,*APT] #c 
,! ,K+ ,ABDICAT$1 BUT ! ,G5]ALS ,REMA9$--,! ,FRU/RAT$ ,DICTATOR%IP ( ,GIL ,ROBLES--,! ,MILIT>Y ,CONSPIRACY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! K+ ABDICAT$1 BUT ! G5]ALS REMA9$--,! FRU/RAT$ DICTATOR%IP ( ,GIL ,ROBLES--,! MILIT>Y CONSPIRACY 

  

,ONE ( ! MANY ORGANIZ$ C5T]S ( RESI/ANCE ( ! CIVIL W> 9 ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 ! #ah$ ,Z>AGOZA ,JUNTA1 DECL>$1 9 AN 9T]E/+ MANIFE/O TO ! NATION ?AT ADVOCAT$ EXT5SIVE RE=MS 9 ! DOMA9S ( IDEAS1 9/ITUTIONS & CU/OMS3 0,! MILIT>Y EMPIRE IS NOT AN ELEM5T ( LIB]TY1 NOR IS IGNORANCE ! SE$ ( PROSP]ITY40 ,! REPUBLICANS ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC--LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC--=GOT !SE PO/ULATES1 & C>RI$ ON ! WORK ?AT BR\<T A TEMPOR>Y 9T]RUPTION1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T GREAT] EVILS1 ( ! DISCR$IT$ & PUTRESC5T MON>*Y4 

,SO ! K+ ABDICAT$ & HIS G5]ALS REMA9$2 IF !RE WAS ANY =CE WAS CAPABLE ( UPHOLD+ ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y IT WAS ! K+'S [N >MY1 =M$ = ! DEF5SE ( ! ROYAL P]SON1 A TASK ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC WAS 9CAPABLE ( P]=M+4 ,ALONG ) ! G5]ALS ( ! MON>*Y1 S]VANTS ( ! ALT> & ! ?RONE1 ! P[] ( ! ,*UR* REMA9$ 9TACT1 & G5]ALIZ$ IGNORANCE WAS CULTIVAT$ JU/ AS ASSIDU\SLY AS IT WAS 9 ! PA/4 ,9 ,APRIL #aica MORE ?AN #f.0 ( ! POPULATION ( ,SPA9 WAS ILLIT]ATE2 ! FEW S*OOLS ?AT DID EXI/ W]E 9FECT$ ) RELIGI\S SUP]/ITION & BY ! AGE-OLD HATR$ ( ! ,*UR* = ALL CULTURE4 

,! ,MOROCCAN W>1 AFT] MAJOR DISA/]S 9 ! COLONIES1 CONSUM$ T5S ( ?\S&S ( LIVES & HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PESETAS1 NOT HAV+ S]V$ ANY PURPOSE BESIDES 9CUBAT+ A MILIT>Y CA/E 9 :I* ! DOCTR9E ( DESPOTISM F\ND ITS FAVORITE HOME4 

,! MILIT>Y CA/E1 $UCAT$ 9 ! MON>*Y & = ! MON>*Y1 C\LD NOT BE> ! *ANGE ( REGIME ) EQUANIMITY1 &1 ON V>I\S OCCASIONS AFT] ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#c#a1 OP5LY MANIFE/$ ITS OPPOSITION1 B>+ ITS CLAWS4 ,! CONSPIRACY ( ,SANJURJO1 ON ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#c#b1 & O!R PLANN$ C\PS ?AT W]E SUBSEQU5TLY ABORT$1 W]E TREAT$ BY ! REPUBLICANS 9 P[] ) KID GLOVES1 9 CONTRA/ TO :AT HAPP5$ :5 ! REBELLION & PROTE/ CAME FROM BEL[1 FROM ! WORK+ CLASS MASSES & ! PEASANTS :O W]E TIR$ ( SUFF]+ HUMILIATION1 DECEIT & POV]TY4 

,A FEW WEEKS BE=E ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 ! TRAG$Y ( ,YE/E OCCURR$1 9 ,E/REMADURA1 :]E #bc PEASANTS W]E MURD]$ & MORE ?AN #a W]E W\ND$ BECAUSE !Y CUT D[N SOME TREES [N$ BY ONE ( ! BIG ,E/REMADURAN FEUDAL L&[N]S4 ,! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR W5T \T ( HIS WAY TO PRAISE ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ! AU?OR ( ?AT VALIANT ACT 9 DEF5SE ( ANTI-REPUBLICAN & ANTI-,SPANI% PRIVILEGES4 

,! *>ACT] ( ! M5 ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC IS NEATLY SUMM>IZ$ BY ! FOLL[+ ANECDOTE3 

,!RE WAS A SMALL GR\P ( BRAVE Y\NG (FIC]S :O W]E READY TO FI<T = A NEW REGIME ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 & ! FIR/ /EP T[>DS ?IS GOAL WAS ! OV]?R[ ( ! MON>*Y4 ,!Y WORK$ ) 5?USIASM & AUDACITY1 MAK+ CONTACT ) ! REPRES5TATIVE FIGURES ( ! P>TIES ( ! LEFT & ) ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & LY+ TO ALL ( !M 9 ORD] TO GET !M TO COMMIT !IR =CES TO A REVOLT4 ,!Y S5T CONFID5TIAL MESSAGES1 = EXAMPLE1 TO ,P>TY ,A1 TELL+ IT ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ,P>TY ,B W]E READY = ACTION & ?AT ! >MY WAS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,NO ONE WANT$ TO BE TOTALLY LEFT \T ( ?IS CONSPIRACY ?AT DID NOT EV5 EXI/ & ELEM5TS ( ! MO/ V>I$ BACKGR\NDS JO9$ IT1 EV5 DY$ 9 ! WOOL MON>*I/S4 ,PL$GES ( COMMITM5T W]E BE+ RECEIV$ ONE AFT] ANO!R & ! CONSPIRATORS F\ND !MSELVES1 AGA9/ !IR WILL1 COMMITT+ TO A PROJECT ?AT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 !Y REALLY DID NOT WANT TO GO ?R\< )4 

,!SE (FIC]S HAD AN IDEA ?AT !Y ?\<T W\LD TURN !IR CONSPIRACY 9TO A REALITY4 ,?IS IDEA 9VOLV$ SEIZ+ ! GOV]NM5T :ILE IT WAS 9 SESSION1 FROM ! ,PRESID5T TO ! ,M9I/]S1 LIQUIDATE IT 9 A FEW M9UTES & !N C>RY ! REVOLT 9TO ! /REETS4 ,! PROC$URE !Y PLANN$ TO EMPLOY WAS AS FOLL[S3 A H&FUL ( ! CONSPIRATORS W\LD DISGUISE !MSELVES AS MEMB]S ( ! ,PRESID5TIAL /AFF & PRES5T !MSELVES AT ! HOMES ( ! V>I\S ,CAB9ET ,M9I/]S TO SUMMON !M ON BEHALF ( ! ,K+ TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y EM]G5CY MEET+4 ,! UNI=MS ( ! ,PRESID5TIAL /AFF W\LD ALLAY ANY POSSIBLE SUSPICIONS4 

,9 FACT1 ?IS WAS ! USUAL PROC$URE FOLL[$ :5 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,CAB9ET W]E SUMMON$ TO EM]G5CY MEET+S4 ,:5 ! ,M9I/]S LEFT !IR HOMES TO BE DRIV5 TO ! MEET+1 ! CONSPIRATORS W\LD %OOT !M & !N TRY TO DISAPPE>1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! CONFUSION 9 ! /REET ?AT W\LD NECESS>ILY 5SUE4 

,!Y 9=M$ ,AZANA1 :OM ! Y\NG (FIC]S RESPECT$ BECAUSE ( HIS PRE/IGE AS AN 9TELLECTUAL1 ( !IR IDEA4 ,AZANA WAS ALMO/ BESIDE HIMSELF ) RAGE1 SAY+ ?AT ?OSE M5 W]E DO+ !IR DUTY & ?AT HE DID NOT BY ANY MEANS APPROVE ( MURD]+ !M4 

,AZANA POND]$ ! QUE/ION = A :ILE & PROPOS$ A DIFF]5T APPROA*4 ,:5 ! V>I\S ,M9I/]S COME \T ( !IR HOMES TO BE DRIV5 TO ! MEET+ ) ! ,PRESID5T1 ! CONSPIRATORS %\LD KILL ! *AUFFEURS & TAKE ! ,M9I/]S HO/AGE1 B\ND & GAGG$1 & !N TAKE !M TO A PLACE :]E !Y C\LD NOT BE DISCOV]$4 

,?IS PLAN WAS NOT ONLY MORE COMPLICAT$1 BUT ! CONSPIRATORS ASK$ ANO!R QUE/ION3 ,ISN'T ! *AUFFEUR JU/ DO+ HIS DUTY1 TOO8 

,?IS M5TALITY1 9DICATIVE ( ,AZANA'S [N /ATUS AS AN HEIR ( ! OLD >I/OCRACY1 :I* MEASUR$ M5 BY !IR SOCIAL /ATUS OR ! PRIVILEGES !Y 5JOY$1 EXPLA9S ! SUICIDAL POLICIES ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,= SOME1 0,AIM = ! BELLY02 = O!RS1 ! GREATE/ RESPECT1 AL?\< ! CRIM9AL REVOLT AGA9/ ! REGIME ( ,APRIL #a#d1 #aica WAS ( PRECISELY ! SAME K9D4 

,A L>GE P]C5TAGE ( ! ,REPUBLIC'S BUREAUCRATS1 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY1 BO? 9 ! CIVILIAN AS WELL AS ! MILIT>Y BRAN*ES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 W]E ! SAME BUREAUCRATS :O HAD FAI?FULLY S]V$ ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y4 ,! POLITICAL TRANSF] ( P[] 9 #aica H>DLY *ANG$ !M AT ALL4 ,AT BO? ! HI<E/ & ! L[E/ LEVELS ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! BUREAUCRATS CONT9U$ TO FAVOR ! SAME VIEWS & ! SAME R\T9E1 & /ILL HAD ! SAME DISDA9 = ANY?+ ?AT SMACK$ ( REAL LIFE1 DYNAMISM1 OR UND]/&+ NEW REALITIES4 ,& ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! NEW ,REPUBLIC ONLY CAUS$ ! LATT] TO ACQUIRE ! VICES ( ! OLD MON>*I/ ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM4 

,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! 9T5TIONS & /ATEM5TS ( ,M9I/]S :O SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! REPUBLICAN CAUSE NECESS>ILY CAME TO NAU<T 9 !IR COLLISION ) ! PASSIVE RESI/ANCE & DELIB]ATE SABOTAGE ( ! BUREAUCRATS4 

,ANYONE :O HAS EV] HAD ANY DEAL+S ) ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T C\LD PR$ICT1 AS WE DID AT ! TIME1 ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T ,M9I/]S W\LD 9EVITABLY FAIL TO A*IEVE !IR GOALS DUE TO !IR P[]LESSNESS1 REG>DLESS ( !IR 9T5TIONS1 AGA9/ ! IMP5ETRABLE WALL ( A BUREAUCRACY :OSE SYMPA?IES LAY MORE ) ! 5EMY ?AN ) SO-CALL$ ,LOYALI/ ,SPA94 

,JU/ AS ! ,REPUBLIC W\LD HAVE TO PAY A HI< PRICE = ITS TOL]ATION ( REACTION>Y MILIT>ISM & CL]ICALISM1 IT W\LD ALSO HAVE TO PAY A HI< PRICE = ITS WELCOME1 AMONG ! (FICIALDOM ( ! SO-CALL$ NEW REGIME1 ( ! BUREAUCRATS :O HAD BE5 BORN 91 & TRA9$ TO S]VE1 ! MON>*Y4 ,NEW W9E1 IF ! ,REPUBLIC REALLY WAS NEW W9E1 9 OLD BOTTLES4 

,?IS *APT] ( ! ONGO+ FASCI/1 MON>*I/1 & ULTRAMONTANE CONSPIRACY1 BAS$ 9 ! CIVIL S]VICE & ! MILIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE & ITS BUREAUCRACY1 C\LD ONLY LEAD US TO ! PRECIPICE FROM :I* WE HAVE S9CE PLUMMET$4 ,WE >E REM9D$ ( ! WORDS ( A WORK+ CLASS MILITANT :O WROTE1 9 ,EL ECO DE LA CLASE OBR]A1 A NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ 9 ,MADRID 9 #a#h#e#e3 0,EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 9 ORD] TO BE POSSIBLE1 MU/ BEG9 ) A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS EV]Y POLITICAL REVOLUTION IS /]ILE UNLESS IT IS FOLL[$ BY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 

,SU* IDEAS W]E QUITE POPUL> 9 WORK+ CLASS MILIEUS & AMONG ! RANKS ( ! LIB]ALS 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,! M5 :O TOOK ! RE9S ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 H[EV]1 HAD COMPLETELY =GOTT5 !M4 ,!Y OCCUPI$ HI< PR(ILE (FICES1 :I* IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AS ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ! COMM& /RUCTURE1 & LET EV]Y?+ REMA9 JU/ AS IT WAS BE=E4 

,9 RETURN = ?IS BETRAYAL ( ! HOPES ( ! PEOPLE1 ! MILIT>Y CA/E1 V]Y CLOSELY ALIGN$ ) CL]ICALISM1 BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE AGGRESSIVE & DEM&+1 & CAUS$ ! ,REPUBLIC TO BECOME A FACADE = ALL ! IMMORALITY & VICES ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,WE W\LD EV5 V5TURE TO ASS]T ?AT1 AMONG ! POLITICIANS ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! ROLE ( IGNORANCE OR BAD FAI? ) REG>D TO ! REAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ,SPA9 WAS EV5 GREAT] ?AN IT WAS AMONG ! OLD SOCIAL CONS]VATIVES4 

,ANTI-WORK+ CLASS POLICIES1 OR POLICIES ?AT FAVOR$ ONE SECTOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! EXP5SE ( ANO!R1 W]E M]CILESSLY IMPLEM5T$1 & ! CORN]/ONE ( ! NEW REGIME1 ?AT IS1 ! WORK]S1 FILL$ ! JAILS1 & !Y EV5TUALLY DECID$ ?AT IT WAS NOT WOR? MAK+ ANY SACRIFICES 9 DEF5SE ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAD NOT *ANG$ ESS5TIALLY :5 ! NATIONAL FLAG WAS *ANG$4 

,9 ITS APPLICATION AGA9/ US1 ?IS POLICY ( REPRESSION KNEW NO LIMITS4 ,IT REA*$ ! PO9T :]E WE HAD APPROXIMATELY #c1 COMRADES 9 CIVILIAN & MILIT>Y PRISONS4 ,! OLD POLITICIANS ( ! MON>*Y POSSESS$ ! REQUISITE SKILLS & CONV9C$ ! P>TIES & ! SO-CALL$ LEFTI/S & EV5 WORK]I/S TO C>RY \T ?IS REPRESSION4 ,! TRADITIONAL RIVALRY BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S WAS ASSIDU\SLY CULTIVAT$1 BO? BY ! ,M>XI/S !MSELVES AS WELL AS !IR ]/:ILE REPUBLICAN 5EMIES4 

,! AL>MS RAIS$ BY ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ1 & BY US1 W]E UTT]LY UNHE$$ OR MIS9T]PRET$1 UNTIL ,MAY #a#i#c#f1 :5 ! IDEA ( A PACT BETWE5 ! TWO BIG NATIONAL TRADE UNIONS WAS F9ALLY ACCEPT$1 A PACT ?AT1 9 ITS LAT] DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD BE R5\NC$ BY ,OROBON ,F]N&EZ1 JU/ AS WE1 ITS FIR/ ADVOCATES1 ALSO CAME TO REJECT IT4.<#g.> 

,! DEPORTATIONS TO ,BATA .<,EQUATORIAL ,GU9EA 9 ,AFRICA.> & ! DRACONIAN S5T5CES H&$ D[N = ! CRIMES ( GO+ ON /RIKE & DI/RIBUT+ NEWSPAP]S W]E EV5 MORE H>% ?AN ?OSE ( A FEW YE>S BE=E4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S HAD CON/ITUT$ A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! ,SPANI% POPULATION = MORE ?AN ?REE-QU>T]S ( A C5TURY :5 ! ELECTIONS ( ,NOVEMB] #aicc W]E HELD1 AFT] TWO YE>S ( P]SECUTION1 DEPORTATION1 & UN=GETTABLE EPISODES LIKE ,CASAS ,VIEJAS1 & !Y DID NOT WANT TO GO TO ! BALLOT BOX TO RE9=CE1 ) !IR [N H&S1 ! M5 & ! P>TIES ?AT W]E PRIM>ILY RESPONSIBLE = ! FIR/ TWO REPUBLICAN YE>S ( PROLET>IAN BLOOD%$ & M\RN+4 

,A VIOL5T ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN WAS WAG$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY BY \R ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* HAD ATTEMPT$1 AT ,FIGOLS 9 LATE #aica & 9 V>I\S O!R PLACES 9 ,SPA9 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c1 TO CONSOLIDATE !IR POSITION AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC1 FOCUS+ ON ! ROAD ( HI/ORICAL SOCIAL DEM&S4 ,NATURALLY1 !IR AB/5TION H&$ P[] TO ! PRO-MON>*I/ CONS]VATIVES1 MILIT>ISM & ! ,*UR*1 :I* W]E ALSO 5EMIES ( ! LEGITIMATE ,SPA91 :OSE MO/ IMPORTANT F\NDATION WAS COMPOS$ ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ! ONLY HI/ORICAL HEIRS ( ! ,IB]IAN RACE & ITS SPIRIT4 

,! REPUBLICANS DID NOT WANT TO LE>N ?IS LESSON1 NOR DID !Y WANT TO UND]/& ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS1 WORK+ CLASS ,SPA91 WAS A =CE ( AU!NTIC PROGRESS & ?AT )\T IT NO REGIME ?AT WAS MORE OR LESS LIB]AL & SOCIAL C\LD BE E/ABLI%$1 & ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO RULE OV] IT W\LD REQUIRE OP5LY REACTION>Y ME?ODS4 

,! OP5LY RE/ORATIONI/ T5D5CY L$ BY ,GIL ,ROBLES1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,VATICAN & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL1 GRADUALLY CONSOLIDAT$ ITS POSITION )9 ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c1 AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! RI<T W+ 9 ! REC5T ELECTIONS1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ REVOLT TOOK PLACE1 & WAS P>TICUL>LY 9T5SE 9 ,>AGON1 ,RIOJA1 ,E/REMADURA & ,&ALUSIA4 ,?IS UPRIS+ MEANT ?AT JU/ AS ! WORK]S REJECT$ ! REPUBLICANS ( ! TWO R$ YE>S 7BI5O ROJO7 ( #a#i#c#a-#a#i#c#c1 !Y ALSO REJECT$ !IR SUCCESSORS1 :O W]E EQUALLY DISA/R\S = PROGRESS & JU/ICE 9 ,SPA94.<#h.> 

,! LEFT W+ P>TIES KNEW FULL WELL :AT ! ,GIL ,ROBLES T5D5CY /OOD = & DID NOT WANT TO ALL[ ?IS RE/ORATIONI/ CURR5T TO OP5LY TAKE P[]1 AL?\< !Y DID CONS5T TO HELP MOD]ATE ?IS P[] ) !IR 9FLU5CE & !IR VA/ RES\RCES4 ,!Y ISSU$ ?REATS4 ,IT WAS FROM !SE ?REATS ?AT ! MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #aicd >OSE1 :5 ! LEAD] ( ! ,C,$,A1 ,GIL ,ROBLES1 ACCEPT$ A ,CAB9ET PO/ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X1 ) RA!R DUBI\S CR$5TIALS AS A REPUBLICAN ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,! 9SURRECTION ( ,OCTOB] W\LD HAVE BE5 VICTORI\S IF ! SO-CALL$ LEFT REPUBLICANS W\LD HAVE ACT$ LIKE LEFT REPUBLICANS & W\LD NOT HAVE REFUS$ TO GIVE SATISFACTION TO ! WORK+ CLASSES1 :O HAD NOT BE5 GIV5 ANY REASONS BY ! ,REPUBLIC TO FEEL ANY SOLID>ITY ) IT4 ,BUT ITS LEAD]S DID NOT WANT TO SEE ! REAL SITUATION ( ,SPA9 & IT WAS AN 9SURRECTION ?AT DISP5S$ ) US1 & 9 SOME REGIONS1 AS 9 ,CATALONIA1 IT WAS MU* MORE AIM$ AGA9/ US ?AN AGA9/ ! =CES ( ,GIL ,ROBLES4.<#i.> 

,! FAM\S PLOT ( ! ,CATALONIAN NATIONALI/S ,D5CAS & ,BADIA WAS ESS5TIALLY CONCEIV$ AS A W> ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ US4 ,! DIRECTIVES ISSU$ TO !IR 0ESCAMOTS0 :O SURG$ ONTO ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA ON ! EV5+ ( ,OCTOB] #e DECL>$ OP5 SEASON ON ! ,F,A,I1 A 0PRODUCT ( ,SPA904 ,M9I/] ,D5CAS & HIS LIEUT5ANT 9 ! (FICES ( ! S]VICE ( PUBLIC ORD]1 ,BADIA1 RECREAT$1 ) ! COMPLICITY & ! SIL5CE ( ! 5TIRE ,G5]ALITAT1 ! HORRORS ( ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO & ,>LEGUI & W]E !RE=E 9CAPABLE ( PLAY+ ANY K9D ( ROLE AS FACTORS ( UNITY & COLLABORATION 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/S :O HAD LEGALLY SEIZ$ P[]4 ,WE W]E 9 A UNIQUE POSITION4 ,! SEP>ATI/S ACCUS$ US ( BE+ PRODUCTS ( ,SPA92 ! C5TRALI/S ACCUS$ US ( BE+ TOOLS ( ! SEP>ATI/S2 ! MON>*I/S REVEAL$ ?AT WE W]E BODY & S\L ) ! REPUBLICANS1 & ! REPUBLICANS DISCLOS$ ?AT WE W]E TAK+ \R ORD]S FROM ! MON>*I/S4 

,ALL WE C\LD DO WAS DODGE ! ATTACKS ( ! RI<T & LEFT &1 )\T US1 ! SIX? ( ,OCTOB] 9 ,CATALONIA WAS NO?+ BUT A RISIBLE FLOP1 SUPPRESS$ )9 A FEW H\RS BY TWO UND]MANN$ COMPANIES ( SOLDI]S UND] ! COMM& ( G5]AL ,BATET1 :O WAS LAT] %OT BY ! REBELS 9 ,JULY #aicf 9 ,BURGOS1 P]HAPS TO PAY HIM (F = HIS LOYALTY TO ! REPUBLICAN AB/RACTION 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 

,!IR CONFID5CE ?AT ! ,F,A,I W\LD NOT 9T]V5E 9 ! /RUGGLE 5C\RAG$ ! =CES ( REPRESSION TO IMPOSE !IR HEGEMONY1 :I* NO ONE S]I\SLY *ALL5G$4 ,WE RECALL ONE CAPTA9 ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D 9 ! PLAZA AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B>CELONA1 9FURIAT$ BY HIS 9ABILITY TO F9D ANY CRIM9ALS4 

0,C[>DS601 HE %\T$--AS IF ! M5 ( ! ,F,A,I W\LD FI<T HIM FACE TO FACE1 & FACE ! CONSEQU5CES4 

,IF ! MOVEM5T ( ,OCTOB] #aicd 9 ,A/URIAS ACQUIR$ ! SAME AURA AS ! MOVEM5T ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 RESI/+ ! LOYALI/ >MY & ! ,L]R\X-,GIL ,ROBLES ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* !N BETRAY$ ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE 9 ,A/URIAS ! WORK]S POSSESS$ A DESIRE = UNITY ?AT WAS /RONG 5\< TO RESI/ ! CAMPAIGNS ( ! POLITICIANS :O W]E TRY+ TO PREV5T ?AT UNITY & TURN !M AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,A/URIAS F9ALLY FELL1 DEFEAT$1 & WAS REPAID = ITS DET]M9ATION TO RESI/ ! ADV5T ( FASCISM ) >MS 9 H& ) T5S ( ?\S&S ( VICTIMS & 9DESCRIBABLE TORTURES4.<#a.> 

,! UN=GETTABLE TWO YE>S ( ! REPUBLICAN-SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T W]E FOLL[$ BY ! NO LESS BLOODY TWO YE>S ( ,L]R\X-,GIL ,ROBLES4 ,! MILIT>Y & ECCLESIA/ICAL CA/ES CONSOLIDAT$ !IR P[] 9 ,SPA94 ,EV]Y *UR* & EV]Y MONA/]Y1 JU/ LIKE EV]Y B>RACKS & EV]Y ,MILIT>Y ,HEADQU>T]S1 BECAME ACTIVE FOCAL PO9TS ( CONSPIRACY4 ,! ,REPUBLIC WAS 9 ! H&S ( ITS DECL>$ 5EMIES4 ,& IT HAD TO DEAL ) US1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ( SELF-DEF5SE1 TO SURVIVE4444 

,! EMPIRE ( TRITE EXPRESSIONS & SACR$ RITES IS A REALITY ONLY 9 ! DOMA9 ( EV]YDAY1 LAZY & CONS]VATIVE R\T9E4 ,EV5 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 IT APPE>S MORE (T5 ?AN ONE W\LD IMAG9E1 TYRANNICALLY LEAD+ 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS4 ,G5]ALLY1 :5 ONE SPEAKS & ACTS1 ONE DOES NOT REFLECT OR M$ITATE4 ,! WEI<T ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 M5TAL HABITS1 & REFLEX REACTIONS P]=MS ! FUNCTION ?AT %\LD ALWAYS BE P]=M$ BY FREE & DELIB]ATE ?\<T4 

,:5 PREP>ATIONS W]E UND]WAY = ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 WE FAC$ A DILEMMA ?AT \R USUAL R\T9E W\LD HAVE SOLV$ )\T ANY DRAMA1 BUT :I*1 VIEW$ ) A LITTLE BIT ( GOOD S5SE1 (F]$ A PANORAMA ?AT WAS PREGNANT ) GRAVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,A REGIONAL PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T WAS HELD 9 ,Z>AGOZA & WE W]E DI/URB$ BY SOME ( ITS RESOLUTIONS 9S(> AS !Y ADVOCAT$ AN 9T5SIVE ANTI-ELECTORAL & AB/5TIONI/ CAMPAIGN4 

,IF WE W]E TO REAFFIRM \R AB/5TIONISM WE W\LD HAVE UND\BT$LY H&$ OV] P[] TO ! DICTATOR%IP PROMOT$ BY ,GIL ,ROBLES1 :OSE SACR$ MAXIM WAS1 0,! LEAD]S >E NEV] WRONG60 ,& TO GIVE VICTORY TO ,GIL ,ROBLES W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO GIV+ \R SANCTION TO ! TORTURES ( ,OCTOB] & TO ! CONT9U$ IMPRISONM5T ( ?IRTY ?\S& M54 ,9 EFFECT1 DEP5D+ ON ! POSITION WE ADOPT$1 WE HAD ! KEYS TO ! PRISONS & TO ! IMM$IATE FUTURE ( ,SPA9 9 \R H&S4 ,) ! VICTORY ( ,GIL ,ROBLES WE W\LD HAVE 5T]$ 9TO A P]IOD ( FASCISM UND] ! CLOAK ( LEGALITY1 WE W\LD HAVE RETURN$ TO ! DELI<TS ( ! ,EXT]M9AT+ ,ANGEL ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY & O!R SIMIL> SPECTACLES4 ,IF WE W]E TO DECL>E \R SUPPORT = VOT+ 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! *ANCES ( ! SUCCESS ( ! LEFT1 WE W\LD HAVE LEFT \RSELVES OP51 = ?OSE :O W]E 9CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ \R REASONS1 TO ! *>GE ?AT WE HAD BETRAY$ \R PR9CIPLES4 ,! LEFT1 9 ITS P]MAN5T BL9DNESS1 WAS NOT AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT WE W]E ! KEY TO ! SITUATION4 ,! RI<T UND]/OOD ?IS P]FECTLY WELL1 & MADE EV]Y EF=T TO 5C\RAGE US TO ADVOCATE AB/5TIONISM2 ITS REPRES5TATIVES EV5 W5T SO F>1 AS 9 ,CADIZ1 AS ,BALLE/] REVEAL$--ONE ( \R BE/ ,&ALUSIAN MILITANTS1 MURD]$ BY ! REBELS--AS TO (F] A HALF MILLION PESETAS TO US 9 ORD] TO 5ABLE US TO PURSUE \R USUAL PUBLIC CAMPAIGN AGA9/ VOT+4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #aicc WE HAD UPROOT$ FROM P[]1 :I* HAD BE5 US$ 9 ! ,REPUBLIC TO REAFFIRM ! CLASS PRIVILEGES ?AT HAD EXI/$ 9 ! MON>*Y1 ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ,CASAS ,VIEJAS2 9 ORD] TO DO SO WE EMPLOY$ ! POLITICAL WEAPON ( AB/5TION1 AN AB/5TION ?AT WAS A REAL1 NEGATIVE 9T]V5TION 9 ! ELECTORAL BATTLE4 ,IT WAS NOT ?AT WE REGRETT$ ! LESSON WE TAU<T ! ALLEG$ REPUBLICANS ( ,APRIL #a#d2 UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT WE FAC$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 H[EV]1 AB/5TION MEANT VICTORY = ,GIL ,ROBLES1 & ! VICTORY ( ,GIL ,ROBLES WAS ! VICTORY ( ! RE/ORATION ( ! OLD MON>*I/ & CL]ICAL P[]S4 

,WE B5EFIT$ FROM ! =TUNATE CIRCUM/ANCE ( ! FULL AGREEM5T ( V>I\S MILITANTS :OSE OP9IONS C>RI$ A LOT ( WEI<T 9 \R CIRCLES1 9 ! GR\PS ( ! ,F,A,I1 9 ! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T1 & 9 ! LIB]T>IAN PRESS4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 AFT] SO MANY YE>S1 WE *ALL5G$ EV]YONE TO CA/ D[N ALL ! PREVI\SLY IMP5ETRABLE B>RI]S ( SACR$ DOGMA4 ,WE HAD ! C\RAGE TO OP5LY CONFRONT ! CONC]N ?AT EV]YONE BR&I%$ AGA9/ US1 & CONC$$ ?AT WE W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO ! ELECTORAL VICTORY ( ! POLITICAL LEFT1 BECAUSE IF WE HELP$ TO BR+ AB\T ITS DEFEAT1 WE1 TOO1 W\LD GO D[N TO DEFEAT4 

,A VIEW SIMIL> TO \RS HAD ALSO >IS5 SPONTANE\SLY 9 O!R REGIONS1 & ! VOICES ( ! PRISON]S !MSELVES W]E AN ELOQU5T & DECISIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ! DEBATE4 ,SOME ( US1 LIKE ,DURRUTI1 :O DID NOT UND]/& ! NE$ = SUBTLETY1 BEGAN TO OP5LY RECOMM5D ?AT PEOPLE %\LD VOTE4 

,WE AVOID$ ! REPETITION ( ! ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#c1 & ?AT WAS 5\<2 ! GOOD 9/9CT ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* IS ALWAYS BRILLIANT 9 ,SPA91 L$ !M TO AGREE TO DEPOSIT !IR LITTLE SLIPS ( PAP] 9 ! BALLOT BOXES1 = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO CONTRIBUTE 9 ?IS WAY TO EVICT ! POLITICAL =CES ( FASCI/ REACTION FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T & TO FREE ! PRISON]S4 ,ON O!R OCCASIONS ! SAME RESULT MI<T HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ ) AB/5TION2 ON ?IS OCCASION VOT+ WAS ADVISABLE4 

,A LOT ( WAT] HAS PASS$ UND] ! BRIDGE S9CE !N1 BUT WE NONE!LESS DO NOT HESITATE TO REAFFIRM ?AT L9E ( CONDUCT1 & TO ASS]T ! CORRECTNESS ( \R VIEWS AT ?AT TIME4 ,)\T ! ELECTORAL VICTORY ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO ,JULY #a#i4 ,! ATTEMPTS ON ! P>T ( A H&FUL ( PSEUDO-PURITANS TO CONFUTE \R WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! QUE/ION W]E EASILY REPULS$4 ,WE H&$ P[] OV] TO ! LEFT1 CONV9C$ ?AT UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?IS WAS ! LESS] EVIL4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,REPUBLIC C\LD CONT9UE TO EXI/1 & WE W]E V]Y WELL AW>E ( :AT WE C\LD EXPECT FROM IT4 

,WE ALSO HAD TO DEAL ) ! IMPACT ( HO>Y DOGMAS 9 \R /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,WE W]E 9TIMATELY FAMILI> ) ?IS MORBID AFFLICTION1 & ALL ! DELIB]ATIONS CONC]N+ ! DANG] ?AT IT REPRES5T$ SEEM$ TO FALL F> %ORT ( ! REALITY AS F> AS WE W]E CONC]N$4 ,9 \R MEET+S1 PL5UMS & CONGRESSES1 IT WAS ONE ( \R FAVORITE TOPICS1 AL?\< WE FAIL$ TO G5]ATE MU* S]I\S 9T]E/ AMONG ! COMRADES4 ,WE EV5 5C\NT]$ DI/+UI%$ MILITANTS :O PROCLAIM$ 9 !IR SPEE*ES ?AT FASCISM WAS A FANCIFUL 9V5TION ( ! ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,WE HAD WITNESS$ SU* MOVEM5TS BAS$ ON ! RESURRECTION ( EV]Y K9D ( B>B>ISM 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES & WE MA9TA9$ ?AT IT WAS NOT A RACIAL QUE/ION BUT A CLASS QUE/ION1 A QUE/ION ( ! DEF5SE ( PRIVILEGES1 A PREV5TIVE C\NT]REVOLUTION1 & ?AT IF ! PROLET>IAT DID NOT DEF5D ITSELF 9 TIME1 FASCISM W\LD BECOME A REALITY 9 ,SPA91 TOO4 

,\R W>N+S W]E NOT HE$$1 & ?IS AL>M$ US1 BECAUSE IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT FASCISM W\LD ASSUME A C]TA9 K9D ( DEMAGOGIC AURA & MI<T EV5 CAT* US BY SURPRISE & BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA94 ,?US1 WE W]E IMM5SELY PLEAS$ :51 A C\PLE ( WEEKS BE=E ,JULY #a#i1 WE SAW ! COMRADES AT !IR PO/S1 AWAIT+ ! ONSET ( ! EV5TS ?AT !Y PRESUM$ W]E IMM95T4 

,ONCE ! LEFT WAS 9 P[]1 ?ANKS TO US1 WE SAW ITS LEAD]S P]SI/ 9 ! SAME 9COMPREH5SION & ! SAME BL9DNESS4 ,NEI!R ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S NOR ! PEASANTS HAD ANY REASONS TO FEEL MORE SATISFI$ ?AN BE=E4 ,! REAL P[] REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ANTI-REPUBLICAN CAPITALI/S1 ! ,*UR* & ! MILIT>Y CA/E4 ,& ?US1 JU/ AS ! LEFT HAD PREP>$ = ITS ,SIX? ( ,OCTOB]1 AL?\< ) V]Y LITTLE SKILL1 ! MILIT>Y FEV]I%LY SET AB\T PREP>+ A C\P ?AT W\LD DEPRIVE ! REPUBLICANS & ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S BY =CE ( :AT !Y HAD LEGALLY CONQU]$ 9 ! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f4 

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