,:Y ,PA/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS ,HAVE ,FAIL$ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,?IRTY YE>S AGO EV]Y SOCIALI/ WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! 
APPROA*+ W> ( ! GREAT CAPITALI/ P[]S W\LD MEAN ! F9AL CATA/ROPHE 
( CAPITALISM & W\LD BE SUCCE$$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,EV5 :5 
! W> DID BREAK \T & ! SOCIALI/ & LABOR MOVEM5T COLLAPS$ AS A 
REVOLUTION>Y FACTOR1 ! HOPES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S RAN HI<4 ,EV5 !N 
!Y W]E SURE ?AT ! WORLD REVOLUTION W\LD FOLL[ 9 ! WAKE ( ! WORLD 
W>4 ,& 9DE$ IT CAME4 ,LIKE A BRI<T METEOR ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION FL>$ UP 
& %ONE ALL OV] ! E>?1 & 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ! WORK]S ROSE & 
BEGAN TO MOVE4 

,ONLY A FEW YE>S AFT] IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS 
DECAY+1 ?AT SOCIAL CONVULSIONS W]E DECREAS+1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ ORD] WAS 
GRADUALLY BE+ RE/OR$4 ,TODAY ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS AT 
ITS L[E/ EBB & CAPITALISM IS MORE P[]FUL ?AN EV]4 

,ONCE AGA9 A GREAT W> HAS COME1 & AGA9 ! ?\<TS ( 
WORK]S & COMMUNI/S TURN TO ! QUE/ION3 WILL IT AFFECT ! CAPITALI/IC 
SY/EM TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT A WORK]S' REVOLUTION WILL >ISE \T ( IT8 
,WILL ! HOPE ( A SUCCESSFUL /RUGGLE = FRE$OM ( ! WORK+ CLASS COME 
TRUE ?IS TIME8 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT WE CANNOT HOPE TO GET AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION 
SO LONG AS WE DO NOT UND]/& :Y ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS AFT] #aiah 
FAIL$4 ,ONLY BY 9VE/IGAT+ ALL ! =CES ?AT W]E !N AT WORK CAN WE GET A 
CLE> 9SI<T 9TO ! CAUSES ( ?AT FAILURE4 ,SO WE MU/ TURN \R ATT5TION TO 
:AT HAPP5$ TW5TY YE>S AGO 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ( ! WORLD4 

,I,I4 

,! GR[? ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS NOT ! ONLY 
IMPORTANT NOR EV5 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! PA/ C5TURY4 
,( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE WAS ! GR[? ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,IT GREW NOT ONLY 9 
9T5SITY--?R\< CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL1 ! 9CREAS+ P]FECTION ( 
9DU/RIAL TE*NICS1 ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY--BUT ALSO 9 EXT5SITY4 
,FROM ! FIR/ C5T]S ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE--,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,AM]ICA 
& ,G]MANY--CAPITALISM BEGAN TO 9VADE =EIGN C\NTRIES1 & N[ IS 
CONQU]+ ! :OLE E>?4 ,9 =M] C5TURIES =EIGN CONT95TS W]E SUBDU$ 
TO BE EXPLOIT$ AS COLONIES4 ,BUT AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? & AT ! BEG9N+ ( 
! #b? C5TURIES WE SEE A HI<] =M ( CONQUE/4 ,!SE CONT95TS W]E 
ASSIMILAT$ BY CAPITALISM2 !Y BECAME !MSELVES CAPITALI/IC4 ,?IS MO/ 
IMPORTANT PROCESS1 ?AT W5T ON ) 9CREAS+ RAPIDITY 9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 
MEANT A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 !IR ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,9 %ORT1 !RE WAS ! 
BASIS ( A S]IES ( WORLD-WIDE REVOLUTIONS4 

,! C5TRAL C\NTRIES ( DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 ) ! MIDDLE 
CLASS--! B\RGEOISIE--AS ! RUL+ CLASS1 W]E =M]LY SURR\ND$ 
BY A FR+E ( O!R1 LESS DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,H]E ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE WAS 
/ILL 5TIRELY AGR>IAN & MORE-OR-LESS FEUDAL2 ! L>GE PLA9S W]E 
CULTIVAT$ BY F>M]S :O W]E EXPLOIT$ BY L&[N]S & /OOD 9 CONT9U\S1 
MORE-OR-LESS OP5 /RUGGLE AGA9/ !M & ! REIGN+ AUTOCRATS4 ,9 ! CASE 
( ! COLONIES ?IS 9T]NAL PRESSURE WAS 9T5SIFI$ ?R\< EXPLOITATION BY 
,EUROPEAN COLONIAL CAPITAL ?AT MADE ! L&[N]S & K+S ITS AG5TS4 ,9 
O!R CASES ?IS /RONG] EXPLOITATION BY ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL WAS BR\<T AB\T BY 
F9ANCIAL LOANS ( GOV]NM5TS1 :I* LAID HEAVY TAXES UPON ! F>M]S4 
,RAILWAYS1 9TRODUC+ ! FACTORY PRODUCTS ?AT DE/ROY$ ! OLD HOME 
9DU/RIES & C>RI$ AWAY RAW MAT]IAL & FOOD1 W]E BUILT4 ,?IS GRADUALLY 
DREW ! F>M]S 9TO WORLD COMM]CE & >\S$ 9 !M ! DESIRE TO BECOME 
FREE PRODUC]S = ! M>KET4 ,FACTORIES W]E CON/RUCT$2 A CLASS ( BUS9ESS 
M5 & DEAL]S DEVELOP$ 9 ! T[NS :O FELT ! NECESSITY ( BETT] 
GOV]NM5T = !IR 9T]E/4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE1 /UDY+ AT ,WE/]N UNIV]SITIES1 
BECAME ! REVOLUTION>Y SPOKESM5 ( !SE T5D5CIES4 ,!Y =MULAT$ !SE 
T5D5CIES 9 !ORETICAL PROGRAMS1 ADVOCAT+ *IEFLY NATIONAL FRE$OM & 
9DEP5D5CE1 A RESPONSIBLE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 CIVIL RI<TS & LIB]TIES1 
9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY F9D !IR USEFUL PLACE AS (FICIALS & POLITICIANS 9 A 
MOD]N /ATE4 

,?IS DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CAPITALI/IC WORLD PROP] TOOK PLACE 
SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T )9 ! 
C5TRAL C\NTRIES ( BIG CAPITALISM4 ,H]E !N W]E TWO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 
NOT ONLY P>ALLEL & SIMULTANE\S1 BUT ALSO ) MANY PO9TS ( CONTACT4 ,!Y 
HAD A COMMON FOE1 CAPITALISM1 ?AT 9 ! =M ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 
EXPLOIT$ ! WORK]S1 & 9 ! =M ( COLONIAL & F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM 
EXPLOIT$ ! F>M]S 9 ! ,EA/]N & COLONIAL C\NTRIES & SU/A9$ !SE 
DESPOTIC RUL]S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS FROM !SE C\NTRIES F\ND 
UND]/&+ & ASSI/ANCE ONLY FROM ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 
,SO !Y CALL$ !MSELVES SOCIALI/S TOO4 ,! OLD ILLUSIONS ?AT MIDDLE CLASS 
REVOLUTIONS W\LD BR+ FRE$OM & EQUALITY TO ! 5TIRE POPULATION W]E 
REBORN4 

,9 REALITY !RE WAS A DEEP & FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 
!SE TWO K9DS ( REVOLUTION>Y AIMS1 ! SO-CALL$ ,WE/]N & ,EA/]N4 ,! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION CAN BE ! RESULT ONLY ( ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,IT PUTS AN 5D TO CAPITALISM4 ,! REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ,EA/]N 
C\NTRIES W]E ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! BEG9N+ ( CAPITALISM 9 !SE 
C\NTRIES4 ,VIEW$ ?US1 !Y RESEMBLE ! MIDDLE CLASS REVOLUTIONS 9 ! 
,WE/]N C\NTRIES &--) DUE CONSID]ATION = ! FACT ?AT !IR 
SPECIAL *>ACT] MU/ SOME:AT DIFF] 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES--!Y MU/ BE 
REG>D$ AS MIDDLE CLASS REVOLUTIONS4 

,?\< !RE WAS NOT SU* A NUM]\S MIDDLE CLASS ( >TISANS1 
PETTY B\RGEOIS & WEAL?Y PEASANTS AS !RE WAS 9 ! ,FR5* & ! ,5GLI% 
REVOLUTIONS 7BECAUSE 9 ! ,EA/1 CAPITALISM CAME SUDD5LY1 ) A SMALL] 
NUMB] ( BIG FACTORIES7 /ILL ! G5]AL *>ACT] IS ANALOG\S4 ,H]E ALSO WE 
HAVE ! AWAK5+ \T ( ! PROV9CIAL VIEW ( AN AGR>IAN VILLAGE TO ! 
CONSCI\SNESS ( A NATION-WIDE COMMUNITY & TO 9T]E/ 9 ! :OLE WORLD2 ! 
RIS+ ( 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT FREES ITSELF FROM ! OLD GR\P BONDS2 ! GR[? 
( 5]GY TO W9 P]SONAL P[] & WEAL?2 ! LIB]ATION ( ! M9D FROM OLD 
SUP]/ITIONS1 & ! DESIRE = KN[L$GE AS A MEANS ( PROGRESS4 ,ALL ?IS IS 
! M5TAL EQUIPM5T NECESS>Y TO BR+ MANK9D FROM ! SL[ LIFE ( 
PRE-CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS 9TO ! RAPID 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC PROGRESS ?AT 
LAT] ON WILL OP5 ! WAY = COMMUNISM4 

,! G5]AL *>ACT] ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION MU/ BE QUITE 
DIFF]5T4 ,9/EAD ( RECKLESS FI<T+ = P]SONAL 9T]E/S !RE MU/ BE A 
COMMON ACTION = ! 9T]E/S ( ! CLASS COMMUNITY4 ,A WORK]1 A S+LE 
P]SON1 IS P[]LESS2 ONLY AS P>T ( HIS CLASS1 AS A MEMB] ( A /RONGLY 
CONNECT$ ECONOMIC GR\P CAN HE GET P[]4 ,WORK]S' 9DIVIDUALITIES >E 
DISCIPL9$ 9TO L9E BY !IR HABIT ( WORK+ & FI<T+ TOGE!R4 ,!IR 
M9DS MU/ BE FRE$ FROM SOCIAL SUP]/ITIONS & !Y MU/ SEE AS A COMMONPLACE 
TRU? ?AT ONCE !Y >E /RONGLY UNIT$ ?AT !Y CAN PRODUCE ABUNDANCE & 
LIB]ATE SOCIETY FROM MIS]Y & WANT4 ,?IS IS P>T ( ! M5TAL EQUIPM5T 
NECESS>Y TO BR+ MANK9D FROM CLASS EXPLOITATION1 ! MIS]Y1 ! MUTUAL 
DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM 9TO COMMUNISM ITSELF4 

,?US ! TWO K9DS ( REVOLUTION >E AS WIDELY DIFF]5T AS >E 
! BEG9N+ & 5D ( CAPITALISM4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS CLE>LY N[1 ?IRTY YE>S 
LAT]4 ,WE CAN UND]/& TOO1 H[ AT ! TIME !Y C\LD BE CONSID]$ NOT ONLY 
AS ALLIES1 BUT W]E ?R[N TOGE!R AS TWO SIDES ( ! SAME GREAT 
WORLD-REVOLUTION4 ,! GREAT DAY WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE NE>2 ! WORK+ CLASS1 ) 
ITS L>GE SOCIALI/ P>TIES & /ILL L>G] UNIONS1 W\LD SOON CONQU] P[]4 
,& !N AT ! SAME TIME1 ) ! P[] ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM BREAK+ D[N1 
ALL ! COLONIES & ,EA/]N C\NTRIES W\LD BE FRE$ FROM ,WE/]N DOM9ATION 
& TAKE UP !IR [N NATIONAL LIFE4 

,ANO!R REASON = CONFUS+ !SE DIFF]5T SOCIAL AIMS WAS ?AT 
AT ?AT TIME ! M9DS ( ! ,WE/]N WORK]S W]E 5TIRELY OCCUPI$ BY 
RE=MI/ IDEAS AB\T RE=M+ CAPITALISM 9TO ! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( ITS 
BEG9N+ & ONLY A FEW AMONG !M REALIZ$ ! MEAN+ ( A PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION4 

,I,I,I4 

,! WORLD W> ( #a#i#a#d-#a#h1 ) ITS UTT] DE/RUCTION ( 
PRODUCTIVE =CES1 CUT DEEP FURR[S ?R\< ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 ESPECIALLY ( 
C5TRAL & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,EMP]ORS DISAPPE>$1 OLD \T-MOD$ GOV]NM5TS W]E 
OV]?R[N1 SOCIAL =CES FROM BEL[ W]E LOOS5$1 DIFF]5T CLASSES ( 
DIFF]5T PEOPLES1 9 A S]IES ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 TRI$ TO W9 P[] 
& TO REALIZE !IR CLASS AIMS4 

,9 ! HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! 
WORK]S WAS ALREADY ! DOM9AT+ FACTOR ( HI/ORY4 ,N[ !SE WORK]S HAD GONE 
?R\< A WORLD W>4 ,!Y LE>N$ ?AT CAPITALISM NOT ONLY LAYS CLAIM ON !IR 
WORK+ P[]1 BUT UPON !IR LIVES TOO2 COMPLETELY1 BODY & S\L1 !Y >E 
[N$ BY CAPITAL4 ,! DE/RUCTION & IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE 
APP>ATUS1 ! MIS]Y & PRIVATION SUFF]$ DUR+ ! W>1 ! DISAPPO9TM5T 
& DI/RESS AFT] ! PEACE BR\<T WAVES ( UNRE/ & REBELLI\SNESS OV] ALL 
P>TICIPAT+ C\NTRIES4 ,BECAUSE ,G]MANY HAD LO/1 ! REBELLION H]E ( ! 
WORK]S WAS GREATE/4 ,9 ! PLACE ( PRE-W> CONS]VATISM1 !RE >OSE A NEW 
SPIRIT 9 ! ,G]MAN WORK]S1 COMP\ND$ ( C\RAGE1 5]GY1 YE>N+S = 
FRE$OM & = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS ONLY A 
BEG9N+ BUT IT WAS ! FIR/ BEG9N+ ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,9 ! ,EA/]N C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAD A 
DIFF]5T COMPOSITION4 ,! L& [N+ NOBILITY WAS DISPOSSESS$2 ! F>M]S 
SEIZ$ ! L&2 A CLASS ( SMALL OR MIDDLE-SIZ$ FREE L&[N]S >OSE4 ,=M] 
REVOLUTION>Y CONSPIRATORS BECAME LEAD]S & M9I/]S & G5]ALS 9 ! NEW 
NATIONAL /ATES4 ,!SE REVOLUTIONS W]E MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTIONS & AS SU* 
9DICAT$ ! BEG9N+ ( AN UNLIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & 
9DU/RY4 

,9 ,RUSSIA ?IS REVOLUTION W5T DEEP] ?AN ANY:]E ELSE4 ,BECAUSE 
IT DE/ROY$ ! ,CZ>I/ WORLD P[]1 :I* = A C5TURY HAD BE5 A DOM9AT+ 
P[] 9 ,EUROPE & ! MO/ HAT$ 5EMY ( ALL DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM1 ! 
,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION L$ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ITS LEAD] HAD 
BE5 ASSOCIAT$ = MANY YE>S ) ! SOCIALI/ LEAD]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE JU/ 
AS ! ,CZ> HAD BE5 ! ALLY ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* GOV]NM5TS4 ,IT IS TRUE 
?AT ! *IEF SOCIAL CONT5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION--! L& SEIZURES 
BY ! PEASANTS & ! SMA%+ ( ! AUTOCRACY & NOBILITY--%[ IT TO 
BE A MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION & ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES ACC5TUAT$ ?IS 
*>ACT] BY (T5 COMP>+ !MSELVES ) ! ,JACOB9S ( ! ,FR5* 
,REVOLUTION4 

,BUT ! WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/1 !MSELVES FULL ( TRADITIONS ( 
PETTY B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 DID NOT CONSID] ?IS =EIGN TO !M4 ,& ! ,RUSSIAN 
REVOLUTION DID MORE ?AN SIMPLY R\SE !IR ADMIRATION2 IT %[$ !M AN 
EXAMPLE 9 ME?ODS ( ACTION4 ,ITS P[] 9 DECISIVE MOM5TS WAS ! P[] ( 
SPONTANE\S MASS ACTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 ! BIG T[NS4 ,\T ( !SE 
ACTIONS ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S ALSO BUILT UP ?AT =M ( ORGANIZATION MO/ 
APPROPRIATE TO 9DEP5D5T ACTION--! SOVIETS OR C\NCILS4 ,?US !Y 
BECAME ! GUIDES & TEA*]S ( ! WORK]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 

,:5 A YE> LAT]1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ! ,G]MAN EMPIRE COLLAPS$1 
! APPEAL TO WORLD REVOLUTION ISSU$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS WAS HAIL$ & 
WELCOM$ BY ! =EMO/ REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,!SE GR\PS1 CALL+ !MSELVES COMMUNI/S1 W]E SO /RONGLY 
IMPRESS$ BY ! PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA 
?AT !Y OV]LOOK$ ! FACT ?AT1 ECONOMICALLY1 ,RUSSIA /OOD ONLY AT ! 
?RE%OLD ( CAPITALISM1 & ?AT ! PROLET>IAN C5T]S W]E ONLY SMALL 
ISL&S 9 ! OCEAN ( PRIMITIVE PEASANTRY4 ,MOREOV] !Y REASON$ ?AT :5 A 
WORLD REVOLUTION CAME1 ,RUSSIA W\LD BE ONLY A WORLD-PROV9CE--! PLACE 
:]E ! /RUGGLE />T$--:]EAS ! MORE ADVANC$ C\NTRIES ( BIG 
CAPITALISM W\LD SOON TAKE ! LEAD & DET]M9E ! WORLD'S REAL 
C\RSE4 

,BUT ! FIR/ REBELLI\S MOVEM5T AMONG ! ,G]MAN WORK]S WAS 
BEAT5 D[N4 ,IT WAS ONLY AN ADVANC$ M9ORITY ?AT TOOK P>T2 ! GREAT MASS 
HELD ALO(1 NURS+ ! ILLUSION ?AT QUIET & PEACE W]E N[ POSSIBLE4 ,AGA9/ 
!SE REBELS /OOD A COALITION ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 :OSE LEAD]S 
OCCUPI$ ! GOV]NM5T SEATS1 & ! OLD GOV]N+ CLASSES1 B\RGEOISIE & 
>MY (FIC]S4 ,:ILE ! =M] LULL$ ! MASSES 9TO 9ACTIVITY1 ! LATT] 
ORGANIZ$ >M$ B&S ?AT CRU%$ ! REBELLI\S MOVEM5T & MURD]$ ! 
REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S1 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ?R\< FE>1 HAD >\S$ ! B\RGEOISIE 
TO GREAT] 5]GY ?AN IT HAD >\S$ ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< HOPE4 ,?\<1 = 
! MOM5T1 ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAD COLLAPS$1 ITS 
REAL MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL P[] WAS 5ORM\S4 ,! SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP DID 
NO?+ TO WEAK5 ?IS P[]2 !Y FE>$ ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION NO LESS 
?AN ! B\RGEOISIE DID4 ,!Y DID EV]Y?+ TO RE/ORE ! CAPITALI/ ORD]1 
9 :I*1 = ! MOM5T1 !Y W]E M9I/]S & PRESID5TS4 

,?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY WAS 
A COMPLETE FAILURE4 ,ONLY ! FIR/ ATTACK1 ! FIR/ REBELLION HAD FAIL$4 ,! 
MILIT>Y COLLAPSE HAD NOT L$ DIRECTLY TO PROLET>IAN RULE4 ,! REAL P[] ( 
! WORK+ CLASS--CLE> CONSCI\SNESS ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES ( !IR 
SOCIAL POSITION & ! NECESSITY = FI<T+1 EAG] ACTIVITY 9 ALL !SE 
HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 5?USIASM1 SOLID>ITY & /RONG UNITY 9 ACTION1 
AW>5ESS ( ! SUPREME AIM3 TO TAKE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 !IR [N 
H&S--HAD TO COME UP & GR[ GRADUALLY 9 ANY CASE4 ,SO MU* MIS]Y & 
CRISIS WAS ?REAT5+ 9 ! EXHAU/$1 %ATT]$ & IMPOV]I%$ PO/W> 
SOCIETY ?AT NEW FI<TS W]E B\ND TO COME4 

,9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,AM]ICA AS WELL 
AS ,G]MANY1 REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS >OSE AMONG ! WORK]S 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,!Y PUBLI%$ 
PAP]S & PAMPHLETS1 !Y %[$ !IR FELL[ WORK]S NEW FACTS1 NEW CONDITIONS 
& NEW ME?ODS ( FI<T+1 & !Y F\ND A GOOD HE>+ AMONG ! AL>M$ 
MASSES4 ,!Y PO9T$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AS !IR GREAT EXAMPLE1 ITS 
ME?ODS ( MASS ACTION & ITS SOVIET OR C\NCIL =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y 
ORGANIZ$ 9TO COMMUNI/ P>TIES & GR\PS1 ASSOCIAT+ !MSELVES ) ! 
,BOL%EVI/1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,?US ! CAMPAIGN = WORLD REVOLUTION 
WAS LAUN*$4 

,I,V4 

,SOON1 H[EV]1 !SE GR\PS BECAME AW>E ) 9CREAS+LY 
PA9FUL SURPRISE ?AT UND] ! NAME ( COMMUNISM O!R PR9CIPLES & IDEAS 
?AN !IR [N W]E BE+ PROPAGAT$ FROM ,MOSC[4 ,!Y PO9T$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN 
,SOVIETS AS ! WORK]'S NEW ORGANS = SELF-RULE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,BUT 
GRADUALLY IT BECAME KN[N ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORIES W]E AGA9 RUL$ BY 
DIRECTORS APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE1 & ?AT ! IMPORTANT POLITICAL POSITION HAD 
BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,!SE ,WE/]N GR\PS PROMULGAT$ ! 
DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* 9 OPPOSITION TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y 
DEMOCRACY EMBODI$ ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF-RULE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! 
POLITICAL =M ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! SPOKESM5 & LEAD]S 
:I* ,MOSC[ S5T TO ,G]MANY & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP 
( ! PROLET>IAT WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,! ,WE/]N ,COMMUNI/S SAW AS !IR *IEF TASK ! 5LI<T5+ 
( WORK]S CONC]N+ ! ROLE ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY & ! UNIONS4 ,!Y 
PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS ! ACTIONS & DECISIONS ( ! LEAD]S 
W]E SUB/ITUT$ = ACTIONS & DECISIONS ( ! WORK]S1 & ?AT ! LEAD]S 
W]E NEV] ABLE TO WAGE A REVOLUTION>Y FI<T BECAUSE A REVOLUTION CONSI/S 9 
?IS V]Y SELF-ACTION ( ! WORK]S2 ?AT ! TRADE UNION ACTIONS & 
P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICE >E GOOD 9 A Y\NG & QUIET CAPITALI/ WORLD1 BUT >E 
5TIRELY UNFIT = REVOLUTION>Y TIMES1 :]E1 BY DIV]T+ ! ATT5TION ( ! 
WORK]S FROM IMPORTANT AIMS & GOALS & DIRECT+ !M TO UNREAL RE=MS1 !Y 
WORK AS HO/ILE1 REACTION>Y =CES2 ?AT ALL ! P[] ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 
9 ! H&S ( LEAD]S1 IS US$ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,MOSC[1 H[EV]1 
DEM&$ ?AT COMMUNI/ P>TIES %\LD TAKE P>T 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS AS 
WELL AS 9 ALL UNION WORK4 ,! ,WE/]N COMMUNI/S PREA*$ 9DEP5D5CE1 
DEVELOPM5T ( 9ITIATIVE1 SELF-RELIANCE1 ! EJECTION ( DEP5D5CE ON & 
BELIEF 9 LEAD]S4 ,BUT ,MOSC[ PREA*$1 9 EV] /RONG] T]MS ?AT OB$I5CE TO 
! LEAD]S WAS ! *IEF VIRTUE ( ! TRUE COMMUNI/4 

,WE/]N COMMUNI/S DID NOT IMM$IATELY REALIZE H[ FUNDAM5TAL 
WAS ! CONTRADICTION4 ,!Y SAW ?AT ,RUSSIA1 ATTACK$ FROM ALL SIDES BY 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y >MIES1 :I* W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* 
GOV]NM5TS1 NE$$ SYMPA?Y & ASSI/ANCE FROM ! ,WE/]N WORK+ CLASSES2 
NOT FROM SMALL GR\PS ?AT FI]CELY ATTACK$ ! OLD ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT FROM ! 
OLD MASS ORGANIZATIONS !MSELVES4 ,!Y TRI$ TO CONV9CE ,L59 & ! ,RUSSIAN 
LEAD]S ?AT !Y W]E ILL-9=M$ AB\T ! REAL CONDITIONS & ! FUTURE ( 
! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/4 ,9 VA91 ( C\RSE4 ,!Y DID NOT SEE1 AT 
! TIME1 ?AT 9 REALITY IT WAS ! CONFLICT ( TWO CONCEPTS ( REVOLUTION1 ! 
MIDDLE CLASS REVOLUTION & ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,IT WAS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ,L59 & HIS COMRADES W]E UTT]LY 
UNABLE TO SEE ?AT ! IMP5D+ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ( ! ,WE/ WAS QUITE A 
DIFF]5T ?+ FROM !IR ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,L59 DID NOT KN[ CAPITALISM 
FROM )91 AT ITS HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T1 AS A WORLD ( 5L>G+ PROLET>IAN 
MASSES1 MOV+ UP TO ! TIME :5 !Y C\LD SEIZE P[] TO LAY H&S ON A 
POT5TIALLY P]FECT PRODUCTION APP>ATUS4 ,L59 KNEW CAPITALISM ONLY FROM 
)\T1 AS A =EIGN1 ROBB+1 DEVA/AT+ USUR]1 SU* AS ! ,WE/]N 
F9ANCIAL & COLONIAL CAPITAL MU/ HAVE APPE>$ TO HIM 9 ,RUSSIA & O!R 
,ASIATIC C\NTRIES4 ,HIS IDEA WAS ?AT 9 ORD] TO CONQU]1 ! ,WE/]N MASSES HAD 
ONLY TO JO9 ! ANTI-CAPITALI/IC P[] E/ABLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA2 !Y %\LD NOT 
OB/9ATELY TRY TO SEEK O!R WAYS BUT W]E TO FOLL[ ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE4 ,H5CE 
FLEXIBLE TACTICS W]E NE$$ 9 ! ,WE/ TO W9 ! GREAT MASSES ( SOCIALI/ 
& UNION MEMB]S AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 TO 9DUCE !M TO LEAVE !IR [N LEAD]S 
& P>TIES ?AT W]E B\ND TO !IR NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 & TO JO9 ! 
COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 )\T ! NECESSITY ( *ANG+ !IR [N IDEAS & 
CONVICTIONS4 ,SO ,MOSC[ TACTICS FOLL[$ LOGICALLY FROM ! BASIC 
MISUND]/&+4 

,& :AT HAD ,MOSC[ PROPAGAT$ HAD BY F> ! GREATE/ WEI<T4 ,IT 
HAD ! AU?ORITY ( A VICTORY AGA9/ A DEFEAT$ 7,G]MAN7 REVOLUTION4 ,WILL Y\ 
BE WIS] ?AN Y\R TEA*]S8 ,! MORAL AU?ORITY ( ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNISM WAS SO 
UNDISPUT$ ?AT EV5 A YE> LAT] ! EXCLUD$ ,G]MAN OPPOSITION ASK$ TO BE 
ADMITT$ AS A 0SYMPA?IZ+0 ADH]5T TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 
,BUT BESIDES MORAL AU?ORITY1 ! ,RUSSIANS HAD ! MAT]IAL AU?ORITY ( MONEY 
BEH9D !M4 ,AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( LIT]ATURE1 EASILY PAID = BY ,MOSC[ 
SUBSIDIES1 FLOOD$ ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES3 WEEKLY PAP]S1 PAMPHLETS1 EXCIT+ 
NEWS AB\T SUCCESSES 9 ,RUSSIA1 SCI5TIFIC REVIEWS1 ALL EXPLA9+ 
,MOSC['S VIEWS4 ,AGA9/ ?IS OV]:ELM+ (F5SIVE ( NOISY PROPAG&A1 
! SMALL GR\PS ( ,WE/]N COMMUNI/S1 ) !IR LACK ( F9ANCIAL MEANS1 HAD 
NO *ANCE4 ,SO ! NEW & SPR\T+ RECOGNITION ( ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = 
REVOLUTION W]E BEAT5 D[N & /RANGL$ BY ,MOSC['S P[]FUL WEAPONS4 
,MOREOV]1 ,RUSSIAN SUBSIDIES W]E US$ TO SUPPORT A NUMB] ( SAL>I$ P>TY 
SECRET>IES1 :O1 UND] ?REAT ( BE+ FIR$1 NATURALLY TURN$ 9TO DEF5D]S 
( ,RUSSIAN TACTICS4 

,:5 IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT EV5 ALL ?IS WAS NOT SUFFICI5T1 
,L59 HIMSELF WROTE HIS WELL KN[N PAMPHLET 0,LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISM-,AN 
,9FANTILE ,DISORD]40 ,?\< HIS >GUM5TS %[$ ONLY HIS LACK ( 
UND]/&+ ( ,WE/]N CONDITIONS1 ! FACT ?AT ,L591 ) HIS /ILL 
UNBROK5 AU?ORITY1 SO OP5LY TOOK SIDES 9 ! 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES1 HAD A 
GREAT 9FLU5CE ON A NUMB] ( ,WE/]N COMMUNI/S4 ,& YET1 NOT)/&+ ALL 
?IS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ P>TY /UCK TO ! KN[L$GE !Y HAD 
GA9$ ?R\< !IR EXP]I5CE ( PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES4 ,SO AT !IR NEXT 
CONGRESS AT ,HEIDELB]G1 ,DR4 ,LEVI1 BY SOME DIRTY TRICKS1 HAD FIR/ TO DIVIDE ! 
MAJORITY--TO EXCLUD$ ONE P>T1 & !N TO \TVOTE ! O!R P>T--9 
ORD] TO W9 A =MAL & APP>5T VICTORY = ! ,MOSC[ TACTICS4 

,! EXCLUD$ GR\PS W5T ON = SOME YE>S DISSEM9AT+ !IR 
IDEAS4 ,BUT !IR VIEWS W]E DR[N$ \T BY ! 5ORM\S NOISE ( ,MOSC[ 
PROPAG&A1 !Y HAD NO APPRECIABLE 9FLU5CE ON ! POLITICAL EV5TS ( ! 
NEXT YE>S4 ,!Y C\LD ONLY MA9TA9 & FUR!R DEVELOP1 BY MUTUAL !ORETICAL 
DISCUSSIONS & SOME PUBLICATIONS1 !IR UND]/&+ ( ! CONDITIONS ( 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & KEEP !M ALIVE = TIMES TO COME4 

,! BEG9N+S ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/ HAD BE5 
KILL$ BY ! P[]FUL MIDDLE CLASS REVOLUTION ( ! ,EA/4 

,V4 

,IS IT CORRECT TO CALL ?IS ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ?AT DE/ROY$ ! 
B\RGEOISIE & 9TRODUC$ SOCIALISM A MIDDLE CLASS REVOLUTION8 

,SOME YE>S AFT]W>DS 9 ! BIG T[NS ( POV]TY-/RICK5 ,RUSSIA 
SPECIAL %OPS ) PLATE GLASS FRONTS & EXQUISITE1 EXP5SIVE DELICACIES 
APPE>$1 ESPECIALLY = ! RI*1 & LUXURI\S NI<T CLUBS W]E OP5$1 
FREQU5T$ BY G5TLEM5 & LADIES 9 EV5+ DRESS--*IEFS ( DEP>TM5TS1 
HI< (FICIALS1 DIRECTORS ( FACTORIES & COMMITTEES4 ,!Y W]E />$ AT 9 
SURPRISE BY ! POOR 9 ! /REETS1 & ! DISILLUSION$ COMMUNI/S SAID3 
0,!RE GO ! NEW B\RGEOISIE40 ,!Y W]E WRONG4 ,IT WAS NOT A NEW 
B\RGEOISIE2 BUT IT WAS A NEW RUL+ CLASS4 ,:5 A NEW RUL+ CLASS COMES UP1 
DISAPPO9T$ REVOLUTION>IES ALWAYS CALL IT BY ! NAME ( ! =M] RUL+ 
CLASS4 ,9 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 ! RIS+ CAPITALI/S W]E CALL$ 0! 
NEW >I/OCRACY40 ,H]E 9 ,RUSSIA ! NEW CLASS FIRMLY SEAT$ 9 ! SADDLE 
AS MA/]S ( ! PRODUCTION APP>ATUS WAS ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT HAD TO PLAY 9 
,RUSSIA ! SAME ROLE ?AT 9 ! ,WE/ ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAD 
PLAY$3 TO DEVELOP ! C\NTRY BY 9DU/RIALIZATION FROM PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS TO 
HI< PRODUCTIVITY4 

,JU/ AS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ! B\RGEOISIE HAD RIS5 \T ( ! 
COMMON PEOPLE ( >TISANS & PEASANTS1 9CLUD+ SOME >I/OCRATS1 BY ABILITY1 
LUCK & CUNN+1 SO ! ,RUSSIAN RUL+ BUREAUCRACY HAD RIS5 FROM ! WORK+ 
CLASS & ! PEASANTS 79CLUD+ =M] (FICIALS7 BY ABILITY1 LUCK & 
CUNN+4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT 9 ! ,U,S,S,R !Y DID NOT [N ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION 9DIVIDUALLY BUT COLLECTIVELY2 SO !IR MUTUAL COMPETITION1 TOO1 MU/ 
GO ON 9 O!R =MS4 ,?IS MEANS A FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! ECONOMIC 
SY/EM2 COLLECTIVE1 PLANN$ PRODUCTION & EXPLOITATION 9/EAD ( 9DIVIDUAL 
HAPHAZ>D PRODUCTION & EXPLOITATION2 /ATE CAPITALISM 9/EAD ( PRIVATE 
CAPITALISM4 ,= ! WORK+ MASSES1 H[EV]1 ! DIFF]5CE IS SLI<T1 NOT 
FUNDAM5TAL2 ONCE MORE !Y >E EXPLOIT$ BY A MIDDLE CLASS4 ,BUT N[ ?IS 
EXPLOITATION IS 9T5SIFI$ BY ! DICTATORIAL =M ( GOV]NM5T1 BY ! TOTAL 
LACK ( ALL ?OSE LIB]TIES :I* 9 ! ,WE/ R5D] FI<T+ AGA9/ ! 
B\RGEOISIE POSSIBLE4 

,?IS *>ACT] ( MOD]N ,RUSSIA DET]M9$ ! *>ACT] ( ! 
FI<T ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ALT]NAT+ R$-HOT UTT]ANCES ) ! 
FLATTE/ P>LIAM5T>Y OPPORTUNISM1 OR COMB9+ BO?1 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 
TRI$ TO W9 ! ADH]5CE ( ! WORK+ MASSES ( ! ,WE/4 ,IT EXPLOIT$ ! 
CLASS ANTAGONISM ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ CAPITALISM TO W9 P[] = ! ,P>TY4 
,IT CAU<T UP ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM ( Y\? & ALL ! REBELLI\S 
IMPULSES ( ! MASSES1 PREV5T$ !M FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO A GR[+ 
PROLET>IAN P[]1 & WA/$ !M 9 WOR?LESS POLITICAL ADV5TURES4 ,IT HOP$ 
?US TO GET P[] OV] ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE2 BUT IT WAS NOT ABLE TO DO SO1 
BECAUSE UND]/&+ ( ! 9N]-MO/ *>ACT] ( BIG CAPITALISM WAS TOTALLY 
LACK+4 ,?IS CAPITALISM CANNOT BE CONQU]$ BY AN \TSIDE =CE2 IT CAN BE 
DE/ROY$ ONLY FROM )91 BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,CLASS DOM9ATION CAN 
BE DE/ROY$ ONLY BY ! 9ITIATIVE & 9SI<T ( A SELF-RELIANT PROLET>IAN 
CLASS3 P>TY DISCIPL9E & OB$I5CE ( ! MASSES TO !IR LEAD]S CAN ONLY 
LEAD TO A NEW CLASS DOM9ATION4 ,9DE$ 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY ?IS ACTIVITY ( ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PREP>$ ! WAY = FASCISM4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES ?AT BELONG TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL >E 
5TIRELY--MAT]IALLY & M5TALLY--DEP5D5T ON ,RUSSIA1 >E ! 
OB$I5T S]VANTS ( ! RUL]S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,H5CE1 :5 ,RUSSIA1 AFT] #a#i#c#c1 FELT 
?AT IT MU/ L9E UP ) ,FRANCE AGA9/ ,G]MANY1 ALL =M] 9TRANSIG5CE WAS 
=GOTT54 ,! ,COM9T]N BECAME ! *AMPION ( 0DEMOCRACY0 & 
UNIT$ NOT ONLY ) SOCIALI/S BUT EV5 ) SOME CAPITALI/ P>TIES 9TO ! 
SO-CALL$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,GRADUALLY ITS P[] TO ATTRACT1 ?R\< PRET5D+ ?AT 
IT REPRES5T$ ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS1 BEGAN TO DISAPPE>2 ITS 
PROLET>IAN FOLL[+ DIM9I%$4 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! 9TELLECTUAL MIDDLE 
CLASSES 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA BEGAN TO GR[4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( BOOKS & REVIEWS 
9 ALL FIELDS ( SOCIAL ?\<T W]E ISSU$ BY MORE OR LESS CAM\FLAG$ ,C4,P4 
PUBLI%+ H\SES 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE & ,AM]ICA4 ,SOME ( !M W]E VALUABLE 
HI/ORICAL /UDIES OR POPUL> COMPILATIONS2 BUT MO/LY !Y W]E WOR?LESS 
EXPOSITIONS ( SO-CALL$ ,L59ISM4 ,ALL ?IS WAS LIT]ATURE EVID5TLY NOT 
9T5D$ = WORK]S1 BUT = 9TELLECTUALS1 9 ORD] TO W9 !M OV] TO 
,RUSSIAN COMMUNISM4 

,! NEW APPROA* MET ) SOME SUCCESS4 ,! EX-SOVIET DIPLOMAT 
,ALEX&] ,B>M9E TELLS 9 HIS MEMOIRS H[ HE P]CEIV$ ) SURPRISE 9 WE/]N 
,EUROPE ?AT JU/ :5 HE & O!R ,BOL%EVI/S BEGAN TO HAVE !IR D\BTS AS TO 
! \TCOME ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! ,WE/]N MIDDLE CLASS 9TELLECTUALS1 
MISL$ BY ! LY+ PRAISES ( ! SUCCESSES ( ! ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLAN1 BEGAN TO 
FEEL A SYMPA!TIC 9T]E/ 9 ,COMMUNISM4 ,! REASON IS CLE>3 N[ ?AT ,RUSSIA 
WAS OBVI\SLY NOT A WORK]'S /ATE ANY MORE1 !Y FELT ?AT ?IS 
/ATE-CAPITALI/IC RULE ( A BUREAUCRACY CAME NE>] TO !IR [N IDEALS ( RULE 
BY ! 9TELLIG5TSIA ?AN DID ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN RULE ( BIG F9ANCE4 
,N[ ?AT A NEW RUL+ M9ORITY OV] & ABOVE ! MASSES WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 
,RUSSIA1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ITS =EIGN S]VANT HAD TO TURN TO ?OSE CLASSES 
FROM :I*1 :5 PRIVATE CAPITALISM COLLAPS$1 NEW RUL]S = EXPLOIT+ ! 
MASSES C\LD >ISE4 

,( C\RSE1 TO SUCCE$ 9 ?IS WAY1 !Y NE$$ A WORK]'S 
REVOLUTION TO PUT D[N CAPITALI/ P[]4 ,!N !Y MU/ TRY TO DIV]T IT FROM 
ITS [N AIMS & MAKE IT AN 9/RUM5T = !IR P>TY RULE4 ,SO WE SEE :AT K9D 
( DIFFICULTIES ! FUTURE WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION MAY HAVE TO FACE4 ,IT WILL 
HAVE TO FI<T NOT ONLY ! B\RGEOISIE BUT ! 5EMIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE AS 
WELL4 ,IT HAS NOT ONLY TO ?R[ (F ! YOKE ( ITS PRES5T MA/]S2 IT MU/ ALSO 
KEEP FROM ?OSE :O W\LD TRY TO BE ITS FUTURE MA/]S4 

,V,I4 

,! WORLD HAS N[ 5T]$ 9TO ITS NEW GREAT IMP]IALI/IC W>4 
,CAUTI\S ?\< ! W>R+ GOV]NM5TS MAY BE 9 H&L+ ! ECONOMIC & 
SOCIAL =CES & 9 TRY+ TO PREV5T HELL FROM BREAK+ LOOSE 5TIRELY1 !Y 
WILL NOT BE ABLE TO HOLD BACK A SOCIAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,) ! G5]AL EXHAU/ION 
& IMPOV]I%M5T1 MO/ SEV]E ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T1 ) ! SPIRIT ( 
FI]CE AGGRESSIV5ESS /ILL MI<TY1 VIOL5T CLASS /RUGGLES WILL ACCOMPANY ! 
UNAVOIDABLE NEW ADJU/M5TS ( ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,!N1 ) PRIVATE 
CAPITALISM BROK5 D[N1 ! ISSUES WILL BE PLANN$ ECONOMY1 /ATE CAPITALISM1 
WORK]S' EXPLOITATION ON ! ONE SIDE2 WORK]S' FRE$OM & MA/]Y 
OV] PRODUCTION ON ! O!R4 

,! WORK+ CLASS IS GO+ 9TO ?IS W> BURD5$ ) ! 
CAPITALI/IC TRADITION ( ,P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! PHANTOM TRADITION ( A 
REVOLUTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN K9D4 ,! TREM5D\S PRESSURE ( ?IS W> WILL DRIVE 
! WORK]S 9TO SPONTANE\S RESI/ANCE AGA9/ !IR GOV]NM5TS & 9TO ! 
BEG9N+S ( NEW =MS ( REAL FI<T4 ,:5 IT HAPP5S ?AT ,RUSSIA 5T]S ! 
FIELD AGA9/ ! ,WE/]N P[]S1 IT WILL REOP5 ITS OLD BOX ( SLOGANS & MAKE 
AN APPEAL TO ! WORK]S = 0WORLD REVOLUTION AGA9/ CAPITALISM0 
9 AN ATTEMPT TO GET ! REBELLI\S-M9D$ WORK]S ON ITS SIDE4 ,SO ,BOL%EVISM 
W\LD HAVE ITS *ANCE ONCE MORE4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD BE NO SOLUTION = ! PROBLEMS 
( ! WORK]S4 ,:5 ! G5]AL MIS]Y 9CREASES & CONFLICTS BETWE5 CLASSES 
BECOME FI]C]1 ! WORK+ CLASS MU/1 \T ( ITS [N NECESSITY1 SEIZE ! 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION & F9D WAYS TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( 
,BOL%EVISM4 

,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,:Y ,PA/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS ,HAVE ,FAIL$ -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,:Y ,PA/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS ,HAVE ,FAIL$ -- ,UPDAT$4 

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