,*APT] #b 
,HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9--,POLITICAL ,C5TRALISM--,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS--,! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC ,SURR5D]S TO ! ,MON>*Y--,! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC & ITS ,9EFFECTIV5ESS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9--,POLITICAL C5TRALISM--,! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS--,! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC SURR5D]S TO ! ,MON>*Y--,! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC & ITS 9EFFECTIV5ESS 

  

,SPA9 /ILL LIVES1 WE HAVE WITNESS$ ONE ( ! EPIC SAGAS ( ITS VITALITY1 & = ?AT REASON ALONE WE HAVE FAI? 9 ITS FUTURE4 ,= CLOSE TO F\R C5TURIES EV]Y IMAG9ABLE ME?OD WAS TRI$ TO DE/ROY ! S\RCES ( ITS EXI/5CE1 & \R HI/ORY1 />T+ ) NATIONAL UNIFICATION UND] ! ,CA?OLIC ,MON>*S1 IS A M>TYROLOGY ( LIB]TY R>ELY 9T]RUPT$ BY BRIEF P]IODS ( RESURRECTION1 POPUL> ACTION1 & RECON/RUCTION ( ! OLD TOL]ANT & G5]\S ,IB]IAN HOME4 ,NO O!R NATION1 NO O!R PEOPLE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO 5DURE1 )\T SUCCUMB+1 :AT ,SPA9 5DUR$ 9 ! C5TURIES-LONG /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! TWO M5TALITIES1 ! TWO IRRECONCILABLE COMPASS PO9TS ( ITS DEVELOPM5T3 REVOLUTION & REACTION1 PROGRESS & OBSCURANTISM4 ,>E !RE TWO ,SPA9S1 TWO ,SPANI% RACES1 ?AT CANNOT COEXI/ ON ONE ,P59SULA8 

,!SE TWO ,SPA9S CANNOT BE ID5TIFI$ ) TODAY'S FA%IONABLE T]M9OLOGY ( LEFT & RI<T1 LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE2 WE HAVE (T5 SE5 ! SAME CONTRADICTIONS 9 BO? EXTREMES1 ! SAME 9T]NAL REPULSIONS1 & ! MO/ CONTR>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> HAS V]Y DEEP ROOTS1 & !RE W]E MANY OCCASIONS :5 ONE C\LD P]HAPS NOTE A CLOS] AFF9ITY BETWE5 :AT MI<T AT FIR/ GLANCE SEEM TO BE IRRECONCILABLE ELEM5TS ?AN AMONG ?OSE :O >E 9 ONE OR ANO!R ( ! OPPOS$ CAMPS4 ,>E WE NOT /ILL SUFF]+ FROM ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! BLOODL9ES & ! M5TALITY ?AT 5T]$ ,SPA9 VIA ! ,PYR5EES1 9 CONTRA/ TO \R ,AFRICAN H]ITAGE1 ) RESPECT TO BLOOD & S\L8 ,>E WE NOT /ILL P]=M+ AS UNCONSCI\S ACTORS 9 A HI/ORICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL CONTE/ BETWE5 TWO WORLDS ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO M]GE 9TO A NATIONAL SYN!SIS8 ,DO WE NOT NE$ A CRUCIBLE ?AT W\LD M]GE US & UNITE US OR AN ANALYSIS ?AT W\LD SEP>ATE US & DEF9E US1 9 ORD] TO SOME DAY1 SOME TIME1 A*IEVE ! P]FECT MIXTURE8 ,:5 ,FREEMASONRY ORGANIZ$ 9 ,EUROPE1 IT 5T]$ ,SPA9 VIA ! ,PYR5EES & 9FILTRAT$ ITS ADEPTS & ITS ORGANIZATION 9TO \R T]RITORY1 & EV5 ! REFLECTIONS ( ITS 9T]NAL RIVALRIES1 ) ITS ,SCOTTI% RITE & ITS RE=M$ RITE4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO !SE IDEOLOGIES & IMPORT$ =MS ( SECRET ORGANIZATION1 ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ! COMUN]OS WAS CON/ITUT$1 ! ,SONS ( ,PADILLA1 A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 9FLU5C$ BY ITS TIME1 BUT =M$ AS A REACTION AGA9/ ! EXOTICISM ( ! IMPORT$ RITES4 ,FREEMASONS & COMUN]OS F\<T = A NEW ,SPA9 ( JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 BUT !IR 9COMPATIBILITY WAS 9SUP]ABLE4 ,WAS IT M]ELY A QUE/ION ( RIVALRY1 OR WAS IT ! PRODUCT ( ! TWO ,SPA9S TO :I* WE HAVE REF]R$8 

,( ALL ! GREAT CURR5TS ( MOD]N SOCIAL ?\<T ?AT HAVE BE5 REPRES5T$ 9 \R C\NTRY1 ONE HAS REMA9$ IDEOLOGICALLY B\ND TO ,EUROPE--,M>XISM1 COMMUNISM--& ! O!R1 ! LIB]T>IAN T5D5CY1 HAS DEVELOP$ AS A PR(\NDLY NATIONAL =CE1 MU* MORE SO ?AN IT W\LD HAVE WANT$ TO ADMIT BE=E ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !SE TWO MANIFE/ATIONS ( SOCIALISM IS COMPLETE1 & !IR FUSION IS AS H>D TO BR+ AB\T AS ?AT ( ! =CES ( REACTION & REVOLUTION AS SU*4 ,IF WE ADVOCAT$ A NON-AGGRESSION PACT BETWE5 !SE TWO CONFLICT+ BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISM1 WE ALWAYS DID SO UND] ! PREMISE ?AT EA* ( !M W\LD HAVE TO PRES]VE ITS *>ACT]I/ICS & ITS AUTONOMY4 ,GOOD CONCORD1 BUT NEV] A M]G]4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS AN 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! =CES ?AT DECL>E !IR ADH]5CE TO ! CAUSE ( PROGRESS1 SO1 TOO1 IS !RE AN 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! =CES ?AT LAY CLAIM TO ! CAUSE ( CONS]VATISM1 & PROCLAIM1 AS 9 #a#h#b#c1 AFT] ! 9VASION ( ! ,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,?\S& ,SONS ( ,SAN ,LUIS UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,DUKE ( ,ANG\LEME1 0,LONG LIVE ! *A9S ( SLAV]Y1 & DEA? TO ! NATION60 ,& SO1 TOO1 IS !RE A TEMP]AM5TAL K9%IP BETWE5 ?AT O!R K9D ( ,SPANI>D1 ! ONE ?AT FI<TS = HIS BIR?PLACE1 = HIS CULTURE1 = ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* HE WAS RAIS$1 ETC41 ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! B>RICADES1 ( ! ,IB]IAN TRADITION ?AT1 AT P>TICUL> MOM5TS1 RETURNS TO ITS ROOTS & CAUSES CONTRADICTORY TYPES TO APPE> 9 \R HI/ORY1 9 !IR CONDUCT & !IR IDEAS4 ,\RS IS A TRAGIC DE/9Y 9 ?IS /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO WORLDS1 BETWE5 TWO LEGACIES ?AT >E FI<T+ = SURVIVAL ON \R SOIL3 ,EUROPE & ,AFRICA1 A /RUGGLE MANIFE/$ 9 ITS 9/RUM5TS & BANN]S BY LIB]ALS & ULTRAMONTANI/S1 CON/ITUTIONALI/S & ABSOLUTI/S1 REPUBLICANS & MON>*I/S1 PHALANGI/S & FASCI/S6 ,! TEMPOR>Y EXT]M9ATION ( ! LOS+ SIDE HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO BE ?OR\<LY C>RI$ \T1 BECAUSE AMONG ! VICTORS1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ,IB]IANISM MU/ ONCE AGA9 EM]GE1 LIKE A ,TROJAN ,HORSE1 TO UND]M9E ! ,EUROPEAN ELEM5T1 & N[ TOTALIT>IAN FASCISM1 :I* WILL NOT ESCAPE ?IS LAW1 EI!R4 ,)9 ! RANKS ( VICTORI\S FASCISM AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T1 ! ,SPANI>D ( ! DEFEAT$ SIDE WILL REEM]GE &1 :ILE ON ! ONE H& ! ,EUROPEANI/S ( ! RI<T & ?OSE ( ! LEFT WILL RECOGNIZE EA* O!R AS BRO!RS1 ?OSE :O BE> ANO!R BLOOD & ANO!R SPIRIT1 FROM ! MO/ OPPOSITE POLES1 WILL KN[ H[ TO ID5TIFY EA* O!R TO DEF5D ! ET]NAL CAUSE ( ,SPANI% LIB]TY4 ,FROM ?IS CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO ,SPA9S1 FROM !SE TWO HI/ORICAL LEGACIES1 A FEW 9TELLECTUALS HAVE >IS5 :O HAVE S\<T TO TAKE A POSITION EQUIDI/ANT FROM ! TWO EXTREMES1 SU* AS ,M>T9EZ DE LA ,ROSA1 = EXAMPLE1 ) HIS ,ROYAL ,/ATUTES .<#a#h#c#d.>1 OR ,MANUEL ,AZANA ) ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#c#a1 BO? ( :OM W]E CONDEMN$ 9 ADVANCE TO NOT SATISFY+ EI!R SIDE & TO FOM5T+ ! CIVIL W> :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO PUT AN 5D TO SU* FANTASIES4 

,! DEEP-ROOT$ 9T]E/ ( =EIGN P[]S 9 NOT ALL[+ A REAL1 BROAD-BAS$ RESURRECTION ( ,SPA91 DUE TO !IR FE> ( ITS POSSIBLE ECONOMIC P[] & ITS /RATEGIC POSITION1 HAS ALWAYS CONTRIBUT$ TO MA9TA9+ \R DECAD5CE1 9 SOME CASES BY MEANS ( MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION--! ,FRANCE ( ,*ATEAUBRI&--& 9 O!R CASES BY ! ADVOCACY ( NON9T]V5TION--! ,FRANCE ( ,LEON ,BLUM4 ,P]HAPS ?IS LATE/ ,EUROPEAN W> WILL BR+ AN 5D TO ! PRIMACY ( ALL !SE P[]S1 DEMOCRATIC OR TOTALIT>IAN1 5EMIES ( A ,SPA9 ?AT W\LD BE ! MA/] ( ITS [N DE/9Y1 &1 )\T !IR 9T]F]5CE 9 \R 9T]NAL AFFAIRS1 ! ,EUROPEANIZ+ 9FLU5CE W\LD CEASE TO DIVIDE US1 SO ?AT ,SPA9 W\LD BECOME1 IF NOT ! BEG9N+ ( ,AFRICA1 !N AT LEA/ ! NATURAL BRIDGE BETWE5 ! ,EUROPEAN & ! ,AFRICAN1 MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ TO ! ,AFRICAN ?AN TO ! ,EUROPEAN1 AS HI/ORY1 E?NOGRAPHY & GEOGRAPHY TEA* US4 ,WE HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) NATIONALISM1 BUT WE >E PATRIOTS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 & WE FEEL EV]Y =EIGN 9VASION AS A MORTAL W\ND1 EI!R 9 ! =M ( MILIT>Y =CES OR AS IDEAS ?AT >E NOT ASSIMILABLE BY \R PEOPLE4 ,! T]M TRADITIONALI/ IS APPLI$ PRECISELY TO ?OSE :O HAVE ! LEA/ TO DO ) ,SPANI% TRADITION1 ! SUPPORT]S ( IMPORT$ MON>*IES1 ,AU/RIAN OR ,B\RBON1 & ! SUPPORT]S ( ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICISM1 :ILE ?OSE :O UPHOLD ! PURE/ & ! MO/ GLORI\S ,IB]IAN TRADITIONS >E PRES5T$ AS ANTI-,SPANI%4 ,IF !RE >E TRADITIONALI/S 9 ,SPA91 WE /& 9 ! VANGU>D ( ?IS TRADITION1 & WE ONLY SEE ,SPANI% SOLUTIONS = \R AGE-OLD PROBLEMS1 SOLUTIONS ?AT >E AS F>-REMOV$ FROM ,RUSSIAN COMMUNISM AS !Y >E FROM ,ITALO-,G]MANIC FASCISM OR SP9ELESS ,FR5* LIB]ALISM4 ,?IS IS :Y WE >E ISOLAT$ & ?IS EXPLA9S \R HO/ILITY T[>DS ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ LEFT ?AT RECEIVE !IR SLOGANS OR !IR IDEOLOGIES FROM BAD COPIES ( ,EUROPEAN MODELS2 WE W]E SO ISOLAT$ & !Y W]E SO HO/ILE T[>DS US ?AT1 BASICALLY1 !Y TREAT$ US AS IF WE W]E ! ONES :O DECL>$ W>4 ,BO? SIDES SEEM TO US1 AS P>TIES & T5D5CIES1 =EIGN]S 9 ,SPA94.<#d.> 

,9 EV]Y ,SPANI% CIVIL W>1 ! BELLIG]5T =CES W]E >BITR>ILY =M$1 & MANY :O %\LD HAVE COME TO AN AGREEM5T REG>D+ !IR QUALITY AS ,SPANI>DS1 !IR UNQU5*ABLE MORALE1 & !IR ULTIMATELY ID5TICAL ASPIRATIONS1 F\<T EA* O!R TO ! DEA?4 ,WE >E V]Y DEEPLY MOV$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ! RESPECT & AFFECTION DISPLAY$ BY ,ZUMALAC>REGUI1 A ,C>LI/1 T[>DS HIS 5EMY ,M9A1 & HI/ORY PRES]VES TE/IMONIALS ( ! ADMIRATION %[N = ,G5]AL ,DIEGO ,LEON1 AN ABSOLUTI/ %OT AFT] A FAIL$ PLOT1 BY HIS [N 5EMIES1 ?OSE :O HAD CONDEMN$ HIM TO DEA?4 ,!SE CONFLICTS HAVE WITNESS$ ! 9VOLVEM5T (1 & 9DE$ ! LEAD+ ROLES PLAY$ BY1 ON BO? SIDES1 ?OSE :O HAD EV5 A M9IMAL CONNECTION ) ! REAL SPIRITUAL ,SPA91 :O %\LD HAVE SET ASIDE !IR PETTY 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S & LIV$ TOGE!R 9 P]FECT H>MONY4 

,DESPITE ! DIFF]5CES ?AT SEP>ATE US1 WE SEE SOME?+ ( ?IS SPIRITUAL K9%IP 9 ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 A COMBATIVE MAN1 A PATRIOT1 9 SE>* ( SOLUTIONS = ! FUTURE ( HIS C\NTRY4 ,PRIOR TO ,JULY #aicf HE MADE V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO MEET ) US4 ,:ILE ALL ! POLICE 9 ! ,REPUBLIC W]E 9CAPABLE ( DISCOV]+ ! ROLE WE PLAY$ 9 ! ,F4,A4,I41 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A KNEW ALL AB\T US1 9 HIS ROLE AS ! LEAD] ( ANO!R CL&E/9E ORGANIZATION1 ! ,SPANI% ,FALANGE4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 = REASONS ( TIME-HONOR$ TACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 WE DID NOT WANT TO 5T] 9TO ANY K9D ( RELATIONS ) HIM4 ,WE DID NOT EV5 HAVE ! C\RTESY TO ACKN[L$GE \R RECEIPT ( ! DOCUM5TS ?AT HE S5T TO US 9 ORD] TO ACQUA9T US ) SOME ( HIS ?\<TS1 ASSUR+ US ?AT !Y C\LD CON/ITUTE A BASIS = JO9T ACTION 9 FAVOR ( ,SPA94 ,ONCE ! W> BROKE \T1 HE WAS IMPRISON$1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? & EXECUT$4 ,>G5T9IAN AN>*I/S REQUE/$ ?AT WE 9T]C$E TO PREV5T HIM FROM BE+ %OT4 ,WE W]E 9CAPABLE ( PREV5T+ HIS EXECUTION1 DUE TO ! UNCONG5IAL RELATIONS BETWE5 US & ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 BUT WE ?\<T AT ! TIME1 & WE /ILL ?9K1 ?AT ! %OOT+ ( ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A WAS A MI/AKE2 ,SPANI>DS ( ?AT K9D1 PATRIOTS LIKE HIM1 >E NOT DANG]\S1 NOT EV5 9 ! RANKS ( ! 5EMY4 ,!Y >E AMONG ?OSE :O >E LOYAL TO ,SPA9 & UPHOLD ! CAUSE ( ,SPA9 EV5 FROM OPPOS$ CAMPS1 ]RONE\SLY *OS5 AS ! MO/ SUIT$ = !IR G5]\S ASPIRATIONS4 ,H[ ! FATE ( ,SPA9 MAY HAVE DIFF]$ IF AN AGREEM5T BETWE5 US W\LD HAVE BE5 TACTICALLY POSSIBLE1 AS ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A ?\<T ADVISABLE6 

,!RE WAS ONLY ONE MEANS ( COEXI/5CE BETWE5 ! TWO RACES :O EV5TUALLY POPULAT$ \R T]RITORY3 MUTUAL TOL]ANCE4 ,TOL]ANCE1 H[EV]1 AFT] SO MANY C5TURIES1 S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ! 9VASION ( ! =EIGN MON>*IES1 IS A LITTLE-KN[N & 9ACCESSIBLE PH5OM5ON = ! ,EUROPEANIZ+ P>TY1 = ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE ( ! PA/1 & = FASCISM & COMMUNISM TODAY4 ,TOL]ANCE & G5]OSITY >E MU* MORE AT HOME 9 ! AU!NTIC ,SPANI% TEMP]AM5T4 ,A HI/ORIAN ( \R #a#i? C5TURY HAS WRITT53 0,AMONG US1 T]RORISM IS CONNECT$ TO REACTION1 :]EAS 9 O!R C\NTRIES IT %>$ ?IS FEATURE ) REVOLUTION2 TO TYRANNY CORRESPONDS ! PRIVILEGE ( DEGRAD+ REPRISALS & ATROCITIES1 UNWOR?Y ( ANY NATION ?AT HAS NOT BE5 SUBM]G$ 9 ! MO/ REPUGNANT B>B>ISM3 9 ,SPA91 ! TRIUMPHANT MOM5T ( LIB]TY HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN EXTREMELY G5]\S AMNE/Y40.<#e.> 

,:5 HI/ORY CEASES TO BE ! CLASSICAL *RONICLE ( K+S & TYRANTS1 ?AT IS1 ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 & BECOMES ! HI/ORY ( ! PEOPLE 9 ALL !IR MANIFE/ATIONS & S5TIM5TS1 FEW C\NTRIES WILL (F] ! WEAL? ( H]OISM & T5ACITY ?AT IS (F]$ BY ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 FROM !IR MO/ REMOTE ORIG9S1 9 !IR NEV]-5D+ /RUGGLE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL SLAV]Y4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,SPA9 CAN BE 9T]PRET$ AS A REBELLION ?AT BEGAN ) ! RESI/ANCE TO ! ,ROMAN 9VASION BY REBELS :O W5T BEYOND ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 LIKE ,VIRIA?US1 A REBELLION ?AT HAS /ILL NOT 5D$ EV5 TODAY1 BECAUSE ! CAUSES ?AT 5G5D]$ IT /ILL EXI/4.<#f.> 

,! NAMES ( ! P>TIES1 ! COLORS ( !IR FLAGS1 & ! IDEOLOGICAL CATEGORIES HAVE *ANG$2 BUT ! RACIAL K9%IP & ! SIMIL> ESS5CE ( ! EF=TS ( ,VIRIA?US1 FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN & 9DIG5\S NOBLES1 & ( ,DURRUTI1 LEAD+ AN 5?USIA/IC MASS ( COMBATANTS TO LIB]ATE ,Z>AGOZA FROM MILIT>Y OPPRESSION1 IS UND5IABLE4 

,MA9/REAM HI/ORIANS HAVE ALWAYS HAD ! PREOCCUPATION ( CA/+ A VEIL OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & MAK+ IT REVOLVE1 LIKE A M]RY-GO-R\ND1 >\ND ! LEAD+ REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL P[]1 :ILE OBSCUR+ & D5IGRAT+ ! MEMORY ( ?OSE :O BR&I%$ ! BANN] ( FRE$OM AGA9/ ?AT SAME P[]4 ,! TRU? WILL \T1 H[EV]1 & AL?\< SEP>AT$ FROM US BY A VA/ GULF ( TIME1 ! DEFEAT$ REBELS ( ,VILLAL>1 = EXAMPLE1 >E MU* MORE GLORI\S & 9SPIRATIONAL = ! G5]ATIONS ?AT CAME AFT] !M ?AN ! MEMORY ( !IR VICTORI\S 5EMIES4 ,!Y SYMBOLIZ$ ! /RUGGLE ( ! NATIVE1 ( ! ,AFRICAN1 AGA9/ 9VASION1 ON ?AT OCCASION AGA9/ ! 9VASION ( MON>*I/ ABSOLUTISM1 A CONCEPT ?AT WAS COMPLETELY UNKN[N 9 ! PRACTICAL POLITICS ( A PEOPLE :O ADDRESS$ !IR K+S 9 ! FAMILI> FA%ION & *OSE !M SO ?AT !Y W\LD ACT JU/LY1 & IF !Y DID NOT1 !N !Y BAS$ !IR ACTIONS ON ALL ! DOCTR9ES ( ! RI<T ( 9SURRECTION & ! RI<TE\SNESS ( REGICIDE AGA9/ TYRANTS4 

,! H]OES ( FRE$OM1 9 EV]Y EPO*1 DID NOT HAVE FAWN+ & +RATIAT+ WRIT+S TO TRANSMIT !IR MEMORY TO ! FUTURE &1 UNTIL ! ADV5T ( MOD]N SOCIALISM--DISREG>D+ = N[ ! FACT ?AT SOME ( ITS FRACTIONS HAVE HAT$ ! REVOLUTION LIKE S91 ACCORD+ TO ! EXPRESSION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,EB]T--EV]Y REBELLION AGA9/ ECCLESIA/ICAL & FEUDAL TYRANNY WAS ANA!MATIZ$ AS A CRIME ?AT C\LD ONLY BE EXPIAT$ ON ! GALL[S4 

,IF WE C\LD EV] MAKE ! REAL PA/ ( \R PEOPLE COME ALIVE1 IT W\LD BE ! MO/ SYMPA!TIC & ADMIR$ PA/ 9 ! WORLD4 ,:AT CAN BE SAID ( \R G5]ATION OR ( ! G5]ATIONS ?AT IMM$IATELY PREC$$ \RS1 IS NO?+ BUT A SMALL SAMPLE ( :AT C\LD BE SAID ( ALL ! G5]ATIONS ?AT HAVE PASS$ S9CE ! MO/ REMOTE TIMES4 

,WE1 ! ,SPANI>DS ( \R TIME1 HAVE CREAT$ NO?+ NEW1 NEI!R ?OSE ( ! RI<T W+ NOR ?OSE ( ! LEFT1 NEI!R ! REVOLUTION>IES NOR ! REACTION>IES3 WE HAVE ONLY FOLL[$ A TRAIL ?AT WAS ALREADY BLAZ$ BY \R ANCE/ORS & ?AT WE REAFFIRM$ SO ?AT \R *ILDR5 CAN CONT9UE ALONG ?AT SAME PA?4 

,AL?\< C5TRALI/ DOM9ATION1 ALWAYS DEADLY = FRE$OM1 WAS F9ALLY IMPOS$ 9 ,SPA9 AFT] F\R C5TURIES ( /RUGGLES1 ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM HAS NOT CEAS$ = EV5 A S+LE MOM5T4 ,!RE WAS NO TRUCE BETWE5 ! DEC5TRALIZ+ =CES ( PROGRESS & ! =CES ( CONS]VATISM & REGRESSION1 ! SUPPORT]S ( C5TRALISM4 ,:5EV] \R PEOPLE HAVE SUCCE$$1 9 ONE CIRCUM/ANCE OR ANO!R1 9 RAIS+ !IR HEADS1 & TURN+ !IR ASPIRATIONS & !IR 9/9CTS 9TO REALITIES1 WE HAVE SE5 ! ESS5CE ( ! OLD ,AFRICAN ,IB]IANISM REE/ABLI%$1 TO :I* ! ,>ABIAN 9VASION ONLY ADD$ SPONTANE\SLY CON/ITUT$ LOCAL & PROV9CIAL COMMITTEES ) ! POPUL> ELEM5TS ( GREAT] PRE/IGE2 !SE COMMITTEES F$]AT$ AMONG !MSELVES & !N GAVE RISE TO ! NETWORK ( A F$]ATION ( FREE REPUBLICS1 :I* !N SET =? !IR G5]AL POLICY DECISIONS 9 ! COMMUNAL ,CORTES4 ,A CONF$]ATION ( REPUBLICS WAS1 9 FACT1 ! =CE ?AT MADE W> ON ,NAPOLEON1 & A CONF$]ATION ( REPUBLICS WAS ! =CE ?AT1 ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE #a#i? C5TURY1 F\<T = FRE$OM AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM4 ,IT WAS BY WAY ( ?AT SAME PA? ?AT WE S\<T TO RAISE ! BANN] ( PROGRESS & FRE$OM1 BUT ON ?AT OCCASION ! C5TRALIZ+ =CES--REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S--SPLIT ! POPULATION & L$ IT A/RAY AS MU* AS POSSIBLE FROM ITS NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS4 ,) POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION--IMPORT$ FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES BY K+S ( O!R RACES & BY ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* IMPOS$ BY ?OSE K+S--WE REAP$ POV]TY1 COLLAPSE1 IGNORANCE2 ) CREATIVE FRE$OM1 ) ! F$]ATION ( DIV]SE REGIONS1 WE W]E ! LI<T ( ! WORLD4 

,ALL C5TRALISM BE>S )9 IT ! G]M ( FASCISM1 REG>DLESS ( ! NAME & ( ! APPE>ANCES ?AT SURR\ND IT4 ,?IS IS H[ ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 A DISCIPLE ( ,PR\DHON1 UND]/OOD IT1 & ?IS IS :AT MADE ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y MAN SU* A WELL-RESPECT$ FIGURE 9 ,SPANI% POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! DECL9E ( ,SPA9 9 EV]Y RESPECT BEGAN ) ITS POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE C5TRALIZATION4 ,?IS WAS ! S\RCE ( ! MIS=TUNES & MIS]IES ?AT HAVE DRAGG$ US D[N1 LIKE A BALL & *A91 DUR+ ! SUBSEQU5T C5TURIES4 ,BE=E ! TIME ( ! ,CA?OLIC K+S1 ,SPA9 WAS ! MO/ BRILLIANT FOCAL PO9T ( ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION1 & ! EMPORIUM ( WORLD 9DU/RY4 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS DRI$ UP BY C5TRALIZATION4 ,! FIELDS W]E LEFT FALL[2 MORE ?AN =TY FAM\S UNIV]SITIES 9 ! WORLD ( CULTURE W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO D5S ( SPIRITUAL OBSCURANTISM2 ! MANUFACTUR+ C5T]S DISAPPE>$ & POV]TY TOOK ! PLACE ( ! OLD PROSP]ITY & ! OLD GREATNESS4 ,\R POPULATION WAS R$UC$ TO SLI<TLY MORE ?AN #g MILLION1 :]E MORE ?AN #d MILLION HAD LIV$ BE=E4 

,! SO-CALL$ ,>AB RULE WAS NEV] A C5TRALIZ+ DOM9ATION2 ITS LIQUIDATION WAS REPRES5T$ TO PO/]ITY AS A RELIGI\S QUE/ION1 DISREG>D+ ! FACT ?AT ITS DEEP ROOTS & ITS SUCCESS 9 ,SPA9 W]E DUE TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT IT ONLY SIGNIFI$ A RE9=CEM5T ( ! ,IB]IAN1 ,B]B] SPIRIT ITSELF4 ,IT ALL[$ ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( AUTONOMY TO EA* REGION & EV5 AN ADMIRABLE RELIGI\S TOL]ANCE 9 :I* ,*RI/IANS1 ,>ABS & ,JEWS LIV$ TOGE!R PEACEFULLY & )\T 5VY1 EA* PRACTIC+ !IR [N RITES1 SOMETIMES EV5 9 ! SAME TEMPLE1 BUT ALL ( !M WORK+ TOGE!R = PROSP]ITY & WELL-BE+ ON ! SAME L&4 ,SPA9 WAS ! MODEL & ! VANGU>D ( ALL C\NTRIES1 :I* 5VI$ ITS ADVANCES1 ITS LIT]ATURE1 ITS SCI5CE1 ITS 9DU/RY & ITS AGRICULTURE4 ,ALL ( !SE FACTORS W]E RU9$ 9 ! UNIT$ MON>*I/ REGIMES4 ,HI/ORY TEA*ES US JU/ ?IS1 & H5CE \R MI/RU/ ( ALL POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION & \R SUPPORT = EV]Y DEM& = AUTONOMY & REGIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,C5TRALISM WAS ! MA9 CAUSE ( ! DEMISE ( ! IMPULSE ?AT DEFEAT$ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT 9 MO/ ( ,SPA91 & )\T ! ACTION & ! 9SPIRATION ( ! G5IUS ( ! PEOPLE1 :5 MILIT>Y1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 POLITICAL1 & PROPAG&I/IC C5TRALIZATION W]E IMPOS$ BY T]ROR & VIOL5CE1 ! COLOSSUS ( ,JULY #ai WAS R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( AN ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO OR A ,NEGR91 & AT ?IS LEVEL NO?+ ELSE CAN BE EXPECT$ O!R ?AN :AT WE GOT1 A %AMEFUL & IGNOM9I\S DEFEAT4 ,SPA9 DOES NOT %9E JU/ BECAUSE ( ! CATEGORY ( ITS LEAD]%IP2 IF !RE IS ANY?+ ?AT IS P]MAN5TLY GREAT & WOR?Y ( ADMIRATION1 IT IS ITS PEOPLE4 ,?IS PEOPLE1 H[EV]1 BY RACIAL 9/9CT1 IF WE MAY USE ?AT T]M1 /&S 9 IRR$UCIBLE OPPOSITION TO ALL C5TRALISM1 & 9 ORD] = IT TO ASSUME ITS RI<TFUL PLACE IT NE$S A DIFF]5T APP>ATUS ?AN ?AT ( AN 9S5SATE & 9CAPABLE C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY2 IT NE$S ! TRADITIONAL F$]ATION ( REGIONS & PROV9CES & ! FRE$OM TO EX]CISE ITS FRUITFUL 9ITIATIVE & ITS VALIANT P[]S ( DECISION4 

,9 NO O!R C\NTRY HAVE ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK]S BE5 SO CRUELLY P]SECUT$2 BUT NO:]E ELSE HAVE !Y SET D[N SU* DEEP ROOTS AS 9 ,SPA94 ,NOR IS !RE ANY O!R C\NTRY :]E ! WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS HAVE F\<T ) SU* T5ACITY AGA9/ ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM L$ BY ! ,*UR* & BY ! ,/ATE1 SU* AS WE HAVE 9 ,SPA91 & ?IS CONDITION ( IGNORANCE ?AT IS SO ZEAL\SLY PRES]V$ IS RESPONSIBLE = MANY ABSURDITIES & ALSO = MANY EXCESSES 9 \R PA/1 :]E WE F9D A PEOPLE ?AT IS PASSIONATELY DEVOT$ TO FRE$OM :ILE AT ! SAME TIME WOR%IP+ ! MO/ DISGU/+ TYRANTS AS IDOLS4 

,ONE ( ! /ATESM5 ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC1 ,F]N&O ,G>RIDO1 9 A SPEE* 9 ! ,CORTES ,CON/ITUY5TES 9 #a#h#f#i1 SPOKE ( A TYPICAL EPISODE FROM ! TIMES ( ,ISABEL ,I,I1 BUT ONE ?AT IS NOT AT ALL UNUSUAL1 & IS 9 FACT CON/ANTLY REPEAT$1 9 EV]Y EPO*3 !RE WAS A K9D ( CATACOMB 9 ! CITY ( ,REUS1 :]E1 %R\D$ 9 MY/]Y1 ! Y\NG WORK]S ( ?AT >EA GA!R$ TO LE>N TO READ & TO WRITE1 >I?METIC1 & O!R K9DS ( KN[L$GE4 ,9 ORD] TO ATT5D !IR LESSONS !Y HAD TO EVADE ! VIGILANCE ( ! AU?ORITIES & KEEP ! LOCATION ( !IR 9/RUCTIONAL C5T] A SECRET1 S9CE IT WAS A V]Y S]I\S CRIME4 ,$UCATION WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,*UR* & UND] ITS RIGOR\S C5SOR%IP4 ,& :AT CAN Y\ EXPECT FROM PEOPLE :O PROCLAIM1 ) ,ALV>ADO1 ?AT IT IS BETT] TO BE WRONG ) ,SA9T ,BASIL & ,SA9T ,AUGU/9E ?AN TO BE RI<T ) ,DESC>TES & ,NEWTON1 & :O DECL>E ?AT PHILOSOPHY IS 0! SCI5CE ( EVIL01 AS IT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A AN ECCLESIA/ICAL JURI/ 9 ,BURGOS 9 #a#h#b#e1 ,G>CIA ,MORANTE8 

,! SAY+ ( ,BRAVO ,MURILLO HAS BECOME LEG5D>Y1 :5 HE WAS PRES5T$ ) A REQUE/ TO LEGALIZE ! S*OOL F\ND$ BY ,C]V]A1 A MU*-ADMIR$ POPUL> $UCATOR1 9 ,MADRID1 9 ORD] TO TEA* ! WORK]S TO READ & WRITE3 0,H]E WE DON'T NE$ M5 :O ?9K1 BUT OX5 ?AT WORK04 

,?OSE :O HAVE WRITT5 HI/ORIES ( ! M$IEVAL GUILDS1 ( :I* ! MOD]N SYNDICALISM ( ,SPA9 IS A FAI?FUL CONT9UATION1 AL?\< ! RESURRECTION ( IDEOLOGIES F\ND$ ON ?AT NATURAL S5SE ( ASSOCIATION ( ! EXPLOIT$ 9 ,FRANCE & 9 O!R PLACES HAS MADE ?IS WORD POPUL> TO *>ACT]IZE !IR [N MOVEM5TS1 C\LD ONLY ADMIRE ! P]SEV]ANCE & ! SKILL ?AT *>ACT]IZE ! COMBATIVE SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY ( ! ,SPANI% WORK] & PEASANT 9 DEF5SE ( !IR RI<TS4 ,DESPITE ! EF=TS MADE BY ! ,*UR* & ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! ,/ATE TO MORALLY & PHYSICALLY 5?RALL$ !M1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E ABLE TO ORGANIZE & TO MEET TOGE!R EI!R 9 PUBLIC OR SECRETLY1 FAC+ ALL ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS SPIRIT W]E ! REBELLIONS ( ! PEASANT F>M]S ( ! ,REM5SA 9 ! #a#d? C5TURY1 ! ,BRO!RHOODS ( ,VAL5CIA & ,MALLORCA 9 #a#e#a#i-#a#e#b#b1 ! COMUN]OS 9 #a#e#b#a1 ! ,CATALONIAN NY]OS ( ! #a#f? C5TURY1 ONE ( :OSE LA/ *IEFS1 ,P]OT ,ROCAGU9>DA1 APPE>S 9 ! ADV5TURES ( ,DON ,QUIJOTE4 ,& ?AT SAME WORK ( ,C]VANTES1 WRITT5 9 A P]IOD ( :5 ! =TUNES ( ! ANTI-POPUL> =CES W]E WAX+3 IS IT NOT REPLETE ) REF]5CES TO O!R1 BETT] TIMES1 SITUAT$ 9 ! PA/1 9 ! GOLD5 AGE ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE8 

,?R\<\T ! 5TIRE #a#i? C5TURY !RE W]E DOZ5S ( >M$ 9SURRECTIONS ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS :O W]E SEEK+ TO RECONQU] !IR LO/ FRE$OM & TO E/ABLI% A REGIME ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,:AT \R CONTEMPOR>IES SAW 9 ! DE$S ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 WAS ALSO SE5 BY PREVI\S G5]ATIONS 9 ! M5 ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 A NAME !Y ASSUM$ BETWE5 #ahfh & %ORTLY BE=E ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 & 9 MANY E>LI] MANIFE/ATIONS ( V>I\S K9DS ( DESIRES = A NEW LIFE1 = SPIRITUAL R5EWAL & = ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION 9 A PROGRESSIVE S5SE1 ?AT W]E FRU/RAT$ BUT NEV] COMPLETELY EXT]M9AT$4 ,& AFT] SO MANY YE>S ! COMBATIVE SPIRIT HAS NEV] *ANG$4 ,G5]AL ,PAVIA1 A ,LOPEZ ,O*OA ( ANO!R TIME1 SAID1 REF]R+ TO ! BATTLES ?AT HE HAD TO FI<T 9 ,SEVILLE AGA9/ \R PR$ECESSORS1 ?AT ! 9T]NATIONALS F\<T LIKE LIONS4 

,PROLET>IAN REVOLT WAS A CON/ANT PH5OM5ON 9 ,SPA91 JU/ AS CON/ANT AS ! REACTION UNLEA%$ BY ! =CES ?AT OPPOS$ PROGRESS & 5LI<T5M5T4 ,! ,B>CELONA G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#h#e#e1 LAUN*$ TO DEM& ! RI<T TO FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,G5]AL ,ZAPAT]O1 HAS BE5 5%R9$ 9 ! ANNALS ( HI/ORY4 ,CONSID] ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( #a#i#b1 :I* A/\ND$ ! WORLD PROLET>IAT BECAUSE ( ! S5SE ( DISCIPL9E1 COMBATIV5ESS & ORGANIZATION ?AT ! WORK]S ( ,CATALONIA1 CIT$ AS MODELS 9 ALL MOD]N SOCIAL LIT]ATURE1 DISPLAY$4 ,CONSID] ! REBELLION ( ,JULY #aii AGA9/ ! 9FAM\S SLAU<T] BE+ C>RI$ \T 9 ,MOROCCO1 :I* WAS NOT 9T5D$ TO COLONIZE & CONQU] ?AT ,AFRICAN REGION1 BUT TO JU/IFY UNM]IT$ PROMOTIONS 9 ! RANKS ( A ,PRETORIAN >MY1 CREAT$ BY ! MON>*Y TO USE & MISUSE AS IT SAW FIT4 ,!SE EV5TS PROVID$ AN EXCUSE = ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* TO DE/ROY ! S*OOLS CREAT$ BY ,F]R]1 A #b? C5TURY ,C]V]A1 :I* ?REAT5$ TO BECOME A GREAT MOVEM5T ( SPIRITUAL LIB]ATION4 ,RECALL ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g1 9 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS MADE ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y AW>E ( ITS DET]M9ATION TO FI<T = ITS EMANCIPATION4 ,RECALL ! 5DLESS S]IES ( CONSPIRACIES DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 & ! BOLD ATTACKS ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ,B>CELONA1 9 ,Z>AGOZA & O!R PLACES1 ATTACKS ?AT1 :ILE NOT LEAD+ TO VICTORY1 AT LEA/ KEPT ! SACR$ FIRE ( REVOLT BURN+4 

,! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC1 :I* WAS A REPUBLIC 0MORE 9 NAME ?AN 9 REALITY01 ACCORD+ TO ,SALM]ON1 ONE ( ITS PRESID5TS1 WAS %ATT]$ 9 ITS BATTLE AGA9/ SOCIAL PROGRESS1 &1 NOT WANT+ TO SATISFY ! DEM&S ( ! PEOPLE & TO OP5LY EMB>K ON ! ROAD ( RE=M1 ( ! RETURN TO ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! REAL ,SPA91 IT DEVOT$ ITSELF TO ! TASK ( LOOK+ ALL OV] ! WORLD = A K+ :O WAS QUALIFI$ = ! JOB ( FILL+ A VACANT ?RONE4 ,9 #aica AS 9 #a#h#f#h1 ! C5TRALI/S1 AL?\< !Y CALL$ !MSELVES REPUBLICANS1 MADE !MSELVES ! MA/]S ( ! SITUATION1 & !Y HAD MORE AFF9ITIES1 !N AS N[1 ) ! MON>*Y OR ) ANY O!R REACTION>Y SY/EM ?AN ) AN OP5LY REPUBLICAN & SOCIAL1 OR F$]ATIVE1 REGIME4 ,:ILE ! C5TRALI/S OP5LY CONSPIR$1 EV5 FROM !IR POSITIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 9 FAVOR ( ! MON>*Y1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS F\<T TOO? & NAIL1 WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS W]E PROHIBIT$ & !IR MEMB]S W]E P]SECUT$ US+ PROC$URES ?AT >E REM9ISC5T ( ! =MULA ?AT PREVAIL$ MANY YE>S LAT]1 9 ATTA9+ SIMIL> RESULTS3 0,AIM = ! BELLY60 & 0,NO W\ND$1 NO PRISON]S04 

,\R CIVIL W>S HAVE ALMO/ ALWAYS BE5 PR$OM9ANTLY *>ACT]IZ$ BY SOCIAL PREOCCUPATIONS4 ,!Y HAVE NOT1 AS 9 O!R NATIONS1 BE5 W>S ( AN ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL NATURE M]ELY 9 ! S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 DYNA/IES OR CLASSES4 ,!Y W]E /RUGGLES BETWE5 REACTION & REVOLUTION4 ,:5 ! REACTION>IES W91 !Y OP5LY PROCLAIM1 AS 9 ! DECREE ( ,OCTOB] #a#g1 #a#h#b#d1 ?AT !Y WILL PURSUE ! GOAL ( ]AS+ 0=EV] FROM ,SPANI% SOIL EV5 ! FA9TE/ IDEA ?AT SOV]EIGNTY RESIDES ANY:]E BUT 9 MY ROYAL P]SON0 7,F]D9& ,V,I,I74 ,IF ! REVOLUTION IS VICTORI\S1 IT IMM$IATELY CREATES ! 9/RUM5TS TO AFFIRM FRE$OM1 ! COMMITTEES1 & ! F$]ATION ( PROV9CES & REGIONS1 REE/ABLI%+ POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY4 

,! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC DID NOT >ISE SOLELY FROM ! DECOMPOSITION ( A DECAY+1 DEG5]ATE & DISA/R\S DYNA/Y1 BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 FROM ! DEM&S ( ! LIB]AL & REVOLUTION>Y =CES ?AT W]E SEEK+ PROGRESS 9 EV]Y DOMA94 

,! 9AUGURATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC PREV5T$ ! \TBREAK ( A PR(\ND POPUL> REVOLUTION ?AT WAS ?\<T TO BE 9EVITABLE4 ,?IS ,REPUBLIC DID NOT1 H[EV]1 SOLVE ANY ( ! PROBLEMS IT FAC$ & )9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ITS EXI/5CE IT WAS DISCR$IT$ DUE TO ! VICES ?AT ORIG9AT$ FROM ITS 9EFFECTIV5ESS & ITS ANTI-PROLET>IAN NATURE4 ,! PEOPLE1 :I* VOT$ = IT ONE DAY AT ! BALLOT BOXES1 WANT$ TO TAKE AN EFFECTIVE /EP =W>D T[>DS !IR [N WELL BE+ & T[>DS ?AT M9IMUM ( LIB]ATION & ( ! RECONQUE/ ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY ?AT ! PHILOSOPH]S & REPUBLICAN /ATESM5 EI!R DID NOT KN[ H[ TO A*IEVE1 OR DID NOT WANT TO RE/ORE1 OR W]E 9CAPABLE ( RE/OR+4 ,! PEOPLE WANT$ TO USE ! ,REPUBLIC AS A LADD]1 AL?\< !Y W]E H>DLY SKILL$ 5\<1 TO BUILD ! FRAMEWORK ( A ?IRD ,SPA91 ONE ?AT WAS EQUALLY REMOV$ FROM ! TWO ,SPA9S ?AT TRADITIONALLY1 = MANY C5TURIES1 W]E FI<T+ TO DIRECT LIFE & ?\<T 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA4 ,IT WAS A TOTAL FAILURE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ WORSE ?AN HALF-MEASURES1 PEOPLE :O WANT TO BE EV]Y?+ = EV]YBODY1 & AMBIGUITIES1 9 GREAT HI/ORICAL CRISES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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