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,M>RIAGE & ! ,POPULATION ,QUE/ION 

#aiagaiag 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,V,I 

,M,>,R,I,A,G,E ,& ,! ,P,O,P,U,L,A,T,I,O,N ,Q,U,E,/,I,O,N 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION ON DAILY LIFE HAS DECAY$ V]Y RAPIDLY ?R\<\T ,EUROPE DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ! PROPORTION ( NOM9AL BELIEV]S DECL9$1 BUT EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O BELIEVE ! 9T5SITY & DOGMATISM ( BELIEF IS 5ORM\SLY DIM9I%$4 ,BUT !RE IS ONE SOCIAL 9/ITUTION :I* IS /ILL PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN TRADITION--,I MEAN ! 9/ITUTION ( M>RIAGE4 ,! LAW & PUBLIC OP9ION AS REG>DS M>RIAGE >E DOM9AT$ EV5 N[ TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T BY ! TEA*+S ( ! ,*UR*1 :I* CONT9UE TO 9FLU5CE 9 ?IS WAY ! LIVES ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 9 !IR MO/ 9TIMATE CONC]NS4 

,IT IS M>RIAGE AS A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION ?AT ,I WI% TO CONSID]1 NOT M>RIAGE AS A MATT] = ! PRIVATE MORALITY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,M>RIAGE IS REGULAT$ BY LAW1 & IS REG>D$ AS A MATT] 9 :I* ! COMMUNITY HAS A RI<T TO 9T]F]E4 ,IT IS ONLY ! ACTION ( ! COMMUNITY 9 REG>D TO M>RIAGE ?AT ,I AM CONC]N$ TO DISCUSS3 :E!R ! PRES5T ACTION FUR!RS ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNITY1 & IF NOT1 9 :AT WAYS IT \<T TO BE *ANG$4 

,!RE >E TWO QUE/IONS TO BE ASK$ 9 REG>D TO ANY M>RIAGE SY/EM3 FIR/1 H[ IT AFFECTS ! DEVELOPM5T & *>ACT] ( ! M5 & WOM5 CONC]N$2 SECONDLY1 :AT IS ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! PROPAGATION & $UCATION ( *ILDR54 ,!SE TWO QUE/IONS >E 5TIRELY DI/9CT1 & A SY/EM MAY WELL BE DESIRABLE FROM ONE ( !SE TWO PO9TS ( VIEW :5 IT IS V]Y UNDESIRABLE FROM ! O!R4 ,I PROPOSE FIR/ TO DESCRIBE ! PRES5T ,5GLI% LAW & PUBLIC OP9ION & PRACTICE 9 REG>D TO ! RELATIONS ( ! SEXES1 !N TO CONSID] !IR EFFECTS AS REG>DS *ILDR51 & F9ALLY TO CONSID] H[ !SE EFFECTS1 :I* >E BAD1 C\LD BE OBVIAT$ BY A SY/EM :I* W\LD ALSO HAVE A BETT] 9FLU5CE ON ! *>ACT] & DEVELOPM5T ( M5 & WOM54 

,! LAW 9 ,5GL& IS BAS$ UPON ! EXPECTATION ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( M>RIAGES WILL BE LIFELONG4 ,A M>RIAGE CAN ONLY BE DISSOLV$ IF EI!R ! WIFE OR ! HUSB&1 BUT NOT BO?1 CAN BE PROV$ TO HAVE COMMITT$ ADULT]Y4 ,9 CASE ! HUSB& IS ! 0GUILTY P>TY0 HE MU/ ALSO BE GUILTY ( CRUELTY OR DES]TION4 ,EV5 :5 !SE CONDITIONS >E FULFILL$1 9 PRACTICE ONLY ! WELL-TO-DO CAN BE DIVORC$1 BECAUSE ! EXP5SE IS V]Y GREAT4.<#a.> ,A M>RIAGE CANNOT BE DISSOLV$ = 9SANITY OR CRIME1 OR = CRUELTY1 H[EV] ABOM9ABLE1 OR = DES]TION1 OR = ADULT]Y BY BO? P>TIES2 & IT CANNOT BE DISSOLV$ = ANY CAUSE :ATEV] IF BO? HUSB& & WIFE HAVE AGRE$ ?AT !Y WI% IT DISSOLV$4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES ! LAW REG>DS ! MAN & WOMAN AS B\ND TOGE!R = LIFE4 ,A SPECIAL (FICIAL1 ! ,K+'S ,PROCTOR1 IS EMPLOY$ TO PREV5T DIVORCE :5 !RE IS COLLUSION & :5 BO? P>TIES HAVE COMMITT$ ADULT]Y4 .<#b.> 

,?IS 9T]E/+ SY/EM EMBODIES ! OP9IONS HELD BY ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& SOME FIFTY YE>S AGO1 & BY MO/ ,NONCON=MI/S !N & N[4 ,IT RE/S UPON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ADULT]Y IS S91 & ?AT :5 ?IS S9 HAS BE5 COMMITT$ BY ONE P>TY TO ! M>RIAGE1 ! O!R IS 5TITL$ TO REV5GE IF HE IS RI*4 ,BUT :5 BO? HAVE COMMITT$ ! SAME S91 OR :5 ! ONE :O HAS NOT COMMITT$ IT FEELS NO RI<TE\S ANG]1 ! RI<T TO REV5GE DOES NOT EXI/4 ,AS SOON AS ?IS PO9T ( VIEW IS UND]/OOD1 ! LAW1 :I* AT FIR/ SEEMS SOME:AT /RANGE1 IS SE5 TO BE P]FECTLY CONSI/5T4 ,IT RE/S1 BROADLY SPEAK+1 UPON F\R PROPOSITIONS3 7#a7 ?AT SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE \TSIDE M>RIAGE IS S92 7#b7 ?AT RES5TM5T ( ADULT]Y BY ! 09NOC5T0 P>TY IS A RI<TE\S HORROR ( WRONG-DO+2 7#c7 ?AT HIS RES5TM5T1 BUT NO?+ ELSE1 MAY BE RI<TLY REG>D$ AS MAK+ A COMMON LIFE IMPOSSIBLE2 7#d7 ?AT ! POOR HAVE NO RI<T TO F9E FEEL+S4 ,! ,*UR* ( ,5GL&1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,HI< ,*UR*1 HAS CEAS$ TO BELIEVE ! ?IRD ( !SE PROPOSITIONS1 BUT IT /ILL BELIEVES ! FIR/ & SECOND1 & DOES NO?+ ACTIVELY TO %[ ?AT IT DISBELIEVES ! F\R?4 

,! P5ALTY = 9FR++ ! M>RIAGE LAW IS P>TLY F9ANCIAL1 BUT DEP5DS MA9LY UPON PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,A RA!R SMALL SECTION ( ! PUBLIC G5U9ELY BELIEVES ?AT SEXUAL RELATIONS \TSIDE M>RIAGE >E WICK$2 ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?IS >E NATURALLY KEPT 9 IGNORANCE ( ! CONDUCT ( FRI5DS :O FEEL O!RWISE1 & >E ABLE TO GO ?R\< LIFE NOT KN[+ H[ O!RS LIVE OR :AT O!RS ?9K4 ,?IS SMALL SECTION ( ! PUBLIC REG>DS AS DEPRAV$ NOT ONLY ACTIONS1 BUT OP9IONS1 :I* >E CONTR>Y TO ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,IT IS ABLE TO CONTROL ! PR(ESSIONS ( POLITICIANS ?R\< ITS 9FLU5CE ON ELECTIONS1 & ! VOTES ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS ?R\< ! PRES5CE ( ! ,BI%OPS4 ,BY !SE MEANS IT GOV]NS LEGISLATION1 & MAKES ANY *ANGE 9 ! M>RIAGE LAW ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IT IS ABLE1 ALSO1 TO SECURE 9 MO/ CASES ?AT A MAN :O OP5LY 9FR+ES ! M>RIAGE LAW %ALL BE DISMISS$ FROM HIS EMPLOYM5T OR RU9$ BY ! DEFECTION ( HIS CU/OM]S OR CLI5TS4 ,A DOCTOR OR LAWY]1 OR A TRADESMAN 9 A C\NTRY T[N1 CANNOT MAKE A LIV+1 NOR CAN A POLITICIAN BE 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 IF HE IS PUBLICLY KN[N TO BE 0IMMORAL40 ,:ATEV] A MAN'S [N CONDUCT MAY BE1 HE IS NOT LIKELY TO DEF5D PUBLICLY ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 BR&$1 LE/ SOME ( ! ODIUM %\LD FALL ON HIM4 ,YET SO LONG AS A MAN HAS NOT BE5 BR&$1 FEW M5 WILL OBJECT TO HIM1 :ATEV] !Y MAY KN[ PRIVATELY ( HIS BEHAVIOR 9 !SE RESPECTS4 

,[+ TO ! NATURE ( ! P5ALTY1 IT FALLS V]Y UNEQUALLY UPON DIFF]5T PR(ESSIONS4 ,AN ACTOR OR J\RNALI/ USUALLY ESCAPES ALL PUNI%M5T4 ,AN URBAN WORK+ MAN CAN ALMO/ ALWAYS DO AS HE LIKES4 ,A MAN ( PRIVATE MEANS1 UNLESS HE WI%ES TO TAKE P>T 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 NE$ NOT SUFF] AT ALL IF HE HAS *OS5 HIS FRI5DS SUITABLY4 ,WOM51 :O =M]LY SUFF]$ MORE ?AN M51 N[ SUFF] LESS1 S9CE !RE >E L>GE CIRCLES 9 :I* NO SOCIAL P5ALTY IS 9FLICT$1 & A V]Y RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( WOM5 :O DO NOT BELIEVE ! CONV5TIONAL CODE4 ,BUT = ! MAJORITY ( M5 \TSIDE ! WORK+ CLASSES ! P5ALTY IS /ILL SUFFICI5TLY SEV]E TO BE PROHIBITIVE4 

,! RESULT ( ?IS /ATE ( ?+S IS A WIDESPREAD BUT V]Y FLIMSY HYPOCRISY1 :I* ALL[S MANY 9FRACTIONS ( ! CODE1 & =BIDS ONLY ?OSE :I* MU/ BECOME PUBLIC4 ,A MAN MAY NOT LIVE OP5LY ) A WOMAN :O IS NOT HIS WIFE1 AN UNM>RI$ WOMAN MAY NOT HAVE A *ILD1 & NEI!R MAN NOR WOMAN MAY GET 9TO ! DIVORCE C\RT4 ,SUBJECT TO !SE RE/RICTIONS1 !RE IS 9 PRACTICE V]Y GREAT FRE$OM4 ,IT IS ?IS PRACTICAL FRE$OM :I* MAKES ! /ATE ( ! LAW SEEM TOL]ABLE TO ?OSE :O DO NOT ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLES UPON :I* IT IS BAS$4 ,:AT HAS TO BE SACRIFIC$ TO PROPITIATE ! HOLD]S ( /RICT VIEWS IS NOT PLEASURE1 BUT ONLY *ILDR5 & A COMMON LIFE & TRU? & HONE/Y4 ,IT CANNOT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ?IS IS ! RESULT DESIR$ BY ?OSE :O MA9TA9 ! CODE1 BUT EQUALLY IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ?IS IS ! RESULT :I* !Y DO 9 FACT A*IEVE4 ,EXTRA-MATRIMONIAL RELATIONS :I* DO NOT LEAD TO *ILDR5 & >E ACCOMPANI$ BY A C]TA9 AM\NT ( DECEIT REMA9 UNPUNI%$1 BUT SEV]E P5ALTIES FALL ON ?OSE :I* >E HONE/ OR LEAD TO *ILDR54 

,)9 M>RIAGE1 ! EXP5SE ( *ILDR5 LEADS TO CONT9UALLY GREAT] LIMITATION ( FAMILIES4 ,! LIMITATION IS GREATE/ AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE MO/ S5SE ( P>5TAL RESPONSIBILITY & MO/ WI% TO $UCATE !IR *ILDR5 WELL1 S9CE IT IS TO !M ?AT ! EXP5SE ( *ILDR5 IS MO/ SEV]E4 ,BUT AL?\< ! ECONOMIC MOTIVE = LIMIT+ FAMILIES HAS HI!RTO PROBABLY BE5 ! /RONGE/1 IT IS BE+ CONT9UALLY RE9=C$ BY ANO!R4 ,WOM5 >E ACQUIR+ FRE$OM--NOT M]ELY \TW>D & =MAL FRE$OM1 BUT 9W>D FRE$OM1 5ABL+ !M TO ?9K & FEEL G5U9ELY1 NOT ACCORD+ TO RECEIV$ MAXIMA4 ,TO ! M5 :O HAVE PRAT$ CONFID5TLY ( WOM5'S NATURAL 9/9CTS1 ! RESULT W\LD BE SURPRIS+ IF !Y W]E AW>E ( IT4 ,V]Y L>GE NUMB]S ( WOM51 :5 !Y >E SUFFICI5TLY FREE TO ?9K = !MSELVES1 DO NOT DESIRE TO HAVE *ILDR51 OR AT MO/ DESIRE ONE *ILD 9 ORD] NOT TO MISS ! EXP]I5CE :I* A *ILD BR+S4 ,!RE >E WOM5 :O >E 9TELLIG5T & ACTIVE-M9D$ :O RES5T ! SLAV]Y TO ! BODY :I* IS 9VOLV$ 9 HAV+ *ILDR54 ,!RE >E AMBITI\S WOM51 :O DESIRE A C>E] :I* LEAVES NO TIME = *ILDR54 ,!RE >E WOM5 :O LOVE PLEASURE & GAIETY1 & WOM5 :O LOVE ! ADMIRATION ( M52 SU* WOM5 WILL AT LEA/ PO/PONE *ILD-BE>+ UNTIL !IR Y\? IS PA/4 ,ALL !SE CLASSES ( WOM5 >E RAPIDLY BECOM+ MORE NUM]\S1 & IT MAY BE SAFELY ASSUM$ ?AT !IR NUMB]S WILL CONT9UE TO 9CREASE = MANY YE>S TO COME4 

,IT IS TOO SOON TO JUDGE ) ANY CONFID5CE AS TO ! EFFECTS ( WOM5'S FRE$OM UPON PRIVATE LIFE & UPON ! LIFE ( ! NATION4 ,BUT ,I ?9K IT IS NOT TOO SOON TO SEE ?AT IT WILL BE PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM ! EFFECT EXPECT$ BY ! PIONE]S ( ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T4 ,M5 HAVE 9V5T$1 & WOM5 9 ! PA/ HAVE (T5 ACCEPT$1 A !ORY ?AT WOM5 >E ! GU>DIANS ( ! RACE1 ?AT !IR LIFE C5T]S 9 MO!RHOOD1 ?AT ALL !IR 9/9CTS & DESIRES >E DIRECT$1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 TO ?IS 5D4 ,TOL/OY'S ,NATA*A ILLU/RATES ?IS !ORY3 %E IS *>M+1 GAY1 LIABLE TO PASSION1 UNTIL %E IS M>RI$2 !N %E BECOMES M]ELY A VIRTU\S MO!R1 )\T ANY M5TAL LIFE4 ,?IS RESULT HAS ,TOL/OY'S 5TIRE APPROVAL4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT IT IS V]Y DESIRABLE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! NATION1 :ATEV] WE MAY ?9K ( IT 9 RELATION TO PRIVATE LIFE4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE ADMITT$ ?AT IT IS PROBABLY COMMON AMONG WOM5 :O >E PHYSICALLY VIGOR\S & NOT HI<LY CIVILIZ$4 ,BUT 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,FRANCE & ,5GL& IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY R>E4 ,MORE & MORE WOM5 F9D MO!RHOOD UNSATISFY+1 NOT :AT !IR NE$S DEM&4 ,& MORE & MORE !RE COMES TO BE A CONFLICT BETWE5 !IR P]SONAL DEVELOPM5T & ! FUTURE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO KN[ :AT \<T TO BE DONE TO MITIGATE ?IS CONFLICT1 BUT ,I ?9K IT IS WOR? :ILE TO SEE :AT >E LIKELY TO BE ITS EFFECTS IF IT IS NOT MITIGAT$4 

,[+ TO ! COMB9ATION ( ECONOMIC PRUD5CE ) ! 9CREAS+ FRE$OM ( WOM51 !RE IS AT PRES5T A SELECTIVE BIR?-RATE ( A V]Y S+UL> K9D4.<#c.> ,9 ,FRANCE ! POPULATION IS PRACTICALLY /ATION>Y1 & 9 ,5GL& IT IS RAPIDLY BECOM+ SO2 ?IS MEANS ?AT SOME SECTIONS >E DW9DL+ :ILE O!RS >E 9CREAS+4 ,UNLESS SOME *ANGE OCCURS1 ! SECTIONS ?AT >E DW9DL+ WILL PRACTICALLY BECOME EXT9CT1 & ! POPULATION WILL BE ALMO/ :OLLY REPL5I%$ FROM ! SECTIONS ?AT >E N[ 9CREAS+4 .<#d.>,! SECTIONS ?AT >E DW9DL+ 9CLUDE ! :OLE MIDDLE-CLASS & ! SKILL$ >TISANS4 ,! SECTIONS ?AT >E 9CREAS+ >E ! V]Y POOR1 ! %IFTLESS & DRUNK51 ! FEEBLE M9D$--FEEBLE-M9D$ WOM51 ESPECIALLY1 >E APT TO BE V]Y PROLIFIC4 ,!RE IS AN 9CREASE 9 ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION :I* /ILL ACTIVELY BELIEVE ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION1 SU* AS ! ,IRI% & ! ,BRETONS1 BECAUSE ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION =BIDS LIMITATION ( FAMILIES4 ,)9 ! CLASSES ?AT >E DW9DL+1 IT IS ! BE/ ELEM5TS ?AT >E DW9DL+ MO/ RAPIDLY4 ,WORK+-CLASS BOYS ( EXCEPTIONAL ABILITY RISE1 BY MEANS ( S*OL>%IPS1 9TO ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASS2 !Y NATURALLY DESIRE TO M>RY 9TO ! CLASS TO :I* !Y BELONG BY $UCATION1 NOT 9TO ! CLASS FROM :I* !Y SPR+2 BUT AS !Y HAVE NO MONEY BEYOND :AT !Y E>N1 !Y CANNOT M>RY Y\NG1 OR AF=D A L>GE FAMILY4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT 9 EA* G5]ATION ! BE/ ELEM5TS >E EXTRACT$ FROM ! WORK+ CLASSES & >TIFICIALLY /]ILIZ$1 AT LEA/ 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE :O >E LEFT4 ,9 ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES ! Y\NG WOM5 :O HAVE 9ITIATIVE1 5]GY1 OR 9TELLIG5CE >E AS A RULE NOT 9CL9$ TO M>RY Y\NG1 OR TO HAVE MORE ?AN ONE OR TWO *ILDR5 :5 !Y DO M>RY4 ,M>RIAGE HAS BE5 9 ! PA/ ! ONLY OBVI\S MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD = WOM52 PRESSURE FROM P>5TS & FE> ( BECOM+ AN OLD MAID COMB9$ TO =CE MANY WOM5 TO M>RY 9 SPITE ( A COMPLETE ABS5CE ( 9CL9ATION = ! DUTIES ( A WIFE4 ,BUT N[ A Y\NG WOMAN ( ORD9>Y 9TELLIG5CE CAN EASILY E>N H] [N LIV+1 & CAN ACQUIRE FRE$OM & EXP]I5CE )\T ! P]MAN5T TIES ( A HUSB& & A FAMILY ( *ILDR54 ,! RESULT IS ?AT IF %E M>RIES %E M>RIES LATE4 

,= !SE REASONS1 IF AN AV]AGE SAMPLE ( *ILDR5 W]E TAK5 \T ( ! POPULATION ( ,5GL&1 & !IR P>5TS W]E EXAM9$1 IT W\LD BE F\ND ?AT PRUD5CE1 5]GY1 9TELLECT1 & 5LI<T5M5T W]E LESS COMMON AMONG ! P>5TS ?AN 9 ! POPULATION 9 G5]AL2 :ILE %IFTLESSNESS1 FEEBLE-M9D$NESS1 /UPIDITY1 & SUP]/ITION W]E MORE COMMON ?AN 9 ! POPULATION 9 G5]AL4 ,IT W\LD BE F\ND ?AT ?OSE :O >E PRUD5T OR 5]GETIC OR 9TELLIG5T OR 5LI<T5$ ACTUALLY FAIL TO REPRODUCE !IR [N NUMB]S2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y DO NOT ON ! AV]AGE HAVE AS MANY AS TWO *ILDR5 EA* :O SURVIVE 9FANCY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE :O HAVE ! OPPOSITE QUALITIES HAVE1 ON ! AV]AGE1 MORE ?AN TWO *ILDR5 EA*1 & MORE ?AN REPRODUCE !IR [N NUMB]S4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/IMATE ! EFFECT :I* ?IS WILL HAVE UPON ! *>ACT] ( ! POPULATION )\T A MU* GREAT] KN[L$GE ( H]$ITY ?AN EXI/S AT PRES5T4 ,BUT SO LONG AS *ILDR5 CONT9UE TO LIVE ) !IR P>5TS1 P>5TAL EXAMPLE & E>LY $UCATION MU/ HAVE A GREAT 9FLU5CE 9 DEVELOP+ !IR *>ACT]1 EV5 IF WE LEAVE H]$ITY 5TIRELY \T ( ACC\NT4 ,:ATEV] MAY BE ?\<T ( G5IUS1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT 9TELLIG5CE1 :E!R ?R\< H]$ITY OR ?R\< $UCATION1 T5DS TO RUN 9 FAMILIES1 & ?AT ! DECAY ( ! FAMILIES 9 :I* IT IS COMMON MU/ L[] ! M5TAL /&>D ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT SEEMS UNQUE/IONABLE ?AT IF \R ECONOMIC SY/EM & \R MORAL /&>DS REMA9 UN*ANG$1 !RE WILL BE1 9 ! NEXT TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS1 A RAPID *ANGE = ! WORSE 9 ! *>ACT] ( ! POPULATION 9 ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 & AN ACTUAL DIM9UTION ( NUMB]S 9 ! MO/ CIVILIZ$4 

,! DIM9UTION ( NUMB]S1 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD1 WILL RECTIFY ITSELF 9 TIME ?R\< ! ELIM9ATION ( ?OSE *>ACT]I/ICS :I* AT PRES5T LEAD TO A SMALL BIR?-RATE4 ,M5 & WOM5 :O CAN /ILL BELIEVE ! ,CA?OLIC FAI? WILL HAVE A BIOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE2 GRADUALLY A RACE WILL GR[ UP :I* WILL BE IMP]VI\S TO ALL ! ASSAULTS ( REASON1 & WILL BELIEVE IMP]TURBABLY ?AT LIMITATION ( FAMILIES LEADS TO HELL-FIRE4 ,WOM5 :O HAVE M5TAL 9T]E/S1 :O C>E AB\T >T OR LIT]ATURE OR POLITICS1 :O DESIRE A C>E] OR :O VALUE !IR LIB]TY1 WILL GRADUALLY GR[ R>]1 & BE MORE & MORE REPLAC$ BY A PLACID MAT]NAL TYPE :I* HAS NO 9T]E/S \T SIDE ! HOME & NO DISLIKE ( ! BURD5 ( MO!RHOOD4 ,?IS RESULT1 :I* AGES ( MASCUL9E DOM9ATION HAVE VA9LY /RIV5 TO A*IEVE1 IS LIKELY TO BE ! F9AL \TCOME ( WOM5'S EMANCIPATION & ( !IR ATTEMPT TO 5T] UPON A WID] SPH]E ?AN ?AT TO :I* ! JEAL\SY ( M5 CONF9$ !M 9 ! PA/4 

,P]HAPS1 IF ! FACTS C\LD BE ASC]TA9$1 IT W\LD BE F\ND ?AT SOME?+ ( ! SAME K9D OCCURR$ 9 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! DECAY ( 5]GY & 9TELLIG5CE DUR+ ! SECOND1 ?IRD1 & F\R? C5TURIES ( \R ]A HAS ALWAYS REMA9$ MORE OR LESS MY/]I\S4 ,BUT !RE IS REASON TO ?9K ?AT !N1 AS N[1 ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( ! POPULATION 9 EA* G5]ATION FAIL$ TO REPRODUCE !MSELVES1 & ?AT ! LEA/ VIGOR\S W]E1 AS A RULE1 ?OSE TO :OM ! CONT9UANCE ( ! RACE WAS DUE4 ,ONE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO SUPPOSE ?AT CIVILIZATION1 :5 IT HAS REA*$ A C]TA9 HEI<T1 BECOMES UN/ABLE1 & T5DS TO DECAY ?R\< SOME 9H]5T WEAKNESS1 SOME FAILURE TO ADAPT ! LIFE ( 9/9CT TO ! 9T5SE M5TAL LIFE ( A P]IOD ( HI< CULTURE4 ,BUT SU* VAGUE !ORIES HAVE ALWAYS SOME?+ GLIB & SUP]/ITI\S :I* MAKES !M WOR?LESS AS SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATIONS OR AS GUIDES TO ACTION4 ,IT IS NOT BY A LIT]>Y =MULA1 BUT BY DETAIL$ & COMPLEX ?\<T1 ?AT A TRUE SOLUTION IS TO BE F\ND4 

,LET US FIR/ BE CLE> AS TO :AT WE DESIRE4 ,!RE IS NO IMPORTANCE 9 AN 9CREAS+ POPULATION2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF ! POPULATION ( ,EUROPE W]E /ATION>Y1 IT W\LD BE MU* EASI] TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC RE=M & TO AVOID W>4 ,:AT IS REGRETTABLE AT PRES5T IS NOT ! DECL9E ( ! BIR?-RATE 9 ITSELF1 BUT ! FACT ?AT ! DECL9E IS GREATE/ 9 ! BE/ ELEM5TS ( ! POPULATION4 ,!RE IS REASON1 H[EV]1 TO FE> 9 ! FUTURE ?REE BAD RESULTS3 FIR/1 AN ABSOLUTE DECL9E 9 ! NUMB]S ( ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 & ,G]MANS2 SECONDLY1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS DECL9E1 !IR SUBJUGATION BY LESS CIVILIZ$ RACES & ! EXT9CTION ( !IR TRADITION2 ?IRDLY1 A REVIVAL ( !IR NUMB]S ON A MU* L[] PLANE ( CIVILIZATION1 AFT] G5]ATIONS ( SELECTION ( ?OSE :O HAVE NEI!R 9TELLIG5CE NOR =E SI<T4 ,IF ?IS RESULT IS TO BE AVOID$1 ! PRES5T UN=TUNATE SELECTIV5ESS ( ! BIR?-RATE MU/ BE SOMEH[ /OPP$4 

,! PROBLEM IS ONE :I* APPLIES TO ! :OLE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 ,!RE IS NO DIFFICULTY 9 DISCOV]+ A !ORETICAL SOLUTION1 BUT !RE IS GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 P]SUAD+ M5 TO ADOPT A SOLUTION 9 PRACTICE1 BECAUSE ! EFFECTS TO BE FE>$ >E NOT IMM$IATE & ! SUBJECT IS ONE UPON :I* PEOPLE >E NOT 9 ! HABIT ( US+ !IR REASON4 ,IF A RATIONAL SOLUTION IS EV] ADOPT$1 ! CAUSE WILL PROBABLY BE 9T]NATIONAL RIVALRY4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT IF ONE ,/ATE--SAY ,G]MANY--ADOPT$ A RATIONAL MEANS ( DEAL+ ) ! MATT]1 IT W\LD ACQUIRE AN 5ORM\S ADVANTAGE OV] O!R ,/ATES UNLESS !Y DID LIKEWISE4 ,AFT] ! W>1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT POPULATION QUE/IONS WILL ATTRACT MORE ATT5TION ?AN !Y DID BE=E1 & IT IS LIKELY ?AT !Y WILL BE /UDI$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( 9T]NATIONAL RIVALRY4 ,?IS MOTIVE1 UNLIKE REASON & HUMANITY1 IS P]HAPS /RONG 5\< TO OV]COME M5'S OBJECTIONS TO A SCI5TIFIC TREATM5T ( ! BIR?-RATE4 

,9 ! PA/1 AT MO/ P]IODS & 9 MO/ SOCIETIES1 ! 9/9CTS ( M5 & WOM5 L$ ( !MSELVES TO A MORE ?AN SUFFICI5T BIR?-RATE2 ,MAL?US'S /ATEM5T ( ! POPULATION QUE/ION HAD BE5 TRUE 5\< UP TO ! TIME :5 HE WROTE4 ,IT IS /ILL TRUE ( B>B>\S & SEMI-CIVILIZ$ RACES1 & ( ! WOR/ ELEM5TS AMONG CIVILIZ$ RACES4 ,BUT IT HAS BECOME FALSE AS REG>DS ! MORE CIVILIZ$ HALF ( ! POPULATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,AMONG !M1 9/9CT NO LONG] SUFFICES TO KEEP NUMB]S EV5 /ATION>Y4 

,WE MAY SUM UP ! REASONS = ?IS 9 ORD] ( IMPORTANCE1 AS FOLL[S3-- 

#a4 ,! EXP5SE ( *ILDR5 IS V]Y GREAT IF P>5TS >E CONSCI5TI\S4 

#b4 ,AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( WOM5 DESIRE TO HAVE NO *ILDR51 OR ONLY ONE OR TWO1 9 ORD] NOT TO BE HAMP]$ 9 !IR [N C>E]S4 

#c4 ,[+ TO ! EXCESS ( WOM51 A L>GE NUMB] ( WOM5 REMA9 UNM>RI$4 ,!SE WOM51 ?\< NOT DEB>R$ 9 PRACTICE FROM RELATIONS ) M51 >E DEB>R$ BY ! CODE FROM HAV+ *ILDR54 ,9 ?IS CLASS >E TO BE F\ND AN 5ORM\S & 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( WOM5 :O E>N !IR [N LIV+ AS TYPI/S1 9 %OPS1 OR O!RWISE4 ,! W> HAS OP5$ MANY EMPLOYM5TS TO WOM5 FROM :I* !Y W]E =M]LY EXCLUD$1 & ?IS *ANGE IS PROBABLY ONLY 9 P>T TEMPOR>Y4 

,IF ! /]ILIZ+ ( ! BE/ P>TS ( ! POPULATION IS TO BE >RE/$1 ! FIR/ & MO/ PRESS+ NECESSITY IS ! REMOVAL ( ! ECONOMIC MOTIVES = LIMIT+ FAMILIES4 ,! EXP5SE ( *ILDR5 \<T TO BE BORNE :OLLY BY ! COMMUNITY4 ,!IR FOOD & CLO?+ & $UCATION \<T TO BE PROVID$1 NOT ONLY TO ! V]Y POOR AS A MATT] ( *>ITY1 BUT TO ALL CLASSES AS A MATT] ( PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 A WOMAN :O IS CAPABLE ( E>N+ MONEY1 & :O AB&ONS WAGE-E>N+ = MO!RHOOD1 \<T TO RECEIVE FROM ! ,/ATE AS NE>LY AS POSSIBLE :AT %E W\LD HAVE RECEIV$ IF %E HAD NOT HAD *ILDR54 ,! ONLY CONDITION ATTA*$ TO ,/ATE MA9T5ANCE ( ! MO!R & ! *ILDR5 %\LD BE ?AT BO? P>5TS >E PHYSICALLY & M5TALLY S\ND 9 ALL WAYS LIKELY TO AFFECT ! *ILDR54 ,?OSE :O >E NOT S\ND %\LD NOT BE DEB>R$ FROM HAV+ *ILDR51 BUT %\LD CONT9UE1 AS AT PRES5T1 TO BE> ! EXP5SE ( *ILDR5 !MSELVES4 

,IT \<T TO BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! LAW IS ONLY CONC]N$ ) M>RIAGE ?R\< ! QUE/ION ( *ILDR51 & %\LD BE 9DIFF]5T TO :AT IS CALL$ 0MORALITY10 :I* IS BAS$ UPON CU/OM & TEXTS ( ! ,BIBLE1 NOT UPON ANY REAL CONSID]ATION ( ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! EXCESS WOM51 :O AT PRES5T >E 9 EV]Y WAY DISC\RAG$ FROM HAV+ *ILDR51 \<T NO LONG] TO BE DISC\RAG$4 ,IF ! ,/ATE IS TO UND]TAKE ! EXP5SE ( *ILDR51 IT HAS ! RI<T1 ON EUG5IC GR\NDS1 TO KN[ :O ! FA!R IS1 & TO DEM& A C]TA9 /ABILITY 9 A UNION4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO DEM& OR EXPECT A LIFELONG /ABILITY1 OR TO EXACT ANY GR\ND = DIVORCE BEYOND MUTUAL CONS5T4 ,?IS W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ! WOM5 :O MU/ AT PRES5T REMA9 UNM>RI$ TO HAVE *ILDR5 IF !Y WI%$ IT4 ,9 ?IS WAY AN 5ORM\S & UNNECESS>Y WA/E W\LD BE PREV5T$1 & A GREAT DEAL ( NE$LESS UNHAPP9ESS W\LD BE AVOID$4 

,!RE IS NO NECESSITY TO BEG9 SU* A SY/EM ALL AT ONCE4 ,IT MI<T BE BEGUN T5TATIVELY ) C]TA9 EXCEPTIONALLY DESIRABLE SECTIONS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,IT MI<T !N BE EXT5D$ GRADUALLY1 ) ! EXP]I5CE ( ITS WORK+ :I* HAD BE5 D]IV$ FROM ! FIR/ EXP]IM5T4 ,IF ! BIR?-RATE W]E V]Y MU* 9CREAS$1 ! EUG5IC CONDITIONS EXACT$ MI<T BE MADE MORE /RICT4 

,!RE >E ( C\RSE V>I\S PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( SU* A S*EME3 ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,*UR* & ! UPHOLD]S ( TRADITIONAL MORALITY1 ! FE> ( WEAK5+ P>5TAL RESPONSIBILITY1 & ! EXP5SE4 ,ALL !SE1 H[EV]1 MI<T BE OV]COME4 ,BUT !RE REMA9S ONE DIFFICULTY :I* IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE TO OV]COME COMPLETELY 9 ,5GL&1 & ?AT IS1 ?AT ! :OLE CONCEPTION IS ANTI-DEMOCRATIC1 S9CE IT REG>DS SOME M5 AS BETT] ?AN O!RS1 & W\LD DEM& ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD BE/[ A BETT] $UCATION UPON ! *ILDR5 ( SOME M5 ?AN UPON ! *ILDR5 ( O!RS4 ,?IS IS CONTR>Y TO ALL ! PR9CIPLES ( PROGRESSIVE POLITICS 9 ,5GL&4 ,= ?IS REASON IT CAN H>DLY BE EXPECT$ ?AT ANY SU* ME?OD ( DEAL+ ) ! POPULATION QUE/ION WILL EV] BE ADOPT$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,SOME?+ ( ! SORT MAY WELL BE DONE 9 ,G]MANY1 & IF SO1 IT WILL ASSURE ,G]MAN HEGEMONY AS NO M]ELY MILIT>Y VICTORY C\LD DO4 ,BUT AMONG \RSELVES WE CAN ONLY HOPE TO SEE IT ADOPT$ 9 SOME P>TIAL1 PIECEMEAL FA%ION1 & PROBABLY ONLY AFT] A *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY :I* WILL REMOVE MO/ ( ! >TIFICIAL 9EQUALITIES ?AT PROGRESSIVE P>TIES >E RI<TLY TRY+ TO DIM9I%4 

,SO F> WE HAVE BE5 CONSID]+ ! QUE/ION ( ! REPRODUCTION ( ! RACE1 RA!R ?AN ! EFFECT ( SEX RELATIONS 9 FO/]+ OR H9D]+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( M5 & WOM54 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! RACE1 :AT SEEMS NE$$ IS A COMPLETE REMOVAL ( ! ECONOMIC BURD5S DUE TO *ILDR5 FROM ALL P>5TS :O >E NOT PHYSICALLY OR M5TALLY UNFIT1 & AS MU* FRE$OM 9 ! LAW AS IS COMPATIBLE ) PUBLIC KN[L$GE ( PAT]NITY4 ,EXACTLY ! SAME *ANGES SEEM CALL$ = :5 ! QUE/ION IS CONSID]$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! M5 & WOM5 CONC]N$4 

,9 REG>D TO M>RIAGE1 AS ) ALL ! O!R TRADITIONAL BONDS BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A V]Y EXTRAORD9>Y *ANGE IS TAK+ PLACE1 :OLLY 9EVITABLE1 :OLLY NECESS>Y AS A /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW LIFE1 BUT BY NO MEANS :OLLY SATISFACTORY UNTIL IT IS COMPLET$4 ,ALL ! TRADITIONAL BONDS W]E BAS$ ON AU?ORITY--( ! K+1 ! FEUDAL B>ON1 ! PRIE/1 ! FA!R1 ! HUSB&4 ,ALL !SE BONDS1 JU/ BECAUSE !Y W]E BAS$ ON AU?ORITY1 >E DISSOLV+ OR ALREADY DISSOLV$1 & ! CREATION ( O!R BONDS TO TAKE !IR PLACE IS AS YET V]Y 9COMPLETE4 ,= ?IS REASON HUMAN RELATIONS HAVE AT PRES5T AN UNUSUAL TRIVIALITY1 & DO LESS ?AN !Y DID =M]LY TO BREAK D[N ! H>D WALLS ( ! ,EGO4 

,! IDEAL ( M>RIAGE 9 ! PA/ DEP5D$ UPON ! AU?ORITY ( ! HUSB&1 :I* WAS ADMITT$ AS A RI<T BY ! WIFE4 ,! HUSB& WAS FREE1 ! WIFE WAS A WILL+ SLAVE4 ,9 ALL MATT]S :I* CONC]N$ HUSB& & WIFE JO9TLY1 IT WAS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT ! HUSB&'S FIAT %\LD BE F9AL4 ,! WIFE WAS EXPECT$ TO BE FAI?FUL1 :ILE ! HUSB&1 EXCEPT 9 V]Y RELIGI\S SOCIETIES1 WAS ONLY EXPECT$ TO ?R[ A DEC5T VEIL OV] HIS 9FIDELITIES4 ,FAMILIES C\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ EXCEPT BY CONT95CE1 & A WIFE HAD NO RECOGNIZ$ RI<T TO DEM& CONT95CE1 H[EV] %E MI<T SUFF] FROM FREQU5T *ILDR54 

,SO LONG AS ! HUSB&'S RI<T TO AU?ORITY WAS UNQUE/ION+LY BELIEV$ BY BO? M5 & WOM51 ?IS SY/EM WAS FAIRLY SATISFACTORY1 & AF=D$ TO BO? A C]TA9 9/9CTIVE FULFILLM5T :I* IS R>ELY A*IEV$ AMONG $UCAT$ PEOPLE N[4 ,ONLY ONE WILL1 ! HUSB&'S1 HAD TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 & !RE WAS NO NE$ ( ! DIFFICULT ADJU/M5TS REQUIR$ :5 COMMON DECISIONS HAVE TO BE REA*$ BY TWO EQUAL WILLS4 ,! WIFE'S DESIRES W]E NOT TREAT$ S]I\SLY 5\< TO 5ABLE !M TO ?W>T ! HUSB&'S NE$S1 & ! WIFE H]SELF1 UNLESS %E WAS EXCEPTIONALLY SELFI%1 DID NOT SEEK SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 OR SEE 9 M>RIAGE ANY?+ BUT AN OPPORTUNITY = DUTIES4 ,S9CE %E DID NOT SEEK OR EXPECT MU* HAPP9ESS1 %E SUFF]$ LESS1 :5 HAPP9ESS WAS NOT ATTA9$1 ?AN A WOMAN DOES N[3 H] SUFF]+ CONTA9$ NO ELEM5T ( 9DIGNATION OR SURPRISE1 & DID NOT READILY TURN 9TO BITT]NESS & S5SE ( 9JURY4 

,! SA9TLY1 SELF-SACRIFIC+ WOMAN :OM \R ANCE/ORS PRAIS$ HAD H] PLACE 9 A C]TA9 ORGANIC CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 ! CONCEPTION ( ! ORD]$ HI]>*Y ( AU?ORITIES :I* DOM9AT$ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,%E BELONGS TO ! SAME ORD] ( IDEAS AS ! FAI?FUL S]VANT1 ! LOYAL SUBJECT1 & ! OR?ODOX SON ( ! ,*UR*4 ,?IS :OLE ORD] ( IDEAS HAS VANI%$ FROM ! CIVILIZ$ WORD1 & IT IS TO BE HOP$ ?AT IT HAS VANI%$ = EV]1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! SOCIETY :I* IT PRODUC$ WAS VITAL & 9 SOME WAYS FULL ( NOBILITY4 ,! OLD ORD] HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! NEW IDEALS ( JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 BEG9N+ ) RELIGION1 PASS+ ON TO POLITICS1 & REA*+ AT LA/ ! PRIVATE RELATIONS ( M>RIAGE & ! FAMILY4 ,:5 ONCE ! QUE/ION HAS BE5 ASK$1 0,:Y %\LD A WOMAN SUBMIT TO A MAN80 :5 ONCE ! ANSW]S D]IV$ FROM TRADITION & ! ,BIBLE HAVE CEAS$ TO SATISFY1 !RE IS NO LONG] ANY POSSIBILITY ( MA9TA9+ ! OLD SUBORD9ATION4 ,TO EV]Y MAN :O HAS ! P[] ( ?9K+ IMP]SONALLY & FREELY1 IT IS OBVI\S1 AS SOON AS ! QUE/ION IS ASK$1 ?AT ! RI<TS ( WOM5 >E PRECISELY ! SAME AS ! RI<TS ( M54 ,:ATEV] DANG]S & DIFFICULTIES1 :ATEV] TEMPOR>Y *AOS1 MAY BE 9CURR$ 9 ! TRANSITION TO EQUALITY1 ! CLAIMS ( REASON >E SO 9SI/5T & SO CLE> ?AT NO OPPOSITION TO !M CAN HOPE TO BE LONG SUCCESSFUL4 

,MUTUAL LIB]TY1 :I* IS N[ DEM&$1 IS MAK+ ! OLD =M ( M>RIAGE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT A NEW =M1 :I* %ALL BE AN EQUALLY GOOD VEHICLE = 9/9CT1 & AN EQUAL HELP TO SPIRITUAL GR[?1 HAS NOT YET BE5 DEVELOP$4 ,= ! PRES5T1 WOM5 :O >E CONSCI\S ( LIB]TY AS SOME?+ TO BE PRES]V$ >E ALSO CONSCI\S ( ! DIFFICULTY ( PRES]V+ IT4 ,! WI% = MA/]Y IS AN +R$I5T 9 MO/ M5'S SEXUAL PASSIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?OSE :I* >E /RONG & S]I\S4 ,IT SURVIVES 9 MANY M5 :OSE !ORIES >E 5TIRELY OPPOS$ TO DESPOTISM4 ,! RESULT IS A FI<T = LIB]TY ON ! ONE SIDE & = LIFE ON ! O!R4 ,WOM5 FEEL ?AT !Y MU/ PROTECT !IR 9DIVIDUALITY2 M5 FEEL1 (T5 V]Y DUMBLY1 ?AT ! REPRESSION ( 9/9CT :I* IS DEM&$ ( !M IS 9COMPATIBLE ) VIGOR & 9ITIATIVE4 ,! CLA% ( !SE OPPOS+ MOODS MAKES ALL REAL M+L+ ( P]SONALITIES IMPOSSIBLE2 ! MAN & WOMAN REMA9 H>D1 SEP>ATE UNITS1 CONT9UALLY ASK+ !MSELVES :E!R ANY?+ ( VALUE TO !MSELVES IS RESULT+ FROM ! UNION4 ,! EFFECT IS ?AT RELATIONS T5D TO BECOME TRIVIAL & TEMPOR>Y1 A PLEASURE RA!R ?AN ! SATISFACTION ( A PR(\ND NE$1 AN EXCITEM5T1 NOT AN ATTA9M5T4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL LONEL9ESS 9TO :I* WE >E BORN REMA9S UNT\*$1 & ! HUNG] = 9N] COMPANION%IP REMA9S UNAPPEAS$4 

,NO *EAP & EASY SOLUTION ( ?IS TR\BLE IS POSSIBLE4 ,IT IS A TR\BLE :I* AFFECTS MO/ ! MO/ CIVILIZ$ M5 & WOM51 & IS AN \TCOME ( ! 9CREAS+ S5SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY :I* SPR+S 9EVITABLY FROM M5TAL PROGRESS4 ,I D\BT IF !RE IS ANY RADICAL CURE EXCEPT 9 SOME =M ( RELIGION1 SO FIRMLY & S9C]ELY BELIEV$ AS TO DOM9ATE EV5 ! LIFE ( 9/9CT4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT ! 5D & AIM ( HIS [N BE+3 \TSIDE ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE IS ! COMMUNITY1 ! FUTURE ( MANK9D1 ! IMM5SITY ( ! UNIV]SE 9 :I* ALL \R HOPES & FE>S >E A M]E P9-PO9T4 ,A MAN & WOMAN ) REV]5CE = ! SPIRIT ( LIFE 9 EA* O!R1 ) AN EQUAL S5SE ( !IR [N UNIMPORTANCE BESIDE ! :OLE LIFE ( MAN1 MAY BECOME COMRADES )\T 9T]F]5CE ) LIB]TY1 & MAY A*IEVE ! UNION ( 9/9CT )\T DO+ VIOL5CE TO ! LIFE ( M9D & SPIRIT4 ,AS RELIGION DOM9AT$ ! OLD =M ( M>RIAGE1 SO RELIGION MU/ DOM9ATE ! NEW4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE A NEW RELIGION1 BAS$ UPON LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 & LOVE1 NOT UPON AU?ORITY & LAW & HELL-FIRE4 

,A BAD EFFECT UPON ! RELATIONS ( M5 & WOM5 HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY ! ROMANTIC MOVEM5T1 ?R\< DIRECT+ ATT5TION TO :AT \<T TO BE AN 9CID5TAL GOOD1 NOT ! PURPOSE = :I* RELATIONS EXI/4 ,LOVE IS :AT GIVES 9TR9SIC VALUE TO A M>RIAGE1 &1 LIKE >T & ?\<T1 IT IS ONE ( ! SUPREME ?+S :I* MAKE HUMAN LIFE WOR? PRES]V+4 ,BUT ?\< !RE IS NO GOOD M>RIAGE )\T LOVE1 ! BE/ M>RIAGES HAVE A PURPOSE :I* GOES BEYOND LOVE4 ,! LOVE ( TWO PEOPLE = EA* O!R IS TOO CIRCUMSCRIB$1 TOO SEP>ATE FROM ! COMMUNITY1 TO BE BY ITSELF ! MA9 PURPOSE ( A GOOD LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT 9 ITSELF A SUFFICI5T S\RCE ( ACTIVITIES1 IT IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY PROSPECTIVE1 TO MAKE AN EXI/5CE 9 :I* ULTIMATE SATISFACTION CAN BE F\ND4 ,IT BR+S ITS GREAT MOM5TS1 & !N ITS TIMES :I* >E LESS GREAT1 :I* >E UNSATISFY+ BECAUSE !Y >E LESS GREAT4 ,IT BECOMES1 SOON] OR LAT]1 RETROSPECTIVE1 A TOMB ( DEAD JOYS1 NOT A WELL-SPR+ ( NEW LIFE4 ,?IS EVIL IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ANY PURPOSE :I* IS TO BE A*IEV$ 9 A S+LE SUPREME EMOTION4 ,! ONLY ADEQUATE PURPOSES >E ?OSE :I* /RET* \T 9TO ! FUTURE1 :I* CAN NEV] BE FULLY A*IEV$1 BUT >E ALWAYS GR[+1 & 9F9ITE ) ! 9F9ITY ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR4 ,& IT IS ONLY :5 LOVE IS L9K$ TO SOME 9F9ITE PURPOSE ( ?IS K9D ?AT IT CAN HAVE ! S]I\SNESS & DEP? ( :I* IT IS CAPABLE4 

,= ! GREAT MAJORITY ( M5 & WOM5 S]I\SNESS 9 SEX RELATIONS IS MO/ LIKELY TO BE A*IEV$ ?R\< *ILDR54 ,*ILDR5 >E TO MO/ PEOPLE RA!R A NE$ ?AN A DESIRE3 9/9CT IS AS A RULE ONLY CONSCI\SLY DIRECT$ T[>DS :AT US$ TO LEAD TO *ILDR54 ,! DESIRE = *ILDR5 IS APT TO DEVELOP 9 MIDDLE LIFE1 :5 ! ADV5TURE ( ONE'S [N EXI/5CE IS PA/1 :5 ! FRI5D%IPS ( Y\? SEEM LESS IMPORTANT ?AN !Y ONCE DID1 :5 ! PROSPECT ( A LONELY OLD AGE BEG9S TO T]RIFY1 & ! FEEL+ ( HAV+ NO %>E 9 ! FUTURE BECOMES OPPRESSIVE4 ,!N ?OSE :O1 :ILE !Y W]E Y\NG1 HAVE HAD NO S5SE ?AT *ILDR5 W\LD BE A FULFILLM5T ( !IR NE$S1 BEG9 TO REGRET !IR =M] CONTEMPT = ! NORMAL1 & TO 5VY ACQUA9TANCES :OM BE=E !Y HAD ?\<T HUMDRUM4 ,BUT [+ TO ECONOMIC CAUSES IT IS (T5 IMPOSSIBLE = ! Y\NG1 & ESPECIALLY = ! BE/ ( ! Y\NG1 TO HAVE *ILDR5 )\T SACRIFIC+ ?+S ( VITAL IMPORTANCE TO !IR [N LIVES4 ,& SO Y\? PASSES1 & ! NE$ IS FELT TOO LATE4 

,NE$S )\T CORRESPOND+ DESIRES HAVE GR[N 9CREAS+LY COMMON AS LIFE HAS GR[N MORE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT PRIMITIVE EXI/5CE FROM :I* \R 9/9CTS >E D]IV$1 & TO :I*1 RA!R ?AN TO ?AT ( ! PRES5T DAY1 !Y >E /ILL V]Y L>GELY ADAPT$4 ,AN UNSATISFI$ NE$ PRODUCES1 9 ! 5D1 AS MU* PA9 & AS MU* DI/ORTION ( *>ACT] AS IF IT HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) A CONSCI\S DESIRE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 AS WELL AS = ! SAKE ( ! RACE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMOVE ! PRES5T ECONOMIC 9DUCEM5TS TO *ILDLESSNESS4 ,!RE IS NO NECESSITY :ATEV] TO URGE P>5?OOD UPON ?OSE :O FEEL DIS9CL9$ TO IT1 BUT !RE IS NECESSITY NOT TO PLACE OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ?OSE :O HAVE NO SU* DIS9CL9ATION4 

,9 SPEAK+ ( ! IMPORTANCE ( PRES]V+ S]I\SNESS 9 ! RELATIONS ( M5 & WOM51 ,I DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT RELATIONS :I* >E NOT S]I\S >E ALWAYS H>MFUL4 ,TRADITIONAL MORALITY HAS ]R$ BY LAY+ /RESS ON :AT \<T NOT TO HAPP51 RA!R ?AN ON :AT \<T TO HAPP54 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT M5 & WOM5 %\LD F9D1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ! BE/ RELATION ( :I* !IR NATURES >E CAPABLE4 ,IT IS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO KN[ 9 ADVANCE :AT WILL BE ! BE/1 OR TO BE SURE ( NOT MISS+ ! BE/ IF EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN BE D\BT$ IS REJECT$4 ,AMONG PRIMITIVE RACES1 A MAN WANTS A FEMALE1 A WOMAN WANTS A MALE1 & !RE IS NO SU* DIFF]5TIATION AS MAKES ONE A MU* MORE SUITABLE COMPANION ?AN ANO!R4 ,BUT ) ! 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( DISPOSITION ?AT CIVILIZ$ LIFE BR+S1 IT BECOMES MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO F9D ! MAN OR WOMAN :O WILL BR+ HAPP9ESS1 & MORE & MORE NECESS>Y TO MAKE IT NOT TOO DIFFICULT TO ACKN[L$GE A MI/AKE4 

,! PRES5T M>RIAGE LAW IS AN 9H]ITANCE FROM A SIMPL] AGE1 & IS SUPPORT$1 9 ! MA91 BY UNREASON+ FE>S & BY CONTEMPT = ALL ?AT IS DELICATE & DIFFICULT 9 ! LIFE ( ! M9D4 ,[+ TO ! LAW1 L>GE NUMB]S ( M5 & WOM5 >E CONDEMN$1 SO F> AS !IR O/5SIBLE RELATIONS >E CONC]N$1 TO ! SOCIETY ( AN UTT]LY UNCONG5IAL COMPANION1 ) ALL ! EMBITT]+ CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ESCAPE IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 HAPPI] RELATIONS ) O!RS >E (T5 S\<T1 BUT !Y HAVE TO BE CL&E/9E1 )\T A COMMON LIFE1 & )\T *ILDR54 ,AP>T FROM ! GREAT EVIL ( BE+ CL&E/9E1 SU* RELATIONS HAVE SOME ALMO/ 9EVITABLE DRAWBACKS4 ,!Y >E LIABLE TO EMPHASIZE SEX UNDULY1 TO BE EXCIT+ & DI/URB+2 & IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE ?AT !Y %\LD BR+ A REAL SATISFACTION ( 9/9CT4 ,IT IS ! COMB9ATION ( LOVE1 *ILDR51 & A COMMON LIFE ?AT MAKES ! BE/ RELATION BETWE5 A MAN & A WOMAN4 ,! LAW AT PRES5T CONF9ES *ILDR5 & A COMMON LIFE )9 ! BONDS ( MONOGAMY1 BUT IT CANNOT CONF9E LOVE4 ,BY =C+ MANY TO SEP>ATE LOVE FROM *ILDR5 & A COMMON LIFE1 ! LAW CRAMPS !IR LIVES1 PREV5TS !M FROM REA*+ ! FULL MEASURE ( !IR POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T1 & 9FLICTS A :OLLY UNNECESS>Y TORTURE UPON ?OSE :O >E NOT CONT5T TO BECOME FRIVOL\S4 

,FROM 3 ,WIKI,S\RCE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaf 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,OCTOB] #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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