,*APT] #a 
,! ,W> 9 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i--,! ,BASIC ,REASONS = ITS ,\TCOME--,PREA*+ 9 ! ,DES]T--,! ,JUDGM5T ( ,SOLOMON 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! W> 9 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i--,! BASIC REASONS = ITS \TCOME--,PREA*+ 9 ! DES]T--,! JUDGM5T ( ,SOLOMON 

  

,?IS IS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT WE HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 ! LONG /RUGGLE = ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROGRESS ( ,SPA9 AS A MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T2 9 ORD] TO F9D ANO!R COMP>ABLE DEFEAT ON ?IS SCALE WE HAVE TO GO BACK TO ! BATTLEFIELDS ( ,VILLAL> 9 ! FIR/ ?IRD ( ! #a#f? C5TURY4 ,JU/ LIKE ! ,PH5IX :O RISES FROM HIS A%ES1 WE HAVE ALWAYS REB\ND$ FROM ALL \R DISA/]S1 OV]COM+ T]RIBLY DRAMATIC MOM5TS ( POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 9QUISITION1 LEAV+ %R$S ( BLE$+ FLE% 9 ! CLAWS ( ! 5EMY4 ,HUNG] & P]SECUTION1 JAIL & PRISON1 TORTURE & ASSASS9ATION1 NO?+ C\LD HUMBLE US1 NO?+ C\LD DEFEAT US4 ,?OSE :O FELL 9 BATTLE W]E IMM$IATELY REPLAC$ BY NEW COMBATANTS4 ,ONE G5]ATION FOLL[$ ANO!R 9 A M]CILESS /RUGGLE 9 :I* ! BE/1 ! MO/ G5]\S & ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE DI$ ) A SMILE ON !IR LIPS1 DEFY+ ! P[]S ( IGNORANCE & SLAV]Y1 TRU/+ 9 ! TRIUMPH ( JU/ICE4 ,?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 WE FEEL DEFEAT$4 ,DEFEAT$6 ,= :OM1 = :AT K9D ( M51 = :AT RACE1 = :AT PEOPLE1 DOES ?IS WORD 0DEFEAT$0 HAVE ! MEAN+ ?AT IT HAS = US8 ,HAPPY >E ?OSE :O DI$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 BECAUSE !Y DID NOT HAVE TO SUFF] A FATE ?AT IS A ?\S& TIMES WORSE ?AN DEA?3 A REAL DEFEAT1 A DEF9ITIVE DEFEAT = \R G5]ATION6 

,\R G5]ATION PL$G$ ITS BLOOD TO ! TRIUMPH ( A GREAT CAUSE & HAS BE5 5TANGL$ = PO/]ITY 9 A NET ( COMPLICITIES ?AT WE W\LD LIKE TO CL>IFY SO ?AT WE WILL BE JUDG$ = \R M]ITS OR \R DEFECTS1 = \R CORRECT ACTIONS OR \R MI/AKES1 BUT 9 ALL EV5TS AS A HI/ORIC ,SPANI% =CE ) ! SAME RESOLVE & ! SAME =TITUDE AS ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE :O F\<T AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN 9VASION1 AGA9/ ! ABSOLUTISM ( ! ,HABSBURGS 9 ! UN=GETTABLE FEATS ( ! COMUN]OS & ! BRO!RHOODS1 AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON'S HO/S UND] ! COMM& ( ! 9V9CIBLE ,G5]AL ,NO ,IMPORTA .<0,IT ,DOESN'T ,MATT]0--A FAVORITE EXPRESSION ( ,NAPOLEON'S.>1 & AGA9/ ABSOLUTI/ & ANTI-,SPANI% ,B\RBONISM FROM ,PHILIP ,V TO ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I4 

,SAY :AT Y\ WILL ( US4.<#a.> ,SAY ?AT WE >E PESSIMI/S4 ,WE >E MOTIVAT$ BY ! 9T5TION ( BE+ S9C]E1 ( EXPRESS+ \R FEEL+S1 ( GIV+ FAI?FUL TE/IMONY CONC]N+ :AT WE HAVE DONE & :AT WE HAVE SE51 & WE ?9K IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE IT KN[N ?AT1 BETRAY$1 DEFEAT$ & DECEIV$1 WE FAIL$1 AT ! SIDE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 ON \R [N T]MS1 )\T HAV+ EI!R /RICK5 OR BESMIR*$ \R FLAG4 ,A S9I/] LEG5D HAS BE5 WOV5 >\ND US4 ,POLITICIANS ON ! LEFT & ON ! RI<T COMPETE 9 BR++ FUEL TO ! FIRE ( ALL ! FANTASIES ?AT HAVE BE5 IMPUT$ TO US1 & IT IS EV5 POSSIBLE ?AT ! LEFT IS WORSE 9 ?IS REG>D ?AN ! RI<T4 ,\R ORGANIZATIONS W]E ORIG9ALLY =M$ & SUBSEQU5TLY GREW UND] CL&E/9E CONDITIONS1 BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT ALL[$ A PUBLIC EXI/5CE1 & ?IS PREV5T$ US FROM ADDRESS+ & RESPOND+ TO \R TRADUC]S1 BECAUSE DO+ SO W\LD HAVE BE5 TANTAM\NT TO 9=M+ ON \RSELVES4 ,! LIT]ATURE ( ! MON>*Y IS REPLETE ) ALLEG$ DISCOV]IES ( \R RELATIONS ) ! REPUBLICANS2 ! LIT]ATURE ( ! REPUBLICANS SPEAKS 9SIDI\SLY ( \R RELATIONS ) ! MON>*I/S4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! OLD MORE OR LESS T]RIFY+ LEG5D1 WE N[ HAVE ! NEW LEG5D & !Y WANT TO TURN US 9TO SCAPEGOATS TO CONSOLE ?OSE :O AGREE ) !M1 DESPITE ALL ! APP>5T DIFF]5CES1 9 ORD] TO RECON/RUCT FALSE VIRG9ITIES AT \R EXP5SE4 

,! VA/ LIT]ATURE PUBLI%$ 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES AB\T \R W> & REVOLUTION IS PLAGU$ ) 9ACCURACIES & MALICE1 & PA9TS A PICTURE ( US ?AT BORD]S ON ! RIDICUL\S :5 NOT ON ! DESPICABLE1 AMONG ! WRIT]S :O SUPPORT$ ! ,REPUBLIC AS WELL AS AMONG ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ ,FRANCO4 ,!RE >E SOME V]Y HONORABLE EXCEPTIONS1 BUT !Y >E TOO FEW4 ,IT IS ALMO/ A DUTY1 AFT] ALL ! \TRAGES ?AT HAVE BE5 PUBLICLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! M5 ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 BE=E & AFT] ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 = ! AV]AGE CITIZ5 TO ATTRIBUTE EV]Y DEFECT TO US & BLAME US = EV]Y MIS=TUNE4 ,! MILIT>Y PHASE ( ! TRAG$Y ( ,SPA9 HAS CONCLUD$1 ! ,F4,A4,I4 IS NO MORE4 ,ISN'T IT HI< TIME1 N[ ?AT WE HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$1 = SOMEONE :O HELD HI<-LEVEL POSITIONS & P]=M$ FUNCTIONS ( ! GREATE/ RESPONSIBILITY 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION1 BO? BE=E & AFT] ! W>1 TO OP5 ! CURTA9 A LITTLE & TELL ! TRU?8 

,WE DO NOT WANT TO DEF5D \RSELVES1 BECAUSE1 DESPITE ALL ! SL&]S ?AT HAVE COME TO \R ATT5TION FROM EV5 A BRIEF GLANCE AT A SMALL SAMPLE ( ! LIT]ATURE AB\T \R W>1 WE DO NOT FEEL ?AT WE >E ! ONES :O >E ON TRIAL4 ,ON MANY OCCASIONS 9 ! PA/1 WE CALL$ ATT5TION TO \R [N DEFICI5CIES & MI/AKES1 :E!R P]SONAL OR FACTIONAL4 ,SIL5CE1 H[EV]1 :5 ?OSE :O HAVE PL5TY ( REASONS TO KEEP QUIET >E DO+ ALL ! TALK+1 & :5 ?OSE FEW SURVIVORS :O >E 9 A POSITION TO %$ SOME LI<T ON !SE QUE/IONS >E SAY+ NO?+1 IS 9 \R VIEW CULPABLE4.<#b.> 

,!SE PAGES >E 9T5D$ TO S]VE AS A CONTRIBUTION TO ! HI/ORY (1 & AN HOMAGE TO1 ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 ! ONLY ET]NAL VALUE1 WOR?Y & PURE1 :I* MU/ REEM]GE DESPITE ! DEFEAT1 EV5 IF IT TAKES YE>S & YE>S ( M>TYRDOM1 UNPREC$5T$ EV5 9 A C\NTRY :]E M>TYRS >E SO ABUNDANT & COME 9 SO MANY V>IETIES1 :5 NONE ( US :O (F]$ \R TRIBUTE ( LABOR & LIFE TO ! GREAT LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i >E /ILL /&+4 ,FROM ! CATA/ROPHE WE HAVE SUFF]$1 WE HAVE ONLY SALVAG$ )9 \RSELVES \R FAI? 9 ! RESURRECTION ( ,SPA91 BY VIRTUE ( ! SAME SPIRIT & ! SAME LONG+ ?AT 9SPIR$ US & ?AT 9SPIR$ \R ANCE/ORS = C5TURIES4 ,GOV]NM5TS1 DESPOTIC REGIMES1 TYRANNIES1 & POLITICAL SY/EMS BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE COME & GO1 BUT A PEOPLE LIKE \RS1 :I* HAS NOT YET DISAPPE>$1 IS ( SU* A UNIQUE VITALITY ?AT IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO RESI/ ! ATTACKS ( ?OSE :O HAVE ALWAYS S\<T TO DI/ORT ! MEAN+ & DIRECTION ( ITS HI/ORY4 ,9 ?IS RESURRECTION IT IS V]Y LIKELY ?AT ! OLD P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS WILL NOT SURVIVE AT ALL2 O!R M5 & O!R NAMES WILL TAKE UP ! POSITIONS ON ! BATTLEFIELD ?AT WE HAVE LEFT VACANT ) \R DEFEAT & !Y WILL REVIVE1 ) GREAT] P[] & MORE EXP]I5CE1 ! PROJECT ?AT WAS DR[N$ 9 RIV]S ( BLOOD & T]ROR DUR+ \R G5]ATION4 

,IF ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ( ! G5]ALS TRIGG]$ A MAJOR W>1 ?IS WAS 5TIRELY DUE TO \R VIOL5T 9T]V5TION4 ,! ,REPUBLIC DID NOT KN[ H[ TO DEF5D ITSELF1 NOR WAS IT EV5 CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ ITSELF1 AGA9/ ! ATTACK2 WE W]E ! ONES :O1 9 DEF5SE ( ! PEOPLE1 MADE ! SURVIVAL ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ORGANIZ+ = ! W>1 POSSIBLE4 ,& WE W]E NOT1 NOR W]E WE EV]1 REPUBLICANS4 ,JU/ LIKE ! W> = 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* BR\<T ! DESPICABLE ,B\RBONS BACK TO ! ,SPANI% ,?RONE1 ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC WAS NOT \R GOAL2 \R GOAL WAS 9/EAD TO RECOV] ! HI/ORICAL RHY?M ( \R POOR C\NTRY1 SO WE CRU%$ ! MILIT>Y REVOLT ACROSS A HUGE EXPANSE ( ! ,P59SULA2 \R GOAL WAS NOT ! CONSOLIDATION ( A ,REPUBLIC ?AT DID NOT DES]VE TO LIVE1 EI!R1 BUT ! DEF5SE ( A GREAT PEOPLE1 :O RETURN$ TO CLAIM !IR RI<TFUL PLACE & WANT$ TO TAKE ! RE9S ( !IR FATE 9 !IR [N H&S4 ,HAS ! ,REPUBLIC PAID US BACK ! WAY ,F]D9& ,V,I,I REPAID ?OSE :O RE/OR$ HIM TO HIS ?RONE ) HIS C[>DLY SURR5D] TO ,NAPOLEON8 ,EV5 9 ?IS RESPECT WE SEE \R ID5TIFICATION ) ! CAUSE ( ! REAL ,SPA9 V]IFI$4 

,IF WE W]E TO HAVE REMA9$ IDLE 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 IF WE HAD OBEY$ ! DIRECTIVES ( ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 ! IDIOTIC RECOMM5DATIONS ( SOMEONE LIKE ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 WE W\LD HAVE H&$ \RSELVES OV] TO ! EXECUTION SQUADS1 ALONG ) ! REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ LEAD]S ( EV]Y V>IETY1 BUT ! W> W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC DID NOT HAVE ! =CES TO DEF5D ITSELF1 & ! MILIT>Y1 CL]ICAL & MON>*I/ REVOLT W\LD HAVE BE5 TOTALLY SUCCESSFUL ?R\<\T ,SPA9 & ITS COLONIES4 

,9 ?IS ACC\NT WE %ALL REVIEW ?REE ( ! BASIC REASONS = ! ANTI-POPUL> & ANTI-,SPANI% C\RSE TAK5 BY \R W>1 FROM :I* ALL ! O!R SECOND>Y CAUSES ( \R DEFEAT >E D]IV$1 & WE %ALL ATTEMPT TO DISCOV] :AT PRACTICAL MEASURES WE %\LD HAVE TAK5 TO AVOID ! TRAG$Y ?AT UNFOLD$ ON SU* A VA/ SCALE4 

,! REPUBLICAN IDIOCY EMBODI$1 9 ! GOV]NM5TAL SPH]ES ( ,MADRID1 ! SAME LACK ( UND]/&+ EXHIBIT$ BY ! ,HABSBURG & ,B\RBON MON>*IES 9 ! FACE ( ! REALITIES ( POPUL> S5TIM5T & LEGITIMATE REGIONALI/ 9T]E/S1 LIKE ?AT ( ,CATALONIA1 AGA9/ :OSE VIOL5T SOCIAL 9ITIATIVES ! 5TIRE APP>ATUS ( ! C5TRAL ,/ATE WAS MOBILIZ$1 UNTIL ! IMM5SE POSSIBILITIES ( ?IS REGION W]E DECIMAT$ & IT WAS H&$ OV]1 BROK5 & EMBITT]$1 TO FASCISM4 ,CATALONIA C\LD HAVE WON ! W> ON ITS [N1 DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S1 ) A LITTLE HELP FROM ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T1 BUT ! LATT] WAS ALWAYS MORE AFRAID ?AT ,SPA9 MI<T ESCAPE ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( A SCRAP ( PAP] CALL$ ! CON/ITUTION & EXP]IM5T ) NEW POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PROJECTS1 ?AN IT WAS AFRAID ( ! TOTAL VICTORY ( ! 5EMY4 

,! POLICY ( NON9T]V5TION1 PROPOS$ & IMPLEM5T$ BY ! SOCIALI/-REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ,FRANCE FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5TS ( ! W>1 & !N SUPPORT$ BY ,5GL&1 BECAME ! BE/ WEAPON = SUFFOCAT+ US1 :ILE ! 5EMY WAS OP5LY SUPPLI$ ) ! M5 & ! W> MAT]IEL ?AT W]E NE$$ TO 5SURE VICTORY4 ,?IS S9I/] F>CE ( NON9T]V5TION1 9 :I* ! UNLAM5T$ ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS F9ALLY EXPIR$1 WAS C]TA9LY EFFECTIVE 9 M]CILESSLY SACRIFIC+ US1 BUT IT WAS NOT CAPABLE ( PREV5T+ ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 ! MA9 PROPON5TS ( ?AT BLOODY JOKE1 FROM HAV+ TO PAY ! CONSEQU5CES 9 ! CURR5T W>1 ) MILLIONS ( !IR SONS & ! SACRIFICE ( ALL !IR ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL RES]VES4 

,JU/ AS DISA/R\S AS NON9T]V5TION = SO-CALL$ ,LOYALI/ ,SPA9 WAS ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TION1 :I* BEGAN A FEW MON?S AFT] ! \TBREAK ( HO/ILITIES2 ,RUSSIA PROMIS$ TO SELL US W> MAT]IEL &1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT WE PAID = IT 9 ADVANCE ) GOLD1 :E!R OR NOT IT WAS ACTUALLY DELIV]$ TO \R PORTS DEP5D$ ON :E!R OR NOT WE ABID$ BY ! CONDITION ?AT ?IS ALLEG$ AID W\LD ALSO BE PAID = BY \R COMPLETE SUBMISSION TO ,RUSSIA'S ORD]S ) REG>D TO MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 DOME/IC POLICIES1 & 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY1 SO ?AT REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 WAS TURN$ 9TO A K9D ( ,SOVIET COLONY4 ,RUSSIAN 9T]V5TION1 :I*1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! MAT]IEL IT PROVID$--9 PALTRY AM\NTS1 ( DISMAL QUALITY1 >BITR>ILY DI/RIBUT$1 GIV+ IRRITAT+ PREF]5CE TO ! TOADIES ( ,RUSSIA--DID NOT SOLVE A S+LE CRUCIAL PROBLEM1 CORRUPT$ ! REPUBLICAN BUREAUCRACY1 />T+ ) ! HI<E/ LEVELS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! >MY1 & SO COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ ! POPULATION ?AT ! LATT] EV5TUALLY LO/ ALL 9T]E/ 9 ! W>1 A W> ?AT HAD BE5 />T$ BY ! 9CONTROV]TIBLE DECISION ( ! ONLY LEGITIMATE1 SOV]EIGN P[]3 POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY4 

,!SE ?REE CAUSES /OOD \T 9 HI< RELIEF FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5TS ( ! W>2 WE IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$ !M & F\<T TO OV]COME !M2 WE F\<T TO OV]COME ! LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ,CATALONIAN AFFAIRS BY ! M5 :O HELD P[] 9 ,MADRID2 WE CALL$ = AN HONORABLE DECISION AGA9/ ! F>CE ( NON9T]V5TION2 WE APPEAL$ = DEF5SIVE ACTIONS AGA9/ ! USURPATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 BUT A*IEV$ NO?+ BUT HO/ILITY & ISOLATION4 ,WE /OOD ALONE AS WE W]E SY/EMATICALLY ISOLAT$ FROM ANY DIRECT ROLE 9 ! W>1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 ITS FIR/ COMBATANTS2 BUT WE >E PR\D TO FEEL ?AT WE >E FREE ( ANY P]SONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! CATA/ROPHE & = ! POLICY ?AT L$ US TO DISA/]1 & WE CANNOT ACCUSE \RSELVES ( HAV+ REFRA9$ FROM EXPRESS+ \R VIEWS = EV5 ONE S+LE MOM5T4 ,& N[1 9 EXILE1 WE :O SURVIV$ ! GREAT %IPWRECK >E SAY+ ALMO/ EXACTLY ! SAME ?+S WE SAID !N1 :5 WE TRI$ TO REM$Y ! EVILS WE D5\NC$1 & NOT ONLY BY WAY ( PUBLICATIONS1 MAGAZ9ES1 BOOKS1 & PAMPHLETS1 BUT DIRECTLY1 BY 5T]+ ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF & ITS 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #aicg ! SITUATION WAS CLE>1 & WE C\LD NO LONG] ALL[ \RSELVES TO BE DECEIV$4 ,! ,PRIETO-,NEGR9 GOV]NM5T1 A CREATURE ( ! ,RUSSIANS1 MANUFACTUR$ 9 ORD] TO RESPOND TO ,RUSSIA'S COMM]CIAL & DIPLOMATIC 9T]E/S1 RA!R ?AN TO ! 9T]E/S ( ,SPA91 TRAC$1 ) ITS MILIT>Y1 DIPLOMATIC & DOME/IC POLICIES1 ! C\RSE ?AT L$ US TO ! PO9TLESS SACRIFICE ( \R GREAT PEOPLE4 ,WE C\LD NOT REMA9 SIL5T1 SO WE WROTE A POLEMICAL TRACT1 ,! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,W> 9 ,SPA93 ,PRELIM9>Y ,HI/ORICAL ,NOTES1 A SMALL VOLUME ?AT EV5 PROV$ WOR?Y ( ! HONORS ( AUTOS DA FE4 ,A REL5TLESS W> HAS BE5 WAG$ AGA9/ ?IS BOOK1 FROM :I* ONLY A FEW FRAGM5TS HAVE APPE>$ 9 ! WORK+ CLASS PRESS ( V>I\S C\NTRIES1 & SOME UNAU?ORIZ$ $ITIONS HAVE ALSO BE5 PUBLI%$4 ,! BOOK WAS D5\NC$1 YET WIDELY READ1 BUT AS = US1 WE >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 F9D+ EXPLANATIONS = ALL ?IS HATR$1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! SAME ACCUSATIONS HAVE BE5 REIT]AT$ 9 O!R PUBLICATIONS1 & ALWAYS MORE 9SI/5TLY4 ,:Y W]E WE NOT >RE/$ & PUT ON TRIAL8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 AS = ! CONT5TS ( ?AT DESP]ATE CALL TO RETURN TO ! RI<T TRACK1 V]Y FEW RECTIFICATIONS ( M9OR DETAILS W]E POSSIBLE4 ,WE W]E EXPECT+ TO BE PUT ON TRIAL SO ?AT WE C\LD SPEAK EV5 MORE OP5LY1 S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 WE W]E NOT UNAW>E ( ! FACT ?AT WE W]E AT W> & ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE ADVANTAGE\S TO GIVE AID & COM=T TO ! 5EMY2 9 A TRIAL1 WE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SAY \T L\D :AT WE HAD PREVI\SLY KEPT TO \RSELVES4 ,NO *>GES W]E BR\<T AGA9/ US1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT WE DID NOT HOLD ANY (FICIAL POSITIONS & ?AT WE DID NOT EV5 SP>E ! LEAD]S ( \R [N ORGANIZATIONS FROM \R CRITICAL B>BS4 ,A FEW G5]\S VOICES D>$ TO CALL = \R HEADS 9 ! PRESS1 P>ROT+ :AT WAS BE+ DEM&$ 9 ! CONCLAVES ( ! WOR%IP]S ( ,MUSCOVITISM4 ,BUT ?AT WAS ALL4 

,9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO \R BOOK1 WE SAID ! FOLL[+3  
  

,?IS IS NOT A HI/ORY1 IT IS NOT A *RONICLE ( ! EV5TS ( ! REVOLUTION & ! ANTI-FASCI/ W>2 IT IS AN 9T]NAL ANALYSIS1 A K9D ( EXAM9ATION ( \R CONSCI5CE1 N[ ?AT WE HAVE >RIV$ AT A =K 9 ! ROAD & HAVE TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( ?IS MOM5T ( RESPITE4 ,NONE!LESS1 WE BELIEVE ?AT !SE PAGES CAN BE A CONTRIBUTION TO HI/ORY & ?AT SOME ( ! REFLECTIONS & 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT ! EV5TS WE HAVE EXP]I5C$ SUGGE/ TO US MI<T BE ABLE TO BE ( S]VICE TO ! MOVEM5T = FRE$OM 9 ! WORLD4 

,RI<T N[1 ! (F5SIVE ( 9T]NATIONAL FASCISM 9 ,SPA9 IS GA9+ MOM5TUM & ! MANEUV]S ( ,EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY--,5GLI%1 ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 & ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN1 ON ! O!R-->E ACCEL]AT+ TO /RANGLE \R MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO REFLECT UPON ALL ( ?IS & TO *OOSE1 ) OP5 EYES & A CALM /ATE ( M9D1 ! RI<T ROAD TO TAKE4 ,! WORLD PROLET>IAT IS COMMITT+ SUICIDE ) ITS PASSIVITY T[>DS \R W> & ! TREASON\S DEMOCRACIES >E DIGG+ !IR [N GRAVES ) !IR IRRESOLUTION & C[>DICE 9 ! FACE ( ! FASCI/ P[]S4 

,WE CAN NO LONG] BE RESPONSIBLE1 AS WE W]E UP UNTIL N[1 = ! FUTURE ( ,SPA91 NOR CAN WE (F] \R [N BLOOD ) ! SAME G5]\S SPIRIT ?AT WE DID 9 ! PA/4 ,! S9I/] GAME IS UNMASK$ & ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE >E BE+ L$ TO CATA/ROPHE4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R OR NOT IT IS /ILL 9 \R P[] TO PREV5T ! COLLAPSE ( ! ILLUSIONS ?AT >OSE ALL OV] ! WORLD ) REG>D TO \R W> & \R REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE /ILL HAVE SOME C>DS TO PLAY1 & \R FRI5DS WILL KN[ H[ TO PLAY !M ) RESOLUTION & = ! RI<T /AKES2 BUT ! PRES5T \TLOOK IS NOT ! SAME AS IT WAS SEV]AL MON?S AGO1 & IF WE W]E TO REMA9 SIL5T1 WE W\LD BECOME ACCOMPLICES ( ! CRIME ?AT IS 9 ! MAK+ & 9 :I* WE HAVE PLAY$ NO P>T AT ALL4 

,! FOLL[+ PAGES WILL S]VE TO CL>IFY1 = \R FRI5DS & COMRADES 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 A FEW ASPECTS ( \R EF=TS1 & ALSO TO 9DICATE1 = ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE A CLE> VIEW ( ! SITUATION1 ! OB/ACLES ?AT SURR\ND US ON ALL SIDES4 ,SIL5CE W\LD BE CONCEIVABLE = US ONLY IF WE W]E MEMB]S ( A P>TY OR AN ORGANIZATION2 BUT ! DE/9Y ( ,SPA91 & ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY1 IS AT /AKE1 = MANY YE>S & P]HAPS = C5TURIES4 ,& ! RI<T TO SPEAK \T BECOMES1 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 A DUTY4 

,TOO MU* ( ! BLOOD ( \R BRO!RS & SI/]S HAS BE5 %$ S9CE ,JULY #ai TO CONS5T1 ) \R H&S 9 \R POCKETS1 TO ALL[ ! 9FAMY ?AT IS BE+ PREP>$ TO COME TO A GOOD 5D4 ,MANY POSITIONS HAVE BE5 LO/ 9 \R W> & ALMO/ ALL ! POSITIONS WE CONQU]$ 9 \R REVOLUTION HAVE ALSO BE5 LO/4 ,IF WE RESIGN \RSELVES & DO NOT REACT 9 TIME1 WE WILL RETURN TO WORSE CONDITIONS ?AN ?OSE ?AT PREVAIL$ BE=E ! EPIC EV5TS ( ,JULY2 :OEV] IS CAPABLE ( TOL]AT+ ?IS1 ( ACCEPT+ IT ) EQUANIMITY1 IS WOR?Y ( NO?+ BUT ! *A9S ( EV]Y K9D ( SLAV]Y4 

,AMID ! BETRAYAL ?AT SURR\NDS US ON EV]Y SIDE1 IT IS NECESS>Y = ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE & \R FRI5DS FROM ALL OV] ! WORLD TO KN[ ! FATE ?AT LIES 9 /ORE = US1 & \R POSITION & \R ATTITUDE 9 ! FACE ( ?IS D>K PROSPECT4444  
  

,?AT IS :AT WE WROTE1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 :5 ,FRANCO'S (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,NOR!RN ,SPA9 BEGAN1 BE=E ! FALL ( ,BILBAO1 9 ! HOPE ( 9SPIR+ A MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( A POLITICAL TRANS=MATION ?AT W\LD EMANCIPATE US FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ,MOSC[1 SO FATAL = \R W> EF=T1 )\T HAV+ A*IEV$ ANY?+ BUT AN EV5 MORE BL9D1 MORE UNCONDITIONAL AFFIRMATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN MY? ON ! P>T ( ! LEAD]S ( \R GOV]NM5T & ( ! P>TIES ( ! SO-CALL$ ANTI-FASCI/ ALLIANCE4 

,! BOOK WE WROTE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicg WILL BE RE-CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS VOLUME4 ,N[ WE CAN GIVE IT A NEW TITLE3 ,:Y ,WE ,LO/ ! ,W>4 ,9 #aid WE MU/ SPEAK 9 RETROSPECT &1 !RE=E1 ! TITLE CANNOT BE ANY?+ BUT ,:Y ,WE ,LO/ ! ,W>4 ,WE %ALL M]ELY ADD SOME NEW >GUM5TS & CALL ATT5TION TO SOME ASPECTS ?AT1 9 ! BOOK'S FIR/ $ITION1 C\LD NOT YET BE PUBLICLY DISCLOS$4 

,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% W>1 WE W]E (T5 REM9D$ ( ONE ( ! FAM\S RUL+S ( ,SOLOMON3 ,:O IS NOT FAMILI> ) IT8 ,TWO WOM5 W]E 9VOLV$ 9 A DISPUTE OV] :I* ( !M WAS ! MO!R ( A *ILD4 ,SOLOMON PLACIDLY LI/5$ TO BO? ( !IR TE/IMONIES & PROPOS$ TO CUT ! *ILD 9TO TWO EQUAL P>TS & GIVE ONE P>T TO EA* WOMAN4 ,ONE AGRE$ TO ! SACRIFICE ( ! CREATURE ?AT WAS ! CAUSE ( ! DISPUTE1 :ILE ! O!R IMPLOR$ ,SOLOMON TO ALL[ H] TO )DRAW H] PETITION1 PREF]R+ ?AT ! *ILD %\LD LIVE1 EV5 9 ! H&S ( A /RANG]4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS WOMAN'S PLEA1 ,SOLOMON RECOGNIZ$ ! *ILD'S TRUE MO!R & GAVE ! *ILD TO H]4 

,! OBJECT ( \R DISPUTE WAS ,SPA91 AS 9 O!R P]IODS ( \R HI/ORY4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE WE F\ND \RSELVES UND] ! FLAG ( A ,REPUBLIC ) :I* WE HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON1 ALONGSIDE M5 & P>TIES ?AT W]E JU/ AS MU* \R 5EMIES AS ?OSE ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! TR5*ES4 ,& WE SAID SO AS /RAI<T=W>DLY AS POSSIBLE1 L\DLY & CLE>LY1 & 9 \R WRIT+S1 AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY3 ,= US1 ! SOCIAL VANGU>D ( ,SPA91 ! RESULT W\LD BE ! SAME IF ,NEGR9 W]E TO BE VICTORI\S ) HIS COMMUNI/ COHORTS1 OR IF ,FRANCO W]E TO BE VICTORI\S1 ) HIS ,ITALIANS & ,G]MANS4 ,:Y DID WE GO TO W>8 ,:Y DID WE FI<T8 

,?IS /ATE ( M9D WAS NO LONG] A MATT] ( P]SONAL OP9ION1 BUT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( VA/ MASSES ( PEOPLE1 & ( ! BE/ COMBATANTS FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T ( ! W>4 ,! W> LACK$ ANY PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL GOAL4 ,DID WE FI<T ! W> TO RE/ORE ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ?AT PREVAIL$ BE=E ,JULY #a#i1 OR EV5 WORSE ONES8 ,OR DID WE GO TO W> BECAUSE WE DID NOT SEE ?AT ! F9AL RESULT ( ! CONTE/1 IF EI!R SIDE W]E TO BE VICTORI\S1 W\LD BE \R EXT]M9ATION AS 9DIVIDUALS & AS A MOVEM5T8 

,NONE!LESS1 IF WE LOOK AT ! QUE/ION FROM A VANTAGE PO9T SITUAT$ ABOVE P>TISAN 9T]E/S1 9DIVIDUAL OR FACTIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 ! LOS] 9 ! W> W\LD HAVE TO BE ,SPA91 :OSE ECONOMY W\LD BE DE/ROY$1 ALONG ) MILLIONS ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 KILL$ 9 ! PRIME ( LIFE & ( LABOR1 ) RU9S EV]Y:]E1 & ) A SE$ ( HATR$ PLANT$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ITS PEOPLE ?AT W\LD POISON EV]YONE = MANY G5]ATIONS1 9 A /ATE ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC S]VITUDE4 

,CONV9C$ ?AT WE W]E RI<T & ( ! NOBILITY ( ! CAUSE TO :I* WE DEVOT$ ! BE/ YE>S ( \R LIVES1 CONSCI\S ?AT ONLY ) ! SOLUTION ?AT WE ADVOCAT$ = ! PROBLEMS ( ,SPA9 C\LD \R PEOPLE HAVE A BETT] FUTURE1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE WOR?Y ( !IR PA/ & !IR SPIRIT1 & SEE+ ! DEFEAT ( ,SPA9 AT ! H&S ( BO? SIDES3 :Y DID WE NOT POSSESS ! H]OIC VALOR TO YIELD1 AS ! TRUE MO!R YIELD$ 9 ! JUDGM5T ( ,SOLOMON8 

,! CONT9UATION ( ! W> WAS AT MO/ AN ACT ( C[>DICE1 NOT AN ACT ( C\RAGE OR VALOR4.<#c.> ,!Y F\<T BECAUSE !Y W]E AFRAID ( REPRISALS1 NOT BECAUSE !Y HAD ! LEA/ D\BT1 AMONG ?OSE :O HAD NO RI<T TO LOSE !IR HEADS1 CONC]N+ ! DISA/R\S 5D ( ! W> = ! SO-CALL$ REPUBLICAN SECTOR4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! VICTORS ON ,FRANCO'S SIDE W\LD NOT HAVE 9FLICT$ SU* EXTREME REPRESSION IF ! HO/ILITIES W]E TO HAVE 5D$ MU* SOON]4 ,FUR!RMORE1 >E ! 9DIVIDUAL FE>S ( A L>G] OR SMALL] NUMB] ( PEOPLE A GOOD 5\< REASON TO SACRIFICE ,SPA98 ,! MO/ H]OIC & SELF-SACRIFIC+ ACT W\LD HAVE CONSI/$ 9 YIELD+1 EV5 ?\< WE W]E 9 ! RI<T4 ,BUT ! 5VIRONM5T SKILLFULLY CREAT$ BY GOV]NM5T PROPAG&A & BY ! ACTS ( T]ROR MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = SU* IDEAS TO P5ETRATE BEYOND ! 9TIMATE CIRCLE ( A FEW FRI5DS1 P]HAPS ?OSE :O HAD GIV5 ! MO/ TO ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION & ! W>4 

,\R REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO BR+ AB\T A *ANGE 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 TO PROVOKE A CRISIS & TO COMPEL A SOB] REVIEW ( ! REAL SITUATION1 9 ! ECONOMIC1 F9ANCIAL1 & MILIT>Y FIELDS1 ETC41 FAIL$ ON EV]Y OCCASION4 ,! POLICY ?AT WE W]E AT FIR/ OP5LY ADVOCAT+ BECAME 9CREAS+LY MORE CL&E/9E & 9DIVIDUAL4 ,WE KNEW NO?+ AB\T ! P>TICUL> DETAILS1 AL?\< WE GRASP$ ! G5]AL TR5D4 ,! MISSION ( ! GOV]NM5T :OSE =MATION WE S\<T W\LD BE TO 9SPIRE A LITTLE FAI? 9 ! PEOPLE1 PUT AN 5D TO ABUSES & EXTRA-JUDICIAL T]ROR1 LIQUIDATE ! ,RUSSIAN DOM9ANCE 9 ! >MY1 EXAM9E ! F9ANCIAL SITUATION & 5=CE ! NECESS>Y SANCTIONS ON ?OSE :O W]E MO/ RESPONSIBLE = ! WIDESPREAD EMBEZZLEM5T & WA/E2 SU* W]E \R RECOMM5DATIONS ) RESPECT TO DOME/IC POLICY2 9 ! DOMA9 ( =EIGN POLICY1 WE WANT$ TO PRES5T AN ULTIMATUM TO ! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRATIC P[]S1 CALL+ ON !M TO MAKE A DEF9ITIVE DECL>ATION1 )\T BEAT+ >\ND ! BU%1 CONC]N+ !IR SUPPORT = ,SPA9 & ! CRIME ( UNILAT]AL NON9T]V5TION4 ,IF ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 W\LD NOT COMMIT TO PROVID+ EFFECTIVE AID1 !N ! W> W\LD BE LIQUIDAT$4 ,! QUE/ION ( H[ TO 5D ! W> W\LD /ILL REMA91 BUT ! CONT9U$ PROSECUTION ( ! MASSACRE ) ITS ATT5DANT DE/RUCTION WAS AN UN=GIVABLE CRIME1 :I* C\LD ONLY B5EFIT ! 5EMIES ( \R PEOPLE & ( !IR FUTURE4 

,& ?AT IS :AT WE ?\<T1 WE :O W]E ! ONLY ONES :O C\LD NOT BE ACCUS$ ( AVOID+ ! SACRIFICES ( ! /RUGGLE OR ( HAV+ EVAD$ !M 9 ! PA/4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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