE WEAPONS1 FOLL[$ BEH9D ?OSE :O DID1 WAIT+ = ONE ( !M TO FALL SO !Y C\LD TAKE HIS PLACE4 ,TWO OR ?REE LI<T MA*9E GUNS APPE>$4 ,BEH9D ?OSE :O MANN$ !M1 L9ES ( 5VI\S P]SONS =M$ :O MAY HAVE ACTUALLY DESIR$ DEEP 9 !IR HE>TS ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ COMRADES US+ !SE GUNS W\LD BE KILL$ SO ?AT !Y C\LD FI<T ) A GUN LIKE ?AT4 ,IT WAS TRULY A MOV+ SI<T4 

,! >M$ =CES ?AT HAD REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC W]E 9 ?IS WAY 5C\RAG$ BY ! EXAMPLE SET BY \R MILITANTS :O REALLY DID !IR DUTY & F\<T ALONGSIDE !M4 ,! 5EMY HAD PLANN$ TO CUT (F ALL COMMUNICATIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S DI/RICTS ( ! CITY1 TO L9K UP ITS =CES & ISOLATE ! V>I\S DANG]\S POCKETS ( RESI/ANCE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) A C>EFULLY CRAFT$ PLAN4 

,! TROOPS ( ,P$RALBES1 ! BE/ UNITS ( ! ,G>RISON1 REA*$ ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,UNIV]SIDAD1 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA & LAS ,RONDAS1 OCCUPY+ ! MO/ DEF5SIBLE BUILD+S1 ! ,UNIV]SITY1 ! ,HOTEL ,COLON & ! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE ,BUILD+4 ,AS !Y PASS$ D[N ! /REETS ( ! CITY !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO EXT5SIVE ATTACKS BY SNIP]S1 BUT W]E NOT /OPP$4 ,UPON !IR >RIVAL AT ! ,PASEO DE ,GRACIA FROM ! DIRECTION ( ! ,DIAGONAL1 !Y MET ) ! MO/ VIOL5T RESI/ANCE !Y HAD YET EXP]I5C$1 :5 !Y CAME UND] FIRE FROM ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS4 

,AT ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,UNIV]SIDAD A UNIT ( SOLDI]S1 PRET5D+ TO BE FRAT]NIZ+1 MIX$ 9 ) ! GR\PS ?AT W]E /ATION$ !RE & SUDD5LY TURN$ !IR GUNS ON \R PEOPLE & TOOK NUM]\S PRISON]S1 9CLUD+ ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ,MOL9A & MANY O!RS4 ,! FI<T+ BECAME MORE T]RIBLE ) EA* PASS+ M9UTE4 ,! TROOPS W]E ATTACK$ FROM ALL SIDES & EV]Y /EP ( ! REBEL COLUMNS WAS CONTE/$ ) RAPID MANEUV]S ON ! P>T ( \R PEOPLE1 :O APPE>$ EV]Y:]E & DID NOT PRES5T A SOLID MASS ( FI<T]S ANY:]E4 ,9 ONE ( !SE 9T5SE FIREFI<TS1 ! SOLDI]S :O W]E ADVANC+ D[N ,CL>IS /REET LEFT SEV]AL >TILL]Y PIECES 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET :ILE !Y TOOK %ELT] FROM ! %OOT+ 9 ! DOORWAYS ( ADJAC5T BUILD+S4 ,9 ! BL9K ( AN EYE1 SOME ELEM5TS ( ! PEOPLE'S UNITS RAN UP TO ! >TILL]Y PIECES1 AIM$ !M AT ! ADVANC+ COLUMN & FIR$1 )\T AN*OR+ ! CANNONS1 & LEFT ! /REET /REWN ) DEAD ANIMALS & %ATT]$ EQUIPM5T4 ,) ! SURR5D] & DIS>M+ ( ! SOLDI]S 9 ! VIC9ITY1 & ) SEV]AL >TILL]Y PIECES 9 \R H&S1 \R MORALE DID NOT TAKE LONG TO IMPROVE4 

,! CAVALRY REGIM5T RODE \T ( ! ,SANTIAGO B>RACKS & ! PEOPLE ( ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,GRACIA =C$ IT TO RETREAT & TAKE REFUGE ONCE AGA9 9 ITS B>RACKS4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! ,SANS NEI<BORHOOD ASSUM$ ! TASK ( NEUTRALIZ+ ! UNITS /ATION$ AT ! ,LEPANTO B>RACKS4 

,!RE W]E 9T5SE BUR/S ( GUNFIRE FROM ,*UR*ES & MONA/]IES & A CORDON ( FIRE & /EEL WAS E/ABLI%$ >\ND !SE LOCATIONS4 

,! B>RACKS ( ! LI<T M\NTA9 >TILL]Y WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! MISSION ( TAK+ ! ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S & L9K+ UP ) ! TROOPS FROM ! ,P$RALBES B>RACKS1 & OCCUPY+ ! H>BOR DI/RICT1 ! RAILROAD /ATIONS & ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T BUILD+S4 ,! TROOPS FROM ! ,SAN ,&RES B>RACKS W]E UNABLE TO ADVANCE V]Y F> FROM !IR BASE & W]E QUICKLY SURR\ND$ AS A RESULT ( 9DESCRIBABLE ACTS ( ANONYM\S H]OISM4 

,\R COMRADES FROM ,B>CELONETA1 ) ! HELP ( A FEW COMPANIES ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 W]E ! FIR/ TO SAVOR ! DELI<TS ( VICTORY4 ,AT N9E 9 ! MORN+ ! B>RACKS ?AT !Y HAD BESIEG$ 9 !IR DI/RICT WAS =C$ TO SURR5D]1 DEFEAT$ 9 ! FIR/ SKIRMI%ES4 ,! GIGANTIC ROLLS ( PAP] ?AT W]E /OR$ 9 ! W>EH\SES ( ! PORT W]E 9/ANTLY TRANS=M$ 9TO SOLID1 MOBILE B>RICADES4 ,) ?IS /RON<OLD ( ! REBELS' PLANS N[ 9 \R H&S1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ HOPES ( ! CONSPIRACY WAS DA%$4 ,WE SOON BEGAN TO SEE ! COMBATANTS ( ! PEOPLE WE>+ ! /EEL HELMETS ( REGUL> SOLDI]S1 ) ,MAUS] RIFLES & AMMUNITION BELTS1 ) MA*9E GUNS ) !IR MUZZLES PO9T+ T[>D ! GR\ND1 ASK+ TO BE TOLD H[ TO OP]ATE !M4 ,DESPITE ! VIOL5CE ( ! ATTACK1 ! FIR/ 5C\NT]S1 AL?\< ! SITUATION WAS /ILL NOT CLE>1 5C\RAG$ ?OSE :O W]E FI<T+ AS WELL AS ?OSE :O WAT*$ ! BATTLES UNFOLD4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ H\RS WE /OOD ALONE EXCEPT = ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS SKILLFULLY MOBILIZ$ BY CAPTA9 ,VIC5TE ,GU>N]4 ,BETWE5 N9E & T5 9 ! MORN+ WE SAW ! RANKS ( ! PEOPLE'S FI<T]S SWELL CONSID]ABLY4 ,WAVES ( WORK]S FROM ! TRADE UNIONS JO9$ GR\PS FROM ! ,F,A,I :O TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE TO ORGANIZE GR\PS ( COMBATANTS ?R\<\T ! CITY4 

,!RE WAS /ILL ! QUE/ION ( :I* SIDE ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS W\LD SUPPORT4 ,G5]AL ,>ANGUR5 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE ) ! COMM&] ( ! ,?IRD ,REGIM5T1 COLONEL ,BROTONS4 ,CAPTA9 ,GU>N] SUCCE$$ 9 GA!R+ TOGE!R ! TROOPS ( ! TWO REGIM5TS LOCAT$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 FRONT ( ! BALCONIES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE & C\LD !N BREA! EASY4 ,HE ORD]$ ! #a#i? REGIM5T TO ATTACK ! ,PLAZA ,CATALUNA1 :]E ! REBELS W]E WELL 5TR5*$4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT AB\T IT2 ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D WAS A WELL DISCIPL9$ BODY ( TROOPS4 

,AS OPPOS$ TO ! IRREGUL> & IMPETU\S ACTION ( ! PEOPLE'S UNITS1 & ( ?AT ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 N[ MIX$ ) ! PEOPLE 9 COMPLETE FRAT]NITY1 ! =CES ( ! #a#i? REGIM5T UND] COLONEL ,ESCOB> ADVANC$ TO P]=M ! MISSION !Y HAD BE5 ASSIGN$4 ,!Y M>*$ 9 BATTLE ORD]1 AT A SL[ PACE1 & DESPITE ALL ! GUNFIRE NOT ONE MAN BROKE /EP ) ! SOLID RHY?M ( ! M>*4 

,\R PEOPLE WALK$ ALONGSIDE ?IS COLUMN1 W>Y & SUSPICI\S4 ,WAS IT TRUE ?AT IT WAS GO+ TO FI<T AGA9/ ! >MY8 ,! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA WAS SW>M+ ) PEOPLE1 FROM ! SUBWAY 5TRANCES TO ! 9T]SECTIONS ( ! ADJO9+ /REETS4 ,! COLUMN WAS GO+ TO ATTACK ! ,HOTEL ,COLON1 ! ,TELEPHONE ,EX*ANGE ,BUILD+1 & ! O!R REFUGES ( ! REBELS4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS QUIETLY TOOK UP POSITIONS1 & A FURI\S \TBUR/ ( GUNFIRE COMM5C$1 & ONE BEGAN TO HE> ! RO> ( ! >TILL]Y PIECES ?AT HAD BE5 SEIZ$ %ORTLY BE=E ON ,CL>IS /REET4 ,! REBELS' MA*9E GUNS M[$ D[N AVALAN*ES ( PEOPLE1 BUT )9 HALF AN H\R ( FI<T+1 ) ! ,PLAZA LITT]$ ) CORPSES1 Y\ C\LD SEE ! :ITE FLAGS ( SURR5D] BEG9 TO WAVE ABOVE ! LA/ /RON<OLDS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! TROOPS 9 ! ,HOTEL ,RITZ SURR5D]$1 ANO!R ONE ( ! IMPROVIS$ =TRESSES ( ! REVOLT4 

,5C\RAG$ BY ?IS GREAT VICTORY1 :I* PROVID$ US ) REGUL> MILIT>Y WEAPONS1 & CRAZ$ BY ! SMELL ( GUNP[D]1 IT WAS AN EASY TASK = \R M5 TO /ORM ! ,PLAZA DE LA ,UNIV]SIDAD1 LIB]AT+ ! PRISON]S :O W]E EXPECT+ TO SUFF] ! WOR/ FATE4 

,! MOD]N IDEA ( ! /RUGGLE1 AS IT TOOK %APE FROM \R PREVI\S 9TEGRAL PREP>ATIONS1 WAS GOOD = SOME?+ AFT] ALL4 ,:ILE SOME PEOPLE F\<T 9 ! /REETS1 O!RS DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO SETT+ UP FIELD HOSPITALS = ! W\ND$1 & O!RS W5T TO ! METAL FACTORIES TO MANUFACTURE W> MAT]IEL1 ESPECIALLY H& GR5ADES4 ,BY ! AFT]NOON1 ! POPUL> FEV] WAS UNCONTA9ABLE2 !RE WAS FI<T+ ON LAS ,RONDAS & ALL ! B>RACKS W]E BESIEG$4 ,! UNITS ( ! ,QU>T]MA/]'S ,CORPS HAD PASS$ 5TIRELY1 ALONG ) !IR COMM&]1 ,SANZ ,NEIRA1 TO ! SIDE ( ! =CES ?AT REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,DIAZ ,S&9O WAS H>D AT WORK AT ! MILIT>Y AIRFIELD AT ,PRAT1 & HE ALSO SUCCE$$ 9 SECUR+ ?AT BASE1 AL?\< NOT )\T S]I\S DIFFICULTIES4 

,A LOT HAD HAPP5$ BY ! MID-AFT]NOON2 BUT WE HAD NOT A*IEV$ V]Y MU*1 MU* LESS VICTORY4 ,9 EXPECTATION ( A C\NT]ATTACK & )\T SIGNIFICANT RES\RCES TO DEF5D \R G5]AL HEADQU>T]S AT ! (FICES ( ! ,CON/RUCTION ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 WE /OCKPIL$ AN 5ORM\S QUANTITY ( EXPLOSIVES TAK5 FROM ! QU>RIES AT ,MONCADA1 9T5T UPON BL[+ UP ! :OLE BUILD+ RA!R ?AN ALL[+ \RSELVES TO BE TAK5 PRISON]4 

,EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD & EV]Y MAJOR FI<T+ GR\P ( ! PEOPLE'S RESI/ANCE ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = A P>TICUL> OBJECTIVE4 ,AL?\< SOME >MY UNITS HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! G>RISON WAS /ILL 9TACT4 

,! ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION1 AT LAS ,RAMBLAS1 ) ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO & MANY O!R COMRADES1 MANN$ ! SIEGE ( ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS1 ONE ( ! MO/ T5ACI\S C5T]S ( RESI/ANCE4 ,N[ ?AT ! O!R B>RACKS HAD BE5 IMMOBILIZ$ BY SIMIL> SIEGES1 WE C\LD OP]ATE SAFELY4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ H\RS ( ! NI<T ! DIRECTIVE WAS ISSU$ TO ATTACK ! ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S ITSELF1 :]E G5]AL ,GOD$ WAS BAS$1 ! MILIT>Y LEAD] ( ! REVOLT1 :O HAD >RIV$ 9 A SEAPLANE FROM ,MALLORCA4 ,?IS WAS NO SIMPLE TASK4 ,! ,HEADQU>T]S /AFF DEF5D$ ITSELF BRAVELY2 ! PEOPLE :O HAD GA!R$ !RE1 H[EV]1 W]E UNDAUNT$4 ,! BATTLE BEGAN & ! 5EMY'S BULLETS W]E NO LONG] ABLE TO CONTA9 ! COMBATIVE SPIRIT ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! >TILL]Y PIECES SEIZ$ ON ,CL>IS /REET W]E S5T TO JO9 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! DOCKWORK] ,MANUEL ,LE*A1 A =M] >TILL]YMAN4 ,:5 G5]AL ,GOD$ WAS 9=M$ ( !SE PREP>ATIONS1 HE MADE A TELEPHONE CALL TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE TO DEM& NO?+ LESS FROM G5]AL ,>ANGUR5 ?AN \R SURR5D]4 

,G5]AL ,>ANGUR51 COLONEL ,ESCOB> & COLONEL ,BROTONS W]E LAT] %OT BY ,FRANCO4 ,CONC]N+ ,>ANGUR51 C]TA9 9NU5DOES HAVE CIRCULAT$ REG>D+ HIS RELATIONS ) ,GOD$4 ,>ANGUR5'S CONDUCT WAS P]HAPS *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN 9APPROPRIATE DEGREE ( C\RTESY4 ,:5 ,GOD$ MADE HIS PHONE CALL TO ,>ANGUR5 TO ASK = \R SURR5D]1 S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS REPORTS1 ! EV5TS HAD BE5 FAVORABLE = ! MILIT>Y REVOLT1 ,>ANGUR5 RESPOND$ RESPECTFULLY1 & 9 A SUBDU$ TONE ( VOICE4 

0,MY G5]AL1 ,I SYMPA?IZE ) Y\ V]Y MU*1 BUT ! REPORTS ,I HAVE RECEIV$ >E QUITE ! OPPOSITE ( Y\RS & ,I AM TOLD ?AT ! REVOLT HAS BE5 SUPPRESS$4 ,I BEG Y\ TO PROCLAIM A CEASEFIRE1 :]E RESI/ANCE IS /ILL UND]WAY1 9 ORD] TO AVOID MORE BLOOD%$4 ,I MU/ ALSO TELL Y\ ?AT WE HAVE RESOLV$ TO GIVE Y\ A HALF H\R TO SURR5D]2 AT ! 5D ( ?IS TIME1 \R >TILL]Y WILL OP5 FIRE40 

,GOD$1 ( C\RSE1 RESPOND$ 9 A MO/ UNCIVIL MANN]1 BUT ,>ANGUR51 ) HIS S(T1 ELD]LY VOICE1 SIMPLE1 UNFAZ$1 )\T EV5 ! LEA/ TRACE ( ANNOYANCE1 ONCE AGA9 RELAY$ ! ORD] ( SURR5D] ) GU>ANTEES ?AT ! LIVES ( ! BESIEG$ M5 W\LD BE SP>$4 

,! ATTACK BEGAN PRECISELY ONE HALF H\R LAT]4 ,MORE ?AN =TY SALVOS ( ! >TILL]Y PIECES1 EXPLOD+ AGA9/ ! SOLID BUILD+1 MADE ! BESIEG$ MILIT>Y P]SONNEL AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! PEOPLE HAD ACQUIR$ REAL WEAPONS4 ,! 9T5SE GUNFIRE1 ALWAYS DRAW+ NE>]1 LEFT NO ROOM = D\BT4 ,! ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S WAS TOTALLY ISOLAT$ & 9 DANG] ( BE+ /ORM$ BY ! =CES ?AT SURR\ND$ IT4 ,A :ITE FLAG APPE>$4 ,A PHONE CALL FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE 9=M$ G5]AL ,GOD$ ?AT AN (FIC] :O WAS LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T1 CAPTA9 ,SANZ ,NEIRA1 W\LD ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! PRISON]S4 ,:5 ,SANZ ,NEIRA APPROA*$ ! BESIEG$ BUILD+1 ! MA*9E GUNS 9 ! ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S BEGAN TO RO> FURI\SLY4 ,!RE WAS NO O!R REC\RSE ?AN TO RESUME ! BATTLE & GET READY = ! ASSAULT4 ,\R M5 W]E ON ! V]GE ( =C+ ! GATES ( ! BUILD+ :5 ! :ITE FLAG ONCE AGA9 APPE>$4 ,ALREADY BETRAY$ ONCE1 ! BESIEG+ =CES1 9CLUD+ ! >TILL]Y COMM&] ,P]EZ ,F>RAZ1 /ORM$ ! BUILD+ & CAPTUR$ ITS OCCUPANTS4 ,/R5U\S EF=TS HAD TO BE MADE TO SAVE G5]AL ,GOD$ FROM ! FURY ( ! CR[D4 ,!SE EF=TS W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y HAD ,GOD$ CONS5T$ TO ACCEPT G5]AL ,>ANGUR5'S 9VITATION & !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO MORE %OOT+ AFT] ! :ITE FLAG HAD BE5 RAIS$4 

,! REBEL G5]AL WAS TAK5 PRISON] & BR\<T TO ! ,G5]ALITAT1 :ILE ! O!R (FIC]S :O ACCOMPANI$ HIM W]E 9T]N$ 9 O!R PRISONS1 ESPECIALLY ONBO>D %IPS AN*OR$ 9 ! H>BOR4 ,G5]AL ,LLANO DE LA ,5COMI5DA1 :O WAS TAK5 PRISON] AT ! ,MILIT>Y ,G5]AL ,HEADQU>T]S1 WAS SUBSEQU5TLY W\ND$ BY A /RAY BULLET & REMA9$ 9 ! PRIVATE AP>TM5TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE UNTIL HE RECOV]$2 LAT]1 WE OCCUPI$ ! BUILD+ 9 ! NAME ( ! >MY ( ! PEOPLE1 ! MILITIAS4 

,GOD$ WAS ACCUS$ ( C[>DICE = HAV+ CONFIRM$1 9 HIS RADIO ADDRESS FROM ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ?AT ! GAME WAS LO/ & ?AT ALL ?OSE :O HAD JO9$ ! CONSPIRACY 9 OB$I5CE TO HIS ORD]S W]E TOTALLY RELEAS$ FROM !IR PL$GE & FREE TO DO AS !Y WI%$4 ,GOD$ WAS NOT ! K9D ( MAN :O W\LD ACT LIKE A C[>D4 ,WE SAW HIM AS ALWAYS SELF-COMPOS$ & CONSCI\S ( :AT WAS 9 /ORE = HIM1 & WE SAW HIM MEET HIS FATE ) A MANLY ATTITUDE ?AT DEM&$ RESPECT4 ,! G5]AL WE DEFEAT$ 5JOY$ ALL ! CONSID]ATION HE M]IT$3 :Y DIDN'T G5]AL ,>ANGUR5 M]IT SU* CONSID]ATION1 :O TREAT$ HIS DEFEAT$ COMRADE ) IRREPROA*ABLE C\RTESY & G5TLEMANLY DEC5CY8 

,GOD$'S SURR5D] NATURALLY HAD AN IMPACT4 ,AMONG SOME BECAUSE ( DEMORALIZATION1 AMONG O!RS BECAUSE ( EV5 MORE 5C\RAG+ NEWS4 ,GUNFIRE WAS CONT9U\SLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! LA/ POCKETS ( RESI/ANCE ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE DAY & ! SIEGE BECAME EV5 MORE /IFL+ AT NI<T4 ,! B>RACKS AT ,SAN ,&RES WAS TAK5 BY ASSAULT & ! SAME FATE BEFELL ! ,>TILL]Y ,DEPOT1 AT DAWN ON ,JULY #b4 ,UPON 5T]+ ! B>RACKS AT ,SAN ,&RES1 \R M5 CAME ACROSS A L>GE NUMB] ( BOTTLES ( F9E W9E ) :I* !IR (FIC]S HAD S\<T TO 9/ILL C\RAGE 9TO ! HE>TS ( ! DECEIV$ SOLDI]S4 ,A UNIQUE SPECTACLE WAS AF=D$ BY ! ,C>MELITE MONA/]Y1 HO/+ MA*9E GUNS MANN$ BY (FIC]S & MONKS ?AT SWEPT ! /REETS FROM ITS VANTAGE PO9TS4 ,!Y F9ALLY SURR5D]$1 & ONE ( ! M5 ( ! CLO? WAS SE5 ?R[+ GOLD CO9S TO ! CR[D TO PLACATE IT & TO SEE IF HE MI<T BE ABLE TO ESCAPE SOMEH[4 ,BUT Y\ DID NOT BUY ! PEOPLE ( ,JULY #ai ) GOLD CO9S6 

,\R OCCUPATION ( MO/ ( ! B>RACKS YIELD$ A L>GE QUANTITY ( >MS1 ESPECIALLY RIFLES1 AL?\< ! (FIC]S HAD TAK5 ! PRECAUTION ( HID+ ! FIR+ P9S ( MORE ?AN TW5TY ?\S& RIFLES /OR$ AT ! ,>TILL]Y ,DEPOT4 

,! FIR/ MEASURE WE TOOK WAS TO DIS*>GE ! COMMON SOLDI]S WE HAD TAK5 PRISON]1 :ILE WE IMPRISON$ ! (FIC]S4 ,ON ,JULY #b ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS WAS ! LA/ /RON<OLD ( RESI/ANCE 9 ,B>CELONA1 BUT ! /RUGGLE C\LD NOT REMA9 UNDECID$ = V]Y LONG4 ,! BESIEG$ TROOPS DEF5D$ !IR LIVES & !IR POSITION C\RAGE\SLY1 BUT ! RESOLVE ( ! PEOPLE'S DETA*M5TS TO ATTA9 VICTORY ONLY GREW MORE 9DOMITABLE4 ,DIAZ ,S&9O MOBILIZ$ SOME ( HIS AVAILABLE MILIT>Y AIRCRAFT TO BOMB ! B>RACKS4 ,BY !N WE CONTROLL$ ! COA/AL BATT]IES & ! >TILL]Y ( ! ,B>CELONA G>RISON4 ,IF RESI/ANCE LA/$ MU* LONG]1 ! =TRESS W\LD BE FLATT5$4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO SIGN ( ANY ATTEMPT TO SURR5D]4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 :O WAS FIR+ A RIFLE FROM BEH9D COV] WAS %OT 9 ! HEAD & DI$ 9/ANTLY4 ,! NEWS SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE & 9FLAM$ ! >DOR ( ! BESIEG+ =CES = ! F9AL ASSAULT4 ,IT WAS WAG$ ) IRRESI/IBLE FURY & \R M5 BUR/ 9TO ! B>RACKS4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/1 IF NOT ! FIR/1 WAS ,DURRUTI4 

,B>CELONA WAS TOTALLY 9 ! H&S ( ! COMBATANTS ( ! ,F,A,I1 P>TICUL>LY ! B>RACKS1 :I* WE KEPT UND] \R CONTROL UNTIL IT WAS LAT] RESOLV$ TO H& SOME ( !M OV] TO ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT WANT$ TO ORGANIZE MILITIAS = ! W> AGA9/ ! FASCI/ =CES4 

,NATURALLY1 WE SUFF]$ SIGNIFICANT LOSSES1 & SOME ( !M HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5TS4 ,MANY ( ! M5 :O HAD PROV5 !IR METTLE OV] MANY YE>S ( /RUGGLE & SACRIFICE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! GREAT VICTORY ) !IR BLOOD & !IR LIVES4 ,& !N1 TO REPLACE !M1 PEOPLE %[$ UP AMONG \R RANKS :O C\LD NEV] COMP>E ) ?OSE :O HAD FALL51 EV5 IF !Y CLAIM$ TO WAVE ! SAME FLAG4 

,DESPITE ! SEV]E BL[S WE SUFF]$1 WE C\LD NOT RESI/ FEEL+ DEEP SATISFACTION AS A RESULT ( ! VICTORY WE HAD A*IEV$1 AL?\< WE UND]/OOD ! GRAVE RESPONSIBILITY ?AT W\LD FALL UPON \R %\LD]S AS A RESULT4 

,! ,B>CELONA PRISON1 FILL$ ) \R COMRADES1 WAS OP5$ & ! PRISON]S P\R$ =? TO SWELL ! RANKS ( ! HO/S ( COMBATANTS4 

,B>CELONA CELEBRAT$ ! GREAT EV5T ) UNPREC$5T$ JOY4 ,SPECTACLES LIKE ?AT ( ,JULY #b1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,AT>AZANAS B>RACKS1 >E SELDOM SE5 DUR+ ! LIFETIME ( A G5]ATION1 & >E ONLY R>ELY ATTE/$ 9 HI/ORICAL *RONICLES4 

,EV]YONE FRAT]NIZ$ ) EV]YONE ELSE ) SU* S9C]ITY6 ,!RE W]E NO P>TIES1 !RE W]E NO ORGANIZATIONS1 EV5 ?\< ! BLACK & R$ 9SIGNIA ( ! VICTORS WAS EV]Y:]E4 ,!RE WAS ONLY ONE PEOPLE 9 ! /REETS6 ,A PEOPLE ) ONLY ONE IDEA1 ONE WILL1 ONE /R5G?4 ,:5 ?IS IDEAL WAS ATTA9$1 EV]Y?+ ?AT T5D$1 DUE TO ! P>TY ME*ANISM1 & ITS PROGRAMS1 TO ONCE AGA9 TURN ! PEOPLE 9TO A CONGLOM]ATION ( HO/ILE ATOMS1 SEEM$ AS UN?9KABLE AS JUMP+ (F A CLIFF1 LIKE AN IRREP>ABLE CATA/ROPHE4 

,!RE IS NO ORGANIZATIONAL PROGRAM1 NO DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES OR P>TY PROGRAM1 NO !ORY1 SUP]IOR TO :AT TOOK PLACE ON ,JULY #b6 

,B>CELONA BECAME AN >M$ PEOPLE PR\D ( ITS VICTORY & CONSCI\S ( ! P[] IT HAD ACQUIR$4 

,! O/5SIBLY NEUTRAL MILIT>Y C5T]S ( ! REGION1 AL?\< !Y W]E BASICALLY ON ! SIDE ( ! 5EMY1 SU* AS ! G>RISON ( ,T>RAGONA1 ! MA*9E GUN REGIM5T ( ,MAT>O1 ETC41 SURR5D]$ )\T RESI/ANCE4 ,CATALONIA WAS LIB]AT$4 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA98 

,! PEOPLE ( ,MADRID F\<T BRAVELY1 TOO1 AS 9 #a#h#h1 & AS ON MANY O!R OCCASIONS DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ) 5EMY RESI/ANCE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,MONTANA ,B>RACKS4 ,9 ,LEVANTE1 ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIOS ATTEMPT$ TO =M A NEW ,GOV]NM5T BY (F]+ SOME ,M9I/RIES TO ! REBEL G5]ALS4 ,! COMM&]S ( ! G>RISON WANT$ TO APPE> TO BE NEUTRAL1 UNTIL !Y SAW :I* WAY ! W9D WAS BL[+4 

,! REVOLT WAS SUCCESSFUL 9 ,MOROCCO1 ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S1 ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S1 ,&ALUSIA1 ,NAV>RE1 ,OLD ,CA/ILLE1 ,GALICIA1 ,LEON & ,OVI$O1 ! LATT] CITY ?ANKS TO ! /UPID BELIEF ( ! ,A/URIAN SOCIALI/S 9 ! LOYALTY ( ,>&A4 ,VIZCAYA1 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,C5T]1 ,LEVANTE & P>T ( ,E/REMADURA1 ALMO/ ALL ( ,A/URIAS1 & P>T ( ,LEON1 W]E 9 \R H&S4 ,W]E WE VICTORI\S8 ,A MAP ( ! ,P59SULA TOLD US ?AT WE /ILL HAD A LONG WAY TO GO4 ,WE W]E P>TICUL>LY AL>M$ BY ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ! MA9 >MS & MUNITIONS FACTORIES W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! 5EMY4 ,& WE W]E ALSO AL>M$ BY ! EXCESSIVE EUPHORIA ( MANY SO-CALL$ LEAD]S1 :O DID NOT WANT TO FACE ! FACT ?AT ! FIR/ FEW DAYS1 AS BRILLIANT AS !Y MAY HAVE BE51 DID NOT YET ADD UP TO VICTORY4 ,VICTORY C\LD HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ 9 ALMO/ ALL ( ,SPA9 & ANY POSSIBILITIES = A RESURG5CE ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT C\LD HAVE BE5 S]I\SLY UND]M9$ IF ! /ATESM5 ( ! ,REPUBLIC W]E A LITTLE MORE COMPET5T & A LITTLE MORE 9 T\* ) ! MOOD ( ! PEOPLE4 ,MO/ ( ! FLEET WAS ON \R SIDE2 MILIT>Y AVIATION PROP]LY SPEAK+ WAS ( NO ACC\NT BECAUSE ( ! SMALL NUMB] ( PLANES UND] \R CONTROL4 

,ONCE ! REVOLT WAS LIQUIDAT$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ,LUIS ,COMPANYS1 SUMMON$ US TO A MEET+ TO DISCOV] \R 9T5TIONS4 ,WE CAME TO ! (FICE ( ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,CATALONIAN GOV]NM5T ) >MS 9 H&1 NOT HAV+ SLEPT = SEV]AL DAYS1 UN%AV51 CONFIRM+ ) \R APPE>ANCE ! V]ACITY ( ! LEG5D ?AT HAD BE5 WOV5 >\ND US4 ,SOME ( ! MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! AUTONOM\S REGION W]E PALE & TREMBL+ DUR+ ! MEET+1 :I* ,ASCASO WAS UNABLE TO ATT5D4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T ,PALACE WAS 9VAD$ BY ! BODYGU>D ( COMBATANTS ?AT =M$ \R ESCORT4 

,COMPANYS CONGRATULAT$ US ON \R VICTORY4 ,WE C\LD1 ALL BY \RSELVES1 IMPOSE \R ABSOLUTE WILL1 DECL>E ! ,G5]ALITAT DEFUNCT & 9/ITUTE 9 ITS PLACE ! REAL P[] ( ! PEOPLE2 BUT WE DID NOT BELIEVE 9 DICTATOR%IP :5 IT WAS EX]CIS$ AGA9/ US & WE DID NOT DESIRE IT :5 WE C\LD EX]CISE IT TO ! DETRIM5T ( O!RS4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT W\LD REMA9 9 PLACE ) ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS AT ITS HEAD & ! POPUL> =CES W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ,SPA94 ,?IS IS H[ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS WAS BORN1 9 :I* WE ALL[$ ! 5TRY ( ALL ! LIB]AL & WORK+ CLASS SECTORS4.<#a#c.> 

,! SC&AL ( ! BURN+ ( *UR*ES & MONA/]IES HAS BE5 BL[N \T ( PROPORTION4 ,! ,DU*ESS ( ,A?OLL >I/OCRATICALLY REPORTS ?AT ! >SON WAS \R WORK OR ?AT ( 5EMY AG5TS :O HAD 9FILTRAT$ \R RANKS4 ,& %E /ATES ?AT ! COMMUNI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD NO P>T 9 !SE ACTS & ALWAYS TREAT$ PLACES ( WOR%IP ) RESPECT4 ,:]E DID %E GET SU* FAIRY TALES8 

,WE HAD MORE IMPORTANT ?+S TO DO & TO ?9K AB\T ?AN BURN+ *UR*ES & MONA/]IES4 ,:ILE ,GIL ,ROBLES D5\NC$ 9 ! LEGISLATURE ! >SON ATTACKS ON *UR*ES DUR+ ! P]IOD BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y #af & ,JULY1 DID HE EV] M5TION EV5 ONE S+LE CASE 9 ,CATALONIA1 :5 IT WAS V]Y WELL KN[N ?AT WE W]E ! DOM9ANT =CE 9 ! REGION8 ,WE DID NOT PREV5T ! *UR*ES & MONA/]IES FROM BE+ ATTACK$ 9 RETALIATION = ! FACT ?AT !Y S]V$ AS BASES ( RESI/ANCE = ! >MY & ! S]VANTS ( ,GOD4 ,WE F\ND >MS 9 ALL ( !M1 OR WE =C$ ! >M$ M5 5TR5*$ )9 !M TO SURR5D]4 ,! PEOPLE1 ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 EXACT$ A V]Y UND]/&ABLE V5GEANCE4 ,BUT !Y DID SO :ILE ALSO TRY+ TO PRES]VE WORKS ( >T1 LIBR>IES1 TREASURES & VALUABLE ORNAM5TS4 ,NEI!R ! ,C,N,T NOR ! ,F,A,I 5C\RAG$ !SE FRUITLESS ACTIONS1 BAS$ ON M]E REV5GE4 ,WE SAY ?IS BECAUSE IT IS TRUE1 & IF EV5 IF WE HAD NOT FOLL[$ SU* A POLICY1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A CRIME ?AT WE %\LD REGRET HAV+ COMMITT$4 

,LET US RECALL ! WORDS ( ,M>IANO DE ,L>RA 9 HIS PAMPHLET1 0,FROM #ahc TO #a#i#c#f01 EXPLICITLY REF]R+ TO SU* POPUL> EXCESSES3  
  

,SU* SC5ES ( 9C5DI>ISM & BLOOD%$ MI<T BE T]RIBLE1 BUT !IR EXPLANATION IS SIMPLE & JU/4 

,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT 9 ,SPA9 ! MONA/]IES W]E NOT P]CEIV$ AS ANY?+ BUT SO MANY O!R NATURAL FOCAL PO9TS ( ! CIVIL W>1 & ! MONKS AS ! PAYMA/]S4 ,CIVIL W> IS ! MO/ PA9FUL W\ND ( ! P59SULA1 & ONE ?AT AFFECTS EV]YONE2 H5CE ! G5]AL \TBUR/ ( ! C\NTRY AGA9/ ! MONA/]IES & !IR 9HABITANTS3 TO /RIKE A BL[ AT !M IS TO /RIKE A BL[ AT ! REBELS & AT ,DON ,C>LOS1 & SO IT BEG9S1 BECAUSE ?IS IS :]E ! DANG] LIES1 & SOCIETY ALWAYS ATT5DS TO ! MO/ URG5T MATT]S4 ,! CONSEQU5CES MI<T BE BLOODY1 BUT WE WILL AT LEA/ CONFESS ?AT IT IS ALWAYS CONSOL+ TO ?9K ?AT IF WE EXAM9E ! QUE/ION 9 A REALLY FUNDAM5TAL WAY1 !SE DEADLY SC5ES >E NOT1 AS IS USUALLY SUPPOS$1 ! EFFECTS ( MOM5T>Y CAPRICE OR ( A BL9D & DISORD]LY 9/9CT1 BUT M]ELY ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! RI<T ( DEF5SE ?AT ALL ( SOCIETY POSSESSES :5 IT IS ATTACK$1 & ! 9DISP5SABLE ACC5TUATION 9 SU* MOM5TS ( ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL :O COMPOSES ?AT SOCIETY4444  
  

,ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,*UR* 9 ,SPA9 & ITS P]MAN5T ALLIANCE ) TYRANNY1 !RE IS NO?+ MORE DEF9ITIVE ?AN ! ASSESSM5T ( ! ,C\NT ( ,MONTALAMB]T1 A MILITANT ,FR5* ,CA?OLIC1 :OSE BOOK AB\T \R C\NTRY DES]VES TO BE REPUBLI%$4 

,WE %ALL BE CONT5T TO CITE ! FOLL[+ FIGURES CONC]N+ ! ECCLESIA/ICAL P[] 9 ,SPA9 & ITS COLONIES 9 #aeh 7DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,PHILIP ,I,I73  
 ,>*BI%OPS   #eh   ,BI%OPRICS   #fhd   ,ABBEYS   #a#a1#d   ,RELIGI\S ,ORD]S   #icf   ,P>I%ES   #a#b#g1   ,MONA/]IES   #d#f1   ,CONV5TS   #a#c1   ,BRO!RHOODS & ,RELIGI\S ,ASSOCIATIONS   #b#c1   ,SECUL> ,CL]GY   #c#a#b1   ,DEACONS & ,SUBDEACONS   #b1   ,REGUL> ,CL]GY   #d1   

,! ECCLESIA/ICAL POPULATION1 ) ITS S]VANTS1 SACRI/ANS1 EXORCI/S1 ETC41 AM\NT$ TO MORE ?AN #a1#e1 P]SONS1 ?AT IS1 ONE 9DIVIDUAL = EV]Y #de 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,! G5]AL TR5D ) REG>D TO ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE DEVOT$ TO ! S]VICE ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 ,SPA9 IS AS FOLL[S3  
 ,POPULATION   ,SECUL> ,CL]GY   ,MONKS   ,NUNS   ,YE>   #g1#e1   #a#f#h1   #i1   #c#h1   #ag   #i1#c1   #a#d#c1#h   #f#b1   #c#f1   #agfh   #a1#c1   #a#c#d1#e   #e#f1   #c#d1   #agig   #a#c1#c1   #g#e1#g#h#d   #c#g1#c#f#c   #b#c1#e#e#b   #ahbf   #a#c1#e1   #f#e1   #c#a1   #b#b1   #ahce   

,ECCLESIA/ICAL 9COMES CONSUM$ ! LION'S %>E ( ! PRODUCT ( ! PEOPLE'S LABOR4 ,! PROP]TIES1 5T]PRISES & PRIVILEGES ( ! ,*UR* W]E ! MA9 CAUSE ( ,SPA9'S BACKW>DNESS4 ,ITS AGE-OLD ALLIANCE ) ALL ! CAUSES ( ABSOLUTISM M>K$ ! ,*UR* AS ,PUBLIC ,5EMY ,NUMB] ,ONE4 ,IT WAS A QUE/ION ( LIFE OR DEA? = ! C\NTRY TO SEP>ATE ! ,*UR* FROM P[] & TO EXPROPRIATE ITS WEAL?4 

,9 #a#h#c#d1 ,OLOZAGA & ,CORT9A1 BY ORD] ( ! GOV]NM5T1 DE/ROY$ A L>GE NUMB] ( MONA/]IES 9 ,MADRID4 ,!RE W]E /ILL #gb ( !M LEFT1 H[EV]1 9 #a#h#c#e4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE >E FANATICAL ,CA?OLICS1 BUT :5 ! MONA/]IES W]E DEMOLI%$1 !RE WAS A SURPLUS ( VOLUNTE]S TO HELP DO ! JOB1 & ! ,M9I/]S :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = !SE MEASURES1 SU* AS ,OLOZAGA1 W]E ABLE TO MAKE PUBLIC APPE>ANCES AT ! DEMOLITION SITES & W]E APPLAUD$ BY ! CR[DS4 

,GOV]NM5T BODIES SELDOM TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE TO RE/RICT ! P[] & ! WEAL? ( ! ECCLESIA/ICS1 AS !Y DID 9 ! TIME ( ,M5DIZABAL4 ,G5]ALLY1 IT WAS ! PEOPLE !MSELVES :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 DIRECT ACTION TO RID !MSELVES ( ! CRU%+ WEI<T ( 9HUMAN EXPLOITATION 9 ! NAME ( RELIGION4 ,9 NO C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD HAVE SO MANY *UR*ES & MONA/]IES BE5 BURN$ AS 9 ,SPA91 & ?IS IS TRUE ( ITS 5TIRE HI/ORY4 ,! RESURRECTION ( ,SPA9 HAS ALWAYS BE5 BLOCK$ BY ! BLACK WALL ( CL]ICALISM4 ,! WAVE ( >SON ( ,JULY #aicf CO9CID$ P]FECTLY ) ! TRADITION ( ! PEOPLE :O S\<T TO DE/ROY ! SYMBOLS ( !IR MIS]Y & !IR SLAV]Y4 ,!Y DID NOT NE$ AN ORGANIZATION OR A P>TY TO ASSUME ! RESPONSIBILITY = !SE DE$S2 ! ONLY AU?OR & 9/IGATOR IS ! 9/9CT ( ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 

,\R RESPONSE IS ?AT NO (FICIAL OR 9=MAL 9/RUCTIONS W]E DISSEM9AT$ BY ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ( ,CATALONIA 5C\RAG+ ! BURN+ ( *UR*ES & MONA/]IES2 WE CAN BE C]TA91 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT SU* A DIRECTIVE DID NOT ORIG9ATE FROM ANY O!R MOVEM5T OR P>TY1 EI!R4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/