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,! ,POLITICAL & ,MILIT>Y ,CONDITIONS ,PREC$+ ,FRANCO'S ,F9AL ,(F5SIVE 9 ,CATALONIA--DOCUM5TS & ,REFLECTIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y CONDITIONS PREC$+ ,FRANCO'S F9AL (F5SIVE 9 ,CATALONIA--DOCUM5TS & REFLECTIONS 

  

,ASSUR$ ( HIS 9CREAS+LY MORE PREPOND]ANT & CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ MILIT>Y SUP]IORITY1 AW>E ( \R 9T]NAL WEAKNESS DUE TO W>-WE>9ESS1 AN ANTI-,SPANI% & ANTI-POPUL> POLICY1 & AN EXCESS ( SACRIFICES )\T ANY COMPREH5SIBLE PURPOSE1 ,FRANCO ANN\NC$1 MON?S 9 ADVANCE1 ! (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,CATALONIA1 :I* HAD BE5 ! IMPROVIS$ /RON<OLD ( ! W> EF=T & ! CON/RUCTIVE & EXEMPL>Y FOCAL PO9T ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! F9AL (F5SIVE TO BR+ AN 5D TO ! CONFLAGRATION1 :I* HAD ALREADY LA/$ ?IRTY MON?S1 DUR+ :I* ALL \R 9ITIAL ADVANTAGES HAD BE5 LO/ ?ANKS TO ! 9T]V5TION ( ,RUSSIA & ITS ME?ODS 9 SO-CALL$ ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,9 ?IS (F5SIVE1 ,FRANCO TOOK 9TO ACC\NT NOT ONLY ! OV]:ELM+ SUP]IORITY ( HIS >MAM5T1 >TILL]Y & AIR =CE1 BUT ALSO ! DISMAL MORALE ( \R TROOPS & ! PEOPLE 9 \R RE>GU>D4 ,! FALL ( ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! >MY'S BE/ UNITS HAD BE5 %ATT]$ UND] O!R POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & MORAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 WAS AN OP]ATION ( ! TYPE EXECUT$ BY ! TOTALIT>IAN P[]S AGA9/ ,AU/RIA ON ,M>* #a#b1 #a#i#c#h1 AGA9/ ! ,SUDET5L& ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#i#c#h1 & !N AGA9/ ,BOHEMIA & ,MORAVIA ON ,M>* #a#e1 #a#i#c#i1 AGA9/ ! T]RITORY ( ,MEMEL1 & AGA9/ ,ALBANIA4 ,! 5EMY'S PROPAG&A BROKE D[N ALL ! MORAL RES\RCES ?AT MI<T HAVE UND]P9N$ ANY RESI/ANCE &1 :5 ! TROOPS ( CONQUE/ & OCCUPATION >RIV$1 !Y H>DLY NE$$ TO FIRE A S+LE %OT4 

,WE HAD ! PRES5TIM5T1 & WE EXPRESS$ IT UNAMBIGU\SLY1 ?AT ! OCCUPATION ( ,CATALONIA1 CONSID]+ ! /ATE ( MORAL COLLAPSE ( ! >MY & ! RE>GU>D ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 W\LD BE A MILIT>Y WALK 9 ! P>K4 ,WE /ILL HAD ! =CES1 AL?\< WE LACK$ ! HELP ( ESS5TIAL >MAM5TS1 TO M\NT SIGNIFICANT RESI/ANCE 9 A W> ( MOVEM5T1 TO BLUNT ! 5EMY ADVANCE1 /OP ! 5EMY TROOPS AT ! ABUNDANT NATURAL /RONG PO9TS & WE> D[N ! 5EMY =CES 9 FRUITLESS ATTACKS = MON?S4 ,MAN IS /ILL ! HE>T ( W>1 & MAN HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ,/AL9I/ POLICY1 UP TO ! PO9T :]E HE DID NOT WANT TO FI<T & 9/EAD *OSE TO ACCEPT ! BITT] FATE ( EMIGRATION & ! CURSE ( DEFEAT4 ,! ONLY ORGANIZATION ?AT 5JOY$ 9CREAS+ POPUL> SUPPORT & PRE/IGE & ?AT REMA9$ 9CORRUPTIBLE 9 ! FACE ( ! NEW MA/]S WAS ! ,F,A,I1 BUT ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS HAD JO9$ TOGE!R TO R5D] ANY ACTION BY ! ,F,A,I IMPOSSIBLE1 :I* IS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! 5EMY ZONE ) ! ,FALANGE1 :I* WAS MU* LESS NUM]\S & BATTLE-TE/$1 BUT WAS ALWAYS CONSID]$ TO BE AN 9DISP5SABLE FACTOR 9 ! W> AGA9/ US4 

,MORE ?AN EI<T MON?S BE=E ! (F5SIVE BEGAN1 WE (F]$ ! ,GOV]NM5T A PLAN = ORGANIZ+ ! DEF5SE ( ,B>CELONA )9 A RADIUS ( FIFTY KILOMET]S1 IGNOR+ ! L9ES ( DEF5SE & RESI/ANCE PLANN$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,G5]AL ,/AFF4 ,COLONEL ,CLAUD91 ONE ( ! COMM&]S ( ! COA/AL DEF5SES1 TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! T]RA9 & ! FEW NATURAL ACCESS PO9TS TO ! CAPITAL ( ,CATALONIA1 PROPOS$ DEF5SIVE =TIFICATIONS ?AT W\LD BEG9 9 ,EL ,P]ELLO1 CONT9UE TO ,BRU*S1 & 5D NE> ,MANRESA4 ,HE 5VISION$ ?AT !Y W\LD BE CON/RUCT$ BY VOLUNTE]S & ?AT ! WALLS1 TR5*ES1 MA*9E GUN EMPLACEM5TS1 >TILL]Y BATT]IES1 ETC41 W\LD ALSO BE MANN$ BY VOLUNTE]S4 ,WE W]E COMMITT$ TO COMPLET+ ! PREP>ATIONS = ?IS ,MAG9OT ,L9E ( ,B>CELONA )9 A FEW MON?S2 ALL WE NE$$ WAS ! NECESS>Y AU?ORIZATION & ! MAT]IALS = ! =TIFICATIONS4 ,ALL ! RE/ W\LD HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y LABOR4 ,G5]AL ,AS5SIO WAS ALSO 9VOLV$1 ALONG ) ,COLONEL ,P]EZ ,F>RAZ & O!R POLITICAL & MILIT>Y LEAD]S4 ,WE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! DELEGATION ?AT WAS RECEIV$ BY ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ,LUIS ,COMPANYS1 TO EXPLA9 ! PROJECT TO HIM & TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE SEEK FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T ! ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS1 = ,CATALONIA ITSELF1 9 ! =M ?AT WE ?\<T NECESS>Y1 = ! DEF5SE ( ,B>CELONA1 ) ! DIRECT CONTRIBUTION ( ! M5 :O W]E MO/ CAPABLE ( 9FLU5C+ ,CATALONIAN PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,\R (F]1 P]HAPS BECAUSE IT WAS \RS1 & BECAUSE ,NEGR9 WAS WORK+ UND] ORD]S TO PREV5T US FROM 9ITIAT+ ANY MAJOR PROJECTS1 WAS NOT ACCEPT$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T OR ITS 9/RUM5TS & WE HAD TO CONT5T \RSELVES ) /&+ !RE ) \R H&S 9 \R POCKETS1 ANN\NC+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! FRONT IF ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT PREVAIL$ AMONG ! COMBATANTS WAS NOT URG5TLY ADDRESS$ & RADICALLY REM$I$4 ,WE HAD ALREADY WITNESS$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! FRONTS 9 ! ,EA/ & 9 ,E/REMADURA AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ,RUSSIAN LEAD]%IP ( ! W> & WE DID NOT HAVE TO CLAIM TO BE PROPHETS :5 WE MA9TA9$ ?AT !SE SAME CAUSES W]E /ILL AT WORK1 & ?AT !Y MU/ CONT9UE TO PRODUCE ! SAME RESULTS4 

,IF \R 9ITIATIVE HAD BE5 PRES5T$ TO ! ,GOV]NM5TS ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ( ,CATALONIA BY O!R H&S1 LET US SAY1 IF IT HAD BE5 PRES5T$ BY M5 FROM A C]TA9 POLITICAL P>TY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 S]I\SLY1 PROBABLY1 BUT WE HAD OBTA9$ ! SUPPORT = \R PROPOSAL ( C]TA9 MILIT>Y (FIC]S & CIVILIAN FIGURES1 TO :OM WE REALLY WANT$ TO ASSURE A SOME:AT DIGNIFI$ D5\EM5T TO ?IS W> & :OM WE DID NOT WANT TO SEE IMPLICAT$ 9 ,NEGR9'S FEA/ ( ,S>DANAPALUS4 ,?AT IS :Y EV]Y DOOR WAS CLOS$ 9 \R FACES4 

,! POPULATION WAS EXHAU/$1 & ! GOV]NM5T'S CONFUSION & 9COMPET5CE C\LD H>DLY BE CONCEAL$ BY ! C5SOR%IP1 ! P]SECUTIONS ( DISS5T]S1 ! /RID5T CLI*ES EMITT$ BY ! PRESS & ! RADIO1 & ! ROGUE'S GALL]Y ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,RUSSIAN DOM9ANCE1 H[EV]1 WAS WIDELY FELT TO BE AN 9TOL]ABLE BURD54 ,! SY/EMATIC LOOT+ ( ! WEAL? ( ,SPA9 WAS EVID5T & IT HAD TO BE COV]$ UP4 ,CATALONIA'S TEXTILES W]E ! MA9 OBJECT ( ,RUSSIAN GRE$4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ,RUSSIA'S 9T]V5TION IT ALWAYS HAD ITS EYES ON ?IS GREAT TREASURE4 

,:OLE FACTORIES W]E ALSO %IPP$ (F TO ,RUSSIA1 ) SPECIALIZ$ MA*9]Y1 ETC41 NOT TO M5TION ! APPROPRIATION ( ! COMM]CIAL SECRETS ( SEV]AL 9DU/RIES1 = :I* A NETWORK ( SPIES WAS CREAT$ FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5TS ( ,RUSSIA'S 9T]V5TION TO P5ETRATE EV]Y VITAL SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! >MY1 9 ! NAVY & 9 ! AIR =CE4444.<#e.> ,NO DECISION WAS MADE )\T ,RUSSIAN KN[L$GE & )\T ! ,RUSSIANS GIV+ ! GRE5 LI<T4 ,IT WAS ! SAME 9 ! ECONOMY1 9 F9ANCE & 9 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY AS IT WAS 9 ! MILIT>Y4 

,FAVOR$ BY ! BLACKMAIL ( ,/AL9I/ AID1 :I* WAS NOT REALLY AID AT ALL1 BUT A SC&AL\S ROBB]Y ( \R F9ANCES & \R ECONOMY BY ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE DELEGATES1 ! ,SPANI% COMMUNI/S1 NUM]ICALLY 9SIGNIFICANT1 & JU/ AS 9SIGNIFICANT 9 T]MS ( QUALITY1 ONCE ! ,JULY MOVEM5T BROKE \T1.<#e#a.> GRADUALLY ATTRACT$ TO !IR RANKS ALL ?OSE :O HAD NO PLACE 9 ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS DUE TO !IR DUBI\S PA/1 & IMPOS$ !IR DOM9ANCE 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,AS = SPONTANE\S POPUL> SUPPORT1 !Y HAD NONE AT ALL4 

,IF1 = \R P>T1 WE W\LD HAVE BE5 AT A LOSS IF WE HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO OR ! VICTORY ( ,/AL91 ! POLITICALLY 9DIFF]5T POPULATION PREF]R$ ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO1 9 ! VAGUE HOPE ?AT !Y W\LD BE TREAT$ BETT] UND] ,FRANCO1 & ?AT AT LEA/ ! SUFF]+ W\LD BE NO WORSE & ?AT ! P]SECUTIONS & TORTURES W\LD NOT BE MORE RU?LESS4 

,& BECAUSE ( ! HATR$ ( ! ,RUSSIAN DOM9ATION ?AT !Y HAD TO 5DURE 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 ! FACT ?AT1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN DOM9ATION W]E NEI!R MORE G5TLE NOR ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T ) RESPECT TO ! !IR PROC$URES & ASPIRATIONS WAS UND]E/IMAT$4 

,! PEOPLE W]E SPIRITUALLY ALI5AT$ FROM ! W>1 !Y DID NOT KN[ :Y !Y W]E FI<T+1 !Y SAW ! BAC*ANALIA ( ! NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 & !Y C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ?AT ?+S C\LD BE WORSE ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! TR5*ES4 ,& )\T ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE ! W> WAS LO/1 IRREM$IABLY LO/4 ,! FAI?--! ABSURD FAI?--9 ! SUPPORT ( ! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRATIC P[]S1 REPEAT$LY 9VOK$ BY ?OSE :O W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 H&+ ,SPA9 OV] TO ,RUSSIAN DOM9ATION1 WAS NEV] S]I\SLY BELIEV$ BY ANYONE1 AFT] ALL ! DECL>ATIONS & PRESS RELEASES ( ! FAM\S ,NON-,9T]V5TION ,COMMITTEE4 ,?US1 IF \R ALLIANCE ) ,RUSSIA HAD NOT FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M$ \R SITUATION ) REG>D TO ! ACQUISITION ( >MS & FOOD1 & IF ! DEMOCRACIES W]E RESOLV$ UPON AB&ON+ US1 WE ONLY HAD ONE C>D LEFT TO PLAY3 ?AT ( ! PEOPLE1 =GOTT5 9 ! DIRTY GAME ( ! W> & REPUBLICAN & COMMUNI/ DIPLOMACY4 ,! PEOPLE ALWAYS HAVE ! RES\RCES :5 !Y PASSIONATELY DESIRE SOME?+4 ,& !Y C\LD HAVE DISCOV]$ ! MEANS TO ?W>T ! ADVANCE ( ! 5EMY >MIES )\T RELY+ ON ANY ( ! FACTORS ?AT DI/+UI% MOD]N W>F>E4 ,H[8 ,) ! V]Y SAME ME?ODS US$1 AMONG O!RS1 ON ,JULY #a#i4 ,B>CELONA ALONE HAD ! P[]1 & MORE ?AN 5\<1 9 ! =M 9 :I* IT C\LD HAVE F\<T1 TO CONSUME ! >MIES ( ,FRANCO & TO R5D] ALL HIS >S5ALS USELESS4 

,9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO C\NT ON ! PEOPLE AS AN ACTIVE FACTOR 9 ! CONFLICT1 H[EV]1 A *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T WAS NECESS>Y 9 ! CIVILIAN DOMA91 & ESPECIALLY ! REMOVAL ( ,DR4 ,NEGR9 & HIS S]VANT = =EIGN POLICY1 ,ALV>EZ DEL ,VAYO1 AG5TS ( ,RUSSIA1 DICTATORS TAK+ ORD]S FROM ! COMMUNI/S1 & 9 ! MILIT>Y DOMA9 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE AN 9-DEP? REORGANIZATION ( ! COMM& /RUCTURE1 TO C>RY \T A REVIEW ( ! P]SONNEL ( ! COMBAT =CES1 TO USE LEAD]S & (FIC]S :O HAD BE5 PASS$ OV] = PROMOTION & P]SECUT$ DESPITE !IR ANTI-FASCI/ HI/ORIES & !IR ABILITIES1 & TO SUPPRESS ! CRIMES ?AT W]E CON/ANTLY BE+ P]PETRAT$ 9 ! RANKS ( ! >MY = ! PURPOSE ( 5SUR+ ! ASC5DANCY ( A C]TA9 P>TY4444 

,WE W]E UNABLE TO OBTA9 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ANY ( \R PROPOSALS1 BECAUSE ( ! C[>DICE ( SOME1 & BECAUSE ( ! COMPLICITY ( O!RS ) ! ORGY ( CORRUPTION1 UPON :I* ! F\NDATIONS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,VICTORY RE/$4 

,WE EV5 CONSID]$ ! USE ( =CE1 ! POSSIBILITIES ( A FRONTAL ASSAULT1 & WE EVALUAT$ ! >MS AT \R DISPOSAL2 BUT WE UND]/OOD ?AT1 9 VIEW ( ! CLOSE CONNECTION ( MO/ ( ! LEAD]S ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ) ! POLICY ( ,DR4 ,NEGR91 :OM !Y CONSID]$ TO BE ! PROVID5TIAL MAN ( ! RESI/ANCE1 WE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE RELY ON UNANIM\S SUPPORT & WE W\LD HAVE LO/ ! BATTLE1 USELESSLY AUGM5T+ ! NUMB] ( VICTIMS4 ,IF WE HAD BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 A*IEV+ ! NECESS>Y AGREEM5T ( ALL ! SECTORS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ) \R !SES1 ! EV5TS ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,ZONE & 9 ,LEVANTE AFT] ! FALL ( ,CATALONIA W\LD HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,CATALONIA ITSELF1 DUE TO ! 9ITIATIVE & UND] ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! ONLY ,SPANI% TYPE ( ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD REFUS$ TO WORK 9 ! S]VICE ( =EIGN P[]S1 & ! ONLY ORGANIZATION ?AT REPRES5T$ AN AU!NTIC CONNECTION ) ! S5TIM5TS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,WE1 :O HAD BE5 LIFE-LONG 9T]NATIONALI/S1 W]E ! ONLY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,SPA91 ! ONLY S9C]E DEF5D]S ( ! =MULA3 ,SPA9 = ! ,SPANI>DS6 

,IF WE HAVE TO PO9T TO ONE *ANGE ?AT WE UND]W5T AS A RESULT ( ! W>1 IT IS P]HAPS ! FACT ?AT WE W]E NO LONG] ! DOCTR9AIRE ANTI-PATRIOTS ?AT WE W]E 9 ! PA/1 BUT ! ONLY REAL PATRIOTS1 READY TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ = ! FUTURE ( ,SPA94 ,& :ILE \R VIEWS W]E *ANG+ 9 ?IS S5SE1 ?OSE :O HAD ALWAYS BE5 NATIONALI/S W]E NOT ?9K+ AB\T ANY?+ BUT H[ TO /A% AWAY MONEY 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES = AFT] ! DEFEAT1 & MO/ ( ALL ! FAM\S PREA*]S ( RESI/ANCE UNTIL VICTORY4444 

,EV5 IF ONLY TO S]VE ! TRU?1 IT IS NECESS>Y = US TO /ATE :AT \R POSITION WAS AT ?AT TIME1 & :AT WE DID1 DUR+ A W> ?AT WAS BORN FROM \R BATTLES AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,IF HI/ORY MU/ JUDGE US1 & 9 ?IS CASE1 RI<T N[1 ?IS MEANS ! HI/ORY WRITT5 BY ! W9N]S1 !N LET IT JUDGE US = \R DE$S & \R WORDS1 BUT NOT = A SOLID>ITY ?AT WE NEV] FELT = ! ,GOV]NM5T TO :I* ,FRANCO [$ HIS VICTORY4 

,WE WANT HI/ORY TO RESPOND TO :AT WE DID1 :E!R = GOOD OR = ILL1 & TO \R 9T5TIONS1 :I* W]E ( ! BE/1 BUT SEP>ATELY FROM ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,RUSSIAN AG5TS4 ,WE W]E NEI!R ,REPUBLICANS NOR DID WE REMA9 SIL5T 9 ! FACE ( COMMUNI/ DOM9ATION4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES OBLIG$ US TO E/ABLI% CONTACTS ) PEOPLE :OSE GOALS W]E OPPOS$ TO \RS & :OSE CONDUCT DES]V$ ! FIR+ SQUAD1 BUT WE HAVE PRES]V$ \R ID5TITY & WE HAVE NOT LO/ \R WAY1 EV5 :5 WE LACK$ ! MAT]IAL =CE TO S]VE ,SPA9 MORE EFFECTIVELY4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #g1 #a#i#c#h1 ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,VICTORY CONVOK$ A MEET+ ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 ONE ( ! SUMPTU\S PALACES ( ,P$RALBES4 ,9 ATT5DANCE W]E ,MIJE & ,LA ,PASION>IA = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,CORD]O & ,LAMON$A = ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ,RODRIGUEZ ,VEGA & ,AM>O DEL ,ROSAL = ! ,U,G,T1 ,M>IANO ,VAZQUEZ & ,HORACIO ,PRIETO = ! ,C,N,T1 ,BAEZA ,M$9A = ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT1 ,MATEO ,SILVA = ! ,REPUBLICAN ,UNION1 & ,H]R]A & ,SANTILLAN = ! ,F,A,I1 :O SUBMITT$ ! FOLL[+ CONFID5TIAL REPORT TO ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS ( ! ,F,A,I3  
  

,NEGR9 BEGAN BY /AT+ ?AT ! PURPOSE ( ! MEET+ WAS SIMPLY TO 9=M ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ( ! CURR5T SITUATION4 ,AT FIR/--OR SO HE SAID--HE ?\<T ( CONVOK+ A JO9T MEET+ ( ! ,NATIONAL ,POPUL> ,FRONT & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ( ,CATALONIA2 BUT = A LACK ( A MEET+ HALL L>GE 5\< TO ACCOMMODATE SO MANY PEOPLE1 HE DECID$ TO CONVOKE !M SEP>ATELY4 ,?IS WILL OBLIGE HIM TO REPEAT ! /ATEM5TS ?AT HE WAS GO+ TO MAKE AT ?IS MEET+ :5 HE W\LD MEET LAT] ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ( ,CATALONIA4 

,HE PROVID$ EXPLANATIONS CONC]N+ ! OP]ATIONS 9 ! ,EBRO REGION1 BEG9N+ ) ! MON? ( ,JUNE1 :5 !Y W]E FIR/ CONCEIV$ & IMPLEM5T$4 ,HE 9DICAT$ ! CAUSES ?AT LAY BEH9D !SE OP]ATIONS--! NE$ TO /OP ! 5EMY'S (F5SIVE & TO DIV]T SOME ( ! 5EMY'S =CES FROM !IR IRRESI/IBLE ADVANCE T[>DS ,SAGUNTO & ,VAL5CIA1 :I* POS$ A S]I\S ?REAT TO ?AT ZONE1 AL?\< FULLY AW>E ( ALL ! RISKS ?AT ?IS 5TAIL$ & :I* W]E ALREADY RECKON$ ) 9 ADVANCE4 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIS VIEW ?AT ! ,EBRO CAMPAIGN HAD EXCE$ ALL EXPECTATIONS1 & ?AT ?ANKS TO ! =TITUDE ( \R SOLDI]S & TO ! /R5G? ACQUIR$ BY \R >MY ) ITS DISCIPL9E & GOOD ORGANIZATION1 WE HAVE 9FLICT$ AN 5ORM\S SETBACK ON ! 5EMY & WE HAVE ALSO GA9$ PRECI\S TIME ?AT HAS ALL[$ ! 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMATIC CLIMATE TO IMPROVE4 ,HE !RE=E BELIEVES ?AT IT WAS A M]ITORI\S OP]ATION1 DES]V+ ( EV]YONE'S RESPECT1 & ?AT EV5 ?\< WE SUFF]$ QUITE A FEW CASUALTIES1 !Y W]E FEW] ?AN ! CASUALTIES WE 9FLICT$ ON ! 5EMY4 ,& BESIDES1 \R CASUALTIES1 9CLUD+ DEAD1 MISS+ & W\ND$1 W\LD BE COMP5SAT$ = BY ! PRISON]S WE TOOK4 

,!N HE REF]S TO ! T]RIBLE DI/RESS OCCASION$ :5 IT BECAME IMP]ATIVE TO CONSID] )DRAW+ \R TROOPS TO \R SIDE ( ! ,EBRO4 ,HE SAYS ?AT ?IS HAD BE5 PLANN$ LONG BE=E IT WAS C>RI$ \T1 :I* PROVES ! CAPACITY ( \R SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE4 ,HE PO9TS \T ?AT ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES1 9 EXPRESSIONS ( !IR GOOD WILL1 HAVE SUBMITT$ PROPOSALS = FUTURE MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS & PROPOS$ REVISIONS ( EXI/+ PLANS1 ETC41 ALL ( :I* >E V]Y VALUABLE SUGGE/IONS ?AT HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 & ?AT ONE ( !SE PROPOSALS URG5TLY CALL$ = RECOGNIZ+ ! NE$ TO ORGANIZE \R )DRAWAL BE=E A DISA/] TAKES PLACE4 ,HE REPORTS ?AT ! )DRAWAL WAS A M>VEL\S A*IEVEM5T1 C>RI$ \T ) SU* EXTREME SUBTLETY & PRECISION ?AT EV5 HE WAS SURPRIS$1 ESPECIALLY 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT HE HAD ALREADY RELUCTANTLY ACCEPT$ ! PROSPECT ?AT ! )DRAWAL W\LD BE V]Y CO/LY 9 T]MS ( M5 & MAT]IEL1 :5 9 FACT IT TOOK PLACE )\T ANY CONSID]ABLE LOSSES4 

,HE !N SPEAKS AT L5G? AB\T ! SITUATION ( ! 5EMY1 PO9T+ \T ?AT ! SITUATION IS V]Y CRITICAL 9 ! REBEL ZONE1 S9CE !RE IS AN 9CREAS+ LEVEL ( DISCONT5T 9 ! 5EMY'S RE>GU>D1 ! 5EMY REGIME IS LOS+ CR$IBILITY 9T]NATIONALLY1 & ITS ECONOMY IS PLAGU$ BY SEV]E %ORTAGES4 ,ALL !SE FACTORS =C$ ! 5EMY TO PREP>E A MAJOR (F5SIVE ?AT WILL ALL[ = A FEW MILIT>Y VICTORIES ) :I* ! 5EMY'S ALL-TOO-COMPROMIS$ CR$IBILITY CAN BE RE9=C$4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! 5EMY'S =CES >E ON ! V]GE ( UNLEA%+ A MAJOR (F5SIVE1 :I* IS 9DICAT$ BY ! 5ORM\S /OCKPILES ( M5 & MAT]IEL AT C]TA9 LOCATIONS4 ,HE SAYS ?AT1 S9CE ?IS (F5SIVE WILL BE AN OP]ATION LAVI%LY SUPPLI$ ) M5 & FIREP[]1 IT WILL NECESS>ILY PRODUCE A MOM5T>Y WAV]+ AMONG \R RANKS4 ,HE SAYS ?AT ( C\RSE IT WILL NOT BE V]Y S]I\S1 S9CE ! REQUISITE MEASURES >E BE+ TAK5 TO PREV5T A CATA/ROPHE4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT WE WILL YIELD SOME GR\ND1 BUT ?AT WE WILL NOT LOSE ANY VITAL POSITIONS1 & ! (F5SIVE WILL NOT HAVE ANY UNFAVORABLE CONSEQU5CES IF WE >E ALL =EW>N$ & READY TO /& FA/4 

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE CONSID]S ! PRES]VATION ( MORALE 9 ! ,>MY & 9 ! RE>GU>D TO BE 9DISP5SABLE4 ,! ,>MY HAS PROVID$ SUFFICI5T PRO(S ( ITS MORALE & ITS ABILITY1 ) RESPECT TO BO? DEF5SE & ATTACK4 ,! RE>GU>D HAS ALSO DEMON/RAT$ ?AT IT1 TOO1 HAS BE5 WORK+ H>D1 & ?AT IT KN[S H[ TO 5DURE ALL K9DS ( PRIVATIONS ) /OICISM4 ,AT !SE CRITICAL MOM5TS1 H[EV]1 ALL ! ANTI-FASCI/ SECTORS MU/ DEVOTE !IR EF=TS TO MA9TA9+ UNITY ( ACTION & ( WILL1 SETT+ ASIDE !IR DISPUTES & P>TICUL> ASPIRATIONS4 

,HE PO9TS \T ?AT ) RESPECT TO FOOD SUPPLIES1 :ILE WE HAVE LIV$ ?R\< SOME V]Y DIFFICULT TIMES1 IT SEEMS ?AT WE HAVE TURN$ ! CORN] & ?AT WE >E N[ ON \R WAY TO OV]COM+ !SE PROBLEMS4 ,AL?\< !Y CANNOT BE CONSID]$ TO BE COMPLETELY RESOLV$1 WE CAN SAY ?AT !Y >E BE+ CONSID]ABLY IMPROV$4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E DO EV]Y?+ POSSIBLE TO UPHOLD MORALE AT ! FRONT & 9 ! RE>GU>D1 BO? ( :I* >E NECESS>Y1 S9CE ! MORALE ( EA* CONSID]ABLY 9FLU5CES ! O!R4 ,= ALL ( !SE REASONS1 HE WANTS ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CONTROL OP9ION TO KEEP 9 M9D1 DISCREETLY1 ( C\RSE1 :AT MI<T HAPP51 SO ?AT !RE >E NO EXCESSIVE & UNF\ND$ PANICS4444 

,!N HE SAID ?AT HE DID NOT HAVE 5\< FOOD = EV]YONE AT ! MEET+ & ?AT S9CE HE C\LD NOT 9VITE US TO D9N]1 HE 9VIT$ US TO HAVE A GLASS ( *AMPAGNE 9 AN ADJO9+ RECEPTION >EA4 

,?IS IS ! SUMM>Y ( :AT ,NEGR9 SAID 9 HIS MEET+ ) ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,?IS MEET+ WAS /RICTLY & EXCLUSIVELY = ! PURPOSE ( PROVID+ 9=MATION4 ,IT WAS NOT CONSID]$ TO BE AN APPROPRIATE V5UE = REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SECTORS ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO ASK QUE/IONS OR TO *ALL5GE OR EV5 SUPPORT ,DR4 ,NEGR9'S POLICIES1 AS WAS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! SIL5CE OBS]V$ BY ALL ( !M4 ,NEGR9 DID NOT ASK ANYONE TO SUPPORT ! ,GOV]NM5T'S POLICY1 & !RE=E NO ONE C\LD GIVE HIM !IR SUPPORT4 ,AS A SIGNIFICANT FACT REG>D+ \R CONDUCT AS A DELEGATION1 WE %ALL M5TION ?AT1 IMM$IATELY AFT] LEAV+ ! MEET+ HALL ON \R WAY TO ! RECEPTION L\NGE1 WE DECID$ TO ABS5T \RSELVES )\T EI!R TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! FREE ALCOHOL OR P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! V>I\S KNOTS ( CONV]SATIONS ?AT W]E =M+4 ,CORRECTLY BUT )\T W>M? WE TOOK \R LEAVE ( ! ,HEAD ( ,/ATE1 & ,SANTILLAN & ,I MADE A HA/Y EXIT4 ,AT ! DOOR TO ! C\RTY>D ,I NOTIC$ ?AT ,NEGR9 HAD COME HALFWAY D[N ! /AIRS BEH9D US & WAS TALK+ TO ,SANTILLAN BE=E HE TURN$ BACK TO GO UP/AIRS1 ?US GIV+ HIM ANO!R *ANCE TO BID US F>EWELL4 ,! RE/ ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS REMA9$ UP/AIRS 9 ! RECEPTION L\NGE1 & WE W]E UNAW>E ( :E!R1 9 \R ABS5CE1 ANY O!R QUE/IONS W]E ADDRESS$4  
  

,AS ,NEGR9 WAS SPEAK+1 ONE WORD F\<T VIOL5TLY TO BUR/ FROM \R LIPS3 ,FRAUD6 ,EV]Y?+ HE SAID WAS A LIE4 ,A LIE AB\T ! SMALL NUMB] ( CASUALTIES 9CURR$ AT ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,EBRO1 = IT CO/ US APPROXIMATELY #g1 M51 9CLUD+ ?OSE TAK5 PRISON]1 KILL$ OR W\ND$1 & AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( HEAVY & LI<T WEAPONRY1 :I* C\LD NOT BE REPLAC$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! CAMPAIGN DID SL[ D[N ! 5EMY'S ADVANCE T[>DS ,VAL5CIA1 BUT ONLY AT ! CO/ ( WA/+ ! BE/ *ANCES TO CONT9UE ! DEF5SE ( ! ,CATALONIAN ZONE4 ,IT WAS A LIE AB\T ! DISCIPL9$ >MY1 IT WAS A LIE AB\T ! /OIC RESIGNATION ( ! RE>GU>D1 IT WAS A LIE AB\T \R IMPROV$ 9T]NATIONAL POSITION & IT WAS A LIE AB\T ! CRITICAL SITUATION ( ! 5EMY4 ,HIS TALL TALES DID NOT CONV9CE US AT ALL1 AL?\< WE W]E ABLE TO CONFIRM ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS GAVE SIGNS ( BE+ SATISFI$ & PR\D4 ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! MEET+ WE EV5 SAW 9T]NAL BULLET9S DISSEM9AT$ BY SOME ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E REPRES5T$ AT ! MEET+ 9 :I* ,NEGR9'S >GUM5TS & ASSESSM5TS W]E PASS$ (F AS !IR [N4 ,WE HAD NEV] BE=E SE5 SU* A CASE ( VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE4 

,AS = MILIT>Y MAT]IEL1 WE HAD T5 BOMB]S1 WE LACK$ >TILL]Y1 S9CE ! >TILL]Y PIECES S5T TO US BY ! ,RUSSIANS1 :I* W]E MORE ?AN FIFTY CALIB]1 W]E SO DEFECTIVE ?AT ! WEAPONS W]E R5D]$ 9OP]ATIVE AFT] !Y W]E FIR$ A FEW TIMES4 ,5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( RIFLES & MA*9E GUNS HAD BE5 LO/ 9 ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,EBRO4.<#e#b.> 

,NO ONE WILL EV] KN[ H[ MU* WAS LO/1 S9CE ONE ( ! PUR*AS+ AG5TS = ! >MY1 ! GYNECOLOGI/ ,OT]O1 A MAN :O WAS A CALAMITY = ! ,REPUBLIC1 WAS ! ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ! ,COMMISSION ON ,>MAM5TS & ,MUNITIONS1 & ALMO/ ALL ! PUR*AS+ OP]ATIONS PASS$ ?R\< HIS H&S4 

,ON ! DAY AFT] ! MEET+ CONVOK$ BY ,NEGR91 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT MET TO F9D A WAY TO EFFECTIVELY HELP ! ,GOV]NM5T FACE ! NEXT (F5SIVE4 ,WE HAD BE5 TRY+ = SEV]AL MON?S TO BR+ AB\T AN 9-DEP? REASSESSM5T ( ! QUE/ION ( ! CONDUCT ( ! W> & ! MORAL DECOMPOSITION ( ! >MY4 ,WE F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ !SE DEAF VOLUNTE]S FROM ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ?AT ,MOSC[-/YLE MY/IFICATION 9 :I* WE HAD BECOME IMPLICAT$ AGA9/ \R BETT] JUDGM5T1 TO RESOLVE TO DEBATE ONE ( \R PROPOSALS4 ,:AT FOLL[S IS ! TEXT ( AN 9T]NAL BULLET9 S5T TO ! REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,F,A,I3.<#e#c.>  
  

,AFT] C]TA9 PROC$URAL =MALITIES W]E DISPAT*$1 IT WAS RESOLV$ ) RESPECT TO ! DECL>$ 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ( ,GUADALAJ>A ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ) ! ,GOV]NOR ( ?AT PROV9CE1 ,CAZORLA1 ?AT EA* P>TY OR ORGANIZATION %\LD COMPILE FIR/-H& REPORTS TO COMPLETE ! 9=MATION WE HAVE ALREADY RECEIV$ :I* IS NOT CONCLUSIVE 5\< = REA*+ A DECISION ON ?IS MATT]4 

,) REG>D TO ! FOOD SUPPLY POLICY PROPOS$ = /UDY BY ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION1 ! ,SECRET>Y REPORTS ?AT ! ,DIRECTOR ,G5]AL ( ,FOOD ,SUPPLY HAS NOT YET RESPOND$ TO ! NOTE ?AT WAS S5T TO HIM 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,C,N,T PROPOSAL & !RE=E ?IS PO9T WILL BE DEF]R$ TO ! AG5DA ( ! NEXT MEET+4 

,! NEXT TOPIC = DEBATE WAS ! ,F,A,I'S PROPOSAL ON MILIT>Y POLICY & ! PROBLEM ( ! ACTIVITIES ( P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! >MY4 

,?IS IS A SUMM>Y ( \R SPEE*3 

,\R >MY1 LIKE MANY O!R ASPECTS ( \R NATIONAL LIFE1 IS SUFF]+ FROM ! EXCESSIVE 5?USIASM ( ! NEOPHYTES ( ! P>TIES ?AT HAVE BE5 CON/ITUT$ S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f4 ,EV]Y NEW ADEPT ( A DOCTR9E NATURALLY HAS A T5D5CY T[>DS ! ABUSE ( HIS ZEAL & ! EXAGG]AT$ EXPRESSION ( HIS SECT>IANISM1 )\T REG>D = & EV5 ) AN ,OLYMPIAN SCORN = :ATEV] HAS NOT BE5 PASS$ ?R\< ! SCRE5 ( HIS ORGANIZATION OR P>TY4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! AGGRESSIVE & 9TOL]ANT PSY*OLOGY ( ! NEOPHYTE1 UND] ! CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 WE MU/ ALSO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! V]Y DUBI\S BACKGR\NDS ( ! MEMB]S ( C]TA9 P>TIES ?AT >E NOT V]Y DISCRIM9AT+ 9 !IR RECRUITM5T /&>DS1 TRU/+ MORE TO QUANTITY ?AN TO QUALITY4 

,IF WE W]E TO EXAM9E ! MEMB]%IP ROLLS ( EA* ONE ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E REPRES5T$ H]E1 WE W\LD UNCOV] MORE ?AN A FEW SURPRISES1 & IT W\LD NOT BE H>D TO REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 UND] ! COV] ( MANY NOM9ALLY ANTI-FASCI/ MEMB]%IP C>DS1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,FRANCO HAVE FREE RE9 TO PLY !IR TRADE4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,F,A,I W\LD NOT HESITATE TO OP5 UP ITS MEMB]%IP LI/S & TO ?ANK 9 ADVANCE ANYONE :O C\LD REVEAL ! ACTIVITY )9 ITS RANKS ( ANY 9DIVIDUALS FROM SUSPICI\S BACKGR\NDS2 WE CAN CONFID5TLY /ATE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( \R MEMB]S1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM >E ( AU!NTICALLY PROLET>IAN ORIG91 W]E MILITANTS LONG BE=E ,JULY #a#i4 

,ANO!R PH5OM5ON ?AT HAS BE5 ! FOCUS ( MU* ( \R ATT5TION ) REG>D TO ! POLICY ?AT HAS DIRECT$ \R W> EF=T DUR+ ! LA/ TWO YE>S1 IS ! CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y (FIC]S ( ! HI<E/ TE*NICAL QUALIFICATIONS ) V]IFI$ ANTI-FASCI/ CONVICTIONS :O HAVE BE5 PASS$ OV] = PROMOTIONS OR P]SECUT$4 

,! COMM&+ POSITIONS 9 ! >MY >E (T5 OCCUPI$ BY NEWCOM]S ( UNKN[N ORIG9 :O >E MO/LY LACK+ ALL ! TE*NICAL EXP]I5CE REQUIR$ = P]=M+ !IR MISSIONS4 ,WE CAN CONFID5TLY /ATE ?AT ! MO/ PRE/IGI\S MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 ! ONES ?AT >E MO/ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! ONES :O POSSESS ! BE/ TRA9+1 ?OSE :O C\LD DO ! MO/ TO HELP \R W> EF=T1 >E PASS$ OV] = PROMOTIONS1 LEFT )\T COMM&S1 & EV5 P]SECUT$1 :5 !Y >E NOT JU/ ASSASS9AT$4.<#e#d.> ,WE >E REF]R+1 )\T ! NE$ TO NAME ANY NAMES1 TO C]TA9 CASES 9VOLV+ %OOT+S ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE4 

,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT \R %ORTAGE ( HI< LEVEL COMM&+ (FIC]S IS CONSID]ABLE4 ,H[EV]1 WE HAVE COMM&-LEVEL 9FANTRY (FIC]S & G5]AL /AFF-LEVEL (FIC]S :O >E CURR5TLY )\T ANY ASSIGNM5TS & HAVE BE5 PASS$ OV] = PROMOTIONS :O >E TRULY \T/&+ FIGURES 9 \R MILITIA1 FROM ! L[E/ LEVEL JUNIOR (FIC]S TO ! HI<E/ LEVEL /AFF (FIC]S4 ,IF Y\ WANT US TO M5TION SOME NAMES1 WE WILL NOT HESITATE TO DO SO 9 ORD] TO PROVE ! TRU? ( :AT WE >E SAY+4 

,ONE ( ! GREAT MA/]S ( ,SPANI% >TILL]Y IS N[ WALK+ ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,HIS ACTIVITY1 BEG9N+ ON ,JULY #a#i1 IS UNEQUAL$ & HIS TE*NICAL QUALIFICATIONS AS WELL AS HIS ANTI-FASCI/ CR$5TIALS >E MATT]S ( G5]AL KN[L$GE4 ,HE HAS TWO LIFE S5T5CES TO HIS CR$IT1 ONE = HIS ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! MON>*Y1 & ! O!R = ! EV5TS ( ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,?IS MAN HAS EV5 (F]$ TO S]VE AS ! COMM&] ( AN >TILL]Y BATT]Y AS A SIMPLE CAPTA91 S9CE HE HAS NOT RESIGN$ HIMSELF TO REMA9+ 9 ! RE>GU>D 9/EAD ( CONTRIBUT+ EV]Y?+ HE CAN UNTIL ! V]Y 5D TO ! W> EF=T4 ,HIS G5]\S (F] HAS BE5 REFUS$4 

,LET US TELL ! /ORY ( ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S PILOTS ( ,SPANI% AVIATION4 ,)\T HIS 9T]V5TION1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC NEV] W\LD HAVE EXI/$1 & ?IS IS NOT EV5 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ ! REBELS ON ,JULY #a#i4 ,?IS PILOT1 A COLONEL1 HAS ALSO VOLUNTE]$1 9 HIS CASE TO S]VE AS A M]E LIEUT5ANT 9 COMM& ( AN 9FANTRY PLATOON1 & HE RECEIV$ ! RESPONSE FROM ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF ?AT !RE W]E NO VACANCIES 9 \R ,>MY4 ,?IS IS A MAN ) A LONG HI/ORY ( MILIT>Y & CIVIC A*IEVEM5TS & N[ HE IS WALK+ ! /REETS ( ! CURR5T CAPITAL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 DESPOND5T1 & )\T ANY HOPE ( PLAC+ HIS KN[L$GE & HIS NAME AT ! S]VICE ( ! W> EF=T4 ,YET ALL K9DS ( PEOPLE >E BE+ US$ 9 ! AIR =CE1 :OSE BACKGR\NDS & ID5TITIES W]E NOT SUBJECT$ TO V]Y MU* SCRUT9Y4 ,ONE ( ! HI<-LEVEL POSITIONS 9 ! AIR =CE IS OCCUPI$ BY ONE ( ! PILOTS :O MA*9E-GUNN$ ! ,A/URIAN WORK]S 9 #a#i#c#d1 & HIS ROLE 9 ?AT FEAT ( PRE-FASCISM E>N$ HIM ! M$AL ( MILIT>Y M]IT4 

,ONLY A FEW DAYS AGO1 ! CAPTA9 :O S]V$ AS ! ADJUTANT TO ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ! ,AIR ,=CE ,CAMA*O DEFECT$ TO ! 5EMY 9 A ,REPUBLICAN FI<T] PLANE1 & HIS REVELATIONS CONC]N+ ! ,REPUBLICAN AIR =CE ?AT HAVE BE5 BROADCA/ ON ! RADIO FROM ,T]UEL >E F> FROM HAV+ BE5 REFUT$4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! GLORI\S FIGURE ( ! AIR =CE TO :OM WE REF]R$ ABOVE & EV5TS LIKE ! DEFECTION ( ,CAPTA9 ,C>RASCO & O!R 9CID5TS LIKE IT ?AT >E TAK+ PLACE DAILY1 CANNOT BE A FACTOR ?AT 5HANCES MORALE 9 ! RANKS ( ! SOLDI]S OR ON ! HOME FRONT ( LOYALI/ ,SPA94 ,LET US RECALL1 ) RESPECT TO ?IS QUE/ION1 ?AT WE HAVE ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS EXPRESS$ ! SUSPICIONS WE H>BOR$ CONC]N+ ! CONDUCT ( C]TA9 M51 9CLUD+ ,CAPTA9 ,C>RASCO1 :O JO9$ ! VICTORI\S MOVEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,JULY #b1 :]EAS ON ! #a#i?!Y HAD R5D]$ HOMAGE TO ,G5]AL ,GOD$1 :O >RIV$ FROM ,MALLORCA TO ASSUME COMM& OV] ! REVOLT4 

,FACTS ( ?IS K9D1 TOGE!R ) ! PROMOTIONS POLICY ?AT IS CURR5TLY 9 EFFECT1 5TAIL AN 5ORM\S ?REAT TO ! UNITY ( ! ,>MY & A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION TO ! W>4 ,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! ,>MY ( ! MON>*Y WAS DECOMPOS$ & DEMORALIZ$ BY EXTRAORD9>Y PROMOTIONS2 IF WE >E N[ COMMITT+ ! SAME MI/AKES AS ! MON>*Y1 WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO AVOID ! SAME GU>ANTE$ RESULTS4 ,WE W\LD ALSO LIKE TO REF] TO O!R ASPECTS ?AT HAVE BE5 REPEAT$ TOO (T5 = !M TO POSSIBLY GO UNNOTIC$3 ! ASSASS9ATIONS ( ELEM5TS FROM C]TA9 SECTORS1 = EXAMPLE1 PRIM>ILY FROM ! LIB]T>IAN SECTOR1 AT ! FRONT4 ,WE DO NOT WANT TO ACCUSE ANY P>TICUL> P>TY ( HAV+ COMMITT$ !SE CRIMES4 

,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT !SE CRIMES MU/ BE REPUDIAT$ BY EV]YONE1 )\T EXCEPTION2 BUT !RE IS ! CO9CID5CE ?AT ! VICTIMS >E ALMO/ ALWAYS SOLDI]S & (FIC]S FROM ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 :ILE ! ASSASS9S >E (T5 WORK+ BEH9D ! COV] ( ! MEMB]%IP C>D ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT !SE PEOPLE >E FOLL[+ ! ORD]S ( ! G5]ALS FROM !IR FACTION & ?AT !Y >E EXECUT+ !IR PLANS4 ,?IS IS :Y WE ?9K ?AT ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT MU/ TAKE !SE REVELATIONS 9TO CONSID]ATION & TAKE MEASURES TO BR+ AN IMM$IATE 5D TO !SE 9CID5TS 9 ORD] TO AVOID CONSEQU5CES ?AT ALL ( US WILL LAT] HAVE REASON TO REGRET4 

,WE %ALL DISCUSS ONLY ONE 9CID5T1 ! MO/ REC5T ONE ?AT HAS COME TO \R ATT5TION4 ,BUT WE C\LD PROVIDE DOCUM5TATION = HUNDR$S ( SIMIL> CASES4 

,A LIEUT5ANT1 ) :OM WE >E P]SONALLY ACQUA9T$ & :O JO9$ ! MILITIA AS A VOLUNTE] 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 WAS >RE/$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! *>GE IS IRRELEVANT4 ,AFT] SP5D+ SOME TIME 9 A B>RACKS 9 ?IS CITY1 :]E A FAM\S BOX] WAS 9 *>GE ( 9T]ROGATIONS1 HE WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,PONS ) A GR\P ( SOLDI]S4 ,!RE1 !Y W]E ALL TOLD ?AT !Y W]E BE+ RELEAS$ & ?AT !Y W]E TO REJO9 !IR ORIG9AL UNITS4 ,?IS LIEUT5ANT WAS S]V+ ) ! #a#e#cRD,BRIGADE1 :ILE ! SOLDI]S W]E MEMB]S ( ! #b#f?,DIVISION4 ,!Y W]E ADVIS$ TO OBS]VE PR9CIPLES ( GOOD BEHAVIOR1 DISCIPL9E & OB$I5CE1 TO AVOID FALL+ PREY TO ! 9FRACTIONS = :I* !Y HAD BE5 >RE/$4 ,!Y W]E LOAD$ ONTO A TRUCK1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY A /AFF C> ) ! ESCORT ( A COMMUNI/ LEAD]1 A =M] MEMB] ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,:5 ! TRUCK CAME TO A C]TA9 PO9T IT /OPP$1 & !Y W]E TOLD ?AT !Y %\LD FOLL[ A C]TA9 PA? !Y W]E %[N & ?AT !Y W\LD F9D !IR RESPECTIVE UNITS4 ,!Y HAD H>DLY TURN$ !IR BACKS :5 !Y HE>D ! RO> ( MA*9E GUNS BE+ FIR$ FROM ! /AFF C> ?AT HAD FOLL[$ ! TRUCK4 ,! LIEUT5ANT IMM$IATELY ?\<T ?AT !Y W]E BE+ ASSASS9AT$ & HE ?REW HIMSELF ON ! GR\ND AS SOON AS HE HE>D ! FIR/ %OTS4 ,HE HIT ! GR\ND JU/ 9 TIME1 BECAUSE TWO ( ! SOLDI]S :O W]E ) HIM W]E GUNN$ D[N RI<T NEXT TO HIM & ! O!RS1 SIX OR EI<T ( !M1 ALSO FELL )9 A FEW MET]S4 ,! ASSASS9S EM]G$ FROM ! C> TO MAKE SURE ?AT !IR VICTIMS W]E DEAD BUT !Y DID NOT NOTICE ?AT ONE ( !M1 ! LIEUT5ANT1 WAS NOT EV5 W\ND$4 ,ONCE !Y W]E DONE1 !Y GOT BACK 9TO !IR C> & DROVE AWAY :ILE ! MAN :O =TUNATELY LIV$ TO TELL US ! TALE WAS ABLE TO MAKE HIS WAY BACK TO ,B>CELONA ON FOOT1 FROM ,MOLL]USA1 :]E ! EXECUTIONS TOOK PLACE4 ,& HE IS /ILL 9 ,B>CELONA1 )\T ANY 9T5TION :ATSOEV] ( RETURN+ TO ! FRONT1 :]E \R M5 HAVE TO BE MORE W>Y ( ! ALLIES ON !IR FLANKS ?AN ( ! 5EMIES ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! TR5*ES4 ,HE IS WILL+ TO SPEAK TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 9 CASE ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT WANTS TO EXAM9E ?IS SPECIFIC 9CID5T ?AT WE >E BR++ TO ITS ATT5TION AS AN 9DICATION ( AN 5DEMIC /ATE 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,REPUBLICAN >MY4 

,9 \R REC5T MEET+ ) HIM1 ,NEGR9 TOLD US ?AT \R SUCCESSES >E DUE MORE TO ! MORAL =CE ?AT 9SPIRES US ?AN TO WEAPONS & MAT]IEL1 :I* WE LACK4 ,WE AGREE1 & ?AT IS :Y WE >E SUGGE/+ ?AT ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS %\LD BE IMPOS$ = ?IS MORALE TO BE PRES]V$ & TO PREV5T ?IS =CE FROM BE+ DISMEMB]$1 ?US LEAD+ TO A V]Y DANG]\S COLLAPSE 9 ! FACE ( ! IMM95T 5EMY (F5SIVE HE W>N$ US AB\T4 

,9 EV]Y C\NTRY & 9 EV]Y W>1 :5 MILIT>Y DISA/]S TAKE PLACE1 AN AUTOMATIC COMB+-\T ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&S IS IMPLEM5T$4 ,?IS HAS A WELL-DEMON/RAT$ PSY*OLOGICAL EFFECT & 9/ILLS ! SOLDI]S ) HOPE1 9 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! NEW COMM&]S W\LD HAVE TO BE BETT] ?AN ! OLD ONES4 ,IT IS PRECISELY \R W> ?AT DISPLAYS ! CONTR>Y PH5OM5ON4 ,! MORE MILIT>Y DISA/]S A /AFF (FIC] OR HI< LEVEL COMM&] HAS UND] HIS BELT1 ! MORE PROMOTIONS & M$ALS HE IS AW>D$4 ,WE %ALL NOT AVAIL \RSELVES ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO GO 9TO DETAILS AB\T ! QUALITY ( C]TA9 HI< LEVEL MILIT>Y COMM&]S1 BUT WE %ALL ONLY PO9T \T ?AT ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE RETA9$ !IR POSITIONS DOES NOT B5EFIT ! QUE/ TO BR+ ! W> TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION4 

,& WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT IT IS PRECISELY \R ORGANIZATION1 )\T ANY RI<T ( ASYLUM BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ,SPA91 ?AT HAS ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ 9 MAK+ SURE ?AT ?IS W> DOES NOT 5D 9 A CATA/ROPHE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT \R PLACE IS H]E1 ?AT WE MU/ NOT DES]T \R PO/1 & DUE TO ! NUMB] ( \R MILITANTS 9 ! RANKS ( ! >MY & 9 ! WORKPLACES ON ! HOME FRONT1 WE BELIEVE WE HAVE EV]Y RI<T TO DEM& ?AT ! BASIC CONDITIONS UPON :I* ! F\NDATIONS ( \R FI<T+ SPIRIT MU/ BE BAS$ HAVE TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 

,TO SUMM>IZE3 ,WE >E PROPOS+ ?AT ! EXCESSES ( ! P>TY NEOPHYTES BE /OPP$ IMM$IATELY1 EXCESSES ?AT (T5 GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y >E WORK+ ON BEHALF ( ! 5EMY1 ) SIMIL> ABUSES & PROC$URES4 

,SECOND1 WE DEM& ! EMPLOYM5T1 DEP5D+ ON !IR ABILITIES1 ( ! MILIT>Y (FIC]S :O HAVE BE5 UNJU/LY PASS$ OV] = PROMOTION1 & ! EXAM9ATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 APPO9T$ TO HI< LEVEL POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY )\T ! TE*NICAL & POLITICAL PR]EQUISITES = !SE POSITIONS4 

,WE ALSO DEM& ! IMM$IATE CESSATION ( ! ASSASS9ATIONS ?AT >E TAK+ PLACE AT ! FRONT & A PURGE ( ! (FIC]S :O PRES5TLY OCCUPY HI< LEVEL POSITIONS1 :I* W\LD 9/ILL ! SOLDI]S ) ! HOPE ?AT !IR NEW LEAD]S WILL DO BETT] & BE MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN ! OLD ONES4 

,WE %ALL CONCLUDE BY SAY+ ?AT1 )\T !SE CONDITIONS & UND] ! CURR5T CIRCUM/ANCES PREVAIL+ 9 \R ,>MY1 WE DO NOT PR$ICT ANY?+ GOOD COM+ FROM ! (F5SIVE ,NEGR9 TOLD US AB\T & :I* W\LD APPE> TO BE ! F9AL CAMPAIGN4444 

,! DELEGATION FROM ! ,C,N,T !N ADDRESS$ ! MEET+ TO SAY ?AT ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT HAD TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT1 & BR+ TO ! ATT5TION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ! MATT] ( ! ASSASS9ATIONS1 AS WELL AS ! USE ( ! (FIC]S :O C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ AS LACK+ PROP] EMPLOYM5T4 ,) RESPECT TO ! NUMB] ( SU* (FIC]S1 IT MI<T BE AS L>GE AS ! ,F,A,I DELEGATION SAYS IT IS OR IT MI<T BE SMALL]1 BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT !RE >E 9 FACT (FIC]S :O HAVE BE5 PASS$ OV] = PROMOTIONS & ?IS SITUATION IS NOT JU/IFIABLE UNLESS !RE IS SOME OV]RID+ CAUSE = IT4 

,! ,C,N,T DELEGATION ALSO REF]R$ TO ! C\NT]PRODUCTIVE POLICY REG>D+ PROMOTIONS1 :I* HAS /IRR$ UP A LOT ( RES5TM5T & ANG]4 ,BUT ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ?IS CASE1 ANY MORE ?AN 9 ! CASE ( ! ASSASS9ATIONS OR ! (FIC]S PASS$ OV] = ASSIGNM5TS1 & ! DELEGATION SUGGE/$ ! =MATION ( A COMMISSION REPRES5T+ ALL ! POLITICAL & TRADE UNION =CES ?AT W\LD 9T]V5E TO 5SURE ?AT ALL PROMOTIONS >E GRANT$ FAIRLY & >E NOT 9SPIR$ BY EXTREME P>TY 9T]E/S4 

,! DELEGATION ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT 9SI/S ABOVE ALL ON TE/IFY+ TO ! V]ACITY ( ! CLAIMS REG>D+ ! PROSELYTISM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ! ,>MY & TO ! DANG]S IT 5TAILS4 ,DIRECT REF]5CE IS MADE TO ! CASE ( ! COMM&] 9 *IEF ( ! ,C,R,I,M ,NUMB] #a#f1 A COLONEL ,P$RO ,LAS ,H]AS1 A REPUBLICAN1 AGA9/ :OM A V]ITABLE CONSPIRACY WAS MOBILIZ$ TO REMOVE HIM FROM HIS POSITION4 ,! DELEGATION ALSO TOLD ! /ORY ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( COLONEL ,DIAZ ,S&9O & ( H[ A MAN ( HIS POLITICAL & MILIT>Y BACKGR\ND WAS PASS$ OV] = PROMOTION4 ,! SOCIALI/ DELEGATION EXPRESS$ ITS VIEWS ON ! ROLE ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT & RECOMM5D$ MOD]ATION1 & (F]$ SOME M9OR OBJECTIONS & CL>IFICATIONS4 

,A LIVELY DEBATE !N TOOK PLACE CONC]N+ \R REPORTS & PROPOSALS1 ESPECIALLY ) RESPECT TO \R REF]5CES TO ,G5]AL ,HIDALGO DE ,CISN]OS1 AN (FIC] :O ROSE UP FROM ! RANKS ( ! ,QU>T]MA/]'S ,CORPS & IS N[ A REGUL> >MY G5]AL1 :I* IS AN UNACCEPTABLE PROMOTION1 S9CE HE WAS NOT EV5 A S]GEANT 9 ! 9FANTRY4 ,9 TACTICAL REGULATIONS1 A SIMPLE 9FANTRY S]GEANT CAN TAKE COMM& ( A MAJOR UNIT :5 !RE >E NO O!R ,>MY (FIC]S AVAILABLE1 BUT A ,G5]AL FROM ! ,QU>T]MA/]'S ,CORPS CANNOT DO ! SAME4 

,! DELEGATION ( ! ,U,G,T DECL>ES ?AT !IR TRADE UNION F$]ATION HAS NO KN[L$GE ( ANY ( ITS MEMB]S HAV+ BE5 ASSASS9AT$ AT ! FRONT1 & EXPRESSES ITS D\BTS AB\T ! V]ACITY ( \R REVELATIONS4 

,WE ONCE AGA9 9SI/1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,F,A,I1 ON CALL+ ATT5TION TO ! >BITR>9ESS & ! DANG]S ( ! PROMOTIONS POLICY4 ,) REG>D TO ! ASSASS9ATIONS1 WE ONLY WANT ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = CONDUCT+ AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! CASES ?AT WE CAN PRES5T TO IT 9 ORD] TO DET]M9E :E!R !IR P]PETRATORS W]E M]ELY P>TY FANATICS OR :E!R !Y W]E ACT+ UND] ORD]S FROM !IR SUP]IORS OR FROM 9/RUCTIONS DIRECTLY FROM ! 5EMY4 ,WE REM9D$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ?AT ! TOL]ANT ATTITUDE ( ! VICTIMS MI<T ONE DAY COME TO AN 5D.<#e#e.> & !N WE C\LD NOT BE HELD ACC\NTABLE = :AT MI<T HAPP54 ,NOT SO LONG AGO1 ) ! HELP ( ! CIVIL & MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES ( ,CATALONIA1 ! ,EMPLOY]S ,ASSOCIATION UNLEA%$ ! PI/OL]OS ( ! SO-CALL$ ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS :O CLAIM$ MANY CASUALTIES AMONG ! MO/ ACTIVE MILITANTS ( \R MOVEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!N \R PATI5CE REA*$ ITS LIMIT & IT WAS RESOLV$1 AFT] ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 ?AT !SE 9/RUM5TS :O HAD E>N$ ! GRATITUDE ( ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO & ,>LEGUI HAD TO BE DECISIVELY CONFRONT$4 ,! BATTLE LA/$ ONLY A FEW WEEKS & 5D$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( ! HIR$ ASSASS9S FROM !IR EPHEM]AL REIGN 9 ,B>CELONA4  
  

,IT MI<T HAVE TAK5 SOME TIME1 BUT SOON] OR LAT] ! RESULT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIANS & !IR ALLIES1 UNTIL !IR EXT]M9ATION FROM ,SPA91 OR ELSE ! ANNIHILATION ( ! AN>*I/S4 ,! BL9D GOV]NM5TALISM ( C]TA9 ELEM5TS :O HAD ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE 5?RALL$ BY ! BRASS & RIBBONS ( ! MILIT>Y HI< COMM&1 W\LD SOON 5\< BE LEFT BEH9D BY ! MASSES ( FOLL[]S :O W]E KEPT 9 L9E BY ! DIRECTIVES ( !IR LEAD+ COMMITTEES ONLY AT ! CO/ ( SIGNIFICANT EF=TS4 ,:AT LAT] TOOK PLACE 9 ,MADRID1 ) ! ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL1 W\LD HAVE 9EVITABLY ALSO TAK5 PLACE 9 ,CATALONIA IF ! W> W]E TO HAVE LA/$ A FEW MORE MON?S4  
  

,WE DO NOT WANT TO TURN ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY 9TO A FRATRICIDAL MASSACRE4 ,BUT WE MU/ MAKE IT UND]/OOD ?AT WE >E NOT WILL+ TO TOL]ATE ANY MORE ASSASS9ATIONS1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT ! VICTIMS' AFFILIATIONS >E IMMAT]IAL4 ,\R ATTITUDE W\LD BE ! SAME IF ?OSE :O >E KILL$ 9 ?IS WAY >E REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S OR \R [N COMRADES4 

,F9ALLY1 IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT AT ! NEXT MEET+ C]TA9 MATT]S W\LD BE DEALT ) 9 DETAIL1 9CLUD+ A DECL>ATION AGA9/ ! RAMPANT PROSELYTISM 9 ! ,>MY1 SIGN$ BY ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! DELEGATION ( ! ,C,N,T EMPHASIZ$ ! FACT ?AT IT DOES NOT CONSID] ?AT ! DISCUSSION ( !SE PROBLEMS IMPLIES AN 5CROA*M5T ON ! SPH]E ( GOV]NM5T RESPONSIBILITIES2 ?AT IT IS ! MISSION ( ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS TO RE9=CE ! GOV]NM5T & NO RE/RA9TS >E PLAC$ ON ! GOV]NM5T :5 IT IS 9=M$ AB\T C]TA9 AFFAIRS ?AT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE ESCAP$ ITS NOTICE4 

,! COMMUNI/ REPRES5TATIVES ADMIT ?AT !RE MI<T HAVE BE5 SOME ABUSES P]PETRAT$ BY OV]-ZEAL\S NEOPHYTES & ASS]T ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y = ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO RE/RICT ITS EF=TS TO L5D+ ITS SUPPORT TO ! ,GOV]NM5T )\T 5CROA*+ ON ITS JURISDICTION4 ,!Y REGRETT$ ?AT ! DELEGATION ( ! ,F,A,I HAD MADE SU* UNFRI5DLY REF]5CES TO ! CASE ( ,HIDALGO DE ,CISN]OS1 & D5I$ ?AT ?AT !IR ,P>TY EFFECTIVELY DOM9ATES ! ,>MY4 

,SU* W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9TS ADDRESS$ AT ! MEET+4444 ,9/EAD ( PAY+ HE$ TO ! S]I\SNESS ( \R REVELATIONS1 ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! SO-CALL$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT F\ND IT MORE CONV5I5T TO AGREE ?AT NO ACTION W\LD BE TAK5 TO IMPLEM5T \R PROPOSALS & ?AT ! LATT] %\LD BE SABOTAG$1 ALWAYS DIV]T+ ! DISCUSSIONS FROM ! MA9 PO9T4 ,\R DESP]ATION1 & \R 9SI/5CE ON CALL+ ATT5TION TO ! RESPONSIBILITY !Y W\LD 9CUR BY DO+ SO1 W]E ( LITTLE AVAIL4 ,WE CAME TO ! REALIZATION ?AT ALL ( !M W]E FULLY AW>E ( :AT W\LD HAPP51 S9CE WE DO NOT WANT TO D5Y TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ) :OM WE CONSI/5TLY CLA%$ ! M9UMUM ( 9TELLIG5CE NECESS>Y TO UND]/& ! \TCOME ( ,NEGR9'S POLICY4 ,BUT WE W]E UNABLE TO P]CEIVE JU/ :AT ADVANTAGE !Y ?\<T !Y C\LD D]IVE FROM ! DISA/] T[>DS :I* WE W]E PROCE$+ ) GREAT] SPE$ ?AN ONE W\LD HAVE ?\<T DESIRABLE4 

,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! RESOLUTIONS ?AT W]E ADOPT$1 WE S5T TO ! ,NATIONAL ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! FOLL[+ CL>IFICATIONS3 

,9 ORD] TO COMPLY ) ! RESOLUTION ADOPT$ AT ! MO/ REC5T MEET+ ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 WE %ALL SUMM>IZE SOME ( \R VIEWS 9 ORD] TO COOP]ATE MORE CLOSELY 9 ! LABORS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 NOT+ ! DEFECTS ?AT HAVE COME TO \R ATT5TION ) RESPECT TO ! CONDUCT ( ! W>3  

,AN 9VE/IGATION %\LD BE CONDUCT$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 :I* WILL SUBMIT ITS RESULTS TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ( ! EXCESSES1 ABUSES & ACTS ( CO]CION ASSOCIAT$ ) PROSELYTISM1 SO ?AT1 9 COMPLIANCE ) ! PREVAIL+ LAWS & ! DECREES ISSU$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,M9I/RY ( ,DEF5SE1 & EV5 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,?IRTE5 ,PO9TS ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T1 ! >MY WILL BE PURG$ ( ALL P>TY ACTIVITY4 ,! APPLICATION ( ! SANCTIONS ?AT !SE P>TY-BAS$ ACTS ( VIOL5CE & CO]CION DES]VE WILL BE LEFT TO ! DISCRETION ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4  

,AN 9VE/IGATION %\LD BE CONDUCT$ BY ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ( SPECIFIC CASES 9VOLV+ ! ASSASS9ATIONS ( SOLDI]S & (FIC]S ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,>MY & ! RESULTS %\LD BE PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! P]T95T AU?ORITIES4  

,! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC %\LD BE NOTIFI$ ( ! NAMES ( SOME ( ! COMM&-LEVEL (FIC]S ( ! ,>MY :O HAVE AN \T/&+ RECORD SPANN+ MANY YE>S DUE TO !IR TE*NICAL ABILITIES & :O >E IRREPROA*ABLE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR ANTI-FASCI/ CONVICTIONS1 :O HAVE BE5 PASS$ OV] = PROMOTIONS OR ASSIGNM5TS OR :O HAVE BE5 PO/$ TO S]VE 9 POSITIONS ?AT >E 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR ABILITIES & !IR S]VICE RECORDS4 

,AMONG ?OSE NAMES1 ! ,F,A,I M5TIONS ! FOLL[+ 7! NAMES ( #a G5]AL1 #a COLONELS1 #i LIEUT5ANT COLONELS1 #g MAJORS & SEV]AL CAPTA9S FOLL[S4 ,& WE ADD$ ! FOLL[+ COMM5TS TO ! LI/73 

,WE M5TION ONLY ?OSE :O >E1 9 !IR RESPECTIVE SPECIALTIES1 LEGITIMATE AU?ORITIES 9 ! ,>MY & :OSE BACKGR\NDS REQUIRE NO DISCUSSION1 BECAUSE !Y >E SO WELL-KN[N4 ,SOME ( !M OCCUPY SUBORD9ATE POSITIONS ?AT >E TOTALLY UNRELAT$ TO !IR SKILLS2 O!RS HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO ASSIGNM5TS AT ALL4  

,BE=E ! UPCOM+ 5EMY (F5SIVE1 & AS A WAY TO RAISE ! MORALE ( ! SOLDI]S & ! POPULATION ON ! HOME FRONT1 WE %\LD PROCE$ TO SUGGE/ TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ! SALUT>Y EFFECTS ( A REEVALUATION ( ! HI< LEVEL COMM&+ P]SONNEL ( ! ,>MY1 = ! FOLL[+ REASONS3  
  

,BECAUSE !Y HAVE SP5T ALMO/ TWO YE>S EXP]I5C+ MILIT>Y SETBACKS & BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT 9SPIR$ ! NECESS>Y CONFID5CE 9 ! COMBATANTS 7! CASE ( ,G5]AL ,ROJO72 

,= !IR EXAGG]AT$ P>TY-C5T]$ FOCUS1 *>ACT]I/IC ( EV]Y NEOPHYTE 9 AN ORGANIZATION OR A P>TY 7! CASE ( ! ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ! ,>MY1 ,COLONEL ,ANTONIO ,P4 ,CORDON72 

,BECAUSE ( !IR SUSPECT BACKGR\NDS & ALSO ON ACC\NT ( MORE REC5T EV5TS ?AT 9DUCE MI/RU/ 7! CASE ( ! =M] ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ! ,AIR ,=CE1 ,COLONEL ,CAMA*O1 ! COMM&] 9 *IEF ( ! ,C5TRAL-,S\!RN SECTOR1 :O WAS DECORAT$ = HIS A*IEVEM5TS AS A FI<T] PILOT 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd 9 OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ! ,A/URIAN WORK]S1 & :OSE ADJUTANT JU/ DEFECT$ TO ! 5EMY ) VALUABLE PLANS & REPORTS CONC]N+ \R AIR =CE CAPABILITIES74 

,:ILE \R BE/ & MO/ LOYAL PILOTS >E IDLE OR OCCUPY POSITIONS B5EA? !IR SKILL LEVELS & !IR RANKS1 ! AIR =CE 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,SECTOR IS COMM&$ BY A P]SON :O IS NEI!R A BOMB>DI] NOR A PILOT1 ,REYES2 ! ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ! ,AIR ,=CE IS ,COLONEL ,NUNEZ ,MAZA1 :O WAS A CAPTA9 :5 ! MOVEM5T BEGAN 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 & ! ,QU>T]MA/]'S ,CORPS ,COLONEL ,LUNA IS ! ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,AIR ,=CE ,HI< ,COMM&1 A CAPTA9 :5 ! MOVEM5T BEGAN1 :OSE BEHAVIOR 9 ,A/URIAS LEFT MU* TO BE DESIR$4 

,WE ALSO HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 A LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ,QU9TANA1 :O HOLDS ?REE POSITIONS4 ,?IS IS ! SAME P]SON :O1 A FEW DAYS BE=E ! MOVEM5T BEGAN 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 W5T TO ,MALLORCA ) ,MAJOR ,FANJUL1 ! BRO!R ( ! G5]AL %OT ) ,GOD$1 & HE MET ) ,GOD$ !RE4 ,ANO!R P]SON ) ?REE POSITIONS IS ! ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,>MY 9 ! ,MADRID ,REGION1 :O R5D]$ HOMAGE TO ,GOD$ ON ,JULY #ai AT ! ,NAVAL ,AIR ,/ATION ( ,B>CELONA1 ALONG ) ,CAPTA9 ,C>RASCO4 

,WE %ALL NOT M5TION ! L>GE NUMB] ( (FIC]S :O HAVE NOT BE5 PROMOT$ S9CE ! MOVEM5T BEGAN1 NOT EV5 BY WAY ( ! K9DS ( PROMOTIONS ?AT REW>D M]E LOYALTY TO ! REGIME4 

,)\T A REVIEW ( ! HI<-LEVEL COMM&S & ! P]SONNEL ( ! G5]AL /AFFS1 \R MA9 =CE1 ! =CE ( MORALE1 CANNOT CON/ITUTE ! B>RI] ?AT WE ALL DESIRE AGA9/ ! =CES ( ! 9VASION4 

,WE >E NOT SEEK+ TO TRANS=M ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9TO AN EXECUTIVE ORGAN1 BUT WE DO WANT IT TO HELP CL>IFY = ! GOV]NM5T C]TA9 SITUATIONS ?AT MI<T LEAD US TO MORE DIFFICULT & CONCLUSIVE EV5TS4444  
  

,SU* WAS ! TONE ( ! ,F,A,I'S ADDRESS TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ! POLITICAL NEXUS ?AT CLAIM$ TO SUPPORT ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,! FIR/ RESPONSE TO \R PRES5TATION WAS ! PRESS CAMPAIGN TO PRAISE ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ?OSE :OM WE REF]R$ TO AS DES]V+1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 TO BE REMOV$ FROM !IR POSITIONS4 ,& BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS1 ! LACKEYS ( ,DR4 ,NEGR9 SAVOR$ !IR VICTORY OV] \R VIEWS4 ,WE W]E DEFEAT$ BECAUSE1 9 ! NAME ( ! MOVEM5T ITSELF1 COMMON CAUSE WAS MADE ) \R 5EMIES ON ?IS SIDE ( ! B>RICADES1 :O W]E NO LESS EVIL ?AN ! 5EMIES ON ! O!R SIDE2 BUT ! SUFFOCATION ( \R DEM&S 9 ! NETWORK ( COMPLICITIES UPON :I* ! ,GOV]NM5T WAS BAS$ IS NOT EVID5CE ( \R HAV+ BE5 5TIRELY WRONG4 

,WE REPRODUCE !SE DOCUM5TS1 & MANY O!RS ?AT WE WILL NOT EV5 M5TION C\LD ALSO BE REPRODUC$ IF ! NE$ W]E TO >ISE1 SO ?AT EA* P]SON CAN BE> HIS %>E ( RESPONSIBILITY = HIS P>T 9 ! %AMEFUL LOSS ( ! W>4 

,WE ALSO CALL$ = ! APPO9TM5T ( A ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,>MIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 S9CE ?IS WAS ! FIR/ W> F\<T BY ,SPA9 )\T A RESPONSIBLE LEAD] = TWO & A HALF YE>S4 ,WE (F]$ EXAMPLES FROM ALL \R W>S2 WE BR\<T =? AS EVID5CE ! TACTICAL REGULATIONS = ! USE ( ,L>GE ,UNITS1 ETC41 SO ?AT ANY D\BTS AB\T ! NE$ TO SATISFY \R PETITION %\LD BE DISPELL$4 ,EV]YONE RESPOND$ POSITIVELY TO \R SUGGE/IONS1 !Y ALL UND]/OOD ?AT WE W\LD HAVE CONDUCT$ ! W> DIFF]5TLY1 BUT !Y ?\<T ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS JU/ F9E ! WAY IT WAS1 & ?AT BY /AY+ ! C\RSE WE W\LD A*IEVE VICTORY4 

,IF ,FRANCO W]E TO HAVE WANT$ TO WEAK5 \R =CES1 & TO DISMEMB] !M1 DEMORALIZE !M & PAVE ! WAY = HIS VICTORY1 HE C\LD NOT HAVE F\ND BETT] 9/RUM5TS ?AN ! LEAD+ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS MADE IT POSSIBLE = A GOV]NM5T AS OPPOS$ TO ! PEOPLE & TO ,SPA9 AS ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T TO REMA9 9 (FICE4 ,TO EA* HIS [N6 ,! VICTORS %\LD REW>D ALL !IR S]VANTS1 )9 OR )\T ! SO-CALL$ NATIONALI/ RANKS4 ,! W> LA/$ SO LONG BECAUSE IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO W9 IT BE=E ! PEOPLE W]E WEAK5$ & DEMORALIZ$ BY M5 LIKE ,PRIETO & ,NEGR9 & !IR NUM]\S SATELLITES4 

,DISC\RAG$ & EMBITT]$1 WE 5D$ UP = ! MILLION? TIME BE+ DR[N$ 9 ! /]ILITY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT :5 IT CAME TO DO+ ANY?+ BUT APPLAUD+ ! ,GOV]NM5T & CRU%+ ! VOICE ( CRITICISM ( ! DISCONT5T$4 

,?R\<\T ! :OLE TIME ?AT WE EXPRESS$ SU* VIEWS1 SOME ( ! ILLU/RI\S REPRES5TATIVES ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 :ISP]$ ! WORD1 DEFEATISM4 ,WE W]E DEFEATI/S BECAUSE WE WANT$ TO ABOLI% ! OBVI\S CONDITIONS ( IMM95T DEFEAT8 ,BUT IF WE DID NOT USE ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 :]E W]E WE SUPPOS$ TO BR+ \R DISCONT5T1 \R TRU?1 IF ! PRESS WAS SUBJECT$ TO COMMUNI/ C5SOR%IP1 & ! WALL ( RE/RICTIONS ON ALL FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION & CRITICISM WAS IMP5ETRABLE8 ,%\LD WE HAVE RESORT$ ONCE AGA9 TO CL&E/9E MIMEOGRAPH$ LEAFLETS8 ,%\LD WE HAVE RETURN$ TO \R OLD CONSPIRATORIAL WAYS ( ! PA/8 ,?AT WAS ! ONLY SOLUTION ?AT REMA9$ TO US4 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( ,SPA9 !RE IS NO RECORD ( SU* S]VILITY T[>DS TYRANNY AS WAS DISPLAY$ T[>DS ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T4 ,ONE C\LD F9D A FEW WEAK RESEMBLANCES 9 HI/ORY1 9 ! EPO* ( ,F]D9& ,V,I,I1 BUT ?AT WAS A PH5OM5ON ( A DIFF]5T K9D4 ,IT W\LD BE H>D TO F9D A COMP>ABLE CASE ( CORRUPTION & VOLUNT>Y S]VITIDE1 EV5 HUNDR$S ( YE>S AGO1 9 \R HI/ORY4 

,NEWS FROM ! FRONT BR\<T DAILY CONFIRMATIONS ( \R FE>S & PR$ICTIONS4 ,! DEMORALIZATION ( ! ,>MY WAS COMPLETE4 ,! ONLY UNITS ?AT MA9TA9$ ANY DISCIPL9E & ANY WILL TO RESI/1 = REASONS F> REMOV$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T PROPAG&A1 OR PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT 9 !SE UNITS ! PROPAG&A & ! CORROSIVE ACTIVITIES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT OP]ATE1 W]E ?OSE 9 :I* \R COMRADES W]E MORE OR LESS TOTALLY DOM9ANT4 

,\R UNC]TA9TY AB\T ! MILIT>Y SITUATION WAS %>$ BY ?OSE :O DID NOT WANT TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE B\<T (F BY ! MA/]S ( ! MOM5T1 ! AG5TS ( ! S9I/] PLANS ( ,/AL94 ,WE TRI$ TO 5C\RAGE !M TO SEEK HONORABLE SOLUTIONS1 BUT !Y DID NOT WANT TO ACCEPT ! ONES ?AT WE PROPOS$1 A *ANGE ( ,GOV]NM5T & A PR(\ND PURGE ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&S & ! DIRECTIVE POSITIONS 9 ! ,>MY & ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,ALL 9 VA96 

,AS \R REW>D = :AT WE TRI$ TO DO TO SAVE ,SPA9 FROM ! TRAGIC & %AMEFUL 5D ?AT WAS RAPIDLY APPROA*+1 ! AG5TS ( ,MOSC[ TOOK ! H]OIC MEASURE ( DISPAT*+ ,G5]AL ,AS5SIO TO ,WA%+TON1 ORD]$ >RE/S ?AT C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ \T )\T >\S+ S]I\S DISS5T1 & DECRE$ SEV]AL ASSASS9ATIONS ?AT C\LD NOT BE EXECUT$ QUICKLY 5\< BE=E ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,/AL9I/ MILIT>Y & POLICE GANG/] /ATE1 & BECAUSE !Y W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SO EASY1 ANYWAY1 & ABOVE ALL BECAUSE !Y W\LD HAVE HAD REP]CUSSIONS 9VOLV+ UN=ESE5 CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ASSASS9ATION ( ,&RES ,N9 & ! MORAL EFFECTS ( ?AT CRIME SAV$ MANY LIVES4 

,S9CE ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT WAS COMPLETELY DEAF TO EV5 ! LEA/ OBJECTION AGA9/ ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T1 & S9CE ALL O!R AV5UES ( PUBLICITY W]E ALSO CLOS$ TO US1 WE RESOLV$ TO DIRECT AN APPEAL TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ,MANUEL ,AZANA4 ,WE C\LD NOT APPEAL TO ! LEGISLATURE1 :I* HAD SURR5D]$1 LIKE ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 TO ! POLICY ( ,MOSC[2 WE C\LD NOT USE ANY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T TO EXPRESS \R DISS5T1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NO SU* P]SON2 WE C\LD NOT USE ! PRESS1 OR PROPAG&A1 TO SPEAK TO ! PEOPLE & TO TELL !M ! TRU? AB\T :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ! W> & 9 ! WORLD4 ,AT LEA/ ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC %\LD KN[ ?AT WE W]E NOT P>T ( ! *ORUS ( ADULATION & S]VILITY1 & ?AT WE DISAV[$ ALL RESPONSIBILITY = \R IMM95T DEFEAT4 

,) ,G>CIA ,BIRLAN & ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y WE VISIT$ ,AZANA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,DECEMB]4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT WE HAD PRES5T$1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,F,A,I1 \R VIEWS ON POLICY TO ! *IEF ( ,/ATE4 ,WE HAD DECID$ TO BREAK ) \R TRADITION ( TOTAL AB/5TION 9 VIEW ( ! GRAVE SITUATION FAC$ BY ,SPA94 

,H]E IS A SUMM>Y ( \R APPEAL TO ,AZANA3  
  

,9 ! G5]AL POLITICAL ORD]3 ,=MATION ( A REAL ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T1 ONE ?AT DOES NOT BE>1 9 FACT & 9 LAW1 ! /IGMA ( ITS DEP5D5CE ON ,RUSSIA1 9S(> AS \R PRES5T ,GOV]NM5T IS COMPOS$ ( M5 :O >E EXEMPT FROM ANY ACC\NTABILITY = !IR ADM9I/RATION ?AT IS BO? DISA/R\S & IRRESPONSIBLE4 

,A TRANSP>5T POLICY ( F9ANCIAL SOLV5CY1 TO BUOY ! CONFID5CE & MORALE ( ! CIVILIAN POPULATION & ! FRONT1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! SECRET1 ONE-MAN POLICY ?AT N[ PREVAILS4 

,9 ! MILIT>Y ORD]3 ,APPO9TM5T ( A ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,>MIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,EMPLOYM5T ( ! MILIT>Y (FIC]S :O HAVE BE5 PASS$ OV] = PROMOTIONS1 REFUS$ COMMISSIONS & P]SECUT$ = NOT SUBMITT+ TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & A PURG+ ( ! MILIT>Y COMM& /RUCTURE4 

,A COMB+-\T ( ! HI< LEVEL COMM& C5T]S 9 ! ,>MY1 ! AIR =CE & ! NAVY1 DUE TO ! DISCR$IT 9TO :I* !Y HAVE FALL5 AFT] TWO CONSECUTIVE YE>S ( DEFEAT & CONFUSION4 

,SUPPRESSION ( ALL P>TY POLITICS 9 ! >MY4 

,9CORPORATION ( ! BLOAT$ =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 SORT$ ACCORD+ TO !IR CONSCRIPTION CLASSES1 9TO ! UNITS ( ! REGUL> ,>MY4 

,RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! W> 9DU/RIES1 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE \TPUT4 

,9T]NATIONAL POLICY3 IMPLEM5T AN 9DEP5D5T =EIGN POLICY SO ?AT IT DOES NOT APPE> ?AT ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 IS A M]E 9/RUM5T ( ,SOVIET DIPLOMACY4  
  

,!RE WAS MORE1 BUT ?OSE W]E ! MA9 PO9TS ( \R APPEAL4 ,IF !Y W]E NOT COMPLI$ )1 WE W\LD R5\NCE ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! 9EVITABLE D[NFALL4 

,! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :O WAS ON ?IS OCCASION MU* MORE VOLUBLE ?AN USUAL1 EXPRESS$ HIS COMPLETE AGREEM5T ) \R VIEWS1 & EXPLA9$ H[ HE HAD BE5 TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE ! C\RSE ( EV5TS 9 ! DIRECTION ( \R PROPOSALS4.<#e#f.> ,HE REM9D$ US ?AT1 AS WE W]E ALSO AW>E1 CON/ITUTIONALLY HE HAD NO O!R REC\RSE ?AN TO ABIDE BY ! DECISIONS ( ! LEGISLATURE OR ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! LEGISLATIVE BRAN* ( ! GOV]NM5T .<,LAS ,CORTES.> HAD REPEAT$LY EXPRESS$ ITS UNANIM\S SUPPORT = ,NEGR9 & = HIS POLICY1 & AS = ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 WE CON/ITUT$ ITS ONLY DISS5T+ VOICE1 S9CE ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 :5 WE HAD APPEAL$ TO !M TO SUPPORT \R PROPOSALS1 DISPLAY$ !IR COMPLETE APPROVAL ( ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]4 ,:AT C\LD WE DO8 

,LEGALLY1 ?AT WAS ! CASE4 ,ANY RESPONSIBILITY ?AT ,AZANA MAY HAVE HAD = ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T HAD TO BE %>$ BY ! M5 :O CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T ! OP9ION & ! WILL ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9 ! LEGISLATURE OR 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,EV]YONE 9 ,SPA91 H[EV]1 WAS SICK & TIR$ ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T & ITS COMMUNI/ & PRO-COMMUNI/ MILIT>Y1 F9ANCIAL & POLICE TEAM4 ,YET WE W]E ! ONLY ONES :O D>$ TO EXPRESS ?IS S5TIM5T1 ?IS AU!NTIC S5TIM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 9 ! NAME ( AN ORGANIZATION4 ,POOR DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE1 A USELESS ME*ANISM ( ACTION ?AT CANNOT AVOID US+ ! ME?ODS ( ! DICTATOR%IPS6 

,A GE/URE ( SUPPORT = \R PROPOSALS FROM ,AZANA W\LD HAVE HAD AN IMM5SE IMPACT1 EV5 DUR+ ?AT F9AL P]IOD1 :5 ! 5EMY (F5SIVE ?AT \R IRRESPONSIBLE GOV]NM5T HAD ASSUR$ US ?AT IT C\LD REPEL WAS IMM95T4 

,WE W>N$ ,AZANA ?AT1 BAS$ ON \R KN[L$GE ( CONDITIONS AT ! FRONT1 ! SITUATION ( ! TROOPS1 ! DISCONT5T AMONG ! (FIC]S1 ! PREVAIL+ DISORD] & 9COMPET5CE1 & ! DECL9+ MORALE ( ! POPULATION ON ! HOME FRONT1 WE W]E OBLIG$ TO DECL>E ?AT ! 5EMY (F5SIVE W\LD NOT BE REPULS$ & ?AT ! W> WAS VIRTUALLY OV]1 )\T AN IMM$IATE *ANGE ( ,GOV]NM5T1 ( PROC$URES1 & ( OBJECTIVES4 

,IF \R PROPOSALS W]E TO HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T$1 WE /ILL HAD ! RES\RCES & RES]VES1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R POLITICAL OR TRADE UNION =CE1 TO HAVE A S]I\S IMPACT ON EV5TS1 BUT ?IS W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE ) A DIFF]5T GOV]NM5T1 ) O!R POLITICAL PROC$URES1 ) O!R W> AIMS4 

,NEGR9 WAS NOTIFI$ )9 H\RS ( \R 9T]VIEW ) ,AZANA1 & ( \R PROPOSALS4 ,BUT HE %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 WORRI$1 BECAUSE \R 9DEP5D5CE1 \R S5SE ( DIGNITY1 & \R RESI/ANCE TO CORRUPTION1 W]E FULLY C\NT]ACT$ BY ! ATTITUDE ( ALL ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E YOK$ TO HIS VICTORI\S *>IOT4 ,WE W]E SURE ?AT WE W]E ! ONLY ONES :O C\LD /ILL GALVANIZE ! WILL ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT MASSES1 BECAUSE ( BO? ! QUANTITY & ! QUALITY ( \R MILITANTS1 & BECAUSE EV]YONE KNEW ?AT WE HAD NOT BE5 CONTAM9AT$ BY ! NEGR9I/A POLICY4 

,BESIDES1 WE HAVE ALWAYS HAD ! REPUTATION ( TEA*+ BY EXAMPLE1 :ILE WE C\LD PO9T TO ! \TRAGE\S FACT ?AT ALMO/ ALL ! PREA*]S ( RESI/ANCE UNTIL VICTORY W]E M5 :O W]E ELIGIBLE = CONSCRIPTION1 BUT :O W]E EXEMPT$ FROM HAV+ TO S]VE 9 ! MILIT>Y 9 EX*ANGE = !IR UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT = ,DR4 ,NEGR91 M5 :O HAD FUR!RMORE WORN \T !IR WELCOME ) ! MASSES BECAUSE ( !IR BLUND]S1 !IR REPEAT$ FAILURES1 & BY !IR 9FANTILE FOLLY1 IF WE %\LD ATTRIBUTE ?IS FEATURE TO FOLLY RA!R ?AN TO PLA9 UNV>NI%$ TREASON AS ! MOTIVE = !IR CONDUCT4 

,( \R BASIC PROPOSALS1 ! PO9TS ?AT WE ?\<T W]E 9DISP5SABLE TO CONTA9 ! 5EMY (F5SIVE1 NONE W]E IMPLEM5T$4 ,! GOV]NM5T W\LD NOT BUDGE AN 9*4 ,IT WAS ! ONLY ?+ ?AT WAS IMMOBILE 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 :]E ! ,REPUBLIC ITSELF WAS S9K+ RI<T BE=E \R EYES4 

,AN APPE>ANCE ( DET5TE WAS CONTRIV$ ) RESPECT TO ! AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5TS ( ,CATALONIA & ,EUZKADI1 ACCORD+ TO REPORTS 9 ! PRESS1 AFT] BANQUETS ) ! RESPECTIVE REPRES5TATIVES ( !SE T5D5CIES4 ,TO SATISFY SOME PEOPLE1 ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,RELIGION WAS CREAT$1 MASSES W]E CELEBRAT$1 & RELIGI\S BURIALS W]E ALL[$4 ,O!RS W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE CONT5T ) ! RETURN ( ,QU]O ,MORALES1 :O HAD RESIGN$ DUR+ ! LA/ CRISIS1 TO ! (FICE ( ,UND]SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE4 ,AGREEM5T OBTA9$ FROM ABOVE1 BETWE5 ! SUMMITS ( P[]1 !RE=E SEEM$ TO BE COMPLETE4 ,! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T WAS A /RONG ,GOV]NM5T1 SUPPORT$ BY ! (FICIAL POSITIONS ( ! P>TIES1 ! TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! AUTONOM\S ,GOV]NM5TS4 ,9 ?IS *OIR ONLY \R POOR VOICE WAS LACK+1 :I* REPRES5T$ SOME?+ MORE ?AN AN ORGANIZATION ( /RUGGLE & IDEAS1 IT REPRES5T$ ,SPA91 ! ,SPA9 ( LABOR & ( ! W>1 ! PEOPLE'S ,SPA91 ) :I* NONE ( ! O!R P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS CONCURR$4 

,SO1 DID WE JU/ CROSS \R >MS1 %UT \RSELVES UP 9 AN IVORY T[]1 & REMA9 PASSIVE 9 ! FACE ( SO MU* 9FAMY & SO MU* TRAG$Y8 ,NO4 ,WE RETURN$ ONCE AGA9 TO \R MISSION1 TO (F] A PROPOSAL TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ON ,DECEMB] #g1 ON \R [N ACC\NT1 AS COMBATANTS 9DEP5D5T ( ! EXI/+ MILIT>Y ME*ANISM :OSE VIRTUES WE DID NOT RECOGNIZE DESPITE ! FUTILE PRAISE LAVI%$ ON IT BY ! J\RNALI/S & ! POLITICIANS ( ! PRO-GOV]NM5T FACTION4 

,WE TOLD ! ,GOV]NM5T1 AMONG O!R ?+S3  
  

,WE CONSID] ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y1 9 VIEW ( \R 9F]IOR POSITION ) RESPECT TO MILIT>Y EQUIPM5T1 TO SAVE ! HUMAN MAT]IAL ?AT WE /ILL HAVE1 :I* IS 9COMP>ABLE AS A MASS ( FI<T]S1 BUT F9ITE1 & TO LOOK = A WAY TO FI<T MAN TO MAN4444 

,AFT] ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,EBRO1 :OSE CONSEQU5CES DID NOT ESCAPE \R NOTICE1 & 9 VIEW ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION1 WE ?9K ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAYS ( WAG+ AN (F5SIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9VASION CONSI/S 9 COORD9AT$ ACTION1 SUPPORT$ BY EV]Y AVAILABLE MEANS1 9 ! SO-CALL$ REBEL ZONE1 ?AT IS1 ,SPANI%-/YLE W> .<GU]RA A LA ESPANOLA.>4444 

,! ,F,A,I HAS NOT SP>$ NOR WILL IT SP>E ANY EF=TS ) RESPECT TO ! W> ON NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL FASCISM4 ,IT IS L>GELY DUE TO ! EF=TS ( ! ,F,A,I ?AT ?IS W> EV] BEGAN AT ALL1 DUE TO ITS DEF5SIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ! CRU%+ ( ! REBELLION 9 ,CATALONIA1 & ! ,F,A,I WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = ! FIR/ ORGANIZ$ RESI/ANCE MOBILIZ$ 9 LOYALI/ ,SPA91 )\T WEAPONS OR F9ANCIAL RES\RCES4444 

,BECAUSE ( \R KN[L$GE ( ! C\NTRY1 DUE TO ! FACT ?AT MANY ( \R COMRADES >E /ILL 9VOLV$ 9 ACTIVE OR PASSIVE RESI/ANCE 9 ! REBEL ZONE1 WE BELIEVE ?AT WE >E 9 AN 9COMP>ABLE POSITION TO ORGANIZE A BATTLEFRONT BEH9D 5EMY L9ES ) 9CALCULABLE CONSEQU5CES AS A FACTOR ( DECOMPOSITION 9 ! O!R ZONE & ( ACTIVE REVOLT AGA9/ ! 9VASION4 ,WE >E ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT 9 ?IS RESPECT WE >E ! ONLY =CE ?AT CAN C>RY \T EFFECTIVE ACTION4444  
  

,!N WE SET =? A DETAIL$ PLAN ( ACTION TO WAGE W> BEH9D ! 5EMY'S L9ES1 :]E WE PROPOS$ TO 9FILTRATE ?\S&S ( \R BATTLE-TE/$ M51 & SOLICIT$ ! BLESS+S & ! MAT]IAL SUPPORT ( ! ,GOV]NM5T = ?IS 5T]PRISE4 

,! ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,C5TRAL ,FRONT1 ,G5]AL ,ROJO1 GAVE \R PROPOSAL A FAVORABLE REVIEW FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( MILIT>Y EFFICACY1 BUT ,NEGR9 NOTIFI$ US ?R\< HIS S]VANT ,ZUGAZAGOITIA ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT WE HAD PROPOS$ WAS ALREADY BE+ IMPLEM5T$1 AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & ?AT WE %\LD NOTIFY HIM 9 ADVANCE ( ANY /EPS WE MI<T TAKE 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 

,WE KNEW ?AT ?IS WAS A LIE1 WE KNEW H[ ! (FICIAL REPUBLICAN PROPAG&A DIRECT$ AT ,FRANCO'S ZONE WAS BE+ CONDUCT$ & :]E ITS BUDGET WAS SQU&]$1 WE KNEW ?AT C]TA9 9TELLIG5CE S]VICES HAD BE5 CREAT$ ?AT DID NO?+ BUT LODGE !IR M5 9 FANCY ,FR5* HOTELS & S5D REPORTS FROM ,FRANCE AB\T :AT WAS BE+ SAID 9 ! PRESS4 

,WE HAD KEPT 9 T\* ) ,FRANCO'S ZONE1 NOT ! WAY ! ,BASQUES DID1 9 COMPLICITY ) ! 5EMY AU?ORITIES1 BUT BY TAK+ ALL K9DS ( RISKS1 CROSS+ ! D\BLE BORD]S ( ! REPUBLICAN & NATIONALI/ FRONTI]S4 ,\R AG5TS WORK$ 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 9 ,PAMPLONA1 EV]Y:]E4 ,:AT WE WANT$ TO DO WAS TO AMPLIFY ?IS 9FILTRATION1 ) MORE RES\RCES1 ) A MORE F>-REA*+ /RATEGY1 SEEK+ \T LIKELY CONTACTS & C>RY+ \T ACTIONS 9 SMALL GR\PS ( GU]RILLAS4 

,TOGE!R ) A FEW HI< LEVEL MILIT>Y COMM&]S & SOME POLITICAL FIGURES :O OPPOS$1 AS WE DID1 ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T1 WE EVALUAT$ ! POSSIBLE EXT5T ( ?IS K9D ( ACTION BEH9D ! NATIONALI/ L9ES1 :I* MI<T P]HAPS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO TURN 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN 9VASION1 BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION1 UND] ! BANN] ?AT WE HAD \RSELVES RAIS$3 ,SPA9 = ! ,SPANI>DS6 

,PROP]LY SPEAK+1 \R 9T5TION1 WE MU/ CONFESS1 DID NOT CONSI/ 9 GIV+ ! PALM ( VICTORY TO A REGIME ?AT DID NOT DES]VE \R DEF5SE & :I* CONCLUD$ 9 A BAC*ANAL ( RI* GANG/]S1 BUT 9 SITUAT+ \R M5 ON AN 9DEP5D5T T]RA9 ( ACTION1 AGA9/ BO? SIDES1 BUT AT ! SIDE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE & 9 DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S & !IR FATE4 

,9/EAD ( ACCEPT+ \R SUGGE/IONS1 ! ,GOV]NM5T RESOLV$ TO CALL UP TWO MORE CONSCRIPTION CLASSES4 ,WE W]E OPPOS$ TO ?IS1 & ONCE AGA9 WE /OOD ALONE4 ,WE PO9T$ \T ?AT ) ! CATEGORIES ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 MOBILIZ$1 IF !IR P]SONNEL W]E UTILIZ$ RATIONALLY1 !RE W]E MORE ?AN 5\< M5 TO DEF5D ! R$UC$ FRONT ?AT REMA9$ TO US4 ,WE PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 ! AIR =CE1 ) T5 BOMB]S & AB\T FIFTY OR SIXTY FI<T] PLANES1 !RE W]E #f1 M54 ,& CONC]N+ ITS QUALITY1 ! FOLL[+ FACTS PROVIDE ELOQU5T TE/IMONY3 :5 A REQUE/ WAS CIRCULAT$ AMONG ! AIR =CE'S SEV5 ?\S& (FIC]S & NONCOMMISSION$ (FIC]S = VOLUNTE]S TO JO9 ! >MY1 ONLY ONE LIEUT5ANT1 ONE CAPTA9 & ONE COLONEL ANSW]$ ! CALL4 ,AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( CONSCRIPTS HAVE BE5 GRANT$ REFUGE 9 ! C>AB9]OS1 ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & O!R USELESS HOME FRONT UNITS4 ,WE SAID ?AT ?IS NOXI\S APP>ATUS %\LD BE US$ = ! W> 9 ITS CURR5T =M & !N ANY O!R CONSCRIPTION CLASSES CAN BE CALL$ UP AS NE$$4 

,WE CALCULAT$ ?AT MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 C\LD BE EXTRACT$ FROM !SE =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] & FROM ! TREASURY POLICE1 )\T UND]M9+ ! NECESS>Y FUNCTIONS ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,WE W]E PREA*+ 9 ! DES]T6 

,9 \R TOTAL ISOLATION1 WE HAD ! IMPRESSION ?AT WE W]E SURR\ND$ BY 5EMIES RA!R ?AN BY ALLIES4 

,?OSE LEAD]S ( P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS :O W]E ALWAYS 9 ABSOLUTE AGREEM5T1 & ABOVE ALL :5 IT WAS A MATT] ( CONFRONT+ \R CRITICAL OBS]VATIONS--W]E !Y WORK+ TOGE!R = DEFEAT8 ,W]E !Y S9C]E 9 !IR SUP9E ATTITUDE T[>DS ! GOV]NM5T8 ,OR WAS IT SIMPLY A MATT] ( P]SONAL IDIOCY OR PSY*OLOGICAL & MORAL DEFECTS CAUS$ BY ! POSITIONS !Y HELD8 ,W]E WE ! ONES :O W]E WRONG8 ,WAS IT POSSIBLE ?AT WE1 & A H&FUL ( ISOLAT$ MILIT>Y (FIC]S & POLITICAL FIGURES1 W]E ! SOLE EXCEPTIONS8 ,! G5]AL OP9ION IS ONE ( ! CRIT]IA = TRU?1 SAY ! ,CA?OLIC PHILOSOPH]S4 

,AS WE 5C\NT]$ ONE SETBACK AFT] ANO!R 9 \R HOPELESS BATTLE ) ! GANG ( ,RUSSIAN AG5TS1 TE/IMONIALS ( SUPPORT BEGAN TO >RIVE FROM ! FRONT4 ,!Y W]E NOT NUM]\S1 BUT !Y W]E SIGNIFICANT & !Y 5C\RAG$ US TO CONT9UE ON ! ROAD ?AT BORE ! SIGNS ( ! ONLY ROAD ( RESI/ANCE & DIGNITY4 ,BUT ! LEAD]%IP ME*ANISMS ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E BL9D & DEAF TO ! IDEA ( SU* *ANGES4 ,A C\P D'ETAT8 ,IT W\LD NECESS>ILY COME TO ?AT IF ! W> LA/$ MU* LONG]1 DUE TO ! WORK ( ! CL&E/9E NUCLEI ?AT WE HAD BEGUN TO ORGANIZE 9 EV]Y UNIT1 & DUE TO ! GR[+ DISCONT5T AMONG SOME MILIT>Y COMM&]S :O W]E NOT TAK5 9 BY MUSCOVITISM4 ,AT ! TIME1 H[EV]1 ! MA9 POSITIONS ( COMM& W]E HELD BY UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT]S ( ,/AL91 OR DOCILE & WEAK *>ACT]S1 & \R UNITS1 :I* W]E SY/EMATICALLY 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A ,GREAT] ,UNITY1 W]E TACTICALLY DEP5D5T = ! MO/ P>T ON COMMUNI/ =MATIONS4 

,! 5EMY (F5SIVE BEGAN ON ,DECEMB] #b#c1 ADVANC+ AGA9/ ALL \R POSITIONS ON ! FRONT4 ,! ATTACK WAS CRUDELY /AG$4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO DISCOV] :I* SECTORS ( ! FRONT W\LD RESI/ & :I* W\LD FOLD4 ,:]EV] ! DEF5D+ =CES W]E PR$OM9ANTLY LIB]T>IAN1 9 ! ,NOR!RN ,ZONE1 = EXAMPLE1 !IR COMBATIVE SPIRIT WAS ADMIRABLE & ! 5EMY'S OPPORTUNITIES = ADVANCE W]E FEW & F> BETWE54 ,9 ?OSE >EAS1 ,FRANCO'S (F5SIVE WAS /OPP$ & CONTA9$4 ,! =M] ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN1 ONE ( :OSE FLANKS WAS COV]$ BY C>AB9]OS :O FELL BACK BE=E ! 5EMY ASSAULT DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW DAYS ( ! (F5SIVE1 SUFF]$ FIVE ?\S& CASUALTIES1 BUT HELD ITS POSITIONS & PRES]V$ ITS HONOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SECTION ( ! FRONT DEF5D$ BY ! FAM\S ,R$ ,>MY ( ! ,EBRO1 :OSE COMM&+ (FIC]S W]E COMMUNI/S TO A MAN1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! SO-CALL$ COLONEL ,MODE/O & LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ,LI/]1 TOTALLY COLLAPS$4 ,IT WAS ?R\< ?IS SECTOR ?AT ! 5EMY'S ADVANCE WAS CONC5TRAT$4 ,! GREAT HOPE ( ! ,/AL9I/ DICTATOR%IP 9 ,SPA91 ! ,>MY ,GR\P ( ! ,EBRO1 DID NO?+ BUT RETREAT 9 =C$ M>*ES T[>D ! ,FR5* BORD]1 :I* NECESSITAT$ RE9=CEM5TS = ! ,NOR!RN ,SECTOR4 

,! ,GOV]NM5T & ITS HI< COMM& SAW ?AT ALL !IR CALCULATIONS HAD PROV5 WRONG4 ,OR P]HAPS ?AT ALL ( !IR CALCULATIONS W]E WORK+ \T EXACTLY AS PLANN$8 

,!Y PROPOS$ ?AT BATTALIONS ( VOLUNTE]S %\LD BE =M$ TO MAN MA*9E GUN EMPLACEM5TS AS A LA/-DIT* EF=T TO CONTA9 ! 5EMY'S ADVANCE1 & \R P>TICIPATION WAS SOLICIT$4 ,) MORALE ! WAY IT WAS8 ,) ! REGUL> >MY 9 FLI<T8 ,WE %\LD H& \RSELVES OV] TO AN 9COMPET5T1 IF NOT FRANKLY TREASON\S1 GOV]NM5T8 ,WE CLE>LY /AT$ \R VIEWS3 WE HAVE NO CONFID5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 WE HAVE NO FAI? 9 ! HI< COMM& ( ! >MY1 S9CE \R COMRADES W]E /ILL BE+ ASSASS9AT$4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T W]E TO (F] US ! NECESS>Y GU>ANTEES1 IF WE W]E TO BE ALL[$ TO APPO9T ! MILIT>Y COMM&]S \RSELVES1 & IF !SE =CES W]E TO BE US$ UND] \R DIRECT CONTROL1 !N WE W\LD PROVIDE VOLUNTE] BATTALIONS4 ,)\T !SE GU>ANTEES1 NO1 & !RE W\LD BE NO SU* VOLUNTE]S4 

,\R POSITION WAS GREET$ ) A CLAMOR ( FAKE 9DIGNATION ON ! P>T ( ALL ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,DEM& GU>ANTEES FROM ! GOV]NM5T8 ,:AT Y\ HAVE TO DO IS %UT UP & FOLL[ ORD]S4 

,BUT IT WAS BECAUSE WE DID NOT %UT & FOLL[ ORD]S ON ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ?AT WE SURG$ 9TO ! /REETS4 ,& WE W]E ! SAME PEOPLE WE W]E !N4 

,!SE VOLUNTE] UNITS W]E TE/$ )\T \R P>TICIPATION1 & !Y FAIL$1 AS WE HAD PR$ICT$4 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS SETBACK1 T5 MORE CONSCRIPTION CLASSES W]E CALL$ UP1 AMID 5ORM\S CONFUSION4 ,ONLY AN 9SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( ! CONSCRIPTS %[$ UP AT ! DRAFT C5T]S1 DESPITE ! USE ( T]ROR4 

,WE !N DECID$ TO =M VOLUNTE] BATTALIONS ON \R [N ACC\NT1 AS ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 ,!N WE W\LD SEE JU/ H[ MU* !Y W\LD ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) OR AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,WE HAD RESOLV$ TO /AFF !SE UNITS EXCLUSIVELY ) \R [N COMM&]S & NOT TO LET !M LEAD US :]EV] !Y WANT$1 ) \R EYES CLOS$4 ,:AT WE WANT$ WAS TO HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL A PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ & RESPONSIBLE =CE1 TO MEET ANY EV5TUALITIES ?AT MI<T >ISE4 ,EV5 AT ?IS V]Y LATE /AGE ( ! W> WE W]E HAM/RUNG TO SOME EXT5T BY SOME ( \R [N FRI5DS :O1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,C,N,T1 /ILL BL9DLY FOLL[$ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! GOV]NM5T & DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! TASK ( S5D+ HUMAN MEAT TO ! SLAU<T]H\SE1 :ILE WE1 = \R P>T1 ?\<T ?AT WE HAD TO SAVE AS MANY COMRADES AS WE C\LD & ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS AN OB/ACLE ?AT /OOD 9 ! WAY ( AN EFFECTIVE W> /RATEGY & ?AT IT HAD TO BE DISOBEY$ & OV]?R[N4 

,WE PROPOS$1 AT A JO9T MEET+ ) ! ,C,N,T & ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 ! =MATION ( A ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL1 BUT \R 9ITIATIVE WAS REJECT$4 ,) ,NEGR9 UNTIL VICTORY6 

,ONLY A TRULY POPUL> DECISION C\LD SAVE ! SITUATION4 ,BUT EV]YONE WAS AFRAID ( ! PEOPLE1 MORE AFRAID ( ! PEOPLE ?AN !Y W]E ( ,FRANCO1 & ! F9AL TRAG$Y N[ SEEM$ 9EVITABLE4 

,! 5EMY ADVANCE WAS *ALK+ UP MORE & MORE SPECTACUL> GA9S ) EA* PASS+ DAY4 ,NO =CE OPPOS$ ITS =W>D PROGRESS4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #e ,BORJAS ,BLANCAS FELL1 ON ! #a#d? ,VALLS1 ON ! #a#e? ,REUS & ,T>RAGON4444 

,:5 ! HEADQU>T]S ( ,S>ABIA'S ,G5]AL ,/AFF WAS MOV$ TO ,MATADEP]A1 NOR? ( ,T>RASA1 9 MID-,JANU>Y1 WE SAW ONE ( \R PRES5TIM5TS FULFILL$1 BUT IT WAS ONE ?AT WE DID NOT D>E TO EXPRESS4 ,! GOV]NM5T AB&ON$ ! /RUGGLE1 BECAUSE IT HAD AB&ON$ ! 9DU/RIAL ZONE ( ,CATALONIA1 IT AB&ON$ ,B>CELONA4 ,! W> WAS GIV5 UP = LO/4 

,AT ?AT PO9T WE REFUS$ TO 5GAGE 9 ANY DIALOGUE ) ! LACKEYS & S9ECURI/S ( ! ,NEGR9 ,GOV]NM5T4 ,WE ALSO REFUS$ TO ATT5D ANY MORE MEET+S ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,BUT 9 PRIVATE GA!R+S & MEET+S ( ! ,F,A,I WE DISCUSS$ ! MILIT>Y SITUATION4 ,B>CELONA HAD BE5 AB&ON$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T 444 ( ,VICTORY4 ,WE EXPLA9$ :Y4 ,SOME FRI5DS1 /ILL 9CL9$ TO EXPECT MIRACLES FROM ! MY/]I\S MAGICAL P[]S ( ! MAN ( RESI/ANCE & /ILL GETT+ !IR 9=MATION FROM (FICIAL S\RCES1 DIRECT$ 9QUIRIES TO ! GOV]NM5T (FICES 9 ,B>CELONA TO DISCOV] :E!R OR NOT ?IS WAS TRUE4 ,!IR CONC]NS W]E PLACAT$ ) F9E WORDS4 ,AB&ON ,B>CELONA8 ,NONS5SE6 ,!Y W]E TOLD ?AT WE W]E HALLUC9AT+1 ?AT WE W]E DEFEATI/S1 ?AT WE %\LD BE %OT4 ,! SAME AS ALWAYS4 ,RESI/ANCE WAS POSSIBLE1 ! SITUATION WAS GRAVE1 BUT NOT DESP]ATE4 ,& SO ! :EELS BEGAN TO TURN4 ,VAPID >TICLES 9 ! PRESS1 VAGUE ADDRESSES BROADCA/ ON ! RADIO1 PROCLAMATIONS1 DECL>ATIONS1 LIES ?AT W]E NOT EV5 :ITE LIES4 ,JU/ BUREAUCRACY4 

,MANRESA FELL ON ,JANU>Y #b#d4 ,:5 ! 5EMY =CES >RIV$ AT ,T>RASA WE FE>$ ?AT !Y MI<T BREAK ?R\< FROM ,GRANOLL]S TO ,MAT>O1 & SURR\ND ,B>CELONA4 ,! CELEBRAT$ ,GOV]NM5T ( ,VICTORY & ITS 5T\RAGE ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( >RIVI/E CIVIL S]VANTS FL$ T[>DS ! BORD] ON ! #b#e?4 ,! BRAVE ,GONZALEZ ,P5A H]OICALLY TOOK UP A POSITION F\R KILOMET]S FROM ,FRANCE4 

,! ,F,A,I HELD A MEET+ AT MIDNI<T ON ,JANU>Y #b#e4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 NO ONE REMA9$ BUT US & ?OSE :O1 /ILL FOOL$ BY ! ASSURANCES ISSU$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T ONLY A FEW H\RS BE=E1 DID NOT KN[ ?AT ! ,NEGR9 GANG HAD ALREADY FL$ ! CITY4 

,WE REPORT$ ON ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION & ON ITS POSSIBILITIES4 

,! 5EMY =CES HAD PROCE$$ ALONG ! COA/ FROM ,G>RAF & W]E N[ 9 ,CA/ELDEFELS4 ,!Y C\LD BE 9 ,B>CELONA1 IF !Y WANT$ TO1 BY MORN+4 ,NO?+ /OOD 9 !IR WAY4 

,5EMY UNITS W]E ALSO ADVANC+ ALONG ! HI<WAY FROM ,M>TORELL & W\LD SOON BE ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,TIBIDABO1 NOT TO M5TION ! DANG] ?AT !Y C\LD CUT (F ! ESCAPE R\TES T[>DS ! ,NOR? BY TAK+ ! SALI5T BETWE5 ,GRANOLL]S & ,MAT>O4 

,MEANS = RESI/ANCE8 ,AS WE HAD (T5 PO9T$ \T1 ! >MY CREAT$ 9 ! ,GACETA DID NOT EXI/ 9 REALITY4 ,! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] W]E NEUTRALIZ$ BY PANIC1 9 SOME CASES1 & BY 5EMY PROPAG&A1 9 O!RS4 ,?OSE :O FELT ?AT !Y W]E TA9T$ ) COMPLICITY ) ! ,REPUBLICAN CAUSE HAD ALSO ALREADY FL$ FROM ! CITY4 ,WE HAD TO RELY ONLY ON \R [N =CES & ?OSE ?AT WE C\LD IMPROVISE 9 ! HEAT ( ! /RUGGLE ?AT W\LD SOON BEG9 9 ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA1 IF WE W]E PREP>$ TO RESI/4 

,WE HAD NO >TILL]Y1 & ! AMMUNITION HAD BE5 TRANSPORT$ T[>DS ! ,NOR? AB\T TWO WEEKS E>LI]4 ,! DEF5SE ( A CITY IS MILIT>ILY SIMPLE & SAFE 5\<1 IF !SE CONDITIONS >E MET3 ! USELESS CIVILIAN POPULATION IS EVACUAT$1 WOM51 *ILDR5 & ! ELD]LY2 ! EXI/5CE ( FOOD & O!R SUPPLIES TO )/& A SIEGE2 & AN ABUNDANCE ( AMMUNITION4 

,) ONE & A HALF MILLION PEOPLE 9 ! CITY1 )\T 5\< FOOD = MORE ?AN FIFTE5 DAYS1 )\T >TILL]Y1 ) H>DLY ANY WEAPONS OR AMMUNITION--IS IT WOR? ! PRICE ( (F]+ MORE SACRIFICES8 ,%\LD ! ,F,A,I ASSUME ! RESPONSIBILITY = PROLONG+ ON ITS [N ACC\NT A RESI/ANCE ?AT C\LD NO LONG] DECIDE ! W> 9 \R FAVOR & W\LD 9/EAD BE 9T]PRET$ & US$ 9 EXILE BY ! TRAITORS 9 \R GOV]NM5T AS AN UNEXPECT$ POLITICAL W9DFALL8 

,NO1 9 !SE CONDITIONS 9 :I* WE HAD BE5 AB&ON$1 WE MU/ NOT CONTRIBUTE TO PRODUC+ EV5 ONE MORE VICTIM = ?IS W>4 ,WE C\LD DE/ROY FACTORIES1 WE C\LD BURN D[N HALF ! CITY4 ,= :AT PURPOSE8 ,WE D5I$ \RSELVES A FUTILE V5GEANCE :OSE CONSEQU5CES W\LD HAVE MADE ?+S WORSE = ?OSE :O REMA9$ 9 ! CITY4 

,\R REPORT1 EV5 ?\< NO ONE EXPECT$ ANY?+ NEW1 PRODUC$ DISMAY4 ,IT SEEM$ 9CR$IBLE ?AT ! PROSPECT ?AT WE HAD BE5 ANN\NC+ AS 9EVITABLE = ALMO/ TWO YE>S UNLESS !RE WAS A RADICAL *ANGE 9 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL POLICIES1 WAS N[ A PALPABLE REALITY4 

,9 ONE LA/ \TBUR/ ( HOPE1 EMISS>IES DEP>T$ FROM ! MEET+ & W5T (F 9 V>I\S DIRECTIONS TO SEE IF ANY ( \R REPORTS C\LD BE V]IFI$1 ESPECIALLY ! ONE AB\T ! PROXIMITY ( ,FRANCO'S TROOPS4 ,IT WAS ALL TRUE6 ,! LEAD]S ( ! P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS1 :O HAD AS REC5TLY AS A FEW H\RS BE=E BE5 PROCLAIM+ ! SLOGANS ( RESI/ANCE UNTIL VICTORY1 RESI/$ ALL NI<T LONG )\T SLEEP+1 BUT !IR RESI/ANCE PROCE$$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,G]ONA AS !IR FIR/ RE/ /OP4444 

,AT MIDNI<T WE RECEIV$ A PHONE CALL FROM ,G5]AL ,AS5SIO4 ,! W> WAS LO/1 BUT ! 5D C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MORE %AMEFUL4 ,:AT W]E WE ?9K+ ( DO+8 ,C\LD HE C\NT ON \R HELP TO SET AN EXAMPLE ) \R [N SACRIFICE1 & ?US SAVE ! HONOR ( ,B>CELONA8 ,IF HE C\LD C\NT ON US1 HE W\LD DEM& ?AT ! FUGITIVE GOV]NM5T H& OV] COMM& OV] ! CITY4 

,WE HESITAT$4 ,RESI/ANCE WAS USELESS4 ,! SMALL AM\NT ( AMMUNITION & ! SC>CE SUPPLIES ( FOOD ?AT ! H]OES ( RESI/ANCE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,VICTORY HAD LEFT US1 W\LD LA/ ONLY SO LONG4 ,& !N1 NO?+4 ,WE W]E NOT IMMUNE TO ! HUMAN FACTOR & WE FELT A WAVE ( COMBATIVITY & H]OISM SWEEP OV] US AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! MASSES W\LD EXPECT ! ,F,A,I TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! DEF5SE ( ,B>CELONA1 BUT ?IS W\LD HAVE TO BE DONE1 NATURALLY1 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD FL$ ! CITY4 ,WE DID NOT C>E :E!R WE LIV$ OR DI$4 ,?IS WAS A QUITE G5]ALIZ$ /ATE ( M9D4 ,IF WE US$ TO RUN TO ! BOMB %ELT]S1 N[ WE VIEW$ ! >RIVAL ( ! ,ITALIAN BOMB]S ) 9DIFF]5CE & EV]YONE JU/ W5T ON HIS WAY AMID ! SIR5S & ! EXPLOSIONS4 ,= US1 ! MA9SPR+ ( \R WILL TO LIVE HAD 5D$ ) A DEFEAT ?AT WE DID NOT DES]VE4 

0,YES1 ,G5]AL ,AS5SIO1 Y\ CAN C\NT ON US40 

,IF HE W\LD ASSUME COMM& OV] ! G>RISON & OBTA9 SOME WEAPONS & MUNITIONS1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 SOME ( ! MAT]IEL ?AT HAD BE5 TRANSPORT$ T[>DS ! ,NOR?1 WE W\LD /AY 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,HE W\LD P]SONALLY DELIV] ?OSE MUNITIONS ON ! MORN+ ( ,JANU>Y #bf IF WE ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE4 ,IF \R ANSW] WAS 0NO01 !N HE1 TOO1 W\LD HEAD = ! BORD]4 

,ON ! MORN+ ( ! #b#f?1 ! BOMB]S W\LD NOT LET US GET A M9UTE'S RE/2 Y\ C\LD NOT TELL :5 ! SIR5S W]E S\ND+ & :5 !Y /OPP$4 ,! ,D,E,C,A HAD )DRAWN4 ,ALL ACTIVITY & ALL TRAFFIC HAD COME TO A /&/ILL 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,?OSE :O W]E 9 ! /REETS W]E LOOK+ = VEHICLES TO FACILITATE !IR DEP>TURE FOLL[+ ! SAME R\TE AS !IR BRAVE GOV]NM5T4 ,WE HE>D NO?+ FROM ,AS5SIO4 ,HE HAD REFUS$ TO TAKE COMM& OV] ! CITY1 EV5 AFT] IT WAS AB&ON$6 

,NATURALLY1 WE C\LD HAVE ASSUM$ COMM& \RSELVES2 NO ONE W\LD HAVE /OPP$ US1 MU* LESS LIEUT5ANT COLONEL ,C>LOS ,ROM]O1 :O WAS O/5SIBLY ! MILIT>Y COMM&] ( ! CITY1 BUT :O ONLY HAD LESS ?AN A BATTALION AT HIS DISPOSAL4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,JANU>Y #b#d-#b#e ALMO/ ALL ! MO/ WELL KN[N LEAD]S ( \R ORGANIZATION LEFT ! CITY4 ,ONLY ! PEOPLE REMA9$1 9 P>T HAPPY TO SEE ! W> COME TO AN 5D1 BUT 9 P>T T]RIFI$ BY ! REALITY ( A SITUATION ?AT !Y HAD NOT =ESE5 UNTIL ! V]Y LA/ MOM5T4 ,9 CRUCIAL MOM5TS LIKE !SE1 H\RS1 OR EV5 M9UTES1 >E DECISIVE4 ,EV5 ON ! #b#e? ( ,JANU>Y1 IT WAS /ILL POSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE ! DEF5SE ( ! CITY4 ,ON ! #b#f?1 ANY IDEA ( ORGANIZ+ SU* A DEF5SE WAS %ATT]$ BY G5]ALIZ$ 9DIFF]5CE T[>DS ANY ATTEMPT TO DO SO1 9CLUD+ \RS4 ,! 5EMY =CES DID NOT 5T] ,B>CELONA ON ! #b#f?1 BECAUSE ! REBEL LEAD]S ?\<T ?AT IT WAS BETT] TO ALL[ ! CITY TO BE EVACUAT$4 

,WE CALCULAT$ ?AT WE HAD JU/ 5\< TIME TO PASS ?R\< ! NEI<BOR+ T[NS1 ?AT W]E L>GELY IGNOR$1 :]E EXCELL5T COMRADES MI<T SUDD5LY BE SURR\ND$4 ,SO WE TRAVEL$ ?R\< !SE T[NS4 ,A FEW H\RS AFT] PASS+ ?R\< ,GRANOLL]S1 HALF-DE/ROY$ BY ,ITALO-,G]MAN BOMB+1 ,FRANCO'S TROOPS >RIV$ & AT ! SAME TIME !Y 5T]$ ,B>CELONA )\T FIR+ A S+LE %OT4 

,SU* W]E ! REW>DS ( ,RUSSIAN POLICY 9 ,SPA94 

,:ILE ,FRANCO'S >MIES W]E OCCUPY+ ,B>CELONA1 ! *E]FUL ,PRIME ,M9I/] ( ! GOV]NM5T ( VICTORY WAS DECL>+ TO ! =EIGN PRESS3 0,! ,REPUBLIC CURR5TLY HAS P]FECTLY ORGANIZ$ FI<T+ M51 & W> MAT]IEL 9 ABUNDANCE4444 ,TODAY ,I CAN ASSURE Y\1 CATEGORICALLY1 ?AT WE %ALL F9D A WAY \T ( ?IS SITUATION40 

,& ,NEGR9'S CYNICISM WAS P>ROT$ BY ?AT POOR CAB9ET ,M9I/]1 ,ALV>EZ DEL ,VAYO1 ,LITV9OV'S SECRET>Y1 :O PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T 9 ! =EIGN PRESS ON ,JANU>Y #b#h3 0,! GOV]NM5T IS ABSOLUTELY DET]M9$ TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE40 

,NUMANT9ES ) AIRPLANES6 

,DO Y\ WANT US TO TALK AB\T ! %AMEFUL 9CID5TS1 ! CRIMES1 ! NEW ATTEMPTS AT BLACKMAIL ?AT TOOK PLACE :ILE AN 5TIRE PEOPLE WAS 9 MOTION1 ON FOOT1 OR 9 C>S OR TRUCKS1 9 BOATS & %IPS1 GRIPP$ ) PANIC & FRANTICALLY ATTEMPT+ TO REA* ! ,FR5* BORD]1 DISPLAY+ A SPECTACLE SU* ?AT HI/ORY CANNOT DUPLICATE8 ,JU/ IMAG9E AT LEA/ #f1 PEOPLE FLOOD+ ALL ! OP5 ROADS TO ,FRANCE AT ! SAME TIME4 

,DUR+ ?AT T]RIBLE EXODUS WE M$ITAT$ ON ! FRUITLESSNESS ( ! SACRIFICE ( SO MANY PRECI\S LIVES S9CE ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ON ! FRONTS = ?IRTY MON?S1 & ON ! D[NFALL ( A WAY ( LIFE ( FAI? & /RUGGLE4 ,NOT ONLY HAD ! W> COME TO AN 5D2 A WORLD ( NOBLE HOPES ( WELL-BE+ & JU/ICE = ALL HAD ALSO COME TO AN 5D4 

,WE CAN'T HELP BUT RECALL ! SPECTACLE ( ANO!R MASS EXODUS1 TWO YE>S BE=E1 ?AT WAS ALSO HEAD+ = ! BORD]4 ,IT WAS AT NI<TFALL ONE DAY AT ! 5D ( ,SEPTEMB] .<#a#i#c#f.>1 IF \R MEMORY IS ACCURATE4 ,! 5EMY BATTLE%IP 0,CAN>IAS0 WAS %ELL+ ! COA/L9E ( ! ,BAY ( ,ROSAS4 ,! LOCAL AU?ORITIES W]E AFRAID ?AT ! ! REBELS MI<T L& TROOPS !RE & !Y NOTIFI$ US ( !IR CONC]NS1 CALL+ = HELP4 ,!Y ALSO SAW O!R W>%IPS 9 ! VIC9ITY4 

,AT ?AT UN=GETTABLE ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALONIA1 ! TRUE 9/ITUTION ( ! PEOPLE'S W> & REVOLUTION1 WE RESOLV$ TO RAISE ! AL>M & TO NOTIFY ! MO/ IMPORTANT POPULATION C5T]S ?AT !Y %\LD BE ON AL]T1 ?AT !Y %\LD C>EFULLY MONITOR ! COA/S1 ?AT !Y %\LD SET UP *ECKPO9TS ON ! /REETS & HI<WAYS1 ?AT !Y %\LD ORGANIZE MILITIA CONVOYS4 ,?OSE :O HAD NO O!R WEAPONS OCCUPI$ ALL ! /RATEGIC LOCATIONS 9 ,CATALONIA ) NO?+ BUT H& GR5ADES4 

,9 VIEW ( ! MAGNITUDE ( ! MOBILIZATION WE ?\<T WE C\LD CONTA9 ! RESULT+ AVALAN*E1 BUT ?IS WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 = :ILE SOME T[NS SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ! >M$ POPULATION TO REMA9 9 A /ATE ( AL]T1 TAK+ POSITIONS ORI5T$ T[>DS ! COA/1 & AWAIT+ ORD]S1 9 MO/ CASES ! CONVOYS ( MILITIAM5 SPONTANE\SLY DROVE (F T[>DS ,ROSAS 9 SE>* ( ! 5EMY4 ,ALL ! WAY FROM ,TORTOSA TO ,ROSAS ! ROADS W]E FILL$ ) PEOPLE'S =CES DET]M9$ TO FI<T TO ! DEA? IF NECESS>Y4 ,!RE W]E T[NS1 LIKE ,SALL5T1 ?AT PRES5T$ US ) #e M5 >M$ ) RIFLES1 MA*9E GUNS1 MORT>S & H& GR5ADES1 ORGANIZ$ 9 A SMALL MOTORIZ$ COLUMN4 

,AT ?AT TIME1 ! MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN AG5TS W]E ALREADY A FACTOR AS !Y WORK$ TO UND]M9E \R 9FLU5CE AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ACCUS+ US ( EV]Y CRIME4 ,! SPECTACLE ( ?AT MEMORABLE NI<T ( MOBILIZATION 9 RESPONSE TO ! %ELL+ ( ,ROSAS MADE !M UND]/& ?AT !IR TIME HAD NOT YET COME4 ,! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT PEOPLE ( ,CATALONIA 9 >MS /ILL HAD TO BE CONT5D$ )1 & !SE PEOPLE W]E PREP>$ TO MAKE ANY SACRIFICE1 %\LD WE GIVE !M ! SIGNAL1 TO ASSURE A NEW SOCIAL ORD] ( JU/ICE = ALL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN AG5TS DECID$ ?AT ! SITUATION WAS MORE FAVORABLE 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 

,AFT] TWO YE>S ( COMMUNI/ & REPUBLICAN RULE1 ! EXODUS ONLY BECAME GREAT]1 BUT ?IS TIME NOT T[>DS ! 5EMY AS 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 BUT T[>DS ! BORD] :]E ! PROMIS$ L& WAS IMAG9$ TO LIE1 DECEIV$ BY ! IDEA ?AT ONCE !Y W]E 9 ,FRANCE ! HORRORS1 ! NUISANCES & ! PRIVATIONS ( A W> :OSE GOALS !Y DID NOT UND]/& W\LD COME TO AN 5D1 & ! PEOPLE :O HAD 5DUR$ ! W> ) BLOOD & TE>S W\LD F9ALLY F9D PEACE4 

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